Current through August 26, 2024
(1) Any landfill
that is not covered by sub. (3) or s.
NR 665.0301(1) shall have a liner system
for all portions of the landfill (except for existing portions of the
landfill). The liner system shall have both of the following:
(a) A liner that is designed, constructed and
installed to prevent any migration of wastes out of the landfill to the
adjacent subsurface soil or groundwater or surface water at any time during the
active life (including the closure period) of the landfill. The liner shall be
constructed of materials that prevent wastes from passing into the liner during
the active life of the facility. The liner shall be all of the following:
1. Constructed of materials that have
appropriate chemical properties and sufficient strength and thickness to
prevent failure due to pressure gradients (including static head and external
hydrogeologic forces), physical contact with the waste or leachate to which
they are exposed, climatic conditions, the stress of installation and the
stress of daily operation.
2.
Placed upon a foundation or base capable of providing support to the liner and
resistance to pressure gradients above and below the liner to prevent failure
of the liner due to settlement, compression or uplift.
3. Installed to cover all surrounding earth
likely to be in contact with the waste or leachate.
(b) A leachate collection and removal system
immediately above the liner that is designed, constructed, maintained and
operated to collect and remove leachate from the landfill. The department shall
specify design and operating conditions in the operating license to ensure that
the leachate depth over the liner does not exceed 30 cm (one foot). The
leachate collection and removal system shall be both of the following:
1. Constructed of materials that are both of
the following:
a. Chemically resistant to the
waste managed in the landfill and the leachate expected to be
generated.
b. Of sufficient
strength and thickness to prevent collapse under the pressures exerted by
overlying wastes, waste cover materials and any equipment used at the
landfill.
2. Designed and
operated to function without clogging through the scheduled closure of the
landfill.
(2)
The owner or operator will be exempted from the requirements of sub. (1) if the
department finds, based on a demonstration by the owner or operator, that
alternative design and operating practices, together with location
characteristics, will prevent the migration of any hazardous constituents (see
s.
NR 664.0093) into the groundwater or surface water at
any future time. In deciding whether to grant an exemption, the department will
consider all of the following:
(a) The nature
and quantity of the wastes.
(b) The
proposed alternate design and operation.
(c) The hydrogeologic setting of the
facility, including the attenuative capacity and thickness of the liners and
soils present between the landfill and groundwater or surface water.
(d) All other factors which would influence
the quality and mobility of the leachate produced and the potential for it to
migrate to groundwater or surface water.
(3) The owner or operator of each new
landfill unit on which construction commences after June 1, 1995, each lateral
expansion of a landfill unit on which construction commences after June 1,
1995, and each replacement of an existing landfill unit that is to commence
reuse after June 1, 1995 shall install 2 or more liners and a leachate
collection and removal system above and between the liners. "Construction
commences" is as defined in s.
NR 660.10 under "existing facility".
(a)
1. The
liner system shall include both of the following:
a. A top liner designed and constructed of
materials (e.g., a geomembrane) to prevent the migration of hazardous
constituents into the liner during the active life and long-term care
period.
b. A composite bottom
liner, consisting of at least 2 components. The upper component shall be
designed and constructed of materials (e.g., a geomembrane) to prevent the
migration of hazardous constituents into this component during the active life
and long-term care period. The lower component shall be designed and
constructed of materials to minimize the migration of hazardous constituents if
a breach in the upper component were to occur. The lower component shall be
constructed of at least 3 feet (91 cm) of compacted soil material with a
hydraulic conductivity of no more than 1X10 -7 cm/sec.
2. The liners shall comply with sub. (1) (a)
1., 2. and 3.
(b) The
leachate collection and removal system immediately above the top liner shall be
designed, constructed, operated and maintained to collect and remove leachate
from the landfill during the active life and long-term care period. The
department will specify design and operating conditions in the operating
license to ensure that the leachate depth over the liner does not exceed 30 cm
(one foot). The leachate collection and removal system shall comply with par.
(c) 3. and 4.
(c) The leachate
collection and removal system between the liners, and immediately above the
bottom composite liner in the case of multiple leachate collection and removal
systems, is also a leak detection system
. This leak detection
system shall be capable of detecting, collecting and removing leaks of
hazardous constituents at the earliest practicable time through all areas of
the top liner likely to be exposed to waste or leachate during the active life
and long-term care period. The requirements for a leak detection system in this
subsection are satisfied by installation of a system that is, at a minimum, all
of the following:
1. Constructed with a
bottom slope of 1% or more.
2.
Constructed of granular drainage materials with a hydraulic conductivity of
1X10-2 cm/sec or more and a thickness of 12 inches
(30.5 cm) or more; or constructed of synthetic or geonet drainage materials
with a transmissivity of 3X10 -5 m 2/sec or more.
3. Constructed of materials that are
chemically resistant to the waste managed in the landfill and the leachate
expected to be generated, and of sufficient strength and thickness to prevent
collapse under the pressures exerted by overlying wastes, waste cover materials
and equipment used at the landfill.
4. Designed and operated to minimize clogging
during the active life and long-term care period.
5. Constructed with sumps and liquid removal
methods (e.g., pumps) of sufficient size to collect and remove liquids from the
sump and prevent liquids from backing up into the drainage layer. Each unit
shall have its own sump. The design of each sump and removal system shall
provide a method for measuring and recording the volume of liquids present in
the sump and of liquids removed.
(d) The owner or operator shall collect and
remove pumpable liquids in the leak detection system sumps to minimize the head
on the bottom liner.
(e) The owner
or operator of a leak detection system that is not located completely above the
seasonal high water table shall demonstrate that the operation of the leak
detection system will not be adversely affected by the presence of
groundwater.
(4) The
department may approve alternative design or operating practices to those
specified in sub. (3) if the owner or operator demonstrates to the department
that the design and operating practices, together with location
characteristics, will do both of the following:
(a) Prevent the migration of any hazardous
constituent into the groundwater or surface water at least as effectively as
the liners and leachate collection and removal systems specified in sub.
(3).
(b) Allow detection of leaks
of hazardous constituents through the top liner at least as
effectively.
(5) The
double liner requirement in sub. (3) may be waived by the department for any
monofill, if pars. (a) and (b) 1. or 2. apply:
(a) The monofill contains only hazardous
wastes from foundry furnace emission controls or metal casting molding sand,
and the wastes do not contain constituents which would render the wastes
hazardous for reasons other than the toxicity characteristic in s. NR 661.0024,
with EPA hazardous waste numbers D004 to D017.
(b)
1. All
of the following conditions are met:
a. The
monofill has at least one liner for which there is no evidence that the liner
is leaking.
b. The monofill is
located more than one-quarter mile from an underground source of drinking water
(as that term is defined in
40
CFR 144.3).
c. The monofill is in compliance with
generally applicable groundwater monitoring requirements for facilities with
operating licenses under s.
291.25,
Stats.
2. The owner or
operator demonstrates that the monofill is located, designed and operated so as
to assure that there will be no migration of any hazardous constituent into
groundwater or surface water at any future time.
(6) The owner or operator of any replacement
landfill unit is exempt from sub. (3) if both of the following apply:
(a) The existing unit was constructed in
compliance with the design standards of
42
USC 6924(o)(1)(A)(i) and
(5).
(b) There is no reason to believe that the
liner is not functioning as designed.
(7) The owner or operator shall design,
construct, operate and maintain a run-on control system capable of preventing
flow onto the active portion of the landfill during peak discharge from at
least a 25-year storm.
(8) The
owner or operator shall design, construct, operate and maintain a run-off
management system to collect and control at least the water volume resulting
from a 24-hour, 25-year storm.
(9)
Collection and holding facilities (e.g., tanks or basins) associated with
run-on and run-off control systems shall be emptied or otherwise managed
expeditiously after storms to maintain design capacity of the system.
(10) If the landfill contains any particulate
matter which may be subject to wind dispersal, the owner or operator shall
cover or otherwise manage the landfill to control wind dispersal.
(11) The department shall specify in the
operating license all design and operating practices that are necessary to
ensure that the requirements of this section are satisfied.
