West Virginia Code of State Rules
Agency 110 - Tax
Title 110 - LEGISLATIVE RULE STATE TAX DEPARTMENT
Series 110-10J - Abusive Tax Shelters
Section 110-10J-3 - Definitions
Universal Citation: 110 WV Code of State Rules 110-10J-3
Current through Register Vol. XLI, No. 38, September 20, 2024
3.1. General rule. Terms used in this rule have the meaning ascribed to them in W. Va. Code § 11-10-4, unless the context in which the term is used clearly requires a different meaning, or the term is defined in subsection 3.2 of this rule.
3.2. Terms defined. For purposes of this rule, the additional term:
3.2.1. "Abusive
tax schemes" means transactions promoted for the promise of tax benefits with
no meaningful change in the taxpayer's control over or benefit from the
taxpayer's income or assets. These transactions typically have no economic
purpose other than reducing taxes, or may involve the use of multiple layers of
domestic and foreign pass-through entities including: partnerships, S
corporations, limited liability companies, and trusts.
3.2.2. "Commissioner" or "Tax Commissioner"
means the West Virginia State Tax Commissioner or his/her delegate.
3.2.3. "Confidential transactions" means a
transaction that is offered to a taxpayer under conditions of confidentiality
and for which the taxpayer has paid an advisor a minimum fee.
3.2.4. "Gross valuation overstatement" means
any statement as to the value of any property or services if the value stated
exceeds 200 percent of the amount determined to be the correct valuation, and
the value of the property or services is directly related to the amount of any
deduction or credit allowable under 26 U.S.C. §§ 1 et seq. to any
participant.
3.2.5. "Investor
lists" means any list required to be maintained under I.R.C. § 6112 and
Treasury Regulations Section 301.6112-1 with respect to a potentially abusive
tax shelter that, at a minimum, includes the following information:
3.2.5.1. The name of each transaction that is
a potentially abusive tax shelter and the registration number, if any, obtained
under I.R.C. § 6111;
3.2.5.2.
The tax identification number, if any, of each transaction;
3.2.5.3. The name, address, and tax
identification number of each person required to be on the list;
3.2.5.4. If applicable, the number of units
(i.e., percentage of profits, number of shares, etc.) acquired by each person
required to be included on the list;
3.2.5.5. The date on which each interest was
acquired;
3.2.5.6. The amount
invested in each transaction by each person required to be included on the
list;
3.2.5.7. A detailed
description of each transaction that describes both the structure and its
expected tax consequences;
3.2.5.8.
A summary or schedule of the tax consequences that each person is intended or
expected to derive from participation in each transaction, if known by the
material advisor;
3.2.5.9. Copies
of any additional written materials, including tax analyses or opinions,
relating to each transaction that have been shown or provided to any person who
acquired an interest in the transaction, or his or her representatives, tax
advisors, or agents, by the material advisor or any related party or agent of
the material advisor; and
3.2.5.10.
For each person, if the interest in the transaction was not acquired from the
material advisor maintaining the list, the name of the person from whom the
interest was acquired.
3.2.6. "Listed transaction" means a
transaction that is the same as or substantially similar to one of the types of
transactions that the Internal Revenue Service has determined to be a tax
avoidance transaction and identified by notice, regulation, or other form of
published guidance as a listed transaction.
3.2.7. "Loss transactions" mean any
transaction resulting in the taxpayer claiming a loss under I.R.C. § 165
of at least:
3.2.7.1. $10,000,000 in any
single taxable year or $20,000,000 in any combination of taxable years for
corporations;
3.2.7.2. $10,000,000
in any single taxable year or $20,000,000 in any combination of taxable years
for partnerships that have only corporations as partners (looking through any
partners that are themselves partnerships), whether or not any losses flow
through to one or more partners; or $2,000,000 in any single taxable year or
$4,000,000 in any combination of taxable years for all other partnerships,
whether or not any losses flow through to one or more partners;
3.2.7.3. $2,000,000 in any single taxable
year or $4,000,000 in any combination of taxable years for individuals, S
corporations, or trusts, whether or not any losses flow through to one or more
shareholders or beneficiaries; or
3.2.7.4. $50,000 in any single taxable year
for individuals or trusts, whether or not the loss flows through from an S
corporation or partnership, if the loss arises with respect to a section 988
transaction (as defined in I.R.C. § 988(c)(1) relating to foreign currency
transactions).
3.2.8.
"Material Advisor" means any person who:
3.2.8.1. Must register the transaction as a
tax shelter under federal law;
3.2.8.2. Receives, or expects to receive, at
least a minimum fee in connection with a transaction that is a potentially
abusive tax shelter: Provided, That the minimum fee is $250,000 if the
acquiring entities are corporations, other than S corporations. For all other
transactions, the minimum fee is $50,000. When calculating the minimum fee,
each transaction is evaluated separately to determine whether the minimum fee
threshold is satisfied; and
3.2.8.3. Makes or provides any oral or
written statement to any person about the potential tax consequences of that
transaction.
3.2.9.
"Noneconomic substance transaction" means the disallowance of any loss,
deduction or credit, or addition to income attributable to a determination that
the transaction or arrangement lacks economic substance. A transaction lacks
economic substance if the taxpayer cannot demonstrate a valid West Virginia
business purpose other than tax savings.
3.2.10. "Organizer" means any person who
discovers, creates, investigates, or initiates the tax shelter investment,
devises the business or financial plans for the investment or carries out those
plans through negotiations or transactions with others. This term also includes
any other person who participates in the organization or management of the tax
shelter.
3.2.11. "Potentially
abusive tax shelter" means any tax shelter that is required to be registered
under current federal law or is a reportable transaction under present federal
law or West Virginia law.
3.2.12.
"Promoter" means any person who, directly or indirectly, organizes or assists
in the organization of a tax shelter or who participates in the sale of any
interests in a shelter.
3.2.13.
"Related business entities" and "related parties" are persons who bear a
relationship to each other as described in I.R.C. § 267(b) or
707(b).
3.2.14. "Reportable
transaction" means any transaction the Internal Revenue Service or this State
determines as having a potential for tax avoidance or evasion, and includes the
following transactions:
3.2.14.1. Listed
transactions;
3.2.14.2.
Confidential transactions;
3.2.14.3. Transactions with contractual
protection;
3.2.14.4. Loss
transactions;
3.2.14.5.
Transactions with a significant book-tax difference: Provided, That significant
book-tax difference transactions entered into on or after January 6, 2006 that
do not also describe any other reportable transaction in Treasury Regulation
Section 1.6011-4 will no longer be classified as reportable transactions:
Provided, however, That this removal of significant book-tax difference
transactions from the categories of reportable transactions does not relieve
taxpayers, tax shelter organizers or material advisors of any disclosure,
registration or list maintenance obligations for transactions that should have
been disclosed or registered, or for transactions for which lists should have
been prepared and maintained, prior to January 6, 2006; and
3.2.14.6. Transactions involving a brief
asset holding period.
3.2.15. "Reportable transaction
understatement" means the product of:
3.2.15.1. The amount of the increase (if any)
in taxable income, as determined by reference to the amount of post-apportioned
income that results from a difference between the proper tax treatment of an
item to which this paragraph applies and the taxpayer's treatment of that item
as shown on the taxpayer's return, including an amended return filed prior to
the date the taxpayer is first contacted by the Tax Commissioner regarding the
examination of the return; and
3.2.15.2. The applicable tax rates.
3.2.16. "Reporting shareholder"
means a United States shareholder (as defined in I.R.C. § 551(a)) in a
foreign personal holding company (as defined in I.R.C. § 552), a United
States shareholder (as defined in I.R.C. § 951(b)) in a controlled foreign
corporation (as defined in I.R.C. § 957), or a 10 percent shareholder (by
vote or value) of a qualified electing fund (as defined in I.R.C. §
1295).
3.2.17. "Seller" for
purposes of the list maintenance requirement, is:
3.2.17.1. Any organizer, underwriter, broker,
or dealer (or other similar person) who transfers any interest in a tax
shelter;
3.2.17.2. Any agent who
negotiates the transfer of any interest in a tax shelter for the tax shelter,
an organizer, or other person described in paragraph 3.2.13 of this
rule;
3.2.17.3. Any investor (not
described in subdivision 3.2.13 of this rule) who transfers any interest in a
tax shelter; or
3.2.17.4. Any other
person who receives consideration in connection with another person's right to
participate in a tax shelter, for services necessary to the organization or
structure of the tax shelter (other than services that do not constitute
participation in the organization or management of a tax shelter under Treasury
Regulation Section 301.6111-1T), or for information that is integral to the
participation in the tax shelter.
3.2.18. "Substantially similar" means and
includes any transaction that is expected to obtain the same or similar types
of tax consequences and that is either factually similar or based on the same
or similar tax strategy. Receipt of an opinion regarding the tax consequences
of the transaction is not relevant to the determination of whether the
transaction is the same as or substantially similar to another transaction.
Further, the term substantially similar shall be broadly construed in favor of
disclosure.
3.2.19. "Tax avoidance
transaction" means a plan or arrangement devised for the principal purpose of
avoiding federal or state income tax or both. Tax avoidance transactions
include, but are not limited to, "listed transactions" as defined and/or
described in Treasury Regulations Section 1.6011-4(b)(2).
3.2.20. "Tax benefit" means and includes
deductions, exclusions from gross income, nonrecognition of gain, tax credits,
adjustments (or the absence of adjustments) to the basis of property, status as
an entity exempt from Federal income taxation, and any other tax consequences
that may reduce a taxpayer's West Virginia income tax liability by affecting
the amount, timing, character, or source of any item of income, gain, expense,
loss, or credit.
3.2.21. "Tax
shelter" means a tax avoidance transaction.
3.2.22. "Tax structure" means any fact that
may be relevant to understanding the purported or claimed West Virginia
Personal Income Tax treatment or West Virginia Corporation Net Income Tax
treatment of the transaction.
3.2.23. "Tax treatment" means the tax
treatment of a transaction that is the purported or claimed West Virginia
Personal Income Tax treatment or West Virginia corporation Net Income Tax
treatment of the transaction.
3.2.24. "Transaction" means and includes all
of the factual elements relevant to the expected tax treatment of any
investment, entity, plan, or arrangement, and includes any series of steps
carried out as part of a plan.
3.2.25. "Transactions involving a brief
holding period" means any transaction resulting in the taxpayer claiming a tax
credit exceeding $ 250,000 (including a foreign tax credit) if the underlying
asset giving rise to the credit is held by the taxpayer for 45 days or less.
For purposes of determining the holding period, the principles of I.R.C. §
246(c)(3) and (c)(4) apply. Transactions resulting in a foreign tax credit for
withholding taxes or other taxes imposed in respect of a dividend that are not
disallowed under I.R.C. § 901(k) (including transactions eligible for the
exception for securities dealers under I.R.C. § 901(k)(4)) are excluded
from this term.
3.2.26.
"Transaction with a significant book-tax difference" means a transaction where
the amount for tax purposes of any item or items of income, gain, expense, or
loss from the transaction differs by more than $ 10 million on a gross basis
from the amount of the item or items for book purposes in any taxable
year.
3.2.27. "Transaction with
contractual protection" means a transaction for which the taxpayer or a related
party (as described in I.R.C. § 267(b) or I.R.C. § 707(b)) has the
right to a full or partial refund of fees if all or part of the intended tax
consequences from the transaction are not sustained. A transaction with
contractual protection also is a transaction for which fees are contingent on
the taxpayer's realization of tax benefits from the transaction.
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