Joint Industry Plan; Notice of Filing of Amendment to the National Market System Plan Governing the Consolidated Audit Trail by BOX Exchange LLC; Cboe BYX Exchange, Inc., Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGA Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGX Exchange, Inc., Cboe C2 Exchange, Inc. and Cboe Exchange, Inc., Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., Investors Exchange LLC, Long-Term Stock Exchange, Inc., Miami International Securities Exchange LLC, MEMX, LLC, MIAX Emerald, LLC, MIAX PEARL, LLC, Nasdaq BX, Inc., Nasdaq GEMX, LLC, Nasdaq ISE, LLC, Nasdaq MRX, LLC, Nasdaq PHLX LLC, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; and New York Stock Exchange LLC, NYSE American LLC, NYSE Arca, Inc., NYSE Chicago, Inc., and NYSE National, Inc., 58876-58882 [2022-20950]

Download as PDF 58876 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 187 / Wednesday, September 28, 2022 / Notices available for website viewing and printing in the Commission’s Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549 on official business days between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Copies of the filing also will be available for inspection and copying at the principal office of the Exchange. All comments received will be posted without change. Persons submitting comments are cautioned that we do not redact or edit personal identifying information from comment submissions. You should submit only information that you wish to make available publicly. All submissions should refer to File Number SR–CBOE–2022–046 and should be submitted on or before October 19, 2022. For the Commission, by the Division of Trading and Markets, pursuant to delegated authority.27 J. Matthew DeLesDernier, Deputy Secretary. [FR Doc. 2022–20944 Filed 9–27–22; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 8011–01–P SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34–95874; File No. 4–698] Joint Industry Plan; Notice of Filing of Amendment to the National Market System Plan Governing the Consolidated Audit Trail by BOX Exchange LLC; Cboe BYX Exchange, Inc., Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGA Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGX Exchange, Inc., Cboe C2 Exchange, Inc. and Cboe Exchange, Inc., Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., Investors Exchange LLC, Long-Term Stock Exchange, Inc., Miami International Securities Exchange LLC, MEMX, LLC, MIAX Emerald, LLC, MIAX PEARL, LLC, Nasdaq BX, Inc., Nasdaq GEMX, LLC, Nasdaq ISE, LLC, Nasdaq MRX, LLC, Nasdaq PHLX LLC, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; and New York Stock Exchange LLC, NYSE American LLC, NYSE Arca, Inc., NYSE Chicago, Inc., and NYSE National, Inc. September 22, 2022. lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 I. Introduction On September 8, 2022, the Operating Committee for Consolidated Audit Trail, LLC (‘‘CAT LLC’’), on behalf of the following parties to the National Market System Plan Governing the Consolidated Audit Trail (the ‘‘CAT 27 17 CFR 200.30–3(a)(12). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:06 Sep 27, 2022 Jkt 256001 NMS Plan’’ or ‘‘Plan’’): 1 BOX Exchange LLC, Cboe BYX Exchange, Inc., Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGA Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGX Exchange, Inc., Cboe C2 Exchange, Inc., Cboe Exchange, Inc., Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., Investors Exchange LLC, Long-Term Stock Exchange, Inc., Miami International Securities Exchange LLC, MEMX, LLC, MIAX Emerald, LLC, MIAX PEARL, LLC, Nasdaq BX, Inc., Nasdaq GEMX, LLC, Nasdaq ISE, LLC, Nasdaq MRX, LLC, Nasdaq PHLX LLC, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; and New York Stock Exchange LLC, NYSE American LLC, NYSE Arca, Inc., NYSE Chicago, Inc., and NYSE National, Inc. (collectively, the ‘‘Participants,’’ ‘‘self-regulatory organizations,’’ or ‘‘SROs’’) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (‘‘SEC’’ or ‘‘Commission’’) pursuant to Section 11A(a)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (‘‘Exchange Act’’),2 and Rule 608 thereunder,3 a proposed amendment to the CAT NMS Plan that would authorize CAT LLC to revise the Consolidated Audit Trail Reporter Agreement (the ‘‘Reporter Agreement’’) and the Consolidated Audit Trail Reporting Agent Agreement (the ‘‘Reporting Agent Agreement’’) as contained in Appendix A, attached hereto by: (1) removing the arbitration provision from each agreement and replacing it with a forum selection provision (the ‘‘Forum Selection Provision’’) which would require that any dispute regarding CAT reporting be filed in a United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the ‘‘SDNY’’), or, in the absence of federal subject matter jurisdiction, a New York State Supreme Court within the First Judicial Department; and (2) revising the existing choice of law clause to provide that any dispute will be governed by federal law (in addition to New York law).4 The Commission is publishing this notice to solicit comments from interested persons on the amendment.5 II. Description of the Plan Set forth in this Section II is the statement of the purpose and summary 1 The CAT NMS Plan is a national market system plan approved by the Commission pursuant to Section 11A of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 79318 (Nov. 15, 2016), 81 FR 84696 (Nov. 23, 2016) (‘‘Order Approving CAT NMS Plan’’). 2 15 U.S.C 78k–1(a)(3). 3 17 CFR 242.608. 4 See Letter from Michael Simon, Chair, CAT NMS Plan Operating Committee, to Vanessa Countryman, Secretary, Commission, dated September 8, 2022. 5 17 CFR 242.608. PO 00000 Frm 00113 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 of the amendment, along with information required by Rule 608(a)(4) and (5) under the Exchange Act,6 substantially as prepared and submitted by the Participants to the Commission.7 A. Statement of Purpose of the Amendment to the CAT NMS Plan The Proposed Amendment would ensure that a dispute arising out of CAT reporting would be addressed by either the SDNY or the New York State Supreme Court. Designating an Article III court and a sophisticated state court as potential forums for dispute resolution is plainly consistent with the Exchange Act. Courts offer important substantive expertise and procedural mechanisms that would facilitate the fair and efficient resolution of claims in relation to CAT reporting. As an example, because a CAT technical issue, system failure, or data breach may impact thousands of potential parties, the ability of courts to consolidate and join claims and certify class actions would minimize costs of litigation for all potential parties (including Industry Members), which, in turn, furthers the market efficiency and fair competition objectives of the Exchange Act. The importance of a court resolving claims regarding CAT reporting is underscored by the regulatory nature of the CAT. The Participants are implementing the requirements of Rule 613 and the CAT NMS Plan in their regulatory capacities. While cyber litigation frequently presents complex questions, the CAT’s regulatory nature adds a further layer of complexity to any potential dispute. Among other issues, a tribunal would have to evaluate the relationships between the Commission, the Participants, and Industry Members and determine the applicability of any immunity claims. In connection with the Participants’ limitation of liability proposal, both the Commission and the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (‘‘SIFMA’’) recognized that regulatory immunity may be at issue in a dispute regarding CAT reporting. Utilizing courts to resolve such disputes will ensure that bedrock principles of the self-regulatory framework are adjudicated based on decades of binding precedent (often developed through the Commission’s feedback via amicus briefs) and afford the parties critical appellate rights. Notwithstanding the benefits of litigation, an arbitration provision was 6 See 17 CFR 242.608(a)(4) and (a)(5). supra note 4. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used herein are defined as set forth in the CAT NMS Plan. 7 See E:\FR\FM\28SEN1.SGM 28SEN1 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 187 / Wednesday, September 28, 2022 / Notices lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 included in the original Reporter Agreement because the agreement initially disclaimed all direct and indirect damages and capped the Participants’ liability to $500 per Industry Member or Participant that entered into the Reporter Agreement (‘‘CAT Reporter’’). But considering the complex legal and factual issues likely implicated by a dispute concerning CAT reporting, in the absence of a robust limitation on liability, all parties should be able to rely on the protections available in litigation. The Participants’ proposed federal forum and alternative state forum are well equipped to handle any dispute relating to CAT reporting. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the SDNY, have significant experience resolving securities matters and cyber claims. Likewise, the New York State Supreme Court in the First Judicial Department, and in particular its Commercial Division in New York County (Manhattan), is comprised of experienced judges who regularly preside over complex disputes. Both forums routinely adjudicate matters involving the Participants, Industry Members, and the Commission, and given the locations of potential parties to a CAT Data breach, New York would constitute a convenient forum for dispute resolution. (1) Background On July 11, 2012, the Commission adopted Rule 613 of Regulation NMS to enhance regulatory oversight of the U.S. securities markets. The rule directed the Participants to create a ‘‘Consolidated Audit Trail’’ (also referred to herein as the ‘‘CAT’’) that would strengthen the ability of regulators—including the Commission and the self-regulatory organizations—to surveil the securities markets.8 Following the adoption of Rule 613, the Participants prepared and proposed the CAT NMS Plan and then implemented—and continue to implement—the Plan’s extensive requirements. In preparation for CAT reporting, the Operating Committee of CAT LLC approved a Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement by unanimous written consent on August 29, 2019. Those agreements contained industry standard limitation of liability provisions that disclaimed all damages and capped the liability of CAT LLC, the Participants, and FINRA CAT to any CAT Reporter at $500 per calendar year. The agreements also contained a mandatory arbitration provision with respect to any disputes in connection 8 See 17 CFR 242.613 (2012). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:06 Sep 27, 2022 Jkt 256001 with CAT reporting and authorized an arbitrator to grant remedies that ‘‘the arbitrator deems just and equitable within the scope of [the] Agreement.’’ 9 On April 22, 2020, SIFMA challenged the Reporter Agreement’s limitation of liability and indemnification provisions by filing an application for review of actions taken by CAT LLC and the Participants pursuant to Sections 19(d) and 19(f) of the Exchange Act (the ‘‘Administrative Proceeding’’). On May 13, 2020, SIFMA and the Participants reached a settlement of the Administrative Proceeding that permitted Industry Members to report data to the CAT pursuant to a revised Reporter Agreement that did not contain a limitation of liability provision, while the Participants prepared a filing with the Commission to resolve the parties’ underlying disagreement regarding the proper allocation of liability.10 On December 18, 2020, the Participants proposed to amend the CAT NMS Plan to authorize CAT LLC to revise the Reporter Agreement and the Reporting Agent Agreement to insert limitation of liability provisions (the ‘‘Limitation of Liability Proposal’’).11 SIFMA and various Industry Members submitted comment letters in response to the Limitation of Liability Proposal and in response to the Commission’s April 6, 2021 Order Instituting Proceedings.12 Multiple comment letters—including from SIFMA— discussed the applicability of regulatory 9 See Consol. Audit Trail Rep. Agreement (‘‘Reporter Agreement’’) and Consol. Audit Trail Reporting Agent Agreement (‘‘Reporting Agent Agreement’’), § 7.9, available at https:// www.catnmsplan.com/sites/default/files/2020-02/ Consolidated-Audit-Trail-ReporterAgreement%2808-29-19%20FINAL%29.pdf and https://www.catnmsplan.com/sites/default/files/ 2020-05/Consolidated-Audit-Trail-Reporting-AgentAgreement-amended_0.pdf. 10 As part of the settlement of the Administrative Proceeding, SIFMA agreed to abandon its challenge to the industry standard indemnification provisions that were included in the original Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement. See SIFMA Statement on Settlement on CAT Reporter Agreement, available at https://www.sifma.org/ resources/news/sifma-statement-on-settlement-oncat-reporter-agreement/. All CAT Reporters and CAT Reporting Agents eventually signed an agreement that contained those indemnification provisions. 11 See Letter from Michael Simon, CAT NMS Plan Operating Comm. Chair to Vanessa Countryman, Sec’y, SEC (Dec. 18, 2020), available at https:// catnmsplan.com/sites/default/files/2020-12/ 12.18.2020-Proposed-Amendment-to-the-CATNMS-Plan.pdf. 12 See SEC, Joint Indus. Plan; Order Instituting Proceedings to Determine Whether to Approve or Disapprove an Amend. to the Nat’l Mkt. Sys. Plan Governing the Consol. Audit Trail, Release No. 34– 391487; File No. 4–698 (Apr. 6, 2021), available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro/nms/2021/3491487.pdf, 86 FR 19054 (Apr. 12, 2021), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-202104-12/pdf/2021-07390.pdf; 17 CFR 242.608(b)(2)(i). PO 00000 Frm 00114 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 58877 immunity to a CAT Data breach, and demonstrated an assumption and understanding that assessments of immunity claims would be conducted by courts.13 On October 29, 2021, the Commission issued an order disapproving the Limitation of Liability Proposal (the ‘‘Disapproval Order’’).14 The Commission noted that the Participants may have limited liability through ‘‘court-established’’ regulatory immunity, and that the impact of the Limitation of Liability Proposal depended on assumptions about the applicability of regulatory immunity to a CAT Data breach.15 Throughout the Disapproval Order, the Commission indicated that the applicability of regulatory immunity is appropriately decided by courts.16 On May 20, 2022, the Participants filed with the Commission a proposed amendment (the ‘‘May 2022 Proposed Amendment’’) to the CAT NMS Plan to revise the Reporter Agreement and the Reporting Agent Agreement by removing the arbitration provision from each agreement and replacing it with a 13 See e.g., Letter from Ellen Greene, SIFMA to Vanessa Countryman, Sec’y, SEC, at 7 (May 3, 2021) (the ‘‘SIFMA Letter’’), available at https:// www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/4698-8751243237404.pdf (discussing an indication that ‘‘courts are likely to view any regulatory activity the SROs conduct through CAT LLC as being subject to this judicial immunity’’); Letter from Stephen John Berger, Citadel Sec. to Vanessa Countryman, Sec’y, SEC, at 5 (Feb. 23, 2021) (the ‘‘Citadel Letter’’), available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/ 4698-8411798-229501.pdf) (‘‘[C]ourts must be ‘careful not to extend the scope of the protection further than its purposes require.’’’) (citations omitted); Letter from Kelvin To, Data Boiler Techs., LLC to Vanessa Countryman, Sec’y, SEC, at 4 (May 3, 2021) (the ‘‘Data Boiler Letter’’), available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/46988749987-237362.pdf (‘‘How courts apply a ‘functional test’ to determine whether an SRO is entitled to immunity from burdens of litigation or civil damages suits may be a controversy here.’’). 14 SEC, Joint Industry Plan; Order Disapproving an Amend. to the Nat’l Mkt. Sys. Plan Governing the Consol. Audit Trail, Release No. 34–93484; File No. 4–698 (Oct. 29, 2021), available at https:// www.sec.gov/rules/sro/nms/2021/34-93484.pdf, 86 FR 60933 (Nov. 4, 2021), available at https:// www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-11-04/pdf/ 2021-24015.pdf. 15 See Disapproval Order at 29 (‘‘Even in the absence of the proposed Limitation of Liability Provisions, the Participants may have limited liability to Industry Members through courtestablished regulatory immunity.’’) (citation omitted); see also id. at 42 (‘‘The Commission believes that uncertainty regarding liability in case of a CAT Data breach thus serves as an incentive for the Participants to invest in data security to the extent that Participants believe a court might not uphold their regulatory immunity or it would be judged not to apply in a given case that was before the courts.’’); id. at 35 (‘‘Participants can assert regulatory immunity to the extent that the doctrine applies if there is a security breach that exposes CAT Data and Industry Members seek damages from the responsible Participants.’’). 16 See, e.g., supra n.17. E:\FR\FM\28SEN1.SGM 28SEN1 58878 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 187 / Wednesday, September 28, 2022 / Notices forum selection provision.17 The May 2022 Proposed Amendment also revised the existing choice of law clause to provide that any dispute will be governed by federal law (in addition to New York law). SIFMA did not oppose the May 2022 Proposed Amendment’s forum selection and choice of law provisions, both of which are substantively identical to the Participants’ current proposal.18 lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 (2) The Forum Selection Provision The Forum Selection Provision is contained in Appendix A to this Proposed Amendment. In sum, the Forum Selection Provision provides that any dispute concerning CAT reporting must be filed in the SDNY if there is any basis for federal subject matter jurisdiction.19 The clause also provides that if federal courts lack jurisdiction over a dispute, plaintiffs must file suit in the New York State Supreme Court in New York County (Manhattan) within the First Judicial Department. The Proposed Amendment would require that the parties to any action filed in the New York State Supreme Court seek assignment to the court’s Commercial Division if permitted by the Uniform Civil Rules for the Supreme and County Courts.20 The Forum Selection Provision also provides that the parties to any 17 Securities Exchange Act Rel. No. 34–95031 (June 3, 2022), 87 FR 35153 (June 9, 2022), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-202206-09/pdf/2022-12398.pdf. The May 2022 Proposed Amendment also proposed to add to the Reporter Agreement and the Reporting Agent Agreement a jury waiver provision and a disclaimer of warranties provision. The Commission notes that the Participants withdrew the May 22. 2022 Proposed Amendment on September 6, 2022. See Letter from Michael Simon, CAT NMS Plan Operating Committee Chair to Vanessa Countryman, Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission (Sept. 6, 2022). 18 Letter from Ellen Greene, SIFMA to Vanessa Countryman, Sec’y, SEC (June 30, 2022) at 2, available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/ 4698-20133896-303830.pdf. 19 Section 11.5 of the CAT NMS Plan authorizes Industry Members to ‘‘seek redress from the SEC pursuant to SEC Rule 608 or in any other appropriate forum’’ with respect to any dispute regarding CAT fees. The Forum Selection Provision would not impact the ability of Industry Members to petition the Commission directly with respect to such disputes. CAT NMS Plan, supra n.1, § 11.5. 20 The Commercial Division has two jurisdictional requirements: (1) a monetary threshold, which is $500,000 in Manhattan, and, provided that the monetary threshold is met (or equitable or declaratory relief is sought), (2) the principal claim must fall within an enumerated list of types of claims, which include, among others, claims for breach of contract. 22 N.Y.C.R.R. §§ 202.70(a), 202.70(b)(1)-(12). In addition, any party seeking assignment of a case to the Commercial Division must file a Commercial Division Request for Judicial Intervention Addendum certifying that the case meets those two jurisdictional requirements. 22 N.Y.C.R.R. § 202.70(d)(1). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:06 Sep 27, 2022 Jkt 256001 litigation agree to accept service of a complaint by U.S. registered mail and waive any objections based on venue. The Proposed Amendment would apply to any litigation commenced by any signatory to the CAT Reporter Agreement (or Reporting Agent Agreement). (3) The Nature of Potential Claims The Participants believe that a court is the proper forum to resolve claims regarding CAT reporting, including claims in relation to potential technical issues, system failures, and data breaches. Although the specific claims asserted likely will depend on the nature of the incident, in the aftermath of high-profile data breaches (i.e., one category of potential claims), plaintiffs have brought common law claims of breach of contract and negligence as well as claims based on various federal statutes including the Stored Communications Act, the Federal Wiretap Act, and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.21 In those matters, plaintiffs sought substantial monetary relief including compensatory, punitive, and statutory damages. In any dispute regarding CAT reporting, CAT LLC will likely have defenses based on the CAT’s robust— and SEC-approved—cybersecurity, and the Participants’ regulatory role in implementing the CAT NMS Plan.22 Assessing these defenses will likely require a tribunal to resolve complex issues that implicate the Participants’ status as self-regulatory organizations and the SEC’s oversight of the CAT. Additionally, such disputes are likely to present complex legal and factual issues inherent in cyber litigation generally. As discussed infra at Section A(4), the Participants believe that a court is wellequipped to address and mitigate any 21 See, e.g., In re Google Assistant Privacy Litig., No. 19-cv-04286–BLF, 2021 WL 2711747, at *2 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2021); Cal-Cleve, Ltd. v. WragTime Air Freight, Inc., No. 04-cv-10543 SJO (JTLx), 2005 WL 8157876, at *1 (C.D. Cal. June 1, 2005). 22 FINRA CAT has implemented robust controls to protect the security and confidentiality of CAT Data and the Commission has repeatedly concluded that the CAT NMS Plan incorporates ‘‘robust security requirements’’ that ‘‘provide appropriate, adequate protection for the CAT Data.’’ See Order Approving CAT NMS Plan, supra n.1, at 715; see also SEC, Proposed Amends. to the Nat’l Mkt. Sys. Plan Governing the Consol. Audit Trail to Enhance Data Sec., Release No. 34–89632; File No. S7–10– 20, at 10 (Aug. 21, 2020) (the ‘‘Data Security Proposal’’), available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/ proposed/2020/34-89632.pdf, 85 FR 65990 at 65991 (Oct. 16, 2020), available at https:// www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-10-16/pdf/ 2020-18801.pdf (‘‘CAT Data reported to and retained in the Central Repository is thus subject to what the Commission believes are stringent security policies, procedures, standards, and controls.’’). PO 00000 Frm 00115 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 challenges of adjudicating claims resulting from CAT reporting. (4) The Forum Selection Provision Would Promote the Fair, Expeditious, and Efficient Resolution of Any Claims Regarding CAT Reporting The Proposed Amendment would lead to the fair and efficient resolution of potential disputes, ensure that issues implicating foundational principles of the self-regulatory framework are decided based on longstanding precedent, and provide the parties with important appellate rights. Litigating claims in an Article III court, or sophisticated state court, is plainly consistent with the Exchange Act.23 a. Consolidation, Joinder of Claims, and Class Actions Because certain potential claims arising out of CAT reporting—including technical issues, system failures, and data breaches—are likely to impact multiple parties, one important consideration is the extent to which a particular dispute resolution mechanism allows for consolidation of claims. Indeed, consolidating such claims would reduce costs of dispute resolution, enable CAT LLC to focus on its regulatory mandate, and decrease the risk of disparate outcomes in similar cases, all of which promote the efficiency and fair competition objectives of the Exchange Act. In court, litigants can rely on the applicability of the rules of consolidation and joinder to increase the likelihood that all cases arising out of one incident are heard together. Both federal and New York State rules of civil procedure provide mechanisms to consolidate cases and join parties to actions.24 Relatedly, both federal and New York State rules of civil procedure permit the use of class actions for certain disputes and both forums have substantial experience resolving such disputes.25 Selection of these forums, in light of both their experience and 23 The Participants recognize that certain individuals who serve as arbitrators may have experience with cybersecurity and securities matters. However, even if the parties to a CAT Data breach were able to ensure that such arbitrators presided over a potential dispute, litigation remains more suitable to resolve claims regarding CAT reporting for the reasons discussed in this submission, including (among other reasons) courts’ mechanisms to consolidate claims, the presence of meaningful appellate rights, the role of legal precedent, the nature of the parties to a potential dispute, and the relevance of regulatory immunity to resolving claims. 24 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 19, 20, 42(a)(2); N.Y. C.P.L.R. §§ 602, 1001, 1002. 25 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23; 28 U.S.C. 1332(d)(2); N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 901(a); see supra § A(5). E:\FR\FM\28SEN1.SGM 28SEN1 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 187 / Wednesday, September 28, 2022 / Notices procedural rules, would promote consistency of outcomes and the efficient resolution of claims. By contrast, under the AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules (the ‘‘AAA Rules’’), which govern arbitration under the current Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement, consolidation is a ‘‘suggest[ion] . . . that the parties and the arbitrator should address at the preliminary hearing,’’ and the ultimate decision regarding whether consolidation is appropriate is ‘‘subject to the discretion of the arbitrator.’’ 26 The AAA Rules are also silent on joinder. While parties to an arbitration agreement may agree that signatories will be required to join claims,27 parties frequently face complications in joining non-signatories to an arbitration. This is particularly significant in the context of a potential claim arising out of CAT reporting because certain types of incidents may impact both Industry Members and other market participants (e.g., retail investors). For those reasons, if the arbitration provision remains in the Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement, actions involving the same common questions of law or fact or arising out of the same ‘‘transaction or occurrence’’ may be brought piecemeal, with signatories to the agreements arbitrating their claims or defenses and non-signatories litigating those claims or defenses in court. This can lead to illogical or unworkable outcomes; 28 indeed, cases arising out of the same facts or involving the same legal issues or even the same parties may result in entirely different outcomes, creating inconsistent rules, rendering inconsistent damages awards, or both. b. Reliance on Precedent and the Expertise of Courts A dispute regarding CAT reporting is likely to present complex legal and factual issues inherent in cyber 26 See AAA Rules P–2(a)(vi)(c). e.g., 9 U.S.C. 2 (‘‘A written provision in . . . a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction, or the refusal to perform the whole or any part thereof, or an agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an existing controversy arising out of such a contract, transaction, or refusal, shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.’’); see also AAA Rules R–1(a) (providing that the AAA Rules are deemed a part of parties’ agreement to arbitrate where the parties provide for AAA commercial arbitration). 28 See Rick Fleming, Investor Advocate, SEC, Mandatory Arbitration: An Illusory Remedy for Public Company Shareholders (Feb. 24, 2018), https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/fleming-secspeaks-mandatory-arbitration (‘‘[I]t seems terribly inefficient to require multiple plaintiffs to prove up the same claims in separate proceedings.’’). lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 27 See, VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:06 Sep 27, 2022 Jkt 256001 litigation generally as well as in relation to the Participants’ regulatory roles in overseeing the CAT. Allowing the parties to litigate in court would ensure that the forum charged with resolving disputes is bound by the substantial body of precedent that has been developed to address these issues. Relatedly, the doctrine of regulatory immunity may play an important role in any dispute concerning CAT reporting. In connection with the Limitation of Liability Proposal, multiple comment letters discussed the applicability of regulatory immunity to a CAT Data breach and demonstrated an assumption and understanding that such a determination was the province of courts.29 The Commission, likewise, recognized the importance of regulatory immunity claims and its Disapproval Order also indicated an expectation that such claims would be decided by courts.30 Indeed, courts have developed a robust body of case law on the immunity doctrine, which provides parameters to courts as they analyze the applicability of regulatory immunity to the specific facts presented by a given case. The ability to rely on binding precedent is even more critical in the event of a claim arising out of CAT reporting. As discussed supra at Section 3, certain incidents may lead to claims in which impacted parties seek substantial damages from CAT LLC. In light of the potential amount in controversy, coupled with the likely legal and factual issues presented by a dispute—including the applicability of immunity claims—all parties should be able to rely on the certainty of knowing that their conduct will be evaluated by developed legal standards. In addition to affording all parties the opportunity to rely on precedent, litigating disputes in court will also promote the development of precedent to guide the conduct of the Participants and Industry Members. c. Appellate Review Adjudicating claims in relation to CAT reporting in court provides all parties with critical appellate rights. While important for any high stakes dispute, appellate rights are particularly important in the event of a CAT system failure, technical issue, or data breach, considering the complicated legal and factual issues, the nature of the parties, and the potentially large amount in controversy. Regulatory immunity 29 See, e.g., supra n.15. Order, supra n.16, 17. 30 Disapproval PO 00000 Frm 00116 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 58879 claims, for example, are often the subject of appellate review.31 Direct appellate review is largely absent in arbitration.32 Moreover, even if the parties to the Reporter Agreement or Reporting Agent Agreement were able to avail themselves of appellate rights, an appellate arbitration tribunal would be similarly unbound by precedent as the lower arbitration forum that rendered a potentially erroneous award.33 With respect to judicial review of an arbitration award, the Federal Arbitration Act (the ‘‘FAA’’) provides limited grounds for federal courts to vacate, modify, or correct final arbitration decisions.34 In the absence of unusual circumstances, however, meaningful appellate review is generally unavailable: none of the grounds provided by the FAA would authorize a court to vacate an arbitration award that was premised on an error of law.35 d. Rules Governing Discovery and Evidence Considering the magnitude of data transmitted to the CAT, a dispute is likely to involve a substantial volume of documents and information. Additionally, many documents that might be the subject of discovery requests are likely to be either commercially sensitive for Industry Members or involve nonpublic, sensitive information regarding the CAT’s security. 31 See, e.g., D’Alessio v. N.Y. Stock Exchange, Inc., 258 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2001); In re NYSE Specialists Sec. Litig., 503 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2007). 32 AAA Rules only authorize appellate review of arbitration awards if the parties consent to appellate rights. See AAA Rules A–1. 33 As the Supreme Court has explained, ‘‘[t]he arbitrator’s construction holds, however good, bad, or ugly.’’ Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 569 U.S. 564, 573 (2013). 34 See 9 U.S.C. 9 (providing that if the parties have contractually agreed that a specific federal court will enter judgment upon an arbitration award, then at any time within one year after the award is made, any party may apply to that court for an order confirming the award; if no court is specified, then the application may be made to the U.S. district court for the district within which the award was made); 9 U.S.C. 10 (providing that the U.S. district court where the arbitration award was made may vacate the award upon an application of any party to the arbitration, where the award was ‘‘procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means,’’ where there ‘‘was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators,’’ where the arbitrators ‘‘were guilty of misconduct,’’ or where the arbitrators ‘‘exceeded their powers’’ or ‘‘so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award’’ was not made); 9 U.S.C. 11 (providing the following grounds for which a U.S. district court may upon the application of any party to an arbitration modify or correct an arbitration award: ‘‘an evident material miscalculation’’ or mistake in the award; an award upon a matter ‘‘not submitted’’ to the arbitrators; or ‘‘where the award is imperfect in matter of form not affecting the merits of the controversy’’). 35 See 9 U.S.C. 11. E:\FR\FM\28SEN1.SGM 28SEN1 58880 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 187 / Wednesday, September 28, 2022 / Notices lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 Parties to litigation are afforded the benefits of rules governing the discovery process and admissibility of evidence. These rules promote predictability of litigation, efficiency of resolutions, and fairness of results,36 and provide mechanisms for facilitating discovery as well as the admission of evidence.37 For example, litigants in court must comply with clear discovery rules, which govern the scope of discovery and the timing and content of disclosures, and facilitate communication among the parties and the court regarding these matters.38 Litigants in court also have the benefit of a uniform set of rules governing the admissibility of evidence.39 These protections do not exist under the AAA Rules,40 which provide a more limited set of procedures pertaining to discovery and evidence.41 Given the breadth and depth of the discovery and evidence rules in federal 36 See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 1 (noting that the purpose of the rules is to ‘‘secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding’’). 37 See generally Fed. R. Civ. P. 26–28, 30–31, 33– 34, 36; Fed. R. Evid. 101–02; N.Y. C.P.L.R. §§ 3101– 02, 3122; 22 N.Y.C.R.R. §§ 202.11–12; Guide to N.Y. Evid. rule 1.03. Courts also have subpoena power over witnesses. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(a)(1), 45(a)(1)(B), 45(c)(1); N.Y. C.P.L.R. §§ 2301, 3106(b); 22 N.Y.C.R.R. § 202.20-d; see also 28 U.S.C. 1783; Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters (the Hague Convention); Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act (the ‘‘UIDDA’’) (providing mechanism for New York State courts to serve outof-state subpoenas; in the absence of the UIDDA, the provisions for service applicable in the out-ofstate jurisdiction apply). 38 See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 26; N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 3101; 22 N.Y.C.R.R. §§ 202.11–12. 39 See Fed. R. Evid. 101, 102. New York State does not have a statutory code of evidence; instead, its rules of evidence reside in judicial precedent, the State constitution, and State statutes. The New York Unified Court System has compiled a guide setting forth current practice in New York State courts regarding the application of the rules of evidence. See generally Guide to N.Y. Evid. Rule 1.03, Note. New York evidence law is generally in accord with the Federal Rules of Evidence, including rules on relevance, prejudice, privilege, and hearsay. See, e.g., id. rules 4.01, 4.07, 5.01–09, and 8.00–01. 40 AAA Rules P–1(b) (instructing parties to carefully ‘‘avoid importing procedures from court systems’’). 41 See, e.g., id. (disclaiming procedures from court systems), R–22 (providing for pre-hearing exchange and production of information), L–3(f) (noting that depositions are available only in ‘‘exceptional’’ circumstances), R–34 (governing the admissibility of evidence and noting conformity to the legal rules of evidence is not necessary); see also 9 U.S.C. 7 (allowing arbitrator to subpoena witnesses to testify, but only in hearings, as opposed to depositions); CVS Health Corp. v. Vividus, LLC, 878 F.3d 703, 706, 708 (9th Cir. 2017) (holding that ‘‘section 7 of the FAA does not grant arbitrators the power to order third parties to produce documents prior to an arbitration hearing’’); Life Receivables Tr. v. Syndicate 102 at Lloyd’s of London, 549 F.3d 210, 217 (2d Cir. 2008); Hay Grp., Inc. v. E.B.S. Acquisition Corp., 360 F.3d 404, 407 (3d Cir. 2004) (Alito, J.). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:06 Sep 27, 2022 Jkt 256001 and state court, and the fact that courts are bound by precedent and subject to appellate review, see supra § A(4)(b)-(c), courts are better suited to handle disputes regarding CAT reporting. (5) Designating the SDNY and New York State Courts in a Forum Selection Provision is Consistent With the Exchange Act The Proposed Amendment’s Forum Selection Provision designates the SDNY, or, in the absence of federal subject matter jurisdiction, a New York State Supreme Court in New York County within the First Judicial Department as the venue for any dispute concerning CAT reporting. Both forums would provide the parties with a sophisticated tribunal that has experience adjudicating matters involving the federal securities laws, market structure, and cybersecurity. As an initial mater, based on the potential parties to any lawsuit arising out of CAT reporting, New York is likely to be a convenient venue. As the reputed financial capital of the world, New York is home to the two largest securities exchanges and several other Participants. Additionally, many of the most prominent Industry Members by trading volume are located in New York.42 The existing Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement both provide that any claim must be commenced in New York (i.e., in the current arbitration provision) and that the Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement are governed by New York law.43 Relatedly, all dates and times referenced in the agreements are set to New York time.44 In addition to being a convenient venue for potential parties, the Participants’ proposed forum—and backup forum—have the requisite subject matter expertise to resolve claims in relation to CAT reporting fairly and efficiently. The Second Circuit has extensive experience with securities and financial regulation matters.45 Moreover, applying the precedent set by the Second Circuit, the 42 Those Industry Members include, for example, Citigroup Global Markets, Inc., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities, LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc., UBS Securities LLC, and Credit Suisse Securities USA, LLC. 43 Reporter Agreement § 7.11; Reporting Agent Agreement § 7.11. 44 Reporter Agreement § 7.8; Reporting Agent Agreement § 7.8. 45 The Supreme Court has referred to the Second Circuit as the ‘‘Mother Court’’ regarding securities matters. See, e.g., Morrison v. Nat’l Austl. Bank, 561 U.S. 247, 275–76 (2010) (Stevens, J., concurring in judgment) (quoting Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723, 737 (1975)). PO 00000 Frm 00117 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 SDNY routinely handles complicated securities matters with broad implications for the national financial markets. The Second Circuit—and the SDNY in particular—also has significant experience determining the rights and remedies of parties following data breaches, including in relation to critical issues such as standing and damages,46 and balancing the competing interests involved in adjudicating sensitive and costly cybersecurity incidents.47 In light of its extensive experience with securities, financial regulation, market structure, and cyber matters, it is beyond reasonable dispute that the Second Circuit and the SDNY have the appropriate expertise to resolve a dispute regarding CAT reporting. As the Commission noted in its Disapproval Order, in the absence of a limitation on liability, the Participants can assert regulatory immunity in response to a claim for damages. The Second Circuit has authored several seminal opinions regarding the scope of regulatory immunity,48 and courts in other jurisdictions often cite to and rely on the Second Circuit’s analyses to 46 See, e.g., McMorris v. Carlos Lopez & Assocs., LLC, 995 F.3d 295, 300–03 (2d Cir. 2021) (standing); In re GE/CBPS Data Breach Litig., No. 20–cv–2903 (KPF), 2021 WL 3406374, at *5–7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2021) (standing); Sackin v. TransPerfect Glob., Inc., 278 F. Supp. 3d 739, 745 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (damages); Hammond v. Bank of New York Mellon Corp., No. 08-cv-6060 (RMB) (RLE), 2010 WL 2643307, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2010) (damages); see also Smahaj v. Retrieval-Masters Creditors Bureau, Inc., 69 Misc.3d 597, 599–600, 604 (Sup. Ct. Westchester Cnty. 2020) (damages). 47 See, e.g., McMorris, 995 F.3d at 302 (weighing relative sensitivity of certain types of data); Wallace v. Health Quest Sys., Inc., No. 20–cv–545 (VB), 2021 WL 1109727, at *1 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2021) (addressing claims for negligence, breach of implied contract, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, breach of confidence, bailment, and violations of New York’s General Business Law); see also Pena v. British Airways, PLC (UK), No. 18– cv–6278 (LDH) (RML), 2020 WL 38989055, at *2 n.2, *3–4, *6 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2020) (granting motion to dismiss for lack of standing, preemption, and failure to state a claim); see also Keach v. BST & Co. CPAs, LLP, 71 Misc.3d 1204(A), at *7 (Sup. Ct. Albany Cnty. 2021) (citations omitted). 48 See Standard Inv. Chartered, Inc. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Sec. Dealers, Inc., 637 F.3d 112, 116 (2d Cir. 2011) (noting Second Circuit decisions on regulatory immunity in the context of ‘‘(1) disciplinary proceedings against exchange members, [Barbara v. NYSE, 99 F.3d 49, 59 (2d Cir. 1996)]; (2) the enforcement of security rules and regulations and general regulatory oversight over exchange members, [D’Alessio, 258 F.3d at 106]; (3) the interpretation of the securities laws and regulations as applied to the exchange or its members, id.; (4) the referral of exchange members to the SEC and other government agencies for civil enforcement or criminal prosecution under the securities laws, id.; and (5) the public announcement of regulatory decisions, [DL Cap. Grp., LLC v. Nasdaq Stock Mkt., Inc., 409 F.3d 93, 98 (2d Cir. 2005)].’’). E:\FR\FM\28SEN1.SGM 28SEN1 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 187 / Wednesday, September 28, 2022 / Notices apply the regulatory immunity doctrine to cases pending before them.49 New York State courts—particularly those within the Commercial Division of the First Judicial Department—are likewise well suited to address the complex issues that might arise during litigation regarding a CAT Data breach. The court’s judges focus primarily on complex cases and have developed sophisticated procedural rules designed to foster the efficient and fair resolution of disputes.50 Relying in part on the Second Circuit’s developed body of case law, the New York state courts within the First Judicial Department are one of only a few state courts that have addressed the scope of regulatory immunity.51 (6) Governing Law Provision The Proposed Amendment modifies the governing law provision contained in the existing Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement to provide that the agreements, and any matters between CAT LLC and either a CAT Reporter or a CAT Reporting Agent, will be governed by federal law and the laws of the State of New York. The existing governing law provision refers only to New York state law and, because CAT LLC was created pursuant to federal law and is subject to a federal regulatory regime, claims by or against CAT LLC could involve issues of federal law. Therefore, the Proposed Amendment modifies the existing governing law provision to clarify that any disputes arising out of or related to the agreements will be governed by both federal law and by New York state law. B. Governing or Constituent Documents Not applicable. C. Implementation of Amendment lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 The Participants propose to implement the Proposed Amendment by making the revised agreements effective upon Commission approval of this Proposed Amendment, without requiring CAT Reporters and CAT 49 See, e.g., In re Series 7 Broker Qualification Exam Scoring Litig., 548 F.3d 110, 113–15 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing Barbara, 99 F.3d 49; Desiderio v. NASD, 191 F.3d 198 (2d Cir. 1999); DL Cap. Grp., 409 F.3d 93; Feins v. Am. Stock Exch., Inc., 81 F.3d 1215 (2d Cir. 1996)). 50 See generally 22 N.Y.C.R.R. § 202.70 (Rules of the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court). The Commercial Division ‘‘is an efficient, sophisticated, up-to-date court dealing with challenging commercial cases’’ and ‘‘its primary goal [is] the cost-effective, predictable and fair adjudication of complex commercial cases.’’ 22 N.Y.C.R.R. § 202.70(g) (Preamble to the Rules of practice for the Commercial Division). 51 See Wey v. Nasdaq, Inc., 188 A.D.3d 587 (1st Dep’t 2020). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:06 Sep 27, 2022 Jkt 256001 Reporting Agents to re-sign the agreements. D. Development and Implementation Phases The Participants propose the revised agreements be effective upon Commission approval of this Proposed Amendment, without requiring CAT Reporters and CAT Reporting Agents to re-sign the agreements. E. Analysis of Impact on Competition The Participants do not believe the Proposed Amendment will have any impact on competition. The Proposed Amendment would mandate that all CAT Reporters and CAT Reporting Agents are bound by revised agreements that contain the amended provisions. Moreover, the Forum Selection Provision would apply equally to all Industry Members, the Participants, and CAT LLC, and would not impact the relative competitive positions among different Industry Members. Additionally, as discussed above, adjudication of disputes relating to CAT reporting in courts promotes consistency of outcomes, which thereby promotes fair competition. Conversely, arbitration could lead to disparate and inconsistent outcomes of similar disputes, which would unfairly advantage certain parties over others. F. Written Understanding or Agreements Relating to Interpretation of, or Participation in, Plan Not applicable. G. Approval by Plan Sponsors in Accordance With Plan Section 12.3 of the CAT NMS Plan states that, subject to certain exceptions, the Plan may be amended from time to time only by a written amendment, authorized by the affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of all of the Participants, that has been approved by the SEC pursuant to Rule 608 or has otherwise become effective under Rule 608. The Participants, by a vote of the Operating Committee obtained via written consent on September 6, 2022, have authorized the filing of this Proposed Amendment with the SEC in accordance with the Plan. H. Description of Operation of Facility Contemplated by the Proposed Amendment and Any Fees or Charges in Connection Thereto Not applicable. I. Terms and Conditions of Access Not applicable. PO 00000 Frm 00118 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 58881 J. Method and Frequency of Processor Evaluation Not applicable. K. Dispute Resolution Not applicable. III. Solicitation of Comments Interested persons are invited to submit written data, views and arguments concerning the foregoing, including whether the amendment is consistent with the Exchange Act. Comments may be submitted by any of the following methods: Electronic Comments • Use the Commission’s internet comment form (https://www.sec.gov/ rules/sro.shtml); or • Send an email to rule-comments@ sec.gov. Please include File Number 4– 698 on the subject line. Paper Comments • Send paper comments to Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549–1090. All submissions should refer to File Number 4–698. This file number should be included on the subject line if email is used. To help the Commission process and review your comments more efficiently, please use only one method. The Commission will post all comments on the Commission’s internet website (https://www.sec.gov/rules/ sro.shtml). Copies of the submission, all subsequent amendments, all written statements with respect to the proposed plan amendment that are filed with the Commission, and all written communications relating to the amendment between the Commission and any person, other than those that may be withheld from the public in accordance with the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552, will be available for website viewing and printing in the Commission’s Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549, on official business days between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Copies of such filing also will be available for inspection and copying at the Participants’ offices. All comments received will be posted without change. Persons submitting comments are cautioned that we do not redact or edit personal identifying information from comment submissions. You should submit only information that you wish to make available publicly. All submissions should refer to File Number 4–698 and should be submitted on or before October 19, 2022. E:\FR\FM\28SEN1.SGM 28SEN1 58882 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 187 / Wednesday, September 28, 2022 / Notices For the Commission, by the Division of Trading and Markets, pursuant to delegated authority.52 J. Matthew DeLesDernier, Assistant Secretary. Appendix A Limited Liability Company Agreement of Consolidated Audit Trail, LLC * * * * * Article XII [proposed additions] * * * * * Section 12.15. Forum Selection; Governing Law. Each CAT Reporter shall be bound by an amended Consolidated Audit Trail Reporter Agreement containing, in substance, the forum selection provision and governing law provision in Appendix E to this Agreement. Each Person engaged by a CAT Reporter to report CAT Data to the Central Repository on behalf of such CAT Reporter shall be bound by an amended Consolidated Audit Trail Reporting Agent Agreement containing, in substance, the forum selection provision and governing law provision in Appendix F to this Agreement. The Operating Committee shall have authority in its sole discretion to make non-substantive amendments to the forum selection provision and governing law provision in the Consolidated Audit Trail Reporter Agreement and the Consolidated Audit Trail Reporting Agent Agreement. * * * * * Appendix E [proposed additions] lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 * * * * * Forum Selection Provision in the CAT Reporter Agreement 7.9. Forum Selection. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROHIBITED BY FEDERAL LAW OR OTHERWISE PROVIDED BY SECTION 11.5 OF THE CAT NMS PLAN, FOR ANY DISPUTE, CONTROVERSY, OR CLAIM IN CONNECTION WITH, RELATING TO, OR ASSOCIATED IN ANY WAY WITH THIS AGREEMENT, CAT REPORTING, OR THE CAT SYSTEM, THE PARTIES IRREVOCABLY SUBMIT TO THE EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION AND VENUE OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK AND THE NEW YORK STATE SUPREME COURT FOR NEW YORK COUNTY IN THE BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE COMMERCIAL DIVISION. Each Party hereby agrees to commence any such action, suit, or other proceeding in (i) the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, or (ii) if such action, suit, or other proceeding cannot be brought in such court for jurisdictional reasons, to commence such suit, action, or other proceeding in the New York State Supreme Court for New York County, borough of Manhattan, and seek assignment to the New York County Commercial Division whenever the 52 17 CFR 200.30–3(a)(85). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:06 Sep 27, 2022 Jkt 256001 jurisdictional requirements for Commercial Division assignment are met. Service of any process, summons, notice, or document by U.S. registered mail to such Party’s respective address shall be effective service of process for any action, suit, or other proceeding in New York with respect to any matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction in this Agreement. Each Party irrevocably and unconditionally waives any objection to the laying of venue of any action, suit, or other proceeding connected to, related to, or associated in any way with this Agreement, CAT Reporting, or the CAT System in the courts identified in items (i)-(ii) above, and hereby and thereby further irrevocably and unconditionally waives and agrees not to plead or claim in any such court that any such action, suit, or other proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. The provisions of this paragraph shall apply to any action, suit, or other proceeding commenced by any Party against any other Party to this Agreement, including those in which one or more Participants or the Plan Processor (or any Representatives of one or more Participants or the Plan Processor) are named as parties, regardless of whether CATLLC is also named as a party. Governing Law Clause in the CAT Reporter Agreement 7.11. Governing Law. THIS AGREEMENT, AND ALL MATTERS BETWEEN CATLLC AND CAT REPORTER ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, SHALL BE CONSTRUED AND ENFORCED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT GIVING EFFECT TO ANY LAWS, RULES OR PROVISIONS THAT WOULD CAUSE THE APPLICATION OF LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION OTHER THAN THE FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. * * * * * Appendix F [proposed additions] * * * * * Forum Selection Provision in the CAT Reporting Agent Agreement 7.9. Forum Selection. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROHIBITED BY FEDERAL LAW OR OTHERWISE PROVIDED BY SECTION 11.5 OF THE CAT NMS PLAN, FOR ANY DISPUTE, CONTROVERSY, OR CLAIM IN CONNECTION WITH, RELATING TO, OR ASSOCIATED IN ANY WAY WITH THIS AGREEMENT, CAT REPORTING, OR THE CAT SYSTEM, THE PARTIES IRREVOCABLY SUBMIT TO THE EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION AND VENUE OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK AND THE NEW YORK STATE SUPREME COURT FOR NEW YORK COUNTY IN THE BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE COMMERCIAL DIVISION. Each Party hereby agrees to commence any such action, suit, or other proceeding in (i) the United States PO 00000 Frm 00119 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 9990 District Court for the Southern District of New York, or (ii) if such action, suit, or other proceeding cannot be brought in such court for jurisdictional reasons, to commence such suit, action, or other proceeding in the New York State Supreme Court for New York County, borough of Manhattan, and seek assignment to the New York County Commercial Division whenever the jurisdictional requirements for Commercial Division assignment are met. Service of any process, summons, notice, or document by U.S. registered mail to such Party’s respective address shall be effective service of process for any action, suit, or other proceeding in New York with respect to any matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction in this Agreement. Each Party irrevocably and unconditionally waives any objection to the laying of venue of any action, suit, or other proceeding connected to, related to, or associated in any way with this Agreement, CAT Reporting, or the CAT System in the courts identified in items (i)-(ii) above, and hereby and thereby further irrevocably and unconditionally waives and agrees not to plead or claim in any such court that any such action, suit, or other proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. The provisions of this paragraph shall apply to any action, suit, or other proceeding commenced by any Party against any other Party to this Agreement, including those in which one or more Participants or the Plan Processor (or any Representatives of one or more Participants or the Plan Processor) are named as parties, regardless of whether CATLLC is also named as a party. Governing Law Clause in the CAT Reporting Agent Agreement 7.11. Governing Law. THIS AGREEMENT, AND ALL MATTERS BETWEEN CATLLC AND CAT REPORTING AGENT ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, SHALL BE CONSTRUED AND ENFORCED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT GIVING EFFECT TO ANY LAWS, RULES OR PROVISIONS THAT WOULD CAUSE THE APPLICATION OF LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION OTHER THAN THE FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. * * * * * [FR Doc. 2022–20950 Filed 9–27–22; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 8011–01–P E:\FR\FM\28SEN1.SGM 28SEN1

Agencies

[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 187 (Wednesday, September 28, 2022)]
[Notices]
[Pages 58876-58882]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2022-20950]


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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

[Release No. 34-95874; File No. 4-698]


Joint Industry Plan; Notice of Filing of Amendment to the 
National Market System Plan Governing the Consolidated Audit Trail by 
BOX Exchange LLC; Cboe BYX Exchange, Inc., Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc., 
Cboe EDGA Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGX Exchange, Inc., Cboe C2 Exchange, 
Inc. and Cboe Exchange, Inc., Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, 
Inc., Investors Exchange LLC, Long-Term Stock Exchange, Inc., Miami 
International Securities Exchange LLC, MEMX, LLC, MIAX Emerald, LLC, 
MIAX PEARL, LLC, Nasdaq BX, Inc., Nasdaq GEMX, LLC, Nasdaq ISE, LLC, 
Nasdaq MRX, LLC, Nasdaq PHLX LLC, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; and New 
York Stock Exchange LLC, NYSE American LLC, NYSE Arca, Inc., NYSE 
Chicago, Inc., and NYSE National, Inc.

September 22, 2022.

I. Introduction

    On September 8, 2022, the Operating Committee for Consolidated 
Audit Trail, LLC (``CAT LLC''), on behalf of the following parties to 
the National Market System Plan Governing the Consolidated Audit Trail 
(the ``CAT NMS Plan'' or ``Plan''): \1\ BOX Exchange LLC, Cboe BYX 
Exchange, Inc., Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc., Cboe EDGA Exchange, Inc., Cboe 
EDGX Exchange, Inc., Cboe C2 Exchange, Inc., Cboe Exchange, Inc., 
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., Investors Exchange LLC, 
Long-Term Stock Exchange, Inc., Miami International Securities Exchange 
LLC, MEMX, LLC, MIAX Emerald, LLC, MIAX PEARL, LLC, Nasdaq BX, Inc., 
Nasdaq GEMX, LLC, Nasdaq ISE, LLC, Nasdaq MRX, LLC, Nasdaq PHLX LLC, 
The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; and New York Stock Exchange LLC, NYSE 
American LLC, NYSE Arca, Inc., NYSE Chicago, Inc., and NYSE National, 
Inc. (collectively, the ``Participants,'' ``self-regulatory 
organizations,'' or ``SROs'') filed with the Securities and Exchange 
Commission (``SEC'' or ``Commission'') pursuant to Section 11A(a)(3) of 
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Exchange Act''),\2\ and Rule 608 
thereunder,\3\ a proposed amendment to the CAT NMS Plan that would 
authorize CAT LLC to revise the Consolidated Audit Trail Reporter 
Agreement (the ``Reporter Agreement'') and the Consolidated Audit Trail 
Reporting Agent Agreement (the ``Reporting Agent Agreement'') as 
contained in Appendix A, attached hereto by: (1) removing the 
arbitration provision from each agreement and replacing it with a forum 
selection provision (the ``Forum Selection Provision'') which would 
require that any dispute regarding CAT reporting be filed in a United 
States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the 
``SDNY''), or, in the absence of federal subject matter jurisdiction, a 
New York State Supreme Court within the First Judicial Department; and 
(2) revising the existing choice of law clause to provide that any 
dispute will be governed by federal law (in addition to New York 
law).\4\ The Commission is publishing this notice to solicit comments 
from interested persons on the amendment.\5\
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    \1\ The CAT NMS Plan is a national market system plan approved 
by the Commission pursuant to Section 11A of the Exchange Act and 
the rules and regulations thereunder. See Securities Exchange Act 
Release No. 79318 (Nov. 15, 2016), 81 FR 84696 (Nov. 23, 2016) 
(``Order Approving CAT NMS Plan'').
    \2\ 15 U.S.C 78k-1(a)(3).
    \3\ 17 CFR 242.608.
    \4\ See Letter from Michael Simon, Chair, CAT NMS Plan Operating 
Committee, to Vanessa Countryman, Secretary, Commission, dated 
September 8, 2022.
    \5\ 17 CFR 242.608.
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II. Description of the Plan

    Set forth in this Section II is the statement of the purpose and 
summary of the amendment, along with information required by Rule 
608(a)(4) and (5) under the Exchange Act,\6\ substantially as prepared 
and submitted by the Participants to the Commission.\7\
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    \6\ See 17 CFR 242.608(a)(4) and (a)(5).
    \7\ See supra note 4. Unless otherwise defined herein, 
capitalized terms used herein are defined as set forth in the CAT 
NMS Plan.
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A. Statement of Purpose of the Amendment to the CAT NMS Plan

    The Proposed Amendment would ensure that a dispute arising out of 
CAT reporting would be addressed by either the SDNY or the New York 
State Supreme Court. Designating an Article III court and a 
sophisticated state court as potential forums for dispute resolution is 
plainly consistent with the Exchange Act.
    Courts offer important substantive expertise and procedural 
mechanisms that would facilitate the fair and efficient resolution of 
claims in relation to CAT reporting. As an example, because a CAT 
technical issue, system failure, or data breach may impact thousands of 
potential parties, the ability of courts to consolidate and join claims 
and certify class actions would minimize costs of litigation for all 
potential parties (including Industry Members), which, in turn, 
furthers the market efficiency and fair competition objectives of the 
Exchange Act.
    The importance of a court resolving claims regarding CAT reporting 
is underscored by the regulatory nature of the CAT. The Participants 
are implementing the requirements of Rule 613 and the CAT NMS Plan in 
their regulatory capacities. While cyber litigation frequently presents 
complex questions, the CAT's regulatory nature adds a further layer of 
complexity to any potential dispute. Among other issues, a tribunal 
would have to evaluate the relationships between the Commission, the 
Participants, and Industry Members and determine the applicability of 
any immunity claims. In connection with the Participants' limitation of 
liability proposal, both the Commission and the Securities Industry and 
Financial Markets Association (``SIFMA'') recognized that regulatory 
immunity may be at issue in a dispute regarding CAT reporting. 
Utilizing courts to resolve such disputes will ensure that bedrock 
principles of the self-regulatory framework are adjudicated based on 
decades of binding precedent (often developed through the Commission's 
feedback via amicus briefs) and afford the parties critical appellate 
rights.
    Notwithstanding the benefits of litigation, an arbitration 
provision was

[[Page 58877]]

included in the original Reporter Agreement because the agreement 
initially disclaimed all direct and indirect damages and capped the 
Participants' liability to $500 per Industry Member or Participant that 
entered into the Reporter Agreement (``CAT Reporter''). But considering 
the complex legal and factual issues likely implicated by a dispute 
concerning CAT reporting, in the absence of a robust limitation on 
liability, all parties should be able to rely on the protections 
available in litigation.
    The Participants' proposed federal forum and alternative state 
forum are well equipped to handle any dispute relating to CAT 
reporting. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 
and the SDNY, have significant experience resolving securities matters 
and cyber claims. Likewise, the New York State Supreme Court in the 
First Judicial Department, and in particular its Commercial Division in 
New York County (Manhattan), is comprised of experienced judges who 
regularly preside over complex disputes. Both forums routinely 
adjudicate matters involving the Participants, Industry Members, and 
the Commission, and given the locations of potential parties to a CAT 
Data breach, New York would constitute a convenient forum for dispute 
resolution.
(1) Background
    On July 11, 2012, the Commission adopted Rule 613 of Regulation NMS 
to enhance regulatory oversight of the U.S. securities markets. The 
rule directed the Participants to create a ``Consolidated Audit Trail'' 
(also referred to herein as the ``CAT'') that would strengthen the 
ability of regulators--including the Commission and the self-regulatory 
organizations--to surveil the securities markets.\8\ Following the 
adoption of Rule 613, the Participants prepared and proposed the CAT 
NMS Plan and then implemented--and continue to implement--the Plan's 
extensive requirements.
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    \8\ See 17 CFR 242.613 (2012).
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    In preparation for CAT reporting, the Operating Committee of CAT 
LLC approved a Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement by 
unanimous written consent on August 29, 2019. Those agreements 
contained industry standard limitation of liability provisions that 
disclaimed all damages and capped the liability of CAT LLC, the 
Participants, and FINRA CAT to any CAT Reporter at $500 per calendar 
year. The agreements also contained a mandatory arbitration provision 
with respect to any disputes in connection with CAT reporting and 
authorized an arbitrator to grant remedies that ``the arbitrator deems 
just and equitable within the scope of [the] Agreement.'' \9\
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    \9\ See Consol. Audit Trail Rep. Agreement (``Reporter 
Agreement'') and Consol. Audit Trail Reporting Agent Agreement 
(``Reporting Agent Agreement''), Sec.  7.9, available at https://www.catnmsplan.com/sites/default/files/2020-02/Consolidated-Audit-Trail-Reporter-Agreement%2808-29-19%20FINAL%29.pdf and https://www.catnmsplan.com/sites/default/files/2020-05/Consolidated-Audit-Trail-Reporting-Agent-Agreement-amended_0.pdf.
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    On April 22, 2020, SIFMA challenged the Reporter Agreement's 
limitation of liability and indemnification provisions by filing an 
application for review of actions taken by CAT LLC and the Participants 
pursuant to Sections 19(d) and 19(f) of the Exchange Act (the 
``Administrative Proceeding''). On May 13, 2020, SIFMA and the 
Participants reached a settlement of the Administrative Proceeding that 
permitted Industry Members to report data to the CAT pursuant to a 
revised Reporter Agreement that did not contain a limitation of 
liability provision, while the Participants prepared a filing with the 
Commission to resolve the parties' underlying disagreement regarding 
the proper allocation of liability.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ As part of the settlement of the Administrative Proceeding, 
SIFMA agreed to abandon its challenge to the industry standard 
indemnification provisions that were included in the original 
Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement. See SIFMA 
Statement on Settlement on CAT Reporter Agreement, available at 
https://www.sifma.org/resources/news/sifma-statement-on-settlement-on-cat-reporter-agreement/. All CAT Reporters and CAT Reporting 
Agents eventually signed an agreement that contained those 
indemnification provisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On December 18, 2020, the Participants proposed to amend the CAT 
NMS Plan to authorize CAT LLC to revise the Reporter Agreement and the 
Reporting Agent Agreement to insert limitation of liability provisions 
(the ``Limitation of Liability Proposal'').\11\ SIFMA and various 
Industry Members submitted comment letters in response to the 
Limitation of Liability Proposal and in response to the Commission's 
April 6, 2021 Order Instituting Proceedings.\12\ Multiple comment 
letters--including from SIFMA--discussed the applicability of 
regulatory immunity to a CAT Data breach, and demonstrated an 
assumption and understanding that assessments of immunity claims would 
be conducted by courts.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ See Letter from Michael Simon, CAT NMS Plan Operating Comm. 
Chair to Vanessa Countryman, Sec'y, SEC (Dec. 18, 2020), available 
at https://catnmsplan.com/sites/default/files/2020-12/12.18.2020-Proposed-Amendment-to-the-CAT-NMS-Plan.pdf.
    \12\ See SEC, Joint Indus. Plan; Order Instituting Proceedings 
to Determine Whether to Approve or Disapprove an Amend. to the Nat'l 
Mkt. Sys. Plan Governing the Consol. Audit Trail, Release No. 34-
391487; File No. 4-698 (Apr. 6, 2021), available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro/nms/2021/34-91487.pdf, 86 FR 19054 (Apr. 12, 
2021), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-04-12/pdf/2021-07390.pdf; 17 CFR 242.608(b)(2)(i).
    \13\ See e.g., Letter from Ellen Greene, SIFMA to Vanessa 
Countryman, Sec'y, SEC, at 7 (May 3, 2021) (the ``SIFMA Letter''), 
available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/4698-8751243-237404.pdf (discussing an indication that ``courts are likely to 
view any regulatory activity the SROs conduct through CAT LLC as 
being subject to this judicial immunity''); Letter from Stephen John 
Berger, Citadel Sec. to Vanessa Countryman, Sec'y, SEC, at 5 (Feb. 
23, 2021) (the ``Citadel Letter''), available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/4698-8411798-229501.pdf) (``[C]ourts must 
be `careful not to extend the scope of the protection further than 
its purposes require.''') (citations omitted); Letter from Kelvin 
To, Data Boiler Techs., LLC to Vanessa Countryman, Sec'y, SEC, at 4 
(May 3, 2021) (the ``Data Boiler Letter''), available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/4698-8749987-237362.pdf (``How courts 
apply a `functional test' to determine whether an SRO is entitled to 
immunity from burdens of litigation or civil damages suits may be a 
controversy here.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On October 29, 2021, the Commission issued an order disapproving 
the Limitation of Liability Proposal (the ``Disapproval Order'').\14\ 
The Commission noted that the Participants may have limited liability 
through ``court-established'' regulatory immunity, and that the impact 
of the Limitation of Liability Proposal depended on assumptions about 
the applicability of regulatory immunity to a CAT Data breach.\15\ 
Throughout the Disapproval Order, the Commission indicated that the 
applicability of regulatory immunity is appropriately decided by 
courts.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ SEC, Joint Industry Plan; Order Disapproving an Amend. to 
the Nat'l Mkt. Sys. Plan Governing the Consol. Audit Trail, Release 
No. 34-93484; File No. 4-698 (Oct. 29, 2021), available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro/nms/2021/34-93484.pdf, 86 FR 60933 (Nov. 4, 
2021), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-11-04/pdf/2021-24015.pdf.
    \15\ See Disapproval Order at 29 (``Even in the absence of the 
proposed Limitation of Liability Provisions, the Participants may 
have limited liability to Industry Members through court-established 
regulatory immunity.'') (citation omitted); see also id. at 42 
(``The Commission believes that uncertainty regarding liability in 
case of a CAT Data breach thus serves as an incentive for the 
Participants to invest in data security to the extent that 
Participants believe a court might not uphold their regulatory 
immunity or it would be judged not to apply in a given case that was 
before the courts.''); id. at 35 (``Participants can assert 
regulatory immunity to the extent that the doctrine applies if there 
is a security breach that exposes CAT Data and Industry Members seek 
damages from the responsible Participants.'').
    \16\ See, e.g., supra n.17.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On May 20, 2022, the Participants filed with the Commission a 
proposed amendment (the ``May 2022 Proposed Amendment'') to the CAT NMS 
Plan to revise the Reporter Agreement and the Reporting Agent Agreement 
by removing the arbitration provision from each agreement and replacing 
it with a

[[Page 58878]]

forum selection provision.\17\ The May 2022 Proposed Amendment also 
revised the existing choice of law clause to provide that any dispute 
will be governed by federal law (in addition to New York law). SIFMA 
did not oppose the May 2022 Proposed Amendment's forum selection and 
choice of law provisions, both of which are substantively identical to 
the Participants' current proposal.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ Securities Exchange Act Rel. No. 34-95031 (June 3, 2022), 
87 FR 35153 (June 9, 2022), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-06-09/pdf/2022-12398.pdf. The May 2022 Proposed 
Amendment also proposed to add to the Reporter Agreement and the 
Reporting Agent Agreement a jury waiver provision and a disclaimer 
of warranties provision. The Commission notes that the Participants 
withdrew the May 22. 2022 Proposed Amendment on September 6, 2022. 
See Letter from Michael Simon, CAT NMS Plan Operating Committee 
Chair to Vanessa Countryman, Secretary, Securities and Exchange 
Commission (Sept. 6, 2022).
    \18\ Letter from Ellen Greene, SIFMA to Vanessa Countryman, 
Sec'y, SEC (June 30, 2022) at 2, available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-698/4698-20133896-303830.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) The Forum Selection Provision
    The Forum Selection Provision is contained in Appendix A to this 
Proposed Amendment. In sum, the Forum Selection Provision provides that 
any dispute concerning CAT reporting must be filed in the SDNY if there 
is any basis for federal subject matter jurisdiction.\19\ The clause 
also provides that if federal courts lack jurisdiction over a dispute, 
plaintiffs must file suit in the New York State Supreme Court in New 
York County (Manhattan) within the First Judicial Department. The 
Proposed Amendment would require that the parties to any action filed 
in the New York State Supreme Court seek assignment to the court's 
Commercial Division if permitted by the Uniform Civil Rules for the 
Supreme and County Courts.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Section 11.5 of the CAT NMS Plan authorizes Industry 
Members to ``seek redress from the SEC pursuant to SEC Rule 608 or 
in any other appropriate forum'' with respect to any dispute 
regarding CAT fees. The Forum Selection Provision would not impact 
the ability of Industry Members to petition the Commission directly 
with respect to such disputes. CAT NMS Plan, supra n.1, Sec.  11.5.
    \20\ The Commercial Division has two jurisdictional 
requirements: (1) a monetary threshold, which is $500,000 in 
Manhattan, and, provided that the monetary threshold is met (or 
equitable or declaratory relief is sought), (2) the principal claim 
must fall within an enumerated list of types of claims, which 
include, among others, claims for breach of contract. 22 N.Y.C.R.R. 
Sec. Sec.  202.70(a), 202.70(b)(1)-(12). In addition, any party 
seeking assignment of a case to the Commercial Division must file a 
Commercial Division Request for Judicial Intervention Addendum 
certifying that the case meets those two jurisdictional 
requirements. 22 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec.  202.70(d)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Forum Selection Provision also provides that the parties to any 
litigation agree to accept service of a complaint by U.S. registered 
mail and waive any objections based on venue. The Proposed Amendment 
would apply to any litigation commenced by any signatory to the CAT 
Reporter Agreement (or Reporting Agent Agreement).
(3) The Nature of Potential Claims
    The Participants believe that a court is the proper forum to 
resolve claims regarding CAT reporting, including claims in relation to 
potential technical issues, system failures, and data breaches. 
Although the specific claims asserted likely will depend on the nature 
of the incident, in the aftermath of high-profile data breaches (i.e., 
one category of potential claims), plaintiffs have brought common law 
claims of breach of contract and negligence as well as claims based on 
various federal statutes including the Stored Communications Act, the 
Federal Wiretap Act, and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.\21\ In those 
matters, plaintiffs sought substantial monetary relief including 
compensatory, punitive, and statutory damages.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ See, e.g., In re Google Assistant Privacy Litig., No. 19-
cv-04286-BLF, 2021 WL 2711747, at *2 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2021); Cal-
Cleve, Ltd. v. Wrag-Time Air Freight, Inc., No. 04-cv-10543 SJO 
(JTLx), 2005 WL 8157876, at *1 (C.D. Cal. June 1, 2005).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In any dispute regarding CAT reporting, CAT LLC will likely have 
defenses based on the CAT's robust--and SEC-approved--cybersecurity, 
and the Participants' regulatory role in implementing the CAT NMS 
Plan.\22\ Assessing these defenses will likely require a tribunal to 
resolve complex issues that implicate the Participants' status as self-
regulatory organizations and the SEC's oversight of the CAT. 
Additionally, such disputes are likely to present complex legal and 
factual issues inherent in cyber litigation generally. As discussed 
infra at Section A(4), the Participants believe that a court is well-
equipped to address and mitigate any challenges of adjudicating claims 
resulting from CAT reporting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ FINRA CAT has implemented robust controls to protect the 
security and confidentiality of CAT Data and the Commission has 
repeatedly concluded that the CAT NMS Plan incorporates ``robust 
security requirements'' that ``provide appropriate, adequate 
protection for the CAT Data.'' See Order Approving CAT NMS Plan, 
supra n.1, at 715; see also SEC, Proposed Amends. to the Nat'l Mkt. 
Sys. Plan Governing the Consol. Audit Trail to Enhance Data Sec., 
Release No. 34-89632; File No. S7-10-20, at 10 (Aug. 21, 2020) (the 
``Data Security Proposal''), available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/2020/34-89632.pdf, 85 FR 65990 at 65991 (Oct. 16, 2020), 
available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-10-16/pdf/2020-18801.pdf (``CAT Data reported to and retained in the Central 
Repository is thus subject to what the Commission believes are 
stringent security policies, procedures, standards, and 
controls.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(4) The Forum Selection Provision Would Promote the Fair, Expeditious, 
and
Efficient Resolution of Any Claims Regarding CAT Reporting
    The Proposed Amendment would lead to the fair and efficient 
resolution of potential disputes, ensure that issues implicating 
foundational principles of the self-regulatory framework are decided 
based on longstanding precedent, and provide the parties with important 
appellate rights. Litigating claims in an Article III court, or 
sophisticated state court, is plainly consistent with the Exchange 
Act.\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ The Participants recognize that certain individuals who 
serve as arbitrators may have experience with cybersecurity and 
securities matters. However, even if the parties to a CAT Data 
breach were able to ensure that such arbitrators presided over a 
potential dispute, litigation remains more suitable to resolve 
claims regarding CAT reporting for the reasons discussed in this 
submission, including (among other reasons) courts' mechanisms to 
consolidate claims, the presence of meaningful appellate rights, the 
role of legal precedent, the nature of the parties to a potential 
dispute, and the relevance of regulatory immunity to resolving 
claims.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Consolidation, Joinder of Claims, and Class Actions
    Because certain potential claims arising out of CAT reporting--
including technical issues, system failures, and data breaches--are 
likely to impact multiple parties, one important consideration is the 
extent to which a particular dispute resolution mechanism allows for 
consolidation of claims. Indeed, consolidating such claims would reduce 
costs of dispute resolution, enable CAT LLC to focus on its regulatory 
mandate, and decrease the risk of disparate outcomes in similar cases, 
all of which promote the efficiency and fair competition objectives of 
the Exchange Act.
    In court, litigants can rely on the applicability of the rules of 
consolidation and joinder to increase the likelihood that all cases 
arising out of one incident are heard together. Both federal and New 
York State rules of civil procedure provide mechanisms to consolidate 
cases and join parties to actions.\24\ Relatedly, both federal and New 
York State rules of civil procedure permit the use of class actions for 
certain disputes and both forums have substantial experience resolving 
such disputes.\25\ Selection of these forums, in light of both their 
experience and

[[Page 58879]]

procedural rules, would promote consistency of outcomes and the 
efficient resolution of claims.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ See Fed. R. Civ. P. 19, 20, 42(a)(2); N.Y. C.P.L.R. 
Sec. Sec.  602, 1001, 1002.
    \25\ See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23; 28 U.S.C. 1332(d)(2); N.Y. C.P.L.R. 
Sec.  901(a); see supra Sec.  A(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By contrast, under the AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules (the ``AAA 
Rules''), which govern arbitration under the current Reporter Agreement 
and Reporting Agent Agreement, consolidation is a ``suggest[ion] . . . 
that the parties and the arbitrator should address at the preliminary 
hearing,'' and the ultimate decision regarding whether consolidation is 
appropriate is ``subject to the discretion of the arbitrator.'' \26\ 
The AAA Rules are also silent on joinder. While parties to an 
arbitration agreement may agree that signatories will be required to 
join claims,\27\ parties frequently face complications in joining non-
signatories to an arbitration. This is particularly significant in the 
context of a potential claim arising out of CAT reporting because 
certain types of incidents may impact both Industry Members and other 
market participants (e.g., retail investors).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ See AAA Rules P-2(a)(vi)(c).
    \27\ See, e.g., 9 U.S.C. 2 (``A written provision in . . . a 
contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by 
arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or 
transaction, or the refusal to perform the whole or any part 
thereof, or an agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an 
existing controversy arising out of such a contract, transaction, or 
refusal, shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon 
such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any 
contract.''); see also AAA Rules R-1(a) (providing that the AAA 
Rules are deemed a part of parties' agreement to arbitrate where the 
parties provide for AAA commercial arbitration).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For those reasons, if the arbitration provision remains in the 
Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement, actions involving the 
same common questions of law or fact or arising out of the same 
``transaction or occurrence'' may be brought piecemeal, with 
signatories to the agreements arbitrating their claims or defenses and 
non-signatories litigating those claims or defenses in court. This can 
lead to illogical or unworkable outcomes; \28\ indeed, cases arising 
out of the same facts or involving the same legal issues or even the 
same parties may result in entirely different outcomes, creating 
inconsistent rules, rendering inconsistent damages awards, or both.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ See Rick Fleming, Investor Advocate, SEC, Mandatory 
Arbitration: An Illusory Remedy for Public Company Shareholders 
(Feb. 24, 2018), https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/fleming-sec-speaks-mandatory-arbitration (``[I]t seems terribly inefficient to require 
multiple plaintiffs to prove up the same claims in separate 
proceedings.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Reliance on Precedent and the Expertise of Courts
    A dispute regarding CAT reporting is likely to present complex 
legal and factual issues inherent in cyber litigation generally as well 
as in relation to the Participants' regulatory roles in overseeing the 
CAT. Allowing the parties to litigate in court would ensure that the 
forum charged with resolving disputes is bound by the substantial body 
of precedent that has been developed to address these issues.
    Relatedly, the doctrine of regulatory immunity may play an 
important role in any dispute concerning CAT reporting. In connection 
with the Limitation of Liability Proposal, multiple comment letters 
discussed the applicability of regulatory immunity to a CAT Data breach 
and demonstrated an assumption and understanding that such a 
determination was the province of courts.\29\ The Commission, likewise, 
recognized the importance of regulatory immunity claims and its 
Disapproval Order also indicated an expectation that such claims would 
be decided by courts.\30\ Indeed, courts have developed a robust body 
of case law on the immunity doctrine, which provides parameters to 
courts as they analyze the applicability of regulatory immunity to the 
specific facts presented by a given case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See, e.g., supra n.15.
    \30\ Disapproval Order, supra n.16, 17.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ability to rely on binding precedent is even more critical in 
the event of a claim arising out of CAT reporting. As discussed supra 
at Section 3, certain incidents may lead to claims in which impacted 
parties seek substantial damages from CAT LLC. In light of the 
potential amount in controversy, coupled with the likely legal and 
factual issues presented by a dispute--including the applicability of 
immunity claims--all parties should be able to rely on the certainty of 
knowing that their conduct will be evaluated by developed legal 
standards. In addition to affording all parties the opportunity to rely 
on precedent, litigating disputes in court will also promote the 
development of precedent to guide the conduct of the Participants and 
Industry Members.
c. Appellate Review
    Adjudicating claims in relation to CAT reporting in court provides 
all parties with critical appellate rights. While important for any 
high stakes dispute, appellate rights are particularly important in the 
event of a CAT system failure, technical issue, or data breach, 
considering the complicated legal and factual issues, the nature of the 
parties, and the potentially large amount in controversy. Regulatory 
immunity claims, for example, are often the subject of appellate 
review.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ See, e.g., D'Alessio v. N.Y. Stock Exchange, Inc., 258 F.3d 
93 (2d Cir. 2001); In re NYSE Specialists Sec. Litig., 503 F.3d 89 
(2d Cir. 2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Direct appellate review is largely absent in arbitration.\32\ 
Moreover, even if the parties to the Reporter Agreement or Reporting 
Agent Agreement were able to avail themselves of appellate rights, an 
appellate arbitration tribunal would be similarly unbound by precedent 
as the lower arbitration forum that rendered a potentially erroneous 
award.\33\ With respect to judicial review of an arbitration award, the 
Federal Arbitration Act (the ``FAA'') provides limited grounds for 
federal courts to vacate, modify, or correct final arbitration 
decisions.\34\ In the absence of unusual circumstances, however, 
meaningful appellate review is generally unavailable: none of the 
grounds provided by the FAA would authorize a court to vacate an 
arbitration award that was premised on an error of law.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ AAA Rules only authorize appellate review of arbitration 
awards if the parties consent to appellate rights. See AAA Rules A-
1.
    \33\ As the Supreme Court has explained, ``[t]he arbitrator's 
construction holds, however good, bad, or ugly.'' Oxford Health 
Plans LLC v. Sutter, 569 U.S. 564, 573 (2013).
    \34\ See 9 U.S.C. 9 (providing that if the parties have 
contractually agreed that a specific federal court will enter 
judgment upon an arbitration award, then at any time within one year 
after the award is made, any party may apply to that court for an 
order confirming the award; if no court is specified, then the 
application may be made to the U.S. district court for the district 
within which the award was made); 9 U.S.C. 10 (providing that the 
U.S. district court where the arbitration award was made may vacate 
the award upon an application of any party to the arbitration, where 
the award was ``procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means,'' 
where there ``was evident partiality or corruption in the 
arbitrators,'' where the arbitrators ``were guilty of misconduct,'' 
or where the arbitrators ``exceeded their powers'' or ``so 
imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award'' 
was not made); 9 U.S.C. 11 (providing the following grounds for 
which a U.S. district court may upon the application of any party to 
an arbitration modify or correct an arbitration award: ``an evident 
material miscalculation'' or mistake in the award; an award upon a 
matter ``not submitted'' to the arbitrators; or ``where the award is 
imperfect in matter of form not affecting the merits of the 
controversy'').
    \35\ See 9 U.S.C. 11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Rules Governing Discovery and Evidence
    Considering the magnitude of data transmitted to the CAT, a dispute 
is likely to involve a substantial volume of documents and information. 
Additionally, many documents that might be the subject of discovery 
requests are likely to be either commercially sensitive for Industry 
Members or involve nonpublic, sensitive information regarding the CAT's 
security.

[[Page 58880]]

    Parties to litigation are afforded the benefits of rules governing 
the discovery process and admissibility of evidence. These rules 
promote predictability of litigation, efficiency of resolutions, and 
fairness of results,\36\ and provide mechanisms for facilitating 
discovery as well as the admission of evidence.\37\ For example, 
litigants in court must comply with clear discovery rules, which govern 
the scope of discovery and the timing and content of disclosures, and 
facilitate communication among the parties and the court regarding 
these matters.\38\ Litigants in court also have the benefit of a 
uniform set of rules governing the admissibility of evidence.\39\ These 
protections do not exist under the AAA Rules,\40\ which provide a more 
limited set of procedures pertaining to discovery and evidence.\41\ 
Given the breadth and depth of the discovery and evidence rules in 
federal and state court, and the fact that courts are bound by 
precedent and subject to appellate review, see supra Sec.  A(4)(b)-(c), 
courts are better suited to handle disputes regarding CAT reporting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 1 (noting that the purpose of 
the rules is to ``secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive 
determination of every action and proceeding'').
    \37\ See generally Fed. R. Civ. P. 26-28, 30-31, 33-34, 36; Fed. 
R. Evid. 101-02; N.Y. C.P.L.R. Sec. Sec.  3101-02, 3122; 22 
N.Y.C.R.R. Sec. Sec.  202.11-12; Guide to N.Y. Evid. rule 1.03. 
Courts also have subpoena power over witnesses. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 
30(a)(1), 45(a)(1)(B), 45(c)(1); N.Y. C.P.L.R. Sec. Sec.  2301, 
3106(b); 22 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec.  202.20-d; see also 28 U.S.C. 1783; 
Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial 
Matters (the Hague Convention); Uniform Interstate Depositions and 
Discovery Act (the ``UIDDA'') (providing mechanism for New York 
State courts to serve out-of-state subpoenas; in the absence of the 
UIDDA, the provisions for service applicable in the out-of-state 
jurisdiction apply).
    \38\ See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 26; N.Y. C.P.L.R. Sec.  3101; 22 
N.Y.C.R.R. Sec. Sec.  202.11-12.
    \39\ See Fed. R. Evid. 101, 102. New York State does not have a 
statutory code of evidence; instead, its rules of evidence reside in 
judicial precedent, the State constitution, and State statutes. The 
New York Unified Court System has compiled a guide setting forth 
current practice in New York State courts regarding the application 
of the rules of evidence. See generally Guide to N.Y. Evid. Rule 
1.03, Note. New York evidence law is generally in accord with the 
Federal Rules of Evidence, including rules on relevance, prejudice, 
privilege, and hearsay. See, e.g., id. rules 4.01, 4.07, 5.01-09, 
and 8.00-01.
    \40\ AAA Rules P-1(b) (instructing parties to carefully ``avoid 
importing procedures from court systems'').
    \41\ See, e.g., id. (disclaiming procedures from court systems), 
R-22 (providing for pre-hearing exchange and production of 
information), L-3(f) (noting that depositions are available only in 
``exceptional'' circumstances), R-34 (governing the admissibility of 
evidence and noting conformity to the legal rules of evidence is not 
necessary); see also 9 U.S.C. 7 (allowing arbitrator to subpoena 
witnesses to testify, but only in hearings, as opposed to 
depositions); CVS Health Corp. v. Vividus, LLC, 878 F.3d 703, 706, 
708 (9th Cir. 2017) (holding that ``section 7 of the FAA does not 
grant arbitrators the power to order third parties to produce 
documents prior to an arbitration hearing''); Life Receivables Tr. 
v. Syndicate 102 at Lloyd's of London, 549 F.3d 210, 217 (2d Cir. 
2008); Hay Grp., Inc. v. E.B.S. Acquisition Corp., 360 F.3d 404, 407 
(3d Cir. 2004) (Alito, J.).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(5) Designating the SDNY and New York State Courts in a Forum Selection 
Provision is Consistent With the Exchange Act
    The Proposed Amendment's Forum Selection Provision designates the 
SDNY, or, in the absence of federal subject matter jurisdiction, a New 
York State Supreme Court in New York County within the First Judicial 
Department as the venue for any dispute concerning CAT reporting. Both 
forums would provide the parties with a sophisticated tribunal that has 
experience adjudicating matters involving the federal securities laws, 
market structure, and cybersecurity.
    As an initial mater, based on the potential parties to any lawsuit 
arising out of CAT reporting, New York is likely to be a convenient 
venue. As the reputed financial capital of the world, New York is home 
to the two largest securities exchanges and several other Participants. 
Additionally, many of the most prominent Industry Members by trading 
volume are located in New York.\42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ Those Industry Members include, for example, Citigroup 
Global Markets, Inc., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. 
LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities, LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc., 
UBS Securities LLC, and Credit Suisse Securities USA, LLC.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The existing Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent Agreement both 
provide that any claim must be commenced in New York (i.e., in the 
current arbitration provision) and that the Reporter Agreement and 
Reporting Agent Agreement are governed by New York law.\43\ Relatedly, 
all dates and times referenced in the agreements are set to New York 
time.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ Reporter Agreement Sec.  7.11; Reporting Agent Agreement 
Sec.  7.11.
    \44\ Reporter Agreement Sec.  7.8; Reporting Agent Agreement 
Sec.  7.8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to being a convenient venue for potential parties, the 
Participants' proposed forum--and backup forum--have the requisite 
subject matter expertise to resolve claims in relation to CAT reporting 
fairly and efficiently. The Second Circuit has extensive experience 
with securities and financial regulation matters.\45\ Moreover, 
applying the precedent set by the Second Circuit, the SDNY routinely 
handles complicated securities matters with broad implications for the 
national financial markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ The Supreme Court has referred to the Second Circuit as the 
``Mother Court'' regarding securities matters. See, e.g., Morrison 
v. Nat'l Austl. Bank, 561 U.S. 247, 275-76 (2010) (Stevens, J., 
concurring in judgment) (quoting Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug 
Stores, 421 U.S. 723, 737 (1975)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Second Circuit--and the SDNY in particular--also has 
significant experience determining the rights and remedies of parties 
following data breaches, including in relation to critical issues such 
as standing and damages,\46\ and balancing the competing interests 
involved in adjudicating sensitive and costly cybersecurity 
incidents.\47\ In light of its extensive experience with securities, 
financial regulation, market structure, and cyber matters, it is beyond 
reasonable dispute that the Second Circuit and the SDNY have the 
appropriate expertise to resolve a dispute regarding CAT reporting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ See, e.g., McMorris v. Carlos Lopez & Assocs., LLC, 995 
F.3d 295, 300-03 (2d Cir. 2021) (standing); In re GE/CBPS Data 
Breach Litig., No. 20-cv-2903 (KPF), 2021 WL 3406374, at *5-7 
(S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2021) (standing); Sackin v. TransPerfect Glob., 
Inc., 278 F. Supp. 3d 739, 745 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (damages); Hammond v. 
Bank of New York Mellon Corp., No. 08-cv-6060 (RMB) (RLE), 2010 WL 
2643307, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2010) (damages); see also Smahaj 
v. Retrieval-Masters Creditors Bureau, Inc., 69 Misc.3d 597, 599-
600, 604 (Sup. Ct. Westchester Cnty. 2020) (damages).
    \47\ See, e.g., McMorris, 995 F.3d at 302 (weighing relative 
sensitivity of certain types of data); Wallace v. Health Quest Sys., 
Inc., No. 20-cv-545 (VB), 2021 WL 1109727, at *1 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 
23, 2021) (addressing claims for negligence, breach of implied 
contract, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, breach of 
confidence, bailment, and violations of New York's General Business 
Law); see also Pena v. British Airways, PLC (UK), No. 18-cv-6278 
(LDH) (RML), 2020 WL 38989055, at *2 n.2, *3-4, *6 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 
30, 2020) (granting motion to dismiss for lack of standing, 
preemption, and failure to state a claim); see also Keach v. BST & 
Co. CPAs, LLP, 71 Misc.3d 1204(A), at *7 (Sup. Ct. Albany Cnty. 
2021) (citations omitted).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the Commission noted in its Disapproval Order, in the absence of 
a limitation on liability, the Participants can assert regulatory 
immunity in response to a claim for damages. The Second Circuit has 
authored several seminal opinions regarding the scope of regulatory 
immunity,\48\ and courts in other jurisdictions often cite to and rely 
on the Second Circuit's analyses to

[[Page 58881]]

apply the regulatory immunity doctrine to cases pending before 
them.\49\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ See Standard Inv. Chartered, Inc. v. Nat'l Ass'n of Sec. 
Dealers, Inc., 637 F.3d 112, 116 (2d Cir. 2011) (noting Second 
Circuit decisions on regulatory immunity in the context of ``(1) 
disciplinary proceedings against exchange members, [Barbara v. NYSE, 
99 F.3d 49, 59 (2d Cir. 1996)]; (2) the enforcement of security 
rules and regulations and general regulatory oversight over exchange 
members, [D'Alessio, 258 F.3d at 106]; (3) the interpretation of the 
securities laws and regulations as applied to the exchange or its 
members, id.; (4) the referral of exchange members to the SEC and 
other government agencies for civil enforcement or criminal 
prosecution under the securities laws, id.; and (5) the public 
announcement of regulatory decisions, [DL Cap. Grp., LLC v. Nasdaq 
Stock Mkt., Inc., 409 F.3d 93, 98 (2d Cir. 2005)].'').
    \49\ See, e.g., In re Series 7 Broker Qualification Exam Scoring 
Litig., 548 F.3d 110, 113-15 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing Barbara, 99 
F.3d 49; Desiderio v. NASD, 191 F.3d 198 (2d Cir. 1999); DL Cap. 
Grp., 409 F.3d 93; Feins v. Am. Stock Exch., Inc., 81 F.3d 1215 (2d 
Cir. 1996)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    New York State courts--particularly those within the Commercial 
Division of the First Judicial Department--are likewise well suited to 
address the complex issues that might arise during litigation regarding 
a CAT Data breach. The court's judges focus primarily on complex cases 
and have developed sophisticated procedural rules designed to foster 
the efficient and fair resolution of disputes.\50\ Relying in part on 
the Second Circuit's developed body of case law, the New York state 
courts within the First Judicial Department are one of only a few state 
courts that have addressed the scope of regulatory immunity.\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ See generally 22 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec.  202.70 (Rules of the 
Commercial Division of the Supreme Court). The Commercial Division 
``is an efficient, sophisticated, up-to-date court dealing with 
challenging commercial cases'' and ``its primary goal [is] the cost-
effective, predictable and fair adjudication of complex commercial 
cases.'' 22 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec.  202.70(g) (Preamble to the Rules of 
practice for the Commercial Division).
    \51\ See Wey v. Nasdaq, Inc., 188 A.D.3d 587 (1st Dep't 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(6) Governing Law Provision
    The Proposed Amendment modifies the governing law provision 
contained in the existing Reporter Agreement and Reporting Agent 
Agreement to provide that the agreements, and any matters between CAT 
LLC and either a CAT Reporter or a CAT Reporting Agent, will be 
governed by federal law and the laws of the State of New York. The 
existing governing law provision refers only to New York state law and, 
because CAT LLC was created pursuant to federal law and is subject to a 
federal regulatory regime, claims by or against CAT LLC could involve 
issues of federal law. Therefore, the Proposed Amendment modifies the 
existing governing law provision to clarify that any disputes arising 
out of or related to the agreements will be governed by both federal 
law and by New York state law.

B. Governing or Constituent Documents

    Not applicable.

C. Implementation of Amendment

    The Participants propose to implement the Proposed Amendment by 
making the revised agreements effective upon Commission approval of 
this Proposed Amendment, without requiring CAT Reporters and CAT 
Reporting Agents to re-sign the agreements.

D. Development and Implementation Phases

    The Participants propose the revised agreements be effective upon 
Commission approval of this Proposed Amendment, without requiring CAT 
Reporters and CAT Reporting Agents to re-sign the agreements.

E. Analysis of Impact on Competition

    The Participants do not believe the Proposed Amendment will have 
any impact on competition. The Proposed Amendment would mandate that 
all CAT Reporters and CAT Reporting Agents are bound by revised 
agreements that contain the amended provisions. Moreover, the Forum 
Selection Provision would apply equally to all Industry Members, the 
Participants, and CAT LLC, and would not impact the relative 
competitive positions among different Industry Members. Additionally, 
as discussed above, adjudication of disputes relating to CAT reporting 
in courts promotes consistency of outcomes, which thereby promotes fair 
competition. Conversely, arbitration could lead to disparate and 
inconsistent outcomes of similar disputes, which would unfairly 
advantage certain parties over others.

F. Written Understanding or Agreements Relating to Interpretation of, 
or Participation in, Plan

    Not applicable.

G. Approval by Plan Sponsors in Accordance With Plan

    Section 12.3 of the CAT NMS Plan states that, subject to certain 
exceptions, the Plan may be amended from time to time only by a written 
amendment, authorized by the affirmative vote of not less than two-
thirds of all of the Participants, that has been approved by the SEC 
pursuant to Rule 608 or has otherwise become effective under Rule 608. 
The Participants, by a vote of the Operating Committee obtained via 
written consent on September 6, 2022, have authorized the filing of 
this Proposed Amendment with the SEC in accordance with the Plan.

H. Description of Operation of Facility Contemplated by the Proposed 
Amendment and Any Fees or Charges in Connection Thereto

    Not applicable.

I. Terms and Conditions of Access

    Not applicable.

J. Method and Frequency of Processor Evaluation

    Not applicable.

K. Dispute Resolution

    Not applicable.

III. Solicitation of Comments

    Interested persons are invited to submit written data, views and 
arguments concerning the foregoing, including whether the amendment is 
consistent with the Exchange Act. Comments may be submitted by any of 
the following methods:

Electronic Comments

     Use the Commission's internet comment form (https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml); or
     Send an email to [email protected]. Please include 
File Number 4-698 on the subject line.

Paper Comments

     Send paper comments to Secretary, Securities and Exchange 
Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549-1090.

All submissions should refer to File Number 4-698. This file number 
should be included on the subject line if email is used. To help the 
Commission process and review your comments more efficiently, please 
use only one method. The Commission will post all comments on the 
Commission's internet website (https://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml). 
Copies of the submission, all subsequent amendments, all written 
statements with respect to the proposed plan amendment that are filed 
with the Commission, and all written communications relating to the 
amendment between the Commission and any person, other than those that 
may be withheld from the public in accordance with the provisions of 5 
U.S.C. 552, will be available for website viewing and printing in the 
Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 
20549, on official business days between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 
3:00 p.m. Copies of such filing also will be available for inspection 
and copying at the Participants' offices. All comments received will be 
posted without change. Persons submitting comments are cautioned that 
we do not redact or edit personal identifying information from comment 
submissions. You should submit only information that you wish to make 
available publicly. All submissions should refer to File Number 4-698 
and should be submitted on or before October 19, 2022.


[[Page 58882]]


    For the Commission, by the Division of Trading and Markets, 
pursuant to delegated authority.\52\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ 17 CFR 200.30-3(a)(85).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. Matthew DeLesDernier,
Assistant Secretary.

Appendix A

Limited Liability Company Agreement of Consolidated Audit Trail, LLC

* * * * *

Article XII

    [proposed additions]
* * * * *
    Section 12.15. Forum Selection; Governing Law. Each CAT Reporter 
shall be bound by an amended Consolidated Audit Trail Reporter 
Agreement containing, in substance, the forum selection provision 
and governing law provision in Appendix E to this Agreement. Each 
Person engaged by a CAT Reporter to report CAT Data to the Central 
Repository on behalf of such CAT Reporter shall be bound by an 
amended Consolidated Audit Trail Reporting Agent Agreement 
containing, in substance, the forum selection provision and 
governing law provision in Appendix F to this Agreement. The 
Operating Committee shall have authority in its sole discretion to 
make non-substantive amendments to the forum selection provision and 
governing law provision in the Consolidated Audit Trail Reporter 
Agreement and the Consolidated Audit Trail Reporting Agent 
Agreement.
* * * * *

Appendix E

    [proposed additions]
* * * * *

Forum Selection Provision in the CAT Reporter Agreement

    7.9. Forum Selection. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROHIBITED BY FEDERAL 
LAW OR OTHERWISE PROVIDED BY SECTION 11.5 OF THE CAT NMS PLAN, FOR 
ANY DISPUTE, CONTROVERSY, OR CLAIM IN CONNECTION WITH, RELATING TO, 
OR ASSOCIATED IN ANY WAY WITH THIS AGREEMENT, CAT REPORTING, OR THE 
CAT SYSTEM, THE PARTIES IRREVOCABLY SUBMIT TO THE EXCLUSIVE 
JURISDICTION AND VENUE OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK AND THE NEW YORK STATE SUPREME COURT 
FOR NEW YORK COUNTY IN THE BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE 
COMMERCIAL DIVISION. Each Party hereby agrees to commence any such 
action, suit, or other proceeding in (i) the United States District 
Court for the Southern District of New York, or (ii) if such action, 
suit, or other proceeding cannot be brought in such court for 
jurisdictional reasons, to commence such suit, action, or other 
proceeding in the New York State Supreme Court for New York County, 
borough of Manhattan, and seek assignment to the New York County 
Commercial Division whenever the jurisdictional requirements for 
Commercial Division assignment are met. Service of any process, 
summons, notice, or document by U.S. registered mail to such Party's 
respective address shall be effective service of process for any 
action, suit, or other proceeding in New York with respect to any 
matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction in this Agreement. 
Each Party irrevocably and unconditionally waives any objection to 
the laying of venue of any action, suit, or other proceeding 
connected to, related to, or associated in any way with this 
Agreement, CAT Reporting, or the CAT System in the courts identified 
in items (i)-(ii) above, and hereby and thereby further irrevocably 
and unconditionally waives and agrees not to plead or claim in any 
such court that any such action, suit, or other proceeding brought 
in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. The 
provisions of this paragraph shall apply to any action, suit, or 
other proceeding commenced by any Party against any other Party to 
this Agreement, including those in which one or more Participants or 
the Plan Processor (or any Representatives of one or more 
Participants or the Plan Processor) are named as parties, regardless 
of whether CATLLC is also named as a party.

Governing Law Clause in the CAT Reporter Agreement

    7.11. Governing Law. THIS AGREEMENT, AND ALL MATTERS BETWEEN 
CATLLC AND CAT REPORTER ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS 
AGREEMENT, SHALL BE CONSTRUED AND ENFORCED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE 
FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW 
YORK WITHOUT GIVING EFFECT TO ANY LAWS, RULES OR PROVISIONS THAT 
WOULD CAUSE THE APPLICATION OF LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION OTHER THAN 
THE FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF 
NEW YORK.
* * * * *

Appendix F

    [proposed additions]
* * * * *

Forum Selection Provision in the CAT Reporting Agent Agreement

    7.9. Forum Selection. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROHIBITED BY FEDERAL 
LAW OR OTHERWISE PROVIDED BY SECTION 11.5 OF THE CAT NMS PLAN, FOR 
ANY DISPUTE, CONTROVERSY, OR CLAIM IN CONNECTION WITH, RELATING TO, 
OR ASSOCIATED IN ANY WAY WITH THIS AGREEMENT, CAT REPORTING, OR THE 
CAT SYSTEM, THE PARTIES IRREVOCABLY SUBMIT TO THE EXCLUSIVE 
JURISDICTION AND VENUE OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK AND THE NEW YORK STATE SUPREME COURT 
FOR NEW YORK COUNTY IN THE BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE 
COMMERCIAL DIVISION. Each Party hereby agrees to commence any such 
action, suit, or other proceeding in (i) the United States District 
Court for the Southern District of New York, or (ii) if such action, 
suit, or other proceeding cannot be brought in such court for 
jurisdictional reasons, to commence such suit, action, or other 
proceeding in the New York State Supreme Court for New York County, 
borough of Manhattan, and seek assignment to the New York County 
Commercial Division whenever the jurisdictional requirements for 
Commercial Division assignment are met. Service of any process, 
summons, notice, or document by U.S. registered mail to such Party's 
respective address shall be effective service of process for any 
action, suit, or other proceeding in New York with respect to any 
matters to which it has submitted to jurisdiction in this Agreement. 
Each Party irrevocably and unconditionally waives any objection to 
the laying of venue of any action, suit, or other proceeding 
connected to, related to, or associated in any way with this 
Agreement, CAT Reporting, or the CAT System in the courts identified 
in items (i)-(ii) above, and hereby and thereby further irrevocably 
and unconditionally waives and agrees not to plead or claim in any 
such court that any such action, suit, or other proceeding brought 
in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. The 
provisions of this paragraph shall apply to any action, suit, or 
other proceeding commenced by any Party against any other Party to 
this Agreement, including those in which one or more Participants or 
the Plan Processor (or any Representatives of one or more 
Participants or the Plan Processor) are named as parties, regardless 
of whether CATLLC is also named as a party.

Governing Law Clause in the CAT Reporting Agent Agreement

    7.11. Governing Law. THIS AGREEMENT, AND ALL MATTERS BETWEEN 
CATLLC AND CAT REPORTING AGENT ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS 
AGREEMENT, SHALL BE CONSTRUED AND ENFORCED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE 
FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW 
YORK WITHOUT GIVING EFFECT TO ANY LAWS, RULES OR PROVISIONS THAT 
WOULD CAUSE THE APPLICATION OF LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION OTHER THAN 
THE FEDERAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF 
NEW YORK.
* * * * *

[FR Doc. 2022-20950 Filed 9-27-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P
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