Hawaii Administrative Rules
Title 11 - DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Subtitle 1 - GENERAL DEPARTMENTAL PROVISIONS
Chapter 20 - RULES RELATING TO PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS
Section 11-20-2 - Definitions
As used in this chapter: "Act" means the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act, P.L. 93-523, December 16, 1974, Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, P.L. 99-339, June 19, 1986 and Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, P.L. 104-182, August 6, 1996.
"Acute violation" means a violation of the maximum contaminant levels of contaminants that may pose an acute risk to human health. The following violations are acute violations:
(1) Violations determined by the director as posing an acute risk to human health.
(2) Violation of the MCL for nitrate or nitrite as provided in section 11-20-3 and determined according to section 11-20-11(i)(3).
(3) Violation of the MCL for total coliforms, as provided in section 11-20-6(b), and which occurs when a repeat sample is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive, or a total coliform-positive repeat sample follows a fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive routine sample.
"Administrator" means the administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, or authorized representative.
"Bag filters" are pressure-driven separation devices that remove particulate matter larger than 1 micrometer using an engineered porous filtration media. They are typically constructed of a non-rigid, fabric filtration media housed in a pressure vessel in which the direction of flow is from the inside of the bag to outside.
"Bank Filtration" is a water treatment process that uses a well to recover surface water that has naturally infiltrated into ground water through a river bed or bank(s). Infiltration is typically enhanced by the hydraulic gradient imposed by a nearby pumping water supply or other well(s).
"Best available technology" or "BAT" means the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means which the director finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT shall be at least as effective as granular activated carbon.
"Capacity" means the overall capability of a water system to consistently produce and deliver water meeting all national and state primary drinking water regulations in effect or likely to be in effect when new or modified operations begin. Capacity includes the technical, managerial, and financial capacities of the water system to plan for, achieve, and maintain compliance with applicable national and state primary drinking water regulations.
"Cartridge filters" are pressure-driven separation devices that remove particulate matter larger than 1 micrometer using an engineered porous filtration media. They are typically constructed as rigid or semi-rigid, self-supporting filter elements housed in pressure vessels in which flow is from the outside of the cartridge to the inside.
"Clean compliance history" is, for the purposes of section 11-20-9.1, a record of no MCL violations under section 11-20-6; no monitoring violation under section 11-20-9 or section 11-20-9.1; and no coliform treatment technique trigger exceedances or treatment technique violations under section 11-20-9.1.
"Coagulation" means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and agglomerated into flocs.
"Code of Federal Regulations" or "C.F.R." means the official codification of Federal regulations, as previously published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The effective revision date of the C.F.R. references in this chapter is July 1, 2015.
"Combined distribution system" is the interconnected distribution system consisting of the distribution systems of wholesale systems and of the consecutive systems that receive finished water.
"Community water system" means a public water system which serves at least fifteen service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least twenty-five year-round residents.
"Compliance cycle" means the nine-year calendar year cycle during which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010; the third begins January 1, 2011 and ends December 31, 2019.
"Compliance period" means a three-year calendar year period within a compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period runs from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2001.
"Composite Correction Program" or "CCP" consists of a Comprehensive Performance Evaluation (CPE) and Comprehensive Technical Assistance (CTA), both performed by a state-approved third party.
"Comprehensive Performance Evaluation" or "CPE" means a thorough review and analysis of a treatment plant's performance-based capabilities and associated administrative, operation, and maintenance practices. It is conducted by a state-approved third party to identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant's capability to achieve compliance and emphasizes approaches that can be implemented without significant capital improvements. The CPE must consist of at least the following components: assessment of plant performance; evaluation of major unit processes; identification and prioritization of performance limiting factors; assessment of the applicability of comprehensive technical assistance (CTA); and preparation of a CPE report.
"Comprehensive Technical Assistance" or "CTA" means the performance improvement phase that is implemented if CPE results indicate improved performance potential. During the CTA phase, the system must identify and systematically address plant-specific factors. The CTA is a combination of utilizing CPE results as a basis for follow up, implementing process control priority-setting techniques, and maintaining long-term involvement to systematically train staff and administrators.
"Confluent growth" means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
"Consecutive system" is a public water system that receives some or all of its finished water from one or more wholesale systems. Delivery may be through a direct connection or through the distribution system of one or more consecutive systems.
"Contaminant" means any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water. An additive contaminant under this definition may have a beneficial or a detrimental effect on the potability of the water.
"Conventional filtration treatment" means a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration resulting in substantial particulate removal.
"CT" or "CTcalc" is the product of "residual disinfectant concentration" (C) in milligrams per liter or mg/l determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding "disinfectant contact time" (T) in minutes, i.e., "C" x "T". If a public water system applies disinfectants at more than one point prior to the first customer, it shall determine the CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to determine the total per cent inactivation or "total inactivation ratio." In determining the total inactivation ratio, the supplier shall determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any subsequent disinfection application point(s).
"CT99.9" means the CT value required for 99.9 per cent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts.
"CT inactivation ratio" means (CTcalc)/(CT99.9). The sum of the inactivation ratios, or total inactivation ratio shown as (CTcalc)/(CT99.9) is calculated by adding together the inactivation ratio for each disinfection sequence. A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts.
"Department" means the department of health, State of Hawaii.
"Diatomaceous earth filtration" means a process resulting in substantial particulate removal in which (1) a precoat cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrane (septum), and (2) while the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the filter cake.
"Direct additives" means contaminants added to water in the protection of drinking water.
"Direct filtration" means a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial particulate removal.
"Director" means the director of the Hawaii state department of health or the director's authorized agent.
"Disinfectant contact time" ("T" in CT calculations) means the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual measurement to a point before or at the point where residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where only one "C" is measured, "T" is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point where residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where more than one "C" is measured, "T" is (1) for the first measurement of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the first or only point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point where the first "C" is measured, and (2) for subsequent measurements of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the previous "C" measurement point to the "C" measurement point for which the particular "T" is being calculated. Disinfectant contact time in pipelines shall be calculated based on "plug flow" by dividing the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and storage reservoirs shall be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent demonstration.
"Disinfection" means a process which inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.
"Disinfection profile" means a summary of daily Giardia lamblia inactivation through the treatment plant.
"Domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem" means a coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than one service connection that is limited to the specific service connection from which the coliform-positive sample was taken.
"Dose equivalent" means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation and such factors as account for differences in biological effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU).
"Dual sample set" is a set of two samples collected at the same time and same location, with one sample analyzed for TTHM and the other sample analyzed for HAA5. Dual sample sets are collected for the purposes of conducting an IDSE under section 11-20-45.2 and determining compliance with the TTHM and HAA5 MCLs under section 11-20-45.3.
"Enhanced coagulation" means the addition of sufficient coagulant for improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by conventional filtration treatment.
"Enhanced softening" means the improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by precipitative softening.
"Fecal coliform" means part of the total coliform group that are gram negative, non-spore forming rods that ferment lactose in 24 ± 2 hours at 44.5 ± 0.2 degrees Centigrade with the production of gas.
"Federal Register" or "F.R." means the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of Federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other presidential documents by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). The revisions to this chapter include the applicable Federal Register changes to Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 141 and Part 142 through February 13, 2013.
"Filter profile" means a graphical representation of individual filter performance, based on continuous turbidity measurements or total particle counts versus time for an entire filter run, from startup to backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment of filter performance while another filter is being backwashed.
"Filtration" means a process for removing particulate matter from water by passage through porous media.
"Financial capacity" refers to the financial resources of the water system, including an adequate budget, adequate fiscal controls, and creditworthiness.
"Finished water" is water that is introduced into the distribution system of a public water system and is intended for distribution and consumption without further treatment, except as treatment necessary to maintain water quality in the distribution system (e.g., booster disinfection, addition of corrosion control chemicals).
"Flocculation" means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.
"Flowing stream" is a course of running water flowing in a definite channel.
"Granular activated carbon" or "GAC" consists of fine carbon particles placed in pressure filters to adsorb the organics in the water.
"GAC10" means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed contact time of ten minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every one hundred eighty days except that the reactivation frequency for GAC10 used as a best available technology for compliance with MCLs under section 11-20-4.1(b)(2)(A) shall be 120 days.
"GAC20" means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed contact time of 20 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every 240 days.
"Gross alpha particle activity" means the total radioactivity due to alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
"Gross beta particle activity" means the total radioactivity due to beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
"Ground water under the direct influence of surface water" (GWUDI) means any water beneath the surface of the ground with:
(1) Significant occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, or Cryptosporidium; or
(2) Significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions.
Direct influence shall be determined for individual sources in accordance with criteria established by the director. The director's determination of direct influence may be based on site-specific measurements of water quality and/or documentation of well construction characteristics and geology with field evaluation.
"Haloacetic acids (five)" or "HAA5" means the sum of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition.
"Halogen" means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
"Heterotrophic bacteria" means a broad class of aerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms which use organic nutrients for growth. The group includes many innocuous bacteria as well as virtually all of the bacteria pathogens and those bacteria infect when the host defenses are weakened.
"Heterotrophic plate count" or "HPC" means the number of heterotrophic bacteria contained in a water sample.
"Indirect additives" means contaminants that are introduced into drinking water through contact with surfaces of material or products used for its treatment, storage, transmission, or distribution.
"Initial compliance period" means the first full three-year compliance period which begins at least eighteen months after federal promulgation. For the Phase V contaminants listed in sections 11-20-4(d)(20) through (22), 11-20-4(e)(19) through (33), and 11-20-3(b)(11) through (15), the initial compliance period for systems with 150 or more service connections is January 1993 through December 1995 (the first full three-year compliance period after July 17, 1992), and for systems having fewer than 150 service connections, the initial compliance period is January 1996 through December 1998 (the first full three-year compliance period after January 17, 1994).
"Lake or reservoir" refers to a natural or man-made basin or hollow on the earth's surface in which water collects or is stored that may or may not have a current or single direction of flow.
"Legionella" means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.
"Level 1 assessment" is an evaluation to identify the possible presence of sanitary defects, defects in distribution system coliform monitoring practices, and (when possible) the likely reason that the system triggered the assessment. It is conducted by the system operator or owner. Minimum elements include review and identification of atypical events that could affect distributed water quality or indicate that distributed water quality was impaired; changes in distribution system maintenance and operation that could affect distributed water quality (including water storage); source and treatment considerations that bear on distributed water quality, where appropriate (e.g., whether a ground water system is disinfected); existing water quality monitoring data; and inadequacies in sample sites, sampling protocol, and sample processing. The system must conduct the assessment consistent with any State directives that tailor specific assessment elements with respect to the size and type of the system and the size, type, and characteristics of the distribution system.
"Level 2 assessment" is an evaluation to identify the possible presence of sanitary defects, defects in distribution system coliform monitoring practices, and (when possible) the likely reason that the system triggered the assessment. A Level 2 assessment provides a more detailed examination of the system (including the system's monitoring and operational practices) than does a Level 1 assessment through the use of more comprehensive investigation and review of available information, additional internal and external resources, and other relevant practices. It is conducted by an individual approved by the State, which may include the system operator. Minimum elements include review and identification of atypical events that could affect distributed water quality or indicate that distributed water quality was impaired; changes in distribution system maintenance and operation that could affect distributed water quality (including water storage); source and treatment considerations that bear on distributed water quality, where appropriate (e.g., whether a ground water system is disinfected); existing water quality monitoring data; and inadequacies in sample sites, sampling protocol, and sample processing. The system must conduct the assessment consistent with any State directives that tailor specific assessment elements with respect to the size and type of the system and the size, type, and characteristics of the distribution system. The system must comply with any expedited actions or additional actions required by the State in the case of an E. coli MCL violation.
"Locational running annual average (LRAA)" is the average of sample analytical results for samples taken at a particular monitoring location during the previous four calendar quarters.
"Managerial capacity" refers to the ability of the water system to manage itself, including clear ownership, organization, and communications, and accountability; adequate management, staffing, policies, training, and information management; and effective relationships with customers and regulatory agencies.
"Man-made beta particle and photon emitters" means all radionuclides emitting beta particles or photons, or both, listed in Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69, except the daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235, and uranium-238.
"Maximum contaminant level" or "MCL" means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system.
"Maximum contaminant level goal" or "MCLG" means the maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health or persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Maximum contaminant level goals are non-enforceable health goals.
"Maximum residual disinfectant level" or "MRDL" means a level of a disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be exceeded at the consumer's tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse health effects. For chlorine and chloramines, a PWS is in compliance with the MRDL when the running annual average of monthly averages of samples taken in the distribution system, computed quarterly, is less than or equal to the MRDL. For chlorine dioxide, a PWS is in compliance with the MRDL when daily samples are taken at the entrance to the distribution system and no two consecutive daily samples exceed the MRDL. MRDLs are enforceable in the same manner as maximum contaminant levels under Section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
"Maximum residual disinfectant level goal" or "MRDLG" means the maximum level of a disinfectant added for water treatment at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MRDLGs are non-enforceable health goals and do not reflect the benefit of the addition of a chemical for control of waterborne microbial contaminants.
"Maximum total trihalomethane potential" or "MTTHMP" means the maximum concentration of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water containing a disinfectant residual after seven days at a temperature of 25 degrees Centigrade or above.
"Membrane filtration" is a pressure or vacuum driven separation process in which particulate matter larger than 1 micrometer is rejected by an engineered barrier, primarily through a size-exclusion mechanism, and which has a measurable removal efficiency of a target organism that can be verified through the application of a direct integrity test. This definition includes the common membrane technologies of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis.
"Near the first service connection" means at one of the twenty per cent of all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within the distribution system.
"Non-community water system" means a public water system that is not a community water system.
"Non-transient non-community water system" or "NTNCWS" means a public water system that is not a community water system and that regularly serves at least twenty-five of the same persons over six months per year.
"Packed tower aeration" or "PTA" consists of high-surface area packing material supported and contained in a cylindrical shell. Water flow is normally downward through the packing material with either forced draft or induced draft upward airflow.
"Performance evaluation sample" means a reference sample provided to a laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can successfully analyze the sample within limits of performance specified by the EPA. The limits of performance for inorganic samples are defined in 40 C.F.R. section 141.23(k)(3)(ii), for volatile organic chemicals are defined in 40 C.F.R. section 141.24(f)(17)(i), and for synthetic organic chemicals are defined in 40 C.F.R. section 141.24(h)(19)(B). The true value of the concentration of the reference material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the analysis.
"Person" means an individual, corporation, company, association, partnership, county, municipality; or state, federal, or tribal agency.
"Picocurie" or "pCi" means that quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute. "pCi/l" is a symbol for picocurie per liter.
"Plant intake" refers to the works or structures at the head of a conduit through which water is diverted from a source (e.g., river or lake) into the treatment plant.
"Point of disinfectant application" is the point where the disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff.
"Point-of-entry treatment device" or "POE" is a treatment device applied to the drinking water entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or building.
"Point-of-use treatment device" or "POU" is a treatment device applied to a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap.
"Presedimentation" is a preliminary treatment process used to remove gravel, sand and other particulate material from the source water through settling before the water enters the primary clarification and filtration processes in a treatment plant.
"Public water system" means a system which provides water for human consumption, through pipes or other constructed conveyances if the system has at least fifteen service connections or regularly serves an average of at least twenty-five individuals daily at least sixty days out of the year. Such term includes (1) any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution facilities under control of the operator of such system and used primarily in connection with such system, and (2) any collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system. A public water system may be privately or publicly owned or operated. A public water system is a "community water system" or a "non-community water system".
"Rem" means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body or any internal organ or organ system. A "millirem" or "mrem" is 1/1000 of a rem.
"Repeat compliance period" means any subsequent compliance period after the initial compliance period." Residual disinfectant concentration" ("C" in CT calculations) means the concentration of disinfectant measured in milligrams per liter or mg/l in a representative sample of water.
"Sanitary defect" is a defect that could provide a pathway of entry for microbial contamination into the distribution system or that is indicative of a failure or imminent failure in a barrier that is already in place.
"Sanitary survey" means an on-site review of the water source, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance for producing and distributing safe drinking water.
"Seasonal system" is a non-community water system that is not operated as a public water system on a year-round basis and starts up and shuts down at the beginning and end of each operating season.
"Secondary maximum contaminant levels" or 'SMCLS" means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to the free-flowing outlet of the ultimate user of the public water system.
"Sedimentation" means a process for removal of solids before filtration by gravity or separation.
"Service connection", as used in the definition of "public water system", does not include a connection to a system that delivers water by a constructed conveyance other than a pipe if:
(1) The water is used exclusively for purposes other than residential uses (consisting of drinking, bathing, cooking, or other similar uses);
(2) The State determines that alternative water to achieve the equivalent level of public health protection provided by the applicable national primary drinking water regulation is provided for residential or similar uses for drinking and cooking; or
(3) The State determines that the water provided for residential or similar uses for drinking, cooking, and bathing is centrally treated or treated at the point of entry by the provider, a pass-through entity, or the user to achieve the equivalent level of protection provided by the applicable national primary drinking water regulations.
"Slow sand filtration" means a process involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 meters per hour or 1.2 feet per hour) resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms.
"Specific Ultraviolet Absorption (SUVA)" is an indicator of the humic content of water. It is a calculated parameter obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength of 254 nanometers (nm)(UV254)(in m-1) by its concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)(in mg/L).
"Standard sample" means the aliquot of finished drinking water that is examined for the presence of coliform bacteria.
"State" means the Hawaii state department of health.
"Subpart H systems" means public water systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water as a source that are subject to 40 C.F.R. Part 141 Subpart H.
"Supplier of water" means any person who owns or operates a public water system.
"Surface water" means all water which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff.
"Surface water treatment rule administrative manual" is a separate document adopted as part of this chapter and, as such, has the effect of law in the uniform enforcement of this chapter.
"System with a single service connection" means a system which supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line.
"Technical capacity" refers to the physical infrastructure of the water system, including but not limited to the adequacy of the water source(s), treatment, storage, and distribution systems, and the ability of system personnel to adequately operate and maintain the system and to otherwise implement technical knowledge.
"Too numerous to count" means that the total number of bacterial colonies exceeds 200 on a 47-millimeter diameter membrane filter used for coliform detection.
"Total coliform" means all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas and acid formation within forty-eight hours at 35 degrees Centigrade or hydrolyzes OMPG to form a yellow color.
"Total Organic Carbon" or "TOC" means total organic carbon in mg/L measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical oxidants, or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide, rounded to two significant figures.
"Total trihalomethanes" or "TTHM" means the sum of the concentration in milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane (chloroform), dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, and tribromomethane (bromoform)), rounded to two significant figures." Transient non-community water system" or "TWS" means a non-community water system that does not regularly serve at least twenty-five of the same persons over six months per year.
"Treatment technique requirement" means a requirement of the state primary drinking water rules which specifies for a contaminant a specific treatment technique(s) known to the director which leads to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to comply with the requirements of this chapter.
"Trihalomethane" or "THM" means one of the family of organic compounds, names as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure.
"Turbidity" means suspended material such as clay, silt, finely divided organic material, or other inorganic material in water. Turbidity is measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).
"Two-stage lime softening" is a process in which chemical addition and hardness precipitation occur in each of two distinct unit clarification processes in series prior to filtration.
"Uncovered finished water storage facility" means a tank, reservoir, or other facility used to store water that will undergo no further treatment to reduce microbial pathogens except residual disinfection and is directly open to the atmosphere.
"Virus" means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission.
"Waterborne disease outbreak" means the significant occurrence of acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in treatment, as determined by the director.
"Wholesale system" is a public water system that treats source water as necessary to produce finished water and then delivers some or all of that finished water to another public water system. Delivery may be through a direct connection or through the distribution system of one or more consecutive systems.
