New Mexico Administrative Code
Title 6 - PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
Chapter 11 - PUBLIC SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION - STUDENT RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Part 2 - RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND PUBLIC SCHOOL STUDENTS
Section 6.11.2.12 - PROCEDURE FOR DETENTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND EXPULSIONS

Universal Citation: 6 NM Admin Code 6.11.2.12

Current through Register Vol. 35, No. 6, March 26, 2024

The authority of the state and of local school boards to prescribe and enforce standards of conduct for public school students must be exercised consistently with constitutional safeguards of individual student rights. The right to a public education is not absolute; it may be taken away, temporarily or permanently, for violations of school rules. The right to a public education is a property right which may only be denied where school authorities have adhered to the minimum procedural safeguards required to afford the student due process of law. This section prescribes minimum requirements for detention, in-school suspension, and temporary, long-term or permanent removal of students from public schools. Local school boards may adopt procedures which afford students more protection than this rule requires. The procedures in this section apply only to disciplinary detentions, suspensions, and expulsions. They do not apply to disenrollment of students who fail to meet immunization, age, residence, or other requirements for valid enrollment, nor to the removal from school membership reports of students who have been absent from school for 10 consecutive school days in accordance with Subsection B of Section 22-8-2 NMSA 1978. Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting school boards or administrative authorities from involving other school staff, students, and members of the community in the enforcement of rules of student conduct to the extent they believe is appropriate.

A. Post-suspension placement of students. Any student suspended from school shall be delivered directly by a school official to the student's parent(s) or an adult designated by the parent(s) or kept on school grounds until the usual end of the school day.

B. Students with disabilities. This section does not apply to long-term suspension or expulsion of students with disabilities pursuant to the IDEA or Section 504. The procedures for long-term suspension or expulsion of students with disabilities are set forth in Section 6.11.2.11 NMAC. School personnel under this section may remove a student with a disability who violates a rule of student conduct from the student's current placement to an appropriate interim alternative educational setting, another setting, or suspension, for no more than 10 consecutive school days to the extent those alternatives are applied to students without disabilities, and for additional removals of no more than 10 consecutive school days in the same school year for separate incidents of misconduct as long as those removals do not constitute a change of placement under Subsection G of 6.11.2.11 NMAC.

C. Immediate removal. Students whose presence poses a continuing danger to persons or property or an ongoing threat of interfering with the educational process may be immediately removed from school, subject to the following rules:

(1) A rudimentary hearing, as required for temporary suspensions, shall follow as soon as possible;

(2) Students shall be reinstated after no more than one school day unless within that time a temporary suspension is also imposed after the required rudimentary hearing. In such circumstances, a single hearing will support both the immediate removal and a temporary suspension imposed in connection with the same incident(s); and

(3) The school shall exert reasonable efforts to inform the student's parent of the charges against the student and the action taken as soon as practicable. If the school has not communicated with the parent by telephone or in person by the end of the school day following the immediate removal, the school shall on that day mail a written notice with the required information to the parent's address of record.

D. Temporary suspension.

(1) A local school board may limit temporary suspensions to periods shorter than 10 school days.

(2) A student facing temporary suspension shall be granted a rudimentary hearing in which the student shall first be informed of the charges against the student and, if the student denies them, shall be told what evidence supports the charge(s) and be given an opportunity to present the student's version of the facts. The following rules apply:

(a) the hearing may be an informal discussion and may follow immediately after the notice of the charges is given;

(b) unless the administrative authority decides a delay is essential to permit a fuller exploration of the facts, informal discussion may take place and a temporary suspension may be imposed within minutes after the alleged misconduct has occurred;

(c) a student who denies a charge of misconduct shall be told what act(s) the student is accused of committing, shall be given an explanation of the evidence supporting the accusation(s), and shall be given the opportunity to explain the student's version of the facts. The administrative authority is not required to divulge the identity of informants, although the administrative authority should not withhold such information without good cause. The administrative authority is required to disclose the substance of all evidence on which the administrative authority proposes to base a decision in the matter;

(d) the administrative authority is not required to allow the student to secure counsel, to confront or cross-examine witnesses supporting the charge(s), or to call witnesses to verify the student's version of the incident, but none of these is prohibited; and

(e) the school shall exert reasonable efforts to inform the student's parent(s) of the charges against the student and the possible or actual consequence as soon as practicable. If the school has not communicated with the parent(s) by telephone or in person by the end of the first full day of suspension, the school shall on that day mail a written notice with the required information to the parent's address of record.

E. In-school suspension.

(1) In-school suspension may be imposed with or without further restriction of student privileges. Any student who is placed in in-school suspension which exceeds 10 school days must be provided with an instructional program that meets state and local educational requirements. Student privileges, however, may be restricted for longer than 10 school days.

(2) In-school suspensions of any length shall be accomplished according to the procedures for a temporary suspension as set forth in Subsection D of 6.11.2.12 NMAC. A local school board may limit the length of in-school suspensions which may be accomplished under temporary suspension procedures. No student in in-school suspension shall be denied an opportunity to eat lunch or reasonable opportunities to go to the restroom.

F. Detention.

(1) Detention may be imposed in connection with in-school suspension, but is distinct from in-school suspension in that detention does not entail removing the student from any of the student's regular classes.

(2) The authority of the schools to supervise and control the conduct of students includes the authority to impose reasonable periods of detention during the day or outside normal school hours as a disciplinary measure. Reasonable periods of detention may be imposed in accordance with the procedures for temporary suspension.

G. Long-term suspension and expulsion.

(1) Each local school board shall authorize appropriate administrative authorities to initiate procedures leading to long-term suspension or expulsion. Where prompt action to suspend a student long-term is deemed appropriate, a temporary suspension may be imposed while the procedures for long-term suspension or expulsion are activated. However, where a decision following the required formal hearing is delayed beyond the end of the temporary suspension, the student shall be returned to school pending the final outcome unless the provisions of Subparagraphs (j) and (k) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC apply.

(2) A student who has been validly expelled or suspended is not entitled to receive any educational services from the local school district during the period of the exclusion from school. A local school board may provide alternative arrangements, including correspondence courses at the expense of the student or parent(s) pursuant to department requirements, if the local school board deems such arrangements appropriate.

(3) Each local school board shall establish, or shall authorize appropriate administrative authorities to establish, appropriate processes for handling long-term suspensions and expulsions. Unless the terms expressly indicate otherwise, nothing in Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC shall be construed as directing that any required decision be made by any particular person or body or at any particular level of administrative organization.

(4) The following rules shall govern the imposition of long-term suspensions or expulsions:

(a) Hearing authority and disciplinarian. The same person or group may perform the functions of hearing authority and disciplinarian. Where the functions are divided, the hearing authority's determination of the facts shall be conclusive to the disciplinarian, but the disciplinarian may reject any consequence(s) recommended by the hearing authority.

(b) Review authority. Unless the local school board provides otherwise, a review authority shall have discretion to modify or overrule the disciplinarian's decision, but may not impose harsher consequences. A review authority shall be bound by a hearing authority's factual determinations except as provided in Subparagraph (o) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC.

(c) Disqualification. No person shall act as hearing authority, disciplinarian, or review authority in a case where the person was directly involved in or witnessed the incident(s) in question, or if the person has prejudged disputed facts or is biased for or against any person who will actively participate in the proceedings.

(d) Local school board participation. A local school board may act as hearing authority, disciplinarian, or review authority for any cases involving proposed long-term suspensions or expulsions. However, whenever a quorum of the local school board acts in any such capacity, Section 10-15-1 et seq., NMSA 1978, the Open Meetings Act, requires a public meeting.

(e) Initiation of procedures. An authorized administrative authority shall initiate procedures for long-term suspension or expulsion of a student by designating a hearing authority and disciplinarian in accordance with local school board policies, scheduling a formal hearing in consultation with the hearing authority, and preparing and serving a written notice meeting the requirements of Subparagraph (h) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC.

(f) Service of notice. The written notice shall be addressed to the student, through the student's parent(s), and shall be served upon the parent(s) personally or by mail.

(g) Timing of hearing. The hearing shall be scheduled no sooner than five nor later than 10 school days from the date of receipt of the notice by the parent(s). The hearing authority may grant or deny a request to delay the hearing in accordance with the provisions of Subparagraph (i) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC.

(h) Contents of notice. The written notice must contain all of the following information, parts of which may be covered by appropriate reference to copies of any policies or regulations furnished with the notice:

(i) the school rule(s) alleged to have been violated, a concise statement of the alleged act(s) of the student on which the charge(s) are based, and a statement of the possible penalty;

(ii) the date, time, and place of the hearing, and a statement that both the student and parent(s) are entitled and urged to be present;

(iii) a clear statement that the hearing will take place as scheduled unless the hearing authority grants a delay or the student and parent(s) agree to waive the hearing and comply voluntarily with the proposed disciplinary action or with a negotiated penalty, and a clear and conspicuous warning that a failure to appear will not delay the hearing and may lead to the imposition of the proposed penalty by default;

(iv) a statement that the student has the right to be represented at the hearing by legal counsel, a parent or some other representative designated in a written notice filed at least 72 hours before the hearing with the contact person named pursuant to Item (vi) of Subparagraph (h) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC;

(v) a description of the procedures governing the hearing;

(vi) the name, business address, and telephone number of a contact person through whom the student, parent(s), or designated representative may request a delay or seek further information, including access to any documentary evidence or exhibits which the school proposes to introduce at the hearing; and

(vii) any other information, materials or instructions deemed appropriate by the administrative authority who prepares the notice.

(i) Delay of hearing. The hearing authority shall have discretion to grant or deny a request by the student or the appropriate administrative authority to postpone the hearing. Such discretion may be limited or guided by local school board policies not otherwise inconsistent with this rule.

(j) Student status pending hearing. Where a student has been suspended temporarily and a formal hearing on long-term suspension or expulsion will not occur until after the temporary suspension has expired, the student shall be returned to school at the end of the temporary suspension unless:

(i) the provisions of Subparagraph (k) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC apply, or

(ii) the student and parent(s) have knowingly and voluntarily waived the student's right to return to school pending the outcome of the formal proceedings; or

(iii) the appropriate administrative authority has conducted an interim hearing pursuant to a written local school board policy made available to the student which affords further due process protection sufficient to support the student's continued exclusion pending the outcome of the formal procedures.

(k) Waiver of hearing, voluntary compliance, or negotiated penalty. A student and the student's parent(s) may elect to waive the formal hearing and review procedures and comply voluntarily with the proposed penalty, or may waive the hearing and review and negotiate a mutually acceptable penalty with the designated disciplinarian. Such a waiver and compliance agreement shall be made voluntarily, with knowledge of the rights being relinquished, and shall be evidenced by a written document signed by the student, the parent(s), and the appropriate school official.

(l) Procedure for hearing and decision. The formal hearing is not a trial. The formal hearing is an administrative hearing designed to ensure a calm and orderly determination by an impartial hearing authority of the facts of a case of alleged serious misconduct. Technical rules of evidence and procedure do not apply. The following rules govern the conduct of the hearing and the ultimate decision:

(i) The school shall have the burden of proof of misconduct.

(ii) The student and the student's parent(s) shall have the following rights: The right to be represented by legal counsel or other designated representative, however, the school is not required to provide representation; the right to present evidence, subject to reasonable requirements of substantiation at the discretion of the hearing authority and subject to exclusion of evidence deemed irrelevant or redundant; the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses, subject to reasonable limitation by the hearing authority; the right to have a decision based solely on the evidence presented at the hearing and the applicable legal rules, including the governing rules of student conduct.

(iii) The hearing authority shall determine whether the alleged act(s) of misconduct have been proved by a preponderance of the evidence presented at a hearing at which the student or a designated representative have appeared.

(iv) If no one has appeared on the student's behalf within a reasonable time after the announced time for the hearing, the hearing authority shall determine whether the student, through the parent(s), received notice of the hearing. If so, the hearing authority shall review the schools' evidence to determine whether it is sufficient to support the charge(s) of misconduct.

(v) A hearing authority who is also a disciplinarian shall impose an appropriate sanction if the hearing authority finds that the allegations of misconduct have been proved under the standards of either Item (iii) or (iv) of Subparagraph (l) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC. A hearing authority who is not a disciplinarian shall report the findings, together with any recommended sanction, to the disciplinarian promptly after the hearing.

(vi) Arrangements to make a tape recording or keep minutes of the proceedings shall be made by the administrative authority who scheduled the hearing and prepared the written notice. A verbatim written transcript is not required, but any minutes or other written record shall fairly reflect the substance of the evidence presented.

(vii) The hearing authority may announce a decision on the question of whether the allegation(s) of misconduct have been proved at the close of the hearing. A hearing authority who is also a disciplinarian may also impose a penalty at the close of the hearing.

(viii) In any event, the hearing authority shall prepare and mail or deliver to the student, through the parent(s), a written decision within five working days after the hearing. The decision shall include a concise summary of the evidence upon which the hearing authority based its factual determinations. A hearing authority who is also a disciplinarian shall include in the report a statement of the penalty, if any, to be imposed, and shall state reasons for the chosen penalty. A hearing authority who is not a disciplinarian shall forward a copy of the hearing authority's written decision to the disciplinarian forthwith. The disciplinarian shall prepare a written decision, including reasons for choosing any penalty imposed, and mail or deliver it to the student, through the parent(s), within five working days of receipt of the hearing authority's report.

(ix) A disciplinarian who is not a hearing authority may observe but not participate in the proceedings at a formal hearing. If the disciplinarian is present at the formal hearing and if the hearing authority announces a decision at the close of the hearing, the disciplinarian may also announce the disciplinarian's decision at that time.

(x) The disciplinarian's decision shall take effect immediately upon initial notification to the parent(s), either at the close of the hearing or upon receipt of the written decision. If initial notification is by mail, the parent(s) shall be presumed to have received the notice on the fifth calendar day after the date of mailing unless a receipt for certified mail, if used, indicates a different date of receipt.

(m) Effect of decision. If the hearing authority decides that no allegation(s) of misconduct have been proved, or if the disciplinarian declines to impose a penalty despite a finding that an act or acts of misconduct have been proved, the matter shall be closed. If the disciplinarian imposes any sanction on the student, the decision shall take effect immediately upon notification to the parent and shall continue in force during any subsequent review.

(n) Right of review. Unless the local school board was the disciplinarian, a student aggrieved by a disciplinarian's decision after a formal hearing shall have the right to have the decision reviewed if the penalty imposed was at least as severe as a long-term suspension or expulsion, an in-school suspension exceeding one school semester, or a denial or restriction of student privileges for one semester or longer. A local school board may grant a right of review for less severe penalties. Local school boards shall establish appropriate mechanisms for review except where the local board was the disciplinarian, in which case the local school board decision is final and not reviewable administratively. A student request for review must be submitted to the review authority within 10 school days after the student is informed of the disciplinarian's decision.

(o) Conduct of review. Unless the local school board provides otherwise, a review authority shall have discretion to modify the disciplinarian's decision, including imposing any lesser sanction deemed appropriate. A review authority shall be bound by the hearing authority's factual determinations unless the student persuades the review authority that a finding of fact was arbitrary, capricious, or unsupported by substantial evidence or that new evidence, which has come to light since the hearing and which could not with reasonable diligence have been discovered in time for the hearing, would manifestly change the factual determination. Upon any such finding, the review authority shall have discretion to receive new evidence, reconsider evidence introduced at the hearing, or conduct a de novo hearing. In the absence of any such finding, the review shall be limited to an inquiry into the appropriateness of the penalty imposed.

(p) Form of review. Unless the local school board provides otherwise, a review authority shall have discretion to conduct a review on the written record of the hearing and decision in the case, to limit new submissions by the aggrieved student and school authorities to written materials, or to grant a conference or hearing at which the student and the student's representative and school authorities may present their respective views in person. Where a conference or hearing is granted, the record-keeping requirements of Item (vi) of Subparagraph (l) of Paragraph (4) of Subsection G of 6.11.2.12 NMAC apply.

(q) Timing of review. Except in extraordinary circumstances, a review shall be concluded no later than 15 working days after a student's written request for review is received by the appropriate administrative authority.

(r) Decision. A review authority may announce a decision at the close of any conference or hearing held on review. In any event, the review authority shall prepare a written decision, including concise reasons, and mail or deliver it to the disciplinarian, the hearing authority and the student, through the parent(s), within 10 working days after the review is concluded.

(s) Effect of decision. Unless the local school board provides otherwise, a review authority's decision shall be the final administrative action to which a student is entitled.

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