Kansas Administrative Regulations
Agency 28 - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
Article 35 - RADIATION
Section 28-35-219a - Caution signs and labels
Universal Citation: KS Admin Regs 28-35-219a
Current through Register Vol. 43, No. 52, December 26, 2024
(a) General.
(1) Except as otherwise authorized by the
department, the symbol prescribed by this regulation shall use the conventional
radiation caution colors, which are magenta, purple, or black on a yellow
background. The symbol shall be the conventional three-blade design with the
phrases and graphic as follows:
CAUTION (or DANGER) RADIATION SYMBOL
(A) Cross-hatch area shall be magenta,
purple, or black.
(B) Background
shall be yellow.
(2) In
addition to the contents of signs and labels prescribed in this regulation, any
licensee or registrant may provide on or near signs and labels any additional
information that is appropriate in aiding individuals to minimize exposure to
radiation.
(b) Radiation areas. Each radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the following words:
CAUTION (or DANGER) RADIATION AREA
(c) High radiation areas.
(1) Each high radiation area shall be
conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol
and the following words:
CAUTION (or DANGER) HIGH RADIATION AREA
(2) Each registrant or licensee shall ensure
that the entrance or access point to a high radiation area meets one or more of
the following conditions:
(A) Is equipped
with a control device that, upon entry into the area, causes the level of
radiation to be reduced below that at which an individual might receive a deep
dose equivalent of 100 millirems (1.0 mSv) in one hour at 30 centimeters from
any surface that the radiation penetrates; or
(B) is equipped with a control device that
energizes a conspicuous visible or audible alarm signal in such a manner that
the individual entering the high radiation area and the licensee or a
supervisor of the activity is made aware of the entry; or
(C) is required to be locked except during
periods when access to the area is required, with positive control over each
individual entry.
(3)
The controls required by paragraphs (c)(2) and (d)(2) shall be established so
that no individual will be prevented from leaving a high radiation area or a
very high radiation area.
(4) If a
high radiation area is established for a period of 30 days or less, direct
surveillance to prevent unauthorized entry may be substituted for the controls
required by paragraph (c)(2) of this regulation.
(5) Any licensee or registrant may apply to
the department for approval of methods not included in paragraphs (c)(2), (4),
and (6) of this regulation. The proposed alternatives shall be approved by the
secretary if the licensee or registrant demonstrates that the alternative
methods of control will prevent unauthorized entry into a high radiation area,
and that the requirement of paragraph (c)(3) of this regulation is met.
(6) In place of the controls
required by this regulation for a high radiation area, the licensee or
registrant may substitute continuous direct or electronic surveillance that is
capable of preventing unauthorized entry.
(7) The licensee or registrant shall not be
required to control each entrance or access point to a room or other area that
is a high radiation area solely because of the presence of radioactive
materials prepared for transport and packaged and labeled in accordance with
the regulations of the U.S. department of transportation if the following
conditions are met:
(A) The packages do not
remain in the area longer than three days.
(B) The dose rate at one meter from the
external surface of any package does not exceed 0.1 mSv (0.01 rem) per hour.
(8) The licensee or
registrant shall not be required to control entrance or access to rooms or
other areas in hospitals solely because of the presence of patients containing
radioactive material if there are personnel in attendance who are taking the
necessary precautions to prevent the exposure of individuals to radiation or
radioactive material in excess of the established limits in these regulations
and to operate within the ALARA provisions of the licensee's or registrant's
radiation protection program.
(9)
The registrant shall not be required to control entrance or access to rooms or
other areas containing sources of radiation capable of producing a high
radiation area as described in this regulation if the registrant has met all
the specific requirements for access and control specified in other applicable
regulations, part 7 for industrial radiography, part 5 for X-rays in the
healing arts, and part 9 for particle accelerators.
(d) Very high radiation areas.
(1) Each very high radiation area shall be
conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol
and the following words:
GRAVE DANGER VERY HIGH RADIATION AREA
(2) Each registrant or licensee shall
institute measures to ensure that an individual is not able to gain
unauthorized or inadvertent access to an area in which radiation levels could
be encountered at five Gy (500 rad) or more in one hour at one meter from a
source of radiation or any surface through which the radiation penetrates. This
area is called a very high radiation area.
(A) Paragraph (d)(2) shall not apply to rooms
or areas in which diagnostic X-ray systems are the only source of radiation, or
to non-self-shielded irradiators.
(B) The registrant or licensee shall not be
required to control entrance or access to rooms or other areas containing
sources of radiation capable of producing a very high radiation area, as
described in this regulation, if the registrant or licensee has met all the
specific requirements for access and control specified in part 7 for industrial
radiography, part 5 for X-rays in the healing arts, and part 9 for particle
accelerators.
(3)
Control of access to very high radiation areas; irradiators.
(A) Paragraph (d)(3) shall apply to licensees
or registrants with sources of radiation in non-self-shielded irradiators and
shall not apply to sources of radiation used in teletherapy, in industrial
radiography, or in completely self-shielded irradiators in which the source of
radiation is both stored and operated within the same shielding radiation
barrier and, in the designed configuration of the irradiator, is always
physically inaccessible to any individual and cannot create a high level of
radiation in an area that is accessible to any individual.
(B) Each area in which there could exist
radiation levels in excess of five Gy (500 rad) in one hour at one meter from a
source of radiation that is used to irradiate materials shall be equipped with
entry control devices that perform the following:
(i) Function automatically to prevent any
individual from inadvertently entering a very high radiation area;
(ii) permit deliberate entry into the area
only after a control device is actuated that causes the radiation level within
the area, from the source of radiation, to be reduced below that at which it
would be possible for an individual to receive a deep dose equivalent in excess
of 1 mSv (0.1 rem) in one hour; and
(iii) prevent operation of the source of
radiation if the source would produce radiation levels in the area that could
result in a deep dose equivalent to an individual in excess of one mSv (0.1
rem) in one hour.
(C)
Additional control devices shall be provided so that, upon failure of the entry
control devices to function as required in this regulation, both of the
following will occur:
(i) The radiation level
within the area, from the source of radiation, is reduced below the level at
which it would be possible for an individual to receive a deep dose equivalent
in excess of one mSv (0.1 rem) in one hour.
(ii) Conspicuous visible and audible alarm
signals are generated to make an individual attempting to enter the area aware
of the hazard and at least one other authorized individual who is physically
present, familiar with the activity, and prepared to render or summon
assistance aware of the failure of the entry control devices.
(D) The licensee or registrant
shall provide control devices so that, upon the failure or removal of physical
radiation barriers other than the sealed sources shielded storage container,
both of the following will occur:
(i) The
radiation level from the source of radiation is reduced below the level at
which it would be possible for an individual to receive a deep dose equivalent
in excess of one mSv (0.1 rem) in one hour.
(ii) Conspicuous visible and audible alarm
signals are generated to make potentially affected individuals aware of the
hazard and to make the licensee, registrant, or at least one other individual
who is familiar with the activity and prepared to render or summon assistance
aware of the failure or removal of the physical barrier.
(E) If the shield for stored sealed sources
is a liquid, the licensee or registrant shall provide the means to monitor the
integrity of the shield and to automatically signal the loss of adequate
shielding.
(F) Physical radiation
barriers that comprise permanent structural components, including walls, that
have no credible probability of failure or removal in ordinary circumstances
shall not be required to meet the requirements of paragraphs (d)(3)(D) and (E).
(G) Each area shall be equipped
with devices that automatically generate conspicuous visible and audible alarm
signals to alert personnel in the area before the source of radiation can be
put into operation and in time for any individual in the area to operate a
clearly identified control device, which shall be installed in the area and
which shall prevent the source of radiation from being put into operation.
(H) Each area shall be controlled
by the use of any administrative procedures and devices necessary to ensure
that the area is cleared of personnel before each use of the source of
radiation.
(I) Each area shall be
checked by a measurement of the radiation to ensure that, before the first
individual's entry into the area after any use of the source of radiation, the
radiation level from the source of radiation in the area is below the level at
which it would be possible for an individual to receive a deep dose equivalent
in excess of one mSv (0.1 rem) in one hour.
(J) The entry control devices required in
paragraph (d)(3) shall be tested for proper functioning.
(i) Testing shall be conducted before initial
operation with the source of radiation on any day, unless operations were
continued uninterrupted from the previous day.
(ii) Testing shall be conducted before
resuming operation of the source of radiation after any unintentional
interruption.
(iii) The licensee
or registrant shall submit and adhere to a schedule for periodic tests of the
entry control and warning systems.
(K) The licensee or registrant shall not
conduct operations, other than those necessary to place the source of radiation
in safe condition or to effect repairs on controls, unless the control devices
are functioning properly.
(L)
Entry and exit portals that are used in transporting materials to and from the
irradiation area and that are not intended for use by individuals shall be
controlled by those devices and administrative procedures necessary to
physically protect and warn against inadvertent entry by any individual through
these portals. Exit portals for irradiated materials shall be equipped to
detect and signal the presence of any loose radioactive material that is
carried toward such an exit and automatically to prevent any loose radioactive
material from being carried out of the area.
(4) Licensees, registrants, or applicants for
licenses or registrations for sources of radiation subject to paragraph (d)(3)
that will be used in a variety of positions or in locations including open
fields or forests that make it impracticable to comply with certain
requirements of this regulation, including those for the automatic control of
radiation levels, may apply to the department for approval of alternative
safety measures. Alternative safety measures that are at least equivalent to
those specified in paragraph (d)(3) shall be provided. At least one of the
alternative measures shall include an entry-preventing interlock control based
on a measurement of the radiation that ensures the absence of high radiation
levels before an individual can gain access to the area where such sources of
radiation are used.
(e) Airborne radioactivity areas. Each airborne radioactivity area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the following words:
CAUTION (or DANGER) AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY AREA
(f) Additional requirements.
Each area or room in which any radioactive material is used or stored in an amount exceeding 10 times the quantity of radioactive material listed in appendix C in "appendices to part 4: standards for protection against radiation," as adopted by reference in K.A.R. 28-35-135a, shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the following words:
CAUTION (or DANGER) RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
(g) Containers.
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this
subsection, each container of radioactive material shall bear a durable,
clearly visible label identifying the radioactive contents.
(2) Each label required by paragraph (g) (1)
shall bear the radiation caution symbol specified in paragraph (a) (1) and the
following words:
CAUTION (or DANGER) RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
Each label shall also provide sufficient information to permit the individuals handling or using the containers, or working in the vicinity of the containers, to take precautions to avoid or minimize exposure. As appropriate, the label information may include radiation levels, description of the contents, an estimate of the activity, and the date for which the activity is estimated.
(3) The
labeling required under paragraph (g) (1) of this regulation shall not be
required for any of the following:
(A)
Containers that do not contain radioactive material in quantities greater than
the applicable quantities listed in appendix C in "appendices to part 4:
standards for protection against radiation," which is adopted by reference in
K.A.R. 28-35-135a;
(B) containers
that do not contain radioactive material in concentrations greater than the
applicable concentrations listed in appendix B, table I, column 2 in
"appendices to part 4: standards for protection against radiation," which is
adopted by reference in K.A.R. 28-35-135a;
(C) containers attended by an individual who
takes the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to
radiation or radioactive material in excess of the limits established by these
regulations;
(D) containers in
transport and packaged and labeled in accordance with the U.S. department of
transportation regulations;
(E)
containers that are accessible only to individuals authorized to handle or use
the containers or to work in the containers' vicinity, if the contents are
identified to those individuals by a readily available written record,
including containers in water-filled canals, storage vaults, hot cells, and
similar locations; or
(F)
manufacturing and process equipment, including piping and tanks.
(4) Before disposing of an empty
uncontaminated container in an unrestricted area, each licensee shall remove or
deface the radioactive material label or otherwise clearly indicate that the
container no longer contains radioactive material.
(h) Each radiation machine shall be labeled in a manner cautioning individuals that radiation is produced when the machine is being operated.
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