Emerging Markets Growth Fund, Inc., et al.; Notice of Application, 9683-9686 [E5-791]
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Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 38 / Monday, February 28, 2005 / Notices
ADV-NR’’ (OMB Control No. 3235–
0240); ‘‘Form ADV-W and Rule 203–2’’
(OMB Control No. 3235–0313); ‘‘Rule
203–3 and Form ADV-H’’ (OMB Control
No. 3235–0538); ‘‘Rule 204–2’’ (OMB
Control No. 3235–0278); ‘‘Rule 204–3’’
(OMB Control No. 3235–0047); ‘‘Rule
204A–1’’ (OMB Control No. 3235–0596);
‘‘Rule 206(4)–2’’ (OMB Control No.
3235–0241); ‘‘Rule 206(4)–3’’ (OMB
Control No. 3235–0242); ‘‘Rule 206(4)–
4’’ (OMB Control No. 3235–0345); ‘‘Rule
206(4)–6’’ (OMB Control No. 3235–
0571); and ‘‘Rule 206(4)–7’’ (OMB
Control No. 3235–0585).
Dated: February 22, 2005.
Margaret H. McFarland,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 05–3725 Filed 2–25–05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8010–01–P
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION
[Release No. IC–26763; 812–13037]
Emerging Markets Growth Fund, Inc.,
et al.; Notice of Application
Securities and Exchange
Commission (‘‘Commission’’).
ACTION: Notice of application under
sections 6(c) and 17(b) of the Investment
Company Act of 1940 (the ‘‘Act’’) for an
exemption from sections 2(a)(3)(A) and
(D) and 17(a) of the Act, and under
section 17(d) of the Act and rule 17d–
1 under the Act to permit certain joint
transactions.
AGENCY:
February 22, 2005.
Summary of Application: The order
would permit Emerging Markets Growth
Fund, Inc. (the ‘‘Fund’’) to invest in an
affiliated investment vehicle, Capital
International Private Equity Fund IV,
L.P. (the ‘‘Partnership’’).
Applicants: The Fund, the
Partnership, Capital International
Investments IV, L.P. (the ‘‘General
Partner’’), Capital International
Investments IV, LLC (‘‘CII LLC’’),
Capital International, Inc. (the
‘‘Manager’’), Capital Group
International, Inc. (‘‘CGII’’), and CGPE
IV, L.P. (‘‘CGPE’’).
Filing Dates: The application was
filed on November 10, 2003 and
amended on January 21, 2005.
Applicants have agreed to file an
amendment during the notice period,
the substance of which is reflected in
this notice.
Hearing or Notification of Hearing: An
order granting the application will be
issued unless the SEC orders a hearing.
Interested persons may request a
hearing by writing to the SEC’s
DATES:
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Secretary and serving applicants with a
copy of the request, personally or by
mail. Hearing requests should be
received by the Commission by 5:30
p.m. on March 22, 2005, and should be
accompanied by proof of service on
applicants, in the form of an affidavit,
or, for lawyers, a certificate of service.
Hearing requests should state the nature
of the writer’s interest, the reason for the
request, and the issues contested.
Persons may request notification of a
hearing by writing to the Commission’s
Secretary.
ADDRESSES: Secretary, Commission, 450
Fifth, NW., Washington, DC 20549–
0609. Applicants, c/o Capital
International, Inc., 11100 Santa Monica
Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90025.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jaea
F. Hahn, Senior Counsel, at (202) 551–
6870 or Todd F. Kuehl, Branch Chief, at
(202) 551–6821 (Division of Investment
Management, Office of Investment
Company Regulation).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The
following is a summary of the
application. The complete application is
available for a fee at the Commission’s
Public Reference Branch, 450 Fifth
Street, NW., Washington, DC 20549–
0102 (telephone (202) 942–8090).
Applicants’ Representations
1. The Fund, a Maryland corporation,
is an open-end management investment
company registered under the Act. The
Fund’s shares are registered under the
Securities Act of 1933. The Fund’s
investment objective is to seek longterm capital growth by investing in
equity securities of issuers in
developing countries. The Fund may
invest up to 10% of its assets in
developing country securities that are
not readily marketable. The Fund
currently invests in nine private equity
funds that invest in various regions
globally and that are sponsored and
advised by entities unaffiliated with the
Manager.1
2. The Fund operates as an open-end
interval fund under an exemptive order
received from the Commission.2 Since
January 1, 1999, the Fund has limited
new investors in the Fund to those who
are ‘‘qualified purchasers,’’ within the
meaning of section 2(a)(51) of the Act.
3. The Partnership is organized as a
limited partnership under the laws of
Delaware. The Partnership relies on the
exception from the definition of
1 None of the Fund’s current commitments to any
single private equity fund exceeds 1% of the Fund’s
net assets.
2 Emerging Markets Growth Fund, Inc., et al.,
Investment Company Release Nos. 23433 (Sept. 11,
1998) (notice) and 23481 (Oct. 6, 1998) (order).
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investment company in section 3(c)(7)
of the Act. The investment objective of
the Partnership is to seek long-term
capital appreciation through privately
negotiated and equity-related
investments (‘‘Equity Investments’’)
primarily in emerging market
companies.3 The General Partner of the
Partnership is a Delaware limited
partnership, wholly-owned by CGII and
the Manager.4 CGII is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of The Capital Group
Companies, Inc. (‘‘Capital Group’’). The
General Partner will make a capital
commitment to the Partnership equal to
at least the lesser of 5% of the aggregate
commitments of the Partnership or U.S.
$50 million.5
4. The Fund proposes to invest in the
Partnership an amount not exceeding
the lesser of $75 million (less than 1%
of the Fund’s total net assets as of June
30, 2004) or 10% of all the Partnership’s
interests (‘‘Proposed Investment’’).
Applicants state that investing through
the Partnership in Equity Investments
would enable the Fund to achieve
greater diversification by participating
in many more investments than would
be the case if the Fund invested directly
in Equity Investments. In addition,
applicants state that, given the Fund’s
current fee and expense structure, and
the resource-intensive nature of the
investment process for Equity
Investments, it is not cost-effective for
the Fund to invest directly in Equity
Investments on a diversified basis. The
Fund’s board of directors (the ‘‘Board’’),
including a majority of the directors
who are not ‘‘interested persons’’ of the
Fund, as defined in section 2(a)(19) of
the Act (‘‘Independent Directors’’), has
authorized the Proposed Investment. Of
the Fund’s thirteen member Board, nine
are Independent Directors.6 Of the nine
Independent Directors, none is or will
be a direct investor in CGPE, and eight
3 The Partnership may also invest up to 20% of
its aggregate capital commitments in companies
that have their primary business activities in
developed markets outside the United States.
4 The general partner of the General Partner is CII
LLC and the limited partners consist of certain
employees (the ‘‘Private Equity Investment
Officers’’) of the Manager or one of its affiliated
companies.
5 CGPE, a fund established by an affiliate of the
General Partner for the benefit of its employees, will
co-invest with the Partnership on a pro rata basis
in accordance with their respective capital
commitments. CGPE’s general partner is CII LLC
and its limited partners are the ‘‘Associates’’.
6 The Fund must satisfy the fund governance
standards as defined in Rule 0–1(a)(7) under the Act
by January 15, 2006 as a condition to the order. The
Fund is currently considering approaches to
increase the percentage of independent directors to
meet the requirements of Rule 0–1(a)(7) and is in
the process of defining the role of independent
chairman and identifying potential candidates to
serve as chairman of the Board.
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are neither directors nor officers of any
investor in the Partnership.
5. The Partnership has an advisory
board comprised exclusively of
representatives of current limited
partners (together with future limited
partners, ‘‘Limited Partners’’) that have
a capital commitment of at least $40
million to the Partnership and other
Limited Partners that are selected by the
General Partner (‘‘Advisory
Committee’’). A representative of the
Fund, who is an Independent Director
of the Fund and is not otherwise
affiliated with the Partnership or any of
the Limited Partners, will become a
member of the Advisory Committee if
the requested relief is granted. The
Advisory Committee is responsible for,
among other things: (a) Providing advice
and counsel to the Partnership and the
General Partner in connection with
potential conflicts of interest and other
matters relating to the Partnership as
may be requested by the General Partner
or as provided in the partnership
agreement, as modified by side letters
(‘‘Partnership Agreement’’); and (b)
approving certain valuation
determinations of the Partnership’s
assets or interests.
6. The Manager, a wholly-owned
subsidiary of CGII, serves as investment
adviser to the Fund and the Partnership
and is registered under the Investment
Advisers Act of 1940 (the ‘‘Advisers
Act’’). The Manager will waive its
management fee, including
administrative fees, with respect to the
Fund’s net assets represented by the
investment in the Partnership.
Specifically, the Fund’s aggregate net
assets will be adjusted downward by the
amount invested in the Partnership
prior to determining the Manager’s fee.
7. The Manager is responsible for all
overhead expenses and other direct and
indirect routine administrative expenses
incurred by the Manager in connection
with identifying investments for the
Partnership and all direct and indirect
routine administrative expenses of the
Partnership incurred in connection with
managing the Partnership following the
initial closing, which occurred on
October 7, 2003. For its services, the
Manager receives a management fee
throughout the term of the Partnership.
In addition, the Manager, as the
managing member of the general partner
of the General Partner, will be entitled
to receive certain fees that may be
characterized as a ‘‘performance fee.’’
The Partnership is responsible for all
expenses except routine administrative
expenses incurred in connection with
the operation of the Partnership.
8. Each Limited Partner must execute
a subscription agreement (‘‘Subscription
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Agreement’’) to invest in the
Partnership. The term of the Partnership
is ten years from the final closing,
which occurred on June 25, 2004, but
the General Partner may extend the term
for a one-year period at its discretion
and for up to two additional years with
the consent of the Advisory Committee.
Limited Partners generally may not
withdraw from the Partnership nor
transfer any of their interests, rights, or
obligations under the Partnership,
except with the express written consent
of the General Partner.7
9. All Limited Partners that enter into
the Partnership Agreement after the first
closing date will make a capital
contribution to the Partnership within
five business days of the date of their
admission so that the percentage of their
capital commitment that is contributed
to the Partnership is equal to the
percentage of the other Limited
Partners’ and General Partner’s
(together, the ‘‘Partners’’) capital
commitments (a ‘‘Catch-up
Contribution’’). Any Limited Partner,
other than the Fund, that is admitted to
the Partnership after the fifteenth
business day following the first closing
date will be required to pay to all
previously admitted Partners (in
accordance with their respective
percentage interests) an additional
amount equal to a 1% monthly rate on
the Catch-up Contribution from the date
capital contributions were made by the
previously admitted Partners to the date
of its admission (the ‘‘Additional
Amount’’). The Additional Amount
which the Fund will be required to pay
on its admission will be an additional
amount on its Catch-up Contribution at
a rate equal to the then prime rate plus
2% per year (or a pro rata portion
thereof) from the date capital
contributions were made by the
previously admitted Partners to the date
of the Fund’s admission. In addition, all
new Limited Partners (including the
Fund) will be required to pay to the
Manager their share of current
management fees as well as
management fees from the first closing
date, or from such later date as the
Manager may designate to the extent it
waives its management fee for a certain
period. With respect to management
fees allocable to the period prior to its
admission, each new Limited Partner
7 Notwithstanding the foregoing, for regulatory
compliance reasons, Limited Partners that are
subject to fiduciary obligations under the Employee
Retirement Security Act of 1974, as amended
(‘‘ERISA’’) (the ‘‘ERISA Limited Partners’’), may
withdraw from the Partnership in the event it
becomes reasonably likely that the assets of the
Partnership are deemed to be ‘‘plan assets’’ under
ERISA rules and regulations.
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will pay an additional amount on the
allocable amount of management fees at
the rate of the then prime rate plus 2%
per year (or a pro rata portion thereof)
from the date the management fees were
made by the previously admitted
Partners to the date of its admission.
Any such retroactive management fee
allocated to the Fund will be credited
against the management fees it pays to
the Manager.
10. Applicants request relief to
permit: (a) The Proposed Investment; (b)
the General Partner to invest as a
general partner in the Partnership under
the terms and conditions of the
Partnership Agreement; (c) any investor
in the Fund who in the future may
become an ‘‘affiliated person’’ (as
defined in section 2(a)(3) of the Act) of
the Fund by virtue of the investor’s
ownership of 5% or more of the Fund’s
outstanding securities (‘‘Future
Affiliates’’) and any affiliated person of
a Future Affiliate (also, ‘‘Future
Affiliates’’), to invest as a Limited
Partner in the Partnership under the
terms and conditions of the Partnership
Agreement and the Subscription
Agreement; (d) the Manager, as
investment adviser to the Fund and the
Partnership, to effect the transactions
described above in (a); (e) CII LLC and
the certain employees of the Manager or
one of its affiliated companies (‘‘Private
Equity Investment Officers’’) to exercise
ownership rights in the General Partner
and to invest in the Partnership
indirectly through their ownership of
the General Partner; (f) the Manager and
CGII to exercise ownership rights in CII
LLC and to invest in the Partnership
indirectly through their ownership in
CII LLC; (g) CII LLC and the Associates
to invest and exercise ownership rights
in CGPE; (h) each of the applicants,
current and future Limited Partners, and
the Future Affiliates to exercise its
rights and fulfill its obligations under
the Partnership Agreement and
Subscription Agreement; and (i) any
officer, director, or employee of the
Fund or of any affiliated person of the
Fund to participate as a member of the
Advisory Committee of the Partnership
and to exercise their rights and fulfill
their obligations with respect to the
Advisory Committee in accordance with
the terms and conditions of the
Partnership Agreement.
11. Applicants also request relief to
allow the Limited Partners and any
Future Affiliates not to be considered
affiliated persons, or affiliated persons
of affiliated persons, of the Fund, either
because: (a) the Limited Partners
(including Future Affiliates) are
‘‘partners’’ or ‘‘copartners’’ of the Fund
in the Partnership; or (b) they own (or
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are deemed to own) 5% or more of the
Partnership’s outstanding voting
securities.
Applicants’ Legal Analysis
A. Section 2(a)(3)
1. Section 2(a)(3) of the Act defines an
‘‘affiliated person’’ of another person to
include: (a) Any person holding 5% or
more of the outstanding voting
securities of the other person; (b) any
person 5% or more of whose
outstanding voting securities are held by
the other person; (c) any person directly
or indirectly controlling, controlled by,
or under common control with, the
other person; (d) any officer, director,
partner, copartner, or employee of the
other person; and (e) any investment
adviser to an investment company or
member of an advisory board to an
investment company (collectively, the
‘‘first-tier affiliates’’).
2. The Manager, as the investment
adviser to the Fund and the Partnership
and as the manager of the General
Partner, is a first-tier affiliate of each.
The General Partner would be a first-tier
affiliate of the Fund. The Manager and
CGII are members of CII LLC, and the
Private Equity Investment Officers and
CII LLC are the partners of the General
Partner. Applicants state that the
General Partner may arguably be
controlled by each of these entities, and
the Partnership is likely controlled by
the General Partner, perhaps making the
Manager, CGII, CII LLC and the Private
Equity Investment Officers first-tier
affiliates of the Partnership and, hence,
second-tier affiliates of the Fund.
Applicants also state that because the
Manager is the managing member of the
general partner of CGPE, the Partnership
and CGPE are arguably under common
control, making CGPE a first-tier affiliate
of the Partnership and a second-tier
affiliate of the Fund.
3. Applicants state that each Limited
Partner who owns 5% or more of the
interests in the Partnership, to the
extent that the interests are deemed
voting securities, may be a first-tier
affiliate of the Partnership. Further,
applicants state that because the Fund
also will own more than 5% of the
interests in the Partnership if the
requested relief is granted, it also may
be a first-tier affiliate of the Partnership.
Therefore, each other Limited Partner
could be a second-tier affiliate of the
Fund. Applicants also state that each
Limited Partner would, absent
exemptive relief, be a first-tier affiliate
of every other Partner in the
Partnership, including the Fund,
making the affiliated persons of each
Limited Partner second-tier affiliates of
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the Fund. In addition, applicants state
that some Associates may be directors,
officers, or employees of the Manager or
the Fund, arguably making them first- or
second-tier affiliates of the Fund.
4. The Fund requests an exemption
under section 6(c) from sections
2(a)(3)(A) and (D) so that Limited
Partners in the Partnership who are not
otherwise first- or second-tier affiliates
of the Fund would not, solely by reason
of their status as Limited Partners or 5%
holders of the Partnership’s interests, be
deemed to be first- or second-tier
affiliates of the Fund. Section 6(c) of the
Act permits the Commission to exempt
any person or transaction from any
provision of the Act, if such exemption
is necessary or appropriate in the public
interest and consistent with the
protection of investors and the purposes
fairly intended by the policies of the
Act. Applicants state that the requested
relief meets the standards of section 6(c)
and would relieve certain Limited
Partners and their affiliated persons
(and the Fund) of the burden of
monitoring for compliance with the Act
in connection with their independent
and legitimate business and investment
activities.
B. Section 17(a)
1. Section 17(a) of the Act makes it
unlawful for any first- or second-tier
affiliate of a registered investment
company, acting as principal, to sell or
purchase any security to or from the
investment company. As noted above,
applicants state that because the
Partnership may be deemed to be a firstor second-tier affiliate of the Fund,
section 17(a) may prohibit the
Partnership from selling a limited
partnership interest in the Partnership
to the Fund. In addition, applicants
state that because the Limited Partners
and the Future Affiliates may be
deemed to be first- or second-tier
affiliates of the Fund, section 17(a) may
prohibit the Limited Partners and the
Future Affiliates from acting in
accordance with the terms of the
Partnership Agreement and the
Subscription Agreement.
2. Section 17(b) of the Act authorizes
the Commission to exempt a transaction
from section 17(a) if the terms of the
proposed transaction, including the
consideration to be paid or received, are
reasonable and fair and do not involve
overreaching on the part of any person
concerned, the proposed transaction is
consistent with the policy of each
registered investment company
concerned, and the proposed
transaction is consistent with the
general purposes of the Act. Applicants
request relief under sections 6(c) and
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9685
17(b) to permit the Fund to participate
in the Partnership, and to permit the
Limited Partners and the Future
Affiliates to act in accordance with the
terms of the Partnership Agreement and
the Subscription Agreement.
3. Applicants submit that the
requested relief satisfies the standards
for relief in sections 6(c) and 17(b).
Applicants state that each Limited
Partner will participate in the
Partnership in proportion to each
Limited Partner’s commitment, and
each Limited Partner will share pro rata
in the costs, risks, and any profits
earned in proportion to its investment,
except as noted above. In addition,
applicants state that the proposed
investment by the Fund in the
Partnership is consistent with the
Fund’s investment objective and
policies as recited in the Fund’s
registration statement. Further,
applicants state that the proposed
investment is consistent with the
general purposes of the Act.
4. Applicants state that investing in
the Partnership will enable the Fund to
further diversify its portfolio and to
obtain exposure to Equity Investments
while reducing investment transaction
costs. Applicants state that Equity
Investments are typically direct
investments in closely-held enterprises
that have either limited or no securities
publicly outstanding and about which
there exists little or no publicly
available information. Accordingly, the
process of investing in Equity
Investments requires detailed on-site
investigation of the enterprise and
complex negotiations regarding the
terms of the potential investment.
5. As noted above, all Limited
Partners other than the Fund that are
admitted after the fifteenth business day
following the first closing date will be
required to pay an Additional Amount
equal to a 1% monthly rate on their
Catch-up Contribution. The Fund will
be required to pay an Additional
Amount on its Catch-up Contribution at
a rate equal to the then-prime rate, plus
2% per year. If the prime rate were to
exceed 10% prior to the time the Fund
is admitted into the Partnership, the
Fund would pay an Additional Amount
calculated at a higher rate than that rate
used to calculate the Additional
Amounts for the other Limited Partners.
The Fund will be the only investor that
will be allowed to enter into the
Partnership after the final closing date.
Notwithstanding that the Fund may
have to pay a higher Additional Amount
than that applicable to other Limited
Partners, applicants believe that the
consideration to be paid by the Fund is
reasonable and fair and does not involve
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overreaching. In exchange for the ability
to gain admission to the Partnership
after the final closing date (which
occurred on June 25, 2004), to which all
other Limited Partners are subject,
applicants believe that it is reasonable
and fair for the Fund to bear the risk of
fluctuations in the prime rate between
the final closing date and the date the
Fund is admitted into the Partnership.
C. Section 17(d) and Rule 17d–1
1. Section 17(d) of the Act and rule
17d–1 under the Act prohibit any firstor second-tier affiliate of a registered
investment company, acting as
principal, from effecting any transaction
in connection with any joint enterprise
or other joint arrangement or profit
sharing plan in which the investment
company participates. As noted above,
the Partnership, the General Partner, the
Limited Partners, the Future Affiliates,
the Manager, CII LLC, the Private Equity
Investment Officers, CGPE, the
Associates, CGII, and Capital Group may
be first- or second-tier affiliates of the
Fund. Accordingly, an investment in the
Partnership by the Fund may represent
a joint arrangement among these entities
for the purposes of section 17(d).
2. Rule 17d–1 under the Act permits
the Commission to approve a proposed
joint transaction covered by the terms of
section 17(d). In determining whether to
approve a transaction, the Commission
is to consider whether the proposed
transaction is consistent with the
provisions, policies, and purposes of the
Act, and the extent to which the
participation of the investment
company is on a basis different from or
less advantageous than that of the other
participants.
3. Applicants believe that the
proposed investment by the Fund in the
Partnership satisfies the standards of
rule 17d–1. Applicants state that the
Fund will participate in the Partnership
on terms that are comparable to the
terms applicable to the other Limited
Partners. Furthermore, both the profits
to be earned and the risks to be incurred
will be allocated among each of the
Limited Partners pro rata, in direct
proportion to each Limited Partner’s
investment. With regard to the payment
by the Fund of an Additional Amount
that could be at a rate higher than that
for the other Limited Partners,
applicants state that the fund would
receive a corresponding benefit not
offered to other Limited Partners,
namely the ability to participate in the
Partnership after the final closing date.
Applicants’ Conditions
Applicants agree that any
Commission order granting the
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requested relief will be subject to the
following conditions:
1. The Manager will waive its
management fee (which includes
administrative fees) payable by the
Fund with respect to the Fund’s net
assets represented by the Fund’s
Proposed Investment in the Partnership.
To effectuate this waiver, Fund assets
represented by the Partnership interests
purchased by the Fund under the
Proposed Investment will be excluded
from the net assets of the Fund in the
calculation of the management fee. As
such waiver relates to the Manager’s fee
schedule, any Fund assets invested in
the Partnership will be excluded from
the Fund’s assets before any fee
calculation is made; thus, the Fund’s
aggregate net assets will be adjusted by
the amount invested in the Partnership
prior to determining the fee based on
the Manager’s fee schedule (the amount
waived pursuant to this procedure shall
be defined as the ‘‘Reduction Amount’’
for purposes of Condition No. 4, below).
In addition, the Manager will credit
against any future management fees
payable to it in conjunction with the
management of the Fund’s assets, the
amount of management fees paid
previously by the fund with respect to
the assets representing the Fund’s
Proposed Investment for the period
between January 1, 2004 (the date
management fees commenced with
respect to the Partnership) and the date
that the Fund is admitted to the
Partnership, plus such Additional
Amounts on such assets calculated as
set forth in the Application. Such credit
shall be applied to the management fee
paid by the Fund for management of its
assets after exclusion of the Fund’s
assets represented by such Partnership
interests.
2. Any fees payable by the Fund to the
Manager so excluded in connection
with the Proposed Investment, as
described herein, will be excluded for
all time, and will not be subject to
recoupment by the Manager or by any
other investment adviser at any other
time.
3. The Fund’s Proposed Investment in
the Partnership will be no more than
U.S. $75 million.
4. If the Manager waives any portion
of its fees or bears any portion of its
expenses in respect of the Fund (an
‘‘Expense Waiver’’), the adjusted fees for
the Fund (gross fees minus Expense
Waiver) will be calculated without
reference to the Reduction Amount.
Adjusted fees then will be reduced by
the Reduction Amount. If the Reduction
Amount exceeds adjusted fees, the
Manager will reimburse the Fund in an
amount equal to such excess.
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5. The Fund’s Proposed Investment in
the Partnership will not be subject to a
sales load, redemption fee, distribution
fee analogous to those adopted in
accordance with Rule 12b–1 under the
Act by an investment company
registered under the Act, or service fee
(analogous to those defined in Rule
2830(b)(9) of the Conduct Rules of the
National Association of Securities
Dealers, Inc.).
6. The Fund’s Proposed Investment in
the Partnership will be in accordance
with the Fund’s investment restrictions
and will be consistent with its policies
as recited in its registration statement.
7. The Fund’s Board will satisfy the
fund governance standards as defined in
rule 0–1(a)(7) under the Act by the
rule’s compliance date.
For the Commission, by the Division of
Investment Management, under delegated
authority.
Margaret H. McFarland,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. E5–791 Filed 2–25–05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8010–01–P
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION
[File No. 500–1]
Maximum Dynamics, Inc.; Order of
Suspension of Trading
February 24, 2005.
It appears to the Securities and
Exchange Commission that there is a
lack of current and accurate information
concerning the securities of Maximum
Dynamics, Inc. (‘‘Maximum’’) because of
questions regarding the accuracy of
assertions to investors by Maximum in
its most recent periodic filing (Form 10–
QSB, filed on December 3, 2004), and a
press release dated January 10, 2005,
concerning, among other things: (1) The
reason why Maximum has experienced
delays in fulfilling orders of its Tagnet
product offering; and (2) that Maximum
has signed an agreement that will enable
it to offer its point-of-sale solutions to
the prepaid market in Mexico and the
United States.
The Commission is of the opinion that
the public interest and the protection of
investors require a suspension of trading
in securities related to the above
company.
Therefore, it is ordered, pursuant to
Section 12(k) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, that trading in the above
listed company is suspended for the
period from 9:30 a.m. EST on February
24, 2005 through 11:59 p.m. EST on
March 9, 2005.
E:\FR\FM\28FEN1.SGM
28FEN1
Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 70, Number 38 (Monday, February 28, 2005)]
[Notices]
[Pages 9683-9686]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E5-791]
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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
[Release No. IC-26763; 812-13037]
Emerging Markets Growth Fund, Inc., et al.; Notice of Application
AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'').
ACTION: Notice of application under sections 6(c) and 17(b) of the
Investment Company Act of 1940 (the ``Act'') for an exemption from
sections 2(a)(3)(A) and (D) and 17(a) of the Act, and under section
17(d) of the Act and rule 17d-1 under the Act to permit certain joint
transactions.
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DATES: February 22, 2005.
Summary of Application: The order would permit Emerging Markets
Growth Fund, Inc. (the ``Fund'') to invest in an affiliated investment
vehicle, Capital International Private Equity Fund IV, L.P. (the
``Partnership'').
Applicants: The Fund, the Partnership, Capital International
Investments IV, L.P. (the ``General Partner''), Capital International
Investments IV, LLC (``CII LLC''), Capital International, Inc. (the
``Manager''), Capital Group International, Inc. (``CGII''), and CGPE
IV, L.P. (``CGPE'').
Filing Dates: The application was filed on November 10, 2003 and
amended on January 21, 2005. Applicants have agreed to file an
amendment during the notice period, the substance of which is reflected
in this notice.
Hearing or Notification of Hearing: An order granting the
application will be issued unless the SEC orders a hearing. Interested
persons may request a hearing by writing to the SEC's Secretary and
serving applicants with a copy of the request, personally or by mail.
Hearing requests should be received by the Commission by 5:30 p.m. on
March 22, 2005, and should be accompanied by proof of service on
applicants, in the form of an affidavit, or, for lawyers, a certificate
of service. Hearing requests should state the nature of the writer's
interest, the reason for the request, and the issues contested. Persons
may request notification of a hearing by writing to the Commission's
Secretary.
ADDRESSES: Secretary, Commission, 450 Fifth, NW., Washington, DC 20549-
0609. Applicants, c/o Capital International, Inc., 11100 Santa Monica
Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90025.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jaea F. Hahn, Senior Counsel, at (202)
551-6870 or Todd F. Kuehl, Branch Chief, at (202) 551-6821 (Division of
Investment Management, Office of Investment Company Regulation).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The following is a summary of the
application. The complete application is available for a fee at the
Commission's Public Reference Branch, 450 Fifth Street, NW.,
Washington, DC 20549-0102 (telephone (202) 942-8090).
Applicants' Representations
1. The Fund, a Maryland corporation, is an open-end management
investment company registered under the Act. The Fund's shares are
registered under the Securities Act of 1933. The Fund's investment
objective is to seek long-term capital growth by investing in equity
securities of issuers in developing countries. The Fund may invest up
to 10% of its assets in developing country securities that are not
readily marketable. The Fund currently invests in nine private equity
funds that invest in various regions globally and that are sponsored
and advised by entities unaffiliated with the Manager.\1\
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\1\ None of the Fund's current commitments to any single private
equity fund exceeds 1% of the Fund's net assets.
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2. The Fund operates as an open-end interval fund under an
exemptive order received from the Commission.\2\ Since January 1, 1999,
the Fund has limited new investors in the Fund to those who are
``qualified purchasers,'' within the meaning of section 2(a)(51) of the
Act.
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\2\ Emerging Markets Growth Fund, Inc., et al., Investment
Company Release Nos. 23433 (Sept. 11, 1998) (notice) and 23481 (Oct.
6, 1998) (order).
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3. The Partnership is organized as a limited partnership under the
laws of Delaware. The Partnership relies on the exception from the
definition of investment company in section 3(c)(7) of the Act. The
investment objective of the Partnership is to seek long-term capital
appreciation through privately negotiated and equity-related
investments (``Equity Investments'') primarily in emerging market
companies.\3\ The General Partner of the Partnership is a Delaware
limited partnership, wholly-owned by CGII and the Manager.\4\ CGII is a
wholly-owned subsidiary of The Capital Group Companies, Inc. (``Capital
Group''). The General Partner will make a capital commitment to the
Partnership equal to at least the lesser of 5% of the aggregate
commitments of the Partnership or U.S. $50 million.\5\
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\3\ The Partnership may also invest up to 20% of its aggregate
capital commitments in companies that have their primary business
activities in developed markets outside the United States.
\4\ The general partner of the General Partner is CII LLC and
the limited partners consist of certain employees (the ``Private
Equity Investment Officers'') of the Manager or one of its
affiliated companies.
\5\ CGPE, a fund established by an affiliate of the General
Partner for the benefit of its employees, will co-invest with the
Partnership on a pro rata basis in accordance with their respective
capital commitments. CGPE's general partner is CII LLC and its
limited partners are the ``Associates''.
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4. The Fund proposes to invest in the Partnership an amount not
exceeding the lesser of $75 million (less than 1% of the Fund's total
net assets as of June 30, 2004) or 10% of all the Partnership's
interests (``Proposed Investment''). Applicants state that investing
through the Partnership in Equity Investments would enable the Fund to
achieve greater diversification by participating in many more
investments than would be the case if the Fund invested directly in
Equity Investments. In addition, applicants state that, given the
Fund's current fee and expense structure, and the resource-intensive
nature of the investment process for Equity Investments, it is not
cost-effective for the Fund to invest directly in Equity Investments on
a diversified basis. The Fund's board of directors (the ``Board''),
including a majority of the directors who are not ``interested
persons'' of the Fund, as defined in section 2(a)(19) of the Act
(``Independent Directors''), has authorized the Proposed Investment. Of
the Fund's thirteen member Board, nine are Independent Directors.\6\ Of
the nine Independent Directors, none is or will be a direct investor in
CGPE, and eight
[[Page 9684]]
are neither directors nor officers of any investor in the Partnership.
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\6\ The Fund must satisfy the fund governance standards as
defined in Rule 0-1(a)(7) under the Act by January 15, 2006 as a
condition to the order. The Fund is currently considering approaches
to increase the percentage of independent directors to meet the
requirements of Rule 0-1(a)(7) and is in the process of defining the
role of independent chairman and identifying potential candidates to
serve as chairman of the Board.
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5. The Partnership has an advisory board comprised exclusively of
representatives of current limited partners (together with future
limited partners, ``Limited Partners'') that have a capital commitment
of at least $40 million to the Partnership and other Limited Partners
that are selected by the General Partner (``Advisory Committee''). A
representative of the Fund, who is an Independent Director of the Fund
and is not otherwise affiliated with the Partnership or any of the
Limited Partners, will become a member of the Advisory Committee if the
requested relief is granted. The Advisory Committee is responsible for,
among other things: (a) Providing advice and counsel to the Partnership
and the General Partner in connection with potential conflicts of
interest and other matters relating to the Partnership as may be
requested by the General Partner or as provided in the partnership
agreement, as modified by side letters (``Partnership Agreement''); and
(b) approving certain valuation determinations of the Partnership's
assets or interests.
6. The Manager, a wholly-owned subsidiary of CGII, serves as
investment adviser to the Fund and the Partnership and is registered
under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the ``Advisers Act''). The
Manager will waive its management fee, including administrative fees,
with respect to the Fund's net assets represented by the investment in
the Partnership. Specifically, the Fund's aggregate net assets will be
adjusted downward by the amount invested in the Partnership prior to
determining the Manager's fee.
7. The Manager is responsible for all overhead expenses and other
direct and indirect routine administrative expenses incurred by the
Manager in connection with identifying investments for the Partnership
and all direct and indirect routine administrative expenses of the
Partnership incurred in connection with managing the Partnership
following the initial closing, which occurred on October 7, 2003. For
its services, the Manager receives a management fee throughout the term
of the Partnership. In addition, the Manager, as the managing member of
the general partner of the General Partner, will be entitled to receive
certain fees that may be characterized as a ``performance fee.'' The
Partnership is responsible for all expenses except routine
administrative expenses incurred in connection with the operation of
the Partnership.
8. Each Limited Partner must execute a subscription agreement
(``Subscription Agreement'') to invest in the Partnership. The term of
the Partnership is ten years from the final closing, which occurred on
June 25, 2004, but the General Partner may extend the term for a one-
year period at its discretion and for up to two additional years with
the consent of the Advisory Committee. Limited Partners generally may
not withdraw from the Partnership nor transfer any of their interests,
rights, or obligations under the Partnership, except with the express
written consent of the General Partner.\7\
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\7\ Notwithstanding the foregoing, for regulatory compliance
reasons, Limited Partners that are subject to fiduciary obligations
under the Employee Retirement Security Act of 1974, as amended
(``ERISA'') (the ``ERISA Limited Partners''), may withdraw from the
Partnership in the event it becomes reasonably likely that the
assets of the Partnership are deemed to be ``plan assets'' under
ERISA rules and regulations.
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9. All Limited Partners that enter into the Partnership Agreement
after the first closing date will make a capital contribution to the
Partnership within five business days of the date of their admission so
that the percentage of their capital commitment that is contributed to
the Partnership is equal to the percentage of the other Limited
Partners' and General Partner's (together, the ``Partners'') capital
commitments (a ``Catch-up Contribution''). Any Limited Partner, other
than the Fund, that is admitted to the Partnership after the fifteenth
business day following the first closing date will be required to pay
to all previously admitted Partners (in accordance with their
respective percentage interests) an additional amount equal to a 1%
monthly rate on the Catch-up Contribution from the date capital
contributions were made by the previously admitted Partners to the date
of its admission (the ``Additional Amount''). The Additional Amount
which the Fund will be required to pay on its admission will be an
additional amount on its Catch-up Contribution at a rate equal to the
then prime rate plus 2% per year (or a pro rata portion thereof) from
the date capital contributions were made by the previously admitted
Partners to the date of the Fund's admission. In addition, all new
Limited Partners (including the Fund) will be required to pay to the
Manager their share of current management fees as well as management
fees from the first closing date, or from such later date as the
Manager may designate to the extent it waives its management fee for a
certain period. With respect to management fees allocable to the period
prior to its admission, each new Limited Partner will pay an additional
amount on the allocable amount of management fees at the rate of the
then prime rate plus 2% per year (or a pro rata portion thereof) from
the date the management fees were made by the previously admitted
Partners to the date of its admission. Any such retroactive management
fee allocated to the Fund will be credited against the management fees
it pays to the Manager.
10. Applicants request relief to permit: (a) The Proposed
Investment; (b) the General Partner to invest as a general partner in
the Partnership under the terms and conditions of the Partnership
Agreement; (c) any investor in the Fund who in the future may become an
``affiliated person'' (as defined in section 2(a)(3) of the Act) of the
Fund by virtue of the investor's ownership of 5% or more of the Fund's
outstanding securities (``Future Affiliates'') and any affiliated
person of a Future Affiliate (also, ``Future Affiliates''), to invest
as a Limited Partner in the Partnership under the terms and conditions
of the Partnership Agreement and the Subscription Agreement; (d) the
Manager, as investment adviser to the Fund and the Partnership, to
effect the transactions described above in (a); (e) CII LLC and the
certain employees of the Manager or one of its affiliated companies
(``Private Equity Investment Officers'') to exercise ownership rights
in the General Partner and to invest in the Partnership indirectly
through their ownership of the General Partner; (f) the Manager and
CGII to exercise ownership rights in CII LLC and to invest in the
Partnership indirectly through their ownership in CII LLC; (g) CII LLC
and the Associates to invest and exercise ownership rights in CGPE; (h)
each of the applicants, current and future Limited Partners, and the
Future Affiliates to exercise its rights and fulfill its obligations
under the Partnership Agreement and Subscription Agreement; and (i) any
officer, director, or employee of the Fund or of any affiliated person
of the Fund to participate as a member of the Advisory Committee of the
Partnership and to exercise their rights and fulfill their obligations
with respect to the Advisory Committee in accordance with the terms and
conditions of the Partnership Agreement.
11. Applicants also request relief to allow the Limited Partners
and any Future Affiliates not to be considered affiliated persons, or
affiliated persons of affiliated persons, of the Fund, either because:
(a) the Limited Partners (including Future Affiliates) are ``partners''
or ``copartners'' of the Fund in the Partnership; or (b) they own (or
[[Page 9685]]
are deemed to own) 5% or more of the Partnership's outstanding voting
securities.
Applicants' Legal Analysis
A. Section 2(a)(3)
1. Section 2(a)(3) of the Act defines an ``affiliated person'' of
another person to include: (a) Any person holding 5% or more of the
outstanding voting securities of the other person; (b) any person 5% or
more of whose outstanding voting securities are held by the other
person; (c) any person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled
by, or under common control with, the other person; (d) any officer,
director, partner, copartner, or employee of the other person; and (e)
any investment adviser to an investment company or member of an
advisory board to an investment company (collectively, the ``first-tier
affiliates'').
2. The Manager, as the investment adviser to the Fund and the
Partnership and as the manager of the General Partner, is a first-tier
affiliate of each. The General Partner would be a first-tier affiliate
of the Fund. The Manager and CGII are members of CII LLC, and the
Private Equity Investment Officers and CII LLC are the partners of the
General Partner. Applicants state that the General Partner may arguably
be controlled by each of these entities, and the Partnership is likely
controlled by the General Partner, perhaps making the Manager, CGII,
CII LLC and the Private Equity Investment Officers first-tier
affiliates of the Partnership and, hence, second-tier affiliates of the
Fund. Applicants also state that because the Manager is the managing
member of the general partner of CGPE, the Partnership and CGPE are
arguably under common control, making CGPE a first-tier affiliate of
the Partnership and a second-tier affiliate of the Fund.
3. Applicants state that each Limited Partner who owns 5% or more
of the interests in the Partnership, to the extent that the interests
are deemed voting securities, may be a first-tier affiliate of the
Partnership. Further, applicants state that because the Fund also will
own more than 5% of the interests in the Partnership if the requested
relief is granted, it also may be a first-tier affiliate of the
Partnership. Therefore, each other Limited Partner could be a second-
tier affiliate of the Fund. Applicants also state that each Limited
Partner would, absent exemptive relief, be a first-tier affiliate of
every other Partner in the Partnership, including the Fund, making the
affiliated persons of each Limited Partner second-tier affiliates of
the Fund. In addition, applicants state that some Associates may be
directors, officers, or employees of the Manager or the Fund, arguably
making them first- or second-tier affiliates of the Fund.
4. The Fund requests an exemption under section 6(c) from sections
2(a)(3)(A) and (D) so that Limited Partners in the Partnership who are
not otherwise first- or second-tier affiliates of the Fund would not,
solely by reason of their status as Limited Partners or 5% holders of
the Partnership's interests, be deemed to be first- or second-tier
affiliates of the Fund. Section 6(c) of the Act permits the Commission
to exempt any person or transaction from any provision of the Act, if
such exemption is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and
consistent with the protection of investors and the purposes fairly
intended by the policies of the Act. Applicants state that the
requested relief meets the standards of section 6(c) and would relieve
certain Limited Partners and their affiliated persons (and the Fund) of
the burden of monitoring for compliance with the Act in connection with
their independent and legitimate business and investment activities.
B. Section 17(a)
1. Section 17(a) of the Act makes it unlawful for any first- or
second-tier affiliate of a registered investment company, acting as
principal, to sell or purchase any security to or from the investment
company. As noted above, applicants state that because the Partnership
may be deemed to be a first- or second-tier affiliate of the Fund,
section 17(a) may prohibit the Partnership from selling a limited
partnership interest in the Partnership to the Fund. In addition,
applicants state that because the Limited Partners and the Future
Affiliates may be deemed to be first- or second-tier affiliates of the
Fund, section 17(a) may prohibit the Limited Partners and the Future
Affiliates from acting in accordance with the terms of the Partnership
Agreement and the Subscription Agreement.
2. Section 17(b) of the Act authorizes the Commission to exempt a
transaction from section 17(a) if the terms of the proposed
transaction, including the consideration to be paid or received, are
reasonable and fair and do not involve overreaching on the part of any
person concerned, the proposed transaction is consistent with the
policy of each registered investment company concerned, and the
proposed transaction is consistent with the general purposes of the
Act. Applicants request relief under sections 6(c) and 17(b) to permit
the Fund to participate in the Partnership, and to permit the Limited
Partners and the Future Affiliates to act in accordance with the terms
of the Partnership Agreement and the Subscription Agreement.
3. Applicants submit that the requested relief satisfies the
standards for relief in sections 6(c) and 17(b). Applicants state that
each Limited Partner will participate in the Partnership in proportion
to each Limited Partner's commitment, and each Limited Partner will
share pro rata in the costs, risks, and any profits earned in
proportion to its investment, except as noted above. In addition,
applicants state that the proposed investment by the Fund in the
Partnership is consistent with the Fund's investment objective and
policies as recited in the Fund's registration statement. Further,
applicants state that the proposed investment is consistent with the
general purposes of the Act.
4. Applicants state that investing in the Partnership will enable
the Fund to further diversify its portfolio and to obtain exposure to
Equity Investments while reducing investment transaction costs.
Applicants state that Equity Investments are typically direct
investments in closely-held enterprises that have either limited or no
securities publicly outstanding and about which there exists little or
no publicly available information. Accordingly, the process of
investing in Equity Investments requires detailed on-site investigation
of the enterprise and complex negotiations regarding the terms of the
potential investment.
5. As noted above, all Limited Partners other than the Fund that
are admitted after the fifteenth business day following the first
closing date will be required to pay an Additional Amount equal to a 1%
monthly rate on their Catch-up Contribution. The Fund will be required
to pay an Additional Amount on its Catch-up Contribution at a rate
equal to the then-prime rate, plus 2% per year. If the prime rate were
to exceed 10% prior to the time the Fund is admitted into the
Partnership, the Fund would pay an Additional Amount calculated at a
higher rate than that rate used to calculate the Additional Amounts for
the other Limited Partners. The Fund will be the only investor that
will be allowed to enter into the Partnership after the final closing
date. Notwithstanding that the Fund may have to pay a higher Additional
Amount than that applicable to other Limited Partners, applicants
believe that the consideration to be paid by the Fund is reasonable and
fair and does not involve
[[Page 9686]]
overreaching. In exchange for the ability to gain admission to the
Partnership after the final closing date (which occurred on June 25,
2004), to which all other Limited Partners are subject, applicants
believe that it is reasonable and fair for the Fund to bear the risk of
fluctuations in the prime rate between the final closing date and the
date the Fund is admitted into the Partnership.
C. Section 17(d) and Rule 17d-1
1. Section 17(d) of the Act and rule 17d-1 under the Act prohibit
any first- or second-tier affiliate of a registered investment company,
acting as principal, from effecting any transaction in connection with
any joint enterprise or other joint arrangement or profit sharing plan
in which the investment company participates. As noted above, the
Partnership, the General Partner, the Limited Partners, the Future
Affiliates, the Manager, CII LLC, the Private Equity Investment
Officers, CGPE, the Associates, CGII, and Capital Group may be first-
or second-tier affiliates of the Fund. Accordingly, an investment in
the Partnership by the Fund may represent a joint arrangement among
these entities for the purposes of section 17(d).
2. Rule 17d-1 under the Act permits the Commission to approve a
proposed joint transaction covered by the terms of section 17(d). In
determining whether to approve a transaction, the Commission is to
consider whether the proposed transaction is consistent with the
provisions, policies, and purposes of the Act, and the extent to which
the participation of the investment company is on a basis different
from or less advantageous than that of the other participants.
3. Applicants believe that the proposed investment by the Fund in
the Partnership satisfies the standards of rule 17d-1. Applicants state
that the Fund will participate in the Partnership on terms that are
comparable to the terms applicable to the other Limited Partners.
Furthermore, both the profits to be earned and the risks to be incurred
will be allocated among each of the Limited Partners pro rata, in
direct proportion to each Limited Partner's investment. With regard to
the payment by the Fund of an Additional Amount that could be at a rate
higher than that for the other Limited Partners, applicants state that
the fund would receive a corresponding benefit not offered to other
Limited Partners, namely the ability to participate in the Partnership
after the final closing date.
Applicants' Conditions
Applicants agree that any Commission order granting the requested
relief will be subject to the following conditions:
1. The Manager will waive its management fee (which includes
administrative fees) payable by the Fund with respect to the Fund's net
assets represented by the Fund's Proposed Investment in the
Partnership. To effectuate this waiver, Fund assets represented by the
Partnership interests purchased by the Fund under the Proposed
Investment will be excluded from the net assets of the Fund in the
calculation of the management fee. As such waiver relates to the
Manager's fee schedule, any Fund assets invested in the Partnership
will be excluded from the Fund's assets before any fee calculation is
made; thus, the Fund's aggregate net assets will be adjusted by the
amount invested in the Partnership prior to determining the fee based
on the Manager's fee schedule (the amount waived pursuant to this
procedure shall be defined as the ``Reduction Amount'' for purposes of
Condition No. 4, below). In addition, the Manager will credit against
any future management fees payable to it in conjunction with the
management of the Fund's assets, the amount of management fees paid
previously by the fund with respect to the assets representing the
Fund's Proposed Investment for the period between January 1, 2004 (the
date management fees commenced with respect to the Partnership) and the
date that the Fund is admitted to the Partnership, plus such Additional
Amounts on such assets calculated as set forth in the Application. Such
credit shall be applied to the management fee paid by the Fund for
management of its assets after exclusion of the Fund's assets
represented by such Partnership interests.
2. Any fees payable by the Fund to the Manager so excluded in
connection with the Proposed Investment, as described herein, will be
excluded for all time, and will not be subject to recoupment by the
Manager or by any other investment adviser at any other time.
3. The Fund's Proposed Investment in the Partnership will be no
more than U.S. $75 million.
4. If the Manager waives any portion of its fees or bears any
portion of its expenses in respect of the Fund (an ``Expense Waiver''),
the adjusted fees for the Fund (gross fees minus Expense Waiver) will
be calculated without reference to the Reduction Amount. Adjusted fees
then will be reduced by the Reduction Amount. If the Reduction Amount
exceeds adjusted fees, the Manager will reimburse the Fund in an amount
equal to such excess.
5. The Fund's Proposed Investment in the Partnership will not be
subject to a sales load, redemption fee, distribution fee analogous to
those adopted in accordance with Rule 12b-1 under the Act by an
investment company registered under the Act, or service fee (analogous
to those defined in Rule 2830(b)(9) of the Conduct Rules of the
National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.).
6. The Fund's Proposed Investment in the Partnership will be in
accordance with the Fund's investment restrictions and will be
consistent with its policies as recited in its registration statement.
7. The Fund's Board will satisfy the fund governance standards as
defined in rule 0-1(a)(7) under the Act by the rule's compliance date.
For the Commission, by the Division of Investment Management,
under delegated authority.
Margaret H. McFarland,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. E5-791 Filed 2-25-05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8010-01-P