Electrical Standard, 7136-7221 [E7-1360]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration

[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 30 (Wednesday, February 14, 2007)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 7136-7221]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E7-1360]



[[Page 7135]]

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Part II





Department of Labor





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Occupational Safety and Health Administration



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29 CFR Part 1910



Electrical Standard; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 30 / Wednesday, February 14, 2007 / 
Rules and Regulations

[[Page 7136]]


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DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

29 CFR Part 1910

[Docket No. S-108C]
RIN 1218-AB95


Electrical Standard

AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Labor.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is 
revising the general industry electrical installation standard found in 
Subpart S of 29 CFR Part 1910. The Agency has determined that 
electrical hazards in the workplace pose a significant risk of injury 
or death to employees, and that the requirements in the revised 
standard, which draw heavily from the 2000 edition of the National Fire 
Protection Association's (NFPA) Electrical Safety Requirements for 
Employee Workplaces (NFPA 70E), and the 2002 edition of the National 
Electrical Code (NEC), are reasonably necessary to provide protection 
from these hazards. This final rule focuses on safety in the design and 
installation of electric equipment in the workplace. This revision will 
provide the first update of the installation requirements in the 
general industry electrical installation standard since 1981.
    OSHA is also replacing the reference to the 1971 NEC in the 
mandatory appendix to the general industry powered platform standard 
found in Subpart F of 29 CFR Part 1910 with a reference to OSHA's 
electrical installation standard.

DATES: This final rule becomes effective on August 13, 2007.

ADDRESSES: In accordance with 28 U.S.C. 2112(a), the Agency designates 
the Associate Solicitor of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, 
Office of the Solicitor of Labor, Room S4004, U.S. Department of Labor, 
200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210, to receive 
petitions for review of the final rule.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information and press 
inquiries, contact Mr. Kevin Ropp, Director, Office of Communications, 
Room N-3647, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, 
NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone (202) 693-1999. For technical 
inquiries, contact Mr. David Wallis, Directorate of Standards and 
Guidance, Room N-3609, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution 
Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone (202) 693-2222.
    For additional copies of this Federal Register notice, contact 
OSHA, Office of Publications, Room N-3101, U.S. Department of Labor, 
200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone (202) 
693-1888. Electronic copies of this Federal Register notice, as well as 
news releases and other relevant documents, are available at OSHA's Web 
page on the Internet at https://www.osha.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Introduction

    This final rule revises OSHA's existing standard for electrical 
installations, which is contained in Sec. Sec.  1910.302 through 
1910.308 of Subpart S, with relevant definitions in Sec.  1910.399. It 
applies, as the existing standard does, to employers in general 
industry and in shipyard employment, longshoring, and marine terminals.
    OSHA undertook the project to revise Subpart S for two major 
reasons. First, the Agency wanted the standard to reflect the most 
current practice and technology in the industry. The existing standard 
is based on a national consensus standard, the 1979 edition of Part I 
of NFPA 70E, entitled Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for 
Employee Workplaces. That consensus standard has been updated several 
times since OSHA last revised its electrical installation requirements 
in 1981. The final rule being published today is based on Part I of the 
2000 edition of NFPA 70E. Second, in implementing this rule, OSHA is 
responding to requests from stakeholders that the Agency revise Subpart 
S so that it reflects the most recent editions of NFPA 70E and the 
NEC.\1\ These stakeholders argued that interested members of the public 
have had substantial input into the content of NFPA 70E and that 
industry is complying with that consensus standard in its present form. 
The revised standard will be more flexible and efficient for 
stakeholders, including small businesses, while improving safety for 
employees.
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    \1\ See, for example, letters from: Judith Gorman, Managing 
Director of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers; 
George D. Miller, President and Chief Executive Officer of the 
National Fire Protection Association; Frank K. Kitzantides, Vice 
President of Engineering at the National Electrical Manufacturers 
Association; and Kari P. Barrett, Director of Regulatory and 
Technical Affairs, Plant Operations, at the American Chemistry 
Council (Exhibit 2-62, 2-63, 2-64, 2-65).
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    OSHA's existing electrical standard in Sec. Sec.  1910.302 through 
1910.308 is based on the 1979 edition of NFPA 70E, which is a national 
consensus standard developed by a cross section of industry, labor, and 
other allied interests. Consensus standards like the NEC and NFPA 70E 
provide nationally recognized safe electrical installation 
requirements. Additionally, the consensus process used in developing 
the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E, Part 1 of which is based on the NEC, 
ensures that requirements contained in that standard are current and at 
the forefront of electrical safety technology. Because the primary 
objective of this revision of Subpart S is to update the standard to 
recognize, and in some cases require, the more current electrical 
safety technology, OSHA believes that the more recent editions of NFPA 
70E should be the foundation of the final standard.\2\ Lastly, the 
Agency has determined that electrical hazards in general industry 
workplaces pose a significant risk and that the final standard will 
substantially reduce that risk.
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    \2\ A newer edition of NFPA 70E was published shortly after OSHA 
issued the proposed rule. Whether the final rule should be based on 
this edition, NFPA 70E-2004, is one of the issues raised by comments 
on the proposal. See the discussion of this issue in section V, 
Summary and Explanation of the Final Standard.
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    The remainder of the preamble discusses the background of the final 
rule, the history of the standard, and the legal authority for the 
standard; provides a summary and explanation of the final standard; 
includes the final economic and regulatory flexibility analysis and the 
information collections associated with the rule; and covers other 
miscellaneous topics. The outline of the preamble is as follows:

I. Introduction
II. Background
III. History of the Standard
IV. Legal Authority
V. Summary and Explanation of the Final Standard
VI. Final Economic and Regulatory Screening Analysis
VII. State Plan Standards
VIII. Environmental Impact Analysis
IX. Unfunded Mandates
X. Federalism
XI. OMB Review under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
XII. Effective Date and Date of Application

II. Background

A. Hazards Associated With Electricity

    Electricity is widely recognized as a serious workplace hazard, 
exposing employees to electric shock, burns, fires, and explosions. 
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 289 employees were killed 
by contact with electric current in 2002 (Ex. 2-8). Other employees 
have been killed or injured

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in fires and explosions caused by electricity.
    It is well known that the human body will conduct electricity. If 
direct body contact is made with an electrically energized part while a 
similar contact is made simultaneously with another conductive surface 
that is maintained at a different electrical potential, a current will 
flow, entering the body at one contact point, traversing the body, and 
then exiting at the other contact point, usually the ground. Each year 
many employees suffer pain, injuries, and death from such electric 
shocks.
    Current through the body, even at levels as low as 3 milliamperes, 
can also cause injuries of an indirect or secondary nature in which 
involuntary muscular reaction from the electric shock can cause 
bruises, bone fractures and even death resulting from collisions or 
falls.
    Burns suffered in electrical accidents can be very serious. These 
burns may be of three basic types: electrical burns, arc burns, and 
thermal contact burns. Electrical burns are the result of the electric 
current flowing in the tissues, and may be either skin deep or may 
affect deeper layers (such as muscles and bones) or both. Tissue damage 
is caused by the heat generated from the current flow; if the energy 
delivered by the electric shock is high, the body cannot dissipate the 
heat, and the tissue is burned. Typically, such electrical burns are 
slow to heal. Arc burns are the result of high temperatures produced by 
electric arcs or by explosions close to the body. Finally, thermal 
contact burns are those normally experienced from the skin contacting 
hot surfaces of overheated electric conductors, conduits, or other 
energized equipment. In some circumstances, all three types of burns 
may be produced simultaneously.
    If the current involved is great enough, electric arcs can start a 
fire. Fires can also be created by overheating equipment or by 
conductors carrying too much current. Extremely high-energy arcs can 
damage equipment, causing fragmented metal to fly in all directions. In 
atmospheres that contain explosive gases or vapors or combustible 
dusts, even low-energy arcs can cause violent explosions.

B. Nature of Electrical Accidents

    Electrical accidents, when initially studied, often appear to be 
caused by circumstances that are varied and peculiar to the particular 
incidents involved. However, further consideration usually reveals the 
underlying cause to be a combination of three possible factors: work 
involving unsafe equipment and installations; workplaces made unsafe by 
the environment; and unsafe work performance (unsafe acts). The first 
two factors are sometimes considered together and simply referred to as 
unsafe conditions. Thus, electrical accidents can be generally 
considered as being caused by unsafe conditions, unsafe acts, or, in 
what is usually the case, combinations of the two. It should also be 
noted that inadequate maintenance can cause equipment or installations 
that were originally considered safe to deteriorate, resulting in an 
unsafe condition.
    Some unsafe electric equipment and installations can be identified, 
for example, by the presence of faulty insulation, improper grounding, 
loose connections, defective parts, ground faults in equipment, 
unguarded live parts, and underrated equipment. The environment can 
also be a contributory factor to electrical accidents in a number of 
ways. Environments containing flammable vapors, liquids, or gases; 
areas containing corrosive atmospheres; and wet and damp locations are 
some unsafe environments affecting electrical safety. Finally, unsafe 
acts include the failure to deenergize electric equipment when it is 
being repaired or inspected or the use of tools or equipment too close 
to energized parts.

C. Protective Measures

    There are various ways of protecting employees from the hazards of 
electric shock, including insulation and guarding of live parts. 
Insulation provides a barrier to the flow of current. To be effective, 
the insulation must be appropriate for the voltage, and the insulating 
material must be undamaged, clean, and dry. Guarding prevents the 
employee from coming too close to energized parts. It can be in the 
form of a physical barricade, or it can be provided by installing the 
live parts out of employees' reach. (This technique is known as 
``guarding by location.'')
    Grounding is another method of protecting employees from electric 
shock; however, it is normally a secondary protective measure. To keep 
guards or enclosures at a common potential with earth, they are 
connected, by means of a grounding conductor, to ground. In addition, 
grounding provides a path of low impedance and of ample capacity back 
to the source to pass enough current to activate the overcurrent 
devices in the circuit. If a live part accidentally contacts a grounded 
enclosure, current flow is directed back to earth, and the circuit 
protective devices (for example, fuses and circuit breakers) can 
interrupt the circuit.
    If it draws too much current, electric equipment can overheat, 
which can result in fires. Overheating can also lead to electric shock 
hazards if the insulation protecting a conductor melts. Protecting 
electric equipment from overcurrent helps prevent this from happening.
    Designing and installing equipment to protect against dangerous 
arcing and overheating is also important in preventing unsafe 
conditions that can lead to fires, high energy electric arcs, and 
explosions. Employers and employees cannot usually detect improperly 
designed or rated equipment. Thus, OSHA relies on third-party testing 
and certification of electric equipment to ensure proper electrical 
design. This helps ensure, for example, that equipment will not 
overheat during normal operation and that equipment designed for use in 
a hazardous location will not cause a fire or explosion. It also helps 
ensure that equipment is appropriately rated and marked, allowing 
employees designing electrical installations and installing electric 
equipment to select equipment and size conductors in accordance with 
those ratings.\3\ Many of the requirements in OSHA's electrical 
standards in turn depend on accurate ratings on equipment.
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    \3\ Electric equipment is typically rated for use with certain 
voltages and current. For example, an electric hair dryer might be 
rated at 125 volts, 1875 watts. The voltage rating indicates the 
maximum voltage for which the equipment is rated. The wattage rating 
indicates how much power the equipment will draw when connected to a 
circuit at the maximum voltage. The current drawn by the equipment 
is the wattage rating divided by the voltage rating. Thus, the 
circuit voltage (120 volts, nominal) is less than the maximum rated 
voltage of the hair dryer (125 volts), and the circuit is rated for 
the current the equipment will draw (1875 watts/125 volts = 15 
amperes). Thus, the hair dryer would be suitable for use on a 120-
volt circuit capable of safely carrying 15 amperes.
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    These protective measures help ensure the safe installation of 
electric equipment and are prescribed by the requirements presently 
contained in 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart S. Addressing common unsafe 
conditions, these rules cover such safety considerations as guarding 
and insulation of live parts, grounding of equipment enclosures, and 
protection of circuits from overcurrent. This rulemaking updates those 
requirements to make them consistent with the latest editions of NFPA 
70E. This revision will better protect employees by recognizing the 
latest techniques in electrical safety and by requiring installations 
to incorporate those techniques whenever necessary.

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D. Significant Risk and Reduction in Risk

    As stated earlier, electricity has long been recognized as a 
serious workplace hazard exposing employees to dangers such as electric 
shock, electrocution, fires, and explosions. The 100-year-long history 
of the National Electrical Code, originally formulated and periodically 
updated by industry consensus, attests to this fact. The NEC has 
represented the continuing efforts of experts in electrical safety to 
address these hazards and provide standards for limiting exposure in 
all electrical installations, including workplaces. OSHA has determined 
that electrical hazards in the workplace pose a significant risk of 
injury or death to employees and that this final rule, which draws 
heavily on the experience of the NEC, will substantially reduce this 
risk.
    According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, between 1992 and 
2002, an average of 295 employees died per year from contact with 
electric current, and between 1992 and 2001 an average of 4,309 
employees lost time away from work because of electrical injuries.\4\ 
Overall, there has been a downward trend in injuries and illnesses, but 
the percentage has varied from year to year. From 1992 to 2001, the 
number of injuries involving days away from work decreased by 29 
percent. From 1992 to 2002, the number of deaths decreased by 9 
percent. This downward trend is due, in major part, to 30 years of 
highly protective OSHA regulation in the area of electrical 
installation, based on the NEC and NFPA 70E standards. The final 
standard carries forward most of the existing requirements for 
electrical installations, with the new and revised requirements 
intended as fine tuning, introducing new technology along with other 
improvements in safety. By complying with the final standard, employers 
will prevent unsafe electrical conditions from occurring.
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    \4\ The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and the 
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, https://www.bls.gov/iif/
home.htm#tables.
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    While the number of deaths and injuries associated with electrical 
hazards has declined, contact with electric current still poses a 
significant risk to employees in the workplace, as evidenced by the 
numbers of deaths and serious injuries still occurring due to contact 
with electric current. This final rule will help further reduce the 
number of deaths and injuries associated with electrical hazards by 
providing additional requirements for installation safety and by 
recognizing alternative means of compliance.

III. History of the Standard

    On February 16, 1972, OSHA incorporated the 1971 edition of the 
National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) National Electrical Code 
(NEC), NFPA 70-1971, by reference as its electrical standard for 
general industry (37 FR 3431). The Agency followed the procedures 
outlined in Section 6(a) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 
1970 (OSH Act; 29 U.S.C. 655), which directed the Secretary to adopt 
existing national consensus standards as OSHA standards within 2 years 
of the effective date of the OSH Act. In incorporating the 1971 NEC by 
reference, OSHA made the entire 1971 NEC applicable to all covered 
electrical installations made after March 15, 1972. For covered 
installations made before that date, OSHA listed about 16 provisions 
from the 1971 NEC that applied. No other provisions of the 1971 NEC 
applied to these older installations. Thus, older installations were 
``grandfathered'' so that they did not need to meet most of the 
requirements in the consensus standard.
    On January 16, 1981, OSHA revised its electrical installation 
standard for general industry (46 FR 4034). This revision replaced the 
incorporation by reference of the 1971 NEC with relevant requirements 
from Part I of the 1979 edition of NFPA 70E. The revision simplified 
and clarified the electrical standard and updated its provisions to 
match the 1978 NEC (the latest edition available at the time). The 
standard was written to reduce the need for frequent revision and to 
avoid technological obsolescence. These goals were achieved--NFPA 70E 
had only minor changes over its initial 15 years of existence. The 
first substantial changes were introduced in the 1995 edition of NFPA 
70E.
    The 2000 edition of NFPA 70E contains a number of significant 
revisions, including a new, alternative method for classifying and 
installing equipment in Class I hazardous locations (see preamble 
Section I. N. Zone Classification, below). NFPA has recommended that 
OSHA revise its general industry electrical standards to reflect the 
latest edition of NFPA 70E, arguing that such a revision would provide 
a needed update to the OSHA standards and would better protect 
employees. This final rule responds to NFPA's recommendations with 
regard to installation safety. It also reflects the Agency's commitment 
to update its electrical standards, keep them consistent with NFPA 
standards, and ensure that they appropriately protect employees. The 
Agency intends to extend this commitment by using NFPA 70E as a basis 
for future revisions to its electrical safety-related work practice 
requirements and new requirements for electrical maintenance and 
special equipment.
    The proposed rule was published in the Federal Register on April 5, 
2004. The public had a 60-day comment period that ended on June 4, 
2004. OSHA received 38 comments on the proposed revision of OSHA's 
electrical installation standard for general industry. The Agency 
received one hearing request on the proposal, which was subsequently 
withdrawn.
    The comments addressed specific provisions in the proposal and 
raised several issues, including: (1) Whether OSHA should use the 
latest edition of NFPA 70E or the NEC to revise Subpart S; (2) whether 
OSHA should update the corresponding construction standard at the same 
time; (3) whether OSHA should address work practices and other revised 
provisions of NFPA 70E; and (4) what the effective date of the standard 
should be. (See section V, ``Summary and Explanation of the Final 
Standard,'' later in the preamble, for a discussion of the comments.)

IV. Legal Authority

    The purpose of the OSH Act, 29 U.S.C. 651 et seq., is ``to assure 
so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and 
healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.'' 29 
U.S.C. 651(b). To achieve this goal, Congress authorized the Secretary 
of Labor to promulgate and enforce occupational safety and health 
standards. 29 U.S.C. 655(b) & 658.
    A safety or health standard ``requires conditions, or the adoption 
or use of one or more practices, means, methods, operations, or 
processes, reasonably necessary or appropriate to provide safe or 
healthful employment and places of employment.'' 29 U.S.C. 652(8). A 
standard is reasonably necessary or appropriate within the meaning of 
Section 652(8) if:
     A significant risk of material harm exists in the 
workplace and the proposed standard would substantially reduce or 
eliminate that workplace risk;
     It is technologically and economically feasible;
     It employs the most cost effective protective measures;
     It is consistent with prior Agency action or supported by 
a reasoned justification for departing from prior Agency action;
     It is supported by substantial evidence; and

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     In the event the standard is preceded by a consensus 
standard, it is better able to effectuate the purposes of the OSH Act 
than the standard it supersedes.
    International Union, UAW v. OSHA (LOTO II), 37 F.3d 665, 668 (D.C. 
Cir. 1994).
    OSHA has generally considered an excess risk of 1 death per 1000 
employees over a 45-year working lifetime as clearly representing a 
significant risk (see Industrial Union Dept. v. American Petroleum 
Institute (Benzene), 448 U.S. 607, 655 (1980); International Union v. 
Pendergrass (Formaldehyde), 878 F.2d 389, 392-93 (D.C. Cir. 1989); 
Building and Construction Trades Dept., AFL-CIO v. Brock (Asbestos), 
838 F.2d 1258, 1264-65 (D.C. Cir. 1988)).
    A standard is considered technologically feasible if the protective 
measures it requires already exist, can be brought into existence with 
available technology, or can be created with technology that can 
reasonably be expected to be developed (see American Iron and Steel 
Institute v. OSHA (Lead II), 939 F.2d 975, 980 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). A 
standard is economically feasible when industry can absorb or pass on 
the costs of compliance without threatening the industry's long-term 
profitability or competitive structure (see American Textile Mfrs. 
Institute v. OSHA (Cotton Dust), 452 U.S. 490, 530 n. 55 (1981); Lead 
II, 939 F.2d at 980). A standard is cost effective if the protective 
measures it requires are the least costly of the available alternatives 
that achieve the same level of protection (see LOTO II, 37 F.3d at 
668).
    All OSHA standards must be highly protective (LOTO II, 37 F.3d at 
669) and, where practical, ``expressed in terms of objective criteria 
and of the performance desired.'' 29 U.S.C. 655(b)(5). Finally, the OSH 
Act requires that when promulgating a rule that differs substantially 
from a national consensus standard, OSHA must explain why the 
promulgated rule is a better method for effectuating the purpose of the 
OSH Act. 29 U.S.C. 655(b)(8). As discussed earlier, OSHA is using NFPA 
70E as the basis for its final rule, with some modifications as 
necessary, as explained in detail in the next section of the preamble.

V. Summary and Explanation of the Final Standard

    This section discusses the important elements of the final 
standard, explains the purpose of the individual requirements, and 
explains any differences between the final standard and the existing 
standard. This section also discusses and resolves issues raised during 
the comment period, significant comments received as part of the 
rulemaking record, and any substantive changes that were made from the 
language of the proposed rule. References in parentheses are to 
exhibits in the rulemaking record. Except as noted, OSHA is carrying 
forward the language from the proposal into the final rule without 
substantive differences.

A. Issues

    1. Comments supporting the revision of Subpart S. The vast majority 
of the comments supported OSHA's efforts to update the general industry 
electrical standards (Exs. 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 4-10, 4-24). 
For example, the National Petrochemical & Refiners Association 
expressed support for updating Subpart S so that it is consistent with 
the current editions of the NFPA 70E and the NEC, because, they stated, 
its members place a high priority on safety and understand the 
necessity for electrical installation standards (Ex. 3-4). The American 
Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) also supported the proposal, 
stating: ``It is appropriate to move forward with this revision, given 
the seriousness of electrical hazards and the fact that nearly 300 
workers are killed each year from contact with electrical current or as 
the result of injuries caused by fires and explosions related to 
electrical accidents [Ex. 3-5].''
    The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 
and the North Carolina Department of Labor also supported OSHA's 
proposed revision (Exs. 3-9, 5-2). NIOSH stated: ``The proposed revised 
standard will provide workers in general industry and maritime 
employment with improved protection against injuries and death from 
electrical hazards [Ex. 3-9].'' The North Carolina Department of Labor 
expressed a similar view, stating: ``The revisions proposed to the 
existing standard should provide a greater measure of protection to 
employees working on and around electrical equipment and installations 
[Ex. 5-2].''
    OSHA appreciates the support of these commenters. The Agency 
believes that the final standard will better protect employees than the 
existing standard. The record overwhelmingly supports this view.
    2. OSHA should use the latest version of NFPA 70E or the NEC. OSHA 
received several comments recommending that the standard be based on 
the latest version of NFPA 70E or the NEC (Exs. 3-8, 4-3, 4-6, 4-8, 4-
11). Some of the commenters argued that, by using the 2000 edition of 
the NFPA 70E rather than the more recent 2004 edition, OSHA was not 
reflecting the most current practices and technology. For example, 
David Soffrin of the American Petroleum Institute stated:

    We applaud the reasons for the proposal, as stated by OSHA: (a) 
To reflect the most current practice and technology in the industry; 
and (b) to respond to requests from stakeholders that the electrical 
standards conform with the most recent editions of the National Fire 
Protection Association (NFPA) 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety 
Requirements for Employee Workplaces, and the National Electrical 
Code (NEC). However, the proposal follows the NFPA standard 70E-
2000, while the NFPA Standards Council issued an updated version 
January 14, 2004, which supercedes NFPA 70E-2000. We believe that if 
the intent is to reflect the most current practice and technology, 
using a four-year-old standard, which will be even more dated by the 
time OSHA finalizes this standard, is inappropriate. We therefore 
recommend that OSHA revise the proposal using NFPA 70E-2004, 
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, or the 2002 NEC, 
which would require numerous modifications [Ex. 4-11].

    John Paschal of the Bechtel Corporation wrote: ``Since NFPA 70E-
2004 is now published and issued to the public, and since it contains 
significantly enhanced technical data that the NFPA 70E-2000 did not 
contain, I recommend that OSHA adopt NFPA 70E-2004 instead of NFPA 70E-
2000 [Ex. 4-3].''
    James Kendrick of ASSE noted that the major differences between the 
current versions of the OSHA electrical installation standards and the 
proposed rule fall into the following categories:
     Changes in the hardware specifications that are consistent 
with NEC requirements,
     Changes in installation practices that are consistent with 
the current, accepted installation practices followed by licensed 
electricians and other qualified persons,
     Clarification of existing requirements that add minimal 
new obligations or otherwise permit flexibility in compliance, and
     Requirements that do significantly modify electrical 
system and equipment installation practices or impose new documentation 
requirements (Ex. 3-5).
    He was concerned that the OSHA final rule would be functionally 
obsolete when it is published and, thus, have diminished utility in the 
future since most electricians are currently learning the NEC 2002 
coding system. He argued that it would be beneficial for OSHA to use 
the same standard as those involved in electrical work.

[[Page 7140]]

    OSHA has decided not to base the final rule as a whole on NFPA 70E-
2004, which was published on April 9, 2004, shortly after OSHA's 
proposal was published. The 2004 version of the national consensus 
standard was not placed in the rulemaking record; therefore, the Agency 
does not believe that the public would have had adequate notice of the 
many changes in the latest NFPA standard, to the extent that the Agency 
would have incorporated these changes in the final rule. Basing Subpart 
S on the latest edition of NFPA 70E would thus necessitate reproposing 
the rule. Given the time involved in reproposing and finalizing an OSHA 
standard, it is likely that NFPA 70E will be revised yet again within 
that timeframe. In addition, because NFPA 70E and OSHA's electrical 
installation standard were developed specifically to minimize the need 
for revision with every new version of the NEC, a final rule based on 
the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E will not be obsolete. Furthermore, several 
provisions in the final rule are based on corresponding requirements in 
the 2002 NEC, on which NFPA 70E-2004 is based. (See the distribution 
table later in this section of the preamble.) In proposing and 
finalizing this revision of Subpart S, OSHA carefully chose which NEC 
changes would have the greatest impact on employee safety. The Agency 
does not believe that delaying the substantial increase in employee 
safety that would result from the standard published in the final rule 
is warranted.
    On the other hand, where the rulemaking record supports specific 
requirements that are consistent with the 2004 edition of NFPA 70E, 
OSHA has adopted those requirements in the final rule. For example, 
final Sec.  1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A) is based, in part, on Section 
410.4(B)(1) of the 2004 edition of NFPA 70E rather than Part I, Chapter 
2, Section 2.4 of the 2000 edition of NFPA 70E. (See the detailed 
explanation, later in the preamble, discussing the rationale for this 
provision, which requires a written assured equipment grounding 
conductor program where ground-fault circuit-interrupters are not 
available.) In these specific cases, the rulemaking record supports 
OSHA's using the language from the relevant provision in NFPA 70E-2004 
and from the 2002 NEC, on which the new NFPA 70E requirement is based. 
This avoids the notice problem discussed earlier. In addition, OSHA 
will consider using later versions of NFPA 70E to update the electrical 
installation requirements adopted in this final rule when the Agency 
develops future proposals to revise Subpart S to update the existing 
electrical safety-related work practice requirements and to adopt new 
provisions on safety-related maintenance and special equipment.
    3. OSHA should update the Electrical Standard for construction at 
the same time this rule is being promulgated. The Agency received one 
comment asking OSHA to consider revising the Electrical Standard for 
construction at the same time as the revision to the Electrical 
Standard for general industry (Ex. 4-2). Reliable Safety Solutions, 
LLC, stated that installing equipment in general industry and 
installing equipment in the construction industry is much the same (Ex. 
4-2). They argued that the hazards encountered are the same and the 
safe work practices when working with electricity are the same. Thus, 
they said that to update one standard and not the other would allow for 
one standard to be out of date and certain hazards to exist.
    The Agency is aware that the general industry and the construction 
industry both address similar electrical hazards and have similar safe 
work practices. OSHA is also aware that its electrical standards for 
construction in 29 CFR 1926, Subpart K also need updating. Like Subpart 
S, Subpart K is based on the 1979 edition of NFPA 70E. In addition, the 
electrical safety-related work practices in Subpart K are even older 
than their general industry counterparts. However, OSHA must consult 
with the Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health before 
publishing a proposal. In addition, OSHA would have to include the 
construction industry in its regulatory analysis and repropose the 
standard to address construction as part of this rulemaking. Although 
OSHA will consider updating Subpart K to make it consistent with 
Subpart S in the future, it is not possible to do so as part of this 
final rule.
    4. OSHA should update the safety-related work practice requirements 
in Subpart S at the same time this rule is being promulgated. One 
commenter recommended that OSHA revise its electrical safety-related 
work practice standard in Subpart S based on the corresponding 
requirements in NFPA 70E (Ex. 4-5). He argued that electricians 
encounter exposed energized parts of electric circuits, which 
demonstrates the need for the protective clothing and safe work 
practices contained in NFPA 70E.
    OSHA agrees that the latest editions of NFPA 70E provide improved 
protection to employees through better electrical safety-related work 
practices. In particular, the heightened focus on the hazards posed by 
electric arcs may substantially reduce injuries and fatalities 
associated with those hazards. However, revising the safety-related 
work practice requirements in Subpart S is beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking. The Agency is planning to update these requirements as the 
next phase of the project to update OSHA's electrical standards. 
Although OSHA expects this phase of the project to yield significant 
benefits, the Agency also expects it to take longer to promulgate a 
final rule on safety-related work practices owing to the more complex 
regulatory analysis required and the greater controversy that is likely 
to be encountered.

B. Scope

    Existing Sec. Sec.  1910.302 through 1910.308 of Subpart S apply to 
electrical installations and utilization equipment used and installed 
in workplaces in general industry and in shipyard employment, 
longshoring, and marine terminals. These sections do not apply to the 
following types of installations:
    (1) Installations in ships, watercraft, railway rolling stock, 
aircraft, or automotive vehicles other than mobile homes and 
recreational vehicles;
    (2) Installations underground in mines; \5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ This exception was incorporated into the current OSHA 
standard to be consistent with language used in the NEC and NFPA 
70E. However, it should be noted that OSHA does not have 
jurisdiction over mines in general, regardless of whether the mining 
activity takes place above ground or underground. Under the Mine 
Safety and Health Act (MSH Act) (30 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), the Mine 
Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulates safety and health 
in mines. For further information, see the Interagency Agreement 
between MSHA and OSHA (https://www.osha.gov/pls/
oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p--
table=MOU&p--id=222).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (3) Installations of railways for generation, transformation, 
transmission, or distribution of power used exclusively for operation 
of rolling stock or installations used exclusively for signaling and 
communication purposes;
    (4) Installations of communication equipment under the exclusive 
control of communication utilities and located outdoors or in building 
spaces used exclusively for such installations; and
    (5) Installations under the exclusive control of electric utilities 
for the purpose of communication or metering; or for the generation, 
control, transformation, transmission, and distribution of electric 
energy. These exempted installations must be located in buildings used 
exclusively by utilities for such purposes or located outdoors on 
property owned or leased

[[Page 7141]]

by the utility or on public highways, streets, roads, etc., or outdoors 
by established rights on private property.
    These exempted installations present special design considerations 
that are not adequately addressed in Subpart S. For example, electric 
power transmission and distribution installations are typically 
installed where unqualified persons will not have access to them, and 
the only employees working on them are highly trained and skilled. 
Additionally, public safety considerations demand that these 
installations be capable of quick repair when weather or equipment 
failure disrupts electrical service. The National Electrical Safety 
Code (ANSI/IEEE C2), which is developed by experts in electric power 
generation, transmission, and distribution, contains design and 
installation requirements applicable to electric power generation, 
transmission, and distribution systems. Section 1910.269 contains 
OSHA's standard for the maintenance of electric power generation, 
transmission, and distribution installations. While it consists mostly 
of work-practice requirements, it does contain several installation 
requirements. For example, Sec.  1910.269(u)(4) and (v)(4) cover 
guarding of rooms containing electric supply equipment in electric 
power generating stations and substations, respectively.
    Installations in ships, watercraft, railway rolling stock, 
aircraft, or automotive vehicles (other than mobile homes and 
recreational vehicles) are designed to be transportable.\6\ These 
transportability considerations make many of the design requirements in 
Subpart S irrelevant or infeasible. For example, attaching the grounded 
circuit conductor and the equipment grounding conductor to a permanent 
grounding electrode on a transportable wiring system is generally not 
feasible. Thus, some of the provisions in final Sec.  1910.304(g), 
which contains requirements for grounding electrical systems, are 
inappropriate for the wiring of ships, watercraft, railway rolling 
stock, aircraft, or automotive vehicles. By contrast, however, wiring 
that is not a part of the wiring of the ship, watercraft, railway 
rolling stock, aircraft, or automotive vehicle would be covered by 
Subpart S, as appropriate. For example, a portable electric drill 
carried into the cargo area of a truck would be covered by Subpart S if 
it is plugged into the wiring of a service station.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Although the wiring of recreational vehicles and mobile 
homes is transportable, it is also designed to be attached to 
specially designed, permanently installed power distribution 
outlets. This type of hybrid system must be designed for both 
permanent and transportable uses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In regard to ships, there has been some confusion about whether the 
``exemption'' applies to all wiring or electrical installations brought 
on board a vessel during construction, repair, or ship scrapping even 
when the wiring is supplied by shore-based electric power--or whether 
it only applies to the ship's own wiring. OSHA is hereby clarifying the 
application of the exemptions.
    The ``exempted'' types of installations in both the existing and 
final standards are identical to those ``exempted'' by the NEC and NFPA 
70E, which form the basis of both standards. Installations covered 
under the existing standard continue to be covered under the final 
standard. For example, in longshoring operations and related 
employments, this final rule applies to electrical installations aboard 
vessels only if they are shore-based as stated in Sec.  1918.1(b)(3). 
Electrical installations in marine terminals are also covered under 
Subpart S, as noted in Sec.  1917.1(a)(2)(iv). (The marine terminals 
standard in Part 1917 applies to the loading, unloading, movement or 
other handling of cargo, ship's stores or gear within the terminal or 
into or out of any land carrier, holding or consolidation area, and any 
other activity within and associated with the overall operation and 
function of the terminal. This includes the use and routine maintenance 
of facilities and equipment and cargo transfer accomplished with the 
use of shore-based material handling devices. See Sec.  1917.1(a).)
    Section 1910.5 governs how the general industry standards apply to 
shipyard employment. According to Sec.  1910.5(c), the general 
standards in Part 1910 apply to shipyard employment to the extent that 
no industry-specific standard applies to the ``same condition, 
practice, means, method, operation, or process.'' Part 1915 contains 
few requirements related to electrical safety. Paragraph (b) of Sec.  
1915.93 contains four such requirements, for grounding of vessels, the 
safety of the vessel's wiring, overcurrent protection, and guarding of 
infrared heat lamps. Section 1915.92 contains provisions on temporary 
electric lighting, and Sec.  1915.132 contains requirements on portable 
electric tools. Section 1915.181 contains electrical safety-related 
work practices for deenergizing electric circuits and protecting 
employees against contact with live parts during electrical work. In 
addition, Part 1915 contains several other miscellaneous electrical 
safety-related work practices and electrical design requirements. These 
provisions continue to apply in lieu of any corresponding requirements 
in Subpart S of Part 1910. Conversely, where there is no specific 
electrical installation requirement for shipyard employment in Part 
1915, Subpart S of Part 1910 applies.
    As noted earlier, Subpart S does not cover installations in ships, 
but it does cover installations used on ships if the installation is 
shore-based (that is, not part of the vessel's original, internal 
electrical system). Thus, final Sec.  1910.303(g)(2) (guarding live 
parts) applies to the shore-based wiring of the shipyard and to any 
wiring taken onto the ship when it is supplied by shore-based wiring. 
It does not apply to the ship's permanent wiring. The final rule does 
not change this coverage.

C. Grandfather Clause

    The final rule, as does the current standard, exempts older 
electrical installations from meeting some of the provisions of the 
Design Safety Standards for Electrical Systems (that is, Sec. Sec.  
1910.302 through 1910.308). The extent to which OSHA's electrical 
installation standard applies depends on the date the installation was 
made. Older installations must meet fewer requirements than newer ones. 
The grandfathering of older installations, contained in paragraph (b) 
of final Sec.  1910.302, is patterned after the current standard's 
grandfather provisions in existing Sec.  1910.302(b). Most of the new 
provisions contained in the final rule only apply prospectively, to 
installations made after the effective date of the final rule.
    The following paragraphs explain final Sec.  1910.302(b) in the 
following order: Paragraph (b)(1), requirements applicable to all 
installations; paragraph (b)(4), requirements applicable only to 
installations made after the effective date of the revised standard; 
paragraph (b)(3), requirements applicable only to installations made 
after April 16, 1981; and paragraph (b)(2), requirements applicable 
only to installations made after March 15, 1972.
    Requirements applicable to all installations. Paragraph (b)(1) of 
final Sec.  1910.302 contains a list of provisions that would apply to 
all installations, regardless of when they were designed or installed. 
The few requirements in this short list are so essential to employee 
safety that even the oldest electrical installations must be modified, 
if necessary, to meet them. The list is unchanged from the current 
standard, except for the addition of: a prohibition on using grounding 
terminals and devices for purposes other than grounding (in final

[[Page 7142]]

Sec.  1910.304(a)(3)); a documentation requirement for hazardous 
locations made under the zone classification system (in final Sec.  
1910.307(b)); and requirements covering the zone classification system 
(in final Sec.  1910.307(g)).
    New provisions applicable to all installations. Paragraph (a)(3) of 
Sec.  1910.304 prohibits the use of a grounding terminal or grounding-
type device on a receptacle, cord connector, or attachment plug for 
purposes other than grounding. OSHA's reasons for adding this 
requirement to the list of provisions applicable to all installations 
is discussed later in this section of the preamble.
    Paragraph (b) of final Sec.  1910.307 contains a new requirement 
that employers document areas designated as hazardous (classified) 
locations. This requirement would ensure that the employer has records 
of the extent and classification of each such area. The documentation 
will help employers to determine what type of equipment is needed in 
these locations and will inform employees of the need for special care 
in the maintenance of the electric equipment installed there. OSHA has 
carefully considered the need to document these areas and has tried to 
balance that need with the extensive burden that would be placed on 
employers who would have to survey and document their existing 
hazardous locations.
    The current standard's division classification system has been in 
place for many years, and most employers and inspection authorities are 
familiar with the boundaries for Class I, II, and III, Division 1 and 2 
locations. An employee servicing equipment in one of these locations 
can obtain this information relatively easily even if the employer has 
not documented the boundaries. Accordingly, OSHA believes that the 
benefit of documenting existing hazardous locations installed using the 
division classification system would be minimal. Therefore, for 
employers using the division system, OSHA is requiring documentation of 
boundaries only for new installations made after the effective date of 
the final standard. Employers would not need to document existing 
division-classified systems.
    On the other hand, the zone classification system is relatively 
new. Most employers are not familiar with this system and have little 
experience determining how to draw the boundaries between the three 
zones. Relatively few NFPA or industry standards provide specifications 
for placing those boundaries. Furthermore, the existing OSHA electrical 
standard recognizes only installations made in accordance with the 
division classification system, not the zone classification system. Any 
existing installation made under the zone system is technically out of 
compliance with OSHA's existing standard. However, because the NEC 
represents standard industry practice, existing zone system 
installations will almost certainly have been installed in accordance 
with an edition of the NEC that recognizes the zone classification 
system (the 1999 and 2002 editions). These editions of the NEC 
explicitly require documentation of hazardous locations. Thus, an 
employer with an existing installation made under the zone 
classification system should already have the documentation required by 
final Sec.  1910.307(b). For these reasons, OSHA is applying the 
documentation requirement to all hazardous location installations made 
under the zone classification system. This will provide employers, 
employees, and OSHA with information critical for determining which 
equipment is suitable in a given hazardous location.
    The new requirements pertaining to zone classification in final 
Sec.  1910.307(g) provide employers with an alternative installation 
method that the current standard does not permit.\7\ Thus, applying 
these provisions to older installations would give employers greater 
flexibility without imposing any new costs. Furthermore, to the extent 
that employers are already using the zone classification system, those 
employers are likely already meeting final Sec.  1910.307(g), which is 
based on provisions in the 1999 and 2002 editions of the NEC.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See the discussion under the heading ``Zone Classification'' 
for an explanation of the zone classification system and its 
differences from the current standard's division classification 
system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Requirements applicable only to installations made after the 
effective date of the final rule. Paragraph (b)(4) of final Sec.  
1910.302 makes the following provisions applicable only to 
installations made or overhauled \8\ after the effective date of the 
final rule:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ See the discussion of the term ``overhaul'' later in this 
section of the preamble.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   1910.303(f)(4)..................  Disconnecting means and
                                          circuits--Capable of accepting
                                          a lock.
Sec.   1910.303(f)(5)..................  Disconnecting means and
                                          circuits--Marking for series
                                          combination ratings.
Sec.   1910.303(g)(1)(iv) and            600 Volts, nominal, or less--
 (g)(1)(vii).                             Space about electric
                                          equipment.
Sec.   1910.303(h)(5)(vi)..............  Over 600 volts, nominal--
                                          Working space and guarding.
Sec.   1910.304(b)(1)..................  Branch circuits--Identification
                                          of multiwire branch circuits.
Sec.   1910.304(b)(3)(i)...............  Branch circuits--Ground-fault
                                          circuit interrupter protection
                                          for personnel.
Sec.   1910.304(f)(2)(i)(A),             Overcurrent protection--Feeders
 (f)(2)(i)(B) (but not the introductory   and branch circuits for over
 text to Sec.   1910.304(f)(2)(i)), and   600 volts, nominal.
 (f)(2)(iv)(A).
Sec.   1910.305(c)(3)(ii)..............  Switches--Connection of
                                          switches.
Sec.   1910.305(c)(5)..................  Switches--Grounding.
Sec.   1910.306(a)(1)(ii)..............  Electric signs and outline
                                          lighting--Disconnecting means.
Sec.   1910.306(c)(4)..................  Elevators, dumbwaiters,
                                          escalators, moving walks,
                                          wheelchair lifts, and stairway
                                          chair lifts--Operation.
Sec.   1910.306(c)(5)..................  Elevators, dumbwaiters,
                                          escalators, moving walks,
                                          wheelchair lifts, and stairway
                                          chair lifts--Location.
Sec.   1910.306(c)(6)..................  Elevators, dumbwaiters,
                                          escalators, moving walks,
                                          wheelchair lifts, and stairway
                                          chair lifts--Identification
                                          and signs.
Sec.   1910.306(c)(7)..................  Elevators, dumbwaiters,
                                          escalators, moving walks,
                                          wheelchair lifts, and stairway
                                          chair lifts--Single-car and
                                          multicar installations.
Sec.   1910.306(j)(1)(iii).............  Swimming pools, fountains, and
                                          similar installations--
                                          Receptacles.
Sec.   1910.306(k).....................  Carnivals, circuses, fairs, and
                                          similar events.
Sec.   1910.308(a)(5)(v) and             Systems over 600 volts,
 (a)(5)(vi)(B).                           nominal--Interrupting and
                                          isolating devices.
Sec.   1910.308(a)(7)(vi)..............  Systems over 600 volts,
                                          nominal--Tunnel installations.
Sec.   1910.308(b)(3)..................  Emergency power systems--Signs.

[[Page 7143]]

 
Sec.   1910.308(c)(3)..................  Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3
                                          remote control, signaling, and
                                          power-limited circuits--
                                          Separation from conductors of
                                          other circuits.
Sec.   1910.308(f).....................  Solar photovoltaic systems.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These provisions are based on requirements that have been added to 
the NEC since the 1978 edition. OSHA has never required employers to 
comply with these requirements, and the Agency believes that an 
increase in employee protection will result from compliance with them 
in new installations. At the same time, employers would incur minimal 
costs to achieve this increase in new installations. In local 
jurisdictions requiring compliance with the NEC, there should be no 
additional costs involved, because the installations would already 
conform to the new OSHA requirements. The Agency believes that even in 
other jurisdictions, the vast majority of installations already comply 
with the latest edition of the NEC, because compliance with the latest 
Code is standard industry practice. OSHA, however, does not believe 
that it is reasonably necessary and appropriate to require existing 
installations to conform to these provisions, particularly given the 
cost and difficulty associated with retrofitting older installations.
    There are many provisions in the final rule that are not contained 
in the existing standard but cannot be considered totally ``new'' 
provisions. Most of these ``new'' requirements were actually contained 
in the 1971 NEC. Table 1 lists these ``new'' provisions and denotes 
their counterparts in the 1971 NEC. From March 15, 1972, until April 
16, 1981, Subpart S incorporated the 1971 NEC by reference in its 
entirety. Accordingly, OSHA required employers to comply with every 
requirement in the 1971 NEC for any new installation made between those 
dates and for any replacement, modification, repair, or rehabilitation 
made during that period. The current standard, which became effective 
on April 16, 1981, omitted many of the detailed provisions of the NEC 
because they were already addressed by the more general requirements 
that were contained in the OSHA standard. For example, OSHA did not 
carry forward 1971 NEC Section 110-11, which required equipment to be 
suitable for the environment if it is installed where the environment 
could cause deterioration. However, the requirement for equipment to be 
suitable for the location in which it was installed is implicit in the 
more general requirements in existing Sec.  1910.303(a) that equipment 
be approved and in existing Sec.  1910.303(b)(2) that equipment be 
installed in accordance with any instructions included in its listing 
or labeling. (Equipment that is not suitable for installation in 
deteriorating environments, such as wet or damp locations, will include 
instructions warning against such installation. These instructions are 
required by the nationally recognized testing laboratory listing or 
labeling the product.)
    Even though OSHA no longer specifically incorporates the 1971 NEC 
into Subpart S, the Agency believes that employers' installations 
actually do comply with those requirements. The vast majority of 
employers are following the entire NEC applicable to their 
installations, as noted in the Economic Analysis section of this 
preamble.\9\ For these reasons, OSHA is not exempting installations 
made after March 15, 1972, from meeting any provision listed in Table 1 
and is not including any of these provisions in final Sec.  
1910.302(b)(4) (the list of provisions that apply only to new 
installations).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ All of the requirements in question appear in some form in 
every edition of the NEC since 1972.
    \10\ These provisions have no direct counterpart in existing 
Subpart S, but were in the 1971 National Electrical Code.

    Table 1.--``New'' Provisions That Were Contained in 1971 NEC \10\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Provision in the final       Equivalent 1971
           standard                NEC section            Subject
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   1910.303(b)(3).........  110-20...........  Insulation integrity.
    (b)(4)....................  110-9............  Interrupting rating.
    (b)(5)....................  10-10............  Circuit impedance and
                                                    other
                                                    characteristics.
    (b)(6)....................  110-11...........  Deteriorating agents.
    (b)(7)....................  110-12...........  Mechanical execution
                                                    of work.
    (b)(8)....................  110-4(a) and (d).  Mounting and cooling
                                110-12...........   of equipment.
                                110-13...........
    (c)(1)....................  110-14...........  Electrical
                                                    connections,
                                                    general.
Sec.   1910.304(b)(2).........  210-21(b)........  Branch circuits,
                                                    receptacles and cord
                                                    connectors.
    (b)(4)....................  210-21...........  Branch circuits,
                                                    outlet devices.
    (b)(5)....................  210-22...........  Branch circuits, cord
                                                    connections.
    (e)(1)(iii)...............  230-70(c)........  Services,
                                                    disconnecting means.
    (f)(1)(ix)................  110-9............  Overcurrent
                                240-11...........   protection, 600
                                                    volts, nominal, or
                                                    less, circuit
                                                    breaker ratings.
    (f)(2), except for          240-5............  Overcurrent
     (f)(2)(i)(A),              240-11...........   protection, feeders
     (f)(2)(i)(B), and          240-15...........   and branch circuits
     (f)(2)(iv)(A).                                 over 600 volts,
                                                    nominal.
Sec.   190.305(a)(4)(ii)......  320-5............  Open wiring on
                                                    insulators, support.
    (b)(1)(iii)...............  370-7............  Conductors entering
                                373-5............   cabinets, boxes, and
                                                    fittings, securing
                                                    conductors.
    (b)(2)(ii)................  370-15(b)........  Fixture canopy or pan
                                                    installed in a
                                                    combustible wall or
                                                    ceiling.
    (e)(1)....................  373-2............  Airspace for
                                384-5............   enclosures installed
                                                    in wet or damp
                                                    locations.
    (h)(3)....................  710-6............  Portable cables,
                                                    grounding
                                                    conductors.

[[Page 7144]]

 
    (j)(2)(i).................  410-52(d)........  Receptacles, cord
                                                    connectors, and
                                                    attachment plugs; no
                                                    exposed energized
                                                    parts.
    (j)(2)(iv) through          410-54...........  Receptacles installed
     (j)(2)(vii).                                   in wet or damp
                                                    locations.
    (j)(3)(ii)................  422-20...........  Appliances,
                                                    disconnecting means.
    (j)(3)(iii)...............  422-30(a)........  Appliances,
                                                    nameplates.
    (j)(3)(iv)................  422-30(b)........  Appliances, marking
                                                    to be visible after
                                                    installation.
    (j)(6)(ii)(A).............  110-9............  Capacitor switches.
                                110-10...........
                                460-8(c)(4)......
    (j)(6)(ii)(B).............  460-8(c)(1)......  Capacitor