Passenger Car Average Fuel Economy Standards-Model Years 2008-2020 and Light Truck Average Fuel Economy Standards-Model Years 2008-2020; Request for Product Plan Information, 24190-24210 [08-1185]
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Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 86 / Friday, May 2, 2008 / Proposed Rules
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Use the principles in—
Private non-profit organization other than an (1) institution of higher
education, (2) hospital, or (3) organization named in 2 CFR part 230,
Appendix C, as not subject to that circular.
Institutions of higher education ................................................................
Hospitals ...................................................................................................
2 CFR part 230.
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or a non-profit organization listed in 2 CFR part 230, Appendix C, as
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[FR Doc. E8–8789 Filed 5–1–08; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910–9X–P
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration
49 CFR Parts 531 and 533
[Docket No. NHTSA–2008–0069]
Passenger Car Average Fuel Economy
Standards—Model Years 2008–2020
and Light Truck Average Fuel
Economy Standards—Model Years
2008–2020; Request for Product Plan
Information
National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA),
Department of Transportation (DOT).
ACTION: Request for comments.
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AGENCY:
SUMMARY: The purpose of this request
for comments is to acquire new and
updated information regarding vehicle
manufacturers’ future product plans to
assist the agency in analyzing the
proposed passenger car and light truck
corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)
standards as required by the Energy
Policy and Conservation Act, as
amended by the Energy Independence
and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, Pub. L.
110–140. This proposal is discussed in
a companion notice published today.
DATES: Comments must be received on
or before July 1, 2008.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments
[identified by Docket No. NHTSA–
2008–0069] by any of the following
methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to
https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the
online instructions for submitting
comments.
• Mail: Docket Management Facility:
U.S. Department of Transportation, 1200
New Jersey Avenue, SE., West Building
Ground Floor, Room W12–140,
Washington, DC 20590.
• Hand Delivery or Courier: West
Building Ground Floor, Room W12–140,
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., between
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2 CFR part 220.
45 CFR part 74, Appendix E, ‘‘Principles for Determining Costs Applicable to Research and Development under Grants and Contracts
with Hospitals.’’
48 CFR part 31, Contract Cost Principles and Procedures, or uniform
cost accounting standards that comply with cost principles acceptable to the Federal agency.
9 a.m. and 5 p.m. ET, Monday through
Friday, except Federal holidays.
Telephone: 1–800–647–5527.
• Fax: 202–493–2251.
Instructions: All submissions must
include the agency name and docket
number for this proposed collection of
information. Note that all comments
received will be posted without change
to https://www.regulations.gov, including
any personal information provided.
Please see the Privacy Act heading
below.
Privacy Act: Anyone is able to search
the electronic form of all comments
received into any of our dockets by the
name of the individual submitting the
comment (or signing the comment, if
submitted on behalf of an association,
business, labor union, etc.). You may
review DOT’s complete Privacy Act
Statement in the Federal Register
published on April 11, 2000 (65 FR
19477–78) or you may visit https://
www.dot.gov/privacy.html.
Docket: For access to the docket to
read background documents or
comments received, go to https://
www.regulations.gov and follow the
online instructions, or visit the Docket
Management Facility at the street
address listed above.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For
non-legal issues, call Ken Katz, Lead
Engineer, Fuel Economy Division,
Office of International Policy, Fuel
Economy and Consumer Programs, at
(202) 366–0846, facsimile (202) 493–
2290, electronic mail ken.katz@dot.gov.
For legal issues, call Rebecca Schade,
Office of the Chief Counsel, at (202)
366–2992.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Introduction
In December 1975, during the
aftermath of the energy crisis created by
the oil embargo of 1973–74, Congress
enacted the Energy Policy and
Conservation Act (EPCA). The Act
established an automotive fuel economy
regulatory program by adding Title V,
‘‘Improving Automotive Efficiency,’’ to
the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost
Saving Act. Title V has been amended
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from time to time and codified without
substantive change as Chapter 329 of
Title 49 of the United States Code.
Chapter 329 provides for the issuance of
average fuel economy standards for
passenger automobiles (passenger cars)
and automobiles that are not passenger
automobiles (light trucks).
Section 32902(a) of Chapter 329 states
that the Secretary of Transportation
shall prescribe by regulation corporate
average fuel economy (CAFE) standards
for passenger cars for each model year.
That section also states that ‘‘[e]ach
standard shall be the maximum feasible
average fuel economy level that the
Secretary decides the manufacturers can
achieve in that model year.’’ The
Secretary has delegated the authority to
implement the automotive fuel economy
program to the Administrator of
NHTSA. 49 CFR 1.50(f). Section
32902(f) provides that, in determining
the maximum feasible average fuel
economy level, we shall consider four
criteria: Technological feasibility,
economic practicability, the effect of
other motor vehicle standards of the
Government on fuel economy, and the
need of the United States to conserve
energy.
Congress enacted the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007
(EISA) on December 18, 2007, which
further amends Chapter 329 of Title 49.
EISA made a number of important
changes to EPCA, including:
• Replacing the old statutory default
standard of 27.5 mpg for passenger
automobiles with a mandate to establish
passenger automobile and light truck
standards, beginning with model year
(MY) 2011, set sufficiently high to
ensure that the average fuel economy of
the combined industry wide fleet of all
new passenger automobiles and light
trucks sold in the United States during
MY 2020 is at least 35 mpg.
• Limiting to five the number of years
for which standards can be established
in a single rulemaking.
• Mandating the reforming of CAFE
standards for passenger cars by
requiring that all CAFE standards be
based on one or more vehicle attributes,
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thus ensuring that the improvements in
fuel economy do not come at the
expense of safety.
• Requiring that for each model year,
beginning with MY 2011, the domestic
passenger cars of each manufacturer of
those cars must achieve a measured
average fuel economy that is not less
than 92 percent of the average fuel
economy of the combined fleet of
domestic and non-domestic passenger
cars sold in the United States in that
model year.
• Providing greater flexibility for
automobile manufacturers by (a)
increasing from three to five the number
of years that a manufacturer can carry
forward the compliance credits it earns
for exceeding CAFE standards, (b)
allowing a manufacturer to transfer the
credits it has earned from one class of
automobiles to another, and (c)
authorizing the trading of credits
between manufacturers.
To assist the agency in analyzing the
proposed CAFE standards, NHTSA has
included a number of questions, found
in an appendix to this notice, directed
primarily toward vehicle manufacturers.
In a companion document, which is
being published today in the Federal
Register, NHTSA is proposing passenger
car and light truck average fuel economy
standards for MYs 2011–2015. To
facilitate our analysis, we are seeking
detailed comments relative to the
requests found in the appendices of this
document. The appendices request
information from manufacturers
regarding their product plans—
including data about engines and
transmissions—from MY 2008 through
MY 2020 for passenger cars and light
trucks and the assumptions underlying
those plans. Regarding light trucks, the
agency is asking manufacturers to
update the information it provided
previously regarding MYs 2008 through
2011 product plans and to provide
information regarding future product
plans for MYs 2012 to 2020. The
appendices also ask manufacturers to
assist the agency with its estimates of
the future vehicle population and the
fuel economy improvement attributed to
technologies.
To facilitate comments and to ensure
the conformity of data received
regarding manufacturers’ product plans
from MY 2008 through MY 2020,
NHTSA has developed spreadsheet
templates for manufacturers’ use. The
uniformity provided by these
spreadsheets is intended to aid and
expedite our review, integration, and
analysis of the information provided.
These templates are the preferred format
for data submittal, and can be found on
the Volpe National Transportation
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Systems Center (Volpe Center) Web site
at: ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/
CAFE/templates/ or can be requested
from Ken Katz at ken.katz@dot.gov. The
templates include an automated tool
(i.e., a macro) that performs some
auditing to identify missing or
potentially erroneous entries. The
appendices also include sample tables
that manufacturers may refer to when
submitting their data to the agency.
II. Submission of Comments
How Do I Prepare and Submit
Comments?
Comments should be submitted using
the spreadsheet template described
above. Please include the docket
number of this document in your
comments. Please submit two copies of
your comments, including the
attachments, to Docket Management at
the address given above under
ADDRESSES. Comments may also be
submitted to the docket electronically
by logging onto https://
www.regulations.gov. Click on ‘‘How to
Use This Site’’ and then ‘‘User Tips’’ to
obtain instructions for filing the
document electronically.
How Can I Be Sure That my Comments
Were Received?
If you wish Docket Management to
notify you upon its receipt of your
comments, enclose a self-addressed,
stamped postcard in the envelope
containing your comments. Upon
receiving your comments, Docket
Management will return the postcard by
mail.
How Do I Submit Confidential Business
Information?
If you wish to submit any information
under a claim of confidentiality, you
should submit three copies of your
complete submission, including the
information you claim to be confidential
business information, to the Chief
Counsel, NHTSA, at the address given
above under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT. In addition, you should
submit two copies, from which you
have deleted the claimed confidential
business information, to Docket
Management at the address given above
under ADDRESSES. When you send a
comment containing information
claimed to be confidential business
information, you should include a cover
letter setting forth the information
specified in our confidential business
information regulation. (49 CFR part
512.)
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Will the Agency Consider Late
Comments?
We will consider all comments that
Docket Management receives before the
close of business on the comment
closing date indicated above under
DATES. Due to the timeframe of the
upcoming rulemaking, we will be very
limited in our ability to consider
comments filed after the comment
closing date. If Docket Management
receives a comment too late for us to
consider it in developing a final rule, we
will consider that comment as an
informal suggestion for future
rulemaking action.
How Can I Read the Comments
Submitted by Other People?
You may read the comments received
by Docket Management at the address
given above under ADDRESSES. The
hours of the Docket are indicated above
in the same location. You may also see
the comments on the Internet. To read
the comments on the Internet, take the
following steps:
(1) Go to https://www.regulations.gov.
(2) On that page, in the field marked
‘‘search,’’ type in the docket number
provided at the top of this document.
(3) The next page will contain results
for that docket number; it may help you
to sort by ‘‘Date Posted: Oldest to
Recent.’’
(4) On the results page, click on the
desired comments. You may download
the comments. However, since the
comments are imaged documents,
instead of word processing documents,
the downloaded comments may not be
word searchable.
Please note that even after the comment
closing date, we will continue to file
relevant information in the Docket as it
becomes available. Accordingly, we
recommend that you periodically check
the Docket for new material.
Anyone is able to search the
electronic form of all comments
received into any of our dockets by the
name of the individual submitting the
comment (or signing the comment, if
submitted on behalf of an association,
business, labor union, etc.). You may
review DOT’s complete Privacy Act
Statement in the Federal Register
published on April 11, 2000 (Volume
65, Number 70; Pages 19477–78) or you
may visit https://www.dot.gov/
privacy.html.
Authority: 15 U.S.C. 2007; delegation of
authority at 49 CFR 1.50.
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Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 86 / Friday, May 2, 2008 / Proposed Rules
Issued on: April 22, 2008.
Stephen R. Kratzke,
Associate Administrator for Rulemaking.
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Appendix A
I. Definitions
As used in these appendices—
1. ‘‘Automobile,’’ ‘‘fuel economy,’’
‘‘manufacturer,’’ and ‘‘model year,’’ have the
meaning given them in Section 32901 of
Chapter 329 of Title 49 of the United States
Code, 49 U.S.C. 32901.
2. ‘‘Cargo-carrying volume,’’ ‘‘gross vehicle
weight rating’’ (GVWR), and ‘‘passengercarrying volume’’ are used as defined in 49
CFR 523.2.
3. ‘‘Basic engine’’ has the meaning given in
40 CFR 600.002–93(a)(21). When identifying
a basic engine, respondent should provide
the following information:
(i) Engine displacement (in liters). If the
engine has variable displacement (i.e.,
cylinder deactivation) the respondent should
provide both the minimum and maximum
engine displacement.
(ii) Number of cylinders or rotors.
(iii) Number of valves per cylinder.
(iv) Cylinder configuration (V, in–line,
etc.).
(v) Other engine characteristics,
abbreviated as follows:
A—Atkinson cycle
AM—Atkinson/Miller cycle
D—Diesel cycle
M—Miller cycle
O—Otto cycle
OA—Otto/Atkinson cycle
V—V–shaped
I—Inline
R—Rotary
DI—Direct injection
IDI—Indirect injection
MPFI—Multipoint fuel injection
PFI—Port fuel injection
SEFI—Sequential electronic fuel injection
SIDI—Stoichiometric spark ignition direct
injection
TBI—Throttle body fuel injection
NA—Naturally aspirated
T—Turbocharged
S—Supercharged
FFS—Feedback fuel system
2S—Two-stroke engines
C—Camless
OHV—Overhead valve
SOHC—Single overhead camshaft
DOHC—Dual overhead camshafts
VVT—Variable valve timing
ICP—Intake cam phasing
CCP—Coupled cam phasing
DCP—Dual cam phasing
VVLT—Variable valve lift and timing
VVLTD—Discrete variable valve lift and
timing
VVLTC—Coupled variable valve lift and
timing
VCT—Variable cam timing
CYDA—Cylinder deactivation
IVT—Intake valve throttling
CVA—Camless valve actuation
VCR—Variable compression ratio
LBFB—lean burn-fast burn combustion
E—Exhaust continuous phasing
EIE—Equal continuous intake and exhaust
phasing
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IIE—Independent continuous intake and
exhaust
CV—Continuously variable valve lift
F—Fixed valve lift
SVI—Stepped variable intake with 2 or more
fixed profiles
4. ‘‘Domestically manufactured’’ is used as
defined in Section 32904(b)(2) of Chapter
329, 49 U.S.C. 32904(b)(2).
5. ‘‘Footprint’’ means the product of
average track width (measured in inches and
rounded to the nearest tenth of an inch) times
wheelbase (measured in inches and rounded
to the nearest tenth of an inch) divided by
144 and then rounded to the nearest tenth of
a square foot.
6. ‘‘Passenger car’’ means an automobile of
the type described in 49 CFR Part 523.3 and
523.4.
7. ‘‘Light truck’’ means an automobile of
the type described in 49 CFR Part 523.3 and
523.5.
8. A ‘‘model’’ of passenger car is a line,
such as the Chevrolet Impala, Ford Fusion,
Honda Accord, etc., which exists within a
manufacturer’s fleet.
9. ‘‘Model Type’’ is used as defined in 40
CFR 600.002–93(a)(19).
10. ‘‘Percent fuel economy improvements’’
means that percentage which corresponds to
the amount by which respondent could
improve the fuel economy of vehicles in a
given model or class through the application
of a specified technology, averaged over all
vehicles of that model or in that class which
feasibly could use the technology. Projections
of percent fuel economy improvement should
be based on the assumption of maximum
efforts by respondent to achieve the highest
possible fuel economy increase through the
application of the technology. The baseline
for determination of percent fuel economy
improvement is the level of technology and
vehicle performance with respect to
acceleration and gradeability for respondent’s
2008 model year passenger cars or light
trucks in the equivalent class.
11. ‘‘Percent production implementation
rate’’ means that percentage which
corresponds to the maximum number of
passenger cars or light trucks of a specified
class, which could feasibly employ a given
type of technology if respondent made
maximum efforts to apply the technology by
a specified model year.
12. ‘‘Production percentage’’ means the
percent of respondent’s passenger cars or
light trucks of a specified model projected to
be manufactured in a specified model year.
13. ‘‘Project’’ or ‘‘projection’’ refers to the
best estimates made by respondent, whether
or not based on less than certain information.
14. ‘‘Redesign’’ means any change, or
combination of changes, including
powertrain changes, to a vehicle that would
change its weight by 50 pounds or more or
change its frontal area or aerodynamic drag
coefficient by 2 percent or more.
15. ‘‘Refresh’’ means any change, or
combination of changes, including
powertrain changes, to a vehicle that would
change its weight by less than 50 pounds and
would not change its frontal area or
aerodynamic drag coefficient.
16. ‘‘Relating to’’ means constituting,
defining, containing, explaining, embodying,
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reflecting, identifying, stating, referring to,
dealing with, or in any way pertaining to.
17. ‘‘Respondent’’ means each
manufacturer (including all its divisions)
providing answers to the questions set forth
in this appendix, and its officers, employees,
agents or servants.
18. ‘‘Test Weight’’ is used as defined in 40
CFR 86.082–2.
19. ‘‘Track Width’’ means the lateral
distance between the centerlines of the base
tires at ground, including the camber angle.
20. ‘‘Transmission class’’ is used as defined
in 40 CFR 600.002–93(a)(22). When
identifying a transmission class, respondent
also must indicate whether the type of
transmission is equipped with a lockup
torque converter (LUTC), a split torque
converter (STC), and/or a wide gear ratio
range (WR) and specify the number of
forward gears or whether the transmission is
a continuously variable design (CVT). If the
transmission is of a hybrid type, that should
also be indicated. Other descriptive
information may also be added, as needed.
21. ‘‘Truckline’’ means the name assigned
by the Environmental Protection Agency to a
different group of vehicles within a make or
car division in accordance with that agency’s
2001 model year pickup, van (cargo vans and
passenger vans are considered separate truck
lines), and special purpose vehicle criteria.
22. ‘‘Variants of existing engines’’ means
versions of an existing basic engine that
differ from that engine in terms of
displacement, method of aspiration,
induction system or that weigh at least 25
pounds more or less than that engine.
23. ‘‘Wheelbase’’ means the longitudinal
distance between front and rear wheel
centerlines.
II. Assumptions
All assumptions concerning emission
standards, damageability regulations, safety
standards, etc., should be listed and
described in detail by the respondent.
III. Specifications—Passenger Car Data
Go to ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/
CAFE/templates/ for spreadsheet templates.
1. Identify all passenger car models
currently offered for sale in MY 2008 whose
production you project discontinuing before
MY 2010 and identify the last model year in
which each will be offered.
2. Identify all basic engines offered by
respondent in MY 2008 passenger cars which
respondent projects it will cease to offer for
sale in passenger cars before MY 2010, and
identify the last model year in which each
will be offered.
3. For each model year 2008–2020, list all
projected car lines and provide the
information specified below for each model
type. Model types that are essentially
identical except for their nameplates (e.g.,
Ford Fusion/Mercury Milan) may be
combined into one item. Engines having the
same displacement but belonging to different
engine families are to be grouped separately.
Within the fleet, the vehicles are to be sorted
first by car line, second by basic engine, and
third by transmission type. For each model
type, a specific indexed engine and
transmission are to be identified. As
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applicable, an indexed predecessor model
type is also to be identified. Spreadsheet
templates can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/
. These templates include codes and
definitions for the data that the Agency is
seeking, including, but not limited to the
following:
a. General Information
1. Number—a unique number assigned to
each model.
2. Manufacturer—manufacturer
abbreviation (e.g., TOY).
3. Model—name of model (e.g., Camry).
4. Nameplate—vehicle nameplate (e.g.,
Camry Solara).
5. Fuel Economy—measured in miles per
gallon; weighted (FTP + highway) fuel
economy.
6. Actual FE (FFVs)—measured in miles
per gallon; for flexible fuel vehicles, fuel
economy when vehicle is operated on
gasoline only.
7. Energy Consumption 1—of total fuel
energy (higher heating value) consumed over
FTP and highway tests (each weighted as for
items 5 and 6 above), shares attributable to
the following loss mechanisms, such that the
sum of the shares equals one.
A. System irreversibility governed by the
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
B. Heat lost to the exhaust and coolant
streams.
C. Engine friction (i.e., the part of
mechanical efficiency lost to friction in such
engine components as bearings and rods, as
could be estimated from engine
dynamometer test results).
D. Pumping losses (i.e., the part of
mechanical efficiency lost to work done on
gases inside the cylinder, as could be
estimated from engine dynamometer test
results).
E. Accessory losses (i.e., the part of fuel
efficiency lost to work done by engine-driven
accessories, as could be estimated from
bench test results for the individual
components).
F. Transmission losses (i.e., the part of
driveline efficiency lost to friction in such
transmission components as gears, bearings,
and hydraulics, as could be estimated from
chassis dynamometer test results).
G. Aerodynamic drag of the body, as could
be estimated from coast-down test results.
H. Rolling resistance in the tires, as could
be estimated from coast-down test results.
I. Work done on the vehicle itself, as could
be estimated from the vehicle’s inertia mass
and the fuel economy driving cycles.
8. Engine Code—unique number assigned
to each engine.
A. Manufacturer—manufacturer
abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, HON).
B. Name—name of engine.
C. Configuration–classified as V = V4, V6,
V8, V10 or V12; I = inline; R = rotary.
D. Fuel—classified as CNG = compressed
natural gas, D = diesel, E = electricity, E85
1 This information is sought in order to account
for a given vehicle model’s fuel economy as
partitioned into nine energy loss mechanisms. The
agency may use this information to estimate the
extent to which a given technology reduces losses
in each mechanism.
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= ethanol flexible-fuel, E100 = neat ethanol,
G = gasoline, H = hydrogen, LNG = liquefied
natural gas, LPG = propane, M85 = methanol
flexible-fuel, M100 = neat methanol.
E. Engine’s country of origin.
F. Engine Oil Viscosity—typical values as
text include 0W20, 5W20, etc.; ratio between
the applied shear stress and the rate of shear,
which measures the resistance of flow of the
engine oil (as per SAE Glossary of
Automotive Terms).
G. Cycle—combustion cycle of engine.
Classified as A = Atkinson, AM = Atkinson/
Miller, D = Diesel, M = Miller, O = Otto, OA
= Otto/Atkinson.
H. Air/Fuel Ratio—the weighted (FTP +
highway) air/fuel ratio (mass): A number
generally around 14.7.
I. Fuel System—mechanism that delivers
fuel to engine. Classified as DI = direct
injection, IDI = indirect injection, MPFI =
multipoint fuel injection, PFI = port fuel
injection, SEFI = sequential electronic fuel
injection, SIDI = Stoichiometric spark
ignition direct injection, TBI = throttle body
fuel injection.
J. Aspiration—based on breathing or
induction process of engine (as per SAE
Automotive Dictionary). Classified as NA =
naturally aspirated, S = supercharged, T =
turbocharged, TT = twin turbocharged.
K. Valvetrain Design—describes design of
the total mechanism from camshaft to valve
of an engine that actuates the lifting and
closing of a valve (as per SAE Glossary of
Automotive Terms). Classified as C =
camless, DOHC = dual overhead cam, OHV
= overhead valve, SOHC = single overhead
cam.
L. Valve Actuation/Timing—based on
valve opening and closing points in the
operating cycle (as per SAE J604). Classified
as CC = continuously controlled, EIE = equal
continuous intake and exhaust phasing, E =
exhaust continuous phasing, F = fixed, IIE =
independent continuous intake and exhaust
phasing, or other designation, VCT = variable
cam timing, VVTE = variable valve timing,
exhaust, ICP = intake cam phasing, CCP =
coupled cam phasing, DCP = dual cam
phasing.
M. Valve Lift—describes the manner in
which the valve is raised during combustion
(as per SAE Automotive Dictionary).
Classified as CV = continuously variable
(throttled), F = fixed, SVI = stepped variable
intake with 2 or more fixed profiles, VVLTD
= discrete variable valve lift and timing,
VVLTC = coupled variable valve lift and
timing.
N. Cylinders—the number of engine
cylinders. An integer equaling 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,
10 or 12.
O. Valves/Cylinder—the number of valves
per cylinder. An integer from 2 through 5.
P. Deactivation—weighted (FTP +
highway) aggregate degree of deactivation.
For example, enter 0.25 for deactivation of
half the cylinders over half the drive cycle,
and enter 0 for no valve deactivation.
Q. Displacement—total volume displaced
by a piston in a single stroke, measured in
liters, also commonly referred to as engine
size.
R. Compression Ratio (min)—typically a
number around 8; for fixed CR engines,
should be identical to maximum CR.
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S. Compression Ratio (max)—a number
between 8 and 1420; for fixed CR engines,
should be identical to minimum CR.
T. Horsepower—the maximum power of
the engine combined with the associated
engine speed when horsepower is maximum,
measured as horsepower per revolutions per
minute (hp @ rpm).
U. Torque—the maximum torque of the
engine, measured as ft-lb.
9. Transmission Code—an integer; unique
number assigned to each transmission.
A. Manufacturer—manufacturer
abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, HON).
B. Name—name of transmission.
C. Country of origin—where the
transmission is manufactured.
D. Type—type of transmission. Classified
as C = clutch, CVT1 = belt or chain CVT,
CVT2 = other CVT, T = torque converter.
E. Number of Forward Gears—integer
indicating number of forward gears (or blank
or ‘‘CVT’’ for CVT).
F. Control—classified as A = automatic, M
= manual; automatic shift manual
transmission (ASMT) would be coded as
Type = C, Control = A.
G. Logic—indicates aggressivity of
automatic shifting. Classified as A =
aggressive, C = conventional U.S. Provide
rationale for selection in the transmission
notes column.
10. Origin—classification (under CAFE
program) as domestic or import, listed as D
= domestic, I = import.
b. Sales—Actual and Projected U.S.
Production for MY 2008 to MY 2020
Inclusive, Measured in Number of Vehicles
c. Vehicle Information
1. Style—classified as Sedan; Coupe;
Hatchback; Wagon; or Convertible.
2. Class—classified as Two-Seater Car;
Mini-Compact Car; Subcompact Car;
Compact Car; Midsize Car; Large Car; Small
Station Wagon; Midsize Station Wagon; or
Large Station Wagon.
3. Structure—classified as either Ladder or
Unibody.
4. Drive—classified as A = all-wheel drive;
F = front-wheel drive; R = rear-wheel-drive;
4 = 4-wheel drive.
5. Axle Ratio—ratio of the speed in
revolutions per minute of the drive shaft to
that of the drive wheels.
6. Length—measured in inches; defined
per SAE J1100, L103 (Sept. 2005).
7. Width—measured in inches; defined per
SAE J1100, W116 (Sept. 2005).
8. Wheelbase—measured to the nearest
tenth of an inch; as defined above.
9. Track Width (front)—measured to the
nearest tenth of an inch; defined per SAE
J1100, W101–1 (Sept. 2005), and clarified
above.
10. Track Width (rear)—measured to the
nearest tenth of an inch; defined per SAE
J1100, W101–2 (Sept. 2005), and clarified
above.
11. Footprint—as defined above.
12. Curb Weight—total weight of vehicle
including batteries, lubricants, and other
expendable supplies but excluding the
driver, passengers, and other payloads,
measured in pounds; per SAE J1100 (Sept.
2005).
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13. Test Weight—weight of vehicle as
tested, including the driver, operator (if
necessary), and all instrumentation (as per
SAE J1263); measured in pounds.
14. GVWR—Gross Vehicle Weight Rating;
as defined per 49 CFR 523.2 measured in
pounds.
15. Towing Capacity (Standard)—measured
in pounds.
16. Towing Capacity (Maximum)—
measured in pounds.
17. Payload—measured in pounds.
18. Cargo volume behind the front row—
measured in cubic feet, defined per Table 28
of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
19. Cargo volume behind the second row—
measured in cubic feet, defined per Table 28
of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
20. Cargo volume behind the third row—
measured in cubic feet, defined per Table 28
of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
21. Enclosed Volume—measured in cubic
feet.
22. Passenger Volume—measured in cubic
feet; the volume measured using SAE J1100
as per EPA Fuel Economy regulations (40
CFR 600.315–82, ‘‘Classes of Comparable
Automobiles’’). This is the number that
manufacturers calculate and submit to EPA.
23. Cargo Volume Index—defined per
Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
24. Luggage Capacity—measured in cubic
feet; defined per SAE J1100, V1 (Sept. 2005).
25. Seating (max)—number of usable seat
belts before folding and removal of seats
(where accomplished without special tools);
provided in integer form.
26. Number of Standard Rows of Seating—
number of rows of seats that each vehicle
comes standardly equipped with; provided in
integer form, e.g. 1,2,3,4, or 5.
27. Frontal Area—a measure of the wind
profile of the vehicle, typically calculated as
the height times width of a vehicle body, e.g.
35 square feet.
28. Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient, Cd—a
dimensionless coefficient that relates the
motion resistance force created by the air
drag over the entire surface of a moving
vehicle to the force of dynamic air pressure
acting only over the vehicle’s frontal area
e.g., 0.25.
29. Tire Rolling Resistance, Crr—a
dimensionless coefficient that relates the
motion resistance force force due to tire
energy losses (e.g., deflection, scrubbing, slip,
and air drag) to a vehicle’s weight e.g.,
0.0012.
30. Fuel Capacity—measured in gallons of
diesel fuel or gasoline; MJ (LHV) of other
fuels (or chemical battery energy).
31. Electrical System Voltage—measured in
volts, e.g., 12 volt, 42 volts 2005).
ebenthall on PRODPC60 with PROPOSALS
d. MSRP—Measured in Dollars (2008); Actual
and Projected Average MSRP (SalesWeighted, Including Options) for MY 2008 to
MY 2020 Inclusive
e. Hybridization
1. Type of hybridization of the vehicle, if
any—classified as E = electric, H = hydraulic.
2. Voltage (volts) or, for hydraulic hybrids,
pressure (psi).
3. Energy storage capacity—measured in
MJ.
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15:21 May 01, 2008
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4. Battery type—Classified as NiMH =
Nickel Metal Hydride; Li-ion = Lithium Ion.
5. Percentage of breaking energy recovered
and stored over the FTP and HFET (weighted
55/45) recovered and stored.
6. Percentage of maximum motive power
provided by stored energy system.
f. Planning and Assembly
1. US/Canadian/Mexican Content—
measured as a percentage; overall percentage,
by value, that originated in U.S., Canada and
Mexico.
2. Final Assembly City.
3. Final Assembly State/Province (if
applicable).
4. Final Assembly Country.
5. Predecessor—number and name of
model upon which current model is based,
if any.
6. Last Freshening—model year.
7. Next Freshening—model year.
8. Last Redesign—model year; where
redesign means any change, including
powertrain changes, or combination of
changes to a vehicle that would change its
weight by 50 pounds or more or change its
frontal area or aerodynamic drag coefficient
by 2 percent or more.
9. Next Redesign—model year.
10. Employment Hours Per Vehicle—
number of hours of U.S. labor applied per
vehicle produced.
g. The agency also requests that each
manufacturer provide an estimate of its
overall passenger car CAFE for each model
year. This estimate should be included as an
entry in the spreadsheets that are submitted
to the agency.
4. Does respondent project introducing any
variants of existing basic engines or any new
basic engines, other than those mentioned in
your response to Question 3, in its passenger
car fleets in MYs 2008–2020? If so, for each
basic engine or variant indicate:
a. The projected year of introduction,
b. Type (e.g., spark ignition, direct
injection diesel, 2-cycle, alternative fuel use),
c. Displacement (If engine has variable
displacement, please provide the minimum
and maximum displacement),
d. Type of induction system (e.g., fuel
injection with turbocharger, naturally
aspirated),
e. Cylinder configuration (e.g., V–8, V–6, I–
4),
f. Number of valves per cylinder (e.g., 2, 3,
4),
g. Valvetrain design (e.g., overhead valve,
overhead camshaft),
h. Valve technology (e.g., variable valve
timing, variable valve lift and timing, intake
valve throttling, camless valve actuation,
etc.),
i. Horsepower and torque ratings,
j. Models in which engines are to be used,
giving the introduction model year for each
model if different from ‘‘a,’’ above.
5. Relative to MY 2008 levels, for MYs
2008–2020 please provide information, by
carline and as an average effect on a
manufacturer’s entire passenger car fleet, on
the weight and/or fuel economy impacts of
the following standards or equipment:
a. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
(FMVSS No. 208) Automatic Restraints.
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b. FMVSS No. 201 Occupant Protection in
Interior Impact.
c. Voluntary installation of safety
equipment (e.g., antilock brakes).
d. Environmental Protection Agency
regulations.
e. California Air Resources Board
requirements.
f. Other applicable motor vehicle
regulations affecting fuel economy.
6. For each of the model years 2008–2020,
and for each passenger car model projected
to be manufactured by respondent (if answers
differ for the various models), provide the
requested information on new technology
applications for each of items ‘‘6a’’ through
‘‘6r’’ listed below:
(i) Description of the nature of the
technological improvement;
(ii) The percent fuel economy
improvement averaged over the model;
(iii) The basis for your answer to 6(ii), (e.g.,
data from dynamometer tests conducted by
respondent, engineering analysis, computer
simulation, reports of test by others);
(iv) The percent production
implementation rate and the reasons limiting
the implementation rate;
(v) A description of the 2008 baseline
technologies and the 2008 implementation
rate; and
(vi) The reasons for differing answers you
provide to items (ii) and (iv) for different
models in each model year. Include as a part
of your answer to 6(ii) and 6(iv) a tabular
presentation, a sample portion of which is
shown in Table III–A.
a. Improved automatic transmissions.
Projections of percent fuel economy
improvements should include benefits of
lock-up or bypassed torque converters,
electronic control of shift points and torque
converter lock-up, and other measures which
should be described.
b. Improved manual transmissions.
Projections of percent of fuel economy
improvement should include the benefits of
increasing mechanical efficiency, using
improved transmission lubricants, and other
measures (specify).
c. Overdrive transmissions. If not covered
in ‘‘a’’ or ‘‘b’’ above, project the percentage
of fuel economy improvement attributable to
overdrive transmissions (integral or auxiliary
gear boxes), two-speed axles, or other similar
devices intended to increase the range of
available gear ratios. Describe the devices to
be used and the application by model,
engine, axle ratio, etc.
d. Use of engine crankcase lubricants of
lower viscosity or with additives to improve
friction characteristics or accelerate engine
break-in, or otherwise improved lubricants to
lower engine friction horsepower. When
describing the 2008 baseline, specify the
viscosity of and any fuel economy-improving
additives used in the factory-fill lubricants.
e. Reduction of engine parasitic losses
through improvement of engine-driven
accessories or accessory drives. Typical
engine-driven accessories include water
pump, cooling fan, alternator, power steering
pump, air conditioning compressor, and
vacuum pump.
f. Reduction of tire rolling losses, through
changes in inflation pressure, use of
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materials or constructions with less
hysteresis, geometry changes (e.g., reduced
aspect ratio), reduction in sidewall and tread
deflection, and other methods. When
describing the 2008 baseline, include a
description of the tire types used and the
percent usage rate of each type.
g. Reduction in other driveline losses,
including losses in the non-powered wheels,
the differential assembly, wheel bearings,
universal joints, brake drag losses, use of
improved lubricants in the differential and
wheel bearing, and optimizing suspension
geometry (e.g., to minimize tire scrubbing
loss).
h. Reduction of aerodynamic drag.
i. Turbocharging or supercharging.
j. Improvements in the efficiency of 4-cycle
spark ignition engines including (1)
increased compression ratio; (2) leaner air-tofuel ratio; (3) revised combustion chamber
configuration; (4) fuel injection; (5) electronic
fuel metering; (6) interactive electronic
control of engine operating parameters (spark
advance, exhaust gas recirculation, air-to-fuel
ratio); (8) variable valve timing or valve lift;
(9) multiple valves per cylinder; (10) cylinder
deactivation; (11) friction reduction by means
such as low tension piston rings and roller
cam followers; (12) higher temperature
operation; and (13) other methods (specify).
k. Direct injection gasoline engines, with
and without turbocharging/supercharging.
l. Naturally aspirated diesel engines, with
direct or indirect fuel injection.
m. Turbocharged or supercharged diesel
engines with direct or indirect fuel injection.
n. Stratified-charge reciprocating or rotary
engines, with direct or indirect fuel injection.
o. Two cycle spark ignition engines.
p. Use of hybrid drivetrains.
q. Use of fuel cells; provide a thorough
description of the fuel cell technology
employed, including fuel type and power
output.
r. Other technologies for improving fuel
economy or efficiency.
7. For each model of respondent’s
passenger car fleet projected to be
manufactured in each of MYs 2008–2020,
describe the methods used to achieve
reductions in average test weight. For each
specified model year and model, describe the
extent to which each of the following
methods for reducing vehicle weight will be
used. Separate listings are to be used for 4x2
passenger cars and 4x4 passenger cars.
a. Substitution of materials.
b. ‘‘Downsizing’’ of existing vehicle design
to reduce weight while maintaining interior
roominess and comfort for passengers, and
utility, i.e., the same or approximately the
same, payload and cargo volume, using the
same basic body configuration and driveline
layout as current counterparts.
c. Use of new vehicle body configuration
concepts, which provides reduced weight for
approximately the same payload and cargo
volume.
8. Indicate any MY 2008–2020 passenger
car model types that have higher average test
weights than comparable MY 2007 model
types. Describe the reasons for any weight
increases (e.g., increased option content, less
use of premium materials) and provide
supporting justification.
9. For each new or redesigned vehicle
identified in response to Question 3 and each
new engine or fuel economy improvement
identified in your response to Questions 3, 4,
5, and 6, provide your best estimate of the
following, in terms of constant 2008 dollars:
a. Total capital costs required to implement
the new/redesigned model or improvement
according to the implementation schedules
specified in your response. Subdivide the
capital costs into tooling, facilities, launch,
and engineering costs.
b. The maximum production capacity,
expressed in units of capacity per year,
associated with the capital expenditure in (a)
above. Specify the number of production
shifts on which your response is based and
define ‘‘maximum capacity’’ as used in your
answer.
c. The actual capacity that is planned to be
used each year for each new/redesigned
model or fuel economy improvement.
d. The increase in variable costs per
affected unit, based on the production
volume specified in (b) above.
e. The equivalent retail price increase per
affected vehicle for each new/redesigned
model or improvement. Provide an example
describing methodology used to determine
the equivalent retail price increase.
10. Please provide respondent’s actual and
projected U.S. passenger car sales, 4x2 and
4x4, 0–8,500 lbs. GVWR for each model year
from 2008 through 2020, inclusive. Please
subdivide the data into the following vehicle
categories:
i. Two-Seater Car (e.g., Chevrolet Corvette,
Honda S2000, Porsche Boxster)
ii. Mini-Compact Car (e.g., Audi TT,
Mitsubishi Eclipse, Mini Cooper)
iii. Compact Car (e.g., Ford Focus, VW
Golf, Kia Rio)
iv. Midsize Car (e.g., Chevrolet Malibu,
Honda Accord, Toyota Camry)
v. Large Car (e.g., Ford Crown Victoria,
Cadillac DTS, Mercedes Maybach)
vi. Small Station Wagon (e.g., BMW 325
Sport Wagon, Subaru Impreza Wagon,
Pontiac Vibe/Toyota Matrix)
vii. Midsize Station Wagon (e.g., Saab 9–
5 Wagon, Volvo V70 Wagon, Jaguar X-Type
Wagon)
viii. Large Station Wagon (e.g., Mercedes EClass Wagon, Dodge Magnum, BMW 530 XiT
Wagon)
See Table III–B for a sample format.
11. Please provide your estimates of
projected total industry U.S. passenger car
sales for each model year from 2008 through
2020, inclusive. Please subdivide the data
into 4x2 and 4x4 sales and into the vehicle
categories listed in the sample format in
Table III–C.
12. Please provide your company’s
assumptions for U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel
prices during 2008 through 2020.
13. Please provide projected production
capacity available for the North American
market (at standard production rates) for each
of your company’s passenger carline
designations during MYs 2008–2020.
14. Please provide your estimate of
production lead-time for new models, your
expected model life in years, and the number
of years over which tooling costs are
amortized.
Note: The parenthetical numbers in Table
III–A refer to the items in Section III,
Specifications.
TABLE III–A.—SAMPLE TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS
ebenthall on PRODPC60 with PROPOSALS
Technological improvement
(6a.) Improved Auto
Trans.:
A5 ..............................
A6 ..............................
A7 ..............................
(6b) Improved Manual
Trans.:
M5 .............................
M6 .............................
VerDate Aug<31>2005
Baseline
technology
Percent fuel
economy
improvement,
%
Basis for
improvement
estimate
Models on
which
technology is
applied
Production share of model with technological
improvement
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
........................
........................
........................
4.0
4.5
5.0
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
20
15
0
35
20
0
50
30
15
60
40
25
80
55
35
........................
........................
1.0
0.7
........................
........................
........................
........................
12
0
15
0
20
0
25
8
32
10
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TABLE III–B.—SAMPLE ACTUAL AND PROJECTED U.S. PASSENGER CAR SALES
Amalgamated Motors Passenger Car Sales Projections
Model year
Model line
2008
2009
Two-Seater ...............................................
Mini-Compact ...........................................
Subcompact .............................................
Compact ...................................................
Midsize .....................................................
Large ........................................................
Small Station Wagon ...............................
Midsize Station Wagon ............................
Large Station Wagon ...............................
2011
2012
2013
2012
2013
43,500
209,340
120,000
60,000
20,000
29,310
54,196
38,900
24,000
Total ..................................................
2010
599,246
TABLE III–C.—SAMPLE TOTAL U.S. PASSENGER CAR SALES
Model type
2008
2009
2010
2011
Two-Seater ...............................................
Mini-Compact ...........................................
Subcompact .............................................
Compact ...................................................
Midsize .....................................................
Large ........................................................
Small Station Wagon ...............................
Midsize Station Wagon ............................
Large Station Wagon ...............................
Total ..................................................
ebenthall on PRODPC60 with PROPOSALS
IV. Specifications—Light Truck Data
a. General Information
Go to ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/
CAFE/templates/ for spreadsheet templates.
1. Identify all light truck models currently
offered for sale in MY 2008 whose
production you project discontinuing before
MY 2010 and identify the last model year in
which each will be offered.
2. Identify all basic engines offered by
respondent in MY 2008 light trucks which
respondent projects it will cease to offer for
sale in light trucks before MY 2010, and
identify the last model year in which each
will be offered.
3. For each model year 2008–2020, list all
projected light truck lines and provide the
information specified below for each model
type. Model types that are essentially
identical except for their nameplates (e.g.,
Chrysler Town & Country/Dodge Caravan)
may be combined into one item. Engines
having the same displacement but belonging
to different engine families are to be grouped
separately. Within the fleet, the vehicles are
to be sorted first by light truck line, second
by basic engine, and third by transmission
type. For each model type, a specific indexed
engine and transmission are to be identified.
As applicable, an indexed predecessor model
type is also to be identified. Spreadsheet
templates can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/
. These templates include codes and
definitions for the data that the Agency is
seeking, including, but not limited to the
following:
1. Number—a unique number assigned to
each model.
2. Manufacturer—manufacturer
abbreviation (e.g., GMC).
3. Model—name of model (e.g., Escalade).
4. Nameplate—vehicle nameplate (e.g.,
Escalade ESV).
5. Fuel Economy—measured in miles per
gallon; weighted (FTP + highway) fuel
economy.
6. Actual FE (FFVs)—measured in miles
per gallon; for flexible fuel vehicles, fuel
economy when vehicle is operated on
gasoline only.
7. Energy Consumption 2—of total fuel
energy (higher heating value) consumed over
FTP and highway tests (each weighted as for
items 5 and 6 above), shares attributable to
the following loss mechanisms, such that the
sum of the shares equals one.
A. Systems irreversibility governed by the
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
B. Heat lost to the exhaust and coolant
streams.
C. Engine friction (i.e., the part of
mechanical efficiency lost to friction in such
engine components as bearings and rods, as
could be estimated from engine
dynamometer test results).
D. Pumping losses (i.e., the part of
mechanical efficiency lost to work done on
gases inside the cylinder, as could be
estimated from engine dynamometer test
results).
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E. Accessory losses (i.e., the part of fuel
efficiency lost to work done by engine-driven
accessories, as could be estimated from
bench test results for the individual
components).
F. Transmission losses (i.e., the part of
driveline efficiency lost to friction in such
transmission components as gears, bearings,
and hydraulics, as could be estimated from
chassis dynamometer test results).
G. Aerodynamic drag of the body, as could
be estimated from coast-down test results.
H. Rolling resistance in the tires, as could
be estimated from coast-down test results.
I. Work done on the vehicle itself, as could
be estimated from the vehicle’s inertia mass
and the fuel economy driving cycles.
8. Engine Code—unique number assigned
to each engine.
A. Manufacturer—manufacturer
abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, HON.)
B. Name—name of engine.
C. Configuration—classified as V = V4, V6,
V8, V10 or V12; I = inline; R = rotary.
D. Fuel—classified as CNG = compressed
natural gas, D = diesel, E = electricity, E85
= ethanol flexible-fuel, E100 = neat ethanol,
G = gasoline, H = hydrogen, LNG = liquefied
natural gas, LPG = propane, M85 = methanol
flexible-fuel, M100 = neat methanol.
E. Engine’s country of origin.
F. Engine Oil Viscosity—typical values as
text include 0W20, 5W20, etc.; ratio between
the applied shear stress and the rate of shear,
which measures the resistance of flow of the
engine oil (as per SAE Glossary of
Automotive Terms).
G. Cycle—combustion cycle of engine.
Classified as A = Atkinson, AM = Atkinson/
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Miller, D = Diesel, M = Miller, O = Otto, OA
= Otto/Atkinson.
H. Air/Fuel Ratio—the weighted (FTP +
highway) air/fuel ratio (mass): a number
generally around 14.7.
I. Fuel System—mechanism that delivers
fuel to engine. Classified as DI = direct
injection, IDI = indirect injection, MPFI =
multipoint fuel injection, PFI = port fuel
injection, SEFI = sequential electronic fuel
injection, SIDI = Stoichiometric spark
ignition direct injection, TBI = throttle body
fuel injection.
J. Aspiration—based on breathing or
induction process of engine (as per SAE
Automotive Dictionary). Classified as NA =
naturally aspirated, S = supercharged, T =
turbocharged, TT = twin turbocharged.
K. Valvetrain Design—describes design of
the total mechanism from camshaft to valve
of an engine that actuates the lifting and
closing of a valve (as per SAE Glossary of
Automotive Terms). Classified as C =
camless, DOHC = dual overhead cam, OHV
= overhead valve, SOHC = single overhead
cam.
L. Valve Actuation/Timing—based on
valve opening and closing points in the
operating cycle (as per SAE J604). Classified
as CC=continuously controlled, EIE = equal
continuous intake and exhaust phasing, E =
exhaust continuous phasing, F = fixed, ICP
= intake continuous phasing, IIE =
independent continuous intake and exhaust
phasing, or other designation, VCT = variable
cam timing, VVTE = variable valve timing,
exhaust, ICP = intake cam phasing, CCP =
coupled cam phasing, DCP = dual cam
phasing.
M. Valve Lift—describes the manner in
which the valve is raised during combustion
(as per SAE Automotive Dictionary).
Classified as CV = continuously variable
(throttled), F = fixed, SVI = stepped variable
intake with 2 or more fixed profiles, or other
designation, VVLTD = discrete variable valve
lift and timing, VVLTC = coupled variable
valve lift and timing.
N. Cylinders—the number of engine
cylinders. An integer equaling 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,
10 or 12.
O. Valves/Cylinder—the number of valves
per cylinder. An integer from 2 through 5.
P. Deactivation—weighted (FTP +
highway) aggregate degree of deactivation.
For example, enter 0.25 for deactivation of
half the cylinders over half the drive cycle,
and enter 0 for no valve deactivation.
Q. Displacement—total volume displaced
by a piston in a single stroke, measured in
liters, also commonly referred to as engine
size.
R. Compression Ratio (min)—typically a
number around 8; for fixed CR engines,
should be identical to maximum CR.
S. Compression Ratio (max)—a number
between 8 and 20; for fixed CR engines,
should be identical to minimum CR.
T. Horsepower—the maximum power of
the engine combined with the associated
engine speed when horsepower is maximum,
measured as horsepower per revolutions per
minute (hp @ rpm).
U. Torque—the maximum torque of the
engine, measured as ft-lb.
9. Transmission Code—an integer; unique
number assigned to each transmission.
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A. Manufacturer—manufacturer
abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, HON).
B. Name—name of transmission.
C. Country of origin—where the
transmission is manufactured.
D. Type—type of transmission. Classified
as C = clutch, CVT1 = belt or chain CVT,
CVT2 = other CVT, T = torque converter.
E. Number of Forward Gears—integer
indicating number of forward gears (or blank
or ‘‘CVT’’ for CVT).
F. Control—classified as A = automatic, M
= manual; automatic shift manual
transmission (ASMT) would be coded as
Type = C, Control = A.
G. Logic—indicates aggressivity of
automatic shifting. Classified as A =
aggressive, C = conventional U.S. Provide
rationale for selection in the transmission
notes column.
10. Origin—classification (under CAFE
program) as domestic or import, listed as D
= domestic, I = import.
11. Light Truck Indicator—an integer; a
unique number assigned to each vehicle
which represents the design feature(s) that
classify it as a light truck. Classified as:
0. The vehicle neither has off-road design
features (defined under 49 CFR 523.5(b) and
described by numbers 1 and 2 below) nor has
functional characteristics (defined under 49
CFR 523.5(a) and described by numbers 3
through 7 below) that would allow it to be
properly classified as a light truck, thus the
vehicle is properly classified as a passenger
car.
1. The vehicle has 4-wheel drive (includes
all wheel drive) and has at least four of the
following characteristics:
(i) Approach angle of not less than 28
degrees;
(ii) Breakover angle of not less that 14
degrees;
(iii) Departure angle of not less than 20
degrees;
(iv) Running clearance of not less than 20
centimeters;
(v) Front and rear axle clearances are not
less than 18 centimeters.
2. The vehicle is rated at more than 6000
lb gross vehicle weight (GVW), and has at
least four of the following characteristics:
(i) Approach angle of not less than 28
degrees;
(ii) Breakover angle of not less that 14
degrees;
(iii) Departure angle of not less than 20
degrees;
(iv) Running clearance of not less than 20
centimeters;
(v) Front and rear axle clearances are not
less than 18 centimeters.
3. The vehicle transports more that 10
persons;
4. The vehicle provides temporary living
quarters;
5. The vehicle transports property on an
open bed;
6. The vehicle, in its standard version
without reference to options (or ‘‘delete’’
options), provides greater cargo-carrying than
passenger-carrying volume; or
7. The vehicle permits expanded use of the
automobile for cargo-carrying purposes or
other nonpassenger-carrying purposes
through:
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(i) For light trucks manufactured prior to
model year 2012, the removal of seats by
means installed for that purpose by the
automobile’s manufacturer or with simple
tools, such as screwdrivers and wrenches, so
as to create a flat, floor level, surface
extending from the forwardmost point of
installation of those seats to the rear of the
automobile’s interior; or
(ii) For light trucks manufactured in model
year 2008 and beyond, for vehicles equipped
with at least 3 rows of designated seating
positions as standard equipment, permit
expanded use of the automobile for cargocarrying purposes or other nonpassengercarrying purposes through the removal or
stowing of foldable or pivoting seats so as to
create a flat-leveled cargo surface extending
from the forwardmost point of installation of
those seats to the rear of the automobile’s
interior.
b. Sales—Actual and Projected U.S.
Production for MY 2008 to MY 2020
Inclusive, Measured in Number of Vehicles
c. Vehicle Information
1. Style—classified as Crossover; Pickup;
Sport Utility; or Van.
2. Class—classified as Cargo Van;
Crossover Vehicle; Large Pickup; Midsize
Pickup; Minivan; Passenger Van; Small
Pickup; Sport Utility Vehicle; or Sport Utility
Truck.
3. Structure—classified as either Ladder or
Unibody.
4. Drive—classified as A = all-wheel drive;
F = front-wheel drive; R = rear-wheel-drive;
4 = 4-wheel drive.
5. Axle Ratio—ratio of the speed in
revolutions per minute of the drive shaft to
that of the drive wheels.
6. Length—measured in inches; defined
per SAE J1100, L103 (Sept. 2005).
7. Width—measured in inches; defined per
SAE J1100, W116 (Sept. 2005).
8. Wheelbase—measured to the nearest
tenth of an inch; as defined above.
9. Track Width (front)—measured in
inches; defined per SAE J1100, W101–1
(Sept. 2005), and clarified above.
10. Track Width (rear)—measured in
inches; defined per SAE J1100, W101–2
(Sept. 2005), and clarified above.
11. Footprint—wheelbase times average
track width; measured in square feet,
clarified above.
12. Running Clearance—measured in
centimeters; defined per 49 CFR 523.2.
13. Front Axle Clearance—measured in
centimeters; defined per 49 CFR 523.2.
14. Rear Axle Clearance—measured in
centimeters; defined per 49 CFR 523.2.
15. Approach Angle—measured in degrees;
defined per 49 CFR 523.2.
16. Breakover Angle—measured in degrees;
defined per 49 CFR 523.2.
17. Departure Angle—measured in degrees;
defined per 49 CFR 523.2.
18. Curb Weight—total weight of vehicle
including batteries, lubricants, and other
expendable supplies but excluding the
driver, passengers, and other payloads,
measured in pounds; per SAE J1100 (Sept.
2005).
19. Test Weight—weight of vehicle as
tested, including the driver, operator (if
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necessary), and all instrumentation (as per
SAE J1263); measured in pounds.
20. GVWR—Gross Vehicle Weight Rating;
as defined per 49 CFR 523.2 measured in
pounds.
21. Towing Capacity (Standard)—measured
in pounds.
22. Towing Capacity (Maximum)—
measured in pounds.
23. Payload—measured in pounds.
24. Cargo volume behind the front row—
measured in cubic feet, defined per Table 28
of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
25. Cargo volume behind the second row—
measured in cubic feet, defined per Table 28
of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
26. Cargo volume behind the third row—
measured in cubic feet, defined per Table 28
of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
27. Enclosed Volume—measured in cubic
feet.
28. Passenger Volume—measured in cubic
feet; the volume measured using SAE J1100
as per EPA Fuel Economy regulations (40
CFR 600.315–82, ‘‘Classes of Comparable
Automobiles’’). This is the number that
manufacturers calculate and submit to EPA.
29. Cargo Volume Index—defined per
Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
30. Luggage Capacity—measured in cubic
feet; defined per SAE J1100, V1 (Sept. 2005).
31. Seating (max)—number of usable seat
belts before folding and removal of seats
(where accomplished without special tools);
provided in integer form.
32. Number of Standard Rows of Seating—
number of rows of seats that each vehicle
comes standardly equipped with; provided in
integer form, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
33. Frontal Area—a measure of the wind
profile of the vehicle, typically calculated as
the height times width of a vehicle body, e.g.
35 square feet.
34. Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient, Cd—a
dimensionless coefficient that relates the
motion resistance force created by the air
drag over the entire surface of a moving
vehicle to the force of dynamic air pressure
acting only over the vehicle’s frontal area
e.g., 0.25.
35. Tire Rolling Resistance, Crr—a
dimensionless coefficient that relates the
motion resistance force due to tire energy
losses (e.g., deflection, scrubbing, slip, and
air drag) to a vehicle’s weight e.g., 0.0012.
36. Fuel Capacity—measured in gallons of
diesel fuel or gasoline; MJ (LHV) of other
fuels (or chemical battery energy).
37. Electrical System Voltage—measured in
volts, e.g., 12 volt, 42 volts 2005).
d. MSRP—Measured in Dollars (2008); Actual
and Projected Average MSRP (SalesWeighted, Including Options) for MY 2008 to
MY 2020 Inclusive
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e. Hybridization
1. Type of hybridization of the vehicle, if
any—classified as E = electric, H = hydraulic.
2. Voltage (volts) or, for hydraulic hybrids,
pressure (psi).
3. Energy storage capacity—measured in
MJ.
4. Battery type—Classified as NiMH =
Nickel Metal Hydride; Li-ion = Lithium Ion.
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5. Percentage of breaking energy recovered
and stored over the FTP and HFET (weighted
55/45).
6. Percentage of maximum motive power
provided by stored energy system.
f. Planning and Assembly
1. U.S./Canadian/Mexican Content—
measured as a percentage; overall percentage,
by value, that originated in U.S., Canada and
Mexico.
2. Final Assembly City.
3. Final Assembly State/Province (if
applicable).
4. Final Assembly Country.
5. Predecessor—number and name of
model upon which current model is based,
if any.
6. Last Freshening—model year.
7. Next Freshening—model year.
8. Last Redesign—model year; where
redesign means any change, including
powertrain changes, or combination of
changes to a vehicle that would change its
weight by 50 pounds or more or change its
frontal area or aerodynamic drag coefficient
by 2 percent or more.
9. Next Redesign—model year.
10. Employment Hours per Vehicle—
number of hours of U.S. labor applied per
vehicle produced.
g. The agency also requests that each
manufacturer provide an estimate of its
overall light truck CAFE for each model year.
This estimate should be included as an entry
in the spreadsheets that are submitted to the
agency.
4. Does respondent project introducing any
variants of existing basic engines or any new
basic engines, other than those mentioned in
your response to Question 3, in its light truck
fleets in MYs 2008–2020? If so, for each basic
engine or variant indicate:
a. The projected year of introduction,
b. Type (e.g., spark ignition, direct
injection diesel, 2-cycle, alternative fuel use),
c. Displacement (If engine has variable
displacement, please provide the minimum
and maximum displacement),
d. Type of induction system (e.g., fuel
injection with turbocharger, naturally
aspirated),
e. Cylinder configuration (e.g., V–8, V–6, I–
4),
f. Number of valves per cylinder (e.g., 2, 3,
4),
g. Valvetrain design (e.g., overhead valve,
overhead camshaft),
h. Valve technology (e.g., variable valve
timing, variable valve lift and timing, intake
valve throttling, camless valve actuation,
etc.),
i. Horsepower and torque ratings,
j. Models in which engines are to be used,
giving the introduction model year for each
model if different from ‘‘a,’’ above.
5. Relative to MY 2008 levels, for MYs
2008–2020, please provide information, by
truckline and as an average effect on a
manufacturer’s entire light truck fleet, on the
weight and/or fuel economy impacts of the
following standards or equipment:
a. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
(FMVSS No. 208) Automatic Restraints;
b. FMVSS No. 201 Occupant Protection in
Interior Impact;
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c. Voluntary installation of safety
equipment (e.g., antilock brakes);
d. Environmental Protection Agency
regulations;
e. California Air Resources Board
requirements;
f. Other applicable motor vehicle
regulations affecting fuel economy.
6. For each of the model years 2008–2020,
and for each light truck model projected to
be manufactured by respondent (if answers
differ for the various models), provide the
requested information on new technology
applications for each of items ‘‘6a’’ through
‘‘6r’’ listed below:
(i) description of the nature of the
technological improvement;
(ii) the percent fuel economy improvement
averaged over the model;
(iii) the basis for your answer to 6(ii) (e.g.,
data from dynamometer tests conducted by
respondent, engineering analysis, computer
simulation, reports of test by others);
(iv) the percent production implementation
rate and the reasons for limiting the
implementation rate;
(v) a description of the 2008 baseline
technologies and the 2008 implementation
rate; and
(vi) the reasons for differing answers you
provide to items (ii) and (iv) for different
models in each model year. Include as a part
of your answer to 6(ii) and 6(iv) a tabular
presentation, a sample portion of which is
shown in Table IV–A.
a. Improved automatic transmissions.
Projections of percent fuel economy
improvements should include benefits of
lock-up or bypassed torque converters,
electronic control of shift points and torque
converter lock-up, and other measures which
should be described.
b. Improved manual transmissions.
Projections of percent of fuel economy
improvement should include the benefits of
increasing mechanical efficiency, using
improved transmission lubricants, and other
measures (specify).
c. Overdrive transmissions. If not covered
in ‘‘a’’ or ‘‘b’’ above, project the percentage
of fuel economy improvement attributable to
overdrive transmissions (integral or auxiliary
gear boxes), two-speed axles, or other similar
devices intended to increase the range of
available gear ratios. Describe the devices to
be used and the application by model,
engine, axle ratio, etc.
d. Use of engine crankcase lubricants of
lower viscosity or with additives to improve
friction characteristics or accelerate engine
break-in, or otherwise improved lubricants to
lower engine friction horsepower. When
describing the 2008 baseline, specify the
viscosity of and any fuel economy-improving
additives used in the factory-fill lubricants.
e. Reduction of engine parasitic losses
through improvement of engine-driven
accessories or accessory drives. Typical
engine-driven accessories include water
pump, cooling fan, alternator, power steering
pump, air conditioning compressor, and
vacuum pump.
f. Reduction of tire rolling losses, through
changes in inflation pressure, use of
materials or constructions with less
hysteresis, geometry changes (e.g., reduced
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aspect ratio), reduction in sidewall and tread
deflection, and other methods. When
describing the 2008 baseline, include a
description of the tire types used and the
percent usage rate of each type.
g. Reduction in other driveline losses,
including losses in the non-powered wheels,
the differential assembly, wheel bearings,
universal joints, brake drag losses, use of
improves lubricants in the differential and
wheel bearing, and optimizing suspension
geometry (e.g., to minimize tire scrubbing
loss).
h. Reduction of aerodynamic drag.
i. Turbocharging or supercharging.
j. Improvements in the efficiency of 4-cycle
spark ignition engines including (1)
increased compression ratio; (2) leaner air-tofuel ratio; (3) revised combustion chamber
configuration; (4) fuel injection; (5) electronic
fuel metering; (6) interactive electronic
control of engine operating parameters (spark
advance, exhaust gas recirculation, air-to-fuel
ratio); (8) variable valve timing or valve lift;
(9) multiple valves per cylinder; (10) cylinder
deactivation; (11) friction reduction by means
such as low tension piston rings and roller
cam followers; (12) higher temperature
operation; and (13) other methods (specify).
k. Direct injection gasoline engines, with
and without turbocharging/supercharging.
l. Naturally aspirated diesel engines, with
direct or indirect fuel injection.
m. Turbocharged or supercharged diesel
engines with direct or indirect fuel injection.
n. Stratified-charge reciprocating or rotary
engines, with direct or indirect fuel injection.
o. Two cycle spark ignition engines.
p. Use of hybrid drivetrains.
q. Use of fuel cells; provide a thorough
description of the fuel cell technology
employed, including fuel type and power
output.
r. Other technologies for improving fuel
economy or efficiency.
7. For each model of respondent’s light
truck fleet projected to be manufactured in
each of MYs 2008–2020, describe the
methods used to achieve reductions in
average test weight. For each specified model
year and model, describe the extent to which
each of the following methods for reducing
vehicle weight will be used. Separate listings
are to be used for 4x2 light trucks and 4x4
light trucks.
a. Substitution of materials.
b. ‘‘Downsizing’’ of existing vehicle design
to reduce weight while maintaining interior
roominess and comfort for passengers, and
utility, i.e., the same or approximately the
same, payload and cargo volume, using the
same basic body configuration and driveline
layout as current counterparts.
c. Use of new vehicle body configuration
concepts, which provides reduced weight for
approximately the same payload and cargo
volume.
8. Indicate any MY 2008–2020 light truck
model types that have higher average test
weights than comparable MY 2007 model
types. Describe the reasons for any weight
increases (e.g., increased option content, less
use of premium materials) and provide
supporting justification.
9. For each new or redesigned vehicle
identified in response to Question 3 and each
new engine or fuel economy improvement
identified in your response to Questions 3, 4,
5, and 6, provide your best estimate of the
following, in terms of constant 2008 dollars:
a. Total capital costs required to implement
the new/redesigned model or improvement
according to the implementation schedules
specified in your response. Subdivide the
capital costs into tooling, facilities, launch,
and engineering costs.
b. The maximum production capacity,
expressed in units of capacity per year,
associated with the capital expenditure in (a)
above. Specify the number of production
shifts on which your response is based and
define ‘‘maximum capacity’’ as used in your
answer.
c. The actual capacity that is planned to be
used each year for each new/redesigned
model or fuel economy improvement.
d. The increase in variable costs per
affected unit, based on the production
volume specified in (b) above.
e. The equivalent retail price increase per
affected vehicle for each new/redesigned
model or improvement. Provide an example
describing methodology used to determine
the equivalent retail price increase.
10. Please provide respondent’s actual and
projected U.S. light truck sales, 4x2 and 4x4,
0–8,500 lbs. GVWR, and 8,501–10,000 lbs.
GVWR for each model year from 2008
through 2020, inclusive. Please subdivide the
data into the following vehicle categories:
i. Compact Pickup (e.g., Ford Ranger,
Chevrolet Colorado, Nissan Frontier).
ii. Standard Pickup—Light (e.g., Ford F150,
Chevrolet Silverado, Toyota Tundra).
iii. Standard Pickup—Heavy (e.g., Ford
F250/350, Dodge Ram 2500/3500).
iv. Standard Cargo Van—Light (e.g.,
Chevrolet Savana, Ford E–150).
v. Standard Cargo Van—Heavy (e.g.,
Chevrolet G2500, Ford E–250/350, Dodge
Sprinter).
vi. Compact Passenger Van/Minivan (e.g.,
Toyota Sienna, Dodge Caravan, Nissan
Quest).
vii. Standard Passenger Van—Light (e.g.,
GMC Express, Ford E–150).
viii. Standard Passenger Van—Heavy (e.g.,
Ford E–250/350, Dodge Sprinter).
ix. Compact Sport Utility (e.g., Jeep
Wrangler, Toyota RAV4).
x. Mid-size Sport Utility (e.g., Chevrolet
Trailblazer, Ford Explorer, Toyota 4Runner).
xi. Full-size Sport Utility (e.g., Chevrolet
Tahoe, Ford Expedition, Nissan Titan).
xii. Crossover Vehicle (e.g., Toyota RX 330,
Nissan Murano, Acura MDX).
xiii. Sport Utility Truck (e.g., Cadillac
Escalade EXT, Honda Ridgeline).
See Table IV–B for a sample format.
11. Please provide your estimates of
projected total industry U.S. light truck sales
for each model year from 2008 through 2020,
inclusive. Please subdivide the data into 4x2
and 4x4 sales and into the vehicle categories
listed in the sample format in Table IV–C.
12. Please provide your company’s
assumptions for U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel
prices during 2008 through 2020.
13. Please provide projected production
capacity available for the North American
market (at standard production rates) for each
of your company’s light truckline
designations during MYs 2008–2020.
14. Please provide your estimate of
production lead-time for new models, your
expected model life in years, and the number
of years over which tooling costs are
amortized.
Note: The parenthetical numbers in Tables
IV–A refer to the items in Section IV,
Specifications.
TABLE IV–A.—SAMPLE TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS
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Technological improvement
(6a.) Improved Auto
Trans.:
A5 ..............................
A6 ..............................
A7 ..............................
(6b.) Improved Manual
Trans.:
M5 .............................
M6 .............................
VerDate Aug<31>2005
Baseline
technology
Percent fuel
economy
improvement,
%
Basis for
mprovement
estimate
Models on
which
technology is
applied
Production share of model with technological
improvement
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014+
........................
........................
........................
4.0
4.5
5.0
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
20
15
0
35
20
0
50
30
15
60
40
25
80
55
35
........................
........................
1.0
0.7
........................
........................
........................
........................
12
0
15
0
20
0
25
8
32
10
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TABLE IV–B.—SAMPLE ACTUAL AND PROJECTED U.S. LIGHT TRUCK SALES
Amalgamated Motors Light Truck Sales Projections
Model year
Model line
2010
Compact Pickup ...............................................................
Standard Pickup—Light ...................................................
Standard Pickup—Heavy .................................................
Standard Cargo Van—Light .............................................
Standard Cargo Van—Heavy ..........................................
Compact Passenger Van/Minivan ...................................
Standard Passenger Van—Light .....................................
Standard Passenger Van—Heavy ...................................
Compact Sport Utility .......................................................
Mid-size Sport Utility ........................................................
Full-size Sport Utility ........................................................
Crossover Vehicle ............................................................
Sport Utility Truck ............................................................
2012
2013
2014
2015+
2014
2015
2016+
43,500
209,340
120,000
20,000
29,310
54,196
38,900
24,000
125,000
221,000
165,000
98,000
10,000
Total ..........................................................................
2011
1,158,246
TABLE IV–C.—SAMPLE TOTAL U.S. LIGHT TRUCK SALES
Model type
2010
2011
2012
2013
Compact Pickup .......................................
Standard Pickup—Light ...........................
Standard Pickup—Heavy .........................
Standard Cargo Van—Light .....................
Standard Cargo Van—Heavy ..................
Compact Passenger Van/Minivan ...........
Standard Passenger Van—Light .............
Standard Passenger Van—Heavy ...........
Compact Sport Utility ...............................
Mid-size Sport Utility ................................
Full-size Sport Utility ................................
Crossover Vehicle ....................................
Sport Utility Truck ....................................
Total ..................................................
ebenthall on PRODPC60 with PROPOSALS
V. Technologies, Cost and Potential Fuel
Economy Improvements
The agency requests that manufacturers
and other interested parties separately
describe any fuel economy-related
technologies not listed in the tables below.
For the technologies listed in the tables
below and any additional technologies, the
agency requests that each manufacturer and
other interested parties provide estimates of
the model year of availability of each
technology. Because engineering, planning
and financial constraints prohibit most
technologies from being applied across an
entire fleet of vehicles within a year, the
agency requests information on possible
constraints on the rates at which each
technology can penetrate a manufacturer’s
fleet. The agency refers to these as ‘‘phasein caps.’’ 3
Also for the technologies listed in the
tables below and any additional technologies,
3 In NHTSA’s 2006 rulemaking establishing CAFE
standards for MY 2008–2011 light trucks, the
agency considered phase-in caps by ceasing to add
a given technology to a manufacturer’s fleet in a
specific model year once it has increased the
corresponding penetration rate by at least amount
of the cap. Having done so, it applied other
technologies in lieu of the ‘‘capped’’ technology.
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16:14 May 01, 2008
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the agency requests estimates of the range of
costs and fuel economy improvements of
available fuel economy technologies.
Estimates of energy loss reduction estimates
should also be provided.
The agency also asks that manufacturers or
other interested parties provide information
on appropriate sequencing of technologies, so
that accumulated cost and fuel consumption
effects may be evaluated incrementally. As
examples of possible technology sequences,
‘‘decision trees’’ are shown in Appendix B
below.
Considering the appropriate sequencing of
technologies, the estimates requested above
should follow the format provided by Tables
1 through 6:
Table 1: The list of technologies, and
estimates of the first model year in which
each technology is expected to be available
for significant commercial use.
Table 2: Estimates of highest incremental
share of fleet to which a technology could be
added in a single model year (‘‘phase-in cap’’
percentage) for individual technologies, if
relevant.
Table 3: Estimates of the incremental cost
and Retail Price Equivalent (in 2008 dollars)
of each technology, assuming preceding
technologies have already been applied and/
or superseded. Costs should be described as
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manufacturer cost, supplier cost, or some
other basis. Retail Price Equivalent
multipliers should be provided for each
technology. If cost reductions available
through learning effects are anticipated,
information should be provided regarding
what the learning effects are, when and at
what production volumes they occur, and to
what degrees such learning is expected to be
available.4
Table 4: Estimates of the incremental fuel
consumption reduction achieved by each
technology, assuming preceding technologies
4 ‘‘Learning effects’’ describes the reduction in
unit production costs as a function of accumulated
production volume and small redesigns that reduce
costs. Applying learning effects, or ‘‘curves,’’
requires estimates of three parameters: (1) The
initial production volume that must be reached
before cost reductions begin to be realized (referred
to as ‘‘threshold volume’’); (2) the percent reduction
in average unit cost that results from each
successive doubling of cumulative production
volume (usually referred to as the ‘‘learning rate’’);
and (3) the initial cost of the technology. The
method applies this effect for up to two doublings
of production volume. For example, a 20 percent
applied with a 25,000 unit threshold would reduce
the applicable technology’s incremental cost by up
to 36 percent.
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have already been applied and/or
superseded.
Table 5: Estimates of the percentage by
which each technology reduces energy losses
attributable to each of nine energy loss
mechanisms.
Table 6: Estimates of the amount by which
the fuel consumption exceeds the value
obtained by combining (through
multiplication) fuel consumption reduction
estimates shown in Table 2.5
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5 When two or more technologies are added to a
particular vehicle model to improve its fuel
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efficiency, the resultant fuel consumption reduction
may sometimes be higher or lower than the product
of the individual effectiveness values for those
items. This may occur because one or more
technologies applied to the same vehicle partially
address the same source or sources of engine or
vehicle losses. Alternately, this effect may be seen
when one technology shifts the engine operating
points, and therefore increases or reduces the fuel
consumption reduction achieved by another
technology or set of technologies. The difference
between the observed fuel consumption reduction
associated with a set of technologies and the
product of the individual effectiveness values in
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24201
The agency has included sample tables for
manufacturers’ use. Spreadsheet templates
for these tables can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/cafe/templates/.
BILLING CODE 4910–59–P
that set is sometimes referred to as a ‘‘synergy.’’
Synergies may be positive (increased fuel
consumption reduction compared to the product of
the individual effects) or negative (decreased fuel
consumption reduction).
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BILLING CODE 4910–59–C
]]>Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 73, Number 86 (Friday, May 2, 2008)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 24190-24210]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 08-1185]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
49 CFR Parts 531 and 533
[Docket No. NHTSA-2008-0069]
Passenger Car Average Fuel Economy Standards--Model Years 2008-
2020 and Light Truck Average Fuel Economy Standards--Model Years 2008-
2020; Request for Product Plan Information
AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),
Department of Transportation (DOT).
ACTION: Request for comments.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The purpose of this request for comments is to acquire new and
updated information regarding vehicle manufacturers' future product
plans to assist the agency in analyzing the proposed passenger car and
light truck corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards as required
by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the Energy
Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, Pub. L. 110-140. This
proposal is discussed in a companion notice published today.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before July 1, 2008.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments [identified by Docket No. NHTSA-
2008-0069] by any of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to https://
www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting
comments.
Mail: Docket Management Facility: U.S. Department of
Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., West Building Ground
Floor, Room W12-140, Washington, DC 20590.
Hand Delivery or Courier: West Building Ground Floor, Room
W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. ET,
Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Telephone: 1-800-647-
5527.
Fax: 202-493-2251.
Instructions: All submissions must include the agency name and
docket number for this proposed collection of information. Note that
all comments received will be posted without change to https://
www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided.
Please see the Privacy Act heading below.
Privacy Act: Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all
comments received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's
complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on
April 11, 2000 (65 FR 19477-78) or you may visit https://www.dot.gov/
privacy.html.
Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or
comments received, go to https://www.regulations.gov and follow the
online instructions, or visit the Docket Management Facility at the
street address listed above.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For non-legal issues, call Ken Katz,
Lead Engineer, Fuel Economy Division, Office of International Policy,
Fuel Economy and Consumer Programs, at (202) 366-0846, facsimile (202)
493-2290, electronic mail ken.katz@dot.gov. For legal issues, call
Rebecca Schade, Office of the Chief Counsel, at (202) 366-2992.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Introduction
In December 1975, during the aftermath of the energy crisis created
by the oil embargo of 1973-74, Congress enacted the Energy Policy and
Conservation Act (EPCA). The Act established an automotive fuel economy
regulatory program by adding Title V, ``Improving Automotive
Efficiency,'' to the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Saving Act.
Title V has been amended from time to time and codified without
substantive change as Chapter 329 of Title 49 of the United States
Code. Chapter 329 provides for the issuance of average fuel economy
standards for passenger automobiles (passenger cars) and automobiles
that are not passenger automobiles (light trucks).
Section 32902(a) of Chapter 329 states that the Secretary of
Transportation shall prescribe by regulation corporate average fuel
economy (CAFE) standards for passenger cars for each model year. That
section also states that ``[e]ach standard shall be the maximum
feasible average fuel economy level that the Secretary decides the
manufacturers can achieve in that model year.'' The Secretary has
delegated the authority to implement the automotive fuel economy
program to the Administrator of NHTSA. 49 CFR 1.50(f). Section 32902(f)
provides that, in determining the maximum feasible average fuel economy
level, we shall consider four criteria: Technological feasibility,
economic practicability, the effect of other motor vehicle standards of
the Government on fuel economy, and the need of the United States to
conserve energy.
Congress enacted the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
(EISA) on December 18, 2007, which further amends Chapter 329 of Title
49. EISA made a number of important changes to EPCA, including:
Replacing the old statutory default standard of 27.5 mpg
for passenger automobiles with a mandate to establish passenger
automobile and light truck standards, beginning with model year (MY)
2011, set sufficiently high to ensure that the average fuel economy of
the combined industry wide fleet of all new passenger automobiles and
light trucks sold in the United States during MY 2020 is at least 35
mpg.
Limiting to five the number of years for which standards
can be established in a single rulemaking.
Mandating the reforming of CAFE standards for passenger
cars by requiring that all CAFE standards be based on one or more
vehicle attributes,
[[Page 24191]]
thus ensuring that the improvements in fuel economy do not come at the
expense of safety.
Requiring that for each model year, beginning with MY
2011, the domestic passenger cars of each manufacturer of those cars
must achieve a measured average fuel economy that is not less than 92
percent of the average fuel economy of the combined fleet of domestic
and non-domestic passenger cars sold in the United States in that model
year.
Providing greater flexibility for automobile manufacturers
by (a) increasing from three to five the number of years that a
manufacturer can carry forward the compliance credits it earns for
exceeding CAFE standards, (b) allowing a manufacturer to transfer the
credits it has earned from one class of automobiles to another, and (c)
authorizing the trading of credits between manufacturers.
To assist the agency in analyzing the proposed CAFE standards,
NHTSA has included a number of questions, found in an appendix to this
notice, directed primarily toward vehicle manufacturers. In a companion
document, which is being published today in the Federal Register, NHTSA
is proposing passenger car and light truck average fuel economy
standards for MYs 2011-2015. To facilitate our analysis, we are seeking
detailed comments relative to the requests found in the appendices of
this document. The appendices request information from manufacturers
regarding their product plans--including data about engines and
transmissions--from MY 2008 through MY 2020 for passenger cars and
light trucks and the assumptions underlying those plans. Regarding
light trucks, the agency is asking manufacturers to update the
information it provided previously regarding MYs 2008 through 2011
product plans and to provide information regarding future product plans
for MYs 2012 to 2020. The appendices also ask manufacturers to assist
the agency with its estimates of the future vehicle population and the
fuel economy improvement attributed to technologies.
To facilitate comments and to ensure the conformity of data
received regarding manufacturers' product plans from MY 2008 through MY
2020, NHTSA has developed spreadsheet templates for manufacturers' use.
The uniformity provided by these spreadsheets is intended to aid and
expedite our review, integration, and analysis of the information
provided. These templates are the preferred format for data submittal,
and can be found on the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center
(Volpe Center) Web site at: ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/
templates/ or can be requested from Ken Katz at ken.katz@dot.gov. The
templates include an automated tool (i.e., a macro) that performs some
auditing to identify missing or potentially erroneous entries. The
appendices also include sample tables that manufacturers may refer to
when submitting their data to the agency.
II. Submission of Comments
How Do I Prepare and Submit Comments?
Comments should be submitted using the spreadsheet template
described above. Please include the docket number of this document in
your comments. Please submit two copies of your comments, including the
attachments, to Docket Management at the address given above under
ADDRESSES. Comments may also be submitted to the docket electronically
by logging onto https://www.regulations.gov. Click on ``How to Use This
Site'' and then ``User Tips'' to obtain instructions for filing the
document electronically.
How Can I Be Sure That my Comments Were Received?
If you wish Docket Management to notify you upon its receipt of
your comments, enclose a self-addressed, stamped postcard in the
envelope containing your comments. Upon receiving your comments, Docket
Management will return the postcard by mail.
How Do I Submit Confidential Business Information?
If you wish to submit any information under a claim of
confidentiality, you should submit three copies of your complete
submission, including the information you claim to be confidential
business information, to the Chief Counsel, NHTSA, at the address given
above under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. In addition, you should
submit two copies, from which you have deleted the claimed confidential
business information, to Docket Management at the address given above
under ADDRESSES. When you send a comment containing information claimed
to be confidential business information, you should include a cover
letter setting forth the information specified in our confidential
business information regulation. (49 CFR part 512.)
Will the Agency Consider Late Comments?
We will consider all comments that Docket Management receives
before the close of business on the comment closing date indicated
above under DATES. Due to the timeframe of the upcoming rulemaking, we
will be very limited in our ability to consider comments filed after
the comment closing date. If Docket Management receives a comment too
late for us to consider it in developing a final rule, we will consider
that comment as an informal suggestion for future rulemaking action.
How Can I Read the Comments Submitted by Other People?
You may read the comments received by Docket Management at the
address given above under ADDRESSES. The hours of the Docket are
indicated above in the same location. You may also see the comments on
the Internet. To read the comments on the Internet, take the following
steps:
(1) Go to https://www.regulations.gov.
(2) On that page, in the field marked ``search,'' type in the
docket number provided at the top of this document.
(3) The next page will contain results for that docket number; it
may help you to sort by ``Date Posted: Oldest to Recent.''
(4) On the results page, click on the desired comments. You may
download the comments. However, since the comments are imaged
documents, instead of word processing documents, the downloaded
comments may not be word searchable.
Please note that even after the comment closing date, we will continue
to file relevant information in the Docket as it becomes available.
Accordingly, we recommend that you periodically check the Docket for
new material.
Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all comments
received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's
complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on
April 11, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 70; Pages 19477-78) or you may visit
https://www.dot.gov/privacy.html.
Authority: 15 U.S.C. 2007; delegation of authority at 49 CFR
1.50.
[[Page 24192]]
Issued on: April 22, 2008.
Stephen R. Kratzke,
Associate Administrator for Rulemaking.
Appendix A
I. Definitions
As used in these appendices--
1. ``Automobile,'' ``fuel economy,'' ``manufacturer,'' and
``model year,'' have the meaning given them in Section 32901 of
Chapter 329 of Title 49 of the United States Code, 49 U.S.C. 32901.
2. ``Cargo-carrying volume,'' ``gross vehicle weight rating''
(GVWR), and ``passenger-carrying volume'' are used as defined in 49
CFR 523.2.
3. ``Basic engine'' has the meaning given in 40 CFR 600.002-
93(a)(21). When identifying a basic engine, respondent should
provide the following information:
(i) Engine displacement (in liters). If the engine has variable
displacement (i.e., cylinder deactivation) the respondent should
provide both the minimum and maximum engine displacement.
(ii) Number of cylinders or rotors.
(iii) Number of valves per cylinder.
(iv) Cylinder configuration (V, in-line, etc.).
(v) Other engine characteristics, abbreviated as follows:
A--Atkinson cycle
AM--Atkinson/Miller cycle
D--Diesel cycle
M--Miller cycle
O--Otto cycle
OA--Otto/Atkinson cycle
V--V-shaped
I--Inline
R--Rotary
DI--Direct injection
IDI--Indirect injection
MPFI--Multipoint fuel injection
PFI--Port fuel injection
SEFI--Sequential electronic fuel injection
SIDI--Stoichiometric spark ignition direct injection
TBI--Throttle body fuel injection
NA--Naturally aspirated
T--Turbocharged
S--Supercharged
FFS--Feedback fuel system
2S--Two-stroke engines
C--Camless
OHV--Overhead valve
SOHC--Single overhead camshaft
DOHC--Dual overhead camshafts
VVT--Variable valve timing
ICP--Intake cam phasing
CCP--Coupled cam phasing
DCP--Dual cam phasing
VVLT--Variable valve lift and timing
VVLTD--Discrete variable valve lift and timing
VVLTC--Coupled variable valve lift and timing
VCT--Variable cam timing
CYDA--Cylinder deactivation
IVT--Intake valve throttling
CVA--Camless valve actuation
VCR--Variable compression ratio
LBFB--lean burn-fast burn combustion
E--Exhaust continuous phasing
EIE--Equal continuous intake and exhaust phasing
IIE--Independent continuous intake and exhaust
CV--Continuously variable valve lift
F--Fixed valve lift
SVI--Stepped variable intake with 2 or more fixed profiles
4. ``Domestically manufactured'' is used as defined in Section
32904(b)(2) of Chapter 329, 49 U.S.C. 32904(b)(2).
5. ``Footprint'' means the product of average track width
(measured in inches and rounded to the nearest tenth of an inch)
times wheelbase (measured in inches and rounded to the nearest tenth
of an inch) divided by 144 and then rounded to the nearest tenth of
a square foot.
6. ``Passenger car'' means an automobile of the type described
in 49 CFR Part 523.3 and 523.4.
7. ``Light truck'' means an automobile of the type described in
49 CFR Part 523.3 and 523.5.
8. A ``model'' of passenger car is a line, such as the Chevrolet
Impala, Ford Fusion, Honda Accord, etc., which exists within a
manufacturer's fleet.
9. ``Model Type'' is used as defined in 40 CFR 600.002-
93(a)(19).
10. ``Percent fuel economy improvements'' means that percentage
which corresponds to the amount by which respondent could improve
the fuel economy of vehicles in a given model or class through the
application of a specified technology, averaged over all vehicles of
that model or in that class which feasibly could use the technology.
Projections of percent fuel economy improvement should be based on
the assumption of maximum efforts by respondent to achieve the
highest possible fuel economy increase through the application of
the technology. The baseline for determination of percent fuel
economy improvement is the level of technology and vehicle
performance with respect to acceleration and gradeability for
respondent's 2008 model year passenger cars or light trucks in the
equivalent class.
11. ``Percent production implementation rate'' means that
percentage which corresponds to the maximum number of passenger cars
or light trucks of a specified class, which could feasibly employ a
given type of technology if respondent made maximum efforts to apply
the technology by a specified model year.
12. ``Production percentage'' means the percent of respondent's
passenger cars or light trucks of a specified model projected to be
manufactured in a specified model year.
13. ``Project'' or ``projection'' refers to the best estimates
made by respondent, whether or not based on less than certain
information.
14. ``Redesign'' means any change, or combination of changes,
including powertrain changes, to a vehicle that would change its
weight by 50 pounds or more or change its frontal area or
aerodynamic drag coefficient by 2 percent or more.
15. ``Refresh'' means any change, or combination of changes,
including powertrain changes, to a vehicle that would change its
weight by less than 50 pounds and would not change its frontal area
or aerodynamic drag coefficient.
16. ``Relating to'' means constituting, defining, containing,
explaining, embodying, reflecting, identifying, stating, referring
to, dealing with, or in any way pertaining to.
17. ``Respondent'' means each manufacturer (including all its
divisions) providing answers to the questions set forth in this
appendix, and its officers, employees, agents or servants.
18. ``Test Weight'' is used as defined in 40 CFR 86.082-2.
19. ``Track Width'' means the lateral distance between the
centerlines of the base tires at ground, including the camber angle.
20. ``Transmission class'' is used as defined in 40 CFR 600.002-
93(a)(22). When identifying a transmission class, respondent also
must indicate whether the type of transmission is equipped with a
lockup torque converter (LUTC), a split torque converter (STC), and/
or a wide gear ratio range (WR) and specify the number of forward
gears or whether the transmission is a continuously variable design
(CVT). If the transmission is of a hybrid type, that should also be
indicated. Other descriptive information may also be added, as
needed.
21. ``Truckline'' means the name assigned by the Environmental
Protection Agency to a different group of vehicles within a make or
car division in accordance with that agency's 2001 model year
pickup, van (cargo vans and passenger vans are considered separate
truck lines), and special purpose vehicle criteria.
22. ``Variants of existing engines'' means versions of an
existing basic engine that differ from that engine in terms of
displacement, method of aspiration, induction system or that weigh
at least 25 pounds more or less than that engine.
23. ``Wheelbase'' means the longitudinal distance between front
and rear wheel centerlines.
II. Assumptions
All assumptions concerning emission standards, damageability
regulations, safety standards, etc., should be listed and described
in detail by the respondent.
III. Specifications--Passenger Car Data
Go to ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/ for
spreadsheet templates.
1. Identify all passenger car models currently offered for sale
in MY 2008 whose production you project discontinuing before MY 2010
and identify the last model year in which each will be offered.
2. Identify all basic engines offered by respondent in MY 2008
passenger cars which respondent projects it will cease to offer for
sale in passenger cars before MY 2010, and identify the last model
year in which each will be offered.
3. For each model year 2008-2020, list all projected car lines
and provide the information specified below for each model type.
Model types that are essentially identical except for their
nameplates (e.g., Ford Fusion/Mercury Milan) may be combined into
one item. Engines having the same displacement but belonging to
different engine families are to be grouped separately. Within the
fleet, the vehicles are to be sorted first by car line, second by
basic engine, and third by transmission type. For each model type, a
specific indexed engine and transmission are to be identified. As
[[Page 24193]]
applicable, an indexed predecessor model type is also to be
identified. Spreadsheet templates can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/. These templates include
codes and definitions for the data that the Agency is seeking,
including, but not limited to the following:
a. General Information
1. Number--a unique number assigned to each model.
2. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., TOY).
3. Model--name of model (e.g., Camry).
4. Nameplate--vehicle nameplate (e.g., Camry Solara).
5. Fuel Economy--measured in miles per gallon; weighted (FTP +
highway) fuel economy.
6. Actual FE (FFVs)--measured in miles per gallon; for flexible
fuel vehicles, fuel economy when vehicle is operated on gasoline
only.
7. Energy Consumption \1\--of total fuel energy (higher heating
value) consumed over FTP and highway tests (each weighted as for
items 5 and 6 above), shares attributable to the following loss
mechanisms, such that the sum of the shares equals one.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This information is sought in order to account for a given
vehicle model's fuel economy as partitioned into nine energy loss
mechanisms. The agency may use this information to estimate the
extent to which a given technology reduces losses in each mechanism.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. System irreversibility governed by the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
B. Heat lost to the exhaust and coolant streams.
C. Engine friction (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost
to friction in such engine components as bearings and rods, as could
be estimated from engine dynamometer test results).
D. Pumping losses (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost
to work done on gases inside the cylinder, as could be estimated
from engine dynamometer test results).
E. Accessory losses (i.e., the part of fuel efficiency lost to
work done by engine-driven accessories, as could be estimated from
bench test results for the individual components).
F. Transmission losses (i.e., the part of driveline efficiency
lost to friction in such transmission components as gears, bearings,
and hydraulics, as could be estimated from chassis dynamometer test
results).
G. Aerodynamic drag of the body, as could be estimated from
coast-down test results.
H. Rolling resistance in the tires, as could be estimated from
coast-down test results.
I. Work done on the vehicle itself, as could be estimated from
the vehicle's inertia mass and the fuel economy driving cycles.
8. Engine Code--unique number assigned to each engine.
A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC,
HON).
B. Name--name of engine.
C. Configuration-classified as V = V4, V6, V8, V10 or V12; I =
inline; R = rotary.
D. Fuel--classified as CNG = compressed natural gas, D = diesel,
E = electricity, E85 = ethanol flexible-fuel, E100 = neat ethanol, G
= gasoline, H = hydrogen, LNG = liquefied natural gas, LPG =
propane, M85 = methanol flexible-fuel, M100 = neat methanol.
E. Engine's country of origin.
F. Engine Oil Viscosity--typical values as text include 0W20,
5W20, etc.; ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of
shear, which measures the resistance of flow of the engine oil (as
per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms).
G. Cycle--combustion cycle of engine. Classified as A =
Atkinson, AM = Atkinson/Miller, D = Diesel, M = Miller, O = Otto, OA
= Otto/Atkinson.
H. Air/Fuel Ratio--the weighted (FTP + highway) air/fuel ratio
(mass): A number generally around 14.7.
I. Fuel System--mechanism that delivers fuel to engine.
Classified as DI = direct injection, IDI = indirect injection, MPFI
= multipoint fuel injection, PFI = port fuel injection, SEFI =
sequential electronic fuel injection, SIDI = Stoichiometric spark
ignition direct injection, TBI = throttle body fuel injection.
J. Aspiration--based on breathing or induction process of engine
(as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as NA = naturally
aspirated, S = supercharged, T = turbocharged, TT = twin
turbocharged.
K. Valvetrain Design--describes design of the total mechanism
from camshaft to valve of an engine that actuates the lifting and
closing of a valve (as per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms).
Classified as C = camless, DOHC = dual overhead cam, OHV = overhead
valve, SOHC = single overhead cam.
L. Valve Actuation/Timing--based on valve opening and closing
points in the operating cycle (as per SAE J604). Classified as CC =
continuously controlled, EIE = equal continuous intake and exhaust
phasing, E = exhaust continuous phasing, F = fixed, IIE =
independent continuous intake and exhaust phasing, or other
designation, VCT = variable cam timing, VVTE = variable valve
timing, exhaust, ICP = intake cam phasing, CCP = coupled cam
phasing, DCP = dual cam phasing.
M. Valve Lift--describes the manner in which the valve is raised
during combustion (as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as
CV = continuously variable (throttled), F = fixed, SVI = stepped
variable intake with 2 or more fixed profiles, VVLTD = discrete
variable valve lift and timing, VVLTC = coupled variable valve lift
and timing.
N. Cylinders--the number of engine cylinders. An integer
equaling 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 12.
O. Valves/Cylinder--the number of valves per cylinder. An
integer from 2 through 5.
P. Deactivation--weighted (FTP + highway) aggregate degree of
deactivation. For example, enter 0.25 for deactivation of half the
cylinders over half the drive cycle, and enter 0 for no valve
deactivation.
Q. Displacement--total volume displaced by a piston in a single
stroke, measured in liters, also commonly referred to as engine
size.
R. Compression Ratio (min)--typically a number around 8; for
fixed CR engines, should be identical to maximum CR.
S. Compression Ratio (max)--a number between 8 and 1420; for
fixed CR engines, should be identical to minimum CR.
T. Horsepower--the maximum power of the engine combined with the
associated engine speed when horsepower is maximum, measured as
horsepower per revolutions per minute (hp @ rpm).
U. Torque--the maximum torque of the engine, measured as ft-lb.
9. Transmission Code--an integer; unique number assigned to each
transmission.
A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC,
HON).
B. Name--name of transmission.
C. Country of origin--where the transmission is manufactured.
D. Type--type of transmission. Classified as C = clutch, CVT1 =
belt or chain CVT, CVT2 = other CVT, T = torque converter.
E. Number of Forward Gears--integer indicating number of forward
gears (or blank or ``CVT'' for CVT).
F. Control--classified as A = automatic, M = manual; automatic
shift manual transmission (ASMT) would be coded as Type = C, Control
= A.
G. Logic--indicates aggressivity of automatic shifting.
Classified as A = aggressive, C = conventional U.S. Provide
rationale for selection in the transmission notes column.
10. Origin--classification (under CAFE program) as domestic or
import, listed as D = domestic, I = import.
b. Sales--Actual and Projected U.S. Production for MY 2008 to MY
2020 Inclusive, Measured in Number of Vehicles
c. Vehicle Information
1. Style--classified as Sedan; Coupe; Hatchback; Wagon; or
Convertible.
2. Class--classified as Two-Seater Car; Mini-Compact Car;
Subcompact Car; Compact Car; Midsize Car; Large Car; Small Station
Wagon; Midsize Station Wagon; or Large Station Wagon.
3. Structure--classified as either Ladder or Unibody.
4. Drive--classified as A = all-wheel drive; F = front-wheel
drive; R = rear-wheel-drive; 4 = 4-wheel drive.
5. Axle Ratio--ratio of the speed in revolutions per minute of
the drive shaft to that of the drive wheels.
6. Length--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, L103
(Sept. 2005).
7. Width--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, W116 (Sept.
2005).
8. Wheelbase--measured to the nearest tenth of an inch; as
defined above.
9. Track Width (front)--measured to the nearest tenth of an
inch; defined per SAE J1100, W101-1 (Sept. 2005), and clarified
above.
10. Track Width (rear)--measured to the nearest tenth of an
inch; defined per SAE J1100, W101-2 (Sept. 2005), and clarified
above.
11. Footprint--as defined above.
12. Curb Weight--total weight of vehicle including batteries,
lubricants, and other expendable supplies but excluding the driver,
passengers, and other payloads, measured in pounds; per SAE J1100
(Sept. 2005).
[[Page 24194]]
13. Test Weight--weight of vehicle as tested, including the
driver, operator (if necessary), and all instrumentation (as per SAE
J1263); measured in pounds.
14. GVWR--Gross Vehicle Weight Rating; as defined per 49 CFR
523.2 measured in pounds.
15. Towing Capacity (Standard)--measured in pounds.
16. Towing Capacity (Maximum)--measured in pounds.
17. Payload--measured in pounds.
18. Cargo volume behind the front row--measured in cubic feet,
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
19. Cargo volume behind the second row--measured in cubic feet,
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
20. Cargo volume behind the third row--measured in cubic feet,
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
21. Enclosed Volume--measured in cubic feet.
22. Passenger Volume--measured in cubic feet; the volume
measured using SAE J1100 as per EPA Fuel Economy regulations (40 CFR
600.315-82, ``Classes of Comparable Automobiles''). This is the
number that manufacturers calculate and submit to EPA.
23. Cargo Volume Index--defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept.
2005).
24. Luggage Capacity--measured in cubic feet; defined per SAE
J1100, V1 (Sept. 2005).
25. Seating (max)--number of usable seat belts before folding
and removal of seats (where accomplished without special tools);
provided in integer form.
26. Number of Standard Rows of Seating--number of rows of seats
that each vehicle comes standardly equipped with; provided in
integer form, e.g. 1,2,3,4, or 5.
27. Frontal Area--a measure of the wind profile of the vehicle,
typically calculated as the height times width of a vehicle body,
e.g. 35 square feet.
28. Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient, Cd--a dimensionless
coefficient that relates the motion resistance force created by the
air drag over the entire surface of a moving vehicle to the force of
dynamic air pressure acting only over the vehicle's frontal area
e.g., 0.25.
29. Tire Rolling Resistance, Crr--a dimensionless
coefficient that relates the motion resistance force force due to
tire energy losses (e.g., deflection, scrubbing, slip, and air drag)
to a vehicle's weight e.g., 0.0012.
30. Fuel Capacity--measured in gallons of diesel fuel or
gasoline; MJ (LHV) of other fuels (or chemical battery energy).
31. Electrical System Voltage--measured in volts, e.g., 12 volt,
42 volts 2005).
d. MSRP--Measured in Dollars (2008); Actual and Projected Average
MSRP (Sales-Weighted, Including Options) for MY 2008 to MY 2020
Inclusive
e. Hybridization
1. Type of hybridization of the vehicle, if any--classified as E
= electric, H = hydraulic.
2. Voltage (volts) or, for hydraulic hybrids, pressure (psi).
3. Energy storage capacity--measured in MJ.
4. Battery type--Classified as NiMH = Nickel Metal Hydride; Li-
ion = Lithium Ion.
5. Percentage of breaking energy recovered and stored over the
FTP and HFET (weighted 55/45) recovered and stored.
6. Percentage of maximum motive power provided by stored energy
system.
f. Planning and Assembly
1. US/Canadian/Mexican Content--measured as a percentage;
overall percentage, by value, that originated in U.S., Canada and
Mexico.
2. Final Assembly City.
3. Final Assembly State/Province (if applicable).
4. Final Assembly Country.
5. Predecessor--number and name of model upon which current
model is based, if any.
6. Last Freshening--model year.
7. Next Freshening--model year.
8. Last Redesign--model year; where redesign means any change,
including powertrain changes, or combination of changes to a vehicle
that would change its weight by 50 pounds or more or change its
frontal area or aerodynamic drag coefficient by 2 percent or more.
9. Next Redesign--model year.
10. Employment Hours Per Vehicle--number of hours of U.S. labor
applied per vehicle produced.
g. The agency also requests that each manufacturer provide an
estimate of its overall passenger car CAFE for each model year. This
estimate should be included as an entry in the spreadsheets that are
submitted to the agency.
4. Does respondent project introducing any variants of existing
basic engines or any new basic engines, other than those mentioned
in your response to Question 3, in its passenger car fleets in MYs
2008-2020? If so, for each basic engine or variant indicate:
a. The projected year of introduction,
b. Type (e.g., spark ignition, direct injection diesel, 2-cycle,
alternative fuel use),
c. Displacement (If engine has variable displacement, please
provide the minimum and maximum displacement),
d. Type of induction system (e.g., fuel injection with
turbocharger, naturally aspirated),
e. Cylinder configuration (e.g., V-8, V-6, I-4),
f. Number of valves per cylinder (e.g., 2, 3, 4),
g. Valvetrain design (e.g., overhead valve, overhead camshaft),
h. Valve technology (e.g., variable valve timing, variable valve
lift and timing, intake valve throttling, camless valve actuation,
etc.),
i. Horsepower and torque ratings,
j. Models in which engines are to be used, giving the
introduction model year for each model if different from ``a,''
above.
5. Relative to MY 2008 levels, for MYs 2008-2020 please provide
information, by carline and as an average effect on a manufacturer's
entire passenger car fleet, on the weight and/or fuel economy
impacts of the following standards or equipment:
a. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS No. 208)
Automatic Restraints.
b. FMVSS No. 201 Occupant Protection in Interior Impact.
c. Voluntary installation of safety equipment (e.g., antilock
brakes).
d. Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
e. California Air Resources Board requirements.
f. Other applicable motor vehicle regulations affecting fuel
economy.
6. For each of the model years 2008-2020, and for each passenger
car model projected to be manufactured by respondent (if answers
differ for the various models), provide the requested information on
new technology applications for each of items ``6a'' through ``6r''
listed below:
(i) Description of the nature of the technological improvement;
(ii) The percent fuel economy improvement averaged over the
model;
(iii) The basis for your answer to 6(ii), (e.g., data from
dynamometer tests conducted by respondent, engineering analysis,
computer simulation, reports of test by others);
(iv) The percent production implementation rate and the reasons
limiting the implementation rate;
(v) A description of the 2008 baseline technologies and the 2008
implementation rate; and
(vi) The reasons for differing answers you provide to items (ii)
and (iv) for different models in each model year. Include as a part
of your answer to 6(ii) and 6(iv) a tabular presentation, a sample
portion of which is shown in Table III-A.
a. Improved automatic transmissions. Projections of percent fuel
economy improvements should include benefits of lock-up or bypassed
torque converters, electronic control of shift points and torque
converter lock-up, and other measures which should be described.
b. Improved manual transmissions. Projections of percent of fuel
economy improvement should include the benefits of increasing
mechanical efficiency, using improved transmission lubricants, and
other measures (specify).
c. Overdrive transmissions. If not covered in ``a'' or ``b''
above, project the percentage of fuel economy improvement
attributable to overdrive transmissions (integral or auxiliary gear
boxes), two-speed axles, or other similar devices intended to
increase the range of available gear ratios. Describe the devices to
be used and the application by model, engine, axle ratio, etc.
d. Use of engine crankcase lubricants of lower viscosity or with
additives to improve friction characteristics or accelerate engine
break-in, or otherwise improved lubricants to lower engine friction
horsepower. When describing the 2008 baseline, specify the viscosity
of and any fuel economy-improving additives used in the factory-fill
lubricants.
e. Reduction of engine parasitic losses through improvement of
engine-driven accessories or accessory drives. Typical engine-driven
accessories include water pump, cooling fan, alternator, power
steering pump, air conditioning compressor, and vacuum pump.
f. Reduction of tire rolling losses, through changes in
inflation pressure, use of
[[Page 24195]]
materials or constructions with less hysteresis, geometry changes
(e.g., reduced aspect ratio), reduction in sidewall and tread
deflection, and other methods. When describing the 2008 baseline,
include a description of the tire types used and the percent usage
rate of each type.
g. Reduction in other driveline losses, including losses in the
non-powered wheels, the differential assembly, wheel bearings,
universal joints, brake drag losses, use of improved lubricants in
the differential and wheel bearing, and optimizing suspension
geometry (e.g., to minimize tire scrubbing loss).
h. Reduction of aerodynamic drag.
i. Turbocharging or supercharging.
j. Improvements in the efficiency of 4-cycle spark ignition
engines including (1) increased compression ratio; (2) leaner air-
to-fuel ratio; (3) revised combustion chamber configuration; (4)
fuel injection; (5) electronic fuel metering; (6) interactive
electronic control of engine operating parameters (spark advance,
exhaust gas recirculation, air-to-fuel ratio); (8) variable valve
timing or valve lift; (9) multiple valves per cylinder; (10)
cylinder deactivation; (11) friction reduction by means such as low
tension piston rings and roller cam followers; (12) higher
temperature operation; and (13) other methods (specify).
k. Direct injection gasoline engines, with and without
turbocharging/supercharging.
l. Naturally aspirated diesel engines, with direct or indirect
fuel injection.
m. Turbocharged or supercharged diesel engines with direct or
indirect fuel injection.
n. Stratified-charge reciprocating or rotary engines, with
direct or indirect fuel injection.
o. Two cycle spark ignition engines.
p. Use of hybrid drivetrains.
q. Use of fuel cells; provide a thorough description of the fuel
cell technology employed, including fuel type and power output.
r. Other technologies for improving fuel economy or efficiency.
7. For each model of respondent's passenger car fleet projected
to be manufactured in each of MYs 2008-2020, describe the methods
used to achieve reductions in average test weight. For each
specified model year and model, describe the extent to which each of
the following methods for reducing vehicle weight will be used.
Separate listings are to be used for 4x2 passenger cars and 4x4
passenger cars.
a. Substitution of materials.
b. ``Downsizing'' of existing vehicle design to reduce weight
while maintaining interior roominess and comfort for passengers, and
utility, i.e., the same or approximately the same, payload and cargo
volume, using the same basic body configuration and driveline layout
as current counterparts.
c. Use of new vehicle body configuration concepts, which
provides reduced weight for approximately the same payload and cargo
volume.
8. Indicate any MY 2008-2020 passenger car model types that have
higher average test weights than comparable MY 2007 model types.
Describe the reasons for any weight increases (e.g., increased
option content, less use of premium materials) and provide
supporting justification.
9. For each new or redesigned vehicle identified in response to
Question 3 and each new engine or fuel economy improvement
identified in your response to Questions 3, 4, 5, and 6, provide
your best estimate of the following, in terms of constant 2008
dollars:
a. Total capital costs required to implement the new/redesigned
model or improvement according to the implementation schedules
specified in your response. Subdivide the capital costs into
tooling, facilities, launch, and engineering costs.
b. The maximum production capacity, expressed in units of
capacity per year, associated with the capital expenditure in (a)
above. Specify the number of production shifts on which your
response is based and define ``maximum capacity'' as used in your
answer.
c. The actual capacity that is planned to be used each year for
each new/redesigned model or fuel economy improvement.
d. The increase in variable costs per affected unit, based on
the production volume specified in (b) above.
e. The equivalent retail price increase per affected vehicle for
each new/redesigned model or improvement. Provide an example
describing methodology used to determine the equivalent retail price
increase.
10. Please provide respondent's actual and projected U.S.
passenger car sales, 4x2 and 4x4, 0-8,500 lbs. GVWR for each model
year from 2008 through 2020, inclusive. Please subdivide the data
into the following vehicle categories:
i. Two-Seater Car (e.g., Chevrolet Corvette, Honda S2000,
Porsche Boxster)
ii. Mini-Compact Car (e.g., Audi TT, Mitsubishi Eclipse, Mini
Cooper)
iii. Compact Car (e.g., Ford Focus, VW Golf, Kia Rio)
iv. Midsize Car (e.g., Chevrolet Malibu, Honda Accord, Toyota
Camry)
v. Large Car (e.g., Ford Crown Victoria, Cadillac DTS, Mercedes
Maybach)
vi. Small Station Wagon (e.g., BMW 325 Sport Wagon, Subaru
Impreza Wagon, Pontiac Vibe/Toyota Matrix)
vii. Midsize Station Wagon (e.g., Saab 9-5 Wagon, Volvo V70
Wagon, Jaguar X-Type Wagon)
viii. Large Station Wagon (e.g., Mercedes E-Class Wagon, Dodge
Magnum, BMW 530 XiT Wagon)
See Table III-B for a sample format.
11. Please provide your estimates of projected total industry
U.S. passenger car sales for each model year from 2008 through 2020,
inclusive. Please subdivide the data into 4x2 and 4x4 sales and into
the vehicle categories listed in the sample format in Table III-C.
12. Please provide your company's assumptions for U.S. gasoline
and diesel fuel prices during 2008 through 2020.
13. Please provide projected production capacity available for
the North American market (at standard production rates) for each of
your company's passenger carline designations during MYs 2008-2020.
14. Please provide your estimate of production lead-time for new
models, your expected model life in years, and the number of years
over which tooling costs are amortized.
Note: The parenthetical numbers in Table III-A refer to the
items in Section III, Specifications.
Table III-A.--Sample Technology Improvements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent fuel Models on Production share of model with
Baseline economy Basis for which technological improvement
Technological improvement technology improvement, improvement technology is --------------------------------------------
% estimate applied 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6a.) Improved Auto Trans.:
A5..................................... .............. 4.0 .............. .............. 20 35 50 60 80
A6..................................... .............. 4.5 .............. .............. 15 20 30 40 55
A7..................................... .............. 5.0 .............. .............. 0 0 15 25 35
(6b) Improved Manual Trans.:
M5..................................... .............. 1.0 .............. .............. 12 15 20 25 32
M6..................................... .............. 0.7 .............. .............. 0 0 0 8 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 24196]]
Table III-B.--Sample Actual and Projected U.S. Passenger Car Sales
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amalgamated Motors Passenger Car Sales Projections
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model year
Model line -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two-Seater.............................................. 43,500 ..............
Mini-Compact............................................ 209,340 ..............
Subcompact.............................................. 120,000 ..............
Compact................................................. 60,000 ..............
Midsize................................................. 20,000 ..............
Large................................................... 29,310 ..............
Small Station Wagon..................................... 54,196 ..............
Midsize Station Wagon................................... 38,900 ..............
Large Station Wagon..................................... 24,000 ..............
-----------------
Total............................................... 599,246
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table III-C.--Sample Total U.S. Passenger Car Sales
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model type 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two-Seater.............................................. ..............
Mini-Compact............................................ ..............
Subcompact.............................................. ..............
Compact................................................. ..............
Midsize................................................. ..............
Large................................................... ..............
Small Station Wagon..................................... ..............
Midsize Station Wagon................................... ..............
Large Station Wagon..................................... ..............
Total............................................... ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IV. Specifications--Light Truck Data
Go to ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/ for
spreadsheet templates.
1. Identify all light truck models currently offered for sale in
MY 2008 whose production you project discontinuing before MY 2010
and identify the last model year in which each will be offered.
2. Identify all basic engines offered by respondent in MY 2008
light trucks which respondent projects it will cease to offer for
sale in light trucks before MY 2010, and identify the last model
year in which each will be offered.
3. For each model year 2008-2020, list all projected light truck
lines and provide the information specified below for each model
type. Model types that are essentially identical except for their
nameplates (e.g., Chrysler Town & Country/Dodge Caravan) may be
combined into one item. Engines having the same displacement but
belonging to different engine families are to be grouped separately.
Within the fleet, the vehicles are to be sorted first by light truck
line, second by basic engine, and third by transmission type. For
each model type, a specific indexed engine and transmission are to
be identified. As applicable, an indexed predecessor model type is
also to be identified. Spreadsheet templates can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/. These templates include
codes and definitions for the data that the Agency is seeking,
including, but not limited to the following:
a. General Information
1. Number--a unique number assigned to each model.
2. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC).
3. Model--name of model (e.g., Escalade).
4. Nameplate--vehicle nameplate (e.g., Escalade ESV).
5. Fuel Economy--measured in miles per gallon; weighted (FTP +
highway) fuel economy.
6. Actual FE (FFVs)--measured in miles per gallon; for flexible
fuel vehicles, fuel economy when vehicle is operated on gasoline
only.
7. Energy Consumption \2\--of total fuel energy (higher heating
value) consumed over FTP and highway tests (each weighted as for
items 5 and 6 above), shares attributable to the following loss
mechanisms, such that the sum of the shares equals one.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ See supra note 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Systems irreversibility governed by the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
B. Heat lost to the exhaust and coolant streams.
C. Engine friction (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost
to friction in such engine components as bearings and rods, as could
be estimated from engine dynamometer test results).
D. Pumping losses (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost
to work done on gases inside the cylinder, as could be estimated
from engine dynamometer test results).
E. Accessory losses (i.e., the part of fuel efficiency lost to
work done by engine-driven accessories, as could be estimated from
bench test results for the individual components).
F. Transmission losses (i.e., the part of driveline efficiency
lost to friction in such transmission components as gears, bearings,
and hydraulics, as could be estimated from chassis dynamometer test
results).
G. Aerodynamic drag of the body, as could be estimated from
coast-down test results.
H. Rolling resistance in the tires, as could be estimated from
coast-down test results.
I. Work done on the vehicle itself, as could be estimated from
the vehicle's inertia mass and the fuel economy driving cycles.
8. Engine Code--unique number assigned to each engine.
A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC,
HON.)
B. Name--name of engine.
C. Configuration--classified as V = V4, V6, V8, V10 or V12; I =
inline; R = rotary.
D. Fuel--classified as CNG = compressed natural gas, D = diesel,
E = electricity, E85 = ethanol flexible-fuel, E100 = neat ethanol, G
= gasoline, H = hydrogen, LNG = liquefied natural gas, LPG =
propane, M85 = methanol flexible-fuel, M100 = neat methanol.
E. Engine's country of origin.
F. Engine Oil Viscosity--typical values as text include 0W20,
5W20, etc.; ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of
shear, which measures the resistance of flow of the engine oil (as
per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms).
G. Cycle--combustion cycle of engine. Classified as A =
Atkinson, AM = Atkinson/
[[Page 24197]]
Miller, D = Diesel, M = Miller, O = Otto, OA = Otto/Atkinson.
H. Air/Fuel Ratio--the weighted (FTP + highway) air/fuel ratio
(mass): a number generally around 14.7.
I. Fuel System--mechanism that delivers fuel to engine.
Classified as DI = direct injection, IDI = indirect injection, MPFI
= multipoint fuel injection, PFI = port fuel injection, SEFI =
sequential electronic fuel injection, SIDI = Stoichiometric spark
ignition direct injection, TBI = throttle body fuel injection.
J. Aspiration--based on breathing or induction process of engine
(as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as NA = naturally
aspirated, S = supercharged, T = turbocharged, TT = twin
turbocharged.
K. Valvetrain Design--describes design of the total mechanism
from camshaft to valve of an engine that actuates the lifting and
closing of a valve (as per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms).
Classified as C = camless, DOHC = dual overhead cam, OHV = overhead
valve, SOHC = single overhead cam.
L. Valve Actuation/Timing--based on valve opening and closing
points in the operating cycle (as per SAE J604). Classified as
CC=continuously controlled, EIE = equal continuous intake and
exhaust phasing, E = exhaust continuous phasing, F = fixed, ICP =
intake continuous phasing, IIE = independent continuous intake and
exhaust phasing, or other designation, VCT = variable cam timing,
VVTE = variable valve timing, exhaust, ICP = intake cam phasing, CCP
= coupled cam phasing, DCP = dual cam phasing.
M. Valve Lift--describes the manner in which the valve is raised
during combustion (as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as
CV = continuously variable (throttled), F = fixed, SVI = stepped
variable intake with 2 or more fixed profiles, or other designation,
VVLTD = discrete variable valve lift and timing, VVLTC = coupled
variable valve lift and timing.
N. Cylinders--the number of engine cylinders. An integer
equaling 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 12.
O. Valves/Cylinder--the number of valves per cylinder. An
integer from 2 through 5.
P. Deactivation--weighted (FTP + highway) aggregate degree of
deactivation. For example, enter 0.25 for deactivation of half the
cylinders over half the drive cycle, and enter 0 for no valve
deactivation.
Q. Displacement--total volume displaced by a piston in a single
stroke, measured in liters, also commonly referred to as engine
size.
R. Compression Ratio (min)--typically a number around 8; for
fixed CR engines, should be identical to maximum CR.
S. Compression Ratio (max)--a number between 8 and 20; for fixed
CR engines, should be identical to minimum CR.
T. Horsepower--the maximum power of the engine combined with the
associated engine speed when horsepower is maximum, measured as
horsepower per revolutions per minute (hp @ rpm).
U. Torque--the maximum torque of the engine, measured as ft-lb.
9. Transmission Code--an integer; unique number assigned to each
transmission.
A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC,
HON).
B. Name--name of transmission.
C. Country of origin--where the transmission is manufactured.
D. Type--type of transmission. Classified as C = clutch, CVT1 =
belt or chain CVT, CVT2 = other CVT, T = torque converter.
E. Number of Forward Gears--integer indicating number of forward
gears (or blank or ``CVT'' for CVT).
F. Control--classified as A = automatic, M = manual; automatic
shift manual transmission (ASMT) would be coded as Type = C, Control
= A.
G. Logic--indicates aggressivity of automatic shifting.
Classified as A = aggressive, C = conventional U.S. Provide
rationale for selection in the transmission notes column.
10. Origin--classification (under CAFE program) as domestic or
import, listed as D = domestic, I = import.
11. Light Truck Indicator--an integer; a unique number assigned
to each vehicle which represents the design feature(s) that classify
it as a light truck. Classified as:
0. The vehicle neither has off-road design features (defined
under 49 CFR 523.5(b) and described by numbers 1 and 2 below) nor
has functional characteristics (defined under 49 CFR 523.5(a) and
described by numbers 3 through 7 below) that would allow it to be
properly classified as a light truck, thus the vehicle is properly
classified as a passenger car.
1. The vehicle has 4-wheel drive (includes all wheel drive) and
has at least four of the following characteristics:
(i) Approach angle of not less than 28 degrees;
(ii) Breakover angle of not less that 14 degrees;
(iii) Departure angle of not less than 20 degrees;
(iv) Running clearance of not less than 20 centimeters;
(v) Front and rear axle clearances are not less than 18
centimeters.
2. The vehicle is rated at more than 6000 lb gross vehicle
weight (GVW), and has at least four of the following
characteristics:
(i) Approach angle of not less than 28 degrees;
(ii) Breakover angle of not less that 14 degrees;
(iii) Departure angle of not less than 20 degrees;
(iv) Running clearance of not less than 20 centimeters;
(v) Front and rear axle clearances are not less than 18
centimeters.
3. The vehicle transports more that 10 persons;
4. The vehicle provides temporary living quarters;
5. The vehicle transports property on an open bed;
6. The vehicle, in its standard version without reference to
options (or ``delete'' options), provides greater cargo-carrying
than passenger-carrying volume; or
7. The vehicle permits expanded use of the automobile for cargo-
carrying purposes or other nonpassenger-carrying purposes through:
(i) For light trucks manufactured prior to model year 2012, the
removal of seats by means installed for that purpose by the
automobile's manufacturer or with simple tools, such as screwdrivers
and wrenches, so as to create a flat, floor level, surface extending
from the forwardmost point of installation of those seats to the
rear of the automobile's interior; or
(ii) For light trucks manufactured in model year 2008 and
beyond, for vehicles equipped with at least 3 rows of designated
seating positions as standard equipment, permit expanded use of the
automobile for cargo-carrying purposes or other nonpassenger-
carrying purposes through the removal or stowing of foldable or
pivoting seats so as to create a flat-leveled cargo surface
extending from the forwardmost point of installation of those seats
to the rear of the automobile's interior.
b. Sales--Actual and Projected U.S. Production for MY 2008 to MY
2020 Inclusive, Measured in Number of Vehicles
c. Vehicle Information
1. Style--classified as Crossover; Pickup; Sport Utility; or
Van.
2. Class--classified as Cargo Van; Crossover Vehicle; Large
Pickup; Midsize Pickup; Minivan; Passenger Van; Small Pickup; Sport
Utility Vehicle; or Sport Utility Truck.
3. Structure--classified as either Ladder or Unibody.
4. Drive--classified as A = all-wheel drive; F = front-wheel
drive; R = rear-wheel-drive; 4 = 4-wheel drive.
5. Axle Ratio--ratio of the speed in revolutions per minute of
the drive shaft to that of the drive wheels.
6. Length--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, L103
(Sept. 2005).
7. Width--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, W116 (Sept.
2005).
8. Wheelbase--measured to the nearest tenth of an inch; as
defined above.
9. Track Width (front)--measured in inches; defined per SAE
J1100, W101-1 (Sept. 2005), and clarified above.
10. Track Width (rear)--measured in inches; defined per SAE
J1100, W101-2 (Sept. 2005), and clarified above.
11. Footprint--wheelbase times average track width; measured in
square feet, clarified above.
12. Running Clearance--measured in centimeters; defined per 49
CFR 523.2.
13. Front Axle Clearance--measured in centimeters; defined per
49 CFR 523.2.
14. Rear Axle Clearance--measured in centimeters; defined per 49
CFR 523.2.
15. Approach Angle--measured in degrees; defined per 49 CFR
523.2.
16. Breakover Angle--measured in degrees; defined per 49 CFR
523.2.
17. Departure Angle--measured in degrees; defined per 49 CFR
523.2.
18. Curb Weight--total weight of vehicle including batteries,
lubricants, and other expendable supplies but excluding the driver,
passengers, and other payloads, measured in pounds; per SAE J1100
(Sept. 2005).
19. Test Weight--weight of vehicle as tested, including the
driver, operator (if
[[Page 24198]]
necessary), and all instrumentation (as per SAE J1263); measured in
pounds.
20. GVWR--Gross Vehicle Weight Rating; as defined per 49 CFR
523.2 measured in pounds.
21. Towing Capacity (Standard)--measured in pounds.
22. Towing Capacity (Maximum)--measured in pounds.
23. Payload--measured in pounds.
24. Cargo volume behind the front row--measured in cubic feet,
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
25. Cargo volume behind the second row--measured in cubic feet,
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
26. Cargo volume behind the third row--measured in cubic feet,
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
27. Enclosed Volume--measured in cubic feet.
28. Passenger Volume--measured in cubic feet; the volume
measured using SAE J1100 as per EPA Fuel Economy regulations (40 CFR
600.315-82, ``Classes of Comparable Automobiles''). This is the
number that manufacturers calculate and submit to EPA.
29. Cargo Volume Index--defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept.
2005).
30. Luggage Capacity--measured in cubic feet; defined per SAE
J1100, V1 (Sept. 2005).
31. Seating (max)--number of usable seat belts before folding
and removal of seats (where accomplished without special tools);
provided in integer form.
32. Number of Standard Rows of Seating--number of rows of seats
that each vehicle comes standardly equipped with; provided in
integer form, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
33. Frontal Area--a measure of the wind profile of the vehicle,
typically calculated as the height times width of a vehicle body,
e.g. 35 square feet.
34. Aerodynamic Drag Coefficien
