Current through March 14, 2024
(a)
Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following
definitions apply:
(1) "Actual electrical
output" means the gross electrical output measured at the terminals of the
generator in units of MWh or kWh;
(2) "Actual heat input" means the gross
caloric value of all fuels combusted by the CHP system in MMBtu;
(3) "Actual system efficiency" means, for a
CHP system, the sum of the actual thermal output and actual electrical output
as MMBtu divided by the actual heat input based on the higher heating value,
and measured as a percent;
(4)
"Actual thermal output" means the total energy output of thermal energy of the
CHP system in MMBtu;
(5) "Annual
capacity factor" means the ratio between the actual heat input to a CHP system
from an individual fuel or combination of fuels during a period of 12
consecutive calendar months and the potential heat input to the CHP system from
all fuels had the unit been operated at 8,760 hours/year at the maximum design
heat input capacity;
(6) "Combined
heat-and-power system" or "CHP system" means a generation unit that
simultaneously produces both electric power and thermal energy from a single
source and that has a design system efficiency equal to or greater than
55%;
(7) "Design system efficiency"
means, for a CHP system, the sum of the full load design actual thermal output
and electric output divided by the heat input;
(8) "ISO conditions" means the International
Organization for Standardization conditions used by the gas turbine industry,
which are 59°F, 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute and 60% relative
humidity;
(9) "Maximum design heat
input capacity" means the ability of a CHP system's generation unit to combust
a stated maximum amount of fuel, or combination of fuels, on a steadystate
basis as determined by the physical design and characteristics of the
generation unit;
(10) "Nameplate
capacity" means, starting from the initial installation of a generator, the
maximum electrical generating output (in MW) that the generator is capable of
producing on a steady-state basis and during continuous operation, when not
restricted by seasonal or other derates, as specified by the manufacturer of
the generator. If the owner makes any subsequent physical change in the
generator resulting in an increase in the maximum electrical generating output
(in MW) that the generator is capable of producing on a steady-state basis and
during continuous operation, when not restricted by seasonal or other derates,
such increased maximum amount as specified by the person conducting the
physical change shall be considered the "nameplate capacity;"
(11) "Nearby" means, for a building, situated
at a distance from the source less than or equal to five times the lesser of
the building height or maximum projected building width;
(12)
"Shutdown" means the
cessation of operation of a CHP system for any purpose;
(13) "Startup" means the setting in operation
of a CHP system for any purpose;
(14) "Tune-up" means to perform maintenance
and adjust equipment to a proper or required operating condition in accordance
with the manufacturer's written recommendations; and
(15) "12-month rolling aggregate" means the
sum of a variable over the most recent 12 calendar months, computed
monthly.
(b)
Applicability.
(1) An owner or
operator may construct and operate a CHP system without obtaining an individual
permit pursuant to section 22a-174-3 a of the Regulations of Connecticut State
Agencies if:
(A) The CHP system has potential
emissions of fifteen (15) tons or more per year of any individual air
pollutant;
(B) The CHP system is
not a new major stationary source or major modification of an existing
source;
(C) The CHP system is not a
newly constructed or reconstructed major source of federal hazardous air
pollutants subject to the requirements of section 22a-174-3 a(m) of the
Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies; and
(D) The owner or operator complies with all
applicable provisions of this section.
(2) An owner or operator may modify a CHP
system without obtaining an individual permit pursuant to section 22a-174-3 a of
the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies if:
(A) Prior to the modification, the CHP system
is not authorized to operate pursuant to an individual permit issued pursuant
to section 22a-174-3 a or former section 22a-174-3 of the Regulations of
Connecticut State Agencies;
(B) The
modification is not a major modification or a reconstruction; and
(C) The owner or operator complies with all
applicable provisions of this section.
(3) An owner or operator may only operate a
CHP system pursuant to this section if construction of the CHP system commences
on or after the effective date of this section.
(c)
Emissions limits and other
requirements.
(1) The nameplate
capacity for any CHP system shall be less than 10 MW.
(2) The aggregate of the nameplate capacity
for the CHP system and the nameplate capacity for all other fossil fuel-fired
electricity generating units, excluding emergency generators, located at the
same premises shall, at the time of construction, be less than 10 MW.
(3) Except during periods of startup,
shutdown, malfunction, and, as allowed by the Commissioner during performance
testing, the actual system efficiency of any CHP system operated pursuant to
this section shall be no less than 55% per each consecutive 12-month
period.
(4) The owner or operator
of a CHP system shall use only the following fuels in the specified generation
unit:
(A) Natural gas shall be the primary
fuel combusted by a combustion turbine and the only fuel combusted by an
internal combustion engine; and
(B)
Distillate fuel oil may be combusted as an auxiliary fuel by a combustion
turbine, as follows:
(i) Distillate fuel oil
combusted shall contain less than or equal to 0.0015% sulfur, by weight,
and
(ii) The annual capacity factor
for all distillate fuel oil combusted in a combustion turbine shall not exceed
10% on a heat input basis.
(5) The height of any stack associated with
the CHP system shall be no less than the greater of:
(A) 10 meters; or
(B) The lesser of:
(i) The maximum nearby building projected
width, or
(ii) The maximum nearby
building height multiplied by a factor of 1.3.
(6) If a combustion turbine is used as the
generation unit of a CHP system, emissions shall not exceed the emission limits
set forth in Table 3d-1 of this section, except during periods of startup,
shutdown or malfunction.
(7) If an
internal combustion engine is used as the generation unit of a CHP system,
emissions shall not exceed the emission limits set forth in Table 3d-2 of this
section, except during periods of startup, shutdown or malfunction.
(8) The emission limits for NOx, CO and
ammonia set forth in Table 3d-1 of this section are corrected to ISO conditions
at 15% oxygen.
Table 3d-1. CHP system combustion turbine emissions
limits.
Pollutant |
Emission limit while firing natural
gas |
Emission limit while firing distillate
fuel |
Averaging time, except as specified for a
performance test approved by the Department |
NOx |
2.5 ppmvd @ 15% oxygen |
9.6 ppmvd @ 15% oxygen |
1-hour block |
CO |
10 ppmvd @ 15% oxygen |
10 ppmvd @ 15% oxygen |
3-hour block |
PM10/2.5 |
2 lbs/hr |
3 lbs/hr |
1-hour block |
Ammonia |
5.0 ppmvd @ 15% oxygen |
5.0 ppmvd @ 15% oxygen |
1-hour block |
Table 3d-2. CHP system internal combustion engine emissions
limits while firing natural gas.
Pollutant |
Emission limit lbs/MMBtu
|
Averaging time, except as specified for a
performance test approved by the Department |
NOx |
0.08 |
1-hour block |
CO |
0.17 |
3-hour block |
PM10/2.5 |
0.02 |
1-hour block |
(9) An
owner or operator shall operate a CHP system in compliance with the applicable
emissions limits set forth in Table 3d-1 or Table 3d-2 of this
section.
(10) An owner or operator
shall determine compliance with the applicable emissions limits set forth in
Table 3d-1 or Table 3d-2 of this section through performance testing or
continuous monitoring as specified in subsections (e) and (f) of this
section.
(11) Annual emissions
limitations. An owner or operator of a CHP system:
(A) With a combustion turbine shall not allow
the emissions of NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5 or ammonia to exceed 15 tons per
pollutant in any 12-month rolling aggregate;
(B) With an internal combustion engine shall
not allow the emissions of NOx, CO, PM10 or PM2.5 to exceed 15 tons per
pollutant in any 12-month rolling aggregate; and
(C) Shall not allow the aggregate emissions
of federal hazardous air pollutants to exceed 3 tons in any 12-month rolling
aggregate.
(d)
Operating practices.
(1) The
owner or operator of a CHP system shall perform a tune-up of the combustion
unit and all air pollution control equipment at least once per calendar year
and in accordance with the manufacturer's written specifications.
(2) The owner or operator of a CHP system
shall operate air pollution control equipment at all times that the system is
in operation and maintain such control equipment according to the
manufacturer's written recommendations.
(3) In the event of a malfunction of air
pollution control equipment that cannot be corrected within three hours of the
discovery of the malfunction, the owner or operator shall immediately shutdown
the CHP system.
(4) To minimize
emissions during periods of startup and shutdown, the owner or operator shall:
(A) If ammonia injection is used, commence
ammonia injection as soon as the minimum catalyst temperature is
reached;
(B) If using an oxidation
catalyst system, not bypass the oxidation catalyst except during such time as
bypass may be recommended in the manufacturer's written recommendations for
operation;
(C) Limit the duration
of startup to 60 minutes or less, unless a longer time period is specified in
the manufacturer's written recommendations; and
(D) Limit the duration of shutdown to 30
minutes or less, unless a longer time period is specified in the manufacturer's
written recommendations.
(e)
Performance testing.
(1) The owner or operator of a CHP system
shall conduct an initial performance test to determine compliance with the
applicable emissions limits of this section. A performance test conducted in
accordance with the applicable provisions of 40 CFR 60, 61 or 63 for the
pollutants listed in Tables 3d-1 and 3d-2 of this section shall satisfy the
initial performance test requirements on a per pollutant basis, provided the
testing is performed in accordance with subdivision (3) of this subsection. The
initial performance test shall be conducted no later than the earlier of the
dates determined by subparagraph (A) or (B) of this subdivision, as follows:
(A) 60 days after achieving the maximum
production rate; or
(B) 180 days
after initial startup.
(2) Following the initial performance test,
the owner or operator of the CHP system shall conduct subsequent performance
testing at least once every 60 months for each pollutant to which an emission
limit applies, except that the owner or operator of a CHP system shall not be
required to conduct performance tests subsequent to the initial performance
test for any pollutant that the owner or operator monitors using continuous
emissions monitoring. A performance test conducted in accordance with the
applicable provisions of 40 CFR 60, 61 or 63 for the pollutants listed in
Tables 3d-1 and 3d-2 shall satisfy the subsequent performance test requirements
on a per pollutant basis, provided the testing is performed in accordance with
subdivision (3) of this subsection.
(3) Unless otherwise specified in this
subsection, all performance testing shall be conducted in accordance with the
Department's Source Emissions Monitoring Test Guidelines, section 22a-174-5 of
the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies and the following:
(A) Ammonia testing shall be conducted in
accordance with EPA Conditional Test Method (CTM) 027 or an equivalent method
approved by the Commissioner and the Administrator;
(B) PM10/2.5 testing shall be conducted in
accordance with 40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference Method 201A or an equivalent
method approved by the Commissioner and the Administrator; and
(C) Any test conducted under this section
shall be completed within 24 hours of initiation unless completion in such time
would endanger public health or safety.
(f)
Monitoring.
(1) An owner or operator of a CHP system
shall demonstrate compliance for each pollutant to which an emission limit
applies in Table 3d-1 or 3d-2, as follows:
(A)
By performing an initial performance test as required by subsection (e) of this
section;
(B) Through performance
testing conducted at least once every 60 months subsequent to the initial
performance test, as required by subsection (e) of this section, or through
continuous emissions monitoring. If continuous emissions monitoring is used to
determine compliance with an emissions limitation of this section, the owner or
operator of a CHP system shall meet the requirements of section 22a-174-4 a of
the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies; and
(C) Through continuous parameter monitoring,
by which the owner or operator shall monitor appropriate parameters to verify
the proper operation of the emission controls. The range for such parameters
shall be determined during the initial performance test required pursuant to
subsection (e)(1) of this section.
(2) The owner or operator of a CHP system
shall monitor the actual system efficiency on an hourly basis.
(3) An owner or operator shall prepare a
written monitoring plan to address monitoring of emissions, CHP system
operating parameters and air pollution control equipment operating parameters.
The plan shall be prepared no later than 60 days following the completion of
the initial performance test required by this section. The monitoring plan
shall include, at a minimum, the following information as may be applicable to
the CHP system and chosen methods of determining compliance with the
requirements of this section:
(A) A
description of how all pollutants and parameters will be monitored to
demonstrate compliance with the emissions limits set forth in Tables 3d-1 and
3d-2, as applicable, of this section;
(B) Definitions of startup, shutdown and
malfunction;
(C) A description of
the method and a sample calculation by which emissions during startup, shutdown
and malfunction will be determined;
(D) An identification of all the parameters
to be monitored, including the following:
(i)
For CHP systems that use selective catalytic or non-catalytic reduction to meet
the NOx limits of this section, monitored parameters shall include but not be
limited to the hourly ammonia injection rate, oxygen content of the exhaust,
exhaust temperature, fuel firing rate and pressure drop across the
catalyst,
(ii) For turbine CHP
systems that use low-NOx burner technology, monitored parameters shall include,
but not be limited to, the operating characteristics specified by the burner
manufacturer to indicate the unit is operating in low-NOx mode, and
(iii) For CHP systems that use an oxidation
catalyst to meet the CO limits of this section, monitored parameters shall
include, but not be limited to, the exhaust gas temperature and the pressure
drop across the catalyst;
(E) A specification of the ranges or
designated conditions of the parameters, and a description of the process by
which such ranges or designated conditions have been established during the
initial performance test;
(F) An
explanation of the process used to ensure that the data obtained is
representative of the emissions or parameters being monitored using such
considerations as detector location or the installation
specification;
(G) A description of
the quality assurance and control practices to ensure the continuing validity
of the data; and
(H) A description
of the frequency of monitoring and the data collection procedures that the
owner or operator will use.
(4) A monitoring plan established to satisfy
requirements of 40 CFR 60, 61 or 63 applicable to the CHP system may be used to
satisfy the monitoring plan requirements of this section, provided the plan is
supplemented to address all the requirements of this section.
(5) The owner or operator shall maintain the
monitoring plan at the facility where the CHP system is located and make the
plan available to the Commissioner upon request. The owner or operator shall
review the monitoring plan on an annual basis and update the plan as
needed.
(g)
Record
keeping.
(1) The owner or operator of
a CHP system shall maintain records of the information specified in this
subsection. All records made to determine compliance with the requirements of
this section shall be:
(A) Made available to
the Commissioner to inspect and copy upon request; and
(B) Maintained for five (5) years from the
date such record is created, unless another time is
specified.
(2) The owner
or operator of a CHP system shall record:
(A)
The fuel type and quantity used, in gallons or cubic feet, for each month and
each 12-month rolling aggregate;
(B) The hours of operation for each fuel
fired for each month and each 12-month rolling aggregate;
(C) Data from all continuous monitoring
conducted pursuant to this section;
(D) The test reports and supporting
calculations documenting the results of the initial and all subsequent
performance tests conducted to determine compliance with the emission limits
specified in this section;
(E) The
monthly and 12-month rolling aggregate emissions of PM10, PM2.5, NOx, CO,
aggregate federal hazardous air pollutants and ammonia, as applicable, in units
of tons and including emissions during startups, shutdowns and malfunctions.
Such records shall include a sample calculation for each pollutant. The owner
or operator shall record each month's emissions data within 30 days of the end
of the month for which the data is recorded;
(F) If distillate fuel is used, the sulfur
content for each fuel shipment received;
(G) The air pollution control equipment
design specifications including:
(i) Type(s)
of control equipment,
(ii) Make and
model number,
(iii) Pollutants
controlled, and
(iv) Catalyst type
and configuration, if applicable;
(H) Inspections and tune-ups of the CHP
system or air pollution control equipment including:
(i) The date performed,
(ii) The name of person performing tune-up
and/or inspection,
(iii) The
procedures followed, and
(iv) The
results and any corrective actions taken;
(I) The occurrence and duration of any
startup, shutdown, or malfunction in the operation of the CHP system and any
malfunction of the air pollution control equipment including:
(i) The type of event (startup, shutdown or
malfunction),
(ii) The equipment
affected,
(iii) The date of
event,
(iv) The duration of event
in minutes,
(v) The fuel used
during event,
(vi) The corrective
actions take to address malfunction, and
(vii) The total NOx
and CO emissions emitted (lbs) during the event using either uncontrolled
emission rates or manufacturer supplied data;
(J) The actual CHP system efficiency for each
month and each 12-month rolling period. Such records shall include a sample
calculation. The owner or operator shall record each month's actual system
efficiency and each 12-month rolling actual system efficiency within 30 days of
the end of each month;
(K) The
nameplate capacity for the CHP system and every other electric generating unit
at the premises, individually and in aggregate;
(L) The annual capacity factor for all
distillate fuel oil combusted, if the CHP system uses a turbine; and
(M) A plot plan of the facility and CHP
system with information sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the stack
height requirements of subsection (c)(5) of this section. Such a plot plan
shall be maintained for the operating life of the CHP
system.
(h)
Reporting.
(1) Any person
intending to operate a CHP system pursuant to this section shall submit a
notification to the Commissioner on a form designated by the Commissioner no
later than 30 days after beginning actual construction.
(2) No later than 60 days after the
completion of a performance test conducted pursuant to this section, the owner
or operator shall submit to the Commissioner a complete performance test report
detailing the operating parameters and emissions results of that performance
test.
(3) The owner or operator of
a CHP system operating pursuant to this section shall, upon request by the
Commissioner, submit information regarding air pollutant emissions from the CHP
system and any other stationary sources located on the premises.
(4) The owner or operator of a CHP system
operating pursuant to this section shall submit a notification to the
Commissioner within 15 days of any violation of a requirement in this
section.
(5) The owner or operator
shall notify the Commissioner within 30 days after removing or rendering
non-operational a CHP system for which a notification of operation was
submitted pursuant to subsection (h)(1) of this section.
(6) Any report required to be submitted to
the Commissioner by this section shall include a certification signed in
accordance with section 22a-174-2 a(a)(4) of the Regulations of Connecticut
State Agencies.
(7) Any document
required to be submitted to the Commissioner pursuant to this section shall,
unless otherwise specified in writing by the Commissioner, be directed to:
Supervisor; Compliance Assurance and Coordination Unit; Bureau of Air
Management; Department of Energy and Environmental Protection; 79 Elm Street,
5th Floor; Hartford, Connecticut 06106-5127.
(i)
Application for an individual
permit.
(1) Nothing in this section
shall preclude the Commissioner from requiring an owner or operator of a CHP
system to obtain an individual permit pursuant to section 22a-174-3 a of the
Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies.
(2) Nothing in this section shall preclude an
owner or operator of a CHP system from applying for an individual permit
pursuant to section 22a-174-3 a of the Regulations of Connecticut State
Agencies, if applicable.