Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 3-Methoxyphencyclidine (1-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine) in Schedule I, 24370-24378 [2025-10503]

Agencies

• Drug Enforcement Administration
• Department of Justice

[Federal Register Volume 90, Number 110 (Tuesday, June 10, 2025)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 24370-24378]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2025-10503]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Drug Enforcement Administration

21 CFR Part 1308

[Docket No. DEA1146]


Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 3-
Methoxyphencyclidine (1-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl) cyclohexyl]piperidine) in 
Schedule I

AGENCY: Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Drug Enforcement Administration proposes placing 3-
methoxyphencyclidine, including its salts, isomers, and salts of 
isomers, an arylcyclohexylamine hallucinogen, in schedule I of the 
Controlled Substances Act. This action is proposed to enable the United 
States to meet its obligations under the 1971 Convention on 
Psychotropic Substances. If finalized, this action would impose the 
regulatory controls and administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions 
applicable to schedule I controlled substances on persons who handle 
(manufacture, distribute, reverse distribute, import, export, engage in 
research, conduct instructional activities or chemical analysis with, 
or possess), or propose to handle 3-methoxyphencyclidine.

DATES: Comments must be submitted electronically or postmarked on or 
before July 10, 2025. Interested persons may file written comments on 
this proposal in accordance with 21 CFR 1308.43(g). The electronic 
Federal Docket Management System will not accept comments after 11:59 
p.m. Eastern Time on the last day of the comment period.
    Requests for a hearing and waivers of an opportunity for a hearing 
or to participate in a hearing, together with a written statement of 
position on the matters of fact and law involved in the hearing, must 
be received on or before July 10, 2025.

ADDRESSES: Interested persons may file written comments on this 
rulemaking in accordance with 21 CFR 1308.43(g). To ensure proper 
handling of comments, please reference ``Docket No. DEA1146'' on all 
correspondence, including any attachments.
     Electronic comments: The Drug Enforcement Administration 
(DEA) encourages commenters to submit all comments electronically 
through the Federal eRulemaking Portal, which provides the ability to 
type short comments directly into the comment field on the web page or 
attach a file for lengthier comments. Please go to https://www.regulations.gov and follow the online instructions at that site for 
submitting comments. Upon completion of your submission you will 
receive a Comment Tracking Number for your comment. Submitted comments 
are not instantaneously available for public view on Regulations.gov. 
If you have received a Comment Tracking Number, your comment has been 
successfully submitted and there is no need to resubmit the same 
comment.
     Paper comments: Paper comments that duplicate electronic 
submissions are not necessary. Should you wish to mail a paper comment 
in lieu of an electronic comment, it should be sent via regular or 
express mail to: Drug Enforcement Administration, Attn: DEA Federal 
Register Representative/DPW, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, 
Virginia 22152.
     Hearing requests: All requests for a hearing and waivers 
of participation, together with a written statement of position on the 
matters of fact and law asserted in the hearing, must be filed with the 
DEA Administrator, who will make the determination of whether a hearing 
will be needed to address such matters of fact and law in the 
rulemaking. Such requests must be sent to: Drug Enforcement 
Administration, Attn: Administrator, 8701 Morrissette Drive, 
Springfield, Virginia 22152. For informational purposes, a courtesy 
copy of requests for hearing and waivers of participation should also 
be sent to: (1) Drug Enforcement Administration, Attn: Hearing Clerk/
OALJ, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152; and (2) Drug 
Enforcement Administration,

[[Page 24371]]

Attn: DEA Federal Register Representative/DPW, 8701 Morrissette Drive, 
Springfield, Virginia 22152.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Terrence L. Boos, Drug and Chemical 
Evaluation Section, Diversion Control Division, Drug Enforcement 
Administration; Telephone: (571) 362-3249. As required by 5 U.S.C. 
553(b)(4), a summary of this rule may be found in the docket for this 
rulemaking at www.regulations.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In this proposed rule, the Drug Enforcement 
Administration (DEA) proposes to schedule 3-methoxyphencyclidine (1-[1-
(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine; 3-MeO-PCP) in schedule I of 
the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), including its salts, isomers, and 
salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and 
salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation.

Posting of Public Comments

    Please note that all comments received in response to this docket 
are considered part of the public record. DEA will make comments 
available for public inspection online at https://www.regulations.gov. 
Such information includes personal identifying information (such as 
your name, address, State or Federal identifiers, etc.) voluntarily 
submitted by the commenter. In general, all information voluntarily 
submitted by the commenter, unless clearly marked as Confidential 
Information in the method described below, will be publicly posted. 
Comments may be submitted anonymously. The Freedom of Information Act 
applies to all comments received.
    Commenters submitting comments which include personal identifying 
information (PII), confidential, or proprietary business information 
that the commenter does not want made publicly available should submit 
two copies of the comment. One copy must be marked ``CONTAINS 
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION'' and should clearly identify all PII or 
business information the commenter does not want to be made publicly 
available, including any supplemental materials. DEA will review this 
copy, including the claimed PII and confidential business information, 
in its consideration of comments. The second copy should be marked ``TO 
BE PUBLICLY POSTED'' and must have all claimed confidential PII and 
business information already redacted. DEA will post only the redacted 
comment on https://www.regulations.gov for public inspection.
    For easy reference, an electronic copy of this document and 
supplemental information to this proposed rule are available at https://www.regulations.gov.

Request for Hearing or Appearance; Waiver

    Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(a), this action is a formal rulemaking 
``on the record after opportunity for a hearing.'' Such proceedings are 
conducted pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Procedure 
Act (APA).\1\ Interested persons, as defined in 21 CFR 1300.01(b), may 
file requests for a hearing in conformity with the requirements of 21 
CFR 1308.44(a) and 1316.47(a), and such requests must:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ 5 U.S.C. 551-559. 21 CFR 1308.41-1308.45; 21 CFR part 1316, 
subpart D.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (1) state with particularity the interest of the person in the 
proceeding;
    (2) state with particularity the objections or issues concerning 
which the person desires to be heard; and
    (3) state briefly the position of the person with regard to the 
objections or issues.
    Any interested person may file a waiver of an opportunity for a 
hearing or to participate in a hearing in conformity with the 
requirements of 21 CFR 1308.44(c), together with a written statement of 
position on the matters of fact and law involved in any hearing.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ 21 CFR 1316.49.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    All requests for a hearing and waivers of participation, together 
with a written statement of position on the matters of fact and law 
involved in such hearing, must be sent to DEA using the address 
information provided above. The decision whether a hearing will be 
needed to address such matters of fact and law in the rulemaking will 
be made by the Administrator. If a hearing is needed, DEA will publish 
a notice of hearing on the proposed rulemaking in the Federal 
Register.\3\ Further, once the Administrator determines a hearing is 
needed to address such matters of fact and law in rulemaking, he will 
then designate an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) to preside over the 
hearing. The ALJ's functions shall commence upon designation, as 
provided in 21 CFR 1316.52.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ 21 CFR 1308.44(b), 1316.53.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811 and 812, the purpose of a hearing 
would be to determine whether 3-MeO-PCP meets the statutory criteria 
for placement in schedule I.

Legal Authority

    The CSA provides that proceedings for the issuance, amendment, or 
repeal of the scheduling of any drug or other substance may be 
initiated by the Attorney General (delegated to the Administrator of 
DEA pursuant to 28 CFR 0.100) on his own motion. 21 U.S.C. 811(a). This 
proposed action is supported by a recommendation from the then 
Assistant Secretary for Health of the Department of Health and Human 
Services (HHS).
    In addition, the United States is a party to the 1971 United 
Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971 Convention), 
February 21, 1971, 32 U.S.T. 543, 1019 U.N.T.S. 175, as amended. 
Procedures respecting changes in drug schedules under the 1971 
Convention are governed domestically by 21 U.S.C. 811(d)(2)-(4). When 
the United States receives notification of a scheduling decision 
pursuant to Article 2 of the 1971 Convention indicating that a drug or 
other substance has been added to a schedule specified in the 
notification, the Secretary of HHS (Secretary),\4\ after consultation 
with the Attorney General, shall first determine whether existing legal 
controls under subchapter I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and 
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act meet the requirements of the 
schedule specified in the notification with respect to the specific 
drug or substance.\5\ In the event that the Secretary did not so 
consult with the Attorney General, and the Attorney General did not 
issue a temporary order, as provided under 21 U.S.C. 811(d)(4), the 
procedures for permanent scheduling set forth in 21 U.S.C. 811(a) and 
(b) control. Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(a)(1), the Attorney General (as 
delegated to the Administrator of DEA) may, by rule, add to such a 
schedule or transfer between such schedules any drug or other 
substance, if he finds that such drug or other substance has a 
potential for abuse, and makes with respect to such drug or other 
substance the findings prescribed by 21 U.S.C. 812(b) for the schedule 
in which such drug or other substance is to be placed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ As discussed in a memorandum of understanding entered into 
by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institute 
on Drug Abuse (NIDA), FDA acts as the lead agency within HHS in 
carrying out the Secretary's scheduling responsibilities under the 
CSA, with the concurrence of NIDA. 50 FR 9518 (March 8, 1985). The 
Secretary has delegated to the Assistant Secretary for Health of HHS 
the authority to make domestic drug scheduling recommendations. 58 
FR 35460 (July 1, 1993).
    \5\ 21 U.S.C. 811(d)(3).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 24372]]

Background

    3-Methoxyphencyclidine (1-[1-(3-
methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine; 3-MeO-PCP) is an 
arylcyclohexylamine that has been identified in the United States' 
illicit drug market. It is a 3-methoxy derivative of phencyclidine 
(PCP; schedule II substance) and produces similar hallucinogenic 
effects as PCP. 3-MeO-PCP has no approved medical use in the United 
States.
    On June 10, 2021, the Secretary-General of the United Nations 
advised the Secretary of State of the United States that the Commission 
on Narcotic Drugs (CND), during its 64th Session in April 2021, voted 
to place 3-MeO-PCP in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention (CND Decision 
64/4). As a signatory to this international treaty, the United States 
is required, by scheduling under the CSA, to place appropriate controls 
on 3-MeO-PCP to meet the minimum requirements of the treaty. The 
relevant treaty provisions and domestic statutes executing those 
provisions are below.
    To begin, Article 2, paragraph 7(b), of the 1971 Convention sets 
forth the minimum requirements that the United States must meet when a 
substance has been added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention. 
Pursuant to the 1971 Convention, the United States must require 
licenses for the manufacture, export and import, and distribution of 3-
MeO-PCP. The CSA's registration requirement as set forth in 21 U.S.C. 
822, 823, 957, and 958, as well as implementing regulations in 21 CFR 
parts 1301 and 1312, set forth this licensing requirement.
    In addition, the United States must adhere to specific export and 
import provisions that are provided in the 1971 Convention. The CSA's 
export and import provisions established in 21 U.S.C. 952, 953, 957, 
and 958, and implemented in 21 CFR part 1312, execute these 
requirements.
    Likewise, under Article 13, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the 1971 
Convention, a party to the 1971 Convention may notify another party, 
through the UN Secretary-General, that it prohibits the importation of 
a substance in Schedule II, III, or IV of the 1971 Convention. If such 
notice is presented to the United States, the United States shall take 
measures to ensure that the named substance is not exported to the 
country of the notifying party. The CSA's above-mentioned export 
provisions set forth these procedures.
    Further, under Article 16, paragraph 4, of the 1971 Convention, the 
United States is required to provide annual statistical reports to the 
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). Using INCB Form P, the 
United States shall provide the following information: (1) In regard to 
each substance in Schedule I and II of the 1971 Convention, quantities 
manufactured, exported to and imported from each country or region as 
well as stocks held by manufacturers; (2) in regard to each substance 
in Schedule III and IV of the 1971 Convention, quantities manufactured, 
as well as quantities exported and imported; (3) in regard to each 
substance in Schedule II and III of the 1971 Convention, quantities 
used in the manufacture of exempt preparations; and (4) in regard to 
each substance in Schedule II-IV of the 1971 Convention, quantities 
used for the manufacture of non-psychotropic substances or products.
    Lastly, under Article 2, paragraph 7(b)(vi) of the 1971 Convention, 
the United States must adopt measures in accordance with Article 22 to 
address violations of any statutes or regulations that are adopted 
pursuant to its obligations under the 1971 Convention. The United 
States complies with this provision, as persons acting outside the 
legal framework established by the CSA are subject to administrative, 
civil, and/or criminal action.
    DEA notes that there are differences between the schedules of 
substances in the 1971 Convention and the CSA. The CSA has five 
schedules (schedules I-V) with specific criteria set forth for each 
schedule. Schedule I is the only possible schedule in which a drug or 
other substance may be placed if it has high potential for abuse and no 
currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. See 
21 U.S.C. 812(b). In contrast, the 1971 Convention has four schedules 
(Schedules I-IV) but does not have specific criteria for each schedule. 
The 1971 Convention simply defines its four schedules, in Article 1, to 
mean the correspondingly numbered lists of psychotropic substances 
annexed to the Convention, and altered in accordance with Article 2.

Proposed Determination to Schedule 3-MeO-PCP

    Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(b), DEA gathered the necessary data on 3-
MeO-PCP and on October 25, 2021, submitted it to the then Assistant 
Secretary for Health of HHS with a request for a scientific and medical 
evaluation of available information and a scheduling recommendation for 
3-MeO-PCP. On November 15, 2022, HHS provided to DEA a scientific and 
medical evaluation entitled ``Basis for the Recommendation to Control 
1-[1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine and its Salts in Schedule I 
of the Controlled Substances Act'' and a scheduling recommendation. 
Following consideration of the eight factors and findings related to 
these substances' abuse potential, legitimate medical use, and 
dependence liability, HHS recommended that 3-MeO-PCP and its salts be 
controlled in schedule I of the CSA under 21 U.S.C. 812(b).
    In response, DEA reviewed the scientific and medical evaluation and 
scheduling recommendation provided by HHS and all other relevant data, 
and completed its own eight-factor review pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(c). 
Included below is a brief summary of each factor as analyzed by HHS and 
DEA in their respective eight-factor analyses, and as considered by DEA 
in this proposed scheduling determination. Please note that both the 
DEA and HHS analyses, including the evaluation of the eight factors 
determinative of control along with their supporting data and 
citations, are available in their entirety under ``Supporting 
Documents'' of the public docket for this proposed rule at https://www.regulations.gov under docket number ``DEA-1146.''

1. The Drug's Actual or Relative Potential for Abuse

    In addition to considering the information HHS provided in its 
scientific and medical evaluation document for 3-MeO-PCP, DEA also 
considered all other relevant data regarding actual or relative 
potential for abuse of 3-MeO-PCP. The term ``abuse'' is not defined in 
the CSA; however, the legislative history of the CSA suggests the 
consideration of the following four criteria in determining whether a 
particular drug or substance has a potential for abuse: \6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 
H.R. Rep. No. 91-1444, 91st Cong., 2nd Sess. (1970) reprinted in 
1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4566, 4603.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    a. Individuals are taking the drug or other substance in amounts 
sufficient to create a hazard to their health or to the safety of other 
individuals or to the community; or
    b. There is a significant diversion of the drug or other substance 
from legitimate drug channels; or
    c. Individuals are taking the drug or other substance on their own 
initiative rather than on the basis of medical advice from a 
practitioner licensed by law to administer such substance; or
    d. The drug or substance is so related in its action to a drug or 
other substance already listed as having a potential for abuse to make 
it likely that it will have

[[Page 24373]]

the same potential for abuse as such substance, thus making it 
reasonable to assume that there may be significant diversions from 
legitimate channels, significant use contrary to or without medical 
advice, or that it has a substantial capability of creating hazards to 
the health of the user or to the safety of the community.
    DEA reviewed the scientific and medical evaluation provided by HHS 
and all other data relevant to the abuse potential of 3-MeO-PCP. These 
data as presented below demonstrate that 3-MeO-PCP has a high potential 
for abuse.
    a. There is evidence that individuals are taking the drug or other 
substance in amounts sufficient to create a hazard to their health or 
to the safety of other individuals or to the community.
    Data show that 3-MeO-PCP has been encountered by law enforcement in 
the United States (see Factor 5 below, discussing evidence of abuse in 
the United States), indicating 3-MeO-PCP is available for abuse. Non-
fatal and fatal intoxications have been reported in the United States 
and Europe. The 2020 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug 
Addiction (EMCDDA) \7\ report on 3-MeO-PCP mentioned 19 cases of severe 
intoxication that resulted in hospitalization and 21 confirmed deaths 
(by analysis of postmortem biological samples). 3-MeO-PCP was 
determined to be the cause of death in at least seven of those cases 
(WHO, 2020). According to HHS, individuals are using 3-MeO-PCP for its 
hallucinogenic effects and taking it in amounts sufficient to create a 
hazard to their health.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 
(EMCDDA) is an agency of the European Union tasked with gathering 
and analyzing data of drug trends.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    b. There is significant diversion of the drug or substance from 
legitimate drug channels.
    HHS states that 3-MeO-PCP is not a Food and Drug Administration 
(FDA)-approved drug for treatment in the United States and is unaware 
of any country in which its use is legal. 3-MeO-PCP is available for 
purchase from legitimate chemical synthesis companies because it is 
used in scientific research.
    EMCDDA reported drug seizures of 3-MeO-PCP from 12 countries, 
including several European countries (Lithuania, Romania, Italy, Spain, 
Latvia, Austria, Slovenia, and France) and noted that 24 countries had 
the capability to detect 3-MeO-PCP in drug samples (WHO, 2020).
    NFLIS-Drug \8\ data reflects that 3-MeO-PCP is present in the U.S. 
drug market. DEA interprets this to mean that 3-MeO-PCP is being abused 
domestically as a recreational drug. From January 2011 to August 2024, 
NFLIS-Drug registered 399 reports from several states pertaining to the 
trafficking, distribution, and abuse of 3-MeO-PCP. These encounters of 
3-MeO-PCP by law enforcement indicate that this substance is being 
trafficked in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ NFLIS-Drug represents an important resource in monitoring 
illicit drug trafficking, including the diversion of legally 
manufactured pharmaceuticals into illegal markets. NFLIS is a 
comprehensive information system that includes data from forensic 
laboratories that handle more than 96% of an estimated 1 million 
distinct annual state and local drug analysis cases. NFLIS includes 
drug chemistry results only from completed analyses. Although NFLIS-
Drug data are not direct evidence of abuse, they can lead to an 
inference that a drug has been diverted and abused. See 76 FR 77330, 
77332 (Dec. 12, 2011). NFLIS-Drug data was queried on September 6, 
2024.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    c. Individuals are taking the substance on their own initiative 
rather than on the basis of medical advice from a practitioner licensed 
by law to administer such substance.
    3-MeO-PCP is not an FDA-approved drug product and practitioners may 
neither legally prescribe nor dispense these substances. Therefore, it 
is inferred that individuals are taking 3-MeO-PCP on their own 
initiative, rather than based on medical advice from practitioners 
licensed by law to administer drugs. This is consistent with the data 
from law enforcement seizures and case reports, discussed in greater 
detail in Factor 5.
    d. The drug or substance is so related in its action to a drug or 
other substance already listed as having a potential for abuse to make 
it likely that the drug or substance will have the same potential for 
abuse as such drugs, thus making it reasonable to assume that there may 
be significant diversion from legitimate channels, significant use 
contrary to or without medical advice, or that it has a substantial 
capability of creating hazards to the health of the user or to the 
safety of the community.
    3-MeO-PCP is a synthetic arylcyclohexylamine and is a 3-methoxy 
analogue of the abused drug phencyclidine (PCP; schedule II) and has 
pharmacological properties similar to other arylcyclohexylamines such 
as PCP and ketamine (schedule III). Both the DEA and the HHS analyses 
concluded that 3-MeO-PCP is being abused for its hallucinogenic 
effects.
    PCP is a hallucinogen with a long history of abuse with clinical 
effects that include dissociation and euphoria. 3-MeO-PCP has a similar 
pharmacological profile to PCP, where the primary mechanism of action 
is thought to be on glutamatergic neurotransmission. Glutamate is the 
major excitatory neurotransmitter system in the brain. In vitro binding 
studies show that 3-MeO-PCP binds to the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-
aspartate (NMDA) receptor and acts as an antagonist with higher potency 
compared to PCP (schedule II) and ketamine (schedule III). As a result, 
3-MeO-PCP is expected to have a high abuse potential and pose a high 
risk to public health (HHS, 2022).
    Due to the psychological and cognitive disturbances associated with 
3-MeO-PCP, as with other similar schedule II and III hallucinogens 
noted above, it is reasonable to conclude that 3-MeO-PCP has 
substantial capability to be a hazard to the health of the user and to 
the safety of the community.

2. Scientific Evidence of the Drug's Pharmacological Effects, If Known

    3-MeO-PCP is a novel psychoactive substance with a mechanism of 
action similar to PCP that produces psychopharmacological effects 
similar to other dissociative amnestic drugs such as PCP and ketamine. 
Based on non-clinical in vitro studies, 3-MeO-PCP has higher affinity 
for the NMDA receptor and acts as an antagonist, suggesting it may have 
greater potency than PCP or ketamine. 3-MeO-PCP also interacts with 
monoamine transmission through binding at the serotonin transporter and 
increasing serotonin transmission. Non-clinical in vivo studies show 3-
MeO-PCP acts as a NMDA receptor antagonist through the Maximal 
Electroshock Seizure (MES) test and substitutes for PCP in drug 
discrimination. Although no clinical studies have been performed for 3-
MeO-PCP, case reports show that the effects of 3-MeO-PCP are similar to 
abuse of or intoxication with PCP.

3. The State of Current Scientific Knowledge Regarding the Drug or 
Other Substance

    3-MeO-PCP is a centrally-acting hallucinogen that is part of the 
arylcyclohexylamine hallucinogen family and shares structural 
similarities with schedule II and III phenethylamine hallucinogens such 
as PCP and ketamine. 3-MeO-PCP (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry 
Number 72242-03-6) has a molecular formula of 
C18H27NO and a molecular weight of 273.41 g/mol. 
The half-life of 3-MeO-PCP is estimated to be 10-11 hours. 3-MeO-PCP 
undergoes extensive metabolism, such that at least 30 phase I and II 
metabolites can be generated. Globally, there have been at least 19 
cases of severe intoxication that required hospitalization and 21 
deaths, where 3-MeO-PCP was identified in the blood of the decedent. In 
at least seven

[[Page 24374]]

of those deaths, 3-MeO-PCP was listed as the cause of death. HHS notes 
that in many of the cases reported by the WHO, other drugs of abuse 
were also identified clouding the direct toxicity of 3-MeO-PCP, and 
there is not sufficient information otherwise available to provide 
specific toxicity information regarding 3-MeO-PCP since its usage was 
primarily with other substances or lacking poly substance use 
information.

4. Its History and Current Pattern of Abuse

    3-MeO-PCP is a relatively new drug in the drug abuse and drug 
trafficking setting, and thus, there is relatively little information 
related to its history and pattern of abuse. The World Health 
Organization (WHO) reports that 3-MeO-PCP has been available in Europe 
since 2010. Distribution and trafficking of 3-MeO-PCP began increasing 
in 2011 (WHO, 2020). The history and current pattern of abuse of 3-MeO-
PCP is described in law enforcement reports and anecdotal reports by 
drug abusers. In the United States, law enforcement entities initially 
encountered 3-MeO-PCP in 2011, according to the National Forensic 
Laboratory Information System (NFLIS)-Drug \9\ database. See Factor 5 
for additional information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ NFLIS-Drug is a national forensic laboratory reporting 
system that systematically collects results from drug chemistry 
analyses conducted by state and local forensic laboratories in the 
United States. NFLIS-Drug data were queried on September 6, 2024.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    HHS noted that since 3-MeO-PCP is an analogue of PCP with similar 
mechanisms of action, the extensive history and pattern of PCP abuse 
may be appropriate to inform on the potential pattern of abuse of 3-
MeO-PCP. The 2011 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 
Administration reported 75,538 emergency department visits related to 
PCP use. The 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data showed 
that 6.1 million Americans, 12 years or older, reported using PCP in 
their lifetime. A case series study conducted at a tertiary care center 
reported patients with PCP intoxication tended to be young males who 
presented with signs and symptoms of retrograde amnesia, nystagmus, 
hypertension, and agitation. Coadministration with other substances was 
common (e.g., benzodiazepines, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine).

5. The Scope, Duration, and Significance of Abuse

    3-MeO-PCP has pharmacological effects similar to the schedule II 
hallucinogen PCP (with higher potency) and has no currently accepted 
medical use in the United States or anywhere in the world. HHS states 
(2022) it is not associated with an investigational new drug 
application or an approved new drug application.
    In the United States, evidence of abuse of 3-MeO-PCP initially 
appeared in 2011, one year later than was reported by the EMCDDA. Since 
then, reports of worldwide abuse have increased substantially. 
According to the WHO Critical Review Report published in 2020, 15 
countries reported that 3-MeO-PCP was being used by individuals for its 
psychoactive properties. The WHO document also reported a total of 314 
drug seizures from 2018-2020. Within the United States, from January 
2011 to August 2024, there were 399 exhibits reported to the NFLIS-Drug 
database, which show evidence of trafficking, distribution, and abuse 
of 3-MeO-PCP in 33 states.
    Case reports and case series of abuse and deaths associated with 3-
MeO-PCP have been published globally. 3-MeO-PCP is typically abused 
orally and by insufflation (sniffing or snorting), but has also been 
reported to be smoked, inhaled, or vaporized. It is often used with 
other substances (e.g., benzodiazepines, cannabinoids). Clinical 
effects from 3-MeO-PCP are similar to other abused arylcyclohexylamines 
hallucinogens (e.g., PCP) and include confusion, dissociation, 
hallucinations, sedation through agitation, disinhibition, euphoria, 
cognitive changes, sensory changes, motor changes, and cardiovascular 
effects (e.g., hypertension and tachycardia).
    Abuse of 3-MeO-PCP has been characterized as causing acute public 
health and safety issues worldwide. The WHO reported that 3-MeO-PCP has 
been available in Europe since 2010. Based on available abuse data, 
public health risk, and drug trafficking data, the WHO recommended to 
the United Nations (UN) that 3-MeO-PCP be controlled internationally. 
In April 2021, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs voted to place 3-
MeO-PCP into Schedule II of the 1971 Convention.

6. What, if Any, Risk There Is to the Public Health

    3-MeO-PCP shares similar mechanisms of action with and produces 
similar physiological and subjective effects (see Factor 2 for more 
information) as other schedule II and III hallucinogens, such as PCP 
and ketamine. Thus, 3-MeO-PCP poses the same risks to public health as 
similar hallucinogens. Predominantly, the risks to public health are 
borne by users (i.e., hallucinogenic effects, sensory distortion, 
impaired judgement, strange or dangerous behaviors), but they can 
affect the general public, as with driving under the influence. There 
have been reports of distressing responses and death associated with 3-
MeO-PCP in medical literature, many of which, but not all, report poly-
substance use. Adverse events associated with 3-MeO-PCP have been 
reported and include, but not limited to, hypertension, confusion, 
dissociation, hallucinations, tachycardia, nystagmus, respiratory 
acidosis, hypothermia, coma, and death. The 2020 review published by 
the WHO noted at least 19 cases of severe intoxications occurred after 
use of 3-MeO-PCP that required hospitalization and 21 deaths were 
reported where 3-MeO-PCP was confirmed in blood samples. At least seven 
of those deaths were attributed to 3-MeO-PCP as the cause of death. 
Thus, based on the review of both HHS and DEA, serious adverse events 
that may include death represent a risk to the individual drug users 
and to public health.

7. Its Psychic or Physiological Dependence Liability

    HHS noted that a study with 4-MeO-PCP (a structural isomer) does 
produce rewarding (conditioned place preference) and reinforcing 
effects (self-administration) through activation of the mesolimbic 
dopamine reward pathway in rats. Therefore, HHS concluded that it is 
likely that 3-MeO-PCP produces similar effects in rats. The only 
literature available on human exposure to 3-MeO-PCP is based on case 
study reports, two of which indicate long-term use of 3-MeO-PCP.

[[Page 24375]]

    HHS noted that no studies have evaluated the dependence potential 
of 3-MeO-PCP. However, 3-MeO-PCP has similar pharmacological properties 
of PCP (schedule II) and ketamine (schedule III), which do have well-
demonstrated dependence potential. Thus, the HHS and DEA reviews both 
concluded that it is probable that 3-MeO-PCP has a dependence profile 
similar to these known substances.

8. Whether the Substance Is an Immediate Precursor of a Substance 
Already Controlled Under the CSA

    3-MeO-PCP is not an immediate precursor of any controlled substance 
of the CSA as defined by 21 U.S.C. 802(23).

Conclusion

    Based on consideration of the scientific and medical evaluation and 
accompanying recommendation of HHS, and on DEA's own eight-factor 
analysis, DEA finds that these facts and all relevant data constitute 
substantial evidence of potential for abuse of 3-MeO-PCP. As such, DEA 
proposes to schedule 3-MeO-PCP as a controlled substance under the CSA.

Proposed Determination of Appropriate Schedule

    The CSA establishes five schedules of controlled substances known 
as schedules I, II, III, IV, and V. The CSA also outlines the findings 
required to place a drug or other substance in any particular schedule, 
per 21 U.S.C. 812(b). After consideration of the analysis and 
recommendation of the Assistant Secretary for Health of HHS and review 
of all other available data, the Acting Administrator of DEA, pursuant 
to 21 U.S.C. 812(b)(1), finds that:
    (1) 3-MeO-PCP has a high potential for abuse.
    3-MeO-PCP is a synthetic arylcyclohexylamine, chemically related 
and pharmacologically similar to the ethylamine analog of phencyclidine 
(PCE; schedule I), the thiophene analog of phencyclidine (TCP; schedule 
I), phencyclidine (PCP, schedule II), and ketamine (schedule III). 3-
MeO-PCP, similar to PCP and ketamine, produces dissociative anesthetic 
and hallucinogenic effects.
    3-MeO-PCP has a pharmacological profile similar to other 
arylcyclohexylamines, such as PCP (schedule II) and ketamine (schedule 
III). Binding studies demonstrate a similar mechanism of action (i.e., 
NMDA receptor antagonism) and case reports indicate that 3-MeO-PCP 
clinically resembles PCP intoxication (i.e., hallucinogenic effects). 
Little evidence exists regarding 3-MeO-PCP direct psychic or 
physiologic dependence liability; 3-MeO-PCP fully substituted for PCP 
in drug discrimination studies. However, it can be assumed from the 
above evidence (Factor 7) that 3-MeO-PCP has a physical dependence 
liability similar to these controlled substances, with evidence of 
dependence potential.
    (2) 3-MeO-PCP has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in 
the United States.
    3-MeO-PCP is not legally marketed in the United States, as the FDA 
has not approved a marketing application for a drug product containing 
3-MeO-PCP for any indication. As noted in the HHS review, 3-MeO-PCP 
lacks current marketing approval under a new drug application or an 
abbreviated new drug application, and is not subject to an 
investigational new drug application. There is no evidence that 3-MeO-
PCP has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United 
States.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ To place a drug or other substance in schedule I under the 
CSA, DEA must consider whether the substance has a currently 
accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. 21 U.S.C. 
812(b)(1)(B). There is no evidence suggesting that 3-MeO-PCP has a 
currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. To 
determine whether a drug or other substance has a currently accepted 
medical use, DEA has traditionally applied a five-part test to a 
drug that has not been approved by FDA: i. The drug's chemistry must 
be known and reproducible; ii. there must be adequate safety 
studies; iii. there must be adequate and well-controlled studies 
proving efficacy; iv. the drug must be accepted by qualified 
experts; and v. the scientific evidence must be widely available. 
Marijuana Scheduling Petition; Denial of Petition; Remand, 57 FR 
10499 (Mar. 26, 1992), pet. for rev. denied, Alliance for Cannabis 
Therapeutics v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 15 F.3d 1131, 1135 (D.C. 
Cir. 1994). DEA and HHS applied the traditional five-part test for 
currently accepted medical use in this matter. In a recent published 
letter in a different context, HHS applied an additional two-part 
test to determine currently accepted medical use for substances that 
do not satisfy the five-part test: (1) whether there exists 
widespread, current experience with medical use of the substance by 
licensed health care practitioners operating in accordance with 
implemented jurisdiction-authorized programs, where medical use is 
recognized by entities that regulate the practice of medicine, and, 
if so, (2) whether there exists some credible scientific support for 
at least one of the medical conditions for which the part 1 is 
satisfied. On April 11, 2024, the Department of Justice's Office of 
Legal Counsel (OLC) issued an opinion, which, among other things, 
concluded that HHS's two-part test would be sufficient to establish 
that a drug has a currently accepted medical use. Office of Legal 
Counsel, Memorandum for Merrick B. Garland Attorney General Re: 
Questions Related to the Potential Rescheduling of Marijuana at 3 
(April 11, 2024). For purposes of this proposed rule, there is no 
evidence that health care providers have widespread experience with 
medical use of 3-MeO-PCP, or that the use of 3-MeO-PCP is recognized 
by entities that regulate the practice of medicine under either the 
traditional five-part test or the two-part test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (3) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of 3-MeO-PCP under 
medical supervision.
    Because 3-MeO-PCP has no approved medical use and has not been 
thoroughly investigated as a new drug, its safety for use under medical 
supervision is not determined. Thus, there is a lack of accepted safety 
for use of this substance under medical supervision.
    Based on these findings, the Acting Administrator of DEA concludes 
that 3-MeO-PCP warrants control in schedule I of the CSA. More 
precisely, because of its hallucinogenic effects, and because it may 
produce hallucinogenic-like dependence in humans, DEA proposes to place 
3-MeO-PCP, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever 
the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible 
within the specific chemical description, in 21 CFR 1308.11(d) (the 
hallucinogenic substances category of schedule I).

Requirements for Handling 3-MeO-PCP

    If this rule is finalized as proposed, 3-MeO-PCP would be subject 
to the CSA's schedule I regulatory controls and administrative, civil, 
and criminal sanctions applicable to the manufacture, distribution, 
dispensing, importing, exporting, research, and conduct of 
instructional activities, including the following:
    1. Registration. Any person who handles (manufactures, distributes, 
dispenses, imports, exports, engages in research, or conducts 
instructional activities or chemical analysis with, or possesses) 3-
MeO-PCP would need to be registered with DEA to conduct such activities 
pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 822, 823, 957, and 958, and in accordance with 21 
CFR parts 1301 and 1312.
    2. Security. 3-MeO-PCP would be subject to schedule I security 
requirements, and handled and stored pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 821, 823, 
and in accordance with 21 CFR 1301.71-1301.76. Non-practitioners 
handling this substance also would need to comply with the screening 
requirements of 21 CFR 1301.90-1301.93.
    3. Labeling and Packaging. All labels and packaging for commercial 
containers of 3-MeO-PCP would need to comply with 21 U.S.C. 825, and be 
in accordance with 21 CFR part 1302.
    4. Quota. Only registered manufacturers would be permitted to 
manufacture 3-MeO-PCP in accordance with a quota assigned pursuant to 
21 U.S.C. 826 and in accordance with 21 CFR part 1303.
    5. Inventory. Any person registered with DEA to handle 3-MeO-PCP 
would need to have an initial inventory of all

[[Page 24376]]

stocks of controlled substances (including this substance) on hand on 
the effective date of a final scheduling action pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 
827, and in accordance with 21 CFR 1304.03, 1304.04, and 1304.11.
    After the initial inventory, every DEA registrant would need to 
take a new inventory of all stocks of controlled substances (including 
3-MeO-PCP) on hand every two years pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 827 and in 
accordance with 21 CFR 1304.03, 1304.04, and 1304.11.
    6. Records and Reports. Every DEA registrant would need to maintain 
records and submit reports with respect to 3-MeO-PCP, pursuant to 21 
U.S.C. 827 and 832(a), and in accordance with 21 CFR 1301.74 and 
1301.76, and parts 1304, 1312, and 1317.
    7. Order Forms. Every DEA registrant who distributes 3-MeO-PCP 
would need to comply with the order form requirements, pursuant to 21 
U.S.C. 828 and 21 CFR part 1305.
    8. Importation and Exportation. All importation and exportation of 
3-MeO-PCP would need to be in compliance with 21 U.S.C. 952, 953, 957, 
and 958, and in accordance with 21 CFR part 1312.
    9. Liability. Any activity involving 3-MeO-PCP not authorized by, 
or in violation of, the CSA or its implementing regulations would be 
unlawful, and may subject the person to administrative, civil, and/or 
criminal sanctions.

Regulatory Analyses

Executive Orders 12866 and 13563, and 14192 (Regulatory Review)

    In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(a), this proposed scheduling 
action is subject to formal rulemaking procedures performed ``on the 
record after opportunity for a hearing,'' which are conducted pursuant 
to the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 556 and 557. The CSA sets forth the 
procedures and criteria for scheduling a drug or other substance. Such 
actions are exempt from review by the Office of Management and Budget 
pursuant to section 3(d)(1) of Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 and the 
principles reaffirmed in E.O. 13563. DEA scheduling actions are not 
subject to E.O. 14192, Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation.

Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform

    This proposed regulation meets the applicable standards set forth 
in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of E.O. 12988 to eliminate drafting errors 
and ambiguity, minimize litigation, provide a clear legal standard for 
affected conduct, and promote simplification and burden reduction.

Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    This proposed rulemaking does not have federalism implications 
warranting the application of E.O. 13132. The proposed rule does not 
have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship 
between the national government and the States, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal 
Governments

    This proposed rule does not have tribal implications warranting the 
application of E.O. 13175. It does not have substantial direct effects 
on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal 
government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities between the Federal government and Indian tribes.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    This proposed rule would not impose a new collection or modify an 
existing collection of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 
1995. Also, this proposed rule would not impose new or modify existing 
recordkeeping or reporting requirements on state or local governments, 
individuals, businesses, or organizations. However, this proposed rule 
would require compliance with the following existing OMB collections: 
1117-0003, 1117-0004, 1117-0006, 1117-0008, 1117-0009, 1117-0010, 1117-
0012, 1117-0014, 1117-0021, 1117-0023, 1117-0029, and 1117-0056. An 
agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to 
respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently 
valid OMB control number.

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Acting Administrator, in accordance with the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 601-612, has reviewed this proposed rule, and 
by approving it, certifies that it will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    DEA proposes placing the substance 3-MeO-PCP (chemical name: 1-[1-
(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine), including its salts, isomers, 
and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and 
salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation, 
in schedule I of the CSA. This action is being taken, in part, to 
enable the United States to meet its obligations under the 1971 
Convention. If finalized, this action would impose the regulatory 
controls and administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions applicable 
to schedule I controlled substances on persons who handle or propose to 
handle 3-MeO-PCP.
    The entities affected by this rule include the manufacturers, 
distributors, importers, exporters, and researchers of 3-MeO-PCP. DEA 
determined the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
industries that best represent these business activities. Table 1 lists 
the business activities and corresponding NAICS industries.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ Executive Office of the President Office of Management and 
Budget, North American Industry Classification System, United 
States, 2022, https://www.census.gov/naics/reference_files_tools/2022_NAICS_Manual.pdf. (Accessed 4/2/2024).

      Table 1--Business Activity and Corresponding NAICS Industries
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      NAICS industry
       Business activity           NAICS code          description
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manufacturer...................          325412  Pharmaceutical
                                                  Preparation
                                                  Manufacturing.
Distributor, Importer, Exporter          424210  Drugs and Druggists'
                                         424690   Sundries Merchant
                                                  Wholesalers.
                                                 Other Chemical and
                                                  Allied Products
                                                  Merchant Wholesalers.
Researcher.....................          541715  Research and
                                         611310   Development in the
                                                  Physical, Engineering,
                                                  and Life Sciences
                                                  (except Nanotechnology
                                                  and Biotechnology).
                                                 Colleges, Universities
                                                  and Professional
                                                  Schools.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    From Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) data, DEA determined the 
number of firms and small firms for each of the affected industries, 
and by comparing the number of affected small entities to the number of 
small entities

[[Page 24377]]

for each industry, DEA determined whether a substantial number of small 
entities are affected in any of the industries. Table 2 lists the 
number of firms, small firms, and percent small firms in each affected 
industry.

                                   Table 2--Percent Small Entities by Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     SBA size      Small  firms    Percent small
                 NAICS industry                     Firms \12\     standard \13\       \14\        entities  (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
325412--Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing           1,007           1,300             931            92.4
424210--Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant             6,958             250           6,663            95.8
 Wholesalers....................................
424690--Other Chemical and Allied Products                 6,069             175           5,781            95.3
 Merchant Wholesalers...........................
541715--Research and Development in the                    8,019           1,000           7,571            94.4
 Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences
 (except Nanotechnology and Biotechnology)......
611310--Colleges, Universities and Professional            2,433           $34.5           1,515            62.3
 Schools........................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on the American Chemical Society's SciFinder database, DEA 
identified 13 entities supplying 3-MeO-PCP across these industries. 
Suppliers include 325412, 424210, and 424690 industries. Even if all 
affected suppliers were small entities, they would account for only 
0.10 percent of the small entities in those industries, not a 
substantial number.\15\ Additionally, DEA expects the number of 
researchers working with 3-MeO-PCP is small because 3-MeO-PCP lacks 
current marketing approval under a new drug application or an 
abbreviated new drug application, and is not subject to an 
investigational new drug application as noted in the HHS review. Also, 
DEA believes the researchers working with 3-MeO-PCP may also work with 
other controlled substances; hence, they have probably already 
registered with DEA and are qualified to handle controlled substances. 
For these reasons DEA believes the number of affected researchers that 
are small entities is not a substantial number of small entities in 
541715 and 622310 industries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2021 SUSB Annual Data Tables 
by Establishment Industry, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/econ/susb/2021-susb-annual.html (Accessed 4/2/2024).
    \13\ U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of size 
standards, Version March 2023, Effective: March 17, 2023, https://www.sba.gov/sites/sbagov/files/2023-06/Table%20of%20Size%20Standards_Effective%20March%2017%2C%202023_.xlsx.
 (Accessed 4/2/2024).
    \14\ Note 12.
    \15\ 13/(931 + 6,664 + 5,781) = 0.10%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The primary costs associated with this proposed rule would be the 
annual registration fee for Schedule I controlled substances ($3,699 
for manufacturers, $1,850 for distributors, and $296 for researchers). 
As mentioned above, DEA has identified 13 domestic suppliers of 3-MeO-
PCP from the SciFinder database and none of these suppliers has 
registered with DEA to handle Schedule I controlled substances. 
However, it is common for suppliers to have items in their catalog 
while not actually having any material level of sales because FDA has 
not approved a marketing application for a drug product containing 3-
MeO-PCP. Therefore, some suppliers may simply remove 3-MeO-PCP from 
their catalog without any impact. Additionally, as discussed above, the 
researchers who work with 3-MeO-PCP are likely to work with other 
controlled substances and hence, must already register with DEA.
    In summary, the small entities impacted by this rule are those in 
325412-Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing, 424210-Drugs and 
Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers, and 424690-Other Chemical and 
Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers. The affected small entities 
account for only 0.1 percent of the small businesses and are not likely 
to manufacture or carry 3-MeO-PCP inventory. As such, the proposed rule 
will not, if promulgated, result in a significant effect on a 
substantial number of small entities.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    On the basis of information contained in the ``Regulatory 
Flexibility Act'' section above, DEA has determined pursuant to the 
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) 
that this proposed action would not result in any Federal mandate that 
may result ``in the expenditure by State, local, and tribal 
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of 
$100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in any 1 year''. 
Therefore, neither a Small Government Agency Plan nor any other action 
is required under UMRA of 1995.

List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 1308

    Administrative practice and procedure, Drug traffic control, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    For the reasons set out above, 21 CFR part 1308 is proposed to be 
amended to read as follows:

PART 1308--SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

0
1. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 1308 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 21 U.S.C. 811, 812, 871(b), 956(b), unless otherwise 
noted.

0
2. In Sec.  1308.11, add paragraph (d)(105) to read as follows:


Sec.  1308.11  Schedule I.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                              * * * * * * *
(105) 3-methoxyphencyclidine (Other names: 1-[1-(3-                 7457
 methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine; 3-MeO-PCP)..............
 
                              * * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

Signing Authority

    This document of the Drug Enforcement Administration was signed on 
June 3, 2025, by Acting Administrator Robert J. Murphy. That document 
with the original signature and date is maintained by DEA. For 
administrative purposes only, and in

[[Page 24378]]

compliance with requirements of the Office of the Federal Register, the 
undersigned DEA Federal Register Liaison Officer has been authorized to 
sign and submit the document in electronic format for publication, as 
an official document of DEA. This administrative process in no way 
alters the legal effect of this document upon publication in the 
Federal Register.

Heather Achbach,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, Drug Enforcement Administration.
[FR Doc. 2025-10503 Filed 6-9-25; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-09-P