Utah Administrative Code
Topic - Environmental Quality
Title R309 - Drinking Water
Rule R309-520 - Facility Design and Operation: Disinfection
Section R309-520-9 - Ozone

(a) Ozone is approved as a primary disinfectant, but is not approved as a secondary disinfectant for the distribution system because of its rapid decomposition in aqueous solution. A different disinfectant approved for secondary disinfection must be used if a minimum disinfection residual is required in the distribution system. Ozone may also be used for taste and odor control, oxidation of inorganic and organic compounds and for enhanced performance of other water treatment processes such as microflocculation and filtration. Some of the requirements of this section may not be applicable if ozone is used only for reasons other than primary disinfection.

(b) Pilot studies or bench scale studies shall be conducted for all surface waters unless there is sufficient data available from other studies performed on the same water source. The studies shall determine the initial ozone demand, the rate of ozone decay, the minimum and maximum ozone dosages for the range of water conditions for disinfection "CT" compliance, and the ozone dosage required for other desired benefits. Pilot studies or bench scale studies shall take into account the seasonal and other variations of the source water. Plans for pilot studies or bench scale studies shall be reviewed and accepted by the Director prior to commencement of the studies.

(a) The ozone system should be designed with backup capability such that required inactivation can be achieved with one generator out of service.

(b) The ozone generators shall be housed in an enclosed temperature controlled building for protection. Adequate ventilation shall be provided in the building, and be capable of providing six or more air changes per hour when needed in case of an ozone leak.

(c) The ozone generators shall be of the medium or high frequency type.

(d) The power supply units for the ozone generators shall have a backup electrical power source, normally an emergency generator, or the system shall have an alternate primary disinfection system that may be used in case of an electrical power outage.

(e) The ozone generators shall be water-cooled with a maximum increase in cooling water temperature of 10 degrees F (5.6 degrees C). If necessary, the cooling water should be treated to minimize corrosion, scaling, and microbiological fouling of the water side of the tubes. A closed-loop cooling water system may be used to assure proper water conditions are maintained. The power supply units to the ozone generators may also be water cooled.

(f) The ozone generators shall comply with Section 3705 of Chapter 37, "Ozone Gas Generators," of the 2006 International Fire Code.

(a) Feed gas may be air, vaporized high purity liquid oxygen, or oxygen enriched air. Oxygen may be generated on-site or delivered in bulk. Oxygen-enriched air is typically generated on-site.

(b) The design of the feed gas system must ensure that the maximum dew point of the feed gas of -76 degrees F (-60 degrees C) is not exceeded at any time.

(c) Liquid Oxygen Feed Gas Systems.

(d) Air or Oxygen Enriched Air Feed Gas Systems.

(a) An ozone contactor shall consist of two or more chambers to provide for introduction of ozone into the water and contact time. In a water treatment plant, ozone may be introduced in the raw water, or ozone may be introduced later in the process, such as to settled water after solids have been removed. An ozone contactor must be a closed vessel that is kept under less than atmospheric pressure to prevent escape of ozone gas. The materials of construction must be ozone-resistant to prevent premature failure of the contactor.

(b) Ozone gas may be injected into the water under positive pressure through bubble diffusers using porous-tube or dome diffusers. Alternatively, ozone gas may be injected into the water using side stream injection. This is where ozone gas is drawn into the side stream using negative pressure, which is generated in a pipe section with a venturi.

(c) An ozone contactor shall be designed to achieve a minimum transfer efficiency of 85 percent.

(d) Multiple sampling points shall be provided in an ozone contactor to enable sampling of treated water for purposes of determining an accurate measure of the concentration to be used in the "CT" disinfection calculation.

(e) A recommended minimum disinfection contact time is ten minutes.

(f) Ozone contactors shall have provision for cleaning, maintenance, and drainage of the contactor. Each contactor chamber shall be equipped with an access hatchway or other means of entry.

(g) An ozone contactor shall have an emergency off-gas pressure/vacuum relief system to prevent damage to the unit.

(h) A system must be provided for worker safety at the end of the ozone contactor for compliance with OSHA standards. Specifically, ozone levels in the gas space above treated water that has exited the contactor must not exceed the established OSHA 8-hour exposure limit of 0.1 ppm. This system may be an ozone residual quenching system where a chemical is used to destroy remaining ozone in the water, or this system may be a monitoring system that provides sufficient time to lower the residual ozone level in the water by natural decay to an acceptable level. Any chemical used to quench residual ozone shall comply with ANSI/NSF Standard 60.

(a) A system for treating the final off-gas from each ozone contactor must be provided in order to meet safety standards. Systems using thermal destruction or catalytic destruction may be used. At least two units shall be provided which are each capable of handling the entire off-gas flow.

(b) Exhaust blowers shall be provided in order to draw off-gas from the contactor into the destruction units.

(c) Provisions must be made to drain water from condensation in the off-gas piping and to protect the destruction units and piping from moisture and other impurities that may cause damage.

(d) The maximum allowable ozone concentration in the gas discharge from a destruction unit is 0.1 ppm by volume. Provisions may be made for temporary transient concentration spikes that may exceed this limit.

(a) Because ozone is a strong oxidant, consideration shall be given to piping materials used in ozone service. Generally, only low carbon 304L and 316L stainless steel should be used for ozone gas service.

(b) Connections on piping used for ozone service should be welded where possible. Threaded connections should be avoided for ozone gas piping because of their tendency to leak. Connections with meters, valves, or other equipment should be made with flanged joints with ozone-resistant gaskets.

(c) A positive-closing 90-degree turn isolation valve, or other equivalent means, shall be provided in the piping between an ozone generator and a contactor to prevent moisture from reaching the ozone generator during shutdowns.

(a) A flow meter shall be provided to measure the flow rate of the water being treated. A temperature gauge or transmitter shall also be provided to measure the temperature of the water being treated. The pH shall also be measured to indicate changes in the water being treated.

(b) An ozone gas analyzer, a flow meter, and a temperature measurement shall be provided on the gaseous ozone feed line going to the ozone injection point.

(c) Ozone aqueous residual analyzers shall be provided to measure the ozone residual concentration in the water being treated in order to determine "CT" credit.

(d) An ozone gas analyzer shall be provided on the gas discharge of each ozone destruction unit, or combined vent gas discharge, to determine the exiting ozone concentration.

(e) Ambient ozone monitors shall be installed in the vicinity of the ozone generators, the ozone contactors, the ozone destruction units, and other areas where ozone gas may accumulate.

(f) A continuous dew point monitor shall be provided on the feed gas line to the ozone generators.

(g) Instrumentation such as pressure gauges, temperature gauges, flow meters, and power meters shall be provided as necessary to monitor the feed gas system, ozone generators, power supply units, and cooling water to protect the equipment and monitor performance.

(a) An ambient ozone monitor shall be provided.

(b) The design shall include alarms and shutdowns.

(a) Training shall be provided to the operators of ozone systems by the manufacturers of the ozone equipment, or other professionals with experience in ozone treatment, to promote the safe operation of the systems.

(b) Appropriate signs shall be installed around ozone and liquid oxygen equipment to warn operators, emergency responders, and others of the potential dangers.

(c) A means shall be provided, such as portable purge air blowers and portable monitors, to reduce residual ozone levels in an ozone contactor or other equipment to safe levels prior to entry for repair, maintenance, or emergency.

(a) An ambient ozone monitor should activate an alarm when the ozone level exceeds 0.1 ppm. Because the natural ozone levels can exceed 0.1 ppm under certain atmospheric conditions, it is permissible to set the alarm level at a slightly higher level to avoid nuisance alarms. Ozone generator shutdown shall occur when ambient levels exceed 0.3 ppm in the vicinity of an ozone generator or a contactor. Operators of the water treatment system may set the alarm level and the shutdown level lower at their discretion. It is required that an ozone ambient monitor activates a local audible alarm and/or flashing light warning, in addition to an alarm at the operator control system panel.

(b) There shall be an alarm/shutdown to prevent the dew point of the feed gas exceeding the maximum of -76 degrees F (-60 degrees C).

(c) Alarms and shutdowns shall be programmed based on the pressure gauges, temperature gauges, flow meters, and power meters, to protect the feed gas system, ozone generators, power supply units, and cooling water system.