Hawaii Administrative Rules
Title 11 - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Subtitle 1 - GENERAL DEPARTMENTAL PROVISIONS
Chapter 20 - RULES RELATING TO PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
Section 11-20-46.1 - Enhanced filtration and disinfection
Universal Citation: HI Admin Rules 11-20-46.1
Current through February, 2024
(a) General requirements The requirements of this section constitute national primary drinking water regulations This section establishes requirements for filtration and disinfection that are in addition to criteria under which filtration and disinfection are required under section 11-20-46(a) The requirements of this section are applicable to public water systems with a surface water source or a GWUDI source serving at least 10,000 people, beginning January 1, 2002 and serving fewer than 10,000 people, beginning January 1, 2005, unless otherwise specified in this section. The regulations in this section establish or extend treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for the following contaminants: Giardia lamblia, viruses, heterotrophic plate count bacteria, Legionella, Cryptosporidium, and turbidity.
(1) Each public water system with
a surface water source or a GWUDI source shall provide treatment of that source
water that complies with these treatment technique requirements and are in
addition to those identified in section
11-20-46.
The treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly
operating water treatment processes which reliably achieve:
(A) At least 99 per cent (2-log) removal of
Cryptosporidium between a point where the raw water is not subject to
recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the
first customer.
(B) Compliance
with the profiling and benchmark requirements under the provisions of
subsection (b).
(2) A
public water system subject to the requirements of this section is considered
to be in compliance with the requirements of this subsection if it meets the
applicable filtration requirements in either section
11-20-46(c)
or subsection (c) and the disinfection requirements in section
11-20-46(b)
and subsection (b).
(3) Systems are
not permitted to begin construction of uncovered finished water storage
facilities beginning February 16, 1999.
(4)
Public water systems with a surface water source or a GWUDI
source that did not conduct optional monitoring under subsection (b) because
they served fewer than 10,000 persons when such monitoring was required, but
serve more than 10,000 persons prior to January 1, 2005 must comply with this
subsection.
(b) Disinfection profiling and benchmarking.
(1)
Determination of systems required to profile. A public water system with a
surface water source or GWUDI source serving at least 10,000 people subject to
the requirements of this paragraph must determine its TTHM annual average using
the procedure in subparagraph (A) and its HAA5 annual average using the
procedure in subparagraph (B). The annual average is the arithmetic average of
the quarterly averages of four consecutive quarters of monitoring. For a public
water system with a surface water source or GWUDI source serving fewer than
10,000 people, the director may determine that a system's profile is
unnecessary if a system's reported TTHM and HAA5 levels are below 0.064 mg/L
and 0.048 mg/L, respectively. To determine these levels, TTHM and HAA5 samples
must be collected after January 1, 1998, during the month with the warmest
water temperature, and at the point of maximum residence time in your
distribution system. Any affected system having either a TTHM level >=
0.064mg/L or an HAA5 level >= 0.048 mg/L must comply with paragraph (2).
(A) The TTHM annual average must be the
annual average during the same period as is used for the HAA5 annual average.
(i) Those systems that collected data under
the provisions of 40 C.F.R. 141 subpart M (Information Collection Rule) must
use the results of the samples collected during the last four quarters of
required monitoring under Sec. 141.142 of that subpart.
(ii) Those systems that use "grandfathered"
HAA5 occurrence data that meet the provisions of subparagraph (B)(ii) must use
TTHM data collected at the same time under the provisions of sections
11-20-4
and
11-20-45.
(iii) Those systems that use HAA5 occurrence
data that meet the provisions of subparagraph (B)(iii) must use TTHM data
collected at the same time under the provisions of sections
11-20-4
and
11-20-45.
(B) The HAA5 annual average must
be the annual average during the same period as is used for the TTHM annual
average.
(i) Those systems that collected
data under the provisions of 40 C.F.R. subpart M (Information Collection Rule)
must use the results of the samples collected during the last four quarters of
required monitoring under 40 C.F.R. Sec. 141.142.
(ii) Those systems that have collected four
quarters of HAA5 occurrence data that meets the routine monitoring sample
number and location requirements for TTHM in sections
11-20-4
and
11-20-45
and handling and analytical method requirements of 40 C.F.R. Sec. 141.142(b)(1)
may use those data to determine whether the requirements of this section
apply.
(iii) Those systems that
have not met the provisions of either clause (i) or (ii) by March 16, 1999 must
either: conduct monitoring for HAA5 that meets the routine monitoring sample
number and location requirements for TTHM in sections
11-20-4
and
11-20-45
and the handling and analytical method requirements of 40 C.F.R. Sec.
141.142(b)(1) to determine the HAA5 annual average and whether the requirements
of paragraph (2) apply (this monitoring must be completed so that the
applicability determination can be made no later than March 31, 2000), or
comply with all other provisions of this subsection as if the HAA5 monitoring
had been conducted and the results required compliance with paragraph (2).
(C) The system may
request that the director approve a more representative annual data set than
the data set determined under subparagraph (A) or (B) for a public water system
with a surface water source or GWUDI source serving at least 10,000 people, or
paragraph (b)(1) for a public water system with a surface water source or GWUDI
source serving fewer than 10,000 people for the purpose of determining
applicability of the requirements of this subsection.
(D) The director may require that a system
use a more representative annual data set than the data set determined under
subparagraph (A) or (B) for the purpose of determining applicability of the
requirements of this subsection.
(E)
The system must submit data to the director on the schedule in
clauses (i) through (v).
(i) Those systems
that collected TTHM and HAA5 data under the provisions of 40 C.F.R. subpart M
(Information Collection Rule), as required by subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B)(i),
must submit the results of the samples collected during the last twelve months
of required monitoring under 40 C.F.R. Sec. 141.142 not later than December 31,
1999.
(ii) Those systems that have
collected four consecutive quarters of HAA5 occurrence data that meets the
routine monitoring sample number and location for TTHM in sections
11-20-4
and
11-20-45
and handling and analytical method requirements of 40 C.F.R. Sec.
141.142(b)(1), as allowed by subparagraphs (A)(ii) and (B)(ii), must submit
those data to the director not later than April 16, 1999. Until the director
has approved the data, the system must conduct monitoring for HAA5 using the
monitoring requirements specified under subparagraph (B)(iii).
(iii) Those systems that conduct monitoring
for HAA5 using the monitoring requirements specified by subparagraphs (A)(iii)
and (B)(iii), must submit TTHM and HAA5 data not later than March 31, 2000.
(iv) Those systems that elect to
comply with all other provisions of this subsection as if the HAA5 monitoring
had been conducted and the results required compliance with this subsection, as
allowed under subparagraph (B)(iii), must notify the director in writing of
their election not later than December 31, 1999.
(v) If the system elects to request that the
director approve a more representative annual data set than the data set
determined under subparagraph (B)(i), the system must submit this request in
writing not later than December 31, 1999.
(F) Any system having either a TTHM annual
average > 0.064 mg/L or an HAA5 annual average >= 0.048 mg/L during the
period identified in subparagraphs (A) and (B) must comply with paragraph
(2).
(2) Disinfection
profiling.
(A) Any system that meets the
criteria in paragraph (1)(F) must develop a disinfection profile of its
disinfection practice for a period of up to three years.
(B) The system must monitor daily for a
period of twelve consecutive calendar months to determine the total logs of
inactivation for each day of operation, based on the CT99.9 values in Tables
E-1 thru E-6, E-8, E-10, and E-12 of the Hawaii Surface Water Treatment Rule
Administrative Manual, as appropriate, through the entire treatment plant.
Public water systems with a surface water source or GWUDI source serving at
least 10,000 people, must begin this monitoring not later than April 1, 2000.
For a public water system with a surface water source or GWUDI source serving
fewer than 10,000 people, monitoring must begin no later than July 1, 2003. New
or substantially modified systems, as defined under sections
11-20-29
and
11-20-30
respectively, applying after April 1, 2000 shall begin monitoring not later
than a date determined by the director. As a minimum, the system with a single
point of disinfectant application prior to entrance to the distribution system
must conduct the monitoring specified in this subparagraph. A system with more
than one point of disinfectant application must conduct the monitoring in this
subparagraph for each disinfection segment. The system must monitor the
parameters necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio, using
analytical methods in section
11-20-46(d)(1),
as follows:
(i) The temperature of the
disinfected water must be measured once per day at each residual disinfectant
concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow.
(ii) If the system uses chlorine, the pH of
the disinfected water must be measured once per day at each chlorine residual
disinfectant concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow.
(iii) The disinfectant contact time(s)("T")
must be determined for each day during peak hourly flow.
(iv) The residual disinfectant
concentration(s)("C") of the water before or at the first customer and prior to
each additional point of disinfection must be measured each day during peak
hourly flow.
(C) In
lieu of the monitoring conducted under the provisions of subparagraph (B) to
develop the disinfection profile, the system may elect to meet the requirements
of clause (i). In addition to the monitoring conducted under the provisions of
subparagraph (B) to develop the disinfection profile, the system may elect to
meet the requirements of clause (ii).
(i) A
PWS that has three years of existing operational data may submit those data, a
profile generated using those data, and a request that the director approve use
of those data in lieu of monitoring under the provisions of subparagraph (B)
not later than March 31, 2000 for a public water system with a surface water
source or GWUDI source serving at least 10,000 people, and July 1, 2003 for a
public water system with a surface water source or GWUDI source serving fewer
than 10,000 people. The director must determine whether these operational data
are substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of
subparagraph (B). These data must also be representative of Giardia lamblia
inactivation through the entire treatment plant and not just of certain
treatment segments. Until the director approves this request, the system is
required to conduct monitoring under the provisions of subparagraph
(B).
(ii) In addition to the
disinfection profile generated under subparagraph (B), a PWS that has existing
operational data may use those data to develop a disinfection profile for
additional years. Such systems may use these additional yearly disinfection
profiles to develop a benchmark under the provisions of paragraph (3). The
director must determine whether these operational data are substantially
equivalent to data collected under the provisions of subparagraph (B). These
data must also be representative of inactivation through the entire treatment
plant and not just of certain treatment segments.
(D) The system must calculate the total
inactivation ratio as follows:
(i) If the
system uses only one point of disinfectant application, the system may
determine the total inactivation ratio for the disinfection segment based on
either: determining one inactivation ratio
(CTcalc/CT99.9) before or at the first customer during
peak hourly flow, or determining successive CTcalc/CT99.9
values, representing sequential inactivation ratios, between the
point of disinfectant application and a point before or at the first customer
during peak hourly flow. Under this alternative, the system must calculate the
total inactivation ratio by determining (CTcalc/CT99.9)
for each sequence and then adding the (CTcalc/CT99.9)
values together to determine [SIGMA]
(CTcalc/CT99.9).
(ii)
If the system uses more than one point of disinfectant
application before the first customer, the system must determine the CT value
of each disinfection segment immediately prior to the next point of
disinfectant application, or for the final segment, before or at the first
customer, during peak hourly flow. The (CTcalc/CT99.9)
value of each segment and [SIGMA] (CTcalc/CT99.9) must
be calculated using the method in clause (i).
(iii) The system must determine the total
logs of inactivation by multiplying the value calculated in clause (i) or (ii)
by 3.0.
(E) A system
that uses either chlorine dioxide, chloramines, or ozone for primary
disinfection must also calculate the logs of inactivation for viruses and
develop an additional disinfection profile for viruses using a method approved
by the State.
(F) The system must
retain disinfection profile data in graphic form, as a spreadsheet, or in some
other format acceptable to the director for review as part of sanitary surveys
conducted by the State.
(3)
Disinfection benchmarking.
(A)
Any system required to develop a disinfection profile under the provisions of
paragraphs (1) and (2) and that decides to make a significant change to its
disinfection practice must consult with the director prior to making such
change. Significant changes to disinfection practice are:
(i) Changes to the point of disinfection;
(ii) Changes to the disinfectant(s)
used in the treatment plant;
(iii)
Changes to the disinfection process; and
(iv) Any other modification identified by the
State.
(B) Any system
that is modifying its disinfection practice must calculate its disinfection
benchmark using the procedure specified in this subparagraph.
(i) For each year of profiling data collected
and calculated under paragraph (2), the system must determine the lowest
average monthly Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year of profiling data.
The system must determine the average Giardia lamblia inactivation for each
calendar month for each year of profiling data by dividing the sum of daily
Giardia lamblia of inactivation by the number of values calculated for that
month.
(ii) The disinfection
benchmark is the lowest monthly average value(for systems with one year of
profiling data) or average of lowest monthly average values (for systems with
more than one year of profiling data) of the monthly logs of Giardia lamblia
inactivation in each year of profiling data.
(C) A system that uses either chlorine
dioxide, chloramines, or ozone for primary disinfection must also calculate the
disinfection benchmark for viruses using a method approved by the
State.
(D) As part of its
consultation process with the director, the system must submit the following
information:
(i) A description of the
proposed change, including why the change is being proposed, a summary of
alternatives considered with positive and negative impacts, and a final
analysis of the selected alternative;
(ii)
The disinfection profile for Giardia lamblia (and, if necessary,
viruses) under paragraph (2) and benchmark as required by paragraph
(3)(B);
(iii) An analysis of how
the proposed change will affect the current levels of disinfection; and
(iv) Any additional information
requested by the director.
(c) Filtration. A public water system is subject to the requirements of this subsection consisting of both disinfection, as specified in section 11-20-46(b), and filtration treatment which complies with the requirements of this subsection or section 11-20-46.
(1) Conventional filtration treatment or
direct filtration.
(A) For systems using
conventional filtration or direct filtration, the turbidity level of
representative samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal
to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 per cent of the measurements taken each month,
measured as specified in section
11-20-46(d)(1)
and (2).
(B) The turbidity level of
representative samples of a system's filtered water must at no time exceed 1
NTU, measured as specified in section
11-20-46(d)(1)
and (2).
(C) A system that uses
lime softening may acidify representative samples prior to analysis using a
protocol approved by the State.
(2) Filtration technologies other than
conventional filtration treatment, direct filtration, slow sand filtration, or
diatomaceous earth filtration. A public water system may use a filtration
technology not listed in either paragraph (1) or in section
11-20-46(c)(2)(B)
or (C) if it demonstrates to the State, using pilot plant studies or other
means, that the alternative filtration technology, in combination with
disinfection treatment that meets the requirements of section
11-20-46(b),
consistently achieves 99.9 per cent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia
lamblia cysts and 99.99 per cent removal and/or inactivation of viruses, and 99
per cent removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the director approves the use
of the filtration technology. For a system that makes this demonstration, the
requirements for conventional filtration apply.
(d) Filtration sampling requirements.
(1) Monitoring requirements for systems using
filtration treatment. In addition to monitoring required by section
11-20-46(d),
a public water system subject to the requirements of this section that provides
filtration treatment, other than slow sand filtration or diatomaceous earth
filtration, must conduct continuous monitoring of turbidity for each individual
filter using an approved method in section
11-20-46(d)(1)
and must calibrate turbidimeters using the procedure specified by the
manufacturer. Systems must record the results of individual filter monitoring
every fifteen minutes.
(2) If there
is a failure in the continuous turbidity monitoring equipment, the system must
conduct grab sampling every four hours in lieu of continuous monitoring, but
for no more than five working days for a public water system with a surface
water source or GWUDI source serving at least 10,000 people, and fourteen
calendar days for a public water system with a surface water source or GWUDI
source serving fewer than 10,000 people following the failure of the
equipment.
(e) Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. In addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements in section 11-20-46(e), a public water system subject to the requirements of this section that provides conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration must report monthly to the director the information specified in paragraphs (1) and (2). In addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements in section 11-20-46(e), a public water system subject to the requirements of this section that provides filtration approved under subsection (c)(2) must report monthly to the director the information specified in paragraph (1). The reporting in paragraph (1) is in lieu of the reporting specified in section 11-20-46(e)(2)(A).
(1) Turbidity measurements as required by
subsection (c) must be reported within ten days after the end of each month the
system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
(A) The total number of filtered water
turbidity measurements taken during the month.
(B) The number and percentage of filtered
water turbidity measurements taken during the month which are less than or
equal to the turbidity limits specified in subsection (c)(1) or (2).
(C) The date and value of any turbidity
measurements taken during the month which exceed 1 NTU for systems using
conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration, or which exceed the
maximum level set by the director under subsection (c)(2).
(2) Systems must maintain the results of
individual filter monitoring taken under subsection (d) for at least three
years. Systems must report that they have conducted individual filter turbidity
monitoring under subsection (d) within ten days after the end of each month the
system serves water to the public. Systems must report individual filter
turbidity measurement results taken under subsection (d) within ten days after
the end of each month the system serves water to the public only if
measurements demonstrate one or more of the conditions in subparagraphs (A)
through (D). Systems that use lime softening may apply to the director for
alternative exceedance levels for the levels specified in subparagraphs (A)
through (D) if they can demonstrate that higher turbidity levels in individual
filters are due to lime carryover only and not due to degraded filter
performance.
(A) For any individual filter
that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive
measurements taken fifteen minutes apart, the system must report the filter
number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on which the exceedance
occurred. In addition, the system must either produce a filter profile for the
filter within seven days of the exceedance (if the system is not able to
identify an obvious reason for the abnormal filter performance) and report that
the profile has been produced or report the obvious reason for the
exceedance.
(B) For any individual
filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 0.5 NTU in two
consecutive measurements taken fifteen minutes apart at the end of the first
four hours of continuous filter operation after the filter has been backwashed
or otherwise taken offline, the system must report the filter number, the
turbidity, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the
system must either produce a filter profile for the filter within seven days of
the exceedance (if the system is not able to identify an obvious reason for the
abnormal filter performance) and report that the profile has been produced or
report the obvious reason for the exceedance.
(C) For any individual filter that has a
measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive
measurements taken fifteen minutes apart at any time in each of three
consecutive months, the system must report the filter number, the turbidity
measurement, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the
system must conduct a self-assessment of the filter within fourteen days of the
exceedance and report that the self-assessment was conducted. The
self-assessment must consist of at least the following components: assessment
of filter performance; development of a filter profile; identification and
prioritization of factors limiting filter performance; assessment of the
applicability of corrections; and preparation of a filter self-assessment
report.
(D) For any individual
filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 2.0 NTU in two
consecutive measurements taken fifteen minutes apart at any time in each of two
consecutive months, the system must report the filter number, the turbidity
measurement, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the
system must arrange for the conduct of a comprehensive performance evaluation
(CPE) by a third party approved by the director no later than thirty days
following the exceedance and have the evaluation completed and submitted to the
director no later than ninety days following the exceedance. The director may
require systems that have undergone a CPE to subsequently perform a
comprehensive technical assistance (CTA) evaluation if the CPE findings
determine that a CTA, and the implementation of its recommendations by the
system, have the potential to improve water quality in the plant effluent or in
the distribution system.
(3) Additional reporting requirements.
(A) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 1
NTU in representative samples of filtered water in a system using conventional
filtration treatment or direct filtration, the system must consult with the
State as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business
day.
(B) If at any time the
turbidity in representative samples of filtered water exceeds the maximum level
set by the director under subsection (c)(2) for filtration technologies other
than conventional filtration treatment, direct filtration, slow sand filtration
or diatomaceous earth filtration, the system must consult with the State as
soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day.
(C) Public water systems with a surface water
source or GWUDI source serving fewer than 10,000 people must report the results
of optional monitoring, which show TTHM levels <0.064 mg/L and HAA5 levels
<0.048 mg/L if that system wishes to forgo profiling, pursuant to subsection
(b)(1). Other systems must report the commencement of disinfection profiling by
July 1, 2003.
(4)
Additional recordkeeping requirements. All systems subject to this section that
are required to profile or calculate a benchmark under subsection (b) must keep
their results, including raw data and analyses,
indefinitely.
(f) Composite correction program. The director may require systems regulated under subsection (a) to perform a composite correction program (CCP) and implement any follow up recommendations that result from the program.
(1) The director may require that a system
perform a CCP if one of the following occurs:
(A)
A waterborne disease outbreak; or
(B) System deficiencies are identified which:
(i) Degrade water quality in the plant
effluent or distribution system; or
(ii)
In the director's opinion, have the potential to result in an
unreasonable risk to the health of persons served by the system.
(2) Third parties
performing CCPs on behalf of the system must be approved by the
director.
(g) Sanitary surveys. The director shall conduct sanitary surveys for all systems, regulated under subsection (a), no less frequently than every three years for community PWSs and every five years for non-community PWSs.
(1)
Sanitary surveys shall address, as a minimum, the following eight
components:
(A) Source;
(B) Treatment;
(C) Distribution system;
(D) Finished water storage;
(E) Pumps, pump facilities, and
controls;
(F) Monitoring and
reporting and data verification;
(G)
System management and operation; and
(H) Operator compliance with state
requirements
(2)
Significant deficiencies are defined as any defect in a system's design,
operation and maintenance, as well as any failure or malfunction of any system
component, that the director determines to cause, or have the potential to
cause, an immediate sanitary risk to health.
(A)
The director has determined that the following conditions meet
the definition in this paragraph:
(i) Source
water infrastructure (wellhead or surface water intake) that is susceptible to
harmful land use activities, pollution sources or water quality conditions that
indicate an immediate sanitary risk to an untreated ground water source or to
the designed treatment capabilities of an existing water treatment plant, and
are within the control of the PWS.
(ii)
An unauthorized bypass around a water treatment plant which
treats surface water or ground water under the direct influence of a surface
water (GWUDI).
(iii) (Drainage,
sewer, chemical, or raw water line cross connections that may allow
contaminants to enter the drinking water system.
(iv) Potential backpressure and backsiphonage
conditions, including those observed outside the PWS system (i.e. private
property), which could impact the PWS" water system quality. As a minimum, a
PWS must contact private property owners to resolve potential cross connection
hazard to their distribution system.
(v) Tank contents are exposed to
contamination due to corrosion, poorly designed or maintained roof-wall
interface, roof vents, overflow or washout line piping, hatches, manways or any
other unprotected openings.
(vi)
Well contamination potential at pump discharge head including: vent or air line
tubing openings into well column are not sealed properly; drain for packing
lubrication water is plugged and lubrication water is either stagnant or
harbors small animals.
(B)
PWSs shall respond to the director in writing to significant
deficiencies outlined in sanitary survey reports no later than forty-five
calendar days after receipt of the report, indicating how and on what schedule
the system will address significant deficiencies noted in the survey.
(C) PWSs subject to subparagraph (B) shall
take the necessary steps to correct significant deficiencies identified in
sanitary survey reports if such deficiencies are within the control of the PWS
and its governing body.
(D) Failure
of a PWS to respond to the requirements of either subparagraph (B) or (C) shall
constitute a violation of these rules and subject the system to administrative
penalties under section
340E-8,
HRS.
(3) Community PWSs
meeting the criteria in the subparagraphs (A) through (E) may be eligible for
sanitary surveys to be performed on their systems at a reduced frequency of no
less than every five years. Community PWSs achieving this reduced frequency
status must continue to meet the criteria in subparagraphs (A) through (E) for
the period between surveys, or risk an immediate adjustment of their reduced
frequency status by the director.
(A) No
significant deficiencies identified in the system's most recent survey
performed in compliance with this subsection;
(B) No waterborne disease outbreaks
attributable to the system during the past five years;
(C) No violations of chapter
11-20 during the past five
years;
(D) Evidence of an active
cross connection control program; and
(E) Evidence of an up-to-date operator
training and certification program.
(4) The director will review the system's
disinfection profiling data, as defined in subsection (b)(2), whenever a
sanitary survey is performed.
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