Current through all regulations passed and filed through September 16, 2024
(B) Definitions.
(1) "Derrick" means an apparatus consisting
of a mast or equivalent members held at the top by guys or braces, with or
without a boom, for use with a hoisting mechanism and operating
ropes.
(2) "Derrick, A-frame" means
a derrick in which the boom is hinged from a cross member between the bottom
ends of two upright members spread apart at the lower ends and united at the
top, the upper ends of the boom being secured to the upper junction of the side
members and the side members braced or guyed from the junction point.
(3) "Derrick, basket" means a derrick without
a boom, similar to a gin pole, with its base supported by ropes attached to
corner posts or other parts of the structure. The base is at a lower elevation
than its supports. The location of the base of a basket derrick can be changed
by varying the length of the rope supports. The top of the pole is secured with
multireeved guys to position the top of the pole to the desired location. By
varying the length of the upper guy lines, the load is raised and lowered by
ropes through the sheave or block secured to the top of the pole.
(4) "Derrick, breast" means a derrick without
a boom, the mast consisting of two side members spread farther apart at the
base than at the top, tied together at the top and bottom by rigid members, the
top held from tipping by guys and the load raised and lowered by ropes through
a sheave or block secured to the top crosspieces.
(5) "Derrick, Chicago boom" means an ordinary
derrick boom so installed as to utilize a building column or tower hoist as the
mast, and to depend upon the structural steel beam connections or bracing to
take the place of the stiff legs. The lower end of the boom is attached to the
building columns by means of a combination hinge pin and swivel pin to a heavy
steel plate clamp attached to the column. The derrick is completed with load
fall line and boom fall line.
(6)
"Derrick, gin pole" means a derrick consisting only of a mast with guys so
arranged as to permit leaning the mast in any direction, the load being raised
or lowered by ropes leading through sheaves or blocks at the top of the mast.
Where the size and/or spacing of guy lines do not
result in the gin pole being stable in both boomed and vertical positions, the
employer must ensure that the derrick is not used in an unstable
position.
(7) "Derrick, guy"
means a fixed derrick consisting of a mast capable of being rotated, supported
in a vertical position by
a minimum number of six guys, with equal spacing,
except:
(a)
Where a qualified person or derrick manufacturer approves variations from these
requirements and revises the rated capacity to compensate for such variations;
or
(b)
Where more guys and a boom whose bottom end is
hinged or pivoted to move in a vertical plane, with lines between the head of
the mast and the head of the boom for raising and lowering the boom lines from
the head of the boom for raising and lowering the load.
(8) "Derrick, stiff leg" means a derrick
similar to a guy derrick except that the mast is supported or held in place by
two or more stiff members capable of resisting either tensile or compressive
forces. Sills are generally provided to connect the lower ends of the two stiff
legs to the foot of the mast.
(9)
"Derrick, tripod" means a derrick consisting of three upright legs or members
securely fastened together at the top, supporting a hoisting mechanism and
operating ropes. The legs can be spread to various angles.
(10) "Hoist, mast" means a hoist having no
less than two upright parallel members forming the mast, on which the cage is
suspended outside of the parallel members. The entire unit is portable, but not
self-propelled.
(11) "Hoist,
material" means a hoist for raising and lowering material only, with the
hoisting of persons being prohibited except for
inspection and maintenance.
(12) "Hoist, personnel" means a mechanism for
use in connection with construction, alteration, maintenance, or demolition of
buildings, structures, or other work. It is used for hoisting and lowering
employees or material or both, is equipped with a car that moves on guide
members during its vertical movement, and includes a hoistway.
(13) "Hoist tower" means a tower constructed
of sections forming a shaftway in which a cage or platform travels.
Towers inside of structures shall be enclosed on all
four sides throughout the full height.
(14) "Prime mover" means equipment used as
the primary source of power, such as engines and motors.
(C) Cranes.
(1) Load rating chart.
A substantial and durable manufacturer's load rating chart with
clearly legible letters and figures shall be maintained in each crane and
securely fixed to the crane cab in a location easily visible to the operator
while seated at the operator's control station. The data and information to be
provided on such charts shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the
following data:
(a) A full and
complete range of manufacturer's approved crane load ratings at all stated
operating radii and boom angles, and for all permissible boom lengths, jib
lengths, and angles, also alternate ratings for use and non-use of optional
equipment on the crane such as outriggers and extra counterweights which affect
ratings.
(b) An operating manual
shall be provided, showing recommended parts of hoist reeving, size and type of
rope for various crane loads and the operating manual shall be maintained with
the equipment.
(2) Boom
hoist.
When using the manufacturer's recommended boom hoist reeving
with rated loads suspended, the boom hoist shall be capable of raising the
boom, holding it stationary without attention from the operator, and lowering
it only when coupled to its prime mover.
(a) The boom hoist drum shall have sufficient
rope capacity to operate the boom at all positions from horizontal to the
highest angle recommended when using the manufacturer's reeving and rope size.
(i) No less than two full wraps of rope shall
remain on the drum with the boom point lowered to the level of the crane
supporting surface.
(ii) The drum
end of the rope shall be anchored by a clamp securely attached to the drum or a
wedge socket arrangement approved by the crane manufacturer.
(b) The drum diameter shall be
sufficient to provide a first layer rope pitch diameter of no less than
eighteen times the nominal diameter of the rope used.
(3) Main hoist mechanism.
Load hoist drums shall have sufficient rope capacity with
recommended rope size and reeving to perform crane service within the range of
boom lengths, operating radii and vertical lifts stipulated by the
manufacturer.
(a) No less than two
full wraps of rope shall remain on the drum when the hook is in its extreme low
position.
(b) The drum end of the
rope shall be anchored by a clamp securely attached to the drum or a wedge
socket arrangement approved by the crane or rope manufacturer.
(4) Ropes.
(a) The hoisting rope shall be of a
construction recommended for crane service.
Non-rotating rope shall not be used for boom hoist reeving or
multiple reeving.
(b)
Socketing shall be done in the manner specified by the manufacturer of the
assembly.
(c) If a load is
supported by more than one part of the rope, the tension in the parts shall be
equalized.
(d) Wherever exposed to
temperatures at which fiber cores would be damaged, rope having an independent
wire rope or wire strand core, or other temperature damage-resistant core shall
be used.
(e) Replacement rope shall
be the same size, grade and construction as the original rope furnished by the
crane manufacturer, unless otherwise recommended by a rope manufacturer due to
actual working condition requirements.
(f) Factor of safety.
The employer shall, when re-reeving boomed equipment, provide
ropes which will meet the manufacturer's specifications and the factor of
safety shall be no less than three and one-half.
(g) Splicing.
If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected by
severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be used.
If a rope is shortened the employer must ensure that
the drum will still have two wraps of wire rope when the load and/or boom is in
its lowest position. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is
prohibited.
(h) Fastening.
Wire rope shall not be secured by knots. Thimbles shall be used
where wire rope is looped. Wire rope clips shall conform to the manufacturer's
specifications. The loop ends of wire rope clips shall be on the dead end of
the wire rope and the grooved plate of the wire rope clip shall take the load
of the pulling part for which it is designed. In looping or in short bends,
wire rope clips and turnback of rope shall conform to the following table and
spacing of clips shall be uniform between the loop and the dead end.
Number and Spacing of U-Bolt Wire Rope Clips
Improved Plow Steel, rope diameter (inches)
|
Number of clips
|
Other material Other material
|
Drop forge
|
Other material
|
1/2
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
5/8
|
3
|
4
|
3 3/4
|
3/4
|
4
|
5
|
4 1/2
|
7/8
|
4
|
5
|
5 1/2
|
1
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
1 1/8
|
6
|
6
|
6 3/4
|
1 1/4
|
6
|
7
|
7 1/2
|
1 3/8
|
7
|
7
|
8 1/4
|
1 1/2
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
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Figure: How to attach wire rope clips
(5) Reeving accessories.
Eye splices shall be made in accordance with the requirements
of paragraph (C) (4)(g) of this rule and thimbles shall be used in all eye
splices.
(6) Sheaves.
(a) Sheave grooves shall be smooth and free
from surface defects.
(b) Sheaves
carrying wire ropes shall be provided with close-fitting guards or other
suitable devices to guide the rope back into the groove when the load is
applied again.
(7) Cabs.
(a) Construction.
(i) Power driven cranes shall be provided
with a cab to protect the operator in case the cable should break or material
fall from the dipper or bucket.
(ii) All windows shall be of safety glass or
equivalent.
(iii) A clear
passageway shall be provided from the operator's station to an exit door on the
operator's side.
(b)
Platform to cab.
(i) Principal walking
surfaces shall be of an anti-skid type.
(ii) Originally-equipped steps, handholds,
ladders and guardrails, railings, grab rails shall be maintained in good
condition.
(8) Roof.
Where necessary for rigging or service requirements, a ladder
or steps shall be provided to give access to the cab roof.
(9) Booms.
(a) Boom stops shall be provided on all
mobile cranes.
(b) A boom angle
indicator shall be provided.
(c)
All repairs on booms, boom sections and jibs shall meet the manufacturer's
specifications.
(10)
Exhaust pipes.
All exhaust pipes shall be guarded or insulated in areas where
employees are exposed to contact in the performance of normal duties. (See rule
4121:1-3-18 of the Administrative Code for ventilating exhaust gases.)
(11) Miscellaneous equipment.
(a) Portable fuel containers shall be
equipped with a self-closing filler cap. Where gasoline is the fuel, a flame
arrestor shall be provided.
(b) An
effective warning and operating signal device shall be provided.
(c) Means shall be provided for the operator
to visually determine the levelness of the crane.
(d) Barricades shall be provided to prevent
an employee from being struck or crushed by the rotating superstructure of the
crane.
(D)
Hoists.
(1) General requirements.
(a) Rated load capacity - posting.
Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and
special hazard warnings or instructions shall be posted on cars and
platforms.
(b) Hoisting
ropes shall be installed in accordance with the wire rope manufacturer's
recommendations.
(c) The
installation of live booms on hoists is prohibited.
(d) The use of endless belt type manlifts on
construction sites is prohibited.
(e) Hoist platforms.
Blocking and cleats shall be provided on hoist platforms when
wheelbarrows or other rolling equipment is transported.
(f) Landing platforms.
(i) Landing platforms shall be of sufficient
strength to support the maximum working loads imposed upon them, and no less
than seventy-five pounds per square foot, without exceeding the allowable
working stresses specified in the appendix to this rule.
(ii) Standard guard railing, toeboards and
side screens shall be provided on both sides of landing platforms.
(iii) Clearance between adjacent edges of the
hoist platform and the landing platform shall not exceed two inches.
(2) Material hoists.
(a) Operating rules shall be established and
posted at the operator's station of the hoist. Such rules shall include signal
system and allowable line speed for various loads. Rules and notices shall be
posted on the car frame or crosshead in a conspicuous location, including the
statement, "No Riders Allowed".
(b)
No employee shall be required to ride on material hoists except for the
purposes of inspection and maintenance.
(c) All entrances of the hoistway shall be
guarded by substantial gates or bars which shall guard the full width of the
landing entrance. All hoistway entrance bars and gates shall be painted with
diagonal contrasting colors, such as black and yellow stripes.
(i) Bars shall be no less than two-inch by
four-inch wooden bars or the equivalent, located two feet from the hoistway
line. Bars shall be located no less than twenty-six inches or more than
forty-two inches above the floor.
(ii) Gates or bars protecting the entrances
to hoistways shall be equipped with a latching device.
(d) Overhead protective covering of two-inch
planking, three-fourths-inch plywood, or other solid material of equivalent
strength, shall be provided on the top of every material hoist cage or
platform.
(e) The operator's
station of a hoisting machine shall be provided with overhead protection
equivalent to tight planking no less than two inches thick. The support for the
overhead protection shall be of equivalent strength.
(f) Hoist towers may be used with or without
an enclosure on all sides. However, whichever alternative is chosen, the
following applicable conditions shall be met:
(i) When a hoist tower is enclosed, it shall
be enclosed on all sides for its entire height with a screen enclosure of
one-half-inch mesh, "No. 18 U.S. Gauge" wire or equivalent, except for landing
access.
(ii) When a hoist tower is
not enclosed, the hoist platform or car shall be totally enclosed (caged) on
all sides for the full height between the floor and the overhead protective
covering with one-half-inch mesh of "No. 14 U. S. Gauge" wire or equivalent.
The hoist platform enclosure shall include the required gates for loading and
unloading. A six-foot high enclosure shall be provided on the unused sides of
the hoist tower at ground level.
(g) Car arresting devices shall be installed
to function in case of rope failure.
(h) Material hoists shall be securely
fastened to the structure at no less than twenty-five-foot intervals.
(3) Personnel hoists.
(a) Hoist towers outside the structure shall
be enclosed for the full height on the side or sides used for entrance and exit
to the structure. At the lowest landing, the enclosure on the sides not used
for exit or entrance to the structure shall be enclosed to a height of no less
than ten feet. Other sides of the tower adjacent to floors or scaffold
platforms shall be enclosed to a height of ten feet above the level of such
floors or scaffolds.
(b) Towers
inside of structures shall be enclosed on all four sides throughout the full
height.
(c) Towers shall be
anchored to the structure at intervals not exceeding twenty-five feet. In
addition to tie-ins, a series of guys shall be installed. Where tie-ins are not
practical the tower shall be anchored by means of guys made of wire rope no
less than one-half inch in diameter, securely fastened to anchorage to ensure
stability.
(d) A minimum of two
and one-half square feet shall be provided for each person riding on hoist
car.
(e) Whenever a hoist tower
extends twenty-five feet or more above the roof line or last possible tie-ins
to the structure, it shall be guyed.
(f) Hoistway doors or gates shall be no less
than six feet six inches high and shall be provided with mechanical locks which
cannot be operated from the landing side, and shall be accessible only to
employees on the car.
(g) Cars
shall be permanently enclosed on all sides and the top, except sides used for
entrance and exit which have car gates or doors.
(h) A door or gate shall be provided at each
entrance to the car which shall guard the full width and height of the entrance
opening.
(i) Overhead protective
covering of two-inch planking, three-fourths-inch plywood or other solid
material of equivalent strength shall be provided on the top of every personnel
hoist.
(j) Doors or gates shall be
provided with electric contacts which do not allow movement of the hoist when
door or gate is open.
(k) Cages of
all hoists upon which employees are permitted to ride shall be equipped with a
down speed governor to operate the car safety.
(l) Safeties shall be capable of stopping and
holding the car and rated load when traveling at governor tripping
speed.
(m) Cars shall be provided
with a capacity and data plate secured in a conspicuous place on the car or
crosshead.
(n) Internal combustion
engines for direct drive are prohibited.
(o) Normal and final terminal stopping
devices shall be provided.
(p) An
emergency stop switch shall be provided in the car and marked "STOP".
(q) Ropes.
(i) The minimum number of hoisting ropes used
shall be three for traction hoists and two for drum-type hoists.
(ii) The minimum diameter of hoisting and
counterweight wire ropes shall be one-half inch.
(iii) Factor of safety.
Minimum factors of safety for suspension wire ropes
Rope speed in feet per minute:
|
Minimum factor of safety:
|
50__________________
|
7.60
|
75__________________
|
7.75
|
100__________________
|
7.95
|
125__________________
|
8.10
|
150__________________
|
8.25
|
175__________________
|
8.40
|
200__________________
|
8.60
|
225__________________
|
8.75
|
250__________________
|
8.90
|
300__________________
|
9.20
|
350__________________
|
9.50
|
400__________________
|
9.75
|
450__________________
|
10.00
|
500__________________
|
10.25
|
550__________________
|
10.45
|
600__________________
|
10.70
|
(r) Following assembly and erection of
hoists, and before they are put in service, an inspection and test of all
functions and safety devices shall be made at full rated capacity under the
supervision of the manufacturer or the manufacturer's authorized
representative. A similar inspection and test is required following major
alteration of an existing installation. All hoists shall be inspected and
tested no less often than at three-month intervals. Records shall be maintained
and kept on file for the duration of the job.
(s) Personnel hoists used in bridge tower
construction shall be approved by a registered professional engineer and
erected under the supervision of a qualified engineer competent in this field.
(i) When a hoist tower is not enclosed, the
hoist platform or car shall be totally enclosed (caged) on all sides for the
full height between the floor and the overhead protective covering with
three-fourths-inch mesh of "No. 14 U.S. Gauge" wire or equivalent. The hoist
platform enclosure shall include the required gates for loading and
unloading.
(ii) These hoists shall
be inspected and maintained on a weekly basis. Whenever the hoisting equipment
is exposed to winds exceeding thirty-five miles per hour it shall be inspected
and put in operable condition before re-use.
(iii) Wire rope shall be taken out of service
when any of the following conditions exist:
(a) In running ropes, six randomly
distributed broken wires in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one
lay;
(b) Wear of one-third the
original diameter of outside individual wires. Kinking, crushing, bird caging,
or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure;
(c) Evidence of any heat damage from any
cause;
(d) Reductions from nominal
diameter of more than three-sixty-fourths-inch for diameters to and including
three-fourths-inch, one-sixteenths-inch to one and one-eighth inches inclusive,
three-thirty-seconds-inch for diameters one and one-fourth inches to one and
one-half inches inclusive;
(e) In
standing ropes, more than two broken wires in one lay in sections beyond end
connections or more than one broken wire at an end connection.
(4) Overhead
hoists.
(a) The safe working load of the
overhead hoist, as determined by the manufacturer, shall be indicated on the
hoist, and this safe working load shall not be exceeded.
(b) The supporting structure to which the
hoist is attached shall have a safe working load equal to that of the
hoist.
(c) The support shall be
arranged so as to provide for free movement of the hoist and shall not restrict
the hoist from lining itself up with the load.
(d) The hoist shall be installed only in
locations that will permit the operator to stand clear of the load at all
times.
(e) All overhead hoists in
use shall meet the applicable requirements for construction, design,
installation, testing, maintenance, and operation as prescribed by the
manufacturer.
(E) Proximity to overhead electric
conductors.
When it is necessary to move or operate cranes, derricks, or
any other type of hoisting apparatus or construction equipment within twenty
feet of an electrical conductor carrying one hundred ten volts or more, the
employer shall:
(1) Arrange with the
owner of the conductor, or the owner's authorized representative, to deenergize
the conductor, or
(2) Arrange with
the owner of the conductor, or the owner's authorized representative, to move
the conductor, or
(3) Arrange with
the owner of the conductor, or the owner's authorized representative, to guard
the conductor from accidental contact and the employer shall designate an
employee to act as signalman to direct the operator in the movement of
derricks, cranes, or any other type of hoisting apparatus or construction
equipment, or
(4) Install an
insulated type guard about the boom or arm of the equipment and a dielectric
insulator link between the load and the block and the employer shall designate
an employee to act as a signalman to direct the operator in the movement of
derricks, cranes, or any other type of hoisting apparatus or construction
equipment.
(F) No
employee shall be permitted to pass or be under loads handled by power shovels,
derricks, or hoists. Employees who are not engaged in vehicle loading shall be
required to stand back from any such vehicle during the loading.
(G) Derricks.
The following types of derricks are covered by the requirements
in this section wherever such requirements apply to the specific type of
derrick: gin poles, tripod derricks, A-frame derricks, Chicago boom derricks,
stiff leg derricks, breast derricks and guyed masts. (See appendix to this rule
for diagrams of derricks.)
(1) Design.
(a) Derricks and all appurtenances thereof,
including anchorage, shall be designed to carry the maximum working loads to be
imposed upon them and shall provide a factor of safety of no less than four,
including wind loads calculated on the basis of the following table:
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NOTES:
1. For
cylindrical sections in excess of two inch diameter, multiply by factor of
0.80.
2. For cylindrical sections
two inches or less in diameter, multiply by factor of 1.00.
3. For flat sections, multiply by factor of
1.30.
4. When height under consideration is fifty
feet or more, interpolate wind load for such height from table.
5. Design shall be checked for wind loading
in all directions. No allowance shall be made for sheltering from adjacent
structures.
(b) All
equipment shall be designed and erected in a substantial manner and securely
fastened in place.
(2)
Foundations and anchoring.
(a) Foundations.
Derricks shall be set upon substantial foundations.
(b) Anchoring and securing.
(i) Independent of building or structure.
(a) Derricks independent of a building or
structure shall be substantially anchored at the top of each corner post and at
intermediate intervals of no more than forty feet with no less than
three-eights-inch steel wire rope or material of equal or greater strength.
Anchorage for the guys of derricks shall be designed to resist the loads
imposed.
(b) Under no circumstances
shall less than six guys be used on a derrick supported solely by
guys.
(c) The anchoring of derricks
shall be such as to ensure that with the boom in any position, the righting
moment will exceed the overturning moment, imposed under service conditions
with rated load or under storm conditions.
(ii) Secured to building or structure.
Derricks shall be securely fastened to the building or
structure, at intervals of no more than forty feet.
(3) Hoist hooks.
Hoist hooks used with bucket, cage or skip shall be equipped
with a safety latch designed to prevent the load from being accidentally
detached.
(4) Braking
systems.
Derricks shall be provided with a brake which will operate in
case of power failure. The braking system shall be capable of holding the
maximum rated load at any point of the lift.
(5) Protection from falling material or
objects.
A substantial overhead guard shall be provided which will
protect the operator of the derrick from falling material and objects.
(6) Running lines.
Running lines and pinch points where a wire rope runs onto
sheaves, blocks or pulleys of derricks, located six feet or less from the
ground or working level shall be guarded, except when loads are moved
horizontally.
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