Nebraska Administrative Code, Chapter 3, Section 179-3-005 - INORGANIC CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS | Nebraska Administrative Code

005.01 Sampling Sites and Protocol

1. Ground Water Sources: Ground water sources must be monitored at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each ground water source after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point or entry point). The system owner must take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.

2. Surface Water Sources: Surface water sources must be monitored at every entry point to the distribution system after any application of treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point or entry point). The system owner must take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.

NOTE: For the purpose of 179 NAC 3-005.01 item 2, surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and ground sources.

3. Multiple Sources: If a system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system owner must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used).

4. Composite Sampling: The Director may reduce the total number of samples which must be analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory.

a. If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or equal to the detection limit of any inorganic chemical, then a follow-up sample must be analyzed within 14 days from each sampling point included in the composite. These samples must be analyzed for the contaminants which were detected in the composite sample. Detection limits for each analytical method are the following:

DETECTION LIMITS FOR INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant	MCL (mg/L)	Methodology	Detection Limit (mg/L)
Antimony	0.006	Atomic Absorption; Furnace	0.003
Atomic Absorption; Platform	0.00085
ICP-Mass Spectrometry	0.0004
Hydride- Atomic Absorption	0.001
Arsenic	0.0106	Atomic Absorption; Furnace Atomic Absorption; Platform -	0.001
Stabilized Temperature	0.00057
Atomic Absorption; Gaseous Hydride	0.001
ICP-Mass Spectrometry	0.00148
Asbestos	7 MFL1	Transmission Electron Microscopy	0.01 MFL
Barium	2	Atomic Absorption; furnace technique	0.002
Atomic Absorption; direct aspiration	0.1
Inductively Coupled Plasma	0.002, ( 0.001)
Beryllium	0.004	Atomic Absorption; Furnace	0.0002
Atomic Absorption; Platform	0.000025
Inductively Coupled Plasma2	0.0003
ICP-Mass Spectrometry	0.0003
Cadmium	0.005	Atomic Absorption; furnace technique	0.0001
Inductively Coupled Plasma	0.001
Chromium	0.1	Atomic Absorption; furnace technique	0.001
Inductively Coupled Plasma	0.007 ( 0.001)
Cyanide	0.2	Distillation, Spectrophotometric3	0.02
Distillation, Automated, Spectrophotometric3	0.005
Distillation, Selective Electrode3,4	0.05
Distillation, Amenable, Spectrophotometric4	0.02
UV, Distillation, Spectrophotometric9 Micro Distillation, Flow Injection,	0.0005
Spectrophotometric3	0.0006
Ligand Exchange with Amperometry4	0.0005
Mercury	0.002	Manual Cold Vapor Technique	0.0002
Automated Cold Vapor Technique	0.0002
Nickel	xl	Atomic Absorption; Furnace	0.001
Atomic Absorption; Platform	0.00065
Inductively Coupled Plasma2	0.005
ICP-Mass Spectrometry	0.0005
Nitrate	10 (as N)	Manual Cadmium Reduction	0.01
Automated Hydrazine Reduction	0.01
Automated Cadmium Reduction	0.05
Ion Selective Electrode	1
Ion Chromatography	0.01
Capillary Ion Electrophoresis	0.076
Nitrite	1 (as N)	Spectrophotometric	0.01
Automated Cadmium Reduction	0.05
Manual Cadmium Reduction	0.01
Ion Chromatography	0.004
Capillary Ion Electrophoresis	0.103
Selenium	0.05	Atomic Absorption; furnace	0.002
Atomic Absorption; gaseous hydride	0.002
Thallium	0.002	Atomic Absorption; Furnace	0.001
Atomic Absorption; Platform	0.00075
ICP-Mass Spectrometry	0.0003

1 MFL = million fibers per liter >10µm.

2 Using a 2X preconcentration step as noted in Method 200.7. Lower MDLs may be achieved when using a 4X preconcentration.

3 Screening method for total cyanides.

4 Measures "free" cyanides when distillation, digestion, or ligand exchange is omitted.

5 Lower MDLs are reported using stabilized temperature graphite furnace atomic absorption.

6 The value for arsenic is effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L.

7 The MDL reported for EPA Method 200.9 (Atomic Absorption; Platform-Stabilized Temperature) was determined using a 2x concentration step during sample digestion. The MDL determined for samples analyzed using direct analyses (i.e., no sample digestion) will be higher. Using multiple depositions, EPA 200.9 is capable of obtaining an MDL of 0.0001 mg/L.

8 Using selective ion monitoring, EPA Method 200.8 (ICP-MS) is capable of obtaining an MDL of 0.0001 mg/L.

9Measures total cyanides when UV-digestor is used, and "free" cyanides when UV-digestor is bypassed.

b. If the population served by the system is greater than 3,300 individuals, then compositing may only be permitted by the Director at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving less than or equal to 3,300 individuals, the Director may permit compositing among different systems provided the five-sample limit is maintained.

c. If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling point used in the composite are available, the system owner may use these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the results reported to the Director within 14 days of collection.

005.02 Asbestos Sampling

The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for asbestos must be conducted as follows:

1. Each community and non-transient, non-community water system owner must monitor for asbestos during the first three-year compliance period of each nine-year compliance cycle beginning in the compliance period which ends December 31, 1995.

2. Waiver from Monitoring: If a system owner believes its water system is not vulnerable to either asbestos contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe, or both, it may apply to the Director for a waiver from the monitoring requirement in 179 NAC 3-005.02 item 1. If the Director grants the waiver, the system owner is not required to monitor.

3. Basis of an Asbestos Waiver: The director may grant a waiver based on a consideration of the following factors:

a. Potential asbestos contamination of the water source, and

b. The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution and the corrosive nature of the water.

4. Effect of an Asbestos Waiver: A waiver remains in effect until the completion of the three-year compliance period. Systems not receiving a waiver must monitor in accordance with the provisions of 179 NAC 3-005.02 item 1.

5. Distribution System Vulnerable to Asbestos Contamination: A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe must take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.

6. Source Water Vulnerable to Asbestos Contamination: A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to source water must monitor in accordance with the provisions of 179 NAC 3-005.01.

7. Combined Asbestos Vulnerability: A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both to its source water and corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe must take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.

8. Exceedance of the Asbestos MCL: A system which exceeds the maximum contaminant levels as determined in 179 NAC 3-005.01 item 4.a. must monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.

9. Asbestos Reliably and Consistently Below the MCL: The Director may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequency specified in 179 NAC 3-005.02 item 1 provided the Director has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case will the Director make this determination unless a ground water system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface (or combined surface/ground) water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.

10. Grandfathered Asbestos Data: If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990 are generally consistent with the requirements of 179 NAC 3-005.02, then the Director may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial compliance period which ends December 31, 1995.

005.03 Monitoring for Inorganic Chemicals (Except Asbestos, Nitrate, and Nitrite)

The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels in 179 NAC 2-002.04A for antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium is as follows.

1. Owners of ground water sources must take one sample at each sampling point during each compliance period. Owners of surface water sources or combined (surface/ground) must take one sample annually at each sampling point.

2. Monitoring Waivers: The owner of a system may apply to the Director for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in 179 NAC 3-005.03 item 1.

3. Monitoring During a Waiver: As a condition of the waiver, the system owner must take a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during which the waiver is effective must not exceed one compliance cycle (i.e., nine years).

4. Basis of a Waiver and Grandfathered Data: The Director may grant a waiver provided a surface water system has monitored annually for at least three years and a ground water system has monitored for a minimum of three rounds. (At least one sample must have been taken since January 1, 1990.) Owners of both surface and ground water systems must demonstrate that all previous analytical results were less than the maximum contaminant level. Systems that use a new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of monitoring from the new source have been completed.

5. In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the Director will consider:

a. Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring;

b. The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and

c. Other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations such as changes in ground water pumping rates, changes in the system's configuration, changes in the system's operating procedures, or changes in stream flows or characteristics.

6. A decision by the Director to grant a waiver will be made in writing and will set forth the basis for the determination. The determination may be initiated by the Director or upon an application by the public water system owner. The public water system owner must specify the basis for its request. The Director may review and, where appropriate, revise its determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the system owner submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the system's appropriate monitoring frequency become available.

7. Exceedance of an MCL: Entry points which exceed the maximum contaminant levels as calculated in 179 NAC 3-005.09 must monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.

8. Reliably and Consistently Below the MCL: The Director may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequencies specified in 179 NAC 3-005.03 items 1 and 2 provided it has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case will the Director make this determination unless a ground water system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.

9. All new systems or systems that use a new source of water that begin operation after January 22, 2004 must demonstrate compliance with the MCL within a period of time specified by the Director. The system must also comply with the initial sampling frequencies specified by the Director to ensure a system can demonstrate compliance with the MCL. Routine and increased monitoring frequencies must be conducted in accordance with the requirements in 179 NAC 3-005.

005.04 Monitoring Requirements for Nitrate

The owners of all public water systems (community; non-transient, non-community; and transient, non-community systems) must monitor to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate.

3-00 5.04A Base Nitrate Sampling: Owners of community and non-transient, non-community water systems must monitor for nitrate as follows. Ground water entry points must be monitored annually beginning January 1, 1995 except as required in 179 NAC 3-005.04E; surface water entry points must be monitored quarterly beginning January 1, 1995.

3-00 5.04B Increased Nitrate Sampling Frequency: For community and non-transient non-community water systems; the monitoring frequency for ground water entry points must be quarterly following any one sample in which the concentration is greater than or equal to 5.0 milligrams per liter of nitrate as nitrogen. The monitoring frequency will reduce to annual after four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently less than the MCL except as required in 179 NAC 3-005.04E. In this case, annual monitoring must be done during the quarter which previously resulted in the highest analytical result.

3-00 5.04C Surface Water Reduced Nitrate Sampling Frequency: For community and non-transient, non-community water systems; the monitoring of surface water entry points will be reduced to annual if all analytical results from four consecutive quarters are less than 5.0 mg/L (as nitrogen) except as required in 179 NAC 3-005.04E. In this case, annual monitoring must be done during a quarter which previously resulted in the highest analytical result. Surface water entry points will return to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is greater than or equal to 5.0 mg/L (as nitrogen).

3-005.04D Nitrate Monitoring of Transient, Non-Community Systems: The owner of each transient, non-community water system must monitor annually for nitrate beginning January 1, 1995 except as required in 179 NAC 3-005.04E.

3-005.04E If water prior to treatment exceeds the nitrate MCL and the water is treated to reduce the nitrate concentration, then the owner of the treatment system, regardless of the type of system, must monitor the treated water on a quarterly basis.

005.05 Monitoring Requirements for Nitrite

The owners of all public water systems (community; non-transient, non-community; and transient, non-community systems) must monitor to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrite in 179 NAC 2-002.04A.

1. Monitoring must be conducted at the same time and frequency as required for nitrate in 179 NAC 3-005.04 unless the requirement under 179 NAC 3-005.05 item 2 would cause monitoring to be more frequent than required under 179 NAC 3-005.04.

2. For community; non-transient, non-community; and transient, non-community water systems; the increased monitoring frequency for any entry point must be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the concentration is greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/L nitrite (as nitrogen). The sampling frequency will reduce to annual after the Director has determined that the entry point is reliably and consistently below the MCL. In such case, each subsequent sample must be taken during the quarter which previously resulted in the highest nitrite result.

005.06 Confirmation Samples

3-005.06A Where the results of sampling for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant level, the system owner must collect a confirmation sample at the same sampling point within two weeks of the system owner's receipt of notification of the analytical results of the first sample.

3-005.06B Where nitrate or nitrite sampling results indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant level, the system owner must take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of the system owner's receipt of notification of the analytical results of the first sample. System owners unable to comply with the 24-hour sampling requirement must immediately notify persons served by the public water system in accordance with 179 NAC 4-004 and meet other Tier 1 public notification requirements under 179 NAC 4. Systems exercising this option must take and analyze a confirmation sample within two weeks of notification of the analytical results of the first sample.

3-005.06C If a confirmation sample is taken for any contaminant as required by 179 NAC 3-005.06, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample will be averaged. The resulting average will be used to determine the system's compliance in accordance with 179 NAC 3-005.09. The Director has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors.

005.07 Director's Designation of Increased Sampling Frequency

The Director may require more frequent monitoring than specified in 179 NAC 3-005.02 through 3-005.05 or may require confirmation samples for positive and negative results at his/her discretion.

005.08 Public water systems may apply to the Director to conduct more frequent monitoring than the minimum monitoring frequencies specified.

005.09 Compliance Calculations

Compliance with 179 NAC 2-002.04A must be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each sampling point.

3-005.09A Sampling More Frequently Than Once Per Year: For entry points at which monitoring is conducted more frequently than once per year, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, or thallium is determined by a running annual average at each sampling point. If the average at any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample below the method detection limit will be calculated at zero for the purpose of determining the annual average. If a system fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) will be based on the total number of samples collected.

3-005.09B Sampling Once Per Year Or Less Frequently: For entry points at which monitoring is conducted annually or less frequently, the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, or thallium if the level of a contaminant is greater than the MCL. If confirmation samples are required by the Director, the determination of compliance will be based on the annual average of the initial MCL exceedance and any Director required confirmation samples. If a system fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) will be based on the total number of samples collected.

3-005.09C Compliance Calculations for Nitrate and Nitrite: Compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate and nitrite is determined based on one sample if the levels of these contaminants are below the MCLs. If the levels of nitrate or nitrite exceed the MCLs in a sample, a confirmation sample is required in accordance with 179 NAC 3-005.06B, and compliance will be determined based on the average of the initial and confirmation samples. If a confirmation sample is not collected within two weeks, as required in 179 NAC 3-005.06B, the determination of compliance will be based on the one sample result.

3-005.09D Arsenic sampling results will be reported to the nearest 0.001 mg/L as of January 23, 2006.

005.10 State Designated Sampling Schedules

Each public water system owner must monitor at the time designated by the Director during each compliance period.

005.11 Analytical Methods for Inorganic Analysis

3-005.11A Analysis for inorganic contaminants must be done in accordance with 40 CFR 141.23(k).

3-005.11B Sample Collection for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, selenium, and thallium under 179 NAC 3-005.11 must be conducted using the sample preservation, container, and maximum holding time procedures specified in the following table.

Contaminant	Preservative1	Container2	Time3
Antimony	HNO3	P or G	6 months
Arsenic	Conc HNO3 to pH<2	P or G	6 months
Asbestos	4°C	P or G	48 hours4
Barium	HNO3	P or G	6 months
Beryllium	HNO3	P or G	6 months
Cadmium	HNO3	P or G	6 months
Chromium	HNO3	P or G	6 months
Cyanide	4°C, NaOH	P or G	14 days
Fluoride	None	P or G	1 month
Mercury	HNO3	P or G	28 days
Nickel	HNO3	P or G	6 months
Nitrate	4°C	P or G	48 hours5
Nitrate-Nitrite6	H2SO4	P or G	28 days
Nitrite	4°C	P or G	48 hours
Selenium	HNO3	P or G	6 months
Thallium	HNO3	P or G	6 months

1For cyanide determinations samples must be adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH 12 at the time of collection. When chilling is indicated, the sample must be shipped and stored at 4°C or less. Acidification of nitrate or metals samples may be with a concentrated acid or a dilute (50% by volume) solution of the applicable concentrated acid. Acidification of samples for metals analysis is encouraged and allowed at the laboratory rather than at the time of sampling provided the shipping time and other instructions in Section 8.3 of EPA Methods 200.7 or 200.8 or 200.9 are followed.

2P = plastic, hard or soft; G = glass, hard or soft.

3In all cases, samples should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible. Follow additional (if any) information on preservation, containers or holding times that is specified in method.

4Instructions for containers, preservation procedures and holding times as specified in Method 100.2 must be adhered to for all compliance analyses including those conducted with Method 100.1

5If the sample is chlorinated, the holding time for an unacidified sample kept at 4°C is extended to 14 days.

6Nitrate-Nitrite refers to a measurement of total nitrate.

3-005.11C Analysis under 179 NAC 3-005 must only be conducted by the Department Laboratory or other laboratories that have been approved by the Director in accordance with 179 NAC 3-009 and that have been certified by EPA or the Director. Laboratories may conduct sample analysis under provisional certification until January 1, 1996. To receive certification to conduct analyses for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, selenium and thallium, the laboratory must:

1. Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which include those substances provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory or equivalent samples provided by the Director at least once a year.

2. For each contaminant that has been included in the PE sample and for each method for which the laboratory desires certification, achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the following acceptance limits:

Contaminant	Acceptance Limit
Antimony	± 30% at >= 0.006 mg/L
Arsenic	± 30% at >= 0.003 mg/L effective January 23, 2006
Asbestos	2 standard deviations based on study statistics
Barium	± 15% at >= 0.15 mg/L
Beryllium	± 15% at >= 0.001 mg/L
Cadmium	± 20% at >= 0.002 mg/L
Chromium	± 15% at >= 0.01 mg/L
Cyanide	± 25% at >= 0.1 mg/L
Fluoride	± 10% at >=1 to 10 mg/L
Mercury	± 30% at >= 0.0005 mg/L
Nickel	± 15% at >= 0.01 mg/L
Nitrate	± 10% at >= 0.4 mg/L
Nitrite	± 15% at >= 0.4 mg/L
Selenium	± 20% at >= 0.01 mg/L
Thallium	± 30% at >= 0.002 mg/L

005.12 If the result of an analysis made under 179 NAC 3-005 indicates that the level of arsenic exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the owner of the public water system must initiate three additional analyses at the sampling point within one month.

005.13 When the average of four analyses made pursuant to 179 NAC 3-005.12, rounded to the same number of significant figures as the maximum contaminant level for the substance in question, exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the owner of the system must notify the Department pursuant to 179 NAC 5 and give notice to the public pursuant to 179 NAC 4. Monitoring after public notification must be at a frequency designated by the Director and must continue until the maximum contaminant level has not been exceeded in two successive samples or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action becomes effective.

005.14 The provisions of 179 NAC 3-005.12 and 3-005.13 notwithstanding, compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrate will be determined on the basis of the mean of two analyses. When a level exceeding the maximum contaminant level for nitrate is found, a second analysis must be initiated within 24 hours, and if the mean of the two analyses exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the supplier of water must report his findings to the Department pursuant to 179 NAC 5 and must notify the public pursuant to 179 NAC 4.

Nebraska Administrative CodeTopic - HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES SYSTEMTitle 179 - PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMSChapter 3 - MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTSSection 179-3-005 - INORGANIC CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS

Nebraska Administrative Code
Topic - HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES SYSTEM
Title 179 - PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
Chapter 3 - MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Section 179-3-005 - INORGANIC CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS