Louisiana Administrative Code
Title 40 - LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
Part I - Workers' Compensation Administration
Subpart 2 - Medical Guidelines
Chapter 21 - Pain Medical Treatment Guidelines
Subchapter B - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Section I-2135 - Maintenance Management

Universal Citation: LA Admin Code I-2135

Current through Register Vol. 50, No. 9, September 20, 2024

A. Successful management of chronic pain conditions results in fewer relapses requiring intense medical care. Failure to address long-term management as part of the overall treatment program may lead to higher costs and greater dependence on the health care system. Management of CRPS and SMP continues after the patient has met the definition of maximum medical improvement (MMI). MMI is declared when a patient's condition has plateaued and the authorized treating physician believes no further medical intervention is likely to result in improved function. When the patient has reached MMI, a physician must describe in detail the maintenance treatment.

B. Maintenance care in CRPS and SMP requires a close working relationship between the carrier, the providers, and the patient. Providers and patients have an obligation to design a cost effective, medically appropriate program that is predictable and allows the carrier to set aside appropriate reserves. Carriers and adjusters have an obligation to assure that medical providers can plan medically appropriate programs. A designated primary physician for maintenance team management is recommended.

C. Maintenance Care will be based on principles of patient self-management. When developing a maintenance plan of care, the patient, physician and insurer should attempt to meet the following goals:

1. Maximal independence will be achieved through the use of home exercise programs or exercise programs requiring special facilities (e.g., pool, health club) and educational programs;

2. Modalities will emphasize self management and self-applied treatment;

3. Management of pain or injury exacerbations will emphasize initiation of active therapy techniques and may occasionally require anesthetic injection blocks.

4. Dependence on treatment provided by practitioners other than the authorized treating physician will be minimized;

5. Periodic reassessment of the patient's condition will occur as appropriate.

6. Patients will understand that failure to comply with the elements of the self-management program or therapeutic plan of care may affect consideration of other interventions.

D. Specific Maintenance Interventions and Parameters

1. Home exercise programs and exercise equipment. Most patients have the ability to participate in a home exercise program after completion of a supervised exercise rehabilitation program. Programs should incorporate an exercise prescription including the continuation of an age-adjusted and diagnosis-specific program for aerobic conditioning, flexibility, stabilization, and strength. Some patients may benefit from the purchase or rental of equipment to maintain a home exercise program. Determination for the need of home equipment should be based on medical necessity to maintain MMI, compliance with an independent exercise program, and reasonable cost. Before the purchase or long-term rental of equipment, the patient should be able to demonstrate the proper use and effectiveness of the equipment. Effectiveness of equipment should be evaluated on its ability to improve or maintain functional areas related to activities of daily living or work activity. Occasionally, compliance evaluations may be made through a 4-week membership at a facility offering similar equipment. Home exercise programs are most effective when done three to five times a week.

2. Exercise programs requiring special facilities. Some patients may have higher compliance with an independent exercise program at a health club versus participation in a home program. All exercise programs completed through a health club facility should focus on the same parameters of an age-adjusted and diagnosis-specific program for aerobic conditioning, flexibility, stabilization, and strength. Selection of health club facilities should be limited to those able to track attendance and utilization, and provide records available for physician and insurer review. Prior to purchasing a membership, a therapist and or exercise specialist who has treated the patient may visit the facility with the patient to assure proper use of the equipment.
a. Frequency: two to three times per week.

b. Optimal Duration: one to three months.

c. Maximum Maintenance duration: Three months. Continuation beyond three months should be based on functional benefit and patient compliance. Health club membership should not extend beyond three months if attendance drops below two times per week on a regular basis.

3. Patient education management. Educational classes, sessions, or programs may be necessary to reinforce self-management techniques. This may be performed as formal or informal programs, either group or individual.
a. Maintenance duration: Two to six educational sessions during one 12-month period.

4. Psychological management. An ideal maintenance program will emphasize management options implemented in the following order: individual self-management (pain control, relaxation and stress management, etc.), group counseling, individual counseling by a psychologist or psychiatrist and in-patient treatment. Aggravation of the injury may require more intense psychological treatment to restore the patient to baseline. In those cases, use treatments and timeframe parameters listed in the Biofeedback and Psychological Evaluation or Intervention sections.
a. Maintenance duration: 6 to 10 visits during one 12-month period.

5. Non-narcotic medication management. In some cases, self-management of pain and injury exacerbations can be handled with medications, such as those listed in Medication Section. Physicians must follow patients who are on any chronic medication or prescription regimen for efficacy and side effects. Laboratory or other testing may be appropriate to monitor medication effects on organ function.
a. Maintenance duration: Usually, four medication reviews within a 12-month period. Frequency depends on the medications prescribed. Laboratory and other monitoring as appropriate.

6. Narcotic medication management. As compared with other pain syndromes, there may be a role for chronic augmentation of the maintenance program with narcotic medications. In selected cases, scheduled medications may prove to be the most cost effective means of insuring the highest function and quality of life; however, inappropriate selection of these patients may result in a high degree of iatrogenic illness. A patient should have met the criteria in opioids section of these guidelines before beginning maintenance narcotics. Laboratory or other testing may be appropriate to monitor medication effects on organ function. The following management is suggested for maintenance narcotics:
a. The medications should be clearly linked to improvement of function, not just pain control. All follow up visits should document the patient's ability to perform routine functions satisfactorily. Examples include the abilities to: perform work tasks, drive safely, pay bills or perform basic math operations, remain alert for 10 hours, or participate in normal family and social activities. If the patient is not maintaining reasonable levels of activity the patient should usually be tapered from the narcotic and tried on a different long-acting opioid.

b. A low dose narcotic medication regimen should be defined, which may minimally increase or decrease over time. Dosages will need to be adjusted based on side effects of the medication and objective function of the patient. A patient may frequently be maintained on additional non-narcotic medications to control side effects, treat mood disorders, or control neuropathic pain; however, only one long-acting narcotic and one short-acting narcotic for rescue use should be prescribed in most cases.

c. All patients on chronic narcotic medication dosages need to sign an appropriate narcotic contract with their physician for prescribing the narcotics.

d. The patient must understand that continuation of the medication is contingent on their cooperation with the maintenance program. Use of non-prescribed drugs may result in tapering of the medication. The clinician may order random drug testing when deemed appropriate to monitor medication compliance.

e. Patients on chronic narcotic medication dosages must receive them through one prescribing physician.
i. Maintenance duration: Up to 12 visits within a 12-month period to review the narcotic plan. Laboratory and other monitoring as appropriate.

7. Therapy management. Some treatment may be helpful on a continued basis during maintenance care if the therapy maintains objective function and decreases medication use. Aggravation of the injury may require intensive treatment, including injections, PT and/or OT to get the patient back to baseline. In those cases, treatments and timeframe parameters listed in Section H, 13 and 14, Active and Passive Therapy.
a. Active Therapy, Acupuncture, and Manipulation maintenance duration: 10 visits in a 12-month period.

8. Injection therapy
a. Sympathetic Blocks. These injections are considered appropriate if they maintain or increase function for a minimum of four to eight weeks. Maintenance blocks are usually combined with and enhanced by the appropriate neuropharmacological medication(s) and other care. It is anticipated that the frequency of the maintenance blocks may increase in the cold winter months or with stress.
i. Maintenance duration. Not to exceed six to eight blocks in a 12-month period for a single extremity and to be separated by no less than four-week intervals. Increased frequency may need to be considered for multiple extremity involvement or for acute recurrences of pain and symptoms. For treatment of acute exacerbations, consider 2 to 6 blocks with a short time interval between blocks.

b. Trigger Point Injections. These injections may occasionally be necessary to maintain function in those with myofascial problems.
i. Maintenance duration. Not more than four injections per session not to exceed three to six sessions per 12-month period.

9. Purchase or rental of durable medical equipment. It is recognized that some patients may require ongoing use of self-directed modalities for the purpose of maintaining function and or analgesic effect. Purchase or rental of modality based equipment should be done only if the assessment by the physician and or therapist has determined the effectiveness, compliance, and improved or maintained function by its application. It is generally felt that large expense purchases such as spas, whirlpools, and special mattresses are not necessary to maintain function beyond the areas listed above.
a. Maintenance duration: Not to exceed three months for rental equipment. Purchase if effective.

AUTHORITY NOTE: Promulgated in accordance with R.S. 23:1203.1.

Disclaimer: These regulations may not be the most recent version. Louisiana may have more current or accurate information. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or the information linked to on the state site. Please check official sources.
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