Texas Administrative Code
Title 19 - EDUCATION
Part 2 - TEXAS EDUCATION AGENCY
Chapter 127 - TEXAS ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND CAREER AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Subchapter O - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS
Section 127.795 - Physics For Engineering (One Credit), Adopted 2024

(A) hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. Hypotheses of durable explanatory power that have been tested over a wide variety of conditions are incorporated into theories; and

(B) scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific theories are well established and highly reliable explanations, but they may be subject to change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed.

(A) Scientific practices. Students should be able to ask questions, plan and conduct investigations to answer questions, and explain phenomena using appropriate tools and models.

(B) Engineering practices. Students should be able to identify problems and design solutions using appropriate tools and models.

(A) describe and demonstrate how to dress appropriately, speak politely, and conduct oneself in a manner appropriate for the profession;

(B) describe and demonstrate how to cooperate, contribute, and collaborate as a member of a group in an effort to achieve a positive collective outcome;

(C) present written and oral communication in a clear, concise, and effective manner;

(D) demonstrate time-management skills in prioritizing tasks, following schedules, and performing goal-relevant activities in a way that produces efficient results; and

(E) demonstrate punctuality, dependability, reliability, and responsibility in performing assigned tasks as directed.

(A) ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

(B) apply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

(C) use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

(D) use appropriate tools such as ammeters, balances, ballistic carts or equivalent, batteries, calipers, Celsius thermometers, consumable chemicals, collision apparatus, computers and modeling software, constant velocity cars, data acquisition probes and software, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), dynamics and force demonstration equipment, electroscopes, electrostatic generators, electrostatic kits, friction blocks, graphing technology, hand-held visual spectroscopes, hot plates, iron filings, laser pointers, light bulbs, macrometers, magnets, magnetic compasses, mass sets, metric rulers, meter sticks, models and diagrams, motion detectors, multimeters, optics bench, optics kit, optic lenses, pendulums, photogates, plane mirrors, polarized film, prisms, protractors, resistors, ripple tank with wave generators, rope or string, scientific calculators, simple machines, slinky springs, springs, spring scales, standard laboratory glassware, stopwatches, switches, tuning forks, timing devices, trajectory apparatus, voltmeters, wave motion ropes, wires, or other equipment and materials that will produce the same results;

(E) collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence;

(F) organize quantitative and qualitative data using notebooks or engineering journals, bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, data tables, equations, conceptual mathematical relationships, labeled drawings and diagrams, or graphic organizers such as Venn diagrams;

(G) develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems; and

(H) distinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.

(A) identify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;

(B) analyze data by identifying significant statistical features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations;

(C) use mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data; and

(D) assess and optimize experimental processes and engineering designs.

(A) develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories;

(B) communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and

(C) engage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.

(A) analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing so as to encourage critical thinking by the student;

(B) relate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including research methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists as related to the content; and

(C) research and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms, and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field in order to investigate STEM careers.

(A) identify an engineering need through collaborative conversation or research;

(B) develop a proposal to execute an engineering solution that includes performance metrics and constraints such as economics, resources, or safety;

(C) analyze an implemented engineering solution and suggest changes to improve the engineering design or process; and

(D) assess the risks or trade-offs and benefits of a design solution such as accessibility, aesthetics, codes, cost, functionality, ethical considerations, or sustainability.

(A) develop and test hypotheses that can be supported by observational evidence;

(B) compare scientific concepts such as particle or wave behavior or the law of thermodynamics to describe physical phenomena;

(C) design procedures to conduct an investigation;

(D) perform accurate measurement techniques using precision instruments and proper techniques;

(E) identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data;

(F) analyze and interpret data using equations, tables, charts, and graphs to reveal potential patterns, trends, and sources of error; and

(G) communicate conclusions supported through various methods such as laboratory reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, or technology-based reports.

(A) locate and apply safety guidelines as described in various manuals, instructions, or regulations; and

(B) identify hazardous materials and properly dispose of wastes.

(A) generate and interpret relevant equations for one-dimensional motion using graphs and charts;

(B) define scalar and vector quantities;

(C) calculate displacement, distance, speed, velocity, average velocity, frames of reference, acceleration, and average acceleration using one-dimensional equations;

(D) calculate displacement, velocity, average velocity, acceleration, and average acceleration within a frame of reference using graphical vector addition;

(E) use graphs and charts to generate and interpret relevant equations for two-dimensional motion;

(F) explain projectile and circular motion using two-dimensional equations or vectors and apply the concepts to an investigation such as testing a catapult or carousel;

(G) explain Newton's first law of motion and apply the concepts of equilibrium and inertia to investigations using relevant real-world examples such as rockets, satellites, and automobile safety devices;

(H) conduct investigations that include calculations and free body diagrams to observe the effect of forces on objects, including tension, friction, normal force, gravity, centripetal force, and applied force, using the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration as represented by Newton's second law of motion;

(I) conduct or design investigations such as those that involve rockets, tug-of-war, or balloon cars to illustrate and analyze the simultaneous forces between two objects as represented in Newton's third law of motion using free body diagrams;

(J) design a model based on Newton's law of universal gravitation between two or more objects to determine the relationships between force, their masses, and the distance between their centers;

(K) design, evaluate, and refine a device that uses the concepts of impulse and conservation of momentum to minimize the net force on objects during collisions such as those that occur during vehicular accidents or sports activities or when a personal electronic device is dropped; and

(L) describe and calculate the mechanical energy of the power generated within, the impulse applied to, and the momentum of a physical system.

(A) use Coulomb's law to predict how the magnitude of the electric force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance between their centers;

(B) build models such as generators, motors, and transformers that show how electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic forces and fields work in everyday life;

(C) test a variety of materials to determine conductive or insulative properties based on their electric properties;

(D) design, evaluate, and refine series and parallel circuits using schematics, digital resources, or materials such as switches, wires, resistors, lightbulbs, batteries, multimeters, voltmeters, and ammeters; and

(E) construct series and parallel circuits and use Ohm's Law to calculate current, potential difference, resistance, and power of various real-world series and parallel circuits such as models of in-home wiring, automobile wiring, and simple electrical devices.

(A) describe the transformations among work, potential energy, and kinetic energy using the work-energy theorem;

(B) calculate work, power, kinetic energy, and potential energy;

(C) identify, describe, and give real-world examples of simple machines such as levers, pulleys, wheels axles, wedges, screws, and inclined planes;

(D) calculate the mechanical advantage of simple machines; and

(E) apply the laws of conservation of energy to a physical system using simple machines such as a Rube Goldberg machine.

(A) explain the laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to systems such as engines, heat pumps, refrigeration, solar, and heating and air conditioning;

(B) investigate and demonstrate the movement of thermal energy through various states of matter by convection, conduction, and radiation through environmental and man-made systems; and

(C) design, construct, and test a device or system that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy consumption and perform a cost-benefit analysis such as comparing materials and energy sources that are renewable and nonrenewable.

(A) examine and describe oscillatory motion using pendulums and wave propagation in various types of media;

(B) investigate and analyze characteristics of waves, including period, velocity, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength;

(C) investigate and calculate the relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength;

(D) compare the characteristics and behaviors of transverse waves and longitudinal waves, including electromagnetic waves and sound waves;

(E) describe how the differences in wavelength and frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum impact real-world technologies such as radio, x-rays, and microwaves;

(F) investigate and explain behaviors of waves, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, resonance, polarization, and the Doppler effect; and

(G) describe and predict image formation as a consequence of reflection from a plane mirror and refraction through a thin convex lens.