Current through Register Vol. 56, No. 18, September 16, 2024
(a) The application
for a permit shall be submitted on the standard Construction Permit Application
form prescribed by the Commissioner at N.J.A.C.
5:23-4.5(b)2 and
shall be accompanied by the required fee, as provided for in this subchapter
and N.J.A.C. 5:23-4. The application shall contain a general description of the
proposed work, its location, the use and occupancy of all parts of the building
or structure, and all portions of the site or lot not covered by the building
or structure, and such additional information as may be required by the
construction official, which shall include, but not be limited to, the
following:
1. The name and address of the
owner: Where the owner is not a resident of the State, he shall designate a
resident as agent for the purpose of service of any notices or orders which may
be necessary. Such address shall not be limited to a post office box, but shall
specify a physical location where such owner or agent may be found during
normal business hours. Where the owner is a corporation, partnership or other
business entity, the application shall indicate the names and addresses of the
officers, or other responsible persons upon whom service may be made;
2. The street address and lot and block
number of the property upon which the building or structure is proposed to be
erected;
3. A description of the
proposed work, including the use group classification, proposed construction
type, lot ground coverage in square feet, total floor area in square feet,
total building or structure volume in cubic feet, the total number of plumbing
fixtures, the total number of electrical fixtures, outlets and major
appliances, a description of the type of heating system, the source of water
supply, the mode of sanitary waste disposal and a listing of any special,
unusual or hazardous facilities proposed for inclusion in the building or
structure;
4. The estimated cost of
the work for which a permit is sought, including but not limited to building
construction, on-site construction, and all integral equipment, built-in
furnishings and finishes. Where any material or labor proposed for installation
in the building or structure is furnished or provided at no cost, its normal or
usual cost shall be included in the estimated cost;
5. A statement that all required State,
county, and local prior approvals have been given, including such certification
as the construction official may require;
i.
Exception: For permit applications which lack one or more prior approvals, but
are otherwise complete, plan review shall proceed as provided at (f)4ii(1)
below;
6. For Class 1
structures or for a smoke control system installed in any structure, a list of
all materials and work requiring special inspections, and a list of agencies,
qualified licensed professionals, or firms intended to be retained for
conducting those inspections in accordance with the requirements of the
building subcode;
7. If the work
involves lead abatement, the applicant shall provide the following:
i. A copy of the scope of work which shall
describe precisely the location and extent of the work;
ii. A sketch plan showing the locations where
abatement work is to be performed and showing emergency egress routes for any
occupants to be in the building during abatement;
iii. A record of all materials to be used for
all phases of the job, including encapsulants, enclosures, containment
materials and replacement components, as appropriate;
iv. A copy of the lead evaluation report, if
any has been done, prepared by a business firm certified by the Department
pursuant to N.J.A.C. 5:17 to do lead evaluation; and
v. The degree to which any lead hazard
identified in any report prepared by a lead evaluation firm certified by the
Department will be abated; and
8. If the work involves reconstruction, an
identification of the work area, except where plans are filed with the
application, in which case the work area shall be delineated on the
plans.
(b) In addition
to the requirements at (a) above, the following information shall be required
on any application for a construction permit when such information is
available, but not later than the commencement of work.
1. The names and addresses of all contractors
engaged or planned for engagement by the owner in the execution of the work.
i. A current validated State builder
registration card shall be shown by the contractor and the registration number
of the contractor shall be recorded on the permit, pursuant to the New Home
Warranty and Builder's Registration Act (46:3B-1 et seq.), if
the project is a one or two family dwelling, condominium or cooperative, unless
it is to be built in whole or in part by an owner, in which case an affidavit
shall be filed by the owner on a form prescribed by the Department of Community
Affairs, in which he acknowledges that work done by him, or by a subcontractor
working under his supervision, is not covered under the New Home Warranty and
Builders' Registration Act and states that he will disclose this information to
any person purchasing the property from him within 10 years of the date of
issuance of a certificate of occupancy.
2. The name and license number of the
contractor(s) or subcontractor(s) for plumbing; electrical; or heating,
ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration work, where such work is
proposed.
i. Plumbing, electrical, heating,
ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration work shall not be undertaken
except by persons licensed to perform such work pursuant to law, except in the
case of a single-family homeowner on his or her own dwelling.
ii. The seal and signature of the licensed
plumbing; electrical; or heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and
refrigeration contractor(s) shall be affixed to the corresponding subcode
application form.
3. The
name and address of the responsible person who will be in charge of the work
and who is responsible to the owner for ensuring that all work is installed and
completed in conformity with the regulations. The person may be the design
architect or engineer, the contractor or a third party acceptable to the
construction official.
4. If the
work involves lead abatement, one of the following shall be supplied:
i. The name and Department certification
number issued pursuant to N.J.A.C. 5:17 of any business firm undertaking the
lead abatement; or
ii. If the work
is to be done by employees of the owner of the property, the name and New
Jersey Department of Health certification number issued pursuant to N.J.A.C.
8:62 of each such employee; or
iii.
If the work is to be done on an owner-occupied single family dwelling, a
certification by the owner stating that he or she owns and occupies the
property as a principal place of residence, will be performing the abatement
work, and has received the written information for homeowners prepared by the
Department explaining the danger of improper lead abatement, procedures for
conducting safe lead abatement, and the availability of certified lead
abatement contractors or of any available training for homeowners.
5. If the work involves fire
protection equipment, any contractor performing such work shall have the
appropriate certification issued pursuant to
52:27D-25n
et seq. The certification number of the contractor shall appear on the permit
application.
i. Exception: Certification
shall not be required for licensed electrical contractors or for licensed alarm
contractors installing fire alarms.
ii. Exception: Certification shall not be
required for homeowners performing work within their residences.
iii. Exception: Certification shall not be
required for in-house employees performing routine maintenance work,
inspections, or testing of fire protection equipment.
iv. Exception: Certification shall not be
required for contractors who install water supply lines outside a
building.
6. If the work
involves a landscape irrigation system, any contractor performing such work
shall be certified pursuant to the Landscape Irrigation Contractors
Certification Act, N.J.S.A. 45:5AA-1 et seq. The seal and signature of the
certified contractor shall be affixed to the permit application.
i. Exception: Certification shall not be
required for public employees performing work on property of the public entity,
for vendors of landscape irrigation components, materials or equipment
delivering, rendering advice or assistance or performing normal warranty
service for such equipment, for contractors installing or performing work on
irrigation equipment to be used solely for agricultural purposes or for
licensed plumbing contractors.
ii.
Exception: Certification shall not be required for homeowners performing work
on landscape irrigation systems on their own properties.
7. If the work involves a burglar alarm, fire
alarm, or electronic security system, any contractor performing such work shall
be licensed pursuant to
45:5A-18
et seq. The license number of the contractor shall appear on the permit
application.
i. Exception: Licensure shall
not be required for telephone utility or cable television companies regulated
by the Board of Public Utilities or for licensed electrical
contractors.
ii. Exception:
Licensure shall not be required for homeowners performing work on burglar
alarms, fire alarms, or electronic security systems in their own
homes.
8. If work
involves a home improvement performed by a contractor, such contractor shall be
registered pursuant to
56:8-136
et seq. The registration number of the contractor shall appear on the permit
application. No number shall be required to be provided by any person
performing a home improvement who is not required to be registered, in
accordance with (b)8ii, iii, v, vi or viii below. The appropriate license,
registration or certification number and documentation shall be provided by any
person exempt from registration as a contractor pursuant to (b)8iv or vii
below.
i. For purposes of this paragraph,
"home improvement" shall mean and include any work subject to the code that
involves the reconstruction, alteration, renovation, repair or demolition of
the whole or any part of any building in Group R-2, R-3, R-4 or R-5, or in any
building or structure appurtenant thereto, or the conversion of an existing
building in another group into a building in Group R-2, R-3, R-4 or
R-5;
ii. Exception: Registration
shall not be required for any person performing a home improvement upon a
building or structure in Group R-2, R-3, R-4 or R-5 owned by that person, or by
a member of that person's immediate family;
iii. Exception: Registration shall not be
required for any person performing a home improvement, without any charge for
his or her services, upon a residential or non-commercial property owned by a
bona fide charity or other non-profit organization;
iv. Exception: Registration shall not be
required for any person regulated by the State as an architect, professional
engineer, landscape architect, land surveyor, electrical contractor, master
plumber, locksmith, burglar alarm business, fire alarm business, liquefied
petroleum gas marketer, lead evaluation or abatement contractor or asbestos
abatement contractor, or any other person in any other related profession
requiring registration, certification or licensure by the State of New Jersey,
who is acting within the scope of practice of that profession;
v. Exception: Registration shall not be
required for any person employed by a community association or cooperative
corporation or by a landlord who is making home improvements within the
person's scope of employment at the residential or non-commercial property that
is owned or leased by the community association or cooperative corporation or
landlord;
vi. Exception:
Registration shall not be required for any public utility, as defined under
48:2-13;
vii. Exception: Registration shall not be
required for any person licensed as a home financing agency, a home repair
contractor or a home repair salesman pursuant to
17:16C-77,
provided that the person is acting within the scope of such license, and
provided that such license number shall appear on the permit
application;
viii. Exception:
Registration shall not be required for any home improvement retailer with a net
worth of more than $ 50,000,000 or any employee of such home improvement
retailer who is making or selling such home improvements within the person's
scope of employment by the home improvement retailer. This exception shall not
apply to persons working as subcontractors for any such home improvement
retailer.
9. If the work
involves home elevation, any contractor performing such work shall be
registered pursuant to
N.J.S.A. 56:8-136 et seq. and shall be
in compliance with the applicable provisions of
N.J.A.C.
13:45A-17 and 17A. The registration number of the contractor shall
appear on the permit application and the application shall include the
certification required pursuant to
52:27D-123.1
6.
i. For purposes of this
paragraph, "home elevation" shall mean and include any home improvement that
involves raising an entire building of Group R-2, R-3, R-4, or R-5 to a higher
level above the ground.
10. If the work involves an elevator,
escalator, or a moving walkway, any mechanic performing such work shall be
licensed pursuant to N.J.S.A. 45:14H-1 et seq. The license number of the
mechanic shall appear on the permit application.
11. In the event of any change of contractor
or person in charge of work under (b)1 through 9 above, such change shall be
filed as an amendment to the application.
12. In the event of any change of contractor
or person in charge of work at (b)1 through 11 above, such change shall be
filed as an amendment to the application.
(d)
Application for a permit shall be made by the owner, or his or her agent, a
licensed engineer, architect, plumbing, electrical, heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, and refrigeration, or other contractor employed in connection
with the proposed work. If the application is by a person other than the owner,
it shall be accompanied by an affidavit of the owner or the authorized person
making the application, that the proposed work is authorized by the owner, and
that the applicant is authorized to make such application. All issued permits
shall remain the property of the owner, even if the application was made by a
contractor or authorized agent.
(f) Plans, plan review, plan release:
1. Plans and specifications: The application
for the permit shall be accompanied by no fewer than two copies of
specifications and of plans drawn to scale, with sufficient clarity and detail
dimensions to show the nature and character of the work to be performed. Plans
submitted shall be required to show only such detail and include only such
information as shall be necessary to demonstrate compliance with the
requirements of the code and these regulations or to facilitate inspections for
code conformity. When quality of materials is essential for conformity to the
regulations, specific information shall be given to establish such quality; and
this code shall not be cited, or the term "legal" or its equivalent be used, as
a substitute for specific information.
i.
Site diagram: There shall also be filed a site plan showing to scale the size
and location of all the new construction and all existing structures on the
site, distances from lot lines and the established street grades; accessible
route(s) for buildings required by N.J.A.C. 5:23-7 and Chapter 11 of the
building subcode to be accessible; and it shall be drawn in accordance with an
accurate boundary line survey. In the case of demolition, the site plan shall
show all construction to be demolished and the location and size of all
existing structures and construction that are to remain on the site or plot.
(1) Where any of the conditions in
(f)1i(1)(A) through (C) below are met, a plan shall be submitted to the
Construction Official detailing the manner in which the adjoining property will
be protected. The Construction Official is authorized to utilize special
technical services as per
5:23-2.19.
No permit shall be issued until such plan has been filed.
(A) The foundation for the new building is
immediately adjacent to an existing foundation, such that the existing
foundation may be impacted by the construction work being performed;
(B) The footing for the new building is
higher or lower than the footing for an existing building and the distance
between the edges of the footings is equal to or less than the distance between
the bottoms of the footings; or
(C)
The new building roof is higher than the building roof on the adjoining
property and the building roof of the adjoining property is a flat, hip or
gable roofs with a slope of less than 70 degrees and the roof of the adjoining
property is located 20 or fewer feet from the face of the new
building.
ii.
Building plans and specifications shall contain the following information:
(1) Foundation, floor, roof and structural
plans;
(A) For buildings with roof or other
truss systems, a truss layout and permanent truss bracing plan shall be
submitted. This plan shall show all the permanent lateral and other bracing
locations for individual truss members as well as the connections between the
truss system and other components of the structural system necessary for the
permanent lateral bracing of the entire structural system.
(2) Door, window and finish schedules;
and
(3) Sections, details,
connections and material designations.
iii. Electrical plans and specifications
shall contain: Floor and ceiling plans; lighting, receptacles, motors and
equipment; service entry location, line diagram and wire, conduit and breaker
sizes.
iv. Plumbing plans and
specifications shall contain: Floor plan; fixtures, pipe sizes, and other
equipment and materials; riser diagram(s) with pipe sizes, fixture schedule,
and sewage disposal.
v. Mechanical
plans and specifications shall contain: Floor or ceiling plans; equipment,
distribution location, size, and flow; gas riser diagram(s) with pipe sizes and
input ratings; location of dampers and safeguards; and all materials.
vi. Energy calculations: Calculations showing
compliance with the energy subcode shall be submitted for all new buildings and
additions to existing buildings. As provided in (f)1vii below, these
calculations shall be signed and sealed by the design professional, with the
exception of calculations for class 3 structures, which may be submitted by the
heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration contractor.
(1) For detached one- and two-family
residential buildings and other residential buildings three stories or less in
height, compliance may be demonstrated by the submission of NJ Clean Energy
Program for Residential New Construction compliance documentation or other
"above code" program documentation, the submission of printouts from software
recognized by the Department, such as REScheck, or conforming with the
prescriptive packages described in the current energy subcode compliance
bulletin. REScheck software is available from the U.S. Department of Energy at
www.energycodes.gov.
(A) To document compliance using REScheck,
users shall meet or exceed the applicable provisions of the energy subcode.
Please see the current energy subcode compliance bulletin for further
guidance.
(2) For all
other buildings, compliance may be shown with the COMcheck compliance software
or equivalent, submission of the compliance forms found in the COMcheck user's
manual or the ASHRAE 90.1 user's manual for the edition of ASHRAE adopted under
the energy subcode. The COMcheck user's manual and software are available from
the U.S. Department of Energy at
www.energycodes.gov. The ASHRAE 90.1 user's
manual is available from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-conditioning Engineers Inc., at
www.ashrae.org.
(A) To document compliance using COMcheck,
users shall meet or exceed the applicable provisions of the energy subcode.
Please see the current energy subcode compliance bulletin for further
guidance.
vii. Engineering details and specifications:
The construction official and appropriate subcode official may require adequate
details of structural, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical work, including
computations, stress diagrams, and other essential technical data to be filed.
All engineering plans and computations shall bear the seal and signature of the
licensed engineer or registered architect responsible for the design. Plans for
buildings shall indicate how required structural and fireresistance rating will
be maintained for penetrations made for electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and
communication conduits, pipes, and systems.
(1) Plans for class 3 structures may be
prepared by persons licensed or certified pursuant to their respective laws and
rules.
(2) Whenever the licensing
board or certifying agency pursuant to the applicable rules shall provide for a
seal or other form of identification evidencing that the holder is licensed or
certified, such shall be acceptable to the enforcing agency in lieu of
affidavit.
viii. Work
area: For reconstruction work in an existing structure, the work area shall be
clearly delineated on the plans.
ix. Architects or engineers seal: The seal
and signature of the registered architect or licensed engineer who prepared the
plans shall be affixed to each sheet of each copy of the plans submitted and on
the first or title sheet of the specifications and any additional supportive
information submitted.
(1) Exception: The
construction official shall waive the requirement for sealed plans in the case
of a single family home owner who had prepared his or her own plans for the
construction, addition, reconstruction, alteration, renovation, or repair of a
detached structure used or intended to be used exclusively as his or her
private residence providing that the owner shall submit an affidavit attesting
to the fact that he or she has personally prepared the plans and provided
further that said plans are in the opinion of the construction official, and
appropriate subcode official, legible and complete for purposes of ensuring
compliance with the regulations. This exception shall not apply to the
structural design, specifications, and plans for new construction or
substantial improvement of a home in a V zone in a flood hazard area, which
must be developed or reviewed by a registered architect or licensed engineer
pursuant to the National Flood Insurance Program rules,
44 CFR
60.3.
x. The construction official upon the advice
of the appropriate subcode official may waive the requirement for plans when
the work is of a minor nature.
xi.
Those portions of the plans that are required to be submitted and which are not
included at the time of application shall be listed by the design professional
as part of the application.
(1) All documents
prepared by people other than the design professional shall be reviewed by the
design professional and submitted with a letter indicating that they have been
reviewed and found to be in conformance with the regulations for the design of
the building.
xii.
Building, electrical, plumbing and mechanical work required to be shown may be
shown on a single set of plans or a single drawing so long as the drawings are
clear and legible.
2.
Prototype plan filing: Where a design is used repeatedly at different locations
in a municipality or throughout the State, the plans and specifications may be
submitted for "prototype" release and filed as follows:
i. Two complete sets of the plans and
specifications for each prototype shall be submitted with a request for
prototype plan release. The plans and specifications shall be signed and sealed
by a licensed or registered design professional. The plans and specifications
will be stamped as released and the plan number and date will be recorded with
the prototype release so that prototype plan release may be confirmed for any
subsequent use of the released prototype plans. Mirror-image designs shall not
be a permitted option, and shall require separate prototype plan release,
except for plans that are validated as identical to the original prototype, as
provided in (f)2i(1) below. Prototype applications that include a foundation
design shall specify the conditions and limitations of that design;
(1) Plans for a mirror-image design may be
submitted with a letter signed and sealed by the design professional stating
that the mirror-image design is identical to the original prototype, but
reversed;
ii. Permit
applications that rely on a released prototype shall consist of two copies of
the following permit-specific documents to facilitate a thorough field
inspection of the work. (As per
5:23-2.16(e),
one set of the released plans shall be retained by the construction official
and the second set shall be kept at the building site.)
(1) A plot plan that is signed and sealed by
a registered architect, licensed professional engineer, or licensed land
surveyor that includes the location of all utility services, including septic
connections;
(2) A specific
foundation design or certification that the prototype foundation design is
suitable for the site;
(3) A
reference set of plans that includes and clearly identifies each of the options
to be used for the building that is the subject of the permit application. The
reference set of plans is not required to be signed and sealed;
(4) Exterior elevations of the specific
building;
(5) The prototype file
identification number;
(6) The plan
number and date of the released prototype plan; and
(7) When an automatic fire sprinkler system
is installed, the fire sprinkler system demand, including either hose stream
allowances or the required domestic demand, as applicable, at the available
water supply shall be documented.
iii. Plans that contain deviations that were
not released as part of the prototype shall not be considered a prototype and
shall require the submission of a new permit application and application fees
for that project to the appropriate plan review agency.
3. Examination of plans: All plans submitted
and any amendments thereto accompanied by the required documentation and
application, and upon payment of the fee established by the enforcing agency,
shall be numbered, docketed and examined promptly after their submission for
compliance with the provisions of the regulations.
4. Plan review:
i. Department review: When a review and
release of plans by the Department is required pursuant to
N.J.A.C.
5:23-3.11 or requested for a prototype plan
intended for use Statewide, the owner or agent of the owner shall file an
application for construction plan release for each project, along with three
sets of plans (two sets for prototypes), specifications, and such other
supporting information as the Department may require on forms obtained from the
Department. The plans, specifications, and other supporting information shall
conform to the requirements of (f) above.
(1)
Release of plans: Plans complying with the provisions of the regulations shall
be released by the Department and written notice of approval shall be given the
applicant promptly and no later than 20 business days after the submission
thereof. Plans failing to comply with the provisions of the code shall be
rejected and a written notice of rejection, stating the grounds for rejection,
shall be given to the applicant not later than 20 business days after the
submission thereof. Whenever plans have been rejected and are thereafter
revised and resubmitted, the revised plans shall be released if the grounds for
rejection have been corrected and code compliance has been demonstrated. In
that case, a written notice of release shall be given to the applicant not
later than seven business days after the resubmission of the revised plans.
When the grounds for rejection have not been corrected or when code compliance
has not been demonstrated, a written notice of rejection stating the grounds
for rejection shall be given to the applicant not later than seven business
days after the resubmission of the revised plans.
(2) Endorsement of released plans: All plans
and amendments thereto, when approved by the department, shall be stamped or
endorsed "released", followed by a notation of the date of plan release. One
set of such released plans shall be retained by the department, two sets of
such released plans shall be submitted to the local enforcing agency with the
application for construction permit as herein provided.
(3) Partial filing: When circumstances
require, a project may be filed in part (that is, footings, structural,
electrical, plumbing, and so forth). Each partial submittal shall include
sufficient detail to assure that the proposed portion of work complies with the
regulations. A plan "release" for such a portion of work shall be issued
without prejudice as to whether a "release" shall be issued for the entire
project.
(4) Construction permits:
Owners and their agents shall not apply to a local enforcing agency for a
construction permit for any building or structure for which a Department plan
review and release is required by N.J.A.C. 5:23-3, unless such review and
release has been applied for and received by the applicant as evidenced by
presentation of released plans to the local enforcing agency.
(5) Time limitation of application: An
application for a plan review shall be deemed to have been abandoned 12 months
after date of filing, unless such application has been diligently prosecuted or
a release has been issued; except that, for reasonable cause, the Department
may grant one or more extensions of time for additional periods not exceeding
90 days each.
(A) When plans are submitted
for local review that are required to be reviewed by the Department, the local
enforcing agency shall so notify the owner or agent in writing no later than
three business days after the submission of the plans.
ii. Local enforcing agency plan
review: Where a Department plan review is not required by the regulations, an
applicant for a construction permit shall be deemed to have applied for a local
enforcing agency plan review by filing an application for a construction
permit.
(1) If required State, county or
local prior approvals have not been granted, plan review shall proceed provided
that the application for a permit is otherwise complete and the plan review fee
has been paid. No permit shall be issued until all required State, county and
local approvals are in place.
(A) Exception:
Permit applicants applying for plan review of individual owner-occupied one- or
two family home addition or alteration projects must have zoning approval in
place before plan review shall proceed.
(2) When the plans submitted with an
application for a construction permit or amendment thereto are accompanied by
plans which have been released by the Department, then further municipal plan
review and fee therefor shall not be required. Release of the plans by the
Department shall not prevent enforcing agency officials from thereafter
requiring correction of any errors in said plans or from issuing a stop work
order when in violation of the regulations. In such case the enforcing agency
shall notify the Department;
iii. Validity of plan or prototype release:
The released plans or prototype (Department or local) shall be valid for the
purposes of applying for a construction permit until six months after the
operative date of the next edition of the code, as set forth in
5:23-1.6.
iv. Time limitation of application: An
application for a permit for any proposed work shall be deemed to have been
abandoned six months after date of filing, unless such application has been
diligently prosecuted or a permit shall have been issued; except that for
reasonable cause, the construction official may grant one or more extensions of
time for additional periods not exceeding 90 days each.
v. Amended plans and specifications:
Amendments may be filed at any time; such amendments shall be deemed part of
the original application and, when released, shall be filed therewith. Amended
plans and specifications shall be required where deviations affect matters
controlled by the code and, in the judgment of the subcode official having
jurisdiction, such amended plans are necessary to assist in the determination
of code compliance. The official may require the affected portions of the work
to be halted until amended plans and specifications are released. If the
amendment involves a substantial deviation from the original application, a new
affidavit of consent may be required by the construction official. If a
Department plan review was required originally, the enforcing agency shall not
permit an amendment to the plans or specifications unless the amendment has
been released by the Department.
vi. Building systems: Structural, electrical
and mechanical designs performed and certified by licensed architects or
engineers need not be checked in detail by the staff of the enforcing agency,
but shall remain as the responsibility of the professional certifying such
design.
vii. A schematic or sketch
plan, when required pursuant to this subsection, shall not be deemed to be a
construction copy of a plan and shall therefore not be required to be signed or
sealed by a registered architect or licensed professional engineer.