Group Registration of Unpublished Works, 3693-3698 [2019-02185]

Agencies

• Library of Congress
• Copyright Office

[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 30 (Wednesday, February 13, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 3693-3698]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-02185]


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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

Copyright Office

37 CFR Parts 201 and 202

[Docket No. 2017-15]


Group Registration of Unpublished Works

AGENCY: U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Copyright Office is modernizing its practices and 
procedures to increase the efficiency and quality of the registration 
process. As part of this effort, this final rule establishes a new 
group registration option for a limited number of unpublished works, 
replacing the prior accommodation for ``unpublished collections.'' The 
new group registration option will allow the Office to examine each 
work for copyrightable authorship, create a more robust record of the 
claim, and improve the overall efficiency of the registration process. 
In addition, the final rule makes certain technical amendments to the 
regulations governing the group registration option for photographs.

DATES: Effective March 15, 2019.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert J. Kasunic, Associate Register 
of Copyrights and Director of Registration Policy and Practice by email 
at rkas@copyright.gov; Erik Bertin, Deputy Director of Registration 
Policy and Practice by email at ebertin@copyright.gov; or Mark Gray, 
Attorney-Advisor, by email at mgray@copyright.gov; all can be reached 
by telephone at 202-707-8040.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    The Copyright Act authorizes the Register of Copyrights to specify 
by regulation the administrative classes of works available for the 
purpose of seeking a registration and the nature of the deposits 
required for each class. The Register also has discretion to allow 
groups of related works to be registered with one application and one 
filing fee, a procedure known as ``group registration.'' \1\ Pursuant 
to this authority, the Register has issued regulations permitting the 
Copyright Office to issue group registrations for certain limited 
categories of works, provided that certain conditions have been met.\2\
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    \1\ See 17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1).
    \2\ See generally 37 CFR 202.3(b)(5), 202.4.
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    On October 12, 2017, the Office issued a notice of proposed 
rulemaking (NPRM) proposing to create a new group registration option 
for unpublished works, labeled ``GRUW,'' to replace a longstanding 
registration accommodation known as the ``unpublished collection'' 
option.\3\ Applicants have been able to use the unpublished collection 
option to register an unlimited number of unpublished works with one 
application and filing fee.\4\ The regulation governing the existing 
option, however, was based on longstanding Office practices, and it was 
not specifically adopted under the Office's authority to issue group 
registrations under section 408(c)(1) of the Copyright Act.
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    \3\ See 82 FR 47415 (Oct. 12, 2017).
    \4\ 37 CFR 202.3(b)(4)(i)(B).
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    The NPRM explained the rationale for replacing the unpublished 
collection option with a new group registration option and described 
key aspects of the proposal. First, applicants would be required to use 
a new online application specifically designed for registering groups 
of unpublished works, in lieu of the Standard Application or a paper 
application. Second, applicants would be required to upload an 
electronic copy or phonorecord of each work, in lieu of providing a 
physical deposit. Third, the filing fee for this option would be $55, 
the same fee that currently applies to individual works claims 
submitted on the Standard Application. Fourth, applicants could include 
no more than five works in each claim, with a limited exception to 
allow applicants to register up to five sound recordings together with 
the musical work, dramatic work, or literary work embodied in each 
recording. Fifth, the author and claimant for each work in the group 
must be the same. Sixth, the works must be registered in the same 
administrative class, and the authorship statement for each work must 
be exactly the same. Seventh, the proposed rule confirmed that a 
registration for a group of unpublished works will cover each work in 
the group and each one would be registered as a separate work. Finally, 
it clarified that applicants could not assert a claim in the selection, 
coordination, or arrangement of the works within the group, and that 
the group as a whole will not be considered a compilation, a collective 
work, or a derivative work.
    The Office received 113 comments in response to the NPRM, discussed 
in more detail below. The majority of comments were submitted by 
individuals, including photographers, illustrators, graphic designers, 
and other visual artists. The Office also received comments from (1) 
Author Services, Inc., representing the literary, theatrical, and 
musical works of the late L. Ron Hubbard; (2) the law firm of Browning-
Smith, which represents artists, sculptors, and illustrators; (3) the 
Copyright Alliance; (4) the Graphic Artists Guild, Inc.; (5) the 
Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts at Columbia Law School 
(``Kernochan Center''); (6) Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of 
America, Inc. (``SFWA''), American Society of Journalists and Authors 
(``ASJA''), and The National Writers Union (``NWU'') (collectively the 
``SFWA Commenters''); (7) NWU, ASJA, SFWA, and the Textbook & Academic 
Authors Association (collectively the ``NWU Commenters''); and (8) The 
Authors Guild, Inc., SFWA, The Association of Garden Communicators, 
Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators,

[[Page 3694]]

and Songwriters Guild of America, Inc. (collectively the ``Authors 
Guild Commenters'').\5\
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    \5\ All of the comments received in response to the NPRM can be 
found on the Copyright Office's website at https://www.copyright.gov/rulemaking/group-unpublished/.
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    While no commenter fully opposed the Office's proposal to eliminate 
the unpublished collections option, nearly all objected to the proposed 
limit on the number of works that may be included in each claim.\6\ 
Another common concern was the perceived difficulty of determining 
whether a particular work is published or unpublished, especially for 
works distributed online. Those concerns are discussed in more detail 
below.
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    \6\ Though most commenters did not support retaining the 
unpublished collections option on its own merits, the Authors Guild 
Commenters requested that unpublished collections remain a 
registration option if the five-work limit is not dramatically 
increased. Authors Guild et al. Comment at 3.
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    Having carefully considered each of the comments, the Office now 
issues a final rule that closely follows the proposed rule, with some 
modifications. First, the final rule increases the number of works that 
may be included in each submission from five to ten. The final rule 
also makes other minor adjustments, including clarifying that 
applicants must obtain guidance from the Office of Registration Policy 
& Practice before correcting or amplifying the information in a 
registration for a group of unpublished works and making several 
technical amendments to streamline group registration of photographs by 
removing some prior technical limitations.

II. The Final Rule

A. The Number of Works in the Group

    The NPRM proposed to limit the number of works that may be included 
in each claim to five works. The Office acknowledged that this would be 
a significant change, given that applicants currently may register an 
unlimited number of works as an unpublished collection. The Office 
explained that limiting the number of works in the group would allow 
the Office to efficiently examine each work for copyrightable 
authorship and improve the quality of the public registration 
record.\7\
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    \7\ 82 FR at 47417.
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    A majority of commenters objected to this proposal. Only two 
organizations--the Kernochan Center \8\ and Author Services--supported 
the five-work limit. While some of the commenters sympathized with the 
Office's rationale for limiting the number of works allowable in each 
claim, they contested the proposed limit. Several suggested that the 
proposal was unfair, given that photographers may register up to 750 
unpublished photos with one application, while other creators would be 
limited to five.\9\ The Copyright Alliance, Graphic Artists Guild, and 
Authors Guild Commenters, and several individuals argued that it would 
be cost-prohibitive for authors who create a large volume of material 
to file multiple applications to register their works, and suggested 
the limit would discourage authors from seeking registration.\10\
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    \8\ The Kernochan Center supported the proposal based on the 
(correct) assumption that the limit would not apply to unpublished 
photographs, which are eligible for registration under a separate 
group registration option. Kernochan Ctr. Comment at 3; Final Rule: 
Group Registration of Photographs, 83 FR 2542 (Jan. 18, 2018).
    \9\ See, e.g., Browning-Smith Comment at 1; NWU et al. Comment 
at 5; Judy Sorrels Comment at 1; Benjamin Hummel Comment at 1; 
Cherish Flieder Comment at 1.
    \10\ See, e.g., Authors Guild et al. Comment at 4-5; Copyright 
Alliance Comment at 2; Graphics Artists Guild Comment at 2; Barbara 
Tourtillotte Comment at 1; Megan D. Comment at 1; Laura Matthews 
Comment at 1.
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    As an alternative, one commenter suggested a limit of 20 works 
would be appropriate for claims involving sound recordings and musical 
works, as the average compact disc can hold up to 20 songs.\11\ But the 
Authors Guild Commenters encouraged the Office to allow ``at least 
several hundred in the case of text-based works, perhaps more depending 
on the nature of the work,'' or preferably ``all works created in a 
calendar quarter.'' \12\
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    \11\ Sergey Vernyuk Comment at 1.
    \12\ Authors Guild et al. Comment at 6.
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    As an initial matter, the Office emphasizes that the general rule 
requires each individual work--whether unpublished or not--to be 
submitted with a separate registration application and a separate 
fee.\13\ The Standard and Single Applications can be used to register 
individual works. The Office has adopted certain narrow exceptions to 
this general rule, where it has determined that, absent the ability to 
file multiple works on one application with one filing fee, 
registration would not be made. In nearly every such circumstance, the 
Office has created a group registration option for a particular kind of 
work--e.g., serials, newspapers, photographs.\14\ But the existing 
unpublished collections option is not a group registration option,\15\ 
and is not limited to certain kinds of works. These features have 
``always made it an oddity in Copyright Office practice'' \16\ and 
complicated the Office's efforts to efficiently administer the 
registration system.
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    \13\ See U.S. Copyright Office, Compendium of U.S. Copyright 
Office Practices, Third Edition sec. 511 (``As a general rule, a 
registration covers one individual work, and an applicant should 
prepare a separate application, filing fee, and deposit for each 
work that is submitted for registration.'') (``Compendium'').
    \14\ See generally 37 CFR 202.4.
    \15\ See 82 FR at 47416.
    \16\ Id.
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    While the Office considered eliminating the unpublished collections 
option entirely, it ultimately determined that creating a group 
registration option for unpublished works would be beneficial for a 
particular class of copyright owners: ``[i]ndividual creators or small 
businesses who might not otherwise use the more expensive standard 
registration application to register their unpublished works on an 
individual basis.'' \17\ The group registration option aims to do that, 
without undermining the general rule of ``one work per registration.''
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    \17\ See 82 FR at 47418.
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    After carefully reviewing the comments and weighing the issues 
involved, the Office has decided to increase the limit on the number of 
works that can be included in the group from five to ten. As stated in 
the NPRM, the Office is committed to conducting a complete and thorough 
examination of each work that is submitted under this group 
registration option.\18\ To maintain reasonable fees for this service, 
this requires an appropriate limit on the number of works included in 
each claim. The final rule also provides a limited exception for sound 
recordings, allowing applicants to include up to ten sound recordings 
in each claim, together with the musical work, dramatic work, or 
literary work embodied in each recording.
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    \18\ The commenters supported this objective. For example, the 
Authors Guild Commenters acknowledged that examining each work and 
documenting its findings in the record ``will facilitate licensing 
of works while reducing the potential for works to become 
orphaned.'' Authors Guild et al. Comment at 4.
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    In increasing the limit, the Office considered several factors. 
First, the rule must anticipate the amount of effort required to 
examine the wide-range of claims that may be included in this group. As 
noted, under the GRUW option, applicants may register nearly any type 
of work.\19\ But as the Authors Guild Commenters acknowledged, the 
amount of time needed to examine each

[[Page 3695]]

work for copyrightable authorship, will vary depending on the ``class 
and nature of the work.'' \20\ For example, sound recordings, musical 
works, audiovisual works, and choreographic works take significantly 
more time to examine than literary or photographic works, because each 
file must be opened, buffered, and played to determine if the work 
contains a sufficient amount of creative expression. An examiner can 
more easily review a large set of photographs for copyrightable 
authorship than a large quantity of software or other visual works. 
These important differences between claims involving unpublished 
photographs and other types of works justify differential treatment in 
registration.\21\ Because the GRUW registration option will not be 
limited in the categories of works that can be included, the GRUW 
option instead accommodates the full range of potential categories of 
works and resource demands on the Office.
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    \19\ The Office explained in the NPRM that compilations, 
collective works, databases, and websites will not be eligible for 
this group registration option, because they typically contain 
multiple works of authorship. Similarly, architectural works cannot 
be registered with this option, because the regulations expressly 
prohibit the Office from registering multiple architectural works 
with one application. 82 FR at 47417 n.6.
    \20\ Authors Guild et al. Comment at 4 & n.2.
    \21\ Many comments pointed to the difference in the number of 
works registrable under GRUW and the 750-work limit for group 
registrations of photographs. See, e.g., Cherish Flieder Comments 
wat 1 (pointing to disparity and requesting equal rules for all 
visual works); Browning-Smith Comment at 1 (characterizing 750-work 
limit for photographs as ``special treatment''). But other comments 
support the Office's flexibility in crafting registration options 
tailored to the nuances of the works at issue. See Jeffrey West 
Comment at 1-2 (proposing higher limit for illustrations, graphic 
designs, and fine artwork based on the ``reasonable number of 
images'' created in a professional practice); Graphic Artists Guild 
Comment at 1-2 (member survey showed artists generate average of 15 
works in the process of designing a logo).
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    Second, the Office must consider the impact of the group option on 
the overall registration scheme, in light of current staffing levels 
and the capabilities of the current registration system. In contrast to 
claims involving a single work, claims involving dozens, hundreds, or 
even thousands of unpublished works may require several hours or more 
to complete. Allowing more than ten works to be registered with one 
application and one basic filing fee would burden the Office's 
resources, and the additional workload associated with those claims 
would have an adverse effect on pendency times for other types of works 
throughout the Registration Program.
    Third, and relatedly, the Office must account for the financial 
impact of permitting a greater number of works to be filed on one 
application with one filing fee. In seeking an increase in the number 
of works filed in a single GRUW application, commenters presumably 
request that the Office maintain the same fee. There is no fiscally 
responsible way to do that. If the Office increases the number of works 
permitted on one application, the Office's examination costs will 
increase commensurately. Indeed, as the Authors Guild Commenters 
acknowledged, the resources required to adequately examine an 
application involving many different works ``cannot be supported with 
the fee for a single registration.'' \22\ Those costs must be covered 
in some fashion, likely by raising the fee for GRUW applications. But 
that result would discriminate against creators trying to register 
relatively few works, since the same fee would apply whether creators 
register 5, 10, 20, or 100 works. In light of these considerations, the 
Office has determined that limiting the GRUW application to ten 
copyrighted works strikes the appropriate balance.
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    \22\ Authors Guild et al. Comment at 3.
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    The Office recognizes that applicants previously submitted dozens, 
hundreds, or even thousands of works through the unpublished 
collections option, and that going forward, some applicants will need 
to file multiple applications instead of registering all of their works 
with one submission. The Office takes seriously the additional cost and 
burden this may impose, especially on individual filers and small 
businesses. But the Office never intended unpublished collections 
claims to include such a large quantity of works, and this new limit is 
necessary to ensure that the Office can reasonably and efficiently 
fulfill its statutory obligations to ensure that each work constitutes 
copyrightable subject matter and meets the other legal and formal 
requirements for registration.
    While the Office has determined that ten is the most appropriate 
limit for the GRUW option, it will continue exploring whether 
additional group options (or other accommodations) are necessary to 
ensure that the standard rule of one application per work does not 
drive certain creators to forgo registration altogether.\23\ For 
example, since the proposed GRUW option was published, the Office not 
only finalized its proposed rule regarding group registration of 
published and unpublished photographs, with a limit of up to 750 
photographs per application, it also issued a separate NPRM proposing 
to create a group registration option for qualifying short online 
literary works; under that proposed rule, applicants may submit up to 
50 works with the same application.\24\ The Office is also preparing a 
proposed group option for musical works and sound recordings included 
as part of a music album.\25\ These separate proposals should address 
some of the concerns raised by commenters about the limit for this 
unpublished option.\26\
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    \23\ See 82 FR at 47416-17 (citing H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 154 
(1976), as reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5659, 5770; S. Rep. No. 
94-473, at 136 (1975) (regulatory authority to create group 
registration of related works is because such options are ``needed 
and important'').
    \24\ 83 FR 65612 (Dec. 21, 2018).
    \25\ See Update to Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office 
Practices, 82 FR 45625, 45628 (Sept. 29, 2017) (explaining plans in 
response to comments regarding registering music on an album).
    \26\ See, e.g., Sergey Vernyuk Comment at 1 (suggesting raising 
the GRUW limit to 20 works to allow for group registration of ``an 
unpublished CD's-worth of music''); Copyright Alliance Comment at 2 
(outlining needs for a group registration for musical works and 
sound recordings as well as new options for bloggers and other 
online creators); Authors Guild et al. Comment at 8 (requesting 
creation of additional group registration options for various 
classes of works).
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    The Office similarly recognizes that visual artists other than 
photographers are often prolific, and the comments provided useful 
information about the needs of these artists and the volume of material 
they typically create.\27\ The comments suggest that--from an artist 
perspective--a group option for graphic and other visual art works 
could be limited to between 20-100 works, but the Office does not have 
currently sufficient information on the length of time that would be 
needed to examine these types of works if they were grouped 
together.\28\ Consequently, the Office will monitor the amount of time 
needed to examine visual art claims submitted under GRUW. The Office 
will use that information to determine whether it would be appropriate 
to create a separate group registration option for visual art works 
other than photographs.
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    \27\ See, e.g., Rachel Fritz Comment at 1; Barbara Tourtillotte 
Comment at 1; Shari Warren Comment at 1; Jeffrey West.
    \28\ See, e.g., Jeffrey West Comment at 1-2 (estimating creation 
of fine art works to be several hundred images per year and 
suggesting limit of 250-300); Benjamin Hummel Comment at 1 
(children's book illustrators generally require creation of 20-40 
images); Graphic Artists Guild Comment at 1 (citing survey that 
creating logo results in average of 15 works and noting that some 
logos require close to 50 sketches).
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B. Distinguishing Between Published and Unpublished Works

    The final rule confirms that this group registration option may 
only be used to register unpublished works. The Office recognizes that 
applicants may struggle with determining whether a work is published or 
unpublished, and this determination can be less than straightforward in 
many instances. But ``publication'' is a statutorily defined term, and 
the Office is required under section 409 to ask for the publication 
status of works on the registration

[[Page 3696]]

application.\29\ As noted in the Compendium and other publications, the 
applicant is responsible for determining whether a work is unpublished, 
and the Office generally accepts that determination unless it is 
contradicted by information contained within the registration 
materials.\30\
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    \29\ See 17 U.S.C. 409(8) (requiring copyright application to 
include ``the date and nation of [ ] first publication'' if a work 
has been published).
    \30\ See, e.g., Compendium sec. 1904.1; U.S. Copyright Office, 
Circular 1: Copyright Basics, at 7 (Sept. 2017), https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf.
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    Several commenters expressed concern about this requirement. The 
Copyright Alliance, Graphic Artists Guild, and Authors Guild Commenters 
noted that applicants find it difficult to determine whether a work is 
published or unpublished, especially for works distributed online.\31\ 
To that end, the Graphic Artists Guild requested that the Office issue 
further guidance ``on what constitutes publication for online works.'' 
\32\ Similarly, the Authors Guild Commenters suggested that the 
``explanations of the meaning of `publication' and associated terms'' 
in the Compendium ``requires a knowledge of copyright law that few 
applicants'' possess, particularly with respect to ``works disseminated 
online.'' \33\ The Authors Guild Commenters acknowledged that the 
Office ``cannot unilaterally amend the definition of `publication' '' 
because it is ``embodied'' in the Copyright Act.\34\ But they suggested 
that the Office could promulgate a regulatory definition for ``online 
publication'' through an administrative rulemaking, which would give 
interested parties the opportunity to ``weigh in and ensure that all 
issues are properly vetted,'' or perhaps replace the ``published/
unpublished distinction'' with a ``concept such as `disseminated to the 
public' or `made available to the public.' '' \35\
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    \31\ Authors Guild et al. Comment at 6; Copyright Alliance 
Comment at 2 n.2, Graphic Artists Guild Comment at 1-2.
    \32\ Graphic Artists Guild Comment at 2.
    \33\ Authors Guild et al. Comment at 7.
    \34\ Id.
    \35\ Id. at 7-8. The Authors Guild Comment did not specify 
whether it was advocating for statutory change or suggesting that 
the Office could somehow ``replace'' the concept of publication with 
``made available to the public'' through a rulemaking.
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    In light of section 409's statutory requirement, and the Office's 
longstanding existing guidance and practices regarding the need for 
applicants to specify whether their works are published or unpublished, 
the Office concludes that it is not necessary to delay implementation 
of the new group registration option due to any uncertainty regarding 
the definition of publication.\36\ Indeed, since this NPRM was 
published, the Office has adopted a final rule regarding group 
registration options for published and unpublished photographs that 
grappled with many of the same issues.\37\ But the Office appreciates 
that applicants have raised important questions about their challenges 
in applying the definition of publication, particularly in the context 
of works that are only made available online, and plans to issue a 
notice of inquiry to solicit comments regarding issues related to 
online publication, and ultimately to provide additional guidance for 
applicants. Meanwhile, the Office believes that prompt promulgation of 
this final rule will aid the Office in fulfilling its statutory 
obligations and administering the copyright registration system.
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    \36\ Contra id. at 8.
    \37\ 83 FR 2542 (Jan. 18, 2018).
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C. Filing Fee

    The NPRM proposed a $55 filing fee for registering a group of 
unpublished works, the same fee that currently applies to clams 
submitted on the Standard Application.\38\ The Office stated that it 
would monitor the cost of examining these claims once the final rule 
had been implemented. Since the NPRM, the Office has conducted a fee 
study that proposed a filing fee of $85 for each GRUW submission, the 
same as the fee that currently applies to claims involving the group 
registration option for contributions to periodicals.\39\ Until the 
proposed fees in the fee study go into effect, the Office has adopted 
the noticed $55 fee for GRUW claims. In this regard, the Office notes 
that the GRUW option updates and replaces the unpublished collection 
option, which was also available for the same $55 fee pursuant to the 
Standard Application. Accordingly, the Office does not consider the 
availability of the GRUW option for the same rate as the Standard 
Application to constitute an ``adjustment'' of fees.\40\
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    \38\ See 82 FR at 47419.
    \39\ See 83 FR 24054, 24059 (May 24, 2018).
    \40\ See 37 CFR 201.3 (listing current registration fees); 17 
U.S.C. 708(b) (describing process for adjustment of registration 
fees); see also Booz Allen Hamilton, U.S. Copyright Office, Fee 
Study, Questions and Answers at 6 (Dec. 2017), https://www.copyright.gov/rulemaking/feestudy2018/fee_study_q&a.pdf 
(Question 3 discussing propriety of charging certain group 
registration options the same rate as the Standard Application if 
they required similar resources for processing).
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    In response to the proposed $55 fee, several commenters encouraged 
the Office to develop alternate fee structure for unpublished works in 
order to expand the number of works that may be included in each claim. 
Browning-Smith and the Copyright Alliance urged the Office to offer a 
sliding fee schedule, where the amount of the fee would vary depending 
on the number of works submitted.\41\ The SFWA Commenters noted that 
the Office uses a similar sliding-fee structure for recordation, where 
remitters pay extra for each additional group of ten titles listed in 
the document.\42\ The Copyright Alliance also encouraged the Office to 
adopt a subscription-based fee that would allow applicants to pay a 
periodic fee for registering all the works they produce during a given 
timeframe.\43\ The Office welcomes these suggestions and will take them 
into account in developing the business requirements for its next 
generation registration system.\44\ The current registration system, 
however, does not permit the Office to adopt these types of alternative 
fee structures.
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    \41\ See Browning-Smith Comment at 1-2; Copyright Alliance 
Comment at 2.
    \42\ SFWA et al. Comment at 3.
    \43\ Copyright Alliance Comment at 2.
    \44\ See Notification of Inquiry: Registration Modernization, 83 
FR 52336, 52339 (Oct. 17, 2018) (seeking input on whether the Office 
should adopt scaled fees based on the number and types of works 
registered).
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D. Other Eligibility Requirements

    While the remaining eligibility requirements sparked little or no 
opposition, the Office offers the following points of clarification:
    The final rule provides that the works must be registered in the 
same administrative class, and the authorship statement for each work 
must be exactly the same. The Authors Guild Commenters and the 
Kernochan Center supported this idea, noting that it would eliminate 
the need to have examiners in different divisions review the same 
works.\45\ By contrast, the Graphic Artists Guild expressed concern 
that it would prevent visual artists from registering unpublished works 
that contain multiple forms of authorship, such as children's books, 
graphic novels, comics and cartoons, or illustrated short stories 
containing text and artwork.\46\
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    \45\ Authors Guild et al. Comment at 9; Kernochan Ctr. Comment 
at 3.
    \46\ Graphic Artists Guild Comment at 3.
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    To be clear, applicants will be able to register unpublished works 
that contain different types of authorship. When completing the 
application, applicants should select the administrative class that 
would be most appropriate for the predominant form of authorship in 
each work, and the authorship term that best describes the work as a 
whole. For example, when registering a group of comic strips that 
contain a substantial amount of artwork combined with some

[[Page 3697]]

text, applicants should select the class for ``visual arts works'' and 
should use the term ``unpublished pictorial or graphic works'' to 
describe those works. When registering a group of illustrated short 
stories that contain a substantial amount of text combined with some 
illustrations, applicants should select the class for ``literary 
works'' and should use the term ``unpublished literary works'' to 
describe those works. If the types of authorship in each work are 
roughly equal--as is often the case with a children's book--applicants 
may select ``literary works'' or ``visual arts works,'' and depending 
on which class has been selected, they may use the term ``unpublished 
literary works'' or ``unpublished pictorial or graphic works'' to 
describe those works.
    Perhaps because it represents an author who is deceased, Author 
Services said it would be unable to use the group registration option, 
because the author and claimant for each work must be the same person 
or organization.\47\ To be clear, an author may always be named as the 
copyright claimant for purposes of this group registration option, even 
if that individual has transferred their copyright or has died.\48\ But 
if Author Services prefers to list itself as the claimant, it would be 
ineligible for this group registration option and could instead 
register the works individually; as noted, entities to which copyrights 
have been transferred are not intended to be the primary beneficiary of 
this rule.
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    \47\ Author Services Comment at 1.
    \48\ See Compendium sec. 619.7 (``The author may always be named 
as the copyright claimant . . . even if the author does not own any 
of the rights under copyright when the application is filed.''); 
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Registration of Copyright: Definition 
of Claimant, 77 FR 29257, 29258 (May 17, 2012) (author may always be 
listed as a copyright claimant ``because an author may always have a 
reversionary or beneficial interest in the work''); see also 
Compendium sec. 619.13(Q) (``If the author is the only party who is 
eligible to be named as the copyright claimant, and if the author is 
deceased . . . the U.S. Copyright Office will accept an application 
that names the author as the copyright claimant.'').
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E. Supplementary Registration

    A supplementary registration is a special type of registration that 
may be used ``to correct an error in a copyright registration or to 
amplify the information given in a registration.'' \49\ The NPRM 
explained that if applicants need to correct or amplify the information 
appearing in a registration for a group of unpublished works, they will 
be required to use the online application for supplementary 
registration.\50\
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    \49\ 17 U.S.C. 408(d).
    \50\ 82 FR at 47419.
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    The Office created multiple versions of this form that may be used 
to correct or amplify the information in a registration for a group of 
photographs, serials, newspapers, newsletters, or contributions to 
periodicals. But the Office has not yet created a similar version for a 
registration for a group of unpublished works. Therefore, the final 
rule clarifies that applicants should contact the Office of 
Registration Policy & Practice to obtain instructions before seeking a 
supplementary registration involving these types of claims.

F. Technical Amendments

    The final rule makes a few technical changes intended to clarify 
the regulations, update cross-references, and simplify the registration 
of photographs by accepting more formats and material. Specifically, 
the final rule removes a superfluous sentence from Sec.  202.4(h) which 
states that a group of unpublished photographs cannot be registered as 
an unpublished collection and removes a provision from Sec.  202.4(h) 
and (i), and Sec.  202.20(c), stating that photographers should not 
include any form of punctuation in the file names that they upload to 
the electronic registration system.\51\ The Office was concerned that 
punctuation in the file names might cause a technical error that could 
prevent the system from opening the files, but after testing the new 
applications the Office has confirmed that punctuation should not cause 
this type of problem.\52\ This represents a change in a ``rule[] of 
agency organization, procedure, or practice,'' \53\ that does not 
``alter the rights or interests of parties'' to require notice and 
comment \54\--if anything, it eases the requirements for applicants 
that use this option.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ 37 CFR 202.4(h)(9), (i)(9); id. at 202.20(c)(2)(vii)(D)(8).
    \52\ For similar reasons, the Office removed a provision from 
the deposit requirements for GRUW that encouraged applicants to 
submit their works in a .zip file, rather than uploading them one at 
a time.
    \53\ 5 U.S.C. 553(b)(3)(A).
    \54\ JEM Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 22 F.3d 320, 326 (D.C. Cir. 
1994).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

List of Subjects

37 CFR Part 201

    Copyright, General provisions.

37 CFR Part 202

    Copyright, Preregistration and registration of claims to copyright.

Final Regulations

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the U.S. Copyright 
Office amends 37 CFR parts 201 and 202 as follows:

PART 201--GENERAL PROVISIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 201 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 17 U.S.C. 702.


0
2. Amend Sec.  201.3 by redesignating paragraphs (c)(8) though (22) as 
(c)(9) through (23) and adding a new paragraph (c)(8) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  201.3  Fees for registration, recordation, and related services, 
special services, and services performed by the Licensing Division.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Registration, recordation and related services          Fees ($)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                * * * * *
(8) Registration of a claim in a group of unpublished                 55
 works..................................................
 
                                * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

PART 202--PREREGISTRATION AND REGISTRATION OF CLAIMS TO COPYRIGHT

0
3. The authority citation for part 202 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 17 U.S.C. 408(f), 702.


0
4. Amend Sec.  202.3 by revising paragraph (b)(4) and adding paragraph 
(c)(4) to read as follows:


Sec.  202.3  Registration of copyright.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (4) Registration as one work. For the purpose of registration on 
one application and upon the payment of one filing fee, the following 
shall be considered one work: In the case of published works, all 
copyrightable elements that are otherwise recognizable as self-
contained works, that are included in the same unit of publication, and 
in which the copyright claimant is the same.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (4) In the case of applications for registration made under 
paragraphs (b)(4) through (5) of this section or under Sec.  202.4, the 
``year of creation,'' ``year of completion,'' or ``year in which 
creation of this work was completed''

[[Page 3698]]

means the latest year in which the creation of any copyrightable 
element was completed.
* * * * *

0
5. Amend Sec.  202.4 as follows:
0
a. Add paragraph (c).
0
b. In paragraph (h)(8), remove the second sentence, which is in 
parentheses.
0
c. In paragraph (h)(9), remove the second sentence.
0
d. In paragraph (i)(9), remove the second sentence.
0
e. In paragraph (n), remove ``paragraph (g), (h), (i), or (k)'' and add 
in its place ``paragraphs (c), (g), (h), (i), or (k)''.
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  202.4  Group registration.

* * * * *
    (c) Group registration of unpublished works. Pursuant to the 
authority granted by 17 U.S.C. 408(c)(1), the Register of Copyrights 
has determined that a group of unpublished works may be registered in 
Class TX, PA, VA, or SR with one application, the required deposit, and 
the filing fee required by Sec.  201.3(c) of this chapter, if the 
following conditions are met:
    (1) All the works in the group must be unpublished, and they must 
be registered in the same administrative class.
    (2) Generally, the applicant may include up to ten works in the 
group. If the conditions set forth in Sec.  202.3(b)(1)(iv)(A) through 
(C) have been met, the applicant may include up to ten sound recordings 
and ten musical works, literary works, or dramatic works in the group.
    (3) The group may include individual works, joint works, or 
derivative works, but may not include compilations, collective works, 
databases, or websites.
    (4) The applicant must provide a title for each work in the group.
    (5) All the works must be created by the same author or the same 
joint authors, and the author and claimant information for each work 
must be the same.
    (6) The works may be registered as anonymous works, pseudonymous 
works, or works made for hire if they are identified in the application 
as such.
    (7) The applicant must identify the authorship that each author or 
joint author contributed to the works, and the authorship statement for 
each author or joint author must be the same. Claims in the selection, 
coordination, or arrangement of the group as a whole will not be 
permitted on the application.
    (8) The applicant must complete and submit the online application 
designated for a group of unpublished works. The application may be 
submitted by any of the parties listed in Sec.  202.3(c)(1).
    (9) The applicant must submit one complete copy or phonorecord of 
each work. Each work must be contained in a separate electronic file 
that complies with Sec.  202.20(b)(2)(iii). The files must be submitted 
in one of the electronic formats approved by the Office, they must be 
assembled in an orderly form, and they must be uploaded to the 
electronic registration system. The file size for each uploaded file 
must not exceed 500 megabytes; the files may be compressed to comply 
with this requirement.
    (10) In an exceptional case, the Copyright Office may waive the 
online filing requirement set forth in paragraph (c)(8) of this section 
or may grant special relief from the deposit requirement under Sec.  
202.20(d), subject to such conditions as the Associate Register and 
Director of the Office of Registration Policy and Practice may impose 
on the applicant.
* * * * *

0
6. Amend Sec.  202.6 as follows:
0
a. Redesignate paragraphs (e)(2) through (7) as paragraphs (e)(3) 
through (8).
0
b. In newly redesignated paragraph (e)(8), remove ``paragraph (e)(1)'' 
and add in its place ``paragraph (e)(1) or (2)''.
0
c. Add new paragraph (e)(2).
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  202.6  Supplementary registration.

* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (2) To seek a supplementary registration for a group of unpublished 
works registered under Sec.  202.4(c), an applicant must complete and 
submit the online application designated for supplementary registration 
after consultation with and under the direction of the Office of 
Registration Policy & Practice.
* * * * *


Sec.  202.20  [Amended]

0
7. Amend Sec.  202.20(c)(2)(vii)(D)(8) by removing the fourth sentence.

    Dated: January 28, 2019.
Karyn A. Temple,
Acting Register of Copyrights and Director of the U.S. Copyright 
Office.

Approved by:
Carla D. Hayden,
Librarian of Congress.
[FR Doc. 2019-02185 Filed 2-12-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 1410-30-P