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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
SECURITY
8 CFR Parts 208 and 235
[CIS No. 2778–24; Docket No: USCIS–2024–
0006]
RIN 1615–AC92
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Executive Office for Immigration
Review
8 CFR Part 1208
[A.G. Order No. 6053–2024]
RIN 1125–AB32
Securing the Border
U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services (‘‘USCIS’’),
Department of Homeland Security
(‘‘DHS’’); Executive Office for
Immigration Review (‘‘EOIR’’),
Department of Justice (‘‘DOJ’’).
ACTION: Final rule; request for
comments.
AGENCY:
On June 3, 2024, the President
signed a Proclamation under sections
212(f) and 215(a) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (‘‘INA’’) suspending and
limiting the entry of certain noncitizens
into the United States during emergency
border circumstances. DHS and DOJ
(‘‘the Departments’’) issued a
complementary interim final rule
(‘‘IFR’’) shortly thereafter. This final rule
responds to public comments received
on the IFR, makes certain revisions to
the regulatory text, and seeks comment
on potential changes to the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
as well as changes that parallel
modifications made by the subsequent
Proclamation.
SUMMARY:
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DATES:
Effective date: This rule is effective at
12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on
October 1, 2024.
Comment period for solicited
comments: Comments on the extended
and expanded applicability of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rebuttable presumption in Section IV of
this preamble and changes that parallel
modifications made by the subsequent
Proclamation described in Section II.C.1
of this preamble must be submitted on
or before November 6, 2024.
The electronic Federal Docket
Management System will accept
comments prior to midnight eastern
time at the end of that day.
ADDRESSES:
Docket: To view comments on the IFR
that preceded this rule, search for
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docket number USCIS–2024–0006 on
the Federal eRulemaking Portal at
https://www.regulations.gov.
Comment period for solicited
additional comments: You may submit
comments on the specific issues
identified in Sections II.C.1 and IV of
this preamble via the electronic Federal
Docket Management System at https://
www.regulations.gov, to DHS Docket
Number USCIS–2024–0006. Follow the
website instructions for submitting
comments. Comments submitted in a
manner other than the one listed above,
including emails or letters sent to the
Departments’ officials, will not be
considered comments on the
rulemaking and may not receive a
response from the Departments. Please
note that the Departments cannot accept
any comments that are hand-delivered
or couriered. In addition, the
Departments cannot accept comments
contained on any form of digital media
storage device, such as CDs/DVDs and
USB drives. The Departments are not
accepting mailed comments at this time.
If you cannot submit your comment by
using https://www.regulations.gov,
please contact the Regulatory
Coordination Division, Office of Policy
and Strategy, USCIS, DHS, by telephone
at (240) 721–3000 for alternate
instructions.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
For DHS: Daniel Delgado, Acting
Deputy Assistant Secretary for
Immigration Policy, Office of Strategy,
Policy, and Plans, DHS; telephone (202)
447–3459 (not a toll-free call).
For EOIR: Lauren Alder Reid,
Assistant Director, Office of Policy,
EOIR, DOJ, 5107 Leesburg Pike, Falls
Church, VA 22041; telephone (703)
305–0289 (not a toll-free call).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Public Participation
II. Executive Summary
A. Background and Purpose
1. Basis for the IFR
2. The Departments’ Experience With the
IFR
B. Legal Authority
C. Changes From the IFR to Final Rule
1. Changes to the IFR’s Thresholds
2. Clarifying Changes to Regulatory Text
3. Other Technical Changes
D. Rule Provisions
E. Severability
III. Public Comments and Responses
A. Legal Authority and Background
1. Legality Concerns
a. General Comments on Domestic Law
b. Statutory Conditions and Limitations on
Asylum Eligibility
c. Expedited Removal
d. General Comments on International Law
e. UNHCR Guidelines on International
Protection
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f. 2000 Protocol To Prevent, Suppress, and
Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children
2. Justification and Statements on Need for
the Rule
a. Rule Is Unjustified, Unsubstantiated, or
Arbitrary
b. Lack of Resources Does Not Justify the
Rule
c. Rule Does Not Acknowledge Factors
Contributing to Migration
d. Other Comments Related to the
Departments’ Justification
B. General Feedback on the IFR
1. General Support
2. General Opposition
a. Negative Impacts on Noncitizens and
Others
i. Conflicts With Humanitarian Values
ii. Procedural and Due Process Concerns
(1) General Concerns
(2) Access to Counsel, Unrepresented
Applicants, and the Ability or Time To
Prepare
(3) Noncitizens’ Ability to Have Their
Claims Heard
(4) Issues With Asylum Officers, Detention
Conditions, and Quality of Credible Fear
Determinations
(5) Fairness or Risks Associated With
Process
iii. Impacts on Specific Vulnerable
Populations, Discrimination Concerns
iv. Impacts on Criminal Enforcement
v. Negative Impacts on Other Affected
Entities
b. Negative or Minimal Impacts on
Immigration System and Government
Operations
i. Undermines the Administration’s
Promises and Goals
ii. Similarity to Actions of Past
Administration
iii. Would Be Ineffective or Not Achieve Its
Intended Outcomes
c. Negative Impacts on the U.S. Economy,
Workforce, Citizenry, Public Health, and
Safety
d. Other General Opposition
C. Provisions of the Rule
1. Limitation on Asylum Eligibility
a. Proclamation Exceptions—Section 3(b)
of Proclamation
i. Legal Concerns Related to CBP One and
the Lack of Exceptions
ii. Wait Times for CBP One Appointments
iii. Availability of and Access to CBP One
Appointments and Concerns about
Discrimination
b. Regulatory Exception—Exceptionally
Compelling Circumstances
c. Implementation by CBP Officers
d. Application of the Limitation on Asylum
Eligibility in Proceedings Before EOIR
e. Family Unity Provisions
2. Manifestation of Fear Standard
a. Legality Concerns
b. Concerns About the Efficiency and
Complexity of the Manifestation
Standard
c. Implementation Guidance and Accuracy
of Manifestation To Identify Fear of
Return
d. Trauma Impacting Manifestation and
Vulnerable Populations
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e. A Manifestation of Fear Does Not
Sufficiently Align With a Valid Claim for
Asylum
f. Noncitizens May Not Understand Their
Legal Right to Seek Asylum
3. ‘‘Reasonable Probability’’ Screening
Standard for Statutory Withholding of
Removal and CAT Protection
4. Other Comments on the Regulatory
Provisions
a. Application to Mexican Nationals
b. Adequacy of Statutory Withholding of
Removal and CAT Protection
c. Requests for Reconsideration
D. Other Issues Relating to the Rule
1. Scope of the Rule and Implementation
a. Concerns That the Encounter Thresholds
Are Too Low or Arbitrary
b. Concerns Regarding Exceptions From
the Encounter Thresholds
c. Other Concerns About the Encounter
Thresholds
2. Other Comments on Issues Relating to
the Rule
E. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements
1. Administrative Procedure Act
a. Foreign Affairs Exception
b. Good Cause Exception
c. Length and Sufficiency of Comment
Period
2. Impacts, Costs, and Benefits (E.O. 12866
and E.O. 13563)
3. Alternatives
a. Address Root Causes of Migration
b. Prioritize Funding and Other Resources
c. Further Expand Refugee Processing or
Other Lawful Pathways
d. Expand Asylum Merits Process
e. Other Congressional Action
f. Additional Suggested Measures or
Revisions
F. Out of Scope
IV. Requests for Comments
A. Aligning the Geographic Reach of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways Rule
With That of the Proclamation and This
Rule
B. Extending the Applicability of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
Rebuttable Presumption
V. Regulatory Requirements
A. Administrative Procedure Act
B. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory
Planning and Review), Executive Order
13563 (Improving Regulation and
Regulatory Review), and Executive Order
14094 (Modernizing Regulatory Review)
1. Effects Under a Without-IFR Baseline
2. Effects Under a With-IFR Baseline
3. Discontinuation Analysis Under a
Without-IFR Baseline
4. Effects of Expansion and Extension of
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
Rebuttable Presumption
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
E. Congressional Review Act
F. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)
G. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice
Reform)
H. Family Assessment
I. Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and
Coordination With Indian Tribal
Governments)
J. National Environmental Policy Act
K. Paperwork Reduction Act
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List of Abbreviations
AO Asylum Officer
AMI Asylum Merits Interview
APA Administrative Procedure Act
BIA Board of Immigration Appeals (DOJ,
EOIR)
CAT Convention Against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
CBP U.S. Customs and Border Protection
CBP One app CBP One mobile application
CDC Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
CHNV Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and
Venezuela
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DOJ Department of Justice
EOIR Executive Office for Immigration
Review
ERO Enforcement and Removal Operations
FARRA Foreign Affairs Reform and
Restructuring Act of 1998
FERM Family Expedited Removal
Management
FY Fiscal Year
HSA Homeland Security Act of 2002
ICE U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement
IFR Interim Final Rule
IIRIRA Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
IJ Immigration Judge
INA or the Act Immigration and Nationality
Act
LGBTQI+ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and
Intersex
MPP Migrant Protection Protocols
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
of 1969
NTA Notice to Appear
OFO Office of Field Operations
OHSS Office of Homeland Security
Statistics
POE Port of Entry
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
SWB Southwest Land Border
TCO Transnational Criminal Organization
TVPA Trafficking Victims Protection Act of
2000
UC Unaccompanied Child, having the same
meaning as Unaccompanied Alien Child as
defined at 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2)
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
UIP U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Unified Immigration Portal
UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of
1995
UNHCR United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees
USBP U.S. Border Patrol
USCIS U.S. Citizenship and Immigration
Services
USCG U.S. Coast Guard
I. Public Participation
Interested persons are invited to
submit comments on the specific issues
identified in Sections II.C.1 and IV of
this preamble by submitting relevant
written data, views, comments, and
arguments by the deadline stated above.
To provide the most assistance to the
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Departments, comments should explain
the reason for any recommendation and
include data, information, or authority
that supports the recommended course
of action. Comments must be submitted
in English, or an English translation
must be provided. Comments submitted
in a manner other than pursuant to the
instructions, including emails or letters
sent to the Departments’ officials, will
not be considered comments on the rule
and may not receive a response from the
Departments.
Instructions: If you submit a
comment, you must include the USCIS
Docket No. USCIS–2024–0006 for this
rulemaking. All submissions may be
posted, without change, to the Federal
eRulemaking Portal at https://
www.regulations.gov, and will include
any personal information you provide.
Therefore, submitting this information
makes it public. You may wish to
consider limiting the amount of
personal information that you provide
in any voluntary public comment
submission you make to the
Departments. The Departments may
withhold information provided in
comments from public viewing that they
determine may impact the privacy of an
individual or is offensive. For additional
information, please read the Privacy and
Security Notice available at https://
www.regulations.gov.
Docket: For access to the docket and
to read background documents or
comments received, go to https://
www.regulations.gov, referencing USCIS
Docket No. USCIS–2024–0006. You may
also sign up for email alerts on the
online docket to be notified when
comments are posted, or a final rule is
published.
II. Executive Summary
A. Background and Purpose
1. Basis for the IFR
On June 3, 2024, the President signed
Proclamation 10773 (‘‘June 3
Proclamation’’) 1 under sections 212(f)
and 215(a) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(f)
and 1185(a), finding that because the
border security and immigration
systems of the United States were
unduly strained, the entry into the
United States of certain categories of
noncitizens was detrimental to the
interests of the United States, and
1 As discussed in Section II.C.1 of this preamble,
the President has since issued a proclamation
amending portions of the June 3 Proclamation. That
amending proclamation is referred to as the
‘‘September 27 Proclamation’’ in this preamble.
Where the preamble refers to ‘‘the Proclamation’’
without specifying a date, it is referring to
Proclamation 10773 as amended by the September
27 Proclamation.
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suspending and limiting the entry of
such noncitizens. 89 FR 48487, 48487–
91 (June 7, 2024). The June 3
Proclamation directed DHS and DOJ to
promptly consider issuing regulations
addressing the circumstances at the
southern border of the United States,
including any warranted limitations and
conditions on asylum eligibility. Id. at
48492. The Departments subsequently
promulgated an IFR, effective June 5,
2024, ‘‘designed to implement the
policies and objectives of the
Proclamation by enhancing the
Departments’ ability to address historic
levels of migration and efficiently
process migrants arriving at the
southern border during emergency
border circumstances.’’ 2 Securing the
Border, 89 FR 48710, 48718 (June 7,
2024) (‘‘the IFR’’).
The June 3 Proclamation and the IFR
explain that, since 2021, as a result of
political and economic conditions
globally, there have been substantial
levels of migration throughout the
Western Hemisphere, including at the
southwest land border (‘‘SWB’’). 89 FR
at 48487; id. at 48711 & n.3. In
December 2023, migration levels at the
SWB surged to the highest monthly total
on record.3 Id. at 48712 n.5. DHS
assessed that the surge in late 2023 was
likely the result of a number of factors,
including the growing understanding by
smugglers and migrants that DHS’s
capacity to impose consequences at the
border is limited by the lack of
resources and tools made available by
Congress and the Government of
Mexico’s operational constraints caused
by a lack of funding at the end of the
2023 calendar year, which limited its
ability to enforce its own immigration
laws. Id. at 48725 & n.115.
These sustained high encounter rates
outstripped the Departments’ abilities—
based on available resources—to deliver
2 The Departments use the term ‘‘emergency
border circumstances’’ in this preamble to generally
refer to situations in which high levels of
encounters at the southern border exceed the
Department of Homeland Security’s (‘‘DHS’s’’)
capacity to deliver timely consequences to most
individuals who cross irregularly into the United
States and cannot establish a legal basis to remain
in the United States. See 89 FR at 48711 & n.2.
3 There were nearly 302,000 U.S. Customs and
Border Protection (‘‘CBP’’) encounters at and
between ports of entry (‘‘POEs’’) along the
southwest land border (‘‘SWB’’) in December 2023,
higher than any previous month on record. Office
of Homeland Security Statistics (‘‘OHSS’’) analysis
of July 2024 OHSS Persist Dataset [Encounters
Fiscal Year (‘‘FY’’) 2000–2024]; 89 FR at 48714
n.21; see also OHSS, Immigration Enforcement and
Legal Processes Monthly Tables (last updated Sept.
6, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/ohss/topics/
immigration/enforcement-and-legal-processesmonthly-tables (SWB encounters from FY 2014
through December 2023). OHSS figures are
generally rounded throughout this preamble.
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timely decisions and consequences in
significant numbers for those without a
legal basis to remain in the United
States. 89 FR at 48714. Due to its
funding shortfall, DHS lacked adequate
resources such as sufficient USCIS
asylum officers (‘‘AOs’’) to conduct fear
screenings and sufficient temporary
processing facilities, often called ‘‘softsides.’’ Id. These factors limited DHS’s
ability to conduct credible fear
interviews for individuals in U.S.
Customs and Border Protection (‘‘CBP’’)
custody and to process and hold
individuals in U.S. Immigration and
Customs Enforcement (‘‘ICE’’) custody
during the expedited removal process.
Id. The substantial migration throughout
the hemisphere, combined with
inadequate resources and tools to keep
pace, limited DHS’s ability to impose
timely consequences through expedited
removal, the main consequence
Congress has made available at the
border under title 8 authorities. 89 FR
at 48713–14. Consistent with past
practice prior to the Title 42 public
health Order, individuals who are
subject to but cannot be processed
under expedited removal due to
resource constraints are instead
generally released, after screening and
vetting, pending removal proceedings
under section 240 of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1229a (‘‘section 240 removal
proceedings’’), before an immigration
judge (‘‘IJ’’).
These higher encounter rates also
place significant strain on the
immigration courts. Recently, despite
significant increases in the total number
of IJs and case completions since Fiscal
Year (‘‘FY’’) 2021, newly initiated cases
have far outpaced such completions.4
Placing more noncitizens in section 240
removal proceedings before an IJ—
rather than processing eligible
noncitizens through the expedited
removal process—only further
contributes to the immigration court
backlog, and those cases can take
several years to conclude.5 This strain is
4 See Executive Office of Immigration Review
(‘‘EOIR’’), Adjudication Statistics: New Cases and
Total Completions (July 2024), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344796/dl?inline;
EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Immigration Judge
(IJ) Hiring (July 2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/
media/1344911/dl?inline.
5 EOIR decisions completed in July 2024 were, on
average, initiated in February 2022, during the
significant operational disruptions caused by the
COVID–19 pandemic (with encounters several
months earlier than that), but 60 percent of EOIR
cases initiated during that time were still pending
as of July 2024, so the final mean processing time
(once all such cases are complete) will be longer.
OHSS analysis of EOIR data as of July 2024 (Mean
EOIR Filed Dates tab); EOIR, EOIR Strategic Plan
2024, EOIR’s Strategic Context, Current Operating
Environment, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/
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also particularly acute in light of EOIR’s
current underfunding. Rather than
increase funding to support IJ team
hiring, EOIR’s FY 2024 budget was $16
million less than in FY 2023 and was
$94.3 million less than its inflationadjusted funding requirements (referred
to as ‘‘Current Services’’).6
The Departments reasoned that their
capacity to predictably deliver timely
decisions and consequences is
jeopardized by emergency border
circumstances, which, left unmitigated,
further add to the incentives and
motivations for migrants to make the
dangerous journey to the SWB,
regardless of their ultimate likelihood of
success on an asylum or protection
application, and that the current
immigration and asylum systems had
become a driver for irregular migration 7
throughout the region and an
increasingly lucrative source of income
for dangerous transnational criminal
organizations (‘‘TCOs’’). 89 FR at 48714.
Despite the Departments’ efforts to
address these substantial levels of
migration, strengthen the consequences
in place at the border, and enhance the
overall functioning of the immigration
system, including through the
strategic-plan/strategic-context/current-operatingenviroment (last visited Sept. 20, 2024) (‘‘EOIR . . .
suffered operational setbacks during the COVID–19
pandemic years of FY 2020 through FY 2022,
including declining case completions due to health
closures and scheduling complications and delays
in agency efforts to transition to electronic records
and the efficiencies they represent. While the
challenges of the pandemic were overcome by
adaptive measures taken during those years, the
pandemic’s impact on the pending caseload is still
being felt.’’). Although EOIR does not report
statistics on pending median completion times for
removal proceedings in general, it does report
median completion times for certain types of cases,
such as detained cases and cases involving
unaccompanied children (‘‘UCs’’). See, e.g., EOIR,
Median Unaccompanied Noncitizen Child (UAC)
Case Completion and Case Pending Time (Apr. 19,
2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344951/
dl?inline (median completion time of 1,254 days);
EOIR, Median Completion Times for Detained Cases
(Apr. 19, 2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/
media/1344866/dl?inline (median completion time
of 46 days in the second quarter of 2024 for
removal, deportation, exclusion, asylum-only, and
withholding-only cases); EOIR, Percentage of DHSDetained Cases Completed within Six Months (Apr.
19, 2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/media/
1344886/dl?inline (reporting seven percent of
detained cases not completed within six months).
6 See Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024,
Public Law 118–42, 138 Stat. 25, 133; EOIR, FY
2024 Budget Request at a Glance, https://
www.justice.gov/d9/2023-03/eoir_fy_24_budsum_ii_
omb_cleared_03.08.23.pdf.
7 As used in this preamble, ‘‘irregular migration’’
refers to the movement of people into another
country unlawfully or without authorization. With
respect to the United States’ borders, the term
‘‘irregular’’ is used in this preamble to refer to
physically entering between POEs or otherwise
entering without documents sufficient for lawful
admission, unless entering with advance
authorization to travel or at a pre-scheduled time
and place to present at a POE.
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Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
88 FR 31314 (May 16, 2023), these
circumstances still existed as a direct
result of Congress’s failure to update
outdated immigration laws and provide
needed funding and resources for the
efficient operation of the border security
and immigration systems. 89 FR at
48711–13, 48715.
In the absence of congressional action,
and consistent with the President’s
direction in the June 3 Proclamation to
consider issuing regulations, the
Departments adopted the provisions in
the IFR, which were intended to address
the emergency border circumstances
and to substantially improve the
Departments’ ability to deliver timely
decisions and consequences during
such circumstances. See 89 FR at 48710.
The IFR established a limitation on
asylum eligibility that applies to certain
individuals who enter irregularly across
the southern border during emergency
border circumstances and revised
certain procedures applicable to the
expedited removal process during such
periods to reduce the time required to
apply consequences to those individuals
and remove noncitizens who do not
have a legal basis to remain in the
United States. Id. at 48715. The IFR was
expected to achieve several benefits:
reduce strains on limited Federal
Government immigration processing
and enforcement resources; preserve the
Departments’ continued ability to safely,
humanely, and effectively enforce and
administer the immigration laws;
protect against overcrowding in border
facilities; and reduce the ability of
exploitative TCOs and smugglers to
operate. Id. at 48745, 48767.
2. The Departments’ Experience With
the IFR
The IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility and revised procedures are
working as intended, though as
discussed below, the Departments have
determined that modest adjustments to
the threshold calculations are
warranted. As explained in the
paragraphs that follow, in the weeks
since June 5, 2024, U.S. Border Patrol
(‘‘USBP’’) encounters between the ports
of entry (‘‘POEs’’) have dropped
markedly. Although the Departments
believe that this has occurred for a range
of reasons, one important reason is that
the rule itself has significantly shifted
incentives at the southern border. As
explained further below, and consistent
with the explanation provided in the
IFR, the rule has, at least in part,
significantly improved DHS’s ability to
place into expedited removal a majority
of single adults and individuals in
family units encountered by USBP; to
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avoid large-scale releases of such
individuals into the United States
pending section 240 removal
proceedings; and to allow for swift
resolution of such individuals’ cases
and, where appropriate, their removal.
See id. At the same time, the
Departments have continued to
implement the largest expansion of
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways and
processes 8 for individuals to come to
the United States and to uphold the
United States’ non-refoulement
obligations under international law.
In the period between June 5, 2024,
and August 31, 2024, average daily total
encounters between POEs at the SWB
under the Proclamation and IFR have
fallen 59 percent from the level of
average daily encounters during the
immediate post-pandemic period, i.e.,
the period after the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule began to apply on
May 12, 2023,9 and before the IFR
entered into effect on June 5, 2024.10
This dramatic decrease in encounters
has spanned multiple demographic
categories. For instance, DHS has
observed a drop in encounters of family
units, a demographic category that
presents particular operational
challenges. During the immediate postpandemic period, DHS experienced an
average of about 2,000 daily encounters
of individuals in family units.11 Since
the Departments issued the IFR, that
daily average has dropped 70 percent to
8 The terms ‘‘lawful pathways,’’ ‘‘lawful, safe, and
orderly pathways,’’ ‘‘lawful pathways and
processes,’’ and ‘‘lawful, safe, and orderly pathways
and processes,’’ as used in this preamble, refer to
the range of pathways and processes by which
migrants are able to enter the United States or other
countries in a lawful, safe, and orderly manner,
including to seek asylum and other forms of
protection or other immigration benefits for which
they may be eligible.
9 While the rule’s effective date was May 11,
2023, 88 FR at 31314, the rule only applies to
noncitizens who enter the United States
‘‘[s]ubsequent to the end of implementation of the
Title 42 public health Order[,]’’ 8 CFR
208.33(a)(1)(ii), which expired at 11:59 p.m. on May
11, 2023, see DHS, Fact Sheet: Department of State
and Department of Homeland Security Announce
Additional Security Measures to Humanely Manage
Border through Deterrence, Enforcement, and
Diplomacy (May 10, 2023), https://www.dhs.gov/
news/2023/05/10/fact-sheet-additional-sweepingmeasures-humanely-manage-border. Therefore, the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule began to
apply on May 12, 2023.
10 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from the U.S.
Customs and Border Protection Unified
Immigration Portal (‘‘UIP’’) on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab). There was an average of
about 2,100 total encounters per day (including all
demographic groups) between POEs at the SWB
from June 5, 2024, to August 31, 2024, compared
to around 5,100 per day during the immediate postpandemic period, defined as May 12, 2023, through
June 4, 2024. Id.
11 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Summary Statistics tab).
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about 600 individuals in family units
encountered daily.12 Other significant
drops in encounter numbers occurred
with single adults and unaccompanied
children (‘‘UCs’’).13
In contrast to processing before the
IFR, DHS is now placing the majority of
single adults and individuals in family
units encountered by USBP at the SWB
into expedited removal. Between June 5,
2024, and August 31, 2024, DHS placed
59 percent of these noncitizens into
expedited removal proceedings,
compared to 18 percent of such
noncitizens during the immediate postpandemic period following the end of
the Title 42 public health Order.14 In the
pre-pandemic period,15 DHS placed 41
percent of such noncitizens into
expedited removal proceedings.16 The
decrease in the number of encounters at
the SWB directly enabled DHS’s
increased placement rate of noncitizens
into expedited removal proceedings.
Because encounter levels have
decreased, DHS is able to use its
operational resources to refer a higher
percentage of noncitizens into expedited
removal proceedings and deliver timely
consequences in a greater proportion of
cases.17 The IFR is remedying the
12 OHSS analysis data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
13 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
14 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
15 Throughout this preamble the ‘‘pre-pandemic
period’’ refers to FY 2014 to FY 2019.
16 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Summary Statistics tab). DHS reinstated removal
orders for a larger share of single adults and
individuals in family units during the prepandemic period (26 percent during the prepandemic period compared to 14 percent under the
interim final rule (‘‘IFR’’)), which is unsurprising
given that the Departments are seeing fewer repeat
encounters as a result of the higher proportion of
non-Mexicans/non-northern Central Americans—
with more limited migration histories—as a share
of total encounters. Id.; 89 FR at 48721 n.49.
Notably, the sum of reinstatements and expedited
removals is still higher during the IFR (a combined
73 percent) than it was during the pre-pandemic
period (67 percent). OHSS analysis of July 2024
Persist Dataset (Summary Statistics tab).
17 The most effective way to deliver timely
consequences to noncitizens who enter irregularly
is through the expedited removal system, but DHS’s
capacity to use that system on a large scale is
subject to resource constraints. One such constraint
is space to hold noncitizens in DHS custody during
the expedited removal process. Because noncitizens
in expedited removal are subject to detention,
including during the pendency of their credible fear
proceedings, the use of expedited removal may lead
to an increase in the time that an individual spends
in CBP custody. This is particularly the case when
the individual is receiving their credible fear
interview while in CBP custody. When there are
high numbers of individuals placed in expedited
removal, the number of individuals who remain in
CBP custody for a lengthier period can increase
rapidly, leading to overcrowded conditions. In
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negative effects of the previously
sustained high encounter numbers
described in the IFR and in this rule.
See, e.g., 89 FR at 48749 (‘‘In order to
maximize the consequences for those
who cross unlawfully or without
authorization, DHS endeavors to deliver
consequences swiftly to the highest
proportion of individuals who fail to
establish a legal basis to remain in the
United States. This includes, subject to
available resources, referring the
maximum number of eligible
individuals possible into expedited
removal to quickly adjudicate their
claims.’’).
Relatedly, the IFR has also
significantly reduced the percentage of
noncitizens encountered between POEs
at the SWB who are released into the
United States pending completion of
their section 240 removal proceedings.
For instance, from June 5, 2024, through
August 31, 2024, USBP placed 25
percent of noncitizens encountered at
the SWB into section 240 removal
proceedings.18 This is down 41
percentage points from the immediate
post-pandemic period, when USBP
placed 66 percent of such noncitizens
into section 240 removal proceedings,
translating to a reduction of over 60
percent.19 Similarly, between June 5,
2024, and August 31, 2024, 33 percent
of all noncitizens encountered at the
SWB were sent to Enforcement and
Removal Operations (‘‘ERO’’); this figure
is up from 19 percent during the
immediate post-pandemic period.20
addition, given the nature of CBP facilities—which
are designed for short-term temporary holding—
CBP endeavors to move all individuals out of
custody in an expeditious manner and to avoid
overcrowding.
Thus, if high encounter levels result in a
significant number of individuals in CBP custody,
or if those individuals have been in custody for a
significant period of time, CBP may lose
optionality: having lost the capacity to place
additional noncitizens into the expedited removal
process, CBP generally must take steps to release
some individuals from custody to ensure safe and
sanitary conditions and appropriate time in
custody. In cases when release is appropriate or
warranted, CBP generally issues an individual a
Notice to Appear (‘‘NTA’’) before an immigration
judge (‘‘IJ’’) prior to their release from custody.
Although in some circumstances transfer of such
noncitizens to U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (‘‘ICE’’) for detention for the duration
of the credible fear process is possible, the ability
to do so is dependent on the availability of space
in ICE’s already significantly strained detention
network. Therefore, when ICE detention space is
unavailable, noncitizens must then be processed by
CBP through non-expedited removal pathways.
18 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
19 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Summary Statistics tab).
20 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
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The IFR’s change to how DHS
immigration officers identify and refer
noncitizens for credible fear interviews
has resulted in a reduction of such
referrals. Under the IFR, during
emergency border circumstances,
instead of asking specific questions
about fear or providing lengthy advisals,
DHS refers a noncitizen for such an
interview if the noncitizen manifests a
fear of return, expresses an intention to
apply for asylum or protection, or
expresses a fear of persecution or torture
or a fear of return to the noncitizen’s
country or the country of removal. From
June 5, 2024, through August 31, 2024,
27 percent of noncitizens encountered
between POEs at the SWB and
processed for expedited removal
indicated an intention to apply for
asylum or a fear of persecution or
torture, compared with a 37 percent
fear-claim rate during the pre-pandemic
period and 57 percent during the
immediate post-pandemic period.21 In
the IFR, DHS explained that based on its
extensive experience administering the
expedited removal process, it concluded
that the affirmative questions asked
under steady state operations are
suggestive and account for part of the
high rates of referrals and screen-ins
that do not ultimately result in a grant
of asylum or protection. 89 FR at
48743.22 The shift to a manifestation
standard has, as intended, reduced the
gap between high rates of referrals and
screen-ins and historic ultimate grant
rates as well as increased processing
efficiency for DHS, and noncitizens who
manifest or claim a fear, or who indicate
an intention to apply for asylum, still
have their claims adjudicated as
required by the INA.
The shift to a ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard for screening for statutory
withholding of removal and protection
under the regulations implementing
U.S. obligations under Article 3 of the
Convention Against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment (‘‘CAT’’), Dec. 10, 1984,
S. Treaty Doc. No. 100–20 (1988), 1465
21 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
22 From FY 2014 through 2019, of total SWB
encounters processed for expedited removal and
then referred to section 240 proceedings, only 18
percent of EOIR case completions ultimately
resulted in a grant of protection or relief. 89 FR at
48743 n.219; OHSS analysis of June 2024
Enforcement Lifecycle dataset (Historic ERCF
Results tab). During that same period, 37 percent of
SWB encounters processed for expedited removal
claimed fear, and 76 percent of those who claimed
fear were screened in and referred to section 240
removal proceedings. OHSS analysis of July 2024
Persist Dataset (Summary Statistics tab).
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U.N.T.S 85,23 has further reduced the
difference between high screen-in rates
and historically low ultimate grant rates
of protection or relief. Overall, of those
USBP has referred for credible fear
interviews, the comprehensive screen-in
rate has dropped to 57 percent,
compared to 83 percent during the prepandemic period and 62 percent during
the immediate post-pandemic period.24
Of USBP encounters screened by USCIS
under the rule’s ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard, the screen-in rate
has decreased to approximately 48
percent 25 compared to 76 percent 26
under the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard during the pre-pandemic
period, and approximately 51 percent 27
for those screened under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathway rule’s
lower ‘‘reasonable possibility’’
standard.28 The Departments believe the
lower screen-in rate under the IFR better
23 In this preamble, consistent with the IFR, the
Departments generally refer to protection under the
regulations implementing U.S. obligations under
Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (‘‘CAT’’) as ‘‘CAT protection.’’ See, e.g.,
89 FR at 48716.
24 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab). Data for immediate postpandemic and IFR periods are limited to SWB
encounters between POEs. The comprehensive
screen-in rate includes positive determinations
issued by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration
Services (‘‘USCIS’’), cases where an IJ vacated
USCIS’s negative determination, and cases
administratively closed by USCIS in which a
discretionary NTA was issued. For cases processed
under either the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule or the IFR, the comprehensive screen-in rate
encompasses cases where USCIS or an IJ
determined that the noncitizen was found not
subject to the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s rebuttable presumption or the IFR’s limitation
on asylum eligibility under the significant
possibility standard, in addition to cases screenedin under the ‘‘reasonable possibility’’ or ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standards, as applicable.
25 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Fear Screening—STB tab,
Line 9 divided by Line 8). Data are limited to SWB
encounters between POEs.
26 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle dataset (Historic ERCF Results tab). Data
are limited to SWB encounters between POEs.
27 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Fear Screening—CLP tab, Line 13 divided by Line
12). Data are limited to SWB encounters between
POEs.
28 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
Although in the preamble to the IFR, DHS
anticipated that the manifestation approach ‘‘will
likely lead to a higher proportion of those referred
having colorable claims for protection[,]’’ see 89 FR
at 48743, USCIS screen-in rates have dropped
slightly, as noted above, see OHSS analysis of June
2024 Enforcement Lifecycle dataset, July 2024
Persist Dataset, and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (Historic ERCF Results, Fear
Screening—STB, and Fear Screening—CLP tabs).
There could be multiple reasons for this
development, including the effects of the
‘‘manifestation’’ and ‘‘reasonable probability’’
provisions, which are difficult to disentangle.
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aligns with the percentage of
noncitizens who have historically been
granted protection or relief. That is to
say, noncitizens screened under the
higher ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard that receive positive findings
are more likely to have meritorious
claims in ultimate adjudications.
As a result of the IFR, DHS is able to
more quickly remove a greater
percentage of those who do not have a
legal basis to remain in the United
States. In the pre-pandemic period, the
median processing time for a noncitizen
encountered by USBP with a negative
fear determination in expedited removal
was 75 days from encounter to
removal.29 During the immediate postpandemic period, this metric dropped to
44 days.30 From June 5, 2024, through
August 31, 2024, the metric dropped
again to 32 days.31 Similarly, the
processing time from when a noncitizen
is referred for a credible fear interview
to when the noncitizen receives a fear
determination is down 58 percent
compared to the immediate postpandemic period and down 71 percent
compared to the pandemic period.32
The Departments attribute the decreased
processing time to key provisions of the
IFR. For instance, the manifestation of
fear provision has resulted in
streamlined processing and a lower
percentage of individuals indicating
fear, thereby shortening the average
processing time as those who do not
indicate fear do not receive a screening
by an AO or review by an IJ prior to
removal. Then, for those who indicate
fear, following a minimum consultation
period that DHS reduced through
separate guidance,33 AOs, supervisory
29 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle dataset (Summary Statistics tab).
30 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Summary Statistics tab).
31 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
32 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
33 The Immigration and Nationality Act (‘‘INA’’)
requires that the noncitizen be given information
about the credible fear interview and provides the
right for noncitizens in the credible fear process to
consult with a person or persons of their choosing
prior to the interview, so long as the consultation
is conducted ‘‘according to [duly prescribed]
regulations.’’ INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv); see INA 103(a), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a);
6 U.S.C. 557. Under those regulations, including
during circumstances in which the measures in the
IFR apply, consultation shall be at no expense to
the Government, and consultations ‘‘shall be made
available in accordance with the policies and
procedures of the detention facility where the alien
is detained, . . . and shall not unreasonably delay
the process.’’ 8 CFR 235.3(b)(4)(ii), 235.15(a). The
regulations do not require that the noncitizen be
allowed a particular amount of time to consult with
the person or persons of their choosing. Id. On June
4, 2024, to support implementation of the
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AOs, and IJs have been applying the
IFR’s reasonable probability screening
standard. In addition, between June 5,
2024, and August 31, 2024, 32 percent
of all noncitizens encountered at the
SWB were removed or returned to their
home country or to Mexico directly
from USBP custody.34 This is double the
rate of repatriations from USBP custody
(16 percent) that occurred during the
immediate post-pandemic period.35
Overall, from June 5, 2024, through
August 31, 2024, DHS has removed or
returned 70 percent of single adults and
individuals in family units encountered
by USBP.36 This contrasts with a 28percent rate during the immediate postpandemic period.37 Viewed in terms of
daily averages, under the IFR through
August 31, 2024, there have been about
1,880 daily encounters of single adults
and individuals in family units.38 And
DHS has averaged about 1,320 total
daily repatriations and 580 releases
from CBP custody pending immigration
proceedings over that time frame.39
Faster repatriations free up DHS
resources and capacity for processing
new arrivals, allowing for further
increases in the use of expedited
removal and fewer releases pending
completion of section 240 removal
proceedings. These successes disrupt
the ‘‘vicious cycle’’ the Departments
sought to counteract in issuing the IFR.
89 FR at 48714; see id. at 48751 (‘‘This
reality contributes to the vicious cycle
. . . in which increasing numbers of
releases lead to increased migration,
fueled by the narrative, pushed by
smugglers, that migrants who are
Proclamation and IFR, as a matter of internal policy,
USCIS reduced the minimum consultation period
for noncitizens subject to the rule’s provisions from
at least 24 hours to at least 4 hours beginning at the
time ICE or CBP provides the noncitizen with the
opportunity to consult and continuing only during
the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. local time. See
Memorandum for Jennifer B. Higgins, Deputy Dir.,
USCIS, from Ted Kim, Assoc. Dir., Refugee,
Asylum, and Int’l Operations Directorate, USCIS,
Re: Scheduling of Credible Fear Interviews While
the Measures in the Securing the Border Interim
Final Rule Apply (June 4, 2024).
34 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
35 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Summary Statistics tab).
36 DHS encountered 165,000 single adults and
individuals in family units between June 4, 2024,
and August 31, 2024, and had repatriated 119,000
of them as of September 3, 2024. OHSS analysis of
data downloaded from UIP on Sept. 3, 2024 (IFR
Details tab).
37 During that time period, there were 1.87
million such encounters with noncitizens other
than UCs, of which 511,000 noncitizens were
repatriated. OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS
Persist Dataset (Immediate Post-Pandemic Details
tab).
38 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (IFR Details tab).
39 Id.
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81161
encountered at the border will be
allowed to remain and work in the
United States for long periods of time.’’).
Meanwhile, noncitizens have
continued to use lawful, safe, and
orderly pathways and processes to seek
entry to the United States. For example,
the use of the CBP One mobile
application (‘‘CBP One app’’) to
schedule an appointment at a SWB POE
is an available tool that permits
noncitizens to present themselves at the
border in a lawful, safe, and orderly
manner. From June 5, 2024, through
August 31, 2024, approximately 123,500
noncitizens with CBP One
appointments presented at SWB POEs
and were accordingly processed outside
of the procedures set forth in the IFR.40
See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1);
section 3(b)(v)(D) of the Proclamation.
During the pre-pandemic period,
approximately 300 encounters were
processed at SWB POEs per day.41 Since
the launch of the CBP One app in
January 2023, approximately 1,500
encounters have been processed at SWB
POEs each day (with and without CBP
One appointments).42 And from the
start of FY 2024 through August 31,
2024, that average increased to
approximately 1,700 per day.43 Other
lawful pathways that continue to be
available include expanded parole
processes for specific populations and
demographics such as nationals of Cuba,
Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela
(‘‘CHNV’’), which allow certain
individuals with U.S.-based supporters
to seek parole on a case-by-case basis for
urgent humanitarian reasons or
significant public benefit; 44 the Safe
Mobility Offices in Colombia, Costa
Rica, Ecuador, and Guatemala, which
provide, among other services, access to
information and referrals for
humanitarian and family parole
processes, labor pathways, expedited
refugee processing, and other lawful,
safe, and orderly pathways for eligible
40 Id.
41 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(OFO Encounters tab).
42 Id. On June 30, 2023, CBP announced the
expansion of available appointments for
noncitizens through the CBP One mobile
application (‘‘CBP One app’’) to 1,450 per day, up
from 1,250. Cumulatively, the expansion to 1,450
appointments represented a nearly 50 percent
increase from May 12, 2023, when CBP processed
1,000 appointments per day. See CBP, CBP OneTM
Appointments Increased to 1,450 Per Day (June 30,
2023), https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/nationalmedia-release/cbp-one-appointments-increased1450-day.
43 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(OFO Encounters tab).
44 USCIS, Processes for Cubans, Haitians,
Nicaraguans, and Venezuelans (last reviewed/
updated Aug. 29, 2024), https://www.uscis.gov/
CHNV.
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individuals to the United States and
other countries; 45 country-specific
family reunification parole processes for
certain nationals of Colombia, Cuba,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti,
and Honduras who have qualifying U.S.
citizen relatives in the United States; 46
and temporary nonimmigrant worker
visas, which provide employment
opportunities for eligible individuals.47
Thus, the provisions of the IFR and
other measures taken to assist in the
IFR’s implementation are effective tools
in managing levels of irregular
migration that, absent key policy
interventions like this rule, severely
strain the Departments’ abilities to
safely, effectively, and humanely
enforce and administer U.S.
immigration laws. The historically high
level of encounters that DHS
experienced in the months before the
IFR’s implementation has decreased
markedly, and DHS’s ability to
expeditiously process noncitizens and
deliver swift consequences to those who
do not establish a legal basis to remain
in the United States has therefore
improved significantly.
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B. Legal Authority
The Secretary and the Attorney
General jointly issue this rule pursuant
to their shared and respective
authorities concerning consideration of
claims for asylum, statutory
withholding of removal, and protection
under regulations implemented
pursuant to U.S. obligations under
Article 3 of the CAT. The Homeland
Security Act of 2002 (‘‘HSA’’), Public
Law 107–296, 116 Stat. 2135, as
amended, created DHS and transferred
to the Secretary of Homeland Security
many functions related to the
administration and enforcement of
Federal immigration law while
maintaining some functions and
authorities with the Attorney General,
including some shared concurrently
with the Secretary.48
45 U.S. Dep’t of State, Safe Mobility Initiative:
Helping Those in Need and Reducing Irregular
Migration in the Americas, https://www.state.gov/
safe-mobility-initiative/ (last visited Aug. 23, 2024).
46 See USCIS, Family Reunification Parole
Processes (last reviewed/updated Sept. 10, 2024),
https://www.uscis.gov/FRP.
47 See USCIS, Temporary (Nonimmigrant)
Workers (last reviewed/updated July 24, 2024),
https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/
temporary-nonimmigrant-workers.
48 The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (‘‘HSA’’)
further provides, ‘‘Nothing in this Act, any
amendment made by this Act, or in section 103 of
the [INA], as amended . . . , shall be construed to
limit judicial deference to regulations,
adjudications, interpretations, orders, decisions,
judgments, or any other actions of the Secretary of
Homeland Security or the Attorney General.’’ 116
Stat. at 2274 (codified at 6 U.S.C. 522).
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The INA, as amended by the HSA,
charges the Secretary ‘‘with the
administration and enforcement of [the
INA] and all other laws relating to the
immigration and naturalization of
aliens,’’ except insofar as those laws
assign functions to certain other officers.
INA 103(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1). The
INA grants the Secretary the authority to
establish regulations and take other
actions that the Secretary deems
‘‘necessary for carrying out’’ the
Secretary’s authority under the
immigration laws. INA 103(a)(3), 8
U.S.C. 1103(a)(3); see also 6 U.S.C. 202.
The HSA provides the Attorney
General with ‘‘such authorities and
functions under [the INA] and all other
laws relating to the immigration and
naturalization of aliens as were
[previously] exercised by [EOIR], or by
the Attorney General with respect to
[EOIR].’’ INA 103(g)(1), 8 U.S.C.
1103(g)(1); see also 6 U.S.C. 521(a). In
addition, under the HSA, the Attorney
General retains authority to ‘‘establish
such regulations, . . . issue such
instructions, review such administrative
determinations in immigration
proceedings, delegate such authority,
and perform such other acts as the
Attorney General determines to be
necessary for carrying out’’ the Attorney
General’s authorities under the
immigration laws. INA 103(g)(2), 8
U.S.C. 1103(g)(2).
Under the HSA, the Attorney General
retains authority over the conduct of
section 240 removal proceedings. These
adjudications are conducted by IJs
within DOJ’s EOIR. See 6 U.S.C. 521(a);
INA 103(g)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g)(1); 8
CFR 1240.1. With limited exceptions, IJs
adjudicate asylum, statutory
withholding of removal, and CAT
protection applications filed by
noncitizens during the pendency of
section 240 removal proceedings,
including asylum applications referred
by USCIS to the immigration court. INA
101(b)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(4); INA
240(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(a)(1); INA
241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3); 8 CFR
1208.2(b), 1240.1(a); see also Dhakal v.
Sessions, 895 F.3d 532, 536–37 (7th Cir.
2018) (describing affirmative and
defensive asylum processes). The Board
of Immigration Appeals (‘‘BIA’’), also
within DOJ’s EOIR, in turn hears
appeals from IJ decisions. See 8 CFR
1003.1(a)(1), (b)(3); see also Garland v.
Ming Dai, 593 U.S. 357, 366–67 (2021)
(describing appeals from IJs to the BIA).
And the INA provides that the
‘‘determination and ruling by the
Attorney General with respect to all
questions of law shall be controlling.’’
INA 103(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1).
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In addition to the separate authorities
discussed above, the Attorney General
and the Secretary share some
authorities. Section 208 of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1158, authorizes the ‘‘Secretary
of Homeland Security or the Attorney
General’’ to ‘‘grant asylum’’ to a
noncitizen ‘‘who has applied for asylum
in accordance with the requirements
and procedures established by’’ the
Secretary or the Attorney General under
section 208 if the Secretary or the
Attorney General determines that the
noncitizen is a ‘‘refugee’’ within the
meaning of section 101(a)(42)(A) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42)(A). INA
208(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(A).
Section 208 thereby authorizes the
Secretary and the Attorney General to
‘‘establish[ ]’’ ‘‘requirements and
procedures’’ to govern asylum
applications. Id. The statute further
authorizes them to ‘‘establish,’’ ‘‘by
regulation,’’ ‘‘additional limitations and
conditions, consistent with’’ section
208, under which a noncitizen ‘‘shall be
ineligible for asylum.’’ INA 208(b)(2)(C),
8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C); see also INA
208(d)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(B)
(authorizing the Secretary and the
Attorney General to ‘‘provide by
regulation for any other conditions or
limitations on the consideration of an
application for asylum not inconsistent
with [the INA]’’).49 The INA also
provides the Secretary and the Attorney
General authority to publish regulations
governing their respective roles
regarding apprehension, inspection and
admission, detention and removal,
withholding of removal, deferral of
removal, and release of noncitizens
encountered in the interior of the
United States or at or between POEs.
See INA 103(a)(3), (g)(2), 8 U.S.C.
1103(a)(3), (g)(2); see also, e.g., INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), (B)(iv), (C), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), (B)(iv), (C).
The INA and HSA grant DHS the
authority to adjudicate asylum
applications and to conduct credible
fear interviews, make credible fear
determinations in expedited removal
proceedings, and establish procedures
for further consideration of asylum
applications after an individual is found
to have a credible fear. INA 103(a)(1),
(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1), (a)(3); INA
208(b)(1)(A), (d)(1), (d)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(A), (d)(1), (d)(5)(B); INA
235(b)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B); see
also 6 U.S.C. 271(b)(3) (providing for the
transfer of adjudication of asylum and
49 Under the HSA, the references to the ‘‘Attorney
General’’ in the INA also encompass the Secretary
with respect to statutory authorities vested in the
Secretary by the HSA or subsequent legislation,
including in relation to immigration proceedings
before DHS. 6 U.S.C. 251, 271(b)(3), (5), 557.
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refugee applications from the
Commissioner of Immigration and
Naturalization to the Director of the
Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration
Services, now USCIS); 6 U.S.C. 557
(providing that references to any officer
from whom functions are transferred
under the HSA are to be understood as
referring to the Secretary of Homeland
Security). Within DHS, AOs conduct
credible fear interviews, make credible
fear determinations, and determine
whether a noncitizen’s asylum
application should be granted, all of
which are subject to review by a
supervisory AO. See 8 CFR 208.2(a),
208.9, 208.14(b), 208.30(b), (e)(6)(i),
(e)(8). The INA grants IJs the authority
to review AO negative credible fear
determinations. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III).
The United States is a party to the
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of
Refugees, Jan. 31, 1967, 19 U.S.T. 6223,
606 U.N.T.S. 267 (‘‘Refugee Protocol’’),
which incorporates Articles 2 through
34 of the 1951 Convention Relating to
the Status of Refugees, July 28, 1951, 19
U.S.T. 6259, 189 U.N.T.S. 150 (‘‘Refugee
Convention’’). Article 33.1 of the
Refugee Convention generally prohibits
parties to the Convention from expelling
or returning (‘‘refouling’’) ‘‘a refugee in
any manner whatsoever to the frontiers
of territories where his life or freedom
would be threatened on account of his
race, religion, nationality, membership
of a particular social group or political
opinion.’’ Refugee Convention, 19
U.S.T. at 6276, 189 U.N.T.S. at 176.
Because the Refugee Protocol is not
self-executing,50 Congress implemented
these non-refoulement obligations
through the INA, as amended by the
Refugee Act of 1980, Public Law 96–
212, 94 Stat. 102 (‘‘Refugee Act’’). See 8
U.S.C. 1253(h) (1952); Sale v. Haitian
Ctrs. Council, Inc., 509 U.S. 155, 174–
77 (1993) (describing the history of the
statutory withholding provision and the
Refugee Act amendments). The
Supreme Court has long recognized that
the United States implements its nonrefoulement obligations under Article
33 of the Refugee Convention (via the
Refugee Protocol) through the statutory
withholding of removal provision in
section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3) (‘‘statutory withholding of
removal’’), which provides that a
noncitizen may not be removed to a
country where their life or freedom
would be threatened on account of one
50 E.g., Al-Fara v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 733, 743 (3d
Cir. 2005) (‘‘The 1967 Protocol is not self-executing,
nor does it confer any rights beyond those granted
by implementing domestic legislation.’’ (citations
omitted)).
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of the protected grounds listed in
Article 33 of the Refugee
Convention.51 See INA 241(b)(3), 8
U.S.C. 1231(b)(3); see also 8 CFR 208.16,
1208.16. The INA also authorizes the
Secretary and the Attorney General to
implement statutory withholding of
removal under section 241(b)(3) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3). See INA
103(a)(1), (3), (g)(1)–(2), 8 U.S.C.
1103(a)(1), (3), (g)(1)–(2).
The Departments also have authority
to implement Article 3 of the CAT,
which is likewise not self-executing.52
The Foreign Affairs Reform and
Restructuring Act of 1998 (‘‘FARRA’’)
delegates to the Departments the
authority to ‘‘prescribe regulations to
implement the obligations of the United
States under Article 3 of the [CAT],
subject to any reservations,
understandings, declarations, and
provisos contained in the United States
Senate resolution of ratification of the
Convention.’’ Public Law 105–277, div.
G, sec. 2242(b), 112 Stat. 2681, 2681
(codified at 8 U.S.C. 1231 note).
Consistent with FARRA, DHS and DOJ
have implemented in the Code of
Federal Regulations the United States’
obligations under Article 3 of the CAT.
See, e.g., 8 CFR 208.16(c)–208.18,
1208.16(c)–1208.18; Regulations
Concerning the Convention Against
Torture, 64 FR 8478 (Feb. 19, 1999),
amended by 64 FR 13881 (Mar. 23,
1999).
This rule is necessary because,
although the Proclamation recognizes
that the asylum system has contributed
to the border emergency, the
Proclamation itself does not and cannot
affect noncitizens’ right to apply for
asylum, their eligibility for asylum, or
asylum procedures. This recognition
that section 212(f) does not affect the
right to pursue a claim for asylum has
been the Executive Branch’s consistent
position for four decades.53 That
51 See INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 426–
27 (1999); see also INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480
U.S. 421, 440–41 (1987) (distinguishing between
Article 33’s non-refoulement prohibition, which
aligns with what was then called withholding of
deportation, and Article 34’s call to ‘‘facilitate the
assimilation and naturalization of refugees[,]’’
which the Court found aligned with the
discretionary provision in section 208 of the INA,
8 U.S.C. 1158).
52 Omar v. McHugh, 646 F.3d 13, 17 (D.C. Cir.
2011) (‘‘This multilateral treaty is non-selfexecuting and thus does not itself create any rights
enforceable in U.S. courts.’’ (citation omitted)).
53 In 1984, then-Assistant Attorney General for
the Office of Legal Counsel Theodore B. Olson
advised that section 212(f) did not permit the
President to eliminate the asylum rights of
noncitizens who had hijacked a plane and, as a
condition of the plane’s release, been flown to the
United States. And in 2018, the Departments
reaffirmed that ‘‘[a]n alien whose entry is
suspended or restricted under . . . a [section 212(f)]
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longstanding understanding follows
from the text and structure of the
governing statutes. Section 212(f)
provides that under certain
circumstances, the President may
‘‘suspend the entry of all aliens or any
class of aliens as immigrants or
nonimmigrants, or impose on the entry
of aliens any restrictions he may deem
to be appropriate.’’ INA 212(f), 8 U.S.C.
1182(f). Although this provision—first
enacted in 1952—‘‘grants the President
broad discretion,’’ it ‘‘operate[s]’’ only
within its ‘‘sphere.’’ Trump v. Hawaii,
585 U.S. 667, 683–84, 695 (2018).
Section 212 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182
(entitled ‘‘Inadmissible aliens’’),
generally ‘‘defines the universe of aliens
who are admissible’’ and ‘‘sets the
boundaries of admissibility into the
United States.’’ Id. at 695. Hence, when
section 212(f) authorizes the President
to suspend ‘‘entry,’’ it ‘‘enabl[es] the
President to supplement the other
grounds of inadmissibility in the INA,’’
id. at 684 (citing Abourezk v. Reagan,
785 F.2d 1043, 1049 n.2 (D.C. Cir.
1986)), and to bar individuals from
entry into the United States.
This authority, though broad, does not
authorize the President to override the
asylum statute.54 First enacted in the
Refugee Act, the asylum statute today
provides that ‘‘[a]ny alien who is
physically present in the United States
or who arrives in the United States[,]
proclamation, but who nonetheless reaches U.S.
soil contrary to the President’s determination that
the alien should not be in the United States, would
remain subject to various procedures under
immigration laws[,]’’ including ‘‘expedited-removal
proceedings’’ where they could ‘‘raise any claims
for protection[.]’’ Aliens Subject to a Bar on Entry
Under Certain Presidential Proclamations;
Procedures for Protection Claims, 83 FR 55934,
55940 (Nov. 9, 2018). Although Presidents have
invoked section 212(f) at least 90 times since 1981,
to the Departments’ knowledge, none of those
proclamations were understood to affect the right of
noncitizens on U.S. soil to apply for, or noncitizens’
statutory eligibility to receive, asylum. Kelsey Y.
Santamaria et al., Cong. Rsch. Serv., Presidential
Authority to Suspend Entry of Aliens Under 8
U.S.C. 1182(f) (updated Feb. 21, 2024). At the same
time, nothing in the proclamations or the INA has
precluded the Departments from considering as an
adverse discretionary criterion that a noncitizen is
described in a section 212(f) proclamation.
54 The Supreme Court, though it has never
squarely addressed this issue, has also never
indicated that section 212(f) confers power to affect
asylum rights of those present in the United States.
Cf., e.g., Sale, 509 U.S. at 164 n.13, 174–77, 187–
88 (upholding a Coast Guard program of
intercepting migrant vessels and returning migrants
to their home country, authorized in part by section
212(f), on the basis that statutory rights under the
withholding of removal statute did not have
‘‘extraterritorial application’’ to migrants who were
not physically present); Hawaii, 585 U.S. at 689,
695 (assuming, without deciding, that section 212(f)
‘‘does not allow the President to expressly override
particular provisions of the INA[,]’’ while
emphasizing the particular ‘‘sphere[ ]’’ in which it
operates).
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. . . irrespective of such alien’s status,
may apply for asylum.’’ INA 208(a)(1),
8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(1). The right to apply
for asylum thus turns on whether a
noncitizen is ‘‘physically present’’ or
has ‘‘arrive[d] in the United
States.’’ 55 Id. As a result, the power
under section 212(f) to suspend ‘‘entry’’
does not authorize the President to
override the asylum rights of
noncitizens who have already
physically entered the United States and
who are entitled to an adjudication of
eligibility under the applicable statutory
and regulatory rules and standards.56
55 Section 212(f) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(f),
contrasts with 42 U.S.C. 265, which authorizes the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (‘‘CDC’’)
to temporarily suspend ‘‘the right to introduce . . .
persons and property’’ into the United States if such
suspension ‘‘is required in the interest of the public
health.’’ During the COVID–19 pandemic and to
prevent the ‘‘serious danger of the introduction of
[the] disease into the United States,’’ 42 U.S.C. 265,
the CDC issued a public health Order invoking
section 265 to expel certain noncitizens generally
without title 8 protections, including asylum
applications. As the final rule implementing section
265 explained, that provision originates in a ‘‘broad
public health statute’’ that Congress intended to
‘‘operate[ ] separately and independently of the
immigration power’’ and authorizes the CDC ‘‘to
temporarily suspend the effect of any law[ ] . . . by
which a person would otherwise have the right to
be introduced . . . into the U.S.,’’ Control of
Communicable Diseases; Foreign Quarantine:
Suspension of the Right To Introduce and
Prohibition of Introduction of Persons Into United
States From Designated Foreign Countries or Places
for Public Health Purposes, 85 FR 56424, 56426,
56442 (Sept. 11, 2020), including the immigration
laws, id. at 56426 (noting that legislative history
indicates that section 265’s predecessor was
intended to suspend immigration if public health
required it). The drafting history of section 265 also
confirms that Congress conferred authority to
prohibit ‘‘the introduction of persons’’ in order to
broaden this provision and that this provision
subsumed but was not limited to the authority to
‘‘suspend immigration[.]’’ Br. for Appellants at 41–
43, Huisha-Huisha v. Mayorkas, 27 F.4th 718 (D.C.
Cir. 2022) (No. 21–5200); see Huisha-Huisha, 27
F.4th at 730–31 (determining plaintiffs not likely to
succeed on their challenge to the CDC Order on the
ground that it improperly suspended migrants’ right
to apply for asylum). Section 265 is a public-health
authority under the Public Health Service Act. Its
grant of authority to allow the CDC to temporarily
suspend immigration laws in case of a public health
emergency has no relevance to the interpretation of
section 212(f), which is in title 8.
56 For similar reasons, section 215(a) of the INA,
8 U.S.C. 1185(a), which the Proclamation also
invokes, does not authorize the President to impose
the condition and limitation on asylum eligibility
created by this rule. Cf. United States ex rel. Knauff
v. Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537, 540–47 (1950)
(holding that under the precursor to section
215(a)(1) of the INA and the presidential
proclamation and regulations issued pursuant to
that provision, which during times of national
emergency made it unlawful for ‘‘any alien to . . .
enter or attempt to . . . enter the United States
except under such reasonable rules, regulations,
and orders, and subject to such limitations and
exceptions as the President shall prescribe[,]’’ the
Attorney General could issue regulations governing
entry during such an emergency to ‘‘deny [certain
noncitizens] a hearing . . . in special cases’’
notwithstanding the ordinary exclusion hearing
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This rule, as discussed in the IFR and
this preamble, is authorized because
Congress has conferred upon the
Secretary and the Attorney General
express rulemaking power to create new
conditions and limitations on asylum
eligibility and create certain procedures
for adjudicating asylum claims. INA
103(a)(1), (a)(3), (g), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1),
(a)(3), (g); INA 208(b)(1)(A), (b)(2)(C),
(d)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(A),
(b)(2)(C), (d)(5)(B); INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), (iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), (iv).
C. Changes From the IFR to Final Rule
The Departments issued the IFR,
effective June 5, 2024, adopting
provisions at 8 CFR 208.13(g), 208.35,
235.15, 1208.13(g), and 1208.35 that
effectuated three key changes to
eligibility for asylum and the expedited
removal process for noncitizens who are
encountered at the southern border
during the emergency border
circumstances giving rise to the
suspension and limitation on entry
under the June 3 Proclamation: (1)
adding a limitation on asylum
eligibility, subject to an exception for
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, that is considered during
credible fear screenings in addition to
its application during adjudications on
the merits; (2) rather than asking
specific questions of every noncitizen
encountered and processed for
expedited removal, providing general
notice regarding the process for seeking
asylum, statutory withholding of
removal, or CAT protection and
referring a noncitizen for a credible fear
interview only if the noncitizen
manifests a fear of return, expresses an
intention to apply for asylum or
protection, or expresses a fear of
persecution or torture or a fear of return
to his or her country or the country of
removal; and (3) for those found not to
have a credible fear of persecution for
asylum purposes because they could not
establish a significant possibility that
they are not subject to or are exempt
from the limitation on asylum
eligibility, screening for potential
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection under a
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard.
Following careful consideration of
public comments received and the
Departments’ experiences implementing
the IFR’s provisions since early June
2024, the Departments have made
provisions governing entry). This does not mean,
however, that the President is prohibited from
invoking section 215(a) as authority to impose
reasonable rules, regulations, and orders on asylum
applicants and asylees, such as travel document
requirements for re-entry and departure controls.
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modifications to the regulatory text
adopted in the IFR, as described below.
The rationale for the provisions adopted
in the IFR and the reasoning provided
in the IFR’s preamble remain valid,
except as distinguished in this
regulatory preamble.
1. Changes to the IFR’s Thresholds
On September 27, 2024, the President
issued a proclamation amending the
June 3 Proclamation. See Presidential
Proclamation of September 27, 2024,
Amending Proclamation 10773
(‘‘September 27 Proclamation’’).
Following the issuance of the IFR, the
Departments have closely monitored its
implementation and results across the
southern border. The Departments
recommended to the President
adjustments to the Proclamation based
on their experiences implementing the
Proclamation and IFR. Following those
recommendations, the President issued
the September 27 Proclamation, which
amended section 2 of the June 3
Proclamation in two ways. First, section
2(a) of the June 3 Proclamation provided
that the suspension and limitation on
entry would be discontinued at 12:01
a.m. eastern time on the date that is 14calendar-days after the Secretary makes
a factual determination that there has
been a 7-consecutive-calendar-day
average of fewer than 1,500 encounters
between POEs. As amended by the
September 27 Proclamation, the 7consecutive-calendar-day average must
remain below 1,500 encounters between
POEs for 28-consecutive-calendar-days
before the 14-calendar-day waiting
period is triggered.57 Second, the
September 27 Proclamation deleted
section 2(c) of the June 3 Proclamation,
which provided that UCs 58 from noncontiguous countries shall not be
included in calculating the number of
encounters for purposes of section 2(a)
and 2(b) of the June 3 Proclamation.
The Departments are implementing
changes in this final rule that parallel
those made in the September 27
Proclamation. Specifically, the
Departments are revising §§ 208.13(g)
and 1208.13(g) to refer to ‘‘the
Presidential Proclamation of June 3,
2024, as defined in paragraph (h) of this
section.’’ Paragraph (h) of each section
now defines ‘‘Presidential Proclamation
of June 3, 2024’’ as referring to
57 As an illustration, for any given day, DHS will
calculate the average number of encounters for that
day and the prior 6 calendar days i.e., the 7consecutive-calendar-day average. If that average
remains below 1,500 for 28 consecutive calendar
days, the 14-day waiting period will begin.
58 In this preamble, as in the Proclamation, the
terms ‘‘unaccompanied children’’ or ‘‘UCs’’ have
the same meaning as the term ‘‘unaccompanied
alien child[ren]’’ under 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2).
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‘‘Proclamation 10773 of June 3, 2024, as
amended by the Presidential
Proclamation of September 27, 2024[ ]’’
for the purpose of §§ 208.13(g), 208.35,
and 235.15 (in the case of § 208.13(h))
and §§ 1208.13(g) and 1208.35 (in the
case of § 1208.13(h)). The Departments
are also making conforming changes in
§§ 208.35, 235.15, and 1208.35. To
ensure that the rule can function even
if the September 27 Proclamation were
rendered inoperative by court order, and
consistent with the September 27
Proclamation, the Departments have
also included a severability clause in
both §§ 208.13(h) and 1208.13(h).
The Departments believe that shifting
to the 28-consecutive-calendar-day
requirement for this rule, in parallel
with the changes made in the September
27 Proclamation, is necessary to ensure
that the rule’s measures discontinue
only once there has been a durable and
sustained decrease in encounters at the
southern border such that the
emergency border circumstances have
in fact abated. Premature and frequent
discontinuations of the rule’s measures,
as discussed below, would increase the
risk of sizeable and disruptive surges
and could undermine the message the
Departments intend the rule to send,
which is to discourage noncitizens from
utilizing irregular migration and the
services of smugglers and TCOs to enter
the United States. In the IFR, the
Departments explained that at 1,500
daily encounters between POEs, ‘‘DHS
would be able to swiftly deliver a
consequence to enough individuals to
meaningfully impact migratory
decisions and deter unlawful entries.’’
89 FR at 48752. The Departments
further explained that ‘‘[t]he 14-day
waiting period prior to a
discontinuation provides time for the
Departments to complete processing of
noncitizens encountered during
emergency border circumstances and to
confirm that a downward trend in
encounters is sustained.’’ 89 FR at
48749 n.248. The changes made here
further both purposes.
Requiring the 7-consecutive-calendarday average to remain below 1,500
encounters for 28 consecutive calendar
days instead of one calendar day will
guard against a circumstance in which
the threshold for discontinuation is met
solely due to a short-term, erratic
decrease (such as a short-term holiday
downturn 59 or a decrease due to an
59 Short-term decreases that are not associated
with changes in the fundamental drivers of
migration have been especially notable during the
end-of-year holiday season. From FY 2013 through
FY 2024, SWB encounters fell by an average of 42
percent in the two weeks between December 23 and
January 5, only to be followed by an average
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extreme weather event) that does not
signal a meaningful reduction in overall
migration pressures. Such short-term
decreases could force the provisions of
the rule to trigger on and off more
frequently, causing operational strain
while also signaling to migrants that
emergency border circumstances are so
temporal and episodic that the rule’s
measures can be avoided by waiting in
Mexico for a short period of time—
which could lead to a cycle of surges
that significantly disrupt border
processing. Moreover, if the
Departments had opted for a
substantially smaller number of
consecutive days, there is a significant
risk that the rule would deactivate due
to a transient drop due to holidays,
weather, or another cause, which can
lead to several weeks of
uncharacteristically low encounters. At
the same time, a 28-day period is still
a short enough period to ensure a timely
response when an actual, sustained
downturn occurs. The Departments
have therefore decided that 28 days
strikes an appropriate balance.
The Departments’ experience since
the IFR’s implementation has informed
their view that the limited changes
made by this rule are necessary to
provide greater assurance that a
decrease is likely to be sustained and to
guard against costly toggling of the rule
when a brief decrease proves not to be
sustained. For one thing, this experience
highlights the risk that under an
approach that looks only to a 7consecutive-calendar-day average, the
rule might discontinue even though a
reduction is unlikely to be sustained.
Comparing the week ending June 4,
2024, to the week ending August 31,
2024, the Departments observed (as
expected) a significant decrease in
encounters at the southern border, but
Mexico’s government reported a much
smaller decrease in encounters within
Mexico.60 This trend suggests that even
increase of 41 percent in the two weeks between
January 5 and January 18. See OHSS analysis of July
2024 Persist Dataset (USBP Encounters—Holiday
Dip tab). Although the January rebound was less
dramatic in 2023 and 2024, this historic pattern
suggests that if average encounters heading into the
holidays are even as low as the mid-2000s—well
above the intended threshold for discontinuation of
emergency circumstances—a short-term decrease
could push the 7-day average number of encounters
below 1,500 even though the fundamental drivers
of high levels of migration have not changed. A
metric based on a 7-day average would trigger a
discontinuation of emergency circumstances in this
scenario, but the likely January rebound means a
28-day metric would not.
60 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024, and data provided by
the Government of Mexico as of August 31, 2024
(Mexican Enforcement tab) (showing that
comparing the week ending June 4, 2024, to the
week ending August 31, 2024, total Mexican
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though the IFR has affected incentives
for migrants to try to cross the U.S.
border, migrants continue to travel
towards the U.S. border in large
numbers, and that even if the 7consecutive-calendar-day average
dropped below 1,500 encounters, that
drop likely would not be sustained
given the large and growing population
of migrants in Mexico who could
relatively quickly reach the U.S. border.
Moreover, if the IFR’s provisions did
deactivate, that large and growing
population in Mexico would be a ready
target for smugglers and TCOs,
increasing the risk of a surge following
a discontinuation that does not reflect a
truly sustained decrease in migration
flows.
Adding this rule’s 28-consecutive-day
requirement reduces those concerns by
providing for greater stability. With that
change, the rule’s provisions will not be
discontinued unless there has been a 7consecutive-calendar-day average of less
than 1,500 encounters that is sustained
over a period of 28 days. The
Departments expect that this change,
coupled with the IFR’s 14-day waiting
period after the Secretary makes the
factual determination necessary to
discontinue the suspension and
limitation on asylum eligibility, will
reduce any perceived incentive to
remain close to the U.S.-Mexico border
in anticipation of a rapid change in
policy. Although the Departments
recognize that this change does not
eliminate the risk of the rule
discontinuing even when regional
migration flows remain high, they assess
that this rule’s approach better balances
this risk against this rule’s purpose as an
exceptional measure to address
emergency border circumstances that
should not apply when encounters have
fallen for a sustained period. The
Departments further discuss later in this
subsection why the rule’s approach
appropriately balances those
considerations.
The Departments’ concern is also
consistent with some of the public
comments received on the IFR. For
instance, one commenter remarked that
some migrants had concluded that they
should congregate near the border in
preparation for the Proclamation and
IFR’s measures to discontinue. Other
commenters expressed concern
regarding potential misunderstandings
about the threshold for discontinuation.
Given the reality that a surge remains
possible, the Departments seek to avoid
a situation where the emergency
enforcement apprehensions dropped 19 percent,
while total U.S. Border Patrol (‘‘USBP’’) encounters
dropped 48 percent).
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measures in this rule are discontinued
prematurely.
The Departments note that the
existing 14-day waiting period before
discontinuation once this threshold is
reached will continue to help the
Departments complete processing of
noncitizens encountered during
emergency border circumstances and to
confirm that a sustained downward
trend in encounters has been achieved.
See 89 FR at 48749 n.248. At the same
time, under the prior standard for
discontinuation, a rapid shift between
discontinuing and reactivating the rule’s
provisions would remain possible.61
Such a shift would pose significant
operational challenges.
Experience with the IFR suggests that
rapidly switching between the rule’s
provisions discontinuing and
reactivating would result in harmful
operational burdens. For instance, upon
implementation of the Proclamation and
IFR, the Departments had to prioritize
processing of individuals encountered
prior to June 5. Therefore, USBP was
unable to immediately maximize
processing of the desired number of
noncitizens through expedited
removals.62 USBP took 6 days to ramp
up processing for expedited removal
under the IFR, from about 60 encounters
processed under the rule on June 5 to
about 1,500 on June 10, which was the
first day that a majority of encounters
were processed for expedited removal
under the rule.63 Similarly, USBP
released an average of about 930 postJune 4 encounters per day between June
5 and June 17, including 8 days of over
1,000 releases, before releases fell to an
average of about 510 per day between
June 18 and August 31, including an
average of about 410 per day in
August.64 And although ICE repatriated
approximately 38,500 single adults and
members of family units from June 5
through July 31, 2024, only around
61 From FY 2013 through FY 2019, there were
2,014 days where the 7-consecutive-calendar-day
average of USBP encounters (including encounters
of UCs from non-contiguous countries) was below
1,500. OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Trigger Analysis tab). Of those 2,014 days, 1,813
days (90 percent of the total) were also part of a
period of time when the 7-consecutive-calendar-day
average had remained below 1,500 for 28
consecutive days. Id. Thus, considering
hypothetical lower-bound thresholds for the period
FY 2013 through FY 2019, switching from the IFR’s
approach to this rule’s approach would have
reduced the number of below-threshold days by
only 10 percent. Id. While it is too early in the postIFR period to know the precise reduction in
volatility it has brought about, requiring the 7-day
average to remain below 1,500 encounters for 28
consecutive days may have a broadly similar effect.
62 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (IFR Ramp Up tab).
63 Id.
64 Id.
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15,400 (40 percent) of them were
encountered by USBP after June 4,
2024.65 The rest were pre-June 5th
USBP SWB encounters and pre- and
post-June 5th Office of Field Operations
(‘‘OFO’’) encounters (39 percent) or nonSWB encounters and interior
enforcement (21 percent).66 USCIS did
not complete its first credible fear
interview under the IFR until June 9,
2024, and completed an average of
about 20 interviews per day for the first
two weeks after June 4, compared to an
average of roughly 330 per day in the
month of August.67 EOIR did not
conduct its first review of an adverse
credible fear determination under the
IFR until June 11, 2024, and averaged
approximately 9 reviews per day in the
first 3 weeks after June 4 compared to
an average of about 90 per day in
August.68 The lag between the rule’s
activation and the Departments’ ability
to fully avail themselves of the rule’s
efficiencies means that when the
provisions of the rule discontinue and
then reactivate, the Departments’
abilities to deliver timely decisions and
consequences consistent with the rule’s
purpose may be unnecessarily impaired.
In addition, although the Departments
continue to believe that the burden of
shifting between applying this rule and
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule is warranted when there has been
a sustained reduction in irregular
migration, such a burden is much
harder to justify in the context of a
short-lived reduction in encounters
followed by very high levels of
encounters. For instance, USCIS
required time to provide training,
procedures, and guidance to the field
before its staff could process credible
fear referrals under the IFR.
Additionally, EOIR required time to
ensure IJs have sufficient docket
capacity for any increase in credible fear
reviews in response to any increased
number of expedited removal cases.
EOIR also required time to provide
training to IJs who conduct credible fear
reviews or who adjudicate cases
involving individuals who enter the
United States while the Proclamation
and rule are in effect. To be sure,
subsequent reactivation of the rule’s
measures will be easier given that the
Departments’ personnel will have
become familiar with the rule’s
provisions. Nonetheless, reactivation
will always require resources and
65 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset (IFR
Ramp Up tab).
66 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (IFR Ramp Up tab).
67 Id.
68 Id.
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coordination within the workforce
necessitating the need to ensure that
discontinuations and reactivations do
not occur with undue frequency.69
The Departments have also
determined that it is appropriate and
necessary to include UCs from noncontiguous countries in the encounter
calculations relevant to discontinuing
and continuing or reactivating the
provisions of this rule, in parallel with
the changes made in the September 27
Proclamation. Under the June 3
Proclamation and the IFR, the
thresholds for such discontinuation and
continuation or reactivation did not
include encounters of such UCs. But as
some commenters on the IFR correctly
noted, excluding such encounters
results in an unrealistic assessment of
the Departments’ resources and
capabilities. All UCs (regardless of
whether they came from a contiguous
country or a non-contiguous country)
require a greater proportion of resources
to process and hold safely in CBP
facilities and merit inclusion in the
threshold calculations to accurately
reflect this reality. For example, UCs in
CBP custody generally must be referred
to the Department of Health and Human
Services’ Office of Refugee Resettlement
and transferred to its care within 72
hours after determining that the
noncitizen is a UC, absent exceptional
circumstances. 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(3); see
also 6 U.S.C. 279. Because of this, UCs
are generally prioritized for processing
in CBP facilities. The processing and
treatment of UCs also include a number
of other unique legal and policy
requirements, such as conducting a
thorough screening for trafficking and
any claims of fear of return.70 During
their time in custody, UCs receive
medical screenings and childappropriate activities and humanitarian
supplies. They also must generally be
held separately from unrelated adults,
impacting CBP’s holding capacity. This
means that DHS must expend resources
to quickly process, refer, and transfer
UCs to the Office of Refugee
Resettlement’s care. This timeconsuming and resource-intensive
process must always be followed for
69 The Departments acknowledge that they have
not made a similar change to require 28 consecutive
days of a 7-day average of encounters above 2,500
for the rule’s provisions to be reactivated. The
absence of a similar requirement prior to
reactivation reflects the operational exigencies in a
circumstance where there has been a 7-consecutivecalendar-day average of more than 2,500
encounters. See 89 FR at 48749 n.248. The
Departments have determined that those
operational exigencies require the rule’s provisions
to be reactivated and outweigh the resources and
coordination that reactivation requires.
70 See 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(2)(A)(ii).
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UCs encountered at the southern border,
regardless of whether emergency border
circumstances are present.
In addition, UCs who are nationals or
habitual residents of a contiguous
country may, in certain circumstances,
be permitted to withdraw their
applications for admission and
voluntarily return to their respective
countries of nationality or habitual
residence. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(2). To
determine whether such an outcome is
permissible, such UCs are screened for
indicators of trafficking or credible
evidence that they are at risk of being
trafficked upon return, whether they are
able to make an independent decision to
withdraw their applications, and
whether they have any fear of return
owing to a credible fear of persecution.
See 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(2)(A), (a)(4).
However, as a matter of longstanding
policy, CBP screens all UCs—even those
from non-contiguous countries—in this
manner.
Because one of the primary purposes
of the rule is to alleviate undue strain
on the limited resources of the border
security and immigration systems, the
Departments found that they must
consider the operational burden that
results from all UC encounters at the
border. That is why UC encounters from
all countries, not just from contiguous
countries, should be considered by the
Secretary when making a factual
determination that average daily
encounters at the southern border have
exceeded or fallen below the requisite
thresholds contained in the rule and the
Proclamation.
Also informing the Departments’
decision to reconsider the IFR’s
approach is that in recent months,
encounters of UCs from non-contiguous
countries have grown relative to other
encounters. That growth, which adds
operational burdens separate from those
inherent in the processing of
individuals for expedited removal,
increases the distorting effects of
excluding these UCs. Specifically, the
Departments had observed from June
2023 through May 2024 that rates of
encounters of UCs from non-contiguous
countries had generally accounted for
about 6.5 percent of total encounters of
all non-contiguous nationalities, and
comprised about 15 percent of
encounters of nationals of El Salvador,
Guatemala, and Honduras.71 However,
while encounters of UCs from noncontiguous countries have decreased in
absolute terms since June 2024, such
71 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (USBP Encounters by Fam Status
tab).
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encounters have not decreased in
proportion with the decreases seen
among single adults and individuals in
family units. Rather, the UCs’ share of
total non-contiguous encounters has
increased to 8.9 percent, including 24
percent of all encounters of nationals of
El Salvador, Guatemala, and
Honduras.72 As a result, the share of
total encounters attributable to UCs
from non-contiguous countries
increased from 4.6 percent from June
2023 to May 2024 to 6.4 percent from
June 2024 to August 2024, and the share
of all UCs increased from 6.2 percent to
9.4 percent.73
With the two changes just described,
the rule will continue to serve the
purposes that the IFR pursued from the
start. First, the rule continues to target
emergency border circumstances
exceeding the Departments’ capacity to
effectively process, detain, and remove,
as appropriate, the noncitizens
encountered; Section III.D.1 of this
preamble describes why the rule’s
thresholds continue to reflect those
circumstances, accounting for the
inclusion of UCs from non-contiguous
countries.
Second, the rule will continue to
deactivate when a decrease in
encounters means that those emergency
border circumstances no longer exist.
Although the change to require that the
7-consecutive-calendar-day average
must remain below 1,500 encounters for
28 consecutive days appropriately
ensures that the rule does not deactivate
prematurely, the rule will continue to
deactivate where a decrease is likely to
be genuinely sustained. Encounter
levels are driven by a variety of factors,
many of which are external to the
United States and difficult to predict,
such as natural disasters, economic
changes, and political instability.
However, the Departments believe,
based on past experience, that the
Departments may experience an average
daily encounter rate below 1,500 for 28
consecutive days. In fact, from FY 2013
through FY 2019, the 7-consecutivecalendar-day USBP encounter average
was below 1,500 encounters for 28
consecutive days 71 percent of the
72 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (USBP Encounters by Fam Status
tab). While the monthly average single adult
encounters fell 53 percent between June 2023–May
2024 and June 2024–August 2024, and the monthly
average number of encounters of individuals in
family units fell 69 percent, encounters of noncontiguous UCs fell just 42 percent, and encounters
of UCs overall fell just 37 percent. Id.
73 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (USBP Encounters by Fam status
tab).
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81167
time.74 Even since the IFR was
promulgated, encounters have dropped
to levels indicating that the threshold in
section 2(a) of the Proclamation will be
met if migration dynamics change for a
sustained period. If, consistent with the
June 3 Proclamation, one excludes UCs
from non-contiguous countries, the
Departments have observed 40 separate
days between June 5, 2024, and August
31, 2024, with encounters within 15
percent of 1,500 (i.e., below 1,725).75
And if, consistent with the September
27 Proclamation, one includes such
UCs, the Departments have observed 15
such days.76 These single-day figures
suggest that the threshold for
discontinuation, as revised, will be met
if migration dynamics change for a
sustained period.
2. Clarifying Changes to Regulatory Text
This final rule also makes clarifying
changes to the regulatory text. In
§§ 208.35(b)(2) and 1208.35(b)(2)(iii),
the Departments removed from the
definition of ‘‘reasonable probability’’
the clause: ‘‘that the alien would be
persecuted because of his or her race,
religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group or political
opinion, or tortured, with respect to the
designated country or countries of
removal.’’ The Departments believe that
the remaining definition of ‘‘reasonable
probability’’—‘‘substantially more than
a reasonable possibility, but somewhat
less than more likely than not’’—
accurately defines the reasonable
probability standard. The deleted clause
describes what the AO or IJ is assessing
for rather than what the standard means,
so it need not be part of the standard’s
definition.
3. Other Technical Changes
The final rule also implements two
technical changes. First, the rule
replaces the term ‘‘alien’’ with
‘‘noncitizen’’ where it appears in 8 CFR
1208.35. See 8 CFR 1001.1(gg). Second,
the rule amends 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i)(C)
and 1208.35(a)(2)(i)(C) as well as the
provisions of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule at 8 CFR
208.33(a)(3)(i)(C) and 1208.33(a)(3)(i)(C)
to update the cross-references to the
definition of ‘‘victim of a severe form of
trafficking in persons.’’ Specifically, the
rule replaces the cross-references to 8
74 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset (Trigger Analysis tab). The Departments rely
on data from FY 2013 through FY 2019 and not data
from the pandemic period given the unique
circumstances dictating migratory trends during the
latter time.
75 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (Section 2c Encounters
tab).
76 See id.
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CFR 214.11 with cross-references to 8
CFR 214.201. This change recognizes
that on August 28, 2024, after the
Departments published the IFR, DHS’s
rule Classification for Victims of Severe
Forms of Trafficking in Persons;
Eligibility for ‘‘T’’ Nonimmigrant Status,
89 FR 34864 (Apr. 30, 2024),77 became
effective, which moved the definition of
‘‘victim of a severe form of trafficking in
persons’’ from § 214.11 to § 214.201. See
id. at 34931–32.
D. Rule Provisions
The rule contains the following key
provisions:
• The rule applies to certain
individuals who seek asylum, statutory
withholding of removal, or CAT
protection during emergency border
circumstances giving rise to this rule
and to the suspension and limitation on
entry under the June 3 Proclamation, as
amended by the September 27
Proclamation. See 8 CFR 208.13(g),
208.35, 235.15, 1208.13(g), 1208.35.
• The rule establishes that those who
enter across the southern border during
emergency border circumstances and
who are not described in section 3(b) of
the June 3 Proclamation will be
ineligible for asylum unless they
demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that exceptionally compelling
circumstances exist, including if the
noncitizen demonstrates that they or a
member of their family as described in
8 CFR 208.30(c) with whom they are
traveling: (1) faced an acute medical
emergency; (2) faced an imminent and
extreme threat to life or safety, such as
an imminent threat of rape, kidnapping,
torture, or murder; or (3) satisfied the
definition of ‘‘victim of a severe form of
trafficking in persons’’ provided in 8
CFR 214.201. See 8 CFR 208.13(g),
208.35(a), 1208.13(g), 1208.35(a).
Exceptionally compelling circumstances
may also be established for noncitizens
in section 240 removal proceedings or
the asylum merits interview (‘‘AMI’’)
process under specified conditions to
ensure family unity. See 8 CFR
208.35(c), 1208.35(c).
• The rule also establishes that,
during emergency border circumstances,
rather than asking specific questions of
every noncitizen encountered and
processed for expedited removal to
elicit whether the noncitizen may have
a fear of persecution or an intent to
apply for asylum, for those who enter
across the southern border and are not
described in section 3(b) of the June 3
Proclamation, DHS will provide general
notice regarding the process for seeking
77 See also 89 FR 68081 (Aug. 23, 2024) (making
corrections).
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asylum, statutory withholding of
removal, and protection under the CAT
and will refer a noncitizen for a credible
fear interview only if the noncitizen
manifests a fear of return, expresses an
intention to apply for asylum or
protection, or expresses a fear of
persecution or torture or a fear of return
to their country or the country of
removal. See 8 CFR 235.15.
• The limitation on asylum eligibility
will be applied during credible fear
interviews and reviews, and those who
enter across the southern border during
emergency border circumstances and
are not described in section 3(b) of the
June 3 Proclamation will receive a
negative credible fear determination
with respect to their asylum claim
unless there is a significant possibility
that the noncitizen would ultimately be
able to demonstrate by a preponderance
of the evidence that the limitation does
not apply or that they meet an
exception. Such noncitizens will
thereafter be screened for a reasonable
probability of persecution because of a
protected ground or torture, a higher
standard than that applied to
noncitizens in a similar posture under
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule. The ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard is defined to mean
substantially more than a ‘‘reasonable
possibility’’ but somewhat less than
more likely than not. 8 CFR 208.35(b),
1208.35(b).
E. Severability
As stated in 8 CFR 208.13(h),
208.35(b)(3), 208.35(e), 235.15(g),
1208.13(h), 1208.35(b)(4), and
1208.35(e), the Departments intend for
the provisions of the rule to be severable
from each other and to be given effect
to the maximum extent possible, such
that if a court holds that any provision
is invalid or unenforceable as to a
particular person or circumstance, the
other provisions will remain in effect as
to any other person or
circumstance.78 See 89 FR at 48757–59.
During emergency border
circumstances, the Departments’
abilities to refer and safely process
noncitizens through expedited removal
is overwhelmed and prevents the border
security and immigration systems from
delivering timely decisions and
consequences to noncitizens arriving at
the southern border. See 89 FR at 48714.
Consequently, each provision of the rule
78 Courts have uniformly held that the
Administrative Procedure Act (‘‘APA’’), 5 U.S.C.
706(2), authorizes courts to sever and set aside
‘‘only the offending parts of the rule.’’ Carlson v.
Postal Regulatory Comm’n, 938 F.3d 337, 351 (D.C.
Cir. 2019); see, e.g., K Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc.,
486 U.S. 281, 294 (1988).
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is designed to function sensibly without
the others, and the Departments intend
for them to be severable so that each can
operate independently.
For example, the Departments intend
for the ‘‘reasonable probability’’
screening standard to be used—even in
the absence of a limitation on asylum
eligibility, the manifestation of fear
procedures, or the Proclamation—to
screen for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection claims if a
noncitizen was otherwise unable to
establish a credible fear of persecution
for asylum purposes due to the Lawful
Pathways rebuttable presumption. 8
CFR 208.35(b)(3), 1208.35(b)(4); see 8
CFR 208.35(b)(2), (e), 1208.35(b)(2), (e),
235.15(g); 89 FR at 48757. That
approach ensures that, during
emergency border circumstances, the
Departments will continue to be able to
benefit from the higher screening
standard, even without the limitation on
asylum eligibility this rule adopts.
To maintain operational flexibility,
DHS similarly intends for manifestation
of fear procedures under 8 CFR 235.15
to remain in effect, even without a
limitation on asylum eligibility, the
reasonable probability standard, or the
Proclamation. See 8 CFR 235.15(g). As
with the reasonable probability
standard, allowing for the continued use
of the manifestation of fear provisions
absent the other portions of the rule or
Proclamation ensures that such a tool
remains available to the Departments
during emergency border circumstances.
Finally, the Departments intend for
the limitation on asylum eligibility to be
severable from the manifestation of fear
procedures, the reasonable probability
standard, and the Proclamation because
the limitation on asylum eligibility
operates independently of those
provisions and the Proclamation, and in
the absence of those tools would
likewise continue to be an important
tool for addressing emergency border
circumstances at the southern border.
See 8 CFR 208.35(e), 1208.35(e).
III. Public Comments and Responses
The Departments received 1,067
comments on the IFR, the majority of
which expressed opposition. A range of
governmental and non-governmental
entities, public officials, and private
persons submitted comments. The
Departments summarize and respond to
the public comments below.
A. Legal Authority and Background
1. Legality Concerns
a. General Comments on Domestic Law
Comment: Commenters asserted that
the rule violates domestic law and
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emphasized that U.S. law allows
noncitizens to apply for asylum
regardless of where they entered the
United States. Some commenters
described a fundamental right to apply
for asylum for anyone inside the United
States and stated that analysis of an
asylum application should focus on the
applicant’s reasonable fear of
persecution rather than manner of entry,
criticizing what a commenter
characterized as a categorical exclusion
of those ‘‘apprehended between ports of
entry from asylum eligibility, barring
narrow exceptions.’’ Commenters
asserted that entering the United States
either through a POE or across the
southern border between POEs and
asking for asylum constitutes a ‘‘lawful
pathway.’’ Other commenters stated that
the Departments should not and cannot
categorically deny asylum for reasons
unrelated to the merits of the claim
itself. One commenter claimed that the
rule effectively closes the border and
asserted that closing the border is
unconstitutional.
Although some commenters agreed
that the rule is within the scope of the
Departments’ authority and is consistent
with the INA, other commenters
claimed that the rule would violate the
Refugee Act of 1980 and the INA,
specifically section 208 of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1158. Commenters claimed that
the rule conflicts with the plain
language of these provisions, which
permit a noncitizen ‘‘physically present
in the United States’’ to apply for
asylum. Refugee Act of 1980, 94 Stat. at
105; INA 208(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(1).
Commenters asserted that the INA does
not require those seeking protection to
apply before entering or at a POE or to
schedule an appointment through a
website or app in order to make an
application, but instead allows
applications from anywhere along the
border. Commenters also stated that,
although Congress gave the Attorney
General and the Secretary authority to
impose additional limitations on asylum
eligibility, such limitations must be
consistent with legislation and
congressional intent. Along the same
lines, a commenter stated that the IFR
undermines the separation of powers
between Congress and the Executive
Branch because it is Congress, not the
Executive Branch, that enacts laws, and
the IFR rewrites the INA.
Response: The Departments disagree
that this rule is inconsistent with U.S.
law or congressional intent. The rule
does not effectively close the border,
require the Departments to turn away
migrants at the southern border, or
categorically deny all asylum
applications filed by noncitizens who
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enter the United States across the
southern border. Nor does the rule
prohibit any noncitizen from seeking
protection solely because of the manner
or location of their entry into the United
States. Rather, the rule is a limitation on
asylum eligibility, as authorized by
sections 208(b)(2)(C) and (d)(5)(B) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C) and
(d)(5)(B), and the Departments’ other
discretionary authorities, e.g., sections
103(a)(3), (g)(2), and 208(b)(1)(A) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(3), (g)(2), and
1158(b)(1)(A). Given these authorities
for the Departments to act, the
Departments disagree that the IFR (or
the final rule) violates the principle of
separation of powers.
The rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility does not prevent anyone from
pursuing a claim for asylum, nor does
it categorically foreclose eligibility for
asylum. The Departments have
authority to impose limitations on
asylum eligibility. As explained above,
the INA authorizes the Secretary and the
Attorney General to establish, by
regulation, ‘‘additional limitations and
conditions, consistent with’’ section
208, under which a noncitizen ‘‘shall be
ineligible for asylum.’’ INA 208(b)(2)(C),
8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C); see also INA
208(d)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(5)(B)
(authorizing the Secretary and the
Attorney General to ‘‘provide by
regulation for any other conditions or
limitations on the consideration of an
application for asylum not inconsistent
with [the INA]’’). And section
208(b)(1)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(A), authorizes the Secretary
or the Attorney General to grant asylum
in their discretion. The INA also
provides the Secretary and the Attorney
General authority to publish regulations
governing their respective roles
regarding apprehension, inspection and
admission, detention and removal,
withholding of removal, deferral of
removal, and release of noncitizens
encountered in the interior of the
United States or at or between POEs.
See INA 103(a)(3), (g)(2),
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), (B)(iv), (C),
241(a)(3), (d)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(3),
(g)(2), 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), (B)(iv), (C),
1231(a)(3), (d)(2)(B); see also INA
208(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(A).
Consistent with these authorities, the
Departments have promulgated other
limitations or conditions on asylum
eligibility, including some provisions
that Congress later adopted and codified
in the INA. See Aliens and Nationality;
Refugee and Asylum Procedures, 45 FR
37392, 37392 (June 2, 1980) (imposing
firm resettlement bar); Aliens and
Nationality; Asylum and Withholding of
Deportation Procedures, 55 FR 30674,
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30678, 30683 (July 27, 1990)
(promulgating 8 CFR 208.14(c) (1990),
which provided for mandatory
regulatory bars to asylum for those
convicted in the United States of a
particularly serious crime or those who
constitute a danger to the security of the
United States while retaining a prior
regulatory bar to asylum for noncitizens
who were firmly resettled in a third
country prior to arriving in the United
States); Asylum Procedures, 65 FR
76121, 76134 (Dec. 6, 2000) (providing
that an applicant does not have a wellfounded fear of persecution if they
could avoid persecution by internally
relocating); see also, e.g., Afriyie v.
Holder, 613 F.3d 924, 934–36 (9th Cir.
2010) (discussing internal relocation),
overruled on other grounds by BringasRodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051
(9th Cir. 2017) (en banc); Yang v. INS,
79 F.3d 932, 935–36 (9th Cir. 1996)
(holding that the regulatory firm
resettlement limitation was a
permissible exercise of the Attorney
General’s authority under the asylum
statute). Restraining the Departments’
authority to promulgate additional
limitations and conditions on the ability
to establish eligibility for asylum
consistent with section 208 of the INA,
8 U.S.C. 1158, would be contrary to
Congress’ intent that the Departments’
only constraint be that additional
limitations and conditions are
consistent with section 208, 8 U.S.C.
1158, and ‘‘this chapter.’’ INA
208(b)(2)(C), (d)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(C), (d)(5)(B); see also DHS v.
Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. 103, 112 (2020)
(recognizing that the ‘‘theme’’ of the
Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
(‘‘IIRIRA’’) ‘‘was to protect the
Executive’s discretion from undue
interference by the courts’’ (alteration
and internal quotation marks omitted));
R–S–C v. Sessions, 869 F.3d 1176, 1187
(10th Cir. 2017) (reasoning that the
‘‘delegation of authority’’ in section
208(b)(2)(C) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(C), ‘‘means that Congress was
prepared to accept administrative
dilution’’ of section 208(a)(1) of the INA,
8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(1)); INS v. CardozaFonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 444–45 (1987);
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways, 88
FR 11704, 11740 (Feb. 23, 2023).
The rule is within the scope of the
Departments’ authority and does not
conflict with the statutory requirement
that noncitizens ‘‘physically present in
the United States’’ be permitted to apply
for asylum because it adds a limitation
on asylum eligibility as permitted under
section 208(b)(2)(C) and (d)(5)(B) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C) and
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(d)(5)(B). The limitation is not a
sweeping categorical bar that would
preclude a grant of asylum solely based
on manner of entry, which some courts
have found to conflict with section
208(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(1).
E.g., East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v.
Biden (East Bay III), 993 F.3d 640, 669–
70 (9th Cir. 2021) (concluding that a
prior regulation that enacted a bar on
asylum eligibility for those who entered
the United States between designated
POEs was ‘‘effectively a categorical ban’’
on migrants based on their method of
entering the United States, in conflict
with section 208(a)(1) of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1158(a)(1)).
Under this rule—and contrary to
commenter assertions—manner of entry
alone is never dispositive. Rather, the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
does not apply if a noncitizen
establishes that exceptionally
compelling circumstances exist. See 8
CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i). The
rule provides that such exceptionally
compelling circumstances include
where the noncitizen, or a family
member with whom they are traveling,
faced an acute medical emergency;
faced an imminent and extreme threat to
life or safety, such as an imminent
threat of rape, kidnapping, torture, or
murder; or was a victim of a severe form
of trafficking in persons. 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i).
Specifically, the limitation at issue
here turns on whether—during the
emergency border circumstances
described in the Proclamation and this
rule—an individual has followed the
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways that
the United States Government has
established, or shown exceptionally
compelling circumstances, when it is
essential that noncitizens use such
pathways to ensure the Government’s
ability to manage the border.
Limitations and conditions on asylum
eligibility do not need to directly relate
to whether a noncitizen satisfies the
definition of a ‘‘refugee’’ within the
meaning of section 101(a)(42)(A) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42)(A), but
instead can embrace policy
considerations that justify a finding of
ineligibility. See, e.g., Zheng v.
Mukasey, 509 F.3d 869, 871 (8th Cir.
2007) (noting that IIRIRA included
several provisions, including the oneyear bar, ‘‘intended to reduce delays and
curb perceived abuses in removal
proceedings’’); Ali v. Reno, 237 F.3d
591, 594 (6th Cir. 2001) (recognizing
that asylum law ‘‘was never intended to
open the United States to refugees who
had found shelter in another nation and
had begun to build new lives’’ (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted));
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Matter of Negusie, 28 I&N Dec. 120, 125
(A.G. 2020) (discussing the persecutor
bar, and noting that Congress intended
to make ‘‘certain forms of immigration
relief,’’ including asylum, ‘‘unavailable
to persecutors’’), stayed by Matter of
Negusie, 28 I&N Dec. 399, 399 (A.G.
2021); Singh v. Nelson, 623 F. Supp.
545, 556 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) (‘‘[A]ttempting
to discourage people from entering the
United States without permission . . .
provides a rational basis for
distinguishing among categories’’ of
noncitizens who are not lawfully
present.).
In sum, as with other conditions and
limitations imposed by section 208(b)(2)
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2), this rule
is grounded in important policy
objectives, including providing those
with meritorious asylum claims an
opportunity to have their claims heard
in a timely fashion, preventing an
increased flow of migrants arriving at
the southern border that will overwhelm
the Departments’ ability to provide safe
and orderly processing, and reducing
the role of exploitative TCOs and
smugglers. In seeking to enhance the
overall functioning of the immigration
system and to improve processing of
asylum applications, the Departments
are, in the exercise of their authority to
promulgate limitations on asylum
eligibility and in recognition of the
limited resources provided by Congress,
electing to implement a limitation on
asylum eligibility that places greater
weight on manner of entry. This
limitation on asylum eligibility is
expected to disincentivize irregular
migration by those unlikely to establish
exceptionally compelling circumstances
during times when encounters exceed
certain benchmarks and therefore
challenge the Departments’ ability to
swiftly process single adults and
individuals in family units encountered
by USBP at the SWB through expedited
removal. See Section II.A.2 of this
preamble for further discussion of the
Departments’ experience with the IFR.
Comment: Commenters claim that the
rule violates the principles of nonrefoulement and nondiscrimination in
the Refugee Act and other U.S. laws.
Some commenters claimed the rule
conflicts with congressional intent to
create a uniform procedure for
noncitizens applying for asylum
regardless of manner of entry.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the rule conflicts with U.S. law or
congressional intent. The rule does not
violate the principles of nonrefoulement and nondiscrimination.
And the rule does not conflict with
what commenters describe as a
congressional intent to create a uniform
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procedure for noncitizens applying for
asylum. See Cazun v. Att’y Gen. U.S.,
856 F.3d 249, 258 (3d Cir. 2017). The
Departments may create additional
substantive limitations and conditions
on asylum eligibility—as Congress itself
has done, and as Congress expressly
authorized the Departments to do. INA
208(b)(2)(A), (b)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(A), (b)(2)(C). Moreover, all
noncitizens to whom the rule applies
are subject to the same procedures for
adjudicating their asylum claims as
those who are not subject to the rule.
The United States has implemented its
non-refoulement obligations through
section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3) (which is referred to as
statutory withholding of removal) and
the regulations implementing U.S.
obligations under Article 3 of the CAT
at 8 CFR 208.16(c), 208.17, 208.18,
1208.16(c), 1208.17, and 1208.18. The
INA’s provision in section 208, 8 U.S.C.
1158, for the discretionary granting of
asylum instead aligns with Article 34 of
the Refugee Convention, which is
precatory and does not require any
signatory to actually grant asylum to all
those who are eligible. See, e.g.,
Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 441.
Comment: Commenters asserted that,
under Matter of Pula, 19 I&N Dec. 467
(BIA 1987), manner of entry may not be
the dispositive factor in deciding
whether a noncitizen is eligible for
asylum. Similarly, commenters argued
that Matter of Pula is binding precedent
and precludes consideration of manner
of entry over all other factors. A
commenter claimed that manner of
entry can only be considered in
determining whether a noncitizen
merits asylum as a matter of discretion
and not in determining whether the
noncitizen is eligible for asylum.
Response: The rule is consistent with
historical consideration of manner of
entry as a relevant factor in considering
whether to grant asylum as a matter of
discretion. In Matter of Pula, the BIA
identified—as relevant factors as to
whether a noncitizen warrants the
favorable exercise of discretion in
granting asylum—the noncitizen’s
‘‘circumvention of orderly refugee
procedures,’’ including their ‘‘manner of
entry or attempted entry’’; whether they
‘‘passed through any other countries or
arrived in the United States directly’’;
‘‘whether orderly refugee procedures
were in fact available to help’’ in any
transit countries; and whether they
‘‘made any attempts to seek asylum
before coming to the United States.’’ 19
I&N Dec. at 473–74. The BIA explained
that section 208(a) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1158(a), required the Attorney General
to establish procedures for adjudicating
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applications filed by any noncitizen,
‘‘irrespective of such alien’s status,’’ but
the BIA did not preclude consideration
of the manner of entry in assessing
whether to grant asylum. Id. at 473. The
BIA also stated that while the manner of
entry could ‘‘be a serious adverse factor,
. . . it should not be considered in such
a way that the practical effect is to deny
relief in virtually all cases.’’ Id. at 473.
The BIA cautioned against placing ‘‘too
much emphasis on the circumvention of
orderly refugee procedures’’ as ‘‘the
danger of persecution should generally
outweigh all but the most egregious of
adverse factors.’’ Id. at 473–74.
While the Departments acknowledge
that the rule places greater weight on
manner of entry under certain
emergency circumstances, this decadesold precedent establishes that the
Departments can permissibly take into
account manner of entry. Both how
much weight to place on that factor and
whether to do so in weighing asylum
eligibility fall well within the broad
discretion conferred on the Departments
by section 208(b)(2)(C) of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C). Cf. Lopez v. Davis,
531 U.S. 230, 243–44 (2001)
(government can rely on rulemaking to
‘‘resolve certain issues of general
applicability unless Congress clearly
expresses an intent to withhold that
authority’’ (quoting Am. Hosp. Ass’n v.
NLRB, 499 U.S. 606, 612 (1991)); Reno
v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 313 (1993)
(noting that INS need not ‘‘forswear use
of reasonable presumptions and generic
rules’’ even where the statute ‘‘requires
some level of individualized
determination’’ (citations and quotation
marks omitted)).
Under this rule, manner of entry,
standing alone, is never dispositive.
Rather, the limitation at issue here turns
on whether—during the emergency
border circumstances described in the
Proclamation and this rule—an
individual has followed the lawful, safe,
and orderly pathways that the United
States has established when it is
essential that noncitizens use such
pathways to ensure the United States’
ability to manage the border. And even
during these situations, the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility does not
apply if a noncitizen establishes that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
exist. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i),
1208.35(a)(2)(i). The rule provides that
such exceptionally compelling
circumstances include where the
noncitizen, or a family member with
whom they are traveling, faced an acute
medical emergency; faced an imminent
and extreme threat to life or safety, such
as an imminent threat of rape,
kidnapping, torture, or murder; or was
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a victim of a severe form of trafficking
in persons. 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i),
1208.35(a)(2)(i).
In line with Matter of Pula, then, the
rule considers factors other than manner
of entry. And, like Matter of Pula, this
rule provides for consideration of
manner of entry in assessing eligibility
for some asylum seekers in ‘‘a way that
the practical effect is’’ not ‘‘to deny
relief in virtually all cases.’’ 19 I&N Dec.
at 473. Rather, the manner of entry
reduces the availability of relief only in
limited circumstances—during
emergency border circumstances
described in the Proclamation and this
rule—and only for those unable to
establish exceptionally compelling
circumstances.
The Departments also recognize that
the specific analysis discussed in Matter
of Pula (considering manner of entry in
the discretionary decision of whether to
grant asylum) is distinct from how this
rule considers manner of entry (as part
of provisions governing asylum
eligibility). See 19 I&N Dec. at 472. The
Departments, in exercising their broad
discretion to issue regulations adopting
additional limitations on asylum
eligibility, are not bound to consider
manner of entry only as a factor
contributing to whether a particular
noncitizen warrants a favorable exercise
of discretion. While Matter of Pula
allows manner of entry to be one factor
in the consideration of whether a
noncitizen merits a grant of asylum as
a matter of discretion, it does not
purport to restrict the Departments from
considering a noncitizen’s manner of
entry in assessing eligibility. Id. at 473–
74.
Moreover, while Matter of Pula
considered manner of entry for purposes
of a discretionary grant whereas the rule
considers manner of entry as a
limitation on asylum eligibility,
adjudicators are not precluded from
considering the same facts when
evaluating both eligibility and
discretion. Indeed, it is possible for a
single fact to be relevant to both
determinations. See Kankamalage v.
INS, 335 F.3d 858, 864 (9th Cir. 2003)
(concluding that a conviction did not
render a noncitizen ineligible for
asylum, but stating that the Board was
‘‘not prohibited from taking into
account Kankamalage’s robbery
conviction when it decides whether or
not to grant asylum as a matter of
discretion’’); Matter of Jean, 23 I&N Dec.
373, 385 (A.G. 2002) (concluding that
even a noncitizen who ‘‘qualifies as a
‘refugee’ ’’ and whose criminal
conviction did ‘‘not preclude her
eligibility’’ for asylum could
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81171
nevertheless be ‘‘manifestly unfit for a
discretionary grant of relief’’).
The Departments conclude that this
rule does not conflict with Matter of
Pula, which remains the applicable
standard for discretionary
determinations in the absence of a
regulation that otherwise governs the
discretionary determination. See, e.g.,
Thamotar v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 1 F.4th
958, 970–71 (11th Cir. 2021) (observing
that discretionary asylum
determinations continue to be governed
by Matter of Pula); Hussam F. v.
Sessions, 897 F.3d 707, 718 (6th Cir.
2018) (stating that ‘‘circumvention [of
proper immigration procedures] may be
taken into account as a ‘serious adverse
factor’’’ (quoting Matter of Pula, 19 I&N
Dec. at 473)); see also Andriasian v. INS,
180 F.3d 1033, 1043–44 (9th Cir. 1999)
(finding that reliance on certain Matter
of Pula factors was inappropriate once
regulations controlling discretionary
denials of asylum on the basis of a
petitioner’s stay or opportunity to stay
in a third country had been
promulgated). And the Departments
view Matter of Pula as providing
support for the proposition that it is
lawful to consider manner of entry for
asylum applicants.
b. Statutory Conditions and Limitations
on Asylum Eligibility
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule would be inconsistent with or
would otherwise render superfluous the
statutory firm-resettlement bar and safethird-country bar. See INA
208(b)(2)(A)(vi), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(A)(vi); INA 208(a)(2)(A), 8
U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(A).
Response: This rule is within the
Departments’ broad authority to create
new limitations on asylum eligibility,
and the Departments disagree that the
rule conflicts with any of the exceptions
to a noncitizen’s ability to apply for
asylum or limitations on a noncitizen’s
eligibility for a grant of asylum under
section 208(a)(2) or (b)(2) of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1158(a)(2) or (b)(2).
The INA’s firm-resettlement provision
precludes a noncitizen who ‘‘was firmly
resettled in another country prior to
arriving in the United States’’ from
demonstrating eligibility for asylum.
INA 208(b)(2)(A)(vi), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(A)(vi); see also 8 CFR 208.15,
1208.15 (2020).79 The INA’s safe-third79 These regulations were amended by Procedures
for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible
Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, 85 FR 80274
(Dec. 11, 2020), but the amendments were
preliminarily enjoined. See Pangea Legal Servs. v.
U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 512 F. Supp. 3d 966,
969 (N.D. Cal. 2021). This order remains in effect,
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country provision prohibits a noncitizen
from applying for asylum if the
noncitizen ‘‘may be removed, pursuant
to a bilateral or multilateral agreement’’
to a safe third country in which the
noncitizen would not be subject to
persecution and ‘‘would have access to
a full and fair procedure for determining
a claim to asylum or equivalent
temporary protection.’’ INA
208(a)(2)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(A).
The rule does not conflict with or
otherwise render the firm-resettlement
bar or safe-third-country bar
superfluous; instead, this rule and the
statutory bars apply independently.
First, this rule has a different scope.
In contrast to those statutory bars, this
limitation on asylum eligibility only
applies to those who enter the United
States during emergency border
circumstances. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(1),
1208.35(a)(1). Additionally, unlike those
who are subject to the firm-resettlement
or safe-third-country bars, those who are
subject to this limitation on asylum
eligibility are not categorically barred
from applying for asylum or from being
eligible for asylum, as application of the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
will be considered on a case-by-case
basis, including to determine if
exceptional circumstances apply to
overcome this limitation.
The rule also serves a different
purpose than those statutory bars. The
INA’s firm resettlement and safe-thirdcountry provisions limit asylum
eligibility and applications,
respectively, for noncitizens who have
available sustained protection in
another country, and they help protect
against forum shopping. See Rosenberg
v. Yee Chien Woo, 402 U.S. 49, 55–56
(1971) (noting that the concept of firm
resettlement is historically rooted in the
notion of providing ‘‘a haven for the
world’s homeless people’’ while
encouraging ‘‘other nations to do
likewise’’); see also Maharaj v.
Gonzales, 450 F.3d 961, 988–89 (9th Cir.
2006) (en banc) (O’Scannlain, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in
part) (recognizing that the firmresettlement provision protects against
forum shopping, an issue ‘‘that our
immigration laws have long sought to
avoid’’). The limitation on asylum
eligibility adopted in this rule, by
contrast, seeks to streamline the
Departments’ processing of noncitizens
while upholding all screening and
protection requirements, thereby
conserving limited resources during the
emergency border circumstances
and thus the 2020 version of these provisions—the
version immediately preceding the enjoined
amendment—is currently effective.
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described in the Proclamation and this
rule and allowing for enough resources
to continue to process lawful crossborder trade and travel and noncitizens
who present in a safe and orderly
manner at a POE. The rule is also
designed to encourage noncitizens to
use lawful, safe, and orderly pathways
to the United States during emergency
border circumstances or to wait until
such circumstances have abated, to the
extent possible. Thus, the limitation has
a different object and purpose, and it is
consistent with those statutory
provisions.
Moreover, the INA permits the
Attorney General and the Secretary to
create new eligibility limitations and
does not limit this authority from
overlapping with existing statutory
conditions. See R–S–C, 869 F.3d at 1187
(noting that Congress’s delegation of
authority in section 208(b)(2)(C) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C), ‘‘means that
Congress was prepared to accept
administrative dilution’’ of the right to
seek asylum); cf. Hawaii, 585 U.S. at
690–91 (recognizing that the existence
of the Visa Waiver Program ‘‘did not
implicitly foreclose the Executive from
imposing tighter restrictions’’ in
‘‘similar’’ areas).
Indeed, section 208(b)(2)(C) and
(d)(5)(B) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(C) and (d)(5)(B), provide no
subject-matter limit other than requiring
any regulation be ‘‘consistent with’’
section 208 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158,
and the INA generally. See R–S–C, 869
F.3d at 1187 n.9. The limitation on
asylum eligibility established by this
rule is consistent with section 208 of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158, as a whole, and the
INA generally, and it is consistent with
the firm-resettlement and safe-thirdcountry bars in particular.
c. Expedited Removal
Comment: Several commenters
claimed that the rule conflicts with the
expedited removal process created by
Congress in IIRIRA. Commenters noted
that the statutory framework provides
for preliminary screening of noncitizens
in credible fear interviews, where
noncitizens may apply for asylum after
demonstrating a ‘‘significant
possibility’’ that the noncitizen could
establish eligibility for asylum. In this
regard, one commenter asserted that
Congress had intended the ‘‘significant
possibility’’ standard to be a ‘‘low
screening standard,’’ but that the IFR
‘‘would convert the preliminary
screening into a full adjudication’’ of
whether the IFR applied and would
eliminate the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard ‘‘entirely for all asylum seekers
covered[,] . . . forc[ing] them to meet an
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even higher ‘reasonable probability’
standard.’’ Commenters asserted that the
rule’s requirement that noncitizens
instead show a ‘‘reasonable probability’’
of persecution or torture is in conflict
with this statutory framework.
Commenters further asserted that the
rule effectively creates a new legal
framework by which to evaluate asylum
claims in conflict with the statutory
process. One commenter claimed that
the rule unlawfully shuts down the U.S.
asylum system.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the rule conflicts with the
expedited removal process created by
Congress. The expedited removal
process is applicable to certain
noncitizens arriving in the United States
(and, in the discretion of the Secretary,
certain other designated classes of
noncitizens) who are found to be
inadmissible under either section
212(a)(6)(C) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1182(a)(6)(C), which renders
inadmissible noncitizens who make
certain material misrepresentations, or
section 212(a)(7) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1182(a)(7), which renders inadmissible
noncitizens who lack documentation
required for admission. INA
235(b)(1)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(A)(i).
Upon being subject to expedited
removal, such noncitizens may be
‘‘removed from the United States
without further hearing or review unless
the alien indicates either an intention to
apply for asylum . . . or a fear of
persecution.’’ Id.
Congress created a screening process,
known as ‘‘credible fear’’ screening, to
identify potentially valid claims for
asylum by noncitizens in expedited
removal proceedings. See INA
235(b)(1)(A)(ii), (B), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii), (B). But Congress has
not provided for such a screening for
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection. In the absence of a
statutory process for screening for
potential eligibility for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, the Departments have also
used the credible fear screening process
to identify potentially valid claims for
such protection. See generally 8 CFR
208.30, 1003.42, 1208.30 (providing for
screenings for potential eligibility for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection alongside screening for
potential asylum eligibility). If a
noncitizen indicates a fear of
persecution or torture, a fear of return,
or an intention to apply for asylum
during the course of the expedited
removal process, DHS refers the
noncitizen to an AO to determine
whether the noncitizen has a credible
fear of persecution or torture in the
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country of nationality or removal. INA
235(b)(1)(A)(ii), (B), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii), (B); see also 8 CFR
208.30(e)(2), 235.3(b)(4); id.
208.13(b)(1)–(2), 1208.13(b)(1)–(2)
(defining the grounds for asylum
eligibility); id. 208.16(b)–(c),
1208.16(b)–(c) (defining the grounds for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection). A noncitizen has a
‘‘credible fear of persecution’’ if ‘‘there
is a significant possibility, taking into
account the credibility of the statements
made by the alien in support of the
alien’s claim and such other facts as are
known to the officer, that the alien
could establish eligibility for asylum.’’
INA 235(b)(1)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(v).
Just as the statute is silent on the
availability of screening procedures for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection, it is also silent on the
standard applied during such
screenings. By regulation, the
Departments have applied the
‘‘significant possibility’’ standard to also
screen for potential eligibility for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection, see 8 CFR 208.30(e)(2)–
(3), 1003.42(d): AOs must determine
whether ‘‘there is a significant
possibility, taking into account the
credibility of the statements made by
the alien in support of the alien’s claim
and such other facts as are known to the
officer, that the alien can establish
eligibility . . . for withholding of
removal under section 241(b)(3) of the
Act,’’ 8 CFR 208.30(e)(2), and whether
the noncitizen ‘‘shows that there is a
significant possibility that the alien is
eligible for withholding of removal or
deferral of removal under the
Convention Against Torture, pursuant to
§ 208.16 or § 208.17,’’ 8 CFR
208.30(e)(3). If the AO determines that
the noncitizen does not have a credible
fear of persecution or torture in the
proposed country of removal, the
noncitizen may request that an IJ review
that determination. See INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III); 8 CFR 208.16(b)–
(c), 208.30(g), 208.33(b)(2)(v),
1208.16(b)–(c), 1208.30(g).
To the extent commenters allege that
the Departments are not applying the
‘‘significant possibility’’ standard to
screen for asylum eligibility—such as
for application of the limitation on
asylum eligibility—the commenters are
mistaken. Under this rule, the AO or IJ
determines whether there is a
significant possibility that the
noncitizen would ultimately be able to
demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that the limitation does not
apply or that they meet the exception
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for exceptionally compelling
circumstances. The ‘‘significant
possibility’’ standard applies by statute,
section 235(b)(1)(B)(v) of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(v), and the
regulation does not in any way displace
that standard, by its terms or otherwise.
The Departments did not explicitly
include this language in the regulation
itself. This is because the provisions
regarding credible fear screenings at 8
CFR 208.35(b) and 1208.35(b)(2)
generally explain the order of
operations—instructing the AO or IJ to
consider the limitation first before
considering the rest of the asylum claim.
In other rules adopting conditions and
limitations on asylum eligibility, the
Departments have consistently used the
regulatory text to explain the order of
operations for consideration of the
limitations during credible fear
screenings without explicitly restating
the applicable statutory standard,80
while at the same time explaining that
the ‘‘significant possibility’’ standard
applies in the preamble.81 Deviating
from the Departments’ practice here
could wrongly imply that, in other
regulations pertaining to the credible
fear process, the default standard of
proof for AO and IJ determinations is
something other than the ‘‘significant
80 For example, under the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, ‘‘[t]he asylum officer shall
first determine whether the alien is covered by the
presumption . . . and, if so, whether the alien has
rebutted the presumption[.]’’ 8 CFR 208.33(b)(1);
see also 8 CFR 1208.33(b)(2) (‘‘The immigration
judge shall first determine whether the alien is
covered by the presumption at 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)
and 1208.33(a)(1) and, if so, whether the alien has
rebutted the presumption in accordance with 8 CFR
208.33(a)(3) and 1208.33(a)(3).’’); Asylum Eligibility
and Procedural Modifications, 84 FR 33829, 33843–
45 (July 16, 2019) (interim final rule amending and
adding provisions at 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5)(ii)
through(iii), 1003.42(d)(2) and(3), and
1208.30(g)(1)(i) through (ii), providing the order of
operations for applying two now-rescinded bars to
asylum eligibility); 88 FR at 31319; id. at 31449
(adding amendatory instructions to remove
regulatory provisions added to implement the bars
to asylum eligibility adopted in two prior rules).
81 See, e.g., 89 FR at 48755 (explaining that,
during the credible fear interview, ‘‘the AO will
first determine whether there is a significant
possibility that the noncitizen is eligible for asylum
in light of the [rule’s] limitation on asylum
eligibility’’); id. at 48757–58 (discussing the
application of the ‘‘significant possibility’’ standard
under the rule during IJ review of a negative
credible fear determination); 84 FR at 33837 (‘‘If
there is a significant possibility that the alien is not
subject to the eligibility bar (and the alien otherwise
demonstrates that there is a significant possibility
that he or she can establish eligibility for asylum),
then the alien will have established a credible
fear.’’); Aliens Subject to a Bar on Entry Under
Certain Presidential Proclamations; Procedures for
Protection Claims, 83 FR 55934, 55943 (Nov. 9,
2018) (‘‘If there is a significant possibility that the
alien is not subject to the eligibility bar (and the
alien otherwise demonstrates sufficient facts
pertaining to asylum eligibility), then the alien will
have established a credible fear.’’).
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possibility’’ standard. To avoid that
unwanted implication, the Department
declines to modify the text of §§ 208.35
and 1208.35 as well. The ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard does not affect or
change the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard used to screen for asylum
eligibility, which, as discussed above, is
set by statute and remains in effect for
asylum claims in the credible fear
process. Accordingly, the Departments
disagree with the claim that the use of
the ‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard
for the purposes of screening for
potential eligibility for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection would eliminate, or in any
way affect, the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard as it applies to screening for
asylum eligibility.
The Departments also disagree that
the rule’s application of the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard to screen for
potential eligibility for statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
protection is inconsistent with the
‘‘significant possibility’’ standard under
the expedited removal statute. As the
Departments observed previously,
‘‘Congress clearly expressed its intent
that the ‘significant possibility’ standard
be used to screen for asylum eligibility
but did not express any clear intent as
to which standard should apply to other
applications.’’ 88 FR at 11742. Section
241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3),
and FARRA section 2242 are silent as to
what screening standards and
procedures are to be employed in
determining potential eligibility for
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection, and the INA elsewhere
confers broad discretionary authority to
establish rules and procedures for
implementing those provisions. See,
e.g., INA 103(a)(3), (g)(2), 8 U.S.C.
1103(a)(3), (g)(2). Accordingly, the
Departments have some discretion to
articulate the screening standard for
claims for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection. As further
discussed in Section III.C.3 of this
preamble, the Departments continue to
believe that during the emergency
border circumstances described in the
IFR and this rule, the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ screening standard is more
appropriate in light of the ultimate
burden of proof for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection and better captures the
population of noncitizens with
potentially valid claims for such
protection. See 89 FR at 48745–47.
Thus, despite the claims of some
commentators, the rule does not
effectively shut down the U.S. asylum
system or deviate from applicable
statutory standards. Noncitizens still
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may seek asylum and protection in the
United States.
d. General Comments on International
Law
Comment: Commenters generally
asserted that the rule violates
international law. A commenter wrote
that seeking asylum is a human right
guaranteed by international law and the
rule unjustly denies people this right. In
this regard, a commenter asserted that
the use of emergency border
circumstances as a justification for
promulgating the rule is insufficient to
justify violating international law and
that the lack of a time frame or sunset
provision denies access to migrants
seeking asylum and places them at risk
of refoulement. Commenters claimed
that the rule imposes prohibited
penalties on asylum seekers, bars
refugees from a path to citizenship, and
impermissibly discriminates based on
manner of entry, race, and nationality.
A commenter stated that regulations
that deny access to asylum based on
arbitrary factors that do not relate to a
person’s status as a refugee are
inconsistent with the Refugee
Convention and that the United States
has an obligation under the Convention
to provide a ‘‘fair and efficient refugee
status determination procedure’’ to
individuals in the U.S. asylum process.
Commenters were concerned that the
rule violates the United States’s nonrefoulement obligations under the
Refugee Convention (through the
Refugee Protocol) and Article 3 of the
CAT. For example, commenters
predicted many noncitizens would not
be able to satisfy the comparatively
higher standards of proof for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection claims and that, in turn,
would lead to the refoulement of
persons who, if not for the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility, would
have been granted asylum. Several of
these commenters also asserted that
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection are insufficient to
satisfy the United States’s nonrefoulement obligations because they
afford lesser protection than asylum.
Commenters expressed apprehension
that the rule would result in the turning
away of migrants who seek refuge at the
southern border.
Another commenter wrote that the
rule is consistent with U.S.
commitments under the Refugee
Protocol and the CAT, reasoning that
neither is self-executing and therefore
the United States is bound only by its
own law implementing these treaties.
The commenter acknowledged that the
United States implements its non-
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refoulement obligations through the
withholding of removal statute at
section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3). Another commenter,
however, asserted that the argument that
asylum is discretionary under U.S. law
and therefore the rule does not violate
the Refugee Protocol is incorrect as a
matter of international law, even if true
under domestic law, because parties to
the Refugee Convention must provide
asylum and protection from refoulement
to those who meet the definition of
‘‘refugee.’’
Response: This rule is consistent with
the United States’ international treaty
obligations. Three primary documents
govern the rights of refugees and
corresponding obligations of states in
international law: the Refugee
Convention; the Refugee Protocol,
which incorporates Articles 2 through
34 of the Refugee Convention; and the
CAT. 88 FR at 31384. Together, these
documents provide a framework for
states to provide protection to
noncitizens fleeing persecution or
torture and establish the principle of
non-refoulement, which prohibits states
from returning refugees to territories in
specific circumstances. Id.
These treaties, however, do not
prescribe or impose any particular
minimum procedures for
implementation of non-refoulement
obligations. Although the United States
is a party to the 1967 Refugee Protocol 82
and the CAT, these treaties are not
directly enforceable in U.S. law. See INS
v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 428 & n.22
(1984); Al-Fara v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d
733, 743 (3d Cir. 2005) (‘‘The 1967
Protocol is not self-executing, nor does
it confer any rights beyond those
granted by implementing domestic
legislation.’’); Omar v. McHugh, 646
F.3d 13, 17 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (explaining
that the CAT ‘‘is non-self-executing and
thus does not itself create any rights
enforceable in U.S. courts’’). Instead, the
United States has implemented its
obligations through domestic legislation
and implementing regulations. The
Refugee Convention’s non-refoulement
obligation is contained in Article 33.1,
which prohibits contracting states from
returning a refugee to a territory ‘‘where
his life or freedom would be
threatened’’ on account of an
enumerated ground. 19 U.S.T. at 6276,
82 See Sale v. Haitian Ctrs. Council, Inc., 509 U.S.
155, 169 n.19 (1993) (‘‘Although the United States
is not a signatory to the [1951 Refugee] Convention
itself, in 1968 it acceded to the United Nations
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, which
bound the parties to comply with Articles 2 through
34 of the Convention as to persons who had become
refugees because of events taking place after January
1, 1951.’’ (citation omitted)).
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189 U.N.T.S. at 176. The United States
has implemented the non-refoulement
provisions of Article 33.1 of the Refugee
Convention through the withholding of
removal provisions at section 241(b)(3)
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3), rather
than through the asylum provisions at
section 208 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158.
See Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 429,
440–41. The CAT’s non-refoulement
provision is in Article 3, which
prohibits the return of a person to a
country where there are ‘‘substantial
grounds for believing’’ the person will
be tortured. S. Treaty Doc. No. 100–20
at 20, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85, 114. The United
States has implemented its obligations
under Article 3 of the CAT through
regulations. See FARRA, Public Law
105–277, sec. 2242(b), 112 Stat. 2681–
761, 2681–822 (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1231
note); see also, e.g., 8 CFR 208.16(c),
208.17, 208.18, 1208.16(c), 1208.17,
1208.18. The rule does not change or
limit ultimate eligibility for statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
protection. Instead, applicants subject to
the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility will be screened for potential
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection under a
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard,
which is lower than the ultimate
statutory or regulatory standard of proof
for those forms of protection.
The rule will limit asylum eligibility
for some noncitizens. But, as the
Supreme Court has explained, asylum
‘‘does not correspond to Article 33 of
the Convention, but instead corresponds
to Article 34[,]’’ which provides that
contracting countries ‘‘shall as far as
possible facilitate the assimilation and
naturalization of refugees.’’ CardozaFonseca, 480 U.S. at 441 (quoting
Refugee Convention art. 34, 19 U.S.T. at
6276, 189 U.N.T.S. at 176); see also
United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (‘‘UNHCR’’), Handbook on
Procedures and Criteria for Determining
Refugee Status and Guidelines on
International Protection Under the 1951
Convention and the 1967 Protocol
Relating to the Status of Refugees 16
para. 25 (2019 ed.) (‘‘[T]he granting of
asylum is not dealt with in the 1951
Convention or the 1967 Protocol’’).
Article 34 ‘‘is precatory; it does not
require the implementing authority
actually to grant asylum to all those who
are eligible.’’ Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S.
at 441. Because the limitation on asylum
eligibility does not affect ultimate
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal or protection under the CAT
regulations, the rule is consistent with
U.S. non-refoulement obligations under
the Refugee Protocol (incorporating,
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among other things, Article 33 of the
Refugee Convention) and the CAT. See
R–S–C, 869 F.3d at 1188 n.11
(explaining that ‘‘the Refugee
Convention’s nonrefoulement
principle—which prohibits the
deportation of aliens to countries where
the alien will experience persecution—
is given full effect by the Attorney
General’s withholding-only rule’’);
Cazun v. Att’y Gen. U.S., 856 F.3d 249,
257 & n.16 (3d Cir. 2017); Ramirez-Mejia
v. Lynch, 813 F.3d 240, 241 (5th Cir.
2016).
The Departments agree that asylum is
an important form of protection and
acknowledge that the right to seek
asylum has been recognized under the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(‘‘UDHR’’), art. 14, G.A. Res. 217A (III),
U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948). The UDHR is a
nonbinding human rights resolution of
the UN General Assembly, and thus it
does not impose legal obligations on the
United States. See Sosa v. AlvarezMachain, 542 U.S. 692, 734–35 (2004)
(‘‘[T]he [UDHR] does not of its own
force impose obligations as a matter of
international law.’’).
Moreover, although the rule creates a
limitation on eligibility for asylum, the
rule does not bar those seeking asylum
from taking part in procedures that
protect them from refoulement. Under
the rule, all noncitizens processed for
expedited removal who manifest a fear
of return, express an intention to apply
for asylum or protection, or express a
fear of persecution or torture or a fear
of return to their country or the country
of removal are referred for a credible
fear interview. Even in those cases
where the AO determines that the
noncitizen has not established a
significant possibility that they could
ultimately demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence that they
are not subject to the limitation on
asylum eligibility or are excepted from
it, the noncitizen may still demonstrate
credible fear by showing a reasonable
probability of persecution or torture.
Similarly, even if found ineligible for
asylum by an IJ due to the application
of the limitation on asylum eligibility, a
noncitizen may still demonstrate
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal or CAT protection.
The rule is also consistent with the
Refugee Convention and the
corresponding obligations under
international law, including the specific
provisions cited by commenters. The
rule does not violate the
nondiscrimination requirement in
Article 3 of the Refugee Convention.
Article 3 prohibits discrimination on the
basis of ‘‘race, religion or country of
origin.’’ 19 U.S.T. at 6264, 189 U.N.T.S.
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at 156. The rule does not discriminate
on the basis of any of the protected
characteristics described in Article 3.
This rule is limited to the southern
border because that is the U.S. border
where emergency circumstances exist.
The Departments acknowledge that this
limitation will affect those noncitizens
with easier access to the southern
border and not those with easier access
to other borders of the United States.
However, the rule does not treat such
noncitizens differently on that basis; the
rule applies equally based on the
actions of a noncitizen during
emergency border circumstances.
Specifically, the application of this rule
is limited to those who enter the United
States across the southern border during
emergency border circumstances
described in the Proclamation and this
rule, are not described in section 3(b) of
the Proclamation, and do not establish
the existence of exceptionally
compelling circumstances. For the same
reason, the rule does not violate other
antidiscrimination principles described
in other international human rights
treaties, including the International
Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination, arts. 2–
5, Dec. 21, 1965, T.I.A.S. No. 94–1120,
660 U.N.T.S. 195, and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
arts. 2–3, Dec. 16, 1966, T.I.A.S. No. 92–
908, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.
Similarly, the rule is consistent with
Article 31.1 of the Refugee Convention,
which prohibits states from ‘‘impos[ing]
penalties’’ on refugees based on ‘‘illegal
entry or presence’’ if such refugees are
‘‘coming directly from a territory where
their life or freedom was threatened’’
and ‘‘present themselves without delay
to the authorities and show good cause
for their illegal entry or presence.’’ 19
U.S.T. at 6275, 189 U.N.T.S. at 174. As
the commentary to the Refugee
Convention explains, the term
‘‘penalties’’ in Article 31.1 refers ‘‘to
administrative or judicial convictions
on account of illegal entry or presence,
not to expulsion.’’ UNHCR, The Refugee
Convention, 1951: The Travaux
Préparatoires Analyzed with a
Commentary by Dr. Paul Weis 219,
https://www.unhcr.org/us/media/
refugee-convention-1951-travauxpreparatoires-analysed-commentary-drpaul-weis; see Cazun, 856 F.3d at 257 &
n.16 (rejecting argument that the
reinstatement bar on asylum was a
‘‘penalty’’ within the meaning of Article
31.1). The rule does not change any
rules or policies relating to detention or
convictions for unlawful entry or
presence. The Departments
acknowledge that the Ninth Circuit
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81175
concluded in East Bay III, 993 F.3d at
674, that the bar to asylum at issue in
that case violated Article 31.1 of the
Refugee Convention because it imposed
a ‘‘penalty.’’ As described in the IFR, the
rule here does not create a categorical
bar to asylum, but instead a limitation
on asylum eligibility, and East Bay III
accordingly does not address the
lawfulness of this rule. 89 FR at 48735.
Moreover, the Ninth Circuit’s
conclusion was erroneous because the
denial of discretionary relief is not a
penalty within the meaning of Article
31.1. Id. at 48736.
Comment: One commenter asserted
that the IFR conflicts with the United
States Supreme Court’s decisions in
Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6
U.S. (2 Cranch) 64, 118 (1804), which
generally states that ambiguous U.S.
statutes should be interpreted to avoid
conflicts with international law where
possible, and INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca,
480 U.S. 421, 436–37 (1987), which
explained that ‘‘one of Congress’
primary purposes’’ when passing the
Refugee Act of 1980 ‘‘was to bring
United States refugee law into
conformance with the 1967 [Refugee
Protocol].’’
Response: The Departments disagree
with the commenter that the IFR
conflicts with Charming Betsy or
Cardoza-Fonseca.83 As explained above,
the rule is consistent with the United
States’ obligations under international
law, specifically the Refugee
Convention, the Refugee Protocol, and
the CAT. The rule does not change the
ultimate eligibility requirements for
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection and is consistent with
the United States’ non-refoulement
obligations. Moreover, the rule does not
prohibit any person from seeking
asylum or, more importantly for
purposes of U.S. non-refoulement
obligations, from seeking or obtaining
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection. All noncitizens
processed for expedited removal who
manifest a fear of return, express an
intention to apply for asylum or
protection, or express a fear of
persecution or torture or a fear of return
to their country or the country of
removal are entitled to a credible fear
interview. Even in cases in which the
AO determines that the noncitizen is
subject to the limitation on eligibility for
asylum, the noncitizen may still receive
a positive credible fear determination by
83 For purposes of this response, the Departments
assume arguendo that the Charming Betsy canon
applies with respect to non-self-executing treaties.
See, e.g., Saleh v. Bush, 848 F.3d 880, 891 n.9 (9th
Cir. 2017) (noting that the question remains
unsettled).
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showing a reasonable probability of
persecution or torture. Similarly, after
applying for asylum before an IJ, a
noncitizen may still demonstrate
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal or CAT protection.
e. UNHCR Guidelines on International
Protection
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule violates UNHCR statements and
guidelines and the right to seek asylum
guaranteed by Article 14 of the UDHR.
Commenters also claimed that the prescreening procedures in expedited
removal proceedings are contrary to
UNHCR guidelines and that
adjudicators must instead provide full
and individualized assessments of each
asylum case.
Response: The Departments agree that
asylum is an important protection in
international law and acknowledge that
the right to seek asylum has been
recognized under article 14 of the
UDHR. However, the UDHR is a
nonbinding human rights resolution of
the UN General Assembly and does not
impose legal obligations on the United
States. See Sosa, 542 U.S. at 734–35
(‘‘[T]he [UDHR] does not of its own
force impose obligations as a matter of
international law.’’). Moreover,
UNHCR’s interpretations of, or
recommendations regarding, the
Refugee Convention and Refugee
Protocol are ‘‘not binding on the
Attorney General, the BIA, or United
States courts.’’ INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre,
526 U.S. 415, 427 (1999). UNHCR’s
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria
for Determining Refugee Status ‘‘itself
disclaims such force, explaining that
‘the determination of refugee status
under the 1951 Convention and the
1967 Protocol . . . is incumbent upon
the Contracting State in whose territory
the refugee finds himself.’’’ Id. at 427–
28 (quoting Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S.
at 439 n.22). Such guidance ‘‘may be a
useful interpretative aid,’’ id. at 427, but
it does not impose obligations on the
United States.
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule violates the Refugee Convention
because the exclusion grounds in
Article 1(F) of the Refugee Convention
are exhaustive, yet the rule creates an
exclusion ground not found in Article
1(F). The commenters acknowledged
that the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility contains an exception but
asserted that the exception is
insufficient to comply with the Refugee
Convention. Along the same lines, a
commenter asserted that such
exclusionary grounds should only be
considered after an assessment of
whether the noncitizen is a ‘‘refugee’’
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and be balanced against the need for
protection itself, as is the order of
procedures in a full merits hearing.
Response: The Departments disagree
with the commenters’ characterization
of the limitation on asylum eligibility in
this rule as a ground of exclusion like
those in Article 1(F) of the Refugee
Convention. Article 1(F) of the Refugee
Convention provides that the provisions
of the Convention ‘‘shall not apply to
any person with respect to whom there
are serious reasons for considering that’’
they have: (1) ‘‘committed a crime
against peace, a war crime, or a crime
against humanity’’; (2) ‘‘committed a
serious non-political crime outside the
country of refuge prior to [their]
admission to that country as a refugee’’;
or (3) ‘‘been guilty of acts contrary to the
purposes and principles of the United
Nations.’’ As explained above, the
United States has implemented the nonrefoulement provisions of Article 33.1 of
the Refugee Convention through the
withholding of removal provisions at
section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3), rather than through the
asylum provisions at section 208 of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158. This rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility does not
extend to statutory withholding of
removal and therefore does not
implicate the application of the
Convention’s exclusion grounds to the
mandatory non-refoulement obligation
of Article 33. See R–S–C, 869 F.3d at
1188 n.11 (explaining that ‘‘the Refugee
Convention’s nonrefoulement
principle—which prohibits the
deportation of aliens to countries where
the alien will experience persecution—
is given full effect by the Attorney
General’s withholding-only rule’’
(emphasis added)). Nor does the rule
restrict who qualifies as a refugee. Cf.
INA 101(a)(42), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42)
(excluding those who ‘‘ordered, incited,
assisted, or otherwise participated in the
persecution of any person on account
of’’ a protected ground from the
‘‘refugee’’ definition); UNHCR, UNHCR
Statement on Article 1F of the 1951
Convention at 1 (July 2009), https://
www.unhcr.org/us/media/unhcrstatement-article-1f-1951-convention
(providing that the exclusion grounds
‘‘exclude a person from being a refugee
where there are serious reasons for
considering that she/he has committed
certain heinous acts’’).
In any event, the exclusion clauses of
Article 1(F) of the Refugee Convention
do not limit the United States from
adopting additional or different
limitations on asylum eligibility.
Congress has implemented Article 1(F)
in establishing mandatory bars to
eligibility for statutory withholding of
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removal. See INA 241(b)(3)(B), 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3)(B). Congress adopted certain
parallel bars to asylum eligibility, see,
e.g., INA 208(b)(2)(A), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(A), but also authorized the
Departments to establish additional
limitations on asylum eligibility, see
INA 208(b)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C).
As discussed earlier in this preamble,
the asylum statute implements the
precatory provision in Article 34 of the
Convention, but neither the mandatory
nor the precatory provisions of the
Convention and Protocol are directly
enforceable in U.S. law. See Stevic, 467
U.S. at 428 & n.22; Al-Fara, 404 F.3d at
743 (‘‘The 1967 Protocol is not selfexecuting, nor does it confer any rights
beyond those granted by implementing
domestic legislation.’’ (citations
omitted)). Instead, the United States has
implemented its obligations through
domestic legislation and implementing
regulations, and the Protocol ‘‘serves
only as a useful guide in determining
congressional intent in enacting the
Refugee Act.’’ Barapind v. Reno, 225
F.3d 1100, 1107 (9th Cir. 2000)
(citations omitted). Thus, the Refugee
Protocol does not circumscribe the
United States’ prerogative to establish
limitations on asylum eligibility that
extend beyond the exclusion grounds
described in Article 1(F).
f. 2000 Protocol To Prevent, Suppress,
and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Especially Women and Children
Comment: A commenter stated that
the rule conflicts with the United States’
obligations under the Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children, Supplementing
the United Nations Convention Against
Transnational Organized Crime, Nov.
15, 2000, 2237 U.N.T.S. 319
(‘‘Trafficking Protocol’’), and the
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of
2000 (‘‘TVPA’’), 22 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.,
because the rule will not prevent human
trafficking and will instead drive
trafficking networks further
underground and make people more
vulnerable to exploitation. The
commenter stated that the reality of
human movement and escape from
harm will drive people to take other
routes and reported that they had
handled cases involving individuals
who were mistreated after being forced
to take on large debts to pay smuggling
networks to seek safety in the United
States. The commenter also claimed the
rule will exacerbate violent crime,
which increases asylum seekers’
vulnerabilities to trafficking.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the rule conflicts with U.S.
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obligations under the Trafficking
Protocol or the TVPA. At the outset, the
Departments note that the Trafficking
Protocol is separate from the Refugee
Convention and Refugee Protocol; the
Trafficking Protocol explicitly disclaims
any impact upon those agreements or on
the non-refoulement principle they
contain. See Trafficking Protocol art.
14(1) (‘‘Nothing in this Protocol shall
affect the rights, obligations and
responsibilities of States and
individuals under international law,
including . . . , in particular, where
applicable, the 1951 Convention and the
1967 Protocol relating to the Status of
Refugees and the principle of nonrefoulement as contained therein.’’).
In addition, the rule is consistent with
the Trafficking Protocol and TVPA.
Nothing in the IFR or the rule is
implicated by or conflicts with the
provisions of the Trafficking Protocol,
none of which relate to limitations on
asylum eligibility. Moreover, the IFR
and this rule remain in line with the
purpose of the Trafficking Protocol in
protecting and assisting the victims of
human trafficking,84 as they specify that
any person who can demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence that they
are a ‘‘victim of a severe form of
trafficking in persons’’ as defined in 8
CFR 214.201 will thereby show
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, and will therefore not be
subject to the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility. Similarly, the IFR
and this rule are entirely consistent with
the TVPA, which provides immigration
relief to certain victims of a severe form
of trafficking in persons who assist law
enforcement (or meet certain
exceptions), Public Law 106–386, sec.
107(e), 114 Stat. 1464, 1477, but does
not otherwise implicate immigration
authorities under title 8.
Regarding the commenter’s concerns
about smuggling and trafficking, the
Departments believe the most helpful
approach to prevent migrants from
falling victim to smugglers and
traffickers is to both discourage attempts
to enter the United States irregularly
and, ultimately, to increase the
availability of lawful pathways for
migration.
This rule is expected to continue to
reduce irregular migration, which
benefits human smuggling and
trafficking organizations. The rule is
also expected to reduce human
trafficking and smuggling by reducing
overall flows of migrants, thereby
allowing the Departments to better
manage their limited resources while
84 Trafficking
Protocol art. 2.b, 2237 U.N.T.S. at
344.
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delivering consequences more swiftly
through expedited removal for those
without a legal basis to remain. Id. at
48762, 48766–67.
Moreover, CBP immigration officers
(both USBP agents and CBP officers)
have extensive experience interviewing
and observing individuals. Id. at 48744.
They are trained to identify potential
trafficking victims or victims of crimes
and to take appropriate follow up
action. Id. The commenter’s prediction
that the rule may increase asylum
seekers’ vulnerabilities to trafficking is
speculative and ignores CBP
immigration officers’ training and
experience in combating and preventing
human trafficking. Additionally,
without this rule, incentives for
irregular migration would likely
increase, which would likely exacerbate
the very vulnerabilities about which the
commenter expressed concern,
including by driving more migrants into
the hands of human traffickers
promising a pathway to the United
States. See id. at 48714–15.
Regarding the commenter’s concerns
about the safety of noncitizens
attempting to enter the United States,
one cause of recent surges in irregular
migration is smugglers and migrants’
growing understanding that DHS’s
capacity to impose consequences at the
border is limited by the lack of
resources and tools that Congress has
made available. Id. at 48714. The
Departments assess that the IFR has
significantly increased the ability to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences, combating contrary
messaging and perceptions. See Section
II.A.2 of this preamble; see also 89 FR
at 48746. Additional discussion of the
rule’s incentive effects is found at
Sections III.A.2 and III.B.2 of this
preamble.
2. Justification and Statements on Need
for the Rule
a. Rule Is Unjustified, Unsubstantiated,
or Arbitrary
Comment: Several commenters argued
that the Departments’ reliance on the
success of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule to justify the IFR is
erroneous because the evidence
regarding the high levels of encounters
at the border does not support
implementing such ‘‘extreme’’ measures
as those contained in the IFR. One
commenter stated that the Departments
cannot argue that the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule has been
successful at alleviating the stress on the
border and immigration systems while
at the same time arguing that the
measures in the IFR are needed to
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address the surge in high levels of
migration at the southern border.
Another commenter argued that (1) the
increase in encounters prior to the end
of the Title 42 public health Order does
not necessarily mean that encounters
would have remained high after the
Title 42 public health Order ended, and
(2) it is implausible that the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
led to higher encounters prior to its
implementation and lower encounters
after its implementation, as most
migrants did not know what the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
was before it was implemented. Thus,
the commenter claimed, it is more likely
that the end of the Title 42 public health
Order was the reason for higher
encounters prior to its end and lower
encounters after its end. The commenter
concluded that, as there is insufficient
evidence to support the asserted success
of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule, a fundamental
justification of the IFR, it is not
justifiable to institute more stringent
processes under the IFR.
Another commenter similarly took
issue with the effectiveness of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
stating that it is well understood that the
Title 42 public health Order drove
border crossings to record highs, and the
end of the Title 42 public health Order
would therefore have led to a
substantial decrease in border crossings
without further policy changes.
However, the commenter said the
Departments claimed, without any
evidence, that crossing levels under the
Title 42 public health Order were
somehow predictive of crossing levels
after the Title 42 public health Order
ended; the commenter said this
assertion is contrary to the record.
Response: The Departments disagree
with commenters’ claim that there is not
enough evidence demonstrating the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s impact on encounters at the SWB.
In the first month following the
implementation of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, encounters
between POEs along the SWB decreased
by 69 percent compared to their peak
just before the end of the Title 42 public
health Order.85 The Departments
believe that overall encounters would
not have decreased after the end of the
Title 42 public health Order absent their
implementation of policy changes,
including the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule, to address the level of
irregular migration. The Departments
85 See Decl. of Blas Nuñez-Neto ¶ 13, E. Bay
Sanctuary Covenant v. Biden, No. 18-cv-6810 (N.D.
Cal. June 16, 2023) (Dkt. 176–2).
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agree with commenters that the Title 42
public health Order increased repeat
crossing attempts, but as noted in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
repeat crossings were a contributing
factor, but not the only reason, for the
increase in overall encounters: for
example, unique encounters with
nationals of countries outside of Mexico
and Northern Central America were also
rising also increased in each of FYs
2022–2024, as compared with the prepandemic period.86 In addition to the
overall increase in encounters and
unique encounters, several other factors
caused the Departments to project a
spike in average daily encounters in the
run-up to the end of the Title 42 public
health Order, including: (1) the prospect
that DHS would no longer have a means
to promptly expel migrants without a
legal basis to stay in the United States
following the termination of the Title 42
public health Order; (2) the presence of
several large diaspora populations in
Mexico and elsewhere in the
hemisphere; (3) the unprecedented
recent growth in migration from
countries of origin not previously
typically encountered; (4) the already
large number of migrants in proximity
to the SWB; and (5) the general
uncertainty surrounding the expected
impact of the termination of the Title 42
public health Order. See 89 FR at 48723;
see also 88 FR at 31316. Consistent with
their projections, the Departments
planned for, and briefly observed, a very
significant spike in average daily
encounters. See 89 FR at 48723. Had
these levels of migration persisted
without the incentives put in place by
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule, encounters may have exceeded
even the very high levels of irregular
migration that the Departments
observed under that rule. See id. at
48723–24. The Departments believe the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
mitigated the overall impact on the
border security and immigration
systems that would have been caused by
an expected surge following the end of
processing under the Title 42 public
health Order. This is evidenced by the
sharp initial drop CBP saw in overall
encounters at the SWB in the weeks
following the expiration of the Title 42
public health Order and when the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
86 Unique USBP SWB encounters of nationals of
countries other than Mexico and Northern Central
America were more than 30 times higher in each
of FY 2022–FY 2024 (through May 2024) than in
the pre-pandemic period. OHSS analysis of July
2024 Persist Dataset (USBP Encounters by
Citizenship tab).
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went into effect.87 Instead of seeing a
surge of migrants arriving at the border
following the end of the Title 42 public
health Order, there was a precipitous
drop that lasted through June 2023.88 At
about the same time DHS assessed, and
public reporting confirmed, that DHS
messaging about the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule and associated
measures were effective in dissuading
potential migrants from attempting to
cross the U.S. border due to the
disincentives created by that rule.89
The Departments recognize that while
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule is a valuable tool available to the
Departments to reduce irregular
migration, it is not, by itself, able to
mitigate all the factors influencing
migration trends. Despite the success of
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule and complementary measures, for
much of the immediate post-pandemic
period until issuance of the IFR, border
encounters remained higher than the
Departments’ abilities to consistently
deliver timely decisions and
consequences.90 Therefore, even if the
87 Average daily CBP SWB encounters fell 68
percent from their May 12, 2023, level in the first
11 days after the CLP rule went into effect and
remained at similar low levels throughout May and
June 2024. OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS
Persist Dataset (Encounters FY2000–2024 tab).
88 Id. In July 2023, total monthly CBP SWB
encounters remained below 200,000. While total
encounters increased from August 2023 through
December 2023, the same increase occurred
between August 2022 and December 2022 while the
Title 42 public health Order was still in place,
suggesting that these surges are more consistent
with seasonal migration trends that changes in U.S.
immigration policy cannot unilaterally mitigate. Id.
89 See Mary Beth Sheridan, Reyes Mata III, Maria
Sacchetti & Nick Miroff, End of Title 42 Pandemic
Border Policy Brings Reset, But No Sudden Rush,
Wash. Post (May 12, 2023), https://
www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/05/12/title42-pandemic-ends-border-migrants/; see also
Valerie Gonzalez, Migrants Rush Across U.S. Border
in Final Hours Before Title 42 Asylum Restrictions
are Lifted, PBS (May 11, 2023), https://
www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/migrants-rushacross-u-s-border-in-final-hours-before-title-42asylum-restrictions-are-lifted; Decl. of Blas NuñezNeto ¶ 22, E. Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Biden, No.
18-cv-6810 (N.D. Cal. June 16, 2023) (Dkt. 176–2);
Testimony of Blas Nuñez-Neto Before U.S. House of
Representatives Committee on Homeland Security
Subcommittee on Border Security and Enforcement
on ‘‘Examining DHS’ Failure to Prepare for the
Termination of Title 42’’ (June 6, 2023), https://
www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/115908/
witnesses/HHRG-118-HM11-Wstate-Nuez-NetoB20230606.pdf.
90 Total daily SWB encounters averaged about
5,700/day in April and May 2024 and USBP SWB
encounters averaged about 4,100/day, compared to
averages of 1,600 and 1,300/day, respectively, in the
pre-Pandemic period (OHSS analysis of July 2024
Persist Dataset (Encounters FY2000–2024 tab). In
late 2023, while the Title 42 public health Order
was in place, total encounters at the SWB reached
all-time highs. OHSS’s analysis of July 2024 Persist
Dataset (Encounters FY2000–2024 tab) shows that
total SWB encounters reached over 242,000 in
November 2023 and over 301,000 in December
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evidence supporting the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule’s success was
inconclusive (which the Departments do
not believe), the Departments would
have adopted the IFR in response to the
high number of migrants subsequently
arriving at the southern border,
overwhelming the Departments’
resources and preventing them from
delivering timely decisions and
consequences to those who lack a lawful
basis to remain.
The rule is a tailored approach
designed to substantially improve the
Departments’ abilities to process
noncitizens more expeditiously and
deliver timely decisions and
consequences to most noncitizens who
cross between POEs into the United
States during emergency border
circumstances. As discussed in Section
II.A.2 of this preamble, the IFR is
working as intended. DHS is placing
into expedited removal the majority of
single adults and individuals in family
units encountered by USBP at the SWB,
the rule has reduced the percentage of
noncitizens encountered at the SWB
who are released, and DHS is more
quickly removing a greater percentage of
those without a legal basis to remain in
the United States than during the
immediate post-pandemic period,
which in turn discourages additional
crossings.91 Since promulgating the IFR,
2023. Total SWB encounters for the month of May
2023 were approximately 207,000. This was the
month the Title 42 public health Order ended and
when the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
went into effect. Total SWB encounters for the
following month (June 2023) dropped precipitously
to 145,000 encounters, but total SWB encounters
climbed back to 233,000 in August 2023 and
remained at highly elevated levels through
December 2023.
91 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP August 6, 2024, for
encounters since May 1, 2024 (Summary Statistics
tab). For encounters under the IFR through July 31,
2024, 34 percent of bookouts of single adults and
individuals in family unit were releases, compared
to 64 percent in the immediate post-pandemic
period. Thirty percent of bookouts from CBP
custody were repatriations, up from 16 percent
during the immediate post-pandemic period.
Overall, DHS repatriated an average of
approximately 1,370 noncitizens encountered at the
SWB per day during the first two months of
enforcement under the IFR, up from approximately
1,360 in the immediate post-pandemic period. Id.
This marginal increase understates the actual
impact of the IFR, however, given the sharp drop
in encounters: repatriations of noncitizens
encountered at the SWB as a share of SWB
encounters were equivalent to 26 percent in the
immediate post-pandemic period compared to 62
percent under the IFR—a rate that is also slightly
higher than the pandemic period (58 percent, only
5 percent of which were title 8 repatriations) and
the pre-pandemic period (61 percent, at a time of
much lower encounters and when Mexicans and
Northern Central Americans accounted for over 90
percent of USBP encounters). Id. For public
reporting suggesting that migrants are aware of the
IFR and that it has discouraged attempts to cross
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USBP has placed 59 percent of
noncitizen single adults and individuals
in family units encountered at the SWB
into expedited removal proceedings,
compared to 18 percent of such
noncitizens during the immediate postpandemic period following the end of
the Title 42 public health Order,92 and
41 percent in the pre-pandemic
period.93
While more noncitizens without a
legal basis to remain in the United
States were removed under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
than in the pre-pandemic period, the
Departments recognize that the volume
of noncitizens arriving at the SWB
remained beyond the Departments’
capacity to timely process given the
resources provided by Congress.94 As
explained in the IFR’s preamble, once
the Departments resumed widespread
processing under their title 8
authorities, it became clear that, even
with the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule’s expanded measures to
impose consequences along the SWB,
substantial migration throughout the
hemisphere, combined with inadequate
resources and tools to keep pace,
limited DHS’s ability to meaningfully
address the historic levels of encounters
at the southern border. See 89 FR at
48713.
The Departments did not and have
not represented that the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways Rule would
singlehandedly resolve migratory
pressures in the region; the Departments
into the United States irregularly, see Mariana
Martı́nez Barbra & Caterina Morbiato, US Border
Policy Spurred Migrant Camps Hundreds of Miles
Away in Mexico’s Capital, Associated Press, Sept.
1, 2024, https://apnews.com/article/mexicomigrants-asylum-cbp-app-camps-22b49fabf6e4d7d
25d2873d0637544fe.
92 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024. (Summary Statistics tab).
93 Id.
94 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset (Immediate Post-Pandemic Details tab).
Although sustained high encounter rates
outstripped the Departments’ abilities—based on
available resources—to process noncitizens through
expedited removal in significant numbers in the
immediate post-pandemic period, between May 12,
2023, and June 4, 2024, CBP placed into expedited
removal an average of about 920 individuals
encountered between POEs each day on average,
and USCIS conducted more than 206,000 credible
fear interviews, a record number. Id. Between May
12, 2023, and June 4, 2024, DHS removed or
returned more than 796,000 noncitizens who did
not have a legal basis to remain in the United
States, the vast majority of whom crossed the SWB.
Id. USBP encounters at the SWB decreased by 16
percent compared to the previous 12 months, to an
average of 5,100 per day for the period from May
12, 2023, to June 4, 2024, id., and border encounters
remained below the levels projected to occur in the
absence of the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule and complementary measures. April 2023
OHSS Encounter Projection.
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only represent that it would reduce the
number of daily encounters at the SWB
that, absent intervention, were predicted
to materialize in a post-Title 42 public
health Order surge. The pre-IFR status
quo of the broken immigration and
asylum systems had become a driver for
irregular migration throughout the
region and an increasingly lucrative
source of income for dangerous TCOs.
See 89 FR at 48714. Without adequate
countermeasures, those TCOs will
continue to grow in strength, likely
resulting in even more smuggling
operations and undermining democratic
governance in the countries where they
operate. See id. All of these factors,
taken together, pose significant threats
to the safety and security of migrants
exploited into making the dangerous
journey to the SWB and the U.S.
communities through which many such
migrants transit. See id. at 48715.
Moreover, the Departments do not
expect the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule or this rule to solve every
migration problem in the region. Its
provisions cannot account for every
factor impacting the unprecedented
level of migration occurring in the
Western Hemisphere, which is why the
Departments have instituted
complementary measures such as
creating lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways. Thus far, as discussed in
Section II.A of this preamble, this rule
has demonstrated that it helps meet its
goal of allowing the Departments to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences during emergency border
circumstances.
Comment: Several commenters argued
that the rule’s characterization of the
situation at the border as an
‘‘emergency’’ is arbitrary. Commenters
took issue with the rule’s use of the
daily encounter thresholds to identify
the existence of emergency border
circumstances. One commenter argued
that the circumstances that give rise to
‘‘emergency border circumstances’’ and
so trigger the provisions of the rule have
been met for quite some time and are
not a uniquely emergent circumstance
but a reflection of an increase in
migration globally. Another claimed
that rather than starting with an
assessment of need, looking at the
number of asylum seekers and the
capacities of other countries in the
region, the Departments began with the
current level and allocation of resources
in the United States and ‘‘work[ed]
backwards from there.’’
Commenters also argued that the rule
is arbitrary because it invokes
emergency authority while
simultaneously asserting that border
crossings are down. One commenter
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81179
argued that the existence of this
emergency is undercut by an almost 50
percent drop in unauthorized border
crossings since December 2023, a period
during which the Departments’
threshold has nonetheless been met.
Citing to a statement in Section III.B.2
of the IFR’s preamble, a commenter
stated the Departments ‘‘concede’’ that
the rule was based on a fear of a future
emergency rather than a current one.
Finally, one commenter wrote that if
a unilateral declaration of an emergency
is all that is required for a Federal
agency to violate statutes and court
decisions, then the Executive Branch
could call everything an ‘‘emergency.’’
The commenter claimed that the IFR’s
limitation on asylum eligibility violates
section 208(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1158(a)(1), and is indistinguishable from
prior regulations that imposed
limitations on asylum eligibility that
some courts have held unlawful. The
commenter also claimed that the rule
violates section 235 of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1225, because it conditions a
noncitizen’s access to a credible fear
interview on the ability to obtain a CBP
One appointment. The commenter
argued that labeling the situation at the
southern border an emergency does not
allow the Departments to disregard
these statutes and court decisions.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the numerical encounter thresholds
are arbitrary and do not reflect the
existence of ‘‘emergency’’ circumstances
at the southern border. As explained in
the IFR, emergency border
circumstances exist when ‘‘encounters
at the southern border exceed DHS’s
capacity to deliver timely consequences
to most individuals who cross
irregularly into the United States and
cannot establish a legal basis to remain
in the United States.’’ 89 FR at 48711.
Thus, an emergency border
circumstance is a function of high levels
of encounters combined with resource
constraints that substantially limit
DHS’s ability to place eligible
noncitizens into expedited removal, the
primary consequence-delivery
mechanism Congress has made available
to the Departments for managing border
encounters under title 8. Id. at 48714.
When southern border encounters
exceed DHS’s ability to process
noncitizens for expedited removal, DHS
generally must release those noncitizens
pending section 240 removal
proceedings, a process that can take
several years to conclude. Id. The
comparatively abbreviated timeline of
the expedited removal process serves as
a powerful disincentive against the
irregular migration of noncitizens
without strong claims for asylum, and
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this disincentive is diminished when
noncitizens are placed into section 240
removal proceedings, which may take
several years to conclude.
Given the resources made available by
Congress, the Departments determined
that the daily encounter thresholds
described in the June 3 Proclamation
and this rule are a reasonable proxy for
when such emergency border
circumstances exist. See 89 FR at
48749–54. Specifically, when daily
encounters average less than 1,500 for a
sustained period, DHS anticipates that it
‘‘would be able to swiftly deliver a
consequence to enough individuals to
meaningfully impact migratory
decisions and deter unlawful entries.’’
Id. at 48752. In contrast, when daily
encounters exceed 2,500, ‘‘DHS’s ability
to impose such consequences is
significantly lower and decreases
rapidly as encounters increase beyond
that level.’’ Id. For example, as noted in
the IFR, during the FY 2013 to FY 2019
pre-pandemic period, USBP encounters
only exceeded 1,500 per day for a
sustained period from October 2018 to
August 2019. Id. at 48753. During that
7-year period, an average of 210
individuals were released each day in
months in which daily encounters were
between 1,500 and 2,500, while
approximately 1,300 individuals were
released each day in months in which
daily encounters exceeded 2,500, with
CBP releasing as many as 46 percent of
the individuals it processed pending
section 240 removal proceedings. Id.
(footnote omitted). And as discussed
below in Section III.D.1 of this
preamble, the Departments’
demonstrated capacity during the
immediate post-pandemic period
confirms that these thresholds reflect
current operational capacity. If Congress
provides significant additional
resources, the Departments may then
reevaluate whether the current
thresholds still serve as a reasonable
proxy for when such emergency border
circumstances exist.
Relatedly, the Departments disagree
with commenters’ suggestion that it was
arbitrary to rely on the United States’
own processing capacity and challenges
as a justification for the rule without
any consideration of the capacities of
other countries in the region to address
heightened migration. The Departments
acknowledge that since 2021, due to
political and economic conditions
globally, there have been substantial
levels of migration throughout the
Western Hemisphere, which have
severely strained the capacities of
immigration systems in countries
throughout the region. See 89 FR at
48722. The United States Government
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has been working to address the root
causes of migration and to abate adverse
effects from unprecedented levels of
irregular migration,95 including by
working closely with partner countries
across the Western Hemisphere.96 The
Departments do not believe it would be
appropriate to defer this rulemaking
until foreign partners have developed
enough capacity to absorb all irregular
migrants, or to measure whether an
emergency exists at the southern border
by reference to whether such migrants
have what commenters would view as
sufficient opportunities to resettle
elsewhere. Instead, the rule is part of the
United States’ efforts to act as a regional
leader in responding to increased
migratory flows. See Section III.E.1.a of
this preamble. Moreover, the rule is
structured to complement those regional
efforts, as success in reducing push
factors and in promoting alternatives to
migration to the United States would
contribute to decreasing encounter
levels and alleviating emergency border
circumstances. The rule permissibly
responds to existing challenges at our
southern border by providing effective
safeguards that improve the
Departments’ ability to enforce the
United States’ immigration laws during
periods of heightened migration by
creating an incentive for noncitizens to
use the lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways that the Departments have put
in place while simultaneously imposing
swift consequences on those who do not
have a legal basis to remain in the
United States. See Section II.A.2 of this
preamble. And this ability to impose
consequences quickly, combined with a
historic expansion of lawful pathways,
is a critical element of the United States’
ongoing diplomatic approach to
migration management with partners in
the region. See id. at 48759–60.
The Departments further note that the
United States Government is working
with regional partners in a concerted
and historic effort via the
groundbreaking Los Angeles Declaration
on Migration and Protection to address
the shared challenge of irregular
migration that has strained the resources
95 See, e.g., The White House, Mexico and United
States Strengthen Joint Humanitarian Plan on
Migration (May 2, 2023), https://
www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statementsreleases/2023/05/02/mexico-and-united-statesstrengthen-joint-humanitarian-plan-on-migration/
(committing to addressing root causes of migration).
96 See The White House, Fact Sheet: Third
Ministerial Meeting on the Los Angeles Declaration
on Migration and Protection in Guatemala (May 7,
2024), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
statements-releases/2024/05/07/fact-sheet-thirdministerial-meeting-on-the-los-angelesdeclarationon-migration-and-protection-inguatemala.
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of countries throughout the region.97
The United States has taken steps to
address migratory flows throughout the
region by encouraging foreign partners
to increase their enforcement efforts,
integrate migrants residing in their
territories, expand lawful pathways and
processes, and channel intending
migrants into those pathways.98 The
United States is also working to address
the root causes of migration, such as a
lack of opportunity, poor government
and corruption, crime, and violence in
countries across the region and the
world.99 However, these measures will
take time to have significant impacts
and have not been in effect long enough
to alleviate the stress that high
encounters impose on the United States
border security and immigration
systems. See id. at 48727. In the face of
these challenges to the United States’
own border and immigration systems,
however, the Departments believe that it
is appropriate to act at the southern
border while pursuing efforts to address
the root causes of migration more
broadly.
Second, the Departments disagree
that, prior to implementation of the IFR,
there had not been emergency
circumstances at the southern border.
During the immediate post-pandemic
period, average daily encounters were at
levels that significantly exceeded the
Departments’ capacity to impose
consequences on most noncitizens who
crossed irregularly at the southern
border.100 As the June 3 Proclamation
explains, the border security and
immigration systems are badly strained
and have been for many years. 89 FR at
48490. DHS processing facilities
frequently become overcrowded, forcing
DHS to release into the United States
noncitizens who could otherwise be
97 See The White House, Press Release: Los
Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection
(June 10, 2022), https://www.whitehouse.gov/
briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/10/losangeles-declaration-on-migration-and-protection/.
98 Id.
99 See Marcela X. Escobari, FPC Briefing:
Migration Policy and the Biden-Harris
Administration’s Root Cause Strategy (June 22,
2023), https://www.state.gov/briefings-foreignpress-centers/migration-policy-and-the-bidenharris-admins-root-causes-strategy; see also The
White House, Fact Sheet: Strategy to Address the
Root Causes of Migration in Central America (July
29, 2021), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefingroom/statements-releases/2021/07/29/fact-sheetstrategy-to-address-the-root-causes-of-migration-incentral-america/.
100 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset (Summary Statistics tab) (reflecting that
average daily encounters were over 5,100 per day
during the immediate post-pandemic period). From
May 12, 2023 through June 4, 2024, USBP referred
a daily average of about 860 individuals
encountered at the SWB into the expedited removal
process. See id. (Imm Post-Pandemic ERCF tab).
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processed for expedited removal, and
place them into section 240 removal
proceedings, the resolution of which
can take years given the pre-existing
backlog. By the end of the first half of
FY 2024, despite EOIR being on pace to
complete a record number of cases
during FY 2024 and DHS maximizing
expedited removal as much as resources
allow, EOIR had received over 1 million
initial receipts, some of which could
have been processed for expedited
removal had there been sufficient
resources to do so, increasing the
pending caseload before EOIR to over
3.1 million cases.101 The Departments
believe that releasing individuals who
may otherwise be referred for expedited
removal may inadvertently incentivize
increased irregular migration and the
exploitation of the asylum system,
especially by human smugglers who
encourage migrants to claim fear once
they are encountered by USBP as it will
allow them to remain in the United
States for years pending resolution of
their case and, where appropriate,
removal. 88 FR at 31326. Moreover,
maximizing credible fear screening
capacity pulls resources away from
USCIS processing cases in the
affirmative asylum backlog, which had
reached over 1.25 million cases as of the
third quarter of FY 2024.102 This vicious
cycle is exactly the circumstance to
which the rule is responding.103 The
decrease in encounter levels after
December 2023 was not an indication
that emergency border circumstances
had abated or the IFR was not
warranted, because encounters
remained well above the daily
encounter thresholds that, as described
above, the Departments determined
reflect the existence of emergency
101 See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Pending
Cases, New Cases, and Total Completions (Apr. 19,
2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344791/
dl?inline. Initial receipts equal removal,
deportation, exclusions, asylum-only, and
withholding only cases.
102 USCIS, Asylum Division Monthly Statistics
Report: Fiscal Year 2024 (July 23, 2024), https://
www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/
reports/asylumfiscalyear2024todatestats_
240630.xlsx.
103 89 FR at 48489 (‘‘Our broken immigration
system is directly contributing to the historic
migration we are seeing throughout the Western
Hemisphere, exacerbated by poor economic
conditions, natural disasters, and general
insecurity, and this fact, combined with inadequate
resources to keep pace, has once again severely
strained our capacity at the border. The result is a
vicious cycle in which our United States Border
Patrol facilities constantly risk overcrowding, our
detention system has regularly been at capacity, and
our asylum system remains backlogged and cannot
deliver timely decisions, all of which spurs more
people to make the dangerous journey north to the
United States.’’).
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border circumstances.104 See 89 FR at
48752. That DHS had anticipated an
increase in migration absent the IFR was
not a concession that the rule was
unnecessary. Rather, that projection
reflected the urgent need to take
immediate action, without which
encounters would have increased, and
the emergency border circumstances
that existed at the time that the IFR was
issued would have continued to worsen.
See 89 FR at 48726. Given that daily
encounters persistently remain above
1,500—and could rise above 1,500
again, even if they decline for a time—
the IFR is currently and will remain an
important policy tool.
Finally, the Departments disagree
with one commenter’s suggestion that
the Departments are characterizing the
situation at the southern border as an
emergency to avoid complying with
their legal obligations under the INA
and certain court decisions. The
commenter is incorrect because the rule
is fully compliant with relevant
provisions of the INA and applicable
judicial decisions. For the reasons
discussed in Section III.A.1 of this
preamble, the rule is fully consistent
with section 208(a)(1) of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1158(a)(1). Moreover, for the
reasons discussed in Section III.C.1.a.i.
of this preamble, the Departments also
disagree that the rule conditions
noncitizens’ access to the credible fear
process on the ability to obtain CBP One
appointments in violation of section 235
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225. Finally, for
the reasons discussed in the IFR, see 89
FR at 48735–39, and Section III.A of this
preamble, the Departments disagree
with commenters’ comparison between
this rule and prior regulatory actions
imposing a limitation on asylum
eligibility that some courts have ruled
unlawful.
Comment: Several commenters argued
that the Departments justified the rule
using mischaracterizations of asylum
grant rates resulting from positive
credible fear determinations.
Commenters took issue with the
Departments’ reference to a ‘‘small
proportion’’ of noncitizens in the
credible fear process who are likely to
104 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024. (Encounters FY2000–2024 tab).
With the exception of the pandemic period (March
2020–May 2023), total SWB encounters for January
2024 and for FY 2024Q2 were the highest for the
month of January and for Quarter 2 of the fiscal year
since FY 2000, including over 4,000 average daily
USBP encounters in January and nearly 5,000 in
February (CBP SWB Encounter FY 2000–24 tab and
Encounters FY2000–2024 tab). See also OHSS
analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist Dataset (USBP
Encounters—Holiday Dip tab) (showing that
encounters tend to dip immediately after each New
Year before increasing again by the end of January).
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be granted asylum, stating that the
Departments artificially deflated the
grant rate by including cases where
there was no decision on the merits—
such as cases where the asylum
application was withdrawn or not
adjudicated, or the case was
administratively closed—in calculating
the proportion of cases where asylum
was granted. Commenters argued that
‘‘‘the majority of people who establish a
credible fear of persecution are granted
asylum’ when their asylum claim is
adjudicated,’’ quoting a statistic
claiming that 55 percent of noncitizens
whose cases were decided on the basis
of their asylum claim after a positive
credible fear determination were
ultimately granted asylum in FY 2022
and 2023.
Commenters said that the EOIR denial
rate in cases originating from a credible
fear claim is an unreliable indicator of
meritless asylum claims because a
denial could result from factors that
have nothing to do with the underlying
merits of the case, including:
noncitizens’ lack of timely access to
counsel, translation issues, noncitizens’
lack of familiarity with the statutory 1year bar to filling an asylum application
after entering the United States, and the
significant discretion provided to IJs by
law.
One commenter took issue with the
Departments’ claim that an increase in
positive credible fear determinations
was evidence that meritorious asylum
claims were still making it through the
initial screening process, saying that
those subject to the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule’s presumption of
ineligibility for asylum are three times
more likely to receive negative credible
fear determinations than individuals not
subject to the presumption. The
commenter said it has documented
examples of individuals subjected to the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
in expedited removal who were
wrongfully ordered removed or
refouled, outcomes that the commenter
stated will only become more frequent
under the IFR. The commenter
concluded that the available evidence
makes clear that many, if not most,
people subject to the IFR will have
plausible, or even grantable, claims for
humanitarian relief.
A commenter alleged that the
Departments’ focus on the gap between
historical credible fear interview screenin rates and asylum grant rates is
‘‘willfully blind to reality.’’ The
commenter stated that the Departments
‘‘simply ignore the fact that,’’ even
before the IFR, such screen-in rates had
declined dramatically, and that
historical asylum grant rates were for a
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population of people seeking asylum
that, by the IFR’s own admission,
looked very different—and included
many more single Mexican men seeking
to work—than the current population of
people seeking asylum. The commenter
further objected that the Departments’
focus on the gap between screen-in rates
and merits rates ignores the fact that
credible fear interviews are intended to
be evaluated at a lower standard;
according to the commenter, a screening
interview is not, and cannot be, a merits
adjudication.
Response: The Departments disagree
that they have mischaracterized the data
related to the percentage of EOIR
asylum grants in cases originating from
the credible fear process. The data
consistently show that only a small
percentage of cases referred for section
240 removal proceedings before EOIR
after a credible fear determination
ultimately result in a grant of asylum.105
In the IFR, the Departments noted
that from FY 2014 through FY 2019, of
the total SWB encounters with positive
credible fear determinations, only 18
percent of EOIR case completions
ultimately resulted in a grant of
protection or relief. 89 FR at 48743 n.
219. The Departments included the
underlying data in the IFR docket.106
The Departments acknowledge that the
denominator includes cases where there
was no decision on the merits of the
asylum claim, such as, for example,
applications that were withdrawn or not
adjudicated, or where the case was
administratively closed, terminated, or
dismissed.107 The Departments disagree,
however, that this approach is
misleading. The cited statistic
demonstrates that the number of
noncitizens who are placed in section
240 removal proceedings after the
expedited removal process greatly
exceeds the number of noncitizens who
are ultimately granted relief or
protection. Even if one excludes cases
involving termination, dismissal, or
administrative closure as well as in
absentia removal orders, DHS and EOIR
data show that from 2014 through 2019,
of the total SWB encounters referred to
EOIR after being processed for
expedited removal, only 33 percent of
105 See, e.g., EOIR, Adjudication Statistics:
Asylum Decisions in Cases Originating with a
Credible Fear Claim (Apr. 19, 2024), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344831/dl?inline; see
also OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data (Historic ERCF Results Tab)
106 See OHSS Data Spreadsheet Data for Securing
the Border IFR, tab 219 (June 2024), https://
www.regulations.gov/document/USCIS-2024-00060003.
107 See id.; see also OHSS analysis of June 2024
Enforcement Lifecycle data (Historic ERCF Results
tab).
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EOIR case completions ultimately
resulted in a grant of relief on the
merits.108 The rate increases slightly to
36 percent if the ‘‘relief rate’’ is defined
as all EOIR findings of non-removability
and grants of asylum, statutory
withholding of removal, CAT
protection, cancellation of removal, and
adjustment of status, divided by the sum
of those grants and removal orders not
issued in absentia.109 Whether one uses
the 18 percent, 33 percent, or 36 percent
figure, the data demonstrate that
historically there is a significant
disparity between positive credible fear
findings and ultimate grants of relief in
section 240 removal proceedings.110
The Departments disagree with the
statistical approach presented by at least
one commenter who claimed that the
majority of people (55 percent in FY
2023 and 2024) who establish a credible
fear are ultimately granted asylum when
their asylum claim is adjudicated. The
commenter seems to have arrived at this
statistic by dividing the number of
asylum grants by the total number of
grants and denials from a chart provided
on EOIR’s website.111 But the EOIR
chart also demonstrates that a large
percentage of completed cases resulting
from a positive credible fear
determination involve noncitizens who
never filed asylum applications once
placed in section 240 removal
proceedings or who abandoned or
withdrew their applications.112 The
Departments believe that it is inaccurate
to exclude these cases in assessing the
disparity between positive credible fear
findings and ultimate relief because the
noncitizens in these cases did not
actually pursue an asylum claim during
section 240 removal proceedings even
though the opportunity to pursue such
a claim was the sole reason they were
placed in section 240 removal
proceedings rather than being removed
on an expedited removal order. Instead,
108 Relief on merits rate is defined as EOIR grants
of asylum, conditional grants of asylum, or
adjustment of status under statutory provisions
divided by the sum of those grants of relief plus
removal orders not issued in absentia. OHSS
analysis of June 2024 Enforcement Lifecycle data
(Historic ERCF Results tab).
109 See id.
110 See id.
111 See Human Rights First, Correcting the
Record: The Reality of U.S. Asylum Process and
Outcomes (Nov. 2023) https://humanrightsfirst.org/
wp-content/uploads/2023/11/US-Asylum-processand-outcomes-Fact-Sheet_Nov-2023.pdf (citing
EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Asylum Decisions
and Filing Rates in Cases Originating with a
Credible Fear Claim (Oct. 12, 2023), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1062976/download).
112 See, e.g., EOIR, Adjudication Statistics:
Asylum Decisions in Cases Originating with a
Credible Fear Claim (Apr. 19, 2024), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344831/dl?inline (last
visited Sept. 2, 2024).
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relying on the most recent version of the
EOIR chart cited by the commenter, if
one includes these cases, which are
numerous, in the denominator (and
excludes cases where the asylum
application was not adjudicated or the
case was administratively closed), the
ultimate grant rates for cases reflect a
much smaller percentage than
commenter’s representation of the
ultimate asylum grant rate. As EOIR’s
adjudication statistics reflect, the
asylum grant rates of cases completed
by EOIR in FYs 2022 and 2023 that
originated with a credible fear claim
were just 23 percent and 18 percent,
respectively.113
The Departments cited these data to
demonstrate the general point that there
is a significant disparity between
positive credible fear determinations
and ultimate relief in section 240
removal proceedings, which can take
years to resolve. See 89 FR at 48743
n.219 (noting that from FY 2014 through
FY 2019, of the total SWB encounters
with positive fear determinations, only
18 percent of EOIR case completions
ultimately resulted in a grant of
protection or relief). That reality, as well
as the length of time it can take before
a removal takes place after a removal
order is final, creates a strong incentive
for some number of migrants without
potentially meritorious claims to make
the dangerous journey to the southern
border to claim fear in order to take
their chances on being allowed to
remain in the United States for a lengthy
period. And that risk is magnified by
Congress’s failure to provide the
resources necessary to timely and
effectively process and interview all
those who invoke credible fear
procedures through the expedited
removal process at the southern border,
particularly during periods of high
encounters. The rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility is intended in part to
reduce this incentive and encourage
migrants with meritorious asylum
claims to use the lawful, safe, and
orderly pathways that the United States
Government has provided. See 89 FR at
48732.
Regarding commenters’ concerns that
the data cited include noncitizens
whose asylum applications may have
been denied for reasons unrelated to the
meritoriousness of their underlying
claim—such as noncitizens’ lack of
access to counsel, translation issues,
noncitizens’ lack of knowledge about
the one-year bar, and IJ discretion—the
Departments disagree that these
potential issues would undermine the
Departments’ reliance on DHS and EOIR
113 See
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data to demonstrate the disparity
between positive credible fear
determinations and ultimate relief in
section 240 removal proceedings. The
factors cited by commenters exist in the
absence of the rule and are not impacted
by the rule. Furthermore, the
Departments’ procedures aimed at
mitigating these concerns remain
unchanged and are expected to continue
mitigating those concerns. For example,
all AOs are trained to elicit testimony
and, even with this rule’s changes to the
credible fear screening process, the type
of information sought to be elicited
during a credible fear interview and IJ
review is generally well within a
noncitizen’s knowledge, such that
having an attorney is not necessary to
secure a positive outcome. See Section
III.B.2.a.ii of this preamble. USCIS also
has language access policies in place to
ensure that noncitizens have an
interpreter for a language they
understand during credible fear
interviews and procedures to address
interpretation and rare language issues.
See 8 CFR 208.30(d)(5). Additionally,
EOIR provides interpreters for
noncitizens in section 240 removal
proceedings.114 Those long existing
procedures remain in place under this
rule. Nor have any of the procedural
requirements for filing an asylum
application changed, including the
requirement that noncitizens must
generally file their application within
one year of their arrival in the United
States, see section 208(a)(2)(B) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B), and must
show that they should be granted relief
in the exercise of discretion. See
Delgado v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 702, 705
(2d Cir. 2007) (‘‘Asylum is a
discretionary form of relief . . . Once an
applicant has established eligibility . . .
it remains within the Attorney General’s
discretion to deny asylum.’’).
The Departments agree that credible
fear screenings are not meant to mirror
ultimate merits adjudications and that,
by design, these screenings will result in
some noncitizens being screened in who
ultimately are not granted asylum or
protection. However, the number of
noncitizens who are granted asylum or
other protection following a screening
necessarily reflects the effectiveness of
those screenings; the gap between the
screen-in rate and the rate of those
granted asylum or other protection
matters. With a screening standard that
is more likely to identify meritorious
claims, the Departments expect to see a
114 See EOIR, Director’s Memorandum 23–02,
Language Access in Immigration Court 1–2 (June 6,
2023), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/book/file/
1586686/dl.
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higher share of screened in noncitizens
ultimately granted relief or protection.
While a credible fear screening in the
expedited removal process takes place
shortly after entry into the United
States, the ultimate adjudication of an
asylum (or other protection) claim may
be months or years later. The outcome
of the screening compared with the
outcome of the asylum application’s
ultimate adjudication on the merits is an
important measure of the credible fear
interview’s effectiveness at ensuring
that meritorious asylum claims proceed
in the application process because only
cases that could be viable should
continue on in the process.
Finally, the Departments acknowledge
that, as with all screening mechanisms,
there is some risk under the rule that a
meritorious case might not proceed to a
credible fear screening or a merits
adjudication. The Departments believe
that during emergency border
circumstances, the rule’s provisions
strike an appropriate balance, and that
the rule’s benefits outweigh any
potential marginal increase in the
likelihood that a meritorious case would
be missed or would fail under the rule’s
procedures, as discussed in more detail
in Section III.C.3 of this preamble. The
Departments reiterate that nothing in
this rule prevents a noncitizen from
raising a fear claim. All noncitizens
processed for expedited removal who
manifest a fear of return, express an
intention to apply for asylum or
protection, or express a fear of
persecution or torture or a fear of return
to their country or the country of
removal are referred for a credible fear
interview. For the reasons discussed in
Section III.C.2 of this preamble, DHS
believes that the manifestation standard
will continue to provide noncitizens
with an adequate opportunity to seek
relief and protection in the United
States. Moreover, under the rule, those
referred for a credible fear screening
will continue to have an opportunity to
have their claims assessed by an AO in
a non-adversarial interview and will be
able to seek IJ review of the AO’s
decision. Although many noncitizens
may be subject to the limitation on
asylum eligibility under this rule,
during the credible fear interview and IJ
review (if elected), they will still be
screened for potential eligibility for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection. In sum, as explained in
the IFR, the Departments expect that
these provisions will continue to
produce accurate outcomes, although
the Departments believe that the rule
continues to be necessary and
appropriate to address emergency
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border circumstances even if this
expectation turns out to be misplaced in
close cases. 89 FR at 48750 n.250.
Indeed, as discussed in Section II.A.2
of this preamble, the Departments
believe that the IFR is working to reduce
the gap between high rates of referrals
and screen-ins and the historically low
percentage of those who are ultimately
granted protection or relief, while still
providing noncitizens with
opportunities to raise and have their
claims considered. The Departments
believe that the difference between the
positive credible fear rate during the
pre-pandemic period and the rate under
the IFR is attributable to the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility and the
higher ‘‘reasonable probability’’
screening standard for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
claims, which, as the Departments
explained in the IFR, is more
appropriate in light of the ultimate
burden of proof for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, better captures the
population of noncitizens with
potentially valid claims for such
protection, and will assist the
Departments in addressing the
emergency border circumstances
described in the IFR. See 89 FR at
48745–46.
Comment: At least one commenter
argued that the IFR is arbitrary and
capricious because the Departments
impermissibly use the availability of
pathways not related to asylum or
humanitarian relief as justification for
reducing asylum access. The commenter
stated that the availability of lawful
pathways is not a factor that Congress
intended the agencies to consider as a
basis for limiting asylum.
Response: The Departments disagree
with the assertion that the rule
impermissibly relies on the availability
of lawful, safe, and orderly pathways to
reduce access to asylum. As an initial
matter, the Departments note that the
primary purpose of the rule’s temporary
limitation on asylum eligibility is to
reduce the daily number of entrants by
discouraging irregular migration during
periods when the border security and
immigration systems are over capacity
and unable to effectively process
noncitizens through expedited removal.
See 89 FR at 48731–32. Because section
3(b)(v)(D) of the Proclamation contains
an exception for arrivals at the SWB
under a process approved by the
Secretary, and because this rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility excepts
those who are described in section 3(b)
of the Proclamation, the limitation will
also not apply to such arrivals. See id.
at 48754. In this way, the Proclamation
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and the rule continue to maintain
incentives for noncitizens seeking
protection to use the safe, lawful, and
orderly process that the United States
has provided. See id. at 48730–31
(stating that ‘‘applying the limitation on
asylum eligibility will encourage
noncitizens to make an appointment to
present at the SWB, take advantage of
other lawful migration pathways, or not
undertake the dangerous journey north
to begin with’’); see also id. at 48754
(explaining that the rule ‘‘provides
important exceptions that continue to
incentivize the use of safe, orderly, and
lawful pathways’’). Indeed, the use of
such pathways and tools to access those
pathways, like the CBP One app, is
critical for promoting efficient border
processing especially during emergency
border circumstances. See id. at 48737
(‘‘During emergency border
circumstances [the] use of the CBP One
app is especially critical because it
allows DHS to maximize the use of its
limited resources.’’ (citations omitted));
see also 88 FR at 31317–18 (explaining
the benefits of having noncitizens preschedule appointments using the CBP
One app). However, contrary to the
commenter’s claim, the rule does not
impose a limitation on asylum
eligibility based solely on the
availability of such pathways. Rather,
the rule’s limitation applies to
noncitizens who enter the United States
across the southern border during
emergency border circumstances and
are not described in section 3(b) of the
Proclamation. See 8 CFR 208.13(g),
208.35(a), 1208.13(g), 1208.35(a). And
even during these situations, the rule
provides an exception for noncitizens
(including those who do not use the
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways) who
demonstrate exceptionally compelling
circumstances. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2),
1208.35(a)(2).
In any event, Congress did not
preclude the Departments from
considering a noncitizen’s use of lawful
pathways and processes as a factor
when establishing conditions and
limitations on asylum. As described in
Section III.A.1.a of this preamble, in
Matter of Pula, the BIA explained that
a noncitizen’s ‘‘circumvention of
orderly refugee procedures,’’ including
their ‘‘manner of entry or attempted
entry,’’ is a relevant factor for
discretionary asylum determinations, 19
I&N Dec. at 472–73, and this rule merely
takes such circumvention into account
to determine eligibility. And exactly
how much weight to put on that factor
and whether to do so in weighing
asylum eligibility falls well within the
broad discretion conferred by section
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208 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158, including
section 208(b)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(C). For the reasons discussed
in Section III.A.1 of this preamble and
in the IFR, see 89 FR at 48733–38, this
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility is
consistent with the statute, a proper
exercise of the Departments’ authority,
and distinguishable from the prior
regulations that some courts have found
invalid.
Comment: One commenter disagreed
with the Departments’ assertion that the
IFR will undermine TCOs’ ability to
incentivize migrants to utilize irregular
migration methods. The commenter
argued that the IFR will instead have the
opposite effect of forcing many migrants
to use irregular routes, thus
strengthening the organized smuggling
operations and TCOs the agencies seek
to combat. The commenter also argued
that the IFR makes the ‘‘bizarre assertion
that new measures punishing vulnerable
people are necessary because’’
smuggling operations have ways to
avoid existing asylum restrictions.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the IFR will incentivize irregular
migration and thereby strengthen
organized smuggling operations and
TCOs. The IFR has enhanced the
disincentives to crossing irregularly,
reducing the overall number of
encounters between POEs. Through
August 31, 2024, average daily total
encounters between POEs at the SWB
under the Proclamation and the IFR
have fallen 59 percent from the level of
average daily encounters during the
‘‘immediate post-pandemic period,’’ i.e.,
the period after the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule began to apply on
May 12, 2023, and before the IFR
entered into effect on June 5, 2024.115
This rule addresses the reality of
unprecedented migratory flows, the
systemic costs those flows impose, and
the ways in which increasingly
sophisticated smuggling networks
cruelly exploit the system for financial
gain. The procedures in place before the
publication of the IFR resulted in the
release of a high proportion of migrants
into the United States to await section
240 removal proceedings, creating a
vicious cycle in which exploitative
smuggling networks could effectively
advertise that border crossers were
likely to remain in the United States
115 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024. (Summary Statistics tab). There
were, on average, 2,077 encounters per day
(including all demographic groups) between POEs
at the SWB from June 5 through August 31, 2024,
compared to 5,119 per day during the immediate
post-pandemic period, defined as May 12, 2023,
through June 4, 2024. Id.
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upon arrival, encouraging higher
encounter numbers, which in turn led to
more releases. See 89 FR at 48714–15.
This created a situation in which large
numbers of migrants—regardless of their
ultimate likelihood of success on an
asylum or protection application—were
subject to exploitation and risks to their
lives by the networks that drove their
movements north. See id. In contrast,
the Departments believe that the
reduction in migration resulting from
this rule will, over time, weaken the
TCOs that prey on migrants for profit by
starving such TCOs of funding.
The IFR does not ‘‘punish[ ]
vulnerable people,’’ as the commenter
alleges. The Departments explained that
although heightened enforcement efforts
by the United States and Mexico helped
to mitigate very high levels of irregular
migration, ‘‘[s]muggling networks are
adaptable, responding to changes put in
place. Despite their immediate
effectiveness, such changes [in
enforcement efforts] are not enough—
and will almost certainly have
diminished effect over time. The reality
is that the scale of irregular migration
over the past two years has strained the
funding, personnel, and infrastructure
of both countries’ immigration
enforcement systems in ways that have,
at times, contributed to high encounters
between POEs.’’ 89 FR at 48726. The
Departments further stated that
‘‘[w]ithout the Proclamation and this
rule, the anticipated increase in
migration will, in turn, worsen
significant strains on resources already
experienced by the Departments and
communities across the United States.’’
Id.
The rule is consistent with concern
for vulnerable people and the
Departments’ operational capacity to
administer and enforce the immigration
laws. As a means of preventing migrants
from falling prey to smuggling and other
criminal organizations, the Departments
have discouraged attempts to enter the
United States without inspection while
increasing the availability of lawful
pathways. The limitation on asylum
eligibility contained in the rule
undercuts claims made to migrants by
TCOs and smugglers that simply
arriving at the border will result in them
being released into the United States.
Additionally, the Departments believe
that increasing the availability of lawful
pathways for migration helps discourage
attempts to enter the United States
without inspection by providing
individuals with options that do not
involve putting their lives in the hands
of smugglers. The Departments believe
that this balanced approach—expanded
lawful pathways to enter the United
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States, coupled with conditions on
asylum eligibility for those who fail to
exercise those pathways and the swift
imposition of immigration
consequences when individuals do not
establish a legal basis to remain in the
United States—will continue to
decrease attempts to irregularly enter
the United States, and thereby reduce
reliance on smugglers and human
traffickers.
Comment: A commenter argued that
the IFR fails to account for the effect of
existing and contemporaneously
promulgated policies, such as EOIR’s
‘‘recent arrivals docket.’’
Response: The IFR is one of several
tools that the Departments employ to
encourage the use of safe, orderly, and
lawful processes for accessing the
border and to maintain a manageable
operational capacity to adequately
deliver timely decisions and
consequences to noncitizens
encountered at the southern border who
do not establish a legal basis to remain.
The Departments are not aware of any
evidence that the recent arrivals docket
or any other recent procedural changes
in case processing could have, on their
own, addressed the record high levels of
migration that the Departments have
contended with in recent years. Such
changes offer important efficiency
benefits but by themselves do not
adequately address problems such as
the large number of non-meritorious
claims for asylum and related
protection.
For example, as the Departments
announced on May 16, 2024, the recent
arrivals docket applies to certain
noncitizen single adults. 116 For cases
on the recent arrivals docket, IJs will
generally aim to render a final decision
within 180 days, which is substantially
longer than the expedited removal
process.117 The recent arrivals docket
116 Press Release, DHS, DHS and DOJ Announce
‘‘Recent Arrivals’’ Docket Process for More Efficient
Immigration Hearings (May 16, 2024), https://
www.dhs.gov/news/2024/05/16/dhs-and-dojannounce-recent-arrivals-docket-process-moreefficient-immigration (‘‘Recent Arrivals Docket
Announcement’’).
117 Credible fear interviews generally take place
close in time to when a noncitizen arrives in the
United States. See INA 235(b)(1)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(i) (providing that AOs ‘‘shall conduct
interviews’’ of noncitizens who indicate either an
intention to apply for asylum or a fear of
persecution ‘‘at a port of entry or at such other place
designated by the Attorney General’’). If the
noncitizen is not found to have a credible fear, the
noncitizen may request review by an IJ, but such
review must take place ‘‘in no case later than 7 days
after the date’’ of the AO’s determination. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III).
DHS data show a median processing time from
credible fear referral to result of 8 days in the prepandemic period; 17 days during the pandemic
period; 12 days during the immediate post-
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provides efficient case processing
procedures for removal proceedings,
which are, as a general matter, designed
to be more comprehensive proceedings
for the full adjudication of claims,118 as
compared with expedited removal,
which is designed to quickly screen out
those who cannot demonstrate a
sufficient likelihood of ultimate success
on the merits. Thus, the recent arrivals
docket is not as efficient as either
expedited removal proceedings
generally or expedited removal
proceedings undertaken pursuant to this
rule. Accordingly, the recent arrivals
docket is best considered as a
complementary measure to this rule for
those who are not subject to or cannot
be processed under expedited removal
despite the resource-saving measures
laid out in this rule. Similarly, while the
Departments are constantly making
efforts to maximize the efficiency of
their procedures, all such changes are
inadequate, on their own, to
accommodate the high volumes of
encounters that make this rule
necessary.
Comment: Citing 89 FR at 48724
nn.99–100 as an example, a commenter
objected that the Departments’ reliance
on an undisclosed data analysis with
unknown assumptions as a basis for
projecting future trends is arbitrary.
Response: The Departments included
in the rulemaking docket extensive data
supporting the IFR, including an
explanation of assumptions underlying
certain projections.119 As DHS
explained in the IFR, the complexity of
international migration limits DHS’s
ability to precisely project border
encounters under the best of
circumstances. See 89 FR at 48727
n.127. The period leading up to the IFR
pandemic period; and 5 days during the IFR period.
See OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
118 Parties in section 240 removal proceedings
have a wide range of well-established rights,
including the following: the rights to representation
at no expense to the Government, to a reasonable
opportunity to examine and present evidence, and
to cross-examine witnesses, INA 240(b)(4)(A)–(B), 8
U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4)(A)–(B); the right to seek various
forms of relief, 8 CFR 1240.1(a)(1)(ii)-(iii); the right
to file a motion to continue, 8 CFR 1003.29; and the
right to appeal specified decisions to the Board of
Immigration Appeals (‘‘BIA’’), 8 CFR 1003.3(a),
1003.38(a), and to later file a petition for review of
certain decisions in the appropriate U.S. Court of
Appeals, see generally INA 242, 8 U.S.C. 1252. For
these reasons, the completion goals for cases on the
recent arrivals docket remain subject to casespecific circumstances and procedural protections,
including allowing time for noncitizens to seek
representation where needed. See Recent Arrivals
Docket Announcement.
119 See OHSS Data Spreadsheet, Data for Securing
the Border IFR (June 2024), https://
www.regulations.gov/document/USCIS-2024-00060003.
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was characterized by greater than usual
uncertainty due to ongoing changes in
the major migration source countries
(i.e., the shift in demographics of those
noncitizens encountered by DHS), the
growing impact of climate change on
migration, political instability in several
source countries, the evolving recovery
from the COVID–19 pandemic, and
uncertainty generated by border-related
litigation, among other factors. Id.
Nonetheless, the Departments included
ample basis for their assessment that the
IFR was needed and did not rely
exclusively on internal projections as a
basis for the rule. See, e.g., 89 FR at
48726 (explaining that ‘‘between
January and April, 2024, [UNCHR]
tracked 139,000 irregular entries
[through the Darién jungle], up from
128,000 for the same months in 2023
and a seven-fold increase over migration
levels during that period in 2022,’’ and
that ‘‘[p]ast unprecedented migration
surges [described in the IFR] bolster
. . . the need for this rulemaking’’).
Further, the Departments note that they
are including in the docket extensive
data supporting this final rule,
including data related to the impact of
the IFR, the changes made in this final
rule, and the request for comment
discussed in Section IV of this
preamble, as well as detailed
explanations of certain projections.
b. Lack of Resources Does Not Justify
the Rule
Comment: Some commenters stated
that the Departments’ justification of the
IFR based on the lack of resources and
congressional funding needed to
effectively and efficiently meet process
demands for migrants and those in the
U.S. asylum process is not a valid basis
for the Departments’ purportedly
disregarding their legal obligations to
migrants when managing asylum claims
and upending the asylum system. A
commenter similarly stated that
resource constraints should have no
relationship to the treatment of newly
arriving migrants whose right to remain
has not yet been assessed.
Another commenter said that the IFR
is arbitrary and capricious because,
while the agencies argue that the IFR is
required because of a lack of funding,
they provided no analysis to justify that
conclusion. The commenter stated that
the primary reason USCIS lacks enough
AOs is that USCIS faces challenges with
hiring and retention. The commenter
stated that the agency underpays
officers, forces them to work 60-hour
weeks, and routinely requires them to
apply new and illegal requirements in
credible fear interviews, all while
ignoring their primary duty of
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conducting asylum adjudications. The
commenter stated that CBP has the
ability under current resources to
greatly expand its capacity at POEs, but
that CBP and DHS simply refuse to take
that step. Another commenter similarly
said that the IFR repeatedly invokes
resource constraints as the reason to
deny access to asylum, yet CBP is the
nation’s largest Federal law enforcement
agency, and it has ‘‘seriously
understated’’ its processing capacity in
the past. A few commenters said that
real solutions to alleviate conditions at
the southern border include operational
efficiency, better resource allocation,
and increasing resources to meet
demand and fairly process applications.
One commenter said the rule is
motivated by the Departments’ concern
that too many people are seeking
asylum, rather than whether individuals
are eligible. Further, this commenter
wrote that, without any monitoring of
the consequences of removal, it is
unclear if the IFR’s supposed efficiency
is in the best interests of the United
States, which include a commitment to
upholding human rights and providing
humanitarian aid.
Response: With respect to the claim
that the rule’s reliance on resource and
funding constraints and efficiency
concerns are impermissible bases to
disregard legal obligations to migrants
seeking asylum and protection, the
Departments first reiterate that the rule
does not violate any legal obligations to
migrants, as explained in Section III.A.1
of this preamble and in the IFR. See 89
FR at 48733–39. This rule is consistent
with U.S. domestic law and with the
United States’s treaty obligations. The
United States implements its nonrefoulement obligations through
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection. Even when the
threshold for emergency border
circumstances has been reached, these
forms of protection remain available.
From June 5, 2024, through August 31,
2024, 27 percent of those encountered
between ports of entry at the SWB and
placed into expedited removal were
referred for a credible fear interview,
and over half of individuals referred for
credible fear interviews under the IFR
have ultimately been screened in.120
Those who have not received such
determinations have either been
determined to have not manifested a
fear of removal or have been determined
to have not shown a significant
possibility that they could ultimately
demonstrate by a preponderance of the
120 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab and
IFR ERCF tab).
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evidence eligibility for asylum in light
of the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility or a reasonable probability of
persecution or torture.
In addition, the Departments disagree
with commenters’ assertion that it is
impermissible to consider resource
constraints and lack of funding as
supporting the need for the IFR and this
rule. Congress provided the
Departments with broad discretionary
authority under section 208 of the INA,
8 U.S.C. 1158, including expressly
conferring discretion to impose
limitations on asylum eligibility. INA
208(b)(1)(A), (b)(2)(C), (d)(5)(B), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(A), (b)(2)(C), (d)(5)(B).
Nothing in the INA explicitly or
implicitly forecloses the Departments
from considering the impact of resource
constraints when exercising their
discretionary authorities. For this
reason, as explained in Section II.A.1 of
this preamble and in the IFR, see 89 FR
at 48731–49, the rule’s changes to
certain expedited removal procedures
and the credible fear process are a
lawful exercise of the Departments’
authorities and are consistent with the
INA.
Indeed, resources and funding cannot
be separated from the safe, effective, and
humane enforcement and
administration of our immigration laws.
The Departments can only function with
the resources provided to them by
Congress. While the Departments
carefully utilize the resources that they
are given, they are inadequate in the
face of substantial and unprecedented
global migration. As explained in the
IFR, these constraints prevent the border
and immigration systems from properly
functioning to provide timely relief for
those who warrant it and timely
consequences for those without a legal
basis to remain when encounters reach
the thresholds identified in the rule. See
89 FR at 48730 (discussing the impact
of resource limitations); see also id. at
48752 (explaining that ‘‘[g]iven current
resources[ ] . . . there is a limit on how
many people can be put through the
process—and that limit directly informs
the 1,500 threshold’’).
The rule is carefully tailored to
address these challenges and is
therefore a reasonable exercise of the
Departments’ discretionary authorities.
By shifting to a manifestation standard
for fear claims, and heightening the
screening standard for withholding and
CAT protection, DHS will be able to
devote more of its limited resources to
more effectively and quickly processing
migrants, and the Departments will be
able to focus on those claims that are
more likely to have merit. See id. at
48744–45. The limitation on asylum
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eligibility disincentivizes attempts at
entry, thereby easing stress on DHS
resources, while also providing an
efficient way to address claims of fear
raised by individuals who do not fall
within the exception to the limitation.
See 89 FR at 48731–33. At the same
time, the rule does not foreclose asylum
eligibility for noncitizens who are in
circumstances that require immediate
action: It includes an exception for
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, including for
noncitizens (or members of their
families with whom they are traveling)
who experience an acute medical
emergency, face an imminent and
extreme threat to life or safety, or are a
‘‘victim of a severe form of trafficking in
persons.’’ See 89 FR at 48732–33. And
those referred to the credible fear
process will continue to be screened for
potential eligibility for statutory
withholding of removal and protection
under the CAT. Thus, the rule allows
the Departments to use their limited
resources more effectively to administer
and enforce the nation’s immigration
laws, while also reducing incentives for
migrants to make the dangerous journey
to the southern border in the hope that
the overwhelmed and under-resourced
immigration system will not be able to
expeditiously process them for removal.
In sum, the rule is needed to support the
effective ‘‘operation of the immigration
system’’ during emergency border
circumstances. Judulang v. Holder, 565
U.S. 42, 55 (2011).
Contrary to commenters’ claim, the
IFR fully explains the funding shortfall
facing the Departments and how it has
severely hampered their abilities to
effectively and efficiently process
noncitizens at the southern border and
deliver timely decisions and
consequences to those without a legal
basis to remain. See 89 FR at 48728–30.
Under current appropriations, DHS will,
at best, be able only to sustain most of
its current operations and will not be
able to expand capacity along the
southern border or increase its ability to
deliver consequences through referrals
into expedited removal. See id. at
48729. Because of the funding shortfall,
in the circumstances in which the
measures enacted by this rule apply,
DHS simply lacks sufficient personnel
and facility resources to safely detain a
majority of border crossers for the time
needed to complete the expedited
removal process, which forces DHS to
release noncitizens pending prolonged
processing pathways outside of
expedited removal. See id. at 48752.
This renders DHS unable to swiftly
process migrants and impose
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consequences on those who fail to
establish a legal basis to remain in the
United States, which in turn leads to
higher encounter rates. See id.
These resource constraints are not
unique to front-line officials. In recent
years, EOIR adjudicators have
completed a record number of cases.121
However, the drastic increase in the
number of newly initiated cases—
composed in large part of cases that
could have been processed through
expedited removal if DHS resources
allowed, id. at 48751 (‘‘Due to its
resource constraints, the majority of
individuals USBP encountered since
May 11, 2023, were ultimately placed in
section 240 removal proceedings[.]’’)—
has significantly outpaced even these
record numbers of case completions,
thus increasing the pending caseload
before EOIR.122
Similarly, USCIS has experienced a
dramatic increase in credible fear
referrals. USCIS received an estimated
137,000 credible fear referrals resulting
from SWB encounters in FY 2023, up
from an average of about 52,000 from
2010 to 2019 and an average of about
5,700 from 2005 to 2009.123 However, as
the Departments explained in the IFR,
USCIS does not have enough AOs to
keep pace with the number of
noncitizens who could be referred for
credible fear interviews, much less keep
pace with new affirmative asylum
receipts or the existing affirmative
backlog. 89 FR at 48730. The USCIS
affirmative asylum application backlog
has reached over 1.25 million cases.124
Despite its growing affirmative asylum
backlog, USCIS must continue to assign
AOs to certain caseloads (some of which
are included in the affirmative asylum
backlog and some of which are not) that
must be staffed to meet processing time
frames established by statute,
regulation, settlement agreement, court
order, or litigation need, including:
reasonable fear screenings; Operation
Allies Welcome affirmative asylum
cases; affirmative asylum cases subject
to litigation; and Safe Third Country
Agreement screenings. With a focus on
121 See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: New Cases
and Total Completions (Apr. 19, 2024), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344796/dl?inline; see
also 89 FR at 48751 (noting that due to its resource
constraints, ‘‘the majority of individuals USBP
encountered since May 11, 2023, were ultimately
placed in section 240 removal proceedings[]’’
(footnote omitted)).
122 Id.
123 See OHSS analysis of Asylum Pre-Screening
Officer (‘‘APSO’’) Global and OHSS Persist Datasets
current as of June 30, 2024 (Historic CFIs tab).
124 USCIS, Asylum Division Monthly Statistics
Report. Fiscal Year 2024. June 2024 (July 23, 2024),
https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/
reports/asylumfiscalyear2024todatestats_
240630.xlsx.
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credible fear screenings and while
having to address the required caseloads
mentioned above, AOs are unavailable
to fully support efforts to reduce the
affirmative asylum backlog. If there is a
surge in credible fear referrals, USCIS
would be forced to detail and train
additional staff from other parts of the
agency, further affecting the overall
immigration system.
USCIS has filled 850 out of 1,011
available AO positions as of August 15,
2024. USCIS is working diligently to
avoid a gap between the number of AOs
on board and the number of available
positions, but some gap in these
numbers persists, in part due to the time
it takes to hire and receive security
clearances for individuals to come on
board as AOs. As of August 15, 2024,
USCIS has a total of approximately 702
permanent AOs fully trained and
certified to complete its workloads,
including credible fear screening,
reasonable fear screening, and
affirmative asylum adjudication. Given
that the ebb and flow of hiring and the
number of credible fear referrals prior to
the implementation of the IFR required
far more officers to maintain pace,
USCIS has trained staff members from
across the agency to serve temporarily
on detail as AOs and conduct credible
fear interviews consistent with the
statute. INA 235(b)(1)(E), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(E). As of August 15, 2024,
USCIS had a total of 807 credible fear
trained AOs (702 permanent staff and
105 detailees, who are trained to
conduct credible fear screenings only).
Given the need to address the
Departments’ various required
workloads mentioned above, 511 AOs
are currently assigned to work
exclusively on credible fear cases. With
this number of available AOs and
accounting for some fluctuation, USCIS
can generally complete credible fear
determinations for an average of 650
individuals daily Monday through
Friday and an average of 200
individuals daily on Saturday and
Sunday. Workload priorities related to
border enforcement, statutory
requirements, and litigation obligations,
along with insufficient resourcing
allocations from Congress, continue to
affect USCIS’s ability to staff at
appropriate levels. Accordingly, these
funding shortfalls, combined with high
encounter levels at the southern border,
necessitate this rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility and its changes to the
credible fear referral process and
screening standard for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection to ensure the Departments
are able to deliver timely decisions and
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consequences using the resources
provided. See 89 FR at 48729–31.
DHS disagrees with the claim that
USCIS’s resource challenges are due to
hiring and staff retention problems
caused by working conditions and
underpay, rather than Congress’s failure
to provide the agency with sufficient
resources. Resource challenges at USCIS
are not a novel issue. Nearly 96 percent
of USCIS’s funding is from filing fees,
not from congressional appropriations.
Fees for adjudication and naturalization
services are set at a level to ‘‘ensure
recovery of the full costs of providing all
such services, including the costs of
similar services provided without
charge to asylum applicants or other
immigrants.’’ INA 286(m), 8 U.S.C.
1356(m). On April 1, 2024, DHS
implemented a new fee schedule for
USCIS-processed immigration benefits,
which will generate approximately an
additional $1 billion annually; the
schedule includes a new asylum
program surcharge for employmentbased petitioners. 89 FR 6194, 6205,
6391 (Jan. 31, 2024). While the new fee
rule does provide for increased funding
for the Refugee, Asylum, and
International Operations Directorate,125
keeping pace with USCIS’s protection
screening and affirmative asylum
workloads requires additional funding,
as reflected in the President’s FY 2025
Budget.126 As DHS explained in
proposing the new fee schedule, the
new fee schedule was created based on
historical data and the additional
funding provided by the new fee
schedule may not be sufficient to cover
the increased costs of the asylum
program, including credible fear
processing, if encounters exceed historic
rates. 88 FR 402, 432–38 (Jan. 4, 2023).
Even with the very limited
appropriations provided by Congress to
USCIS, the President’s budget requests
demonstrate the need to supplement
USCIS’s ability to address credible fear
screenings. The President’s FY 2024
budget request to Congress sought funds
necessary to complete up to 150,000
125 DHS, Immigration Examinations Fee Account:
Fee Review Supporting Documentation with
Addendum 53 (Nov. 2023), https://
www.regulations.gov/document/USCIS-2021-00108176.
126 See The White House, Fact Sheet: The
President’s Budget Secures Our Border, Combats
Fentanyl Trafficking, and Calls on Congress to
Enact Critical Immigration Reform (Mar. 11, 2024),
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
statements-releases/2024/03/11/fact-sheet-thepresidents-budget-secures-our-border-combatsfentanyl-trafficking-and-calls-on-congress-to-enactcritical-immigration-reform/.
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credible fear determinations.127 A
supplemental request in October 2023
sought congressional funding for 1,600
AOs.128 Congress failed to provide
resources to address credible fear
screenings with respect to these
appropriation requests. Raising fees on
other applications and petitions to cover
the $755 million that would be required
to hire and support the additional 1,600
AOs called for in the President’s 2025
FY Budget 129 would impose a burden
on other filers. See 89 FR at 48729.
USCIS takes workforce retention
seriously, but any concern about pay,
hours, or workload does not obviate the
systemic obstacles in running an
underfunded program with limited
resources.
With regard to the specific comments
regarding CBP’s ability and capacity to
process noncitizens at POEs on the
SWB, DHS disagrees that it has the
resources to meaningfully expand that
capacity under current conditions. CBP
has finite resources available at POEs,
all of which must be distributed both to
processing of noncitizens and to
implementing CBP’s other priority
missions, including facilitating lawful
trade and travel and protecting national
security interests.130 That said, CBP has
taken steps to increase the number of
noncitizens processed at POEs,
including through tools such as the CBP
One app, which has helped CBP to
maximize its limited resources as it
permits noncitizens to pre-schedule
appointments and mitigates long
waiting times at POEs.131 The
127 See DHS, FY 2024 Budget-in-Brief 74 (2024),
https://www.dhs.gov/publication/fy-2024-budgetbrief (last visited Sep. 3, 2024).
128 See The White House, Fact Sheet: White
House Calls on Congress to Advance Critical
National Security Priorities (Oct. 20, 2023), https://
www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statementsreleases/2023/10/20/fact-sheet-white-house-callson-congress-to-advance-critical-national-securitypriorities/.
129 See The White House, Fact Sheet: The
President’s Budget Secures Our Border, Combats
Fentanyl Trafficking, and Calls on Congress to
Enact Critical Immigration Reform (Mar. 11, 2024),
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
statements-releases/2024/03/11/fact-sheet-thepresidents-budget-secures-our-border-combatsfentanyl-trafficking-and-calls-on-congress-to-enactcritical-immigration-reform/.
130 See, e.g., Memorandum for William A. Ferrara,
Exec. Ass’t Comm’r, Off. of Field Operations, CBP,
from Troy A. Miller, Acting Comm’r, CBP, Re:
Guidance for Management and Processing of
Undocumented Noncitizens at Southwest Border
Land Ports of Entry (Nov. 1, 2021), https://
www.cbp.gov/document/guidance/guidancemanagement-and-processing-undocumented-noncitizens-southwest-border-land.
131 Id. During the pre-pandemic period, CBP’s
Office of Field Operations (‘‘OFO’’) processed
around 330 people per day. From January 2023
(when CBP opened CBP One for direct scheduling)
through August 31, 2024, OFO has processed
approximately four-and-a-half times that number of
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Departments welcome additional
resources from Congress, but must
respond to emergency border
circumstances with the resources
currently available.132
Finally, the Departments disagree that
this rule is motivated by a concern that
too many people are seeking asylum.
The rule is intended to address the very
high levels of irregular migration that
the Departments have recently observed,
without discouraging those with valid
claims from applying for asylum or
other protection. By managing flows
more effectively, the rule will help
ensure the continued effective, humane,
and efficient processing of migrants who
arrive at the southern border during
emergency border circumstances.
Moreover, the Departments disagree
with the suggestion that the rule is not
in the best interests of the United States.
On June 3, 2024, the President signed a
Proclamation under sections 212(f) and
215(a) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and
1185(a), finding that because the border
security and immigration systems of the
United States were unduly strained, the
entry into the United States of certain
categories of noncitizens was
detrimental to the interests of the
United States, and suspending and
limiting the entry of such noncitizens.
89 FR at 48490–91. The Departments
determined that the IFR was necessary
to respond to the emergency border
circumstances discussed in the
Proclamation. Id. at 48715. Exercising
their authorities, including under
section 208(b)(2)(C) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(2)(C), the Secretary and the
Attorney General determined that
during emergency border circumstances,
it is in the ‘‘best interests of the country
. . . to limit asylum eligibility for those
who enter in violation of the
Proclamation, which, in turn, will allow
the Departments to allocate their limited
resources to prioritize processing of
noncitizens who do not enter in
violation of it.’’ Id. at 48737 (alteration,
citation, and internal quotation marks
omitted). At this time, the Secretary and
people daily. See OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS
Persist Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (OFO Encounters tab).
132 See Letter for the Hon. Patrick McHenry,
Speaker Pro Tempore of the U.S. House of
Representatives, from Shalanda D. Young, Dir., Off.
of Mgmt. & Budget, Re: Critical National Security
Funding Needs for FY 2024 (Oct. 20, 2023), https://
www.whitehouse.gov/omb/briefing-room/2023/10/
20/letter-regarding-critical-national-securityfunding-needs-for-fy-2024/(‘‘This request includes
resources for an additional 1,300 border patrol
agents to work alongside the 20,200 agents already
funded in the FY2024 Budget; 375 immigration
judge teams to strengthen the immigration court
system—the largest incremental request ever; [and]
1,600 asylum officers to speed up processing of
asylum claims[.]’’).
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the Attorney General continue to believe
that this rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility is in the best interests of the
United States and that it should
continue to apply, while encounter
levels remain above the thresholds in
the rule (i.e., during emergency border
circumstances), to noncitizens who
enter across the southern border and
who are not described in section 3(b) of
the Proclamation, unless such
noncitizens demonstrate that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
exist.
The Departments further disagree
with the assertion of commenters that,
without monitoring the consequences of
removal, it is unclear if the IFR’s
improvement to systemic efficiency is in
the best interests of the United States.
The Departments believe that the
present rulemaking strikes the
appropriate balance between facilitating
efficiency during times when emergency
border circumstances are present and
upholding the commitment of the
United States to protecting human rights
and honoring its non-refoulement
obligations. Indeed, the credible fear
screening process itself is designed to
make a case-by-case determination
related to the consequences of removal
and whether those potential
consequences warrant allowing a
noncitizen to remain in the United
States to pursue an asylum or related
protection claim. While it is not feasible
for the United States to monitor the
exact consequences of removal in every
individual case, AOs and IJs routinely
use country conditions information,
including Department of State Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices, to
inform their evaluation of potential
consequences of removal as part of the
credible fear determination, as part of
their statutory obligation to consider
‘‘such other facts as are known’’ to them
in the credible fear of persecution
determination (INA 235(b)(1)(B)(v), 8
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(v)); likewise, they
are required by regulation to consider
‘‘evidence of gross, flagrant or mass
violations of human rights within the
country of removal’’ and ‘‘any other
relevant information regarding
conditions in the country of removal’’ in
any evaluation of protection under the
CAT, 8 CFR 208.16(c)(3)(iii)–(iv).133 The
133 USCIS RAIO Directorate, Officer Training:
Credible Fear of Persecution and Torture
Determinations 19–20 (May 9, 2024) (‘‘Additionally,
pursuant to the statutory definition of ‘credible fear
of persecution,’ the asylum officer must take
account of ‘such other facts as are known to the
officer.’ Such ‘other facts’ include relevant country
conditions information. Similarly, country
conditions information should be considered when
evaluating a credible fear of torture. The
Convention Against Torture and implementing
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present rulemaking does not change the
types of evidence AOs and IJs rely on,
such as human rights monitoring reports
relating to the potential consequences of
removal to a particular country, in
making credible fear determinations at
the higher ‘‘reasonable probability’’ of
persecution or torture standard.
c. Rule Does Not Acknowledge Factors
Contributing to Migration
Comment: Some commenters argued
that the Departments failed to analyze to
what extent migration patterns are
shaped by U.S. immigration
enforcement system incentive structures
relative to other factors, such as the
many reasons people are forced to flee
their homes.
These commenters disagreed with
what they characterized as the
Departments’ decision to impose further
consequences on individuals seeking
protection. Some commenters argued
that many factors contribute to the
number of border encounters, including
dire conditions in migrants’ countries of
origin and their personal circumstances,
and that while the IFR acknowledges
that various push factors such as
violence, persecution, poverty, human
rights abuses, climate change, and
others contribute to current migratory
patterns, it does not fully engage with
them and instead ‘‘assumes, without
foundation, that the perceived
incentives, responsive to U.S.
enforcement measures, single-handedly
shape migration patterns,’’ despite
ample United States Government and
academic analyses that demonstrate that
U.S. enforcement measures are only one
of several factors informing patterns of
migration.
Similarly, another commenter stated
that, although the IFR asserts that
insufficient enforcement leads to high
encounter levels, it is more plausible
that the world is experiencing high
levels of displacement and international
migration and that the United States is
a desirable destination for migrants. The
commenter added that such global
pressures would be more productively
met with policies that directly address
the desire, ability, and opportunities for
people to migrate, rather than imposing
harsher enforcement.
Response: The Departments agree that
many factors that are outside the U.S.
Government’s control influence
migration patterns, including push
factors. The Departments have never
regulations require consideration of ‘[e]vidence of
gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights
within the country of removal, where applicable;
and [o]ther relevant information regarding
conditions in the country of removal.’ ’’ (quoting 8
CFR 208.16(c)(3)(iii)–(iv))).
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asserted that U.S. enforcement measures
singlehandedly shape migration
patterns. Economic and political
instability around the world is fueling
the highest levels of migration since
World War II, including in the Western
Hemisphere. 88 FR at 11704. However,
the effects of these factors and U.S.
immigration enforcement are
complementary to each other. They can
both simultaneously and separately
influence migrants’ decisions regarding
when, how, and where to migrate. The
Departments believe that ensuring the
timely enforcement of consequences for
noncitizens who enter the United States
irregularly without a legal basis to
remain in the United States is a
powerful tool for addressing the
situation at the southern border,
particularly when combined with the
expanded availability of lawful
pathways. This view is supported by the
success of the IFR in reducing levels of
irregular migration as further discussed
in Section II.A.2 of this preamble.
Timely enforcement of consequences is
but one approach to respond to the
specific issue of incentivizing the use of
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways and
disincentivizing migrants from utilizing
dangerous, irregular migration routes
along the southern border. This rule was
designed to address encounters on our
SWB, not to singlehandedly reshape
migration patterns throughout the
region.
d. Other Comments Related to the
Departments’ Justification
Comment: Commenters suggested that
high encounter levels are due to the
Biden Administration’s border security
and immigration regulatory and policy
efforts. One commenter disagreed with
the Departments’ assigning blame for
the border crisis to Congress’s failure to
appropriate additional funding to the
Departments, instead stating that it is
the Administration’s consistent
‘‘abdication of border security and
immigration enforcement[]’’ that has
resulted in the sustained high rate of
encounters since 2021. The commenter
said DHS must implement additional
deterrence policies to discourage
‘‘illegal immigration’’ across the SWB.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the Administration’s regulatory and
policy efforts have led to the emergency
border circumstances. Rather, the
Departments believe that the COVID–19
global pandemic upended travel
throughout the world, forcing many
noncitizens to delay their journeys to
the United States. This was further
exacerbated by the implementation of
the Title 42 public health Order, which
quickly expelled noncitizens who were
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crossing the border back into Mexico
without applying an immigration
consequence. See 88 FR at 31335
(discussing lack of immigration
consequences associated with
expulsions under the Title 42 public
health Order). These factors contributed
greatly to the significant surge in
migration immediately following the
end of the COVID–19 pandemic period.
Since 2021, the United States
Government has taken a series of
significant steps to strengthen
consequences for irregular entry at the
southern border in response to record
levels of encounters there. The
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
created disincentives for irregular
border crossings and is a critical
component of the Government’s
regional strategy. DHS also put in place
complementary measures to streamline
expedited removal processing to more
quickly apply consequences to those
who fail to use lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways. These measures include
holding noncitizens processed for
expedited removal for the pendency of
their credible fear interviews in CBP
facilities to maximize the use of
expedited removal.134 In the immediate
post-pandemic period, DHS maximized
the use of expedited removal given its
limited resources, placing an average of
900 individuals encountered between
POEs at the SWB into the process each
day between May 12, 2023, and June 4,
2024, and conducting an average of 490
credible fear interviews daily, both of
which are record highs.135 Between May
12, 2023, and June 4, 2024, DHS
removed or returned more than 794,000
noncitizens who did not have a legal
basis to remain in the United States, the
majority of whom crossed the SWB.136
Average daily removals and returns
during the immediate post-pandemic
period exceeded daily rates for every FY
since 2010.137 The majority of all
individuals encountered at the SWB
from FY 2021 to FY 2023 were removed,
returned, or expelled.138
Unfortunately, despite maximizing
the usage of resources available to the
Departments, these efforts have not been
as effective as they could have been had
Congress provided the tools and
resources needed to address substantial
134 See Decl. of Blas Nuñez-Neto ¶ 20, M.A. v.
Mayorkas, No. 23–cv–1843 (D.D.C. Oct. 27, 2023)
(Dkt. 53–1).
135 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data (Immediate Post-Pandemic ERCF
tab); OHSS analysis of APSO Global and OHSS
Persist Datasets (Historic CFIs tab).
136 Id.
137 OHSS 2022 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics
(OHSS YB Table 39 tab) (listing past repatriations).
138 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data (Enforcement Lifecycle 6.2024 tab).
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levels of migration impacting the
southern border. Encounter levels
increased toward the end of 2023,139
and December 2023 saw the highest
level of encounters between POEs in
history,140 as increasing numbers of
people migrated through the Western
Hemisphere. 89 FR at 48713. The
Departments’ inability, given a lack of
sufficient resources, to deliver timely
decisions and consequences through
expedited removal for those without a
legal basis to remain creates incentives
for further irregular migration and
creates further strain on the border
security and immigration systems. See
id. at 48713–14. The IFR was needed to
respond to this emergency situation,
and it is having its intended effect as
discussed in Section II.A.2 of this
preamble. However, only Congress can
provide the resources and authorities
that the Departments need to ensure
durable solutions to heightened levels of
global migration and the impact it has
on the border security and immigration
systems.
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B. General Feedback on the IFR
1. General Support
Comment: Some commenters
approved of the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility, reasoning that the
U.S. asylum system is being ‘‘abused’’
and ‘‘exploit[ed].’’ A commenter stated
that the Federal Government should
stop permitting undocumented
immigrants to stay in the country while
their asylum claims are processed, as
many exploit the system to remain for
years, and that daily border crossings
pose national security risks. That
commenter also stated that the United
States has housing and job shortages, so
allowing immigrants to take housing
and jobs is hurting America. Another
commenter thanked the Departments for
implementing this rule and asked that
all enforcement mechanisms be
deployed to uphold it.
Response: The Departments agree that
maintaining border security is critical
and that the rule will have benefits for
the U.S. border security and
immigration systems. Specifically, the
United States Government has better
ensured timely decisions and
consequences for irregular entry at the
border, while at the same time
overseeing the largest expansion of
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways and
processes for individuals to come to the
United States in decades. See, e.g., 89
FR at 48712–13; id. at 48721–26
139 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP August 6,
2024, for July 2024 (Encounters FY 2000–2024 tab).
140 Id.
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(discussing the increase in migration at
the SWB, consistent with global trends
and regional United States Government
efforts); 88 FR at 11716–18 (discussing
United States Government measures to
offer alternative pathways to address the
root causes of migration, improve the
asylum system, and address the
pernicious role of smugglers). This
approach has allowed DHS to process
noncitizens arriving at the southern
border for removal in record numbers
and with record efficiency. 89 FR at
48713, 48727.
This rule has improved DHS’s ability
to place into expedited removal the
majority of single adults and individuals
in family units encountered by USBP at
the SWB and to swiftly issue decisions
and impose consequences that have
proven effective to disincentivize
noncitizens who do not have a strong
claim for asylum or other protection
from entering the United States to
pursue such claims. See Section II.A.2
of this preamble; see also 89 FR at
48746. This rule is also designed to
identify more effectively those with a
fear of return, and, for noncitizens who
have manifested or expressed a fear of
return, to screen out and swiftly remove
those whose claims have a low
likelihood of succeeding on the merits.
See 89 FR at 48743–46. As a result, the
Departments believe that this rule will
also improve the overall functioning
and efficiency of the immigration
system by reducing strains on EOIR and
USCIS resources and allowing DHS to
remove more noncitizens through
expedited removal, rather than adding
them to the backlogged immigration
courts.
2. General Opposition
a. Negative Impacts on Noncitizens and
Others
i. Conflicts with Humanitarian Values
Comment: Several commenters
expressed opposition to the IFR based
on general humanitarian and moral
concerns, with some commenters urging
the Departments to reconsider or
rescind the rule. Commenters addressed
the general right to seek asylum and the
United States’ obligations to protect
those seeking asylum. For example,
commenters emphasized that people
have the right to migrate and seek
asylum, which commenters described as
a human right. Commenters stated the
Administration should provide rights to
those in the U.S. asylum process.
Commenters also stated that people
have a right to work and live in a safe
environment with their families so that
they can enjoy a better life. Several
commenters stated that the IFR denies
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the right to seek asylum or that it harms
those with the right to asylum.
Commenters stated that the United
States has a responsibility or moral
obligation to welcome noncitizens who
might make claims of asylum, that the
United States should provide protection
to those who seek it, and that turning
them away is unconscionable. Some
commenters suggested that the United
States should welcome all people,
regardless of their origin or when or
how they arrive. Commenters stated that
the United States has contributed to the
conditions or push factors that promote
migration and that it should share the
responsibility for the geopolitical and
climatic conditions it has created,
especially since the response of the
United States may shape how other
countries react to humanitarian crises.
Response: The Departments agree that
the United States has certain legal
obligations to protect those present in
the United States who fear persecution
or torture in their home countries or
countries of removal and recognize the
importance of offering migrants the
opportunity to seek protection from
removal. See 89 FR at 48759. But as
explained more fully in Section III.A.1
of this preamble, this rule does not run
afoul of those obligations or otherwise
undermine the commitment of the
United States to adhering to
international law principles concerning
non-refoulement. See also id. at 48716–
17, 48735–36. The Departments have
instead exercised their authority to
adopt a limitation on asylum eligibility
and an exception to that limitation in
certain circumstances. See id. at 48718.
As discussed more fully in Section
III.A.1 of this preamble, this framework
comports with section 208(b)(2)(C) of
the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C), which
permits limitations and conditions on
asylum as long as they are consistent
with the INA.
Any noncitizen who is physically
present in the United States may apply
for asylum, but there is no right for a
noncitizen to enter the United States or
to be processed in a particular manner.
See United States ex rel. Knauff v.
Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537, 542 (1950)
(‘‘At the outset we wish to point out that
an alien who seeks admission to this
country may not do so under any claim
of right. Admission of aliens to the
United States is a privilege granted by
the sovereign United States
Government.’’). No individual present
in the United States will be denied the
opportunity to seek asylum or
protection in the United States under
this rule.
In particular, this rule does not
preclude noncitizens who cross the
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southern border from seeking asylum.
Indeed, all noncitizens processed for
expedited removal who manifest a fear
of return, express an intention to apply
for asylum or protection, or express a
fear of persecution or torture or a fear
of return to their country or the country
of removal are entitled to a credible fear
interview, as appropriate. See INA
235(b)(1)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii); 8 CFR 235.15(b)(4).
Also, noncitizens in section 240
removal proceedings have the
opportunity to present information
asserting fear of or concern about
potential removal. See INA 240(c)(4), 8
U.S.C. 1229a(c)(4). Although many
individuals may be ineligible for asylum
under this rule, they may seek to
establish that they are subject to the
rule’s exception for exceptionally
compelling circumstances, and they
may also still seek statutory withholding
of removal and CAT protection in the
United States.
The purpose of this rule is to enhance
the Departments’ ability to address
historic levels of migration and
efficiently process migrants arriving at
the southern border during emergency
border circumstances. 89 FR at 48718.
Consistent with that purpose, the rule
limits eligibility for asylum during such
circumstances and ensures that the
process is not overwhelmed by those
with nonviable claims in the expedited
removal process who will add to an
already-large backlog. Those referred to
an IJ will become part of the backlog of
pending immigration cases before EOIR,
which at the end of the third quarter of
FY 2024 was over 3.46 million cases.141
Continuing to process non-viable claims
will also exacerbate USCIS’s asylum
backlog, which, based on case filings
through August 31, 2024, was over 1.3
million cases.142
Comment: Commenters wrote that the
IFR contradicts U.S. values and history.
Commenters stated that the United
States is a nation of immigrants and is
built on a history of welcoming
migrants. Some commenters described
the IFR’s limitations on asylum as
contrary to U.S. values and democracy
and termed it ‘‘un-American.’’
Commenters stated that the IFR does not
treat noncitizens with dignity and
respect. Many commenters emphasized
the desire for any process to be
‘‘welcoming, transparent, humanitarian,
141 See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Pending
Cases, New Cases, and Total Completions (July 19,
2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344791/
dl?inline. Initial receipts equals removal,
deportation, exclusions, asylum-only, and
withholding-only cases.
142 See OHSS analysis of USCIS Global data as of
September 10, 2024.
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and fair;’’ one commenter specifically
expressed concern for ‘‘the dignity,
safety, and human rights of asylum
seekers;’’ and another expressed
concern for those people ‘‘seeking safety
and the American dream.’’ Another
commenter emphasized that immigrants
‘‘are human beings and deserve to be
treated as such.’’ Many commenters
generally desired policies that
‘‘welcome immigrants.’’ Other
commenters provided additional
remarks on the contributions of
immigrants to the United States, stating
that noncitizens provide value to U.S.
communities and that immigrants have
enriched the United States. Commenters
emphasized their own status as
descendants of immigrants and
expressed a desire for fairness in
welcoming noncitizens at all borders.
Commenters argued that the IFR
undermines the historic commitment of
the United States to protecting those
who seek refuge. At least one
commenter described the IFR as
‘‘authoritarian.’’
Commenters also addressed moral
concerns related to the IFR or the
immigration system overall. One
commenter stated that immigrants are
not ‘‘a problem;’’ rather it is ‘‘our
immigration system that is the
problem.’’ Some described the IFR, or
denying asylum, as ‘‘immoral,’’
‘‘inhumane,’’ ‘‘cruel,’’ ‘‘unjust’’ or
‘‘unfair,’’ or ‘‘xenophobi[c].’’
Commenters asserted that the United
States should have an accessible,
diverse, safe, welcoming, dignified, fair,
and balanced immigration system.
Commenters stated that the United
States should not make it harder for
those fleeing danger to seek protections.
Commenters stated that the United
States should treat immigrants and
refugees with respect, dignity, and
compassion while defending human
life. Commenters stated that Mexico and
Latin America are neighbors of the
United States and should be treated
with goodwill. One commenter stated
that asylum seekers from Mexico should
be given the full rights of citizens. One
commenter stated that there is no real
border security or immigration crisis,
but rather the concept has been created
to distract Americans from certain
political agendas, and that the ‘‘real
crisis’’ is climate change.
Response: The United States is both a
nation of immigrants and a nation of
laws. The Departments are charged with
administering and enforcing those laws
and endeavor to do so humanely. The
Departments agree that the historical
openness of the United States to
immigration has enriched our culture,
expanded economic opportunities, and
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enhanced our influence around the
world. However, the Departments reject
the contention that the IFR’s limitation
on asylum eligibility and other
provisions are inconsistent with
American values, fairness, and showing
respect for immigrants.
The United States has a long tradition
of accepting and welcoming refugees.
For decades, U.S. law has protected
vulnerable populations from return to a
country where they would be
persecuted or tortured. See, e.g., Stevic,
467 U.S. at 409 (‘‘For over 30 years the
Attorney General has possessed
statutory authority to withhold the
deportation of an alien upon a finding
that the alien would be subject to
persecution in the country to which he
would be deported.’’). Under this rule,
the United States will continue to offer
such protection. The rule is designed to
implement the Proclamation’s policies
and objectives by enhancing the
Departments’ ability to address historic
levels of migration and efficiently
process migrants arriving at the
southern border during emergency
border circumstances. See 89 FR at
48718. The rule enhances the
Departments’ ability to manage high
levels of irregular migration to the
United States during emergency border
circumstances and allows the
Departments to quickly deliver
decisions and consequences to those
who cross the southern border
irregularly and are unable to establish a
legal basis to remain, while upholding
domestic and international protection
obligations. Id. at 48731.
Without a policy in place to ensure
lawful, safe, and orderly processing of
migrants entering the United States, the
number of migrants would exceed
DHS’s already limited resources and
facilities. Over the past several years,
the border security and immigration
systems have experienced extreme
strain, with a dramatic increase in the
number of noncitizens attempting to
cross the SWB between POEs. 89 FR at
48722. Despite the meaningful impact of
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule and related measures, encounter
levels continued to exceed DHS’s
capacity to, as appropriate, effectively
and safely process, detain, and remove
noncitizens. Id. at 48727. As explained
in the IFR, the Departments believed
that, without meaningful policy change,
encounters between POEs would
continue to rise and surpass DHS’s
capacity and abilities based on available
resources. Id. at 48726. The
Departments disagree with the
sentiment that the rule is unnecessary,
as it responds to this urgent situation.
The Departments reiterate that the goal
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of the rule is not to discourage migrants
with valid claims from applying for
asylum or other protection, but rather to
discourage the unprecedented level of
irregular migration while at the same
time maintaining access to lawful, safe,
and orderly pathways to enter the
United States. The Departments have
determined that the benefits to the
overall functioning and efficiency of the
immigration system at our southern
border justify the rule; applying the rule
is necessary to ensure the Departments’
continued ability to safely, humanely,
and effectively enforce and administer
U.S. immigration laws and to reduce the
role of exploitative and dangerous
smuggling and human trafficking
networks.
The rule does not render noncitizens
to whom it applies categorically
ineligible for asylum, nor does it alter
their ultimate eligibility for withholding
or CAT protection. To ensure that
particularly vulnerable migrants are not
unduly burdened by the rule, the
Departments have included an
exception to the limitation on asylum
eligibility that will allow some migrants
to remain eligible for asylum. 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2), 1208.35(a)(2). And even
those ineligible for asylum may
continue to seek statutory withholding
of removal and CAT protection. A
noncitizen who seeks to maintain
eligibility for asylum can also utilize
one of several lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways to the United States,
including use of the CBP One app, or,
for some noncitizens, refugee
resettlement, parole processes, family
reunification, and labor pathways.
Indeed, as noted above, the CBP One
app has permitted the United States
Government to process nearly five times
more individuals at land border POEs
each day than it did on an average day
in the six years preceding the
pandemic—providing an important
avenue for individuals who may wish to
access protection in the United States to
so in a safe and orderly manner.143 The
Safe Mobility Initiative, which includes
Safe Mobility Offices in several
countries in the Western Hemisphere,
processes and educates migrants about
the aforementioned pathways.144 By
reducing migration flows to a reasonable
rate, the rule will reduce strains on
limited Federal Government
immigration processing and
enforcement resources; preserve the
143 OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset (OFO Encounters tab).
144 See U.S. Dep’t of State, Safe Mobility
Initiative: Helping Those in Need and Reducing
Irregular Migration in the Americas, https://
www.state.gov/safe-mobility-initiative/ (last visited
Sept. 24, 2024).
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Departments’ continued ability to safely,
humanely, and effectively enforce and
administer the immigration laws; and
reduce the role of exploitative TCOs and
smugglers. 89 FR at 48767. Finally, as
explained in Section III.A.1 of this
preamble, the rule is fully consistent
with the Departments’ authority and
obligations under section 208 of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158.
ii. Procedural and Due Process Concerns
(1) General Concerns
Comment: A commenter stated that
the IFR does not violate noncitizens’
due process rights because asylum is a
discretionary benefit to which
noncitizens have no inherent due
process interest; instead, they have only
the procedural rights guaranteed by
statute. Because the IFR preserves all
procedural statutory protections, the
commenter stated, the IFR complies
with due process. The commenter
further stated that regulatory bars to
asylum do not alter the basic procedural
protections, such as the opportunity to
be heard, for noncitizens who make
credible fear claims.
Other commenters urged the
Departments to rescind the IFR entirely.
Some commenters expressed general
concern that the IFR would violate or
undermine due process protections. One
commenter said that U.S. immigration
law is already confusing, citing research
that it said showed that 55.9 percent of
noncitizen respondents did not
understand the requirements and
processes for accessing United States
territory. The commenter further stated
that noncitizens arriving at the southern
border will not be able to understand
the procedures for seeking asylum or
protection given the IFR’s complexity.
Commenters discussed the
importance of due process in the asylum
system, as required by international
human rights law, and said that the
United States has a duty to ensure that
noncitizens receive a fair trial and fully
understand their rights. Similarly, one
commenter stated that noncitizens who
express the desire to seek asylum have
a due process right to information about
their rights and obligations, including
deadlines and appeals, the interview
process, and their right to legal
representation. Such safeguards, the
commenter wrote, would ensure that
noncitizens receive the necessary
guidance for pursuing their asylum
claims.
Commenters wrote that fair and
efficient asylum procedures are even
more important for noncitizens with
particular vulnerabilities, such as UCs.
Commenters stated that the IFR would
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hamper consistent application of the
law and result in arbitrary application of
the law, thus severely restricting access
to asylum and humanitarian
protections.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the rule violates the Due Process
Clause of the Fifth Amendment or
impermissibly restricts access to
asylum. Noncitizens who are
encountered in close vicinity to and
immediately after crossing the border
and are placed in expedited removal
proceedings, including those in the
credible fear screening process, have
‘‘only those rights regarding admission
that Congress has provided by
statute.’’ 145 Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. at
140; see also Mendoza-Linares v.
Garland, 51 F.4th 1146, 1148 (9th Cir.
2022) (concluding that ‘‘an arriving
immigrant caught at the border . . . ‘has
no constitutional rights regarding his
application’ for asylum’’ (quoting
Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. at 139)). As
discussed above in Section III.A 1 of
this preamble, the changes in this rule
are consistent with the INA. They thus
comply with the Due Process Clause
with respect to noncitizens in expedited
removal proceedings.146
Contrary to commenters’ assertions,
the rule ensures that noncitizens receive
145 Courts also have held that noncitizens do not
have an underlying property or liberty interest in
a grant of asylum to which the protections of the
Due Process Clause attach. See, e.g., Jin v. Mukasey,
538 F.3d 143, 157 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that ‘‘an
alien who has already filed one asylum application,
been adjudicated removable and ordered deported,
and who has nevertheless remained in the country
illegally for several years, does not have a liberty
or property interest in a discretionary grant of
asylum’’); Ticoalu v. Gonzales, 472 F.3d 8, 11 (1st
Cir. 2006) (‘‘Due process rights do not accrue to
discretionary forms of relief, and asylum is a
discretionary form of relief.’’ (citation and internal
quotation omitted)); Mudric v. Att’y Gen., 469 F.3d
94, 99 (3d Cir. 2006) (holding that an 8-year delay
in processing the petitioner’s asylum application
was not a constitutional violation because the
petitioner ‘‘had no due process entitlement to the
wholly discretionary benefits of which he and his
mother were allegedly deprived’’); cf. Munoz v.
Ashcroft, 339 F.3d 950, 954 (9th Cir. 2003) (‘‘Since
discretionary relief is a privilege created by
Congress, denial of such relief cannot violate a
substantive interest protected by the Due Process
clause.’’). Notably, UCs are excepted from expedited
removal and have other rights under the nation’s
immigration laws. See generally 8 U.S.C. 1232.
Procedural concerns related to UCs are addressed
later in this section.
146 Although this rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility also applies in section 240 removal
proceedings, even if noncitizens in those
proceedings had an interest protected by the Due
Process Clause, the application of the limitation
would not violate the Due Process Clause because,
as noted below, noncitizens in such proceedings are
entitled to all the procedural protections such
proceedings normally entail. See Pouhova v.
Holder, 726 F.3d 1007, 1011 (7th Cir. 2013) (citing
section 240(b)(4) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4),
and explaining that ‘‘[a]ny proceeding that meets
the requirements of the statute also satisfies
constitutional due process’’).
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a fair process. Indeed, although the rule
changes some procedures, as discussed
throughout this preamble, it leaves
much of the process unaltered. Specific
comments concerning the rule’s
manifestation of fear standard and
related changes to the process for
determining whether a noncitizen
should be referred to an AO for a
credible fear interview are addressed in
Section III.C.2 of this preamble. The
Departments address commenters’
concerns about the rule’s consistency
with international obligations in Section
III.A.1 of this preamble.
First, with respect to one commenter’s
claim that noncitizens do not
understand the requirements for
accessing United States territory
because U.S. immigration law is
confusing, the Departments are aware of
no statutory requirement that notice
regarding any of the INA’s provisions be
provided to individuals outside the
United States, including those who may
be subject to expedited removal
provisions or this rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility upon arrival. In
addition, to the extent the commenter’s
objection is to the complexity of the
INA, that concern is a matter for
Congress to address.
Second, under the rule, DHS is
continuing to provide noncitizens who
are subject to expedited removal with
notice of their ability to raise a claim of
fear of persecution or torture. DHS is
using signs and videos that are
reasonably designed to ensure that
noncitizens in its custody are aware of
their right to request asylum or
protection. As discussed further in
Section III.C.2 of this preamble, these
signs and videos are provided in
languages that are common to the large
majority of noncitizens encountered by
CBP at the southern border. ICE likewise
provides information in a number of
languages to detainees being processed
under the rule.147 And the signs provide
a simple instruction to noncitizens that,
if they fear persecution or torture if they
are removed from the United States,
they should tell an immigration officer
and an AO will conduct an interview
and ask the noncitizens questions about
147 See Memorandum for Daniel A. Bible, Exec.
Assoc. Dir., Enforcement and Removal Operations,
ICE, from Patrick J. Lechleitner, Deputy Dir. and
Senior Off. Performing the Duties of the Dir., ICE,
Re: Implementation Guidance for Noncitizens
Described in Presidential Proclamation of June 3,
2024, Securing the Border, and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border 5 (June 4, 2024) (‘‘These signs
must be posted in English and Spanish.
[Enforcement and Removal Operations (‘ERO’)] will
have additional translations available in facility law
libraries in the following languages . . . .’’); ICE,
National Detainee Handbook 7, 15, 25 (2024),
https://www.ice.gov/doclib/detention/ndHandbook/
ndhEnglish.pdf.
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any fear they may have. Individuals
who do not speak one of the languages
are provided with language access
services consistent with CBP’s existing
language assistance policies. These
procedures are consistent with DHS’s
obligations under section
235(b)(1)(B)(iv) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv).
Moreover, to the extent that
commenters have expressed due process
concerns about the manifestation
standard, the Departments reiterate that
the expedited removal statute does not
require immigration officers to
affirmatively ask every noncitizen
subject to expedited removal if the
noncitizen has a fear of persecution or
torture. See 89 FR at 48740. Instead, the
statute provides that only those
noncitizens who ‘‘indicate[] either an
intention to apply for asylum . . . or a
fear of persecution,’’ INA 235(b)(1)(A)(i),
8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(A)(i), must be
referred to an AO for a credible fear
interview, INA 235(b)(1)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii). As discussed in detail
in Section III.C.2 of this preamble, the
statute does not place any affirmative
obligation on the Government to
question noncitizens about intent to
seek relief or fear in their home
countries, nor does it define what
circumstances constitute the requisite
indication of intent or fear; to the
contrary, the onus under the statute is
on the noncitizen to ‘‘indicate[]’’ either
of the circumstances warranting referral.
Because the Departments’ procedures
comply with the statute, they comport
with due process. See Thuraissigiam,
591 U.S. at 139–40.
Third, noncitizens who manifest or
express a fear and who are referred for
a credible fear interview will receive
additional information about the
credible fear process that has the same
types of procedural and substantive
information as that provided in the
Form M–444, which is used for those
not subject to the rule’s expedited
removal procedures and during times
when this rule’s provisions do not
apply. 89 FR at 48739–40. The new
‘‘Information About Credible Fear
Interview Sheet’’ informs the noncitizen
that the noncitizen may consult with
another person, including a legal service
provider, and is provided to the
noncitizen along with an EOIRmaintained list of pro bono legal service
providers. It gives the noncitizen
information about the credible fear
interview itself, including that an
interpreter will be provided, if needed
or requested. It explains that the
noncitizen may request a male or female
interpreter or AO and may speak to the
AO separately from the noncitizen’s
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family. It highlights the importance of
telling the AO about the noncitizen’s
fear of harm and that this may be the
only opportunity to do so. The
information sheet notifies the
noncitizen of the right to have an IJ
review a negative fear determination
and gives details about the steps
following a positive determination.
Individuals in the credible fear
process maintain the right to consult
with an attorney or other person or
persons of their choosing before their
interview, and such persons may be
present for the interview itself. 8 CFR
235.15(b)(4)(i)(B). Asylum seekers also
may present evidence relevant to their
claim during their interviews. 89 FR at
48746 & n.239. Additionally, USCIS
provides interpreter services at the
agency’s expense to noncitizens who
cannot proceed effectively in English. 8
CFR 208.30(d)(5). And noncitizens may
request review of a negative fear
determination before an IJ. Compare 8
CFR 208.30(g)(1) (providing the
standard process for requesting IJ review
in credible fear proceedings), with 8
CFR 208.35(b)(2)(iii)–(v) (explaining the
process for requesting IJ review for those
subject to the rule and unable to show
that the exception to the limitation on
asylum eligibility applies). The rule
requires noncitizens to respond
affirmatively when asked whether the
noncitizen would like to request such
review, rather than providing review if
the noncitizen does not respond, but IJ
review remains available in all cases
with a negative credible fear
determination. INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III),
8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III); 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2), 1208.35(b)(1). The rule is
thus fully consistent with the
Departments’ legal authority and
obligations.
In addition, the rule provides several
procedural protections to ensure that
asylum applicants receive a full and fair
hearing before an IJ and that the
limitation on asylum eligibility applies
only to noncitizens properly within the
scope of 8 CFR 208.35(a) and 1208.35(a).
During the credible fear review, an IJ
will evaluate de novo whether there is
a significant possibility that the
noncitizen would ultimately be able to
demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that the limitation on asylum
eligibility does not apply or that the
noncitizen meets the exception. 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2)(v), 1208.35(b). Even where
an IJ determines that the noncitizen has
not met that burden, if the noncitizen
demonstrates a reasonable probability of
persecution or torture in the country or
countries of removal, the noncitizen
will have an opportunity to apply for
statutory withholding of removal,
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protection under the CAT regulations,
or any other form of relief or protection
for which the noncitizen is eligible in
section 240 removal proceedings,
including asylum. 8 CFR
1208.33(b)(2)(ii), 1208.35(b)(2)(iii).
These standards help to ensure the
outcome of the process delineated in the
rule is not predetermined and that
noncitizens potentially subject to the
limitation on asylum eligibility receive
sufficient opportunity for consideration
and review of threshold eligibility
determinations to satisfy any putative
due process rights they may have. See
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333
(1976) (‘‘The fundamental requirement
of due process is the opportunity to be
heard at a meaningful time and in a
meaningful manner.’’ (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
Nor does the rule violate any
procedural due process rights
noncitizens may have in section 240
removal proceedings. For those placed
in section 240 removal proceedings, the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
will be litigated in those proceedings
before an IJ with all the procedural
rights that apply in such proceedings.
See Pouhova, 726 F.3d at 1011; see also
Rehman v. Gonzales, 441 F.3d 506, 508
(7th Cir. 2006) (‘‘Any proceeding that
meets [the requirements of section 240
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1229a, and the
INA’s implementing regulations,]
satisfies the Constitution as well.’’).
Additionally, the Departments
disagree with comments characterizing
the IFR as resulting in unfair procedures
that are especially harmful to those with
particular vulnerabilities, such as UCs,
individuals with mental health issues or
intellectual capacity challenges, and
victims of violence, torture, or other
traumatic experiences. Nothing in the
IFR changes the longstanding
framework establishing that UCs are not
subject to expedited removal. See 8
U.S.C. 1232(a)(5)(D). UCs are also
specifically excepted from the
Proclamation’s suspension and
limitation on entry under section 3(b) of
the Proclamation and, accordingly, the
IFR’s limitation on asylum eligibility. 89
FR at 48487; 8 CFR 208.35(a)(1),
1208.35(a)(1). Moreover, the process
outlined in the IFR does not prohibit
USCIS from exercising its discretion to
issue notices to appear (‘‘NTAs’’) and
place noncitizens, including those who
are unable to testify or who speak a rare
language, in section 240 removal
proceedings, where they can request
asylum. See 8 CFR 208.30(b); see also
Matter of E–R–M– & L–R–M–, 25 I&N
Dec. 520, 523 (BIA 2011) (finding that
the INA provides DHS with ‘‘discretion
to put aliens in section 240 removal
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proceedings even though they may also
be subject to expedited removal’’).
Additionally, EOIR has established a
specialized juvenile docket at each
immigration court with an established
caseload of children’s cases; has issued
guidance to its adjudicators regarding
special considerations and procedures
for cases involving children, including
UCs; and has provided training to IJs on
cases involving children, including
UCs.148
Noncitizens in section 240 removal
proceedings have a wide range of wellestablished statutory and regulatory
rights, including the following: the right
to representation at no expense to the
Government, INA 240(b)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C.
1229a(b)(4)(A); a reasonable opportunity
to examine evidence, present evidence,
and cross-examine witnesses, INA
240(b)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4)(B); the
right to seek various forms of relief, 8
CFR 1240.1(a)(1)(ii)–(iii); the right to file
a motion to continue, 8 CFR 1003.29;
and the right to appeal specified
decisions to the BIA, 8 CFR 1003.3(a),
1003.38(a), and to later file a petition for
review of a final removal order in the
appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals, INA
242, 8 U.S.C. 1252. Additionally, EOIR
provides interpreters for noncitizens in
section 240 removal proceedings.149
And safeguards are provided to those
who are not competent to participate in
their proceedings, see Matter of Matter
of M–A–M–, 25 I&N Dec. 474, 481–82
(BIA 2011), which may include
termination of the proceedings where
‘‘[f]undamentally fair proceedings are
not possible because the noncitizen is
mentally incompetent and adequate
safeguards are unavailable,’’ 8 CFR
1003.1(m)(1)(i)(B), 1003.18(d)(1)(i)(B).
The Departments also disagree with
commenters’ assertion that the IFR
would lead to disparate or arbitrary
application of the law. USCIS AOs and
supervisory AOs have received the same
training and materials related to
applying the IFR across offices and
jurisdictions. Asylum staff nationwide
use Global, a cloud-based case
management system,150 which includes
interview guides, forms, and
instructions—including specific
interview guides, forms, and
instructions to implement the IFR—to
148 See
EOIR, Director’s Memorandum 24–01,
Children’s Cases in Immigration Court (Dec. 21,
2023), https://www.justice.gov/d9/2023-12/dm-2401_1.pdf.
149 See EOIR, Director’s Memorandum 23–02,
Language Access in Immigration Court 1–2 (June 6,
2023), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/book/file/
1586686/dl.
150 USCIS, Privacy Impact Assessment Update for
the USCIS Asylum Division, at 4 (2018), https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/
privacy-pia-uscis-asylum-september2018.pdf.
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ensure consistency in procedures and
substantive guidelines. Moreover, the
IFR does not change the fact that all
credible fear determinations issued by
USCIS are reviewed by a supervisory
AO prior to being served on a
noncitizen, 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8), another
important safeguard to ensure quality
and consistency within and between
offices.
Additionally, IJs are career employees
who are selected through a competitive
process.151 The Director of EOIR has
authority to order ‘‘comprehensive,
continuing training and support’’
directed at ‘‘promot[ing] the quality and
consistency of adjudications.’’ 8 CFR
1003.0(b)(1)(vii). And the Chief IJ has
the authority to ‘‘[p]rovide for
appropriate training of the immigration
judges and other [Office of the Chief
Immigration Judge] staff on the conduct
of their powers and duties.’’ 8 CFR
1003.9(b)(2). Regulations also require IJs
to ‘‘resolve the questions before them in
a timely and impartial manner
consistent with the [INA] and
regulations.’’ 8 CFR 1003.10(b). To that
end, all IJs receive ongoing training to
facilitate the implementation of new
policies and procedures, such as the
IFR.152 EOIR’s Legal Education and
Research Services Division also offers
nationwide legal training for IJs and
‘‘regularly distributes new information
within EOIR that includes relevant legal
developments and policy changes from
U.S. government entities and
international organizations.’’ 153
(2) Access to Counsel, Unrepresented
Applicants, and the Ability or Time To
Prepare
Comment: Commenters stated that
access to counsel is a due process right.
Commenters also discussed statutory
and regulatory requirements that
provide noncitizens eligible for a
credible fear interview the right to
consult with legal counsel and said that
the recent change to a minimum 4-hour
consultation period prior to a credible
fear interview—which DHS made via
guidance—would effectively deny
noncitizens that right.
One commenter additionally stated
that less than 3 percent of migrants in
151 EOIR, Make a Difference—Apply for an
Immigration Judge Position (last updated Sept. 17,
2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/Adjudicators
(describing application process and core position
requirements for IJ position).
152 See, e.g., EOIR, Fact Sheet: Executive Office
for Immigration Review Immigration Judge Training
2 (June 2022), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/
file/1513996/dl?inline.
153 EOIR, Legal Education and Research Services
Division (last updated Jan. 3, 2020), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/legal-education-and-researchservices-division.
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expedited removal were able to obtain
legal representation. Other commenters
said that less than 1 percent were able
to find representation in the credible
fear process. A commenter stated that in
2023, 35 percent of represented
individuals had their negative fear
determinations vacated, compared to
just 15 percent of unrepresented
noncitizens. Commenters emphasized
that any immigration solution should
include procedures for asylum seekers
to access legal representation.
Another commenter said that a 2010
study found that 54 percent of
noncitizens with representation were
granted asylum, compared to 11 percent
of noncitizens without representation.
Another commenter said that
noncitizens with representation were
twice as likely to receive a grant of
asylum as their unrepresented
counterparts. The commenter said that
such data indicate that, as a result of the
IFR and reduced access to counsel,
applicants with meritorious claims who
would have otherwise been referred to
full hearings will be denied.
Commenters stated that many
noncitizens do not understand the
function and purpose of a credible fear
interview without speaking with an
attorney, particularly those who speak
languages not included on orienting
signs. Commenters explained that a
majority of noncitizens do not have
legal representation and thus may
struggle to effectively present their
cases, particularly if they do not speak
English. Commenters also stated that,
without legal counsel, many noncitizens
will not understand the process nor the
legal grounds for their asylum claims.
Commenters stated that access to
counsel significantly affects asylum
outcomes and that less access to counsel
is particularly troubling considering that
noncitizens must now meet a new,
higher standard for protection
screenings. One commenter stated that
the rule will worsen the issues that
already exist in expedited removal
proceedings, adding that children and
adults are routinely denied access to
legal advice if they get referred for fear
screenings. Commenters who provide
legal services also claimed that they
have been excluded from credible fear
interviews and subsequent credible fear
review hearings before IJs.
Another commenter stated that the
availability of legal information and
representation at the outset of the
asylum process increases efficiency,
discourages frivolous claims, reduces
the number of appeals and repeat
claims, and shortens the time required
to determine a claim.
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Several commenters stated that
noncitizens face significant barriers to
obtaining legal representation during
the credible fear process. A commenter
stated that noncitizens in custody
already face insurmountable hurdles to
access legal counsel, such as knowing
how to contact a lawyer, knowing where
they are being detained, having access
to a phone, and being given enough
information to understand the credible
fear process. Another commenter stated
that having only 4 hours would make it
impossible for providers to meet with
clients before credible fear interviews,
stating that legal representatives often
face barriers to accessing clients within
48 hours, much less 4. The commenter
discussed such barriers, stating that
legal representatives frequently wait 24
to 48 hours for their interviews with
their clients to be scheduled and may be
barred from including translators or
interpreters in those interviews. Some
commenters stated that immigration
advocates and attorneys face numerous
issues in trying to provide legal
consultations, such as being unable to
physically access detention facilities or
obtain the requisite signatures from
their clients. Another commenter added
that advocates lack access to private
meeting rooms and experience long
waits to meet with clients,
malfunctioning technology, and unsafe
or uncomfortable environments.
Several commenters stated that the
rule would effectively eliminate access
to legal representation because
noncitizens would have only 4 hours to
find and consult with a lawyer before an
initial hearing. Commenters emphasized
that they viewed a 4-hour window as
troubling in light of the newly increased
standards noncitizens must meet.
Commenters stated that it takes more
than 4 hours to adequately prepare a
noncitizen for the credible fear process.
Commenters stated that noncitizens will
not have the time or resources to contest
arguments and present evidence before
the credible fear screenings.
Commenters believed that the 4-hour
window will lead to greater rates of
refoulement. Commenters stated that the
4-hour window may fall on a weekend
or after business hours, when legal
service providers and aid organizations
are closed. Commenters asserted that
noncitizens will lose access to legal
counsel because the United States does
not provide free counsel for noncitizens,
and 4 hours is not enough time for
individuals to retain counsel.
Commenters stated that the rule’s
restrictions are arbitrary and
impermissible, not supported by
evidence, and will lead to the denial of
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otherwise meritorious asylum claims.
Commenters stated that counsel would
not be able to access their clients
physically or telephonically in a 4-hour
window.
Commenters stated that, by reducing
noncitizens’ ability to secure counsel
and connect with communities, the IFR
will prevent individuals from becoming
aware of other protections from which
they could potentially benefit.
Response: The rule does not deprive
noncitizens of access to counsel in
violation of the Fifth Amendment’s Due
Process Clause. The Supreme Court has
held that the rights of individuals
seeking asylum at the border are limited
to ‘‘only those rights regarding
admission that Congress has provided
by statute.’’ Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. at
140. The INA provides that a noncitizen
‘‘may consult with a person or persons
of the alien’s choosing prior to the
interview or any review thereof,
according to regulations prescribed by
the Attorney General,’’ provided that
‘‘[s]uch consultation shall be at no
expense to the Government and shall
not unreasonably delay the process.’’
INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv). This statutory right to
consult does not attach until a
noncitizen becomes eligible for a
credible fear interview, and it does not
guarantee an absolute right to retain
counsel. See INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iv). The regulations
implementing expedited removal
elaborate that ‘‘[s]uch consultation shall
be made available in accordance with
the policies and procedures of the
detention facility where the alien is
detained.’’ 8 CFR 235.3(b)(4)(ii).
Moreover, because this rule does not
alter procedures governing consultation
or representation, commenters’ concerns
regarding those issues—including that
the minimum 4-hour consultation
period violates section 235(b)(1)(B)(iv)
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iv), or
is unreasonable—are outside the scope
of this rulemaking. Procedures regarding
consultation and representation are
governed by other DHS regulations,
guidance, and policies.
Nevertheless, insofar as commenters’
concerns relate to the Departments’
decision to adopt the changes made by
the IFR and this rule, DHS’s changes to
the consultation period do not
undermine the Departments’ decision to
promulgate this rule. Those changes aim
to address the same emergency border
circumstances as this rule—specifically,
DHS determined that shortening the
minimum consultation period would
reduce the risk that DHS’s processing
capacity would become overwhelmed
by increasing DHS’s ability to impose
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consequences swiftly, which in turn
lowers incentives for additional
irregular migration. DHS’s 4-hour
minimum consultation period,
moreover, continues to allow sufficient
time for individuals to make multiple
phone calls and have in-depth
conversations. DHS is not aware of any
data supporting the assertion that this
approach has decreased the effective
availability of consultation. Finally,
even if this approach had some adverse
effect on noncitizens’ ability to consult,
the Departments would still find it
necessary and appropriate to adopt this
rule’s changes, including the two
changes to the portions of the removal
process that follow consultation—the
asylum limitation and the reasonable
probability standard.
The Departments start by explaining
how the consultation process works.
Once a noncitizen is referred to USCIS
for a credible fear interview pursuant to
8 CFR 235.15(b)(4), the rule ensures that
the noncitizen receives information
about that interview and the right to
consult with a person or persons of the
noncitizen’s choosing. Specifically, all
those referred for a credible fear
interview receive a written ‘‘Information
About Credible Fear Interview Sheet’’
describing the purpose of the referral
and the credible fear interview process;
the right to consult with other persons
prior to the interview and any review
thereof at no expense to the United
States Government; the right to request
a review by an IJ of any negative fear
determination an AO enters; and the
consequences of a failure to establish a
credible fear of persecution or torture. 8
CFR 235.15(b)(4)(i)(B). This written
disclosure is available in English,
Spanish, Haitian Creole, and
Portuguese, and the noncitizen is also
provided with a list of pro bono legal
service providers. If the noncitizen does
not speak one of these languages, then
language access services are provided to
orally communicate the written material
in a language understood by the
noncitizen.154 As stated in the
‘‘Information About Credible Fear
154 See, e.g., ICE, 2019 National Detention
Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities, Foreword
(2019), https://www.ice.gov/detain/detentionmanagement/2019 (‘‘Generally, all written materials
provided to detainees must be translated into
Spanish and other frequently encountered
languages. Oral interpretation or other language
assistance must be provided to any detainee who
speaks a language in which written material has not
been translated or who is illiterate.’’); ICE, 2011
Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based
National Detention Standards, Standard 2.13
(2011), https://www.ice.gov/detain/detentionmanagement/2011 (‘‘Oral interpretation or
assistance shall be provided to any detainee who
speaks another language in which written material
has not been translated or who is illiterate.’’).
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Interview Sheet,’’ the minimum 4-hour
consultation period begins at the time a
noncitizen who has been referred to
USCIS for a credible fear interview has
access to a phone or another
opportunity to consult with an
individual of the noncitizen’s choosing,
and the minimum 4-hour period runs
only between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7
p.m. This period is calculated in local
time. Procedurally, a noncitizen is
scheduled for a credible fear interview
only after the minimum consultation
period has elapsed, regardless of
whether the noncitizen used the phone
or consulted with anyone during that
period.
The ‘‘Information About Credible Fear
Interview Sheet’’ further explains that
the noncitizen may have a consultant of
the noncitizen’s choice participate in
the interview with USCIS by telephone,
and an EOIR-maintained list of pro bono
legal service providers who may be able
to speak with the noncitizen is also
provided. The information sheet
instructs noncitizens to ask a DHS
officer for assistance if they want to call
someone. Individuals who manifest fear
in CBP custody and go through the
credible fear process in CBP custody are
provided access to a phone in order to
telephonically consult with any
individual of their choosing, including
legal counsel, and do not need to ask
CBP employees to do so. After
manifesting a fear, when a phone
becomes available, such noncitizens are
brought to the phone and given at least
4 hours in which to use it. If a
noncitizen requests use of a phone after
the end of the noncitizen’s consultation
period, but before the noncitizen’s
interview occurs, the noncitizen is
afforded the opportunity to access a
phone unless it is not operationally
feasible to provide such access (such as
because of a lack of available personnel
to escort the noncitizen to the
consultation area). The phone booths in
which such consultations occur are
private, closed, confidential booths and
include an EOIR-maintained list of pro
bono legal service providers.155
Those detained noncitizens who go
through the credible fear process in ICE
custody generally have direct access to
phones (without having to interact with
facility staff to request access, for
instance) and have access to a free call
platform that includes telephone
numbers of legal service providers who
are listed on the EOIR-maintained list of
pro bono legal service providers, in
accordance with ICE detention
155 See
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standards.156 Beyond telephone access,
visits between a legal representative and
a detained noncitizen are confidential
and not subject to auditory
supervision.157 Private consultation
rooms may be available for these
meetings.158 To facilitate improved
access to legal resources and
representation, ICE has also expanded
its Virtual Attorney Visitation program,
which facilitates confidential attorneyclient conversations through virtual
technology.159
Commenters’ arguments concerning
the minimum 4-hour consultation
period, first, miss that Congress did not
provide an unqualified right to
consultation or representation during
the credible fear process. Rather,
noncitizens may consult ‘‘according to
regulations prescribed by’’ the
Secretary, and ‘‘[s]uch consultation . . .
shall not unreasonably delay the
process.’’ See INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iv). And those
regulations specify that ‘‘consultation
shall be made available in accordance
with the policies and procedures of the
detention facility where the alien is
detained.’’ 8 CFR 235.3(b)(4)(ii). ‘‘Read
together, the text of these provisions
provides noncitizens with a right to
consultation while they are detained
pending expedited removal, but also
plainly establish that the consultation
right is subordinate to the expedition
that this removal process is designed to
facilitate, and that the scope of the right
to consult is determined by the facility
in which these noncitizens are
detained.’’ Las Americas Immigr. Advoc.
Ctr. v. Wolf, 507 F. Supp. 3d 1, 25
(D.D.C. 2020); cf. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III) (providing that IJ
review of an AO’s negative credible fear
determination ‘‘shall be concluded as
expeditiously as possible, to the
maximum extent practicable within 24
hours, but in no case later than 7 days
after the date of the determination’’).
DHS, moreover, moved to the 4-hour
minimum consultation period for
credible fear referrals for noncitizens
156 ICE, Attorney Information and Resources:
Communicating with Your Client or Prospective
Client (last updated Aug. 9, 2024), https://
www.ice.gov/detain/attorney-information-resources.
Telephone access and use may be limited in the
event of emergencies (for instance, escapes, escape
attempts, disturbances, fires, power outages) or
other events that disrupt orderly facility operations.
If such disturbances occur, officers are responsible
for ensuring that the minimum 4-hour consultation
period is afforded.
157 Id.
158 Id.
159 ICE, Virtual Attorney Visitation Program (last
updated Aug. 16, 2024), https://www.ice.gov/
detain/detention-facilities/vav.
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covered by the IFR to address the
emergency border circumstances
described in the President’s June 3
Proclamation based on a determination
that operational imperatives
necessitated this change in order to
avoid unreasonable delays to the
process in the context of these
emergency border circumstances—
exactly the type of determination that
Congress authorized DHS to make.
Under DHS’s guidance that applies
outside of the context of emergency
border circumstances, noncitizens are
not interviewed until at least 24 hours
after the noncitizen’s acknowledgement
of receipt of the Form M–444,160 unless
the noncitizen, at the noncitizen’s
request, voluntarily waives the
consultation period. Even if a
noncitizen consults at the start of that
24-hour period, the noncitizen’s
credible fear interview is not conducted
until after that period ends.
The 4-hour approach allows a swifter
cadence of scheduling noncitizens for
credible fear interviews. This minimum
4-hour consultation period thus enables
credible fear screenings to take place in
a more efficient manner and reduces the
time noncitizens remain in custody; in
turn, those improvements mitigate
overcapacity issues in DHS facilities,
free up detention space to allow for
greater expedited-removal processing
capacity over time, and help to avoid
situations in which DHS must issue
NTAs to individuals otherwise eligible
for expedited removal and release them
pending section 240 removal
proceedings—in turn delaying the
imposition of consequences for those
without a legal basis to remain in the
United States and creating incentives for
additional arrivals at the border.
Conversely, a longer minimum
consultation period would delay
credible fear screenings, increase the
amount of time noncitizens remain in
immigration detention, and contribute
to a situation where DHS’s capacity
could quickly become overwhelmed,
including potentially requiring the
release of individuals into section 240
removal proceedings instead of
processing such individuals under
expedited removal due to resource
constraints—thus delaying the
imposition of consequences for those
without a legal basis to remain and
creating incentives for more irregular
migration.
The Departments disagree with the
conclusion drawn by certain
160 See Memorandum for Andrew Davidson,
Acting Deputy Dir., USCIS, from John L. Lafferty,
Chief, Asylum Div., USCIS, Re: Scheduling of
Credible Fear Interviews (May 10, 2023).
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commenters that a shortened minimum
consultation period effectively
eliminates access to counsel or that the
hours during which the consultation
period runs make it practically
impossible for noncitizens to reach
attorneys or consultants. To the
contrary, the minimum 4-hour period
that DHS has adopted allows sufficient
time for individuals to make multiple
phone calls and have in-depth
conversations prior to the credible fear
interview. Cf. Las Americas Immigr.
Advoc. Ctr., 507 F. Supp. 3d at 12–14,
30.
The difference between DHS’s 24hour approach and its approach during
these emergency border circumstances
is also less significant in practice than
certain commenters suggested. For
example, the consultation period during
emergency border circumstances begins
to run only when the individual is
provided access to a phone and confers
access during at least that 4-hour period;
the 24-hour period, by contrast, begins
when a noncitizen acknowledges receipt
of the Form M–444, and the noncitizen
does not necessarily have access to a
phone immediately at that point. For
those who express a fear in CBP
custody, under either approach, CBP
generally takes a noncitizen to a phone
booth once during the noncitizen’s time
in custody for consultation, and CBP
generally will accommodate requests for
additional phone access when
operationally feasible. In addition, a
significant share of the 24-hour period
occurs overnight, when fewer people are
likely be available to take calls. Under
the 4-hour approach, by contrast, the
clock runs only during daytime hours.
The 4-hour period is also a minimum,
and noncitizens may receive greater
time. For example, for noncitizens in
CBP custody, if a noncitizen requests
access to a phone booth after the
consultation, but the interview has not
yet occurred, the agent or officer would
in the normal course facilitate another
call, to the extent operationally feasible.
For noncitizens in ICE custody,
noncitizens are generally housed in
areas with phones that they may use at
any time. Hence, noncitizens have
phone access even during times when
the 4-hour consultation period is tolled,
as well as in circumstances in which the
noncitizen’s credible-fear interview is
delayed for a longer time than the 4hour minimum. The result is that
noncitizens in ICE custody will often
have more than 4 hours of phone access.
Requests to reschedule the credible fear
interview may be accommodated for
reasons that constitute extraordinary
circumstances, such as serious illness of
the noncitizen’s consultant or serious
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facility issues that prevented the
noncitizen from contacting a consultant.
The Departments acknowledge that
the period includes Saturdays, Sundays,
holidays, and periods outside of
traditional business hours (7 a.m. to 9
a.m. and 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.). And while
the Departments recognize that it may
be more difficult for detained
noncitizens to connect with the person
or persons with whom they wish to
consult during these times, this concern
again does not undermine the
Departments’ decision to adopt the
changes in the IFR and this rule. DHS’s
24-hour approach also includes
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays.161
Although DHS’s 4-hour approach uses a
shorter window during those periods
than its 24-hour approach, the
Departments have already explained
why that change makes less of a
practical difference than some
commenters suggest. Moreover,
although DHS’s approach during
emergency border circumstances may
sometimes result in some or all of the
4-hour period falling outside of
traditional business hours, noncitizens
may reach out to individuals in different
time zones during these periods. For
those who manifest fear in CBP custody,
CBP provides noncitizens with a list of
legal service providers operating in
multiple time zones.162 For those who
manifest fear in ICE custody, ICE
provides noncitizens with a list of legal
service providers who service the area
in which the noncitizen is detained and
ICE will, upon request, provide the
noncitizen a list of providers in
additional States identified by the
noncitizen. In addition, DHS’s 24-hour
approach also does not guarantee that
noncitizens would have access to
phones during traditional business
hours (for example, when the period
falls over a weekend or holiday).163
Excluding weekends, holidays, and
periods outside of traditional business
hours would thus mark a significant
161 See DHS, M–444 Information About Credible
Fear Interview (May 10, 2023) (noting that the
interview will occur no earlier than 24 hours after
receipt of the form without mention of any tolling
or stoppage).
162 See, e.g., EOIR, List of Pro Bono Legal Service
Providers (Noncitizens in U.S. Customs and Border
Protection Custody) (July 2024), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1582586/dl.
163 The consultation period also was not tolled for
weekends, holidays, or periods outside of normal
business hours under the 48-hour approach that
predated the 24-hour approach. See Memorandum
for Andrew Davidson, Acting Deputy Dir., USCIS,
from John L. Lafferty, Chief, Asylum Div., USCIS,
Re: Scheduling of Credible Fear Interviews (May 10,
2023) (‘‘Under the current policy, credible fear
interviews have generally taken place at least 48
hours after the time of the noncitizen’s arrival at the
detention facility, unless the noncitizen specifically
requests to be interviewed more quickly.’’).
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change in DHS’s practice that could lead
to unreasonable delays. And because
CBP continues to encounter individuals
and to take them into custody 24 hours
a day and 7 days a week, that change
would be inconsistent with the
imperative to facilitate the prompt
operation of the expedited removal
process, especially during the
emergency border circumstances when
this rule applies.
In addition, when a noncitizen
receives a negative credible fear
determination, the noncitizen also has
an additional opportunity to consult
before review of that determination by
an IJ (if requested). INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv),
8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iv). Noncitizens
can obtain counsel or consult with other
individuals of their choosing and seek
to introduce new evidence before IJs,
allowing for additional consultation
beyond the initial 4 hours. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv); 8 CFR 1003.42(c). That
additional consultation opportunity
further reinforces the Departments’ view
that the minimum 4-hour consultation
period prior to the credible fear
interview does not undermine their
decision to adopt the changes made by
the IFR and this rule.
In response to comments alleging that
legal representatives have been
excluded from credible fear interviews,
the Departments again note that neither
this rule nor the consultation period
policy changes the procedures and
regulations governing attorney
participation during credible fear
interviews. Under existing regulations,
all noncitizens are afforded the
opportunity to have a person or persons
of their choosing present, including by
phone, during their credible fear
interview. 8 CFR 208.30(d)(4). In any
case where USCIS has received a
properly executed G–28, Notice of Entry
of Appearance as Attorney or
Accredited Representative, prior to the
credible fear interview, asylum office
staff notify the attorney or accredited
representative of the scheduled
interview date and time, and the AO
must call the attorney or representative
before beginning the interview so the
attorney or representative may be
present. If the AO is unable to reach the
attorney or accredited representative,
the AO documents this in the interview
notes and asks the noncitizen if the
noncitizen would like to proceed
without the attorney or accredited
representative present. Guidance
instructs that, where a properly
executed Form G–28 is on file, asylum
office staff will attempt to ensure that
the attorney or accredited representative
is present at the interview if the
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noncitizen desires such a person’s
presence. Further, as long as it does not
unreasonably delay the process, the
asylum office has discretion to
reschedule interviews on a case-by-case
basis to ensure that an attorney or
accredited representative may attend. At
the beginning of the credible fear
interview, if it has not already been
established through a Form G–28, the
AO asks the noncitizen if the noncitizen
has an attorney or consultant and
verifies whether the noncitizen received
a list of free or low-cost legal service
providers. If the noncitizen does not
have an attorney or consultant present,
the AO reminds the noncitizen that the
noncitizen may have an attorney or
consultant present during the interview
and asks the noncitizen if the noncitizen
wants to continue with the interview
without an attorney or consultant
present. In addition, as noted above, if
a noncitizen requests to reschedule the
interview for reasons that constitute
extraordinary circumstances, such as
illness of the noncitizen’s consultant or
technical issues that prevented the
noncitizen from contacting a consultant,
such requests may be accommodated. If
there are individual instances where
commenters believe legal
representatives have been excluded
from a credible fear interview contrary
to the wishes of a noncitizen,
commenters should lodge those
complaints through the proper
channels,164 but the Departments
emphasize that the present rule does not
change the regulatory provisions that
govern who may be present during the
credible fear interview or impact how
asylum office staff ensure those
provisions are enforced.
As for the credible fear interview
itself, as discussed more fully below in
Section III.C.3 of this preamble, even
with the heightened screening standard
for those found not to have a significant
possibility of demonstrating eligibility
for asylum under this rule’s limitation
on asylum eligibility, the type of
information sought to be elicited during
a credible fear interview is well within
a noncitizen’s knowledge, such that
having an attorney is not necessary to
secure a positive outcome. 89 FR at
48747–48. Indeed, even after
implementation of the IFR, the
experience of DHS has been that
noncitizens who do not have an
attorney or consultant present during
164 See USCIS, Report USCIS Employee
Misconduct (last reviewed/updated Mar. 15, 2024),
https://www.uscis.gov/scams-fraud-andmisconduct/report-uscis-employee-misconduct; see
also DHS, Make a Civil Rights Complaint (last
updated Aug. 20, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/filecivil-rights-complaint.
PO 00000
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the credible fear interview are often able
to successfully satisfy the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ screening standard.165
Additionally, under the IFR and this
rule, a noncitizen may request IJ review
of an AO’s negative credible fear
determination, which provides an
additional layer of protection, including
for those noncitizens who are unable to
consult with an attorney.
With respect to commenters’ reliance
on data that purport to show that few
noncitizens are able to secure the
assistance of counsel during the credible
fear process and that those who do
receive better outcomes, the
Departments note that such data fail to
take into account any screening that
may occur by legal service providers to
determine the perceived validity of the
claim before agreeing to provide
representation to a noncitizen. Even
assuming some instances of improved
results for those with counsel, due
process ‘‘does not mandate that all
governmental decisionmaking comply
with standards that assure perfect, errorfree determinations.’’ Mackey v.
Montrym, 443 U.S. 1, 13 (1979).
Moreover, as discussed in Section II.A.2
of this preamble, 51 percent of SWB
encounters between POEs referred to the
credible fear process under the rule—
including many who did not have an
attorney or consultant present during
the credible fear interview—have
received a positive result.166
With regard to commenter concerns
about lack of privacy during credible
fear interviews, DHS notes that these
interviews are conducted ‘‘separate and
apart from the general public.’’ 8 CFR
208.30(d). The Departments are mindful
of their duties under 8 CFR 208.6 and
1208.6 to prevent unauthorized
disclosure of records pertaining to any
credible fear determination, and AOs
are required to explain these
confidentiality requirements to
noncitizens prior to credible fear
interviews.167 For those going through
the consultation and credible fear
process in CBP custody, noncitizens
consulting with an attorney or other
individual before a credible fear
interview do so in a private phone
booth. USCIS contract interpreters
165 See OHSS analysis of data pulled from CBP
UIP on September 3, 2024, and data pulled from
Global on September 11, 2024 (Fear by Atty or Cons
Present tab).
166 See OHSS analysis of data pulled from CBP
UIP on September 3, 2024, and data pulled from
Global on September 11, 2024 (Fear by Atty or Cons
Present tab).
167 See USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Interviewing—Introduction to the NonAdversarial Interview 19–20 (Apr. 24, 2024); USCIS,
RAIO Directorate—Officer Training: Interviewing—
Working With An Interpreter 14, 30 (Apr. 24, 2024).
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conducting telephonic interpretation are
bound by the confidentiality
requirements protecting all credible fear
determinations pursuant to 8 CFR
208.6 168 and must pass all required
DHS background checks applicable to
contractors.169 All AOs receive training
on working with interpreters, which
includes explaining confidentiality,
assessing competency, and recognizing
other factors that may affect the
accuracy of interpretation.170 AOs are
trained to elicit all relevant testimony
during credible fear interviews 171 and
will not preemptively issue negative
credible fear determinations due to
phone connectivity issues. And all AOs
receive training on interviewing
survivors of torture and other severe
trauma.172
The Departments therefore decline to
amend in this rule existing practices
with respect to credible fear proceedings
based on commenters’ concerns about
noncitizens’ ability to obtain and
consult with counsel. Nothing in the
rule alters noncitizens’ existing ability
to consult with persons of their
choosing prior to the credible fear
interview, see INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iv), or prior to IJ
review of a negative credible fear
determination, see 8 CFR 1003.42(c).
The Departments believe that any
minimal adverse impact on the ability to
retain counsel resulting from the rule
and changes in DHS’s practices are
outweighed by the significant benefits to
efficiency that the rule and DHS’s
changed practices promote. In addition,
the Departments do not believe that the
limitation on asylum eligibility or the
heightened ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard applied to those who do not
establish a credible fear of persecution
for asylum purposes due to the
168 See USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Interviewing—Working With An
Interpreter 14, 30 (Apr. 24, 2024); see also USCIS,
Credible Fear Procedures Manual sec. III.E.3.d (May
10, 2023), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/
document/guides/
CredibleFearProceduresManual.pdf.
169 See DHS, Fact Sheet: Contractor Fitness at
DHS, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/personnel_security_contractor_fitness_
fact_sheet_new.pdf (last visited Sept. 20, 2024).
170 USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Interviewing—Working with an Interpreter 14, 17–
22, 24, 30, 43–44 (Apr. 24, 2024).
171 USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Interviewing—Eliciting Testimony 11 (Apr. 24,
2024) (‘‘In cases requiring an interview, although
the burden is on the applicant to establish
eligibility, equally important is your obligation to
elicit all pertinent information.’’); id. at 12 (‘‘It is
your duty to fully and fairly develop the record by
eliciting information from the interviewee, probing
for additional information, and following up on the
interviewee’s statements.’’).
172 USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Interviewing Survivors of Torture and Other Severe
Trauma (Apr. 24, 2024).
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limitation require significant
development prior to the credible fear
interview. At the screening stage, the
information pertinent to the limitation—
including the existence of exceptionally
compelling circumstances—and the
reasons for the noncitizen’s fear of
persecution or torture are reasonably
expected to be within the noncitizen’s
personal knowledge at the time of the
credible fear interview. See 89 FR at
48747–48. And as explained in the IFR,
AOs and IJs are trained on and have
extensive experience eliciting such
information from noncitizens. Id. at
48747–48 & nn.241–44. The
Departments do not seek to diminish the
importance of being able to consult with
a person or persons of the noncitizen’s
choosing during the screening process
as provided by statute, see INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv), but the Departments
also do not believe that the information
required for the screening process under
the IFR and this rule is such that the
screening interviews must be
significantly delayed to allow for greater
consultation time. Doing so in the
context of emergency border
circumstances would ‘‘unreasonably
delay the process.’’ INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv),
8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iv).
As to commenters’ arguments that
ensuring legal representation increases
efficiency, discourages frivolous claims,
shortens the time required to determine
a claim, and reduces the number of
appeals and repeat claims, the
Departments note that even assuming
those claims are true, ensuring legal
representation for all noncitizens would
impose extraordinary burdens on DHS
and would undermine the speed that
Congress sought to achieve in the
expedited removal system. Moreover,
because Congress refrained from
creating an unqualified right to legal
representation, the approach adopted in
this rule accords with the statute and is
a reasonable exercise of the
Departments’ discretion. See INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv) (providing the
noncitizen only an opportunity to
‘‘consult’’ with a person prior to a
credible fear interview).
(3) Noncitizens’ Ability To Have Their
Claims Heard
Comment: Commenters stated that a
quota system would deny vulnerable
individuals and families the
opportunity to have their claims fairly
considered, in contravention of U.S. and
international law. Similarly, a
commenter stated that, by imposing a
cap on daily asylum claims and
automatically denying asylum to those
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81199
who exceed the limit, the IFR ‘‘nullifies
fundamental rights that the United
States is obligated to uphold.’’ The
commenter wrote that this ‘‘blanket
denial’’ would deviate from due process
principles under U.S. and international
law that mandate non-refoulement and
the individualized assessment of asylum
claims. Commenters also stated that the
IFR strips away the humane aspects of
the asylum system.
Response: The Departments do not
believe that the rule affords noncitizens
an insufficient opportunity to have their
asylum or protection claims heard, and
the rule’s limitation on eligibility
includes no automatic ‘‘blanket denials’’
based on quotas or caps. Instead, during
the emergency border circumstances
described in the Proclamation, in the
IFR, and in this rule—which relate to
encounter levels as described in Section
III.D.1 of this preamble—the rule’s
provisions (which are consistent with
U.S. domestic and international law, as
discussed in Section III.A.1 of this
preamble) impose a limitation on
asylum eligibility (with an appropriate
exception) and changes to the expedited
removal and credible fear process aimed
at providing the Departments a greater
ability to deliver timely decisions and
consequences to noncitizens
encountered along the southern border.
The rule does so while ensuring that
those in expedited removal proceedings
who fear removal continue to have their
fear claims heard.
First, all noncitizens processed for
expedited removal who manifest a fear
of return, express an intention to apply
for asylum or protection, or express a
fear of persecution or torture or a fear
of return to their country or the country
of removal are referred for a credible
fear interview, as appropriate. See INA
235(b)(1)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii); 8 CFR 235.15(b)(4).
Such referrals occur irrespective of how
many noncitizens have presented at the
border or sought protection on a given
day.
Second, this rule does not change the
longstanding procedural protections
that are provided to noncitizens during
these credible fear interviews. Credible
fear interviews are conducted in a nonadversarial manner,173 and all AOs are
173 USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Interviewing—Introduction to the Non-Adversarial
Interview 13–15 (Apr. 24, 2024). As described in a
previous rule, AOs have experience in ‘‘country
conditions and legal issues, as well as
nonadversarial interviewing techniques,’’ and they
have ‘‘ready access to country conditions experts.’’
Procedures for Credible Fear Screening and
Consideration of Asylum, Withholding of Removal,
and CAT Protection Claims by Asylum Officers, 86
FR 46906, 46918 (Aug. 20, 2021).
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trained in non-adversarial interview
techniques to facilitate their duty to
elicit relevant and useful information—
in effect, to help the noncitizen meet
their burden through testimony
alone.174 8 CFR 208.1(b). AOs are also
trained to consult country conditions
information, which often provides
context to a noncitizen’s claim. Id. In
evaluating whether a noncitizen has
shown a credible fear, AOs are
instructed by statute to take into
account the credibility of the statements
made by the noncitizen and such other
facts as are known to the AO. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(ii)–(iii), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(B)(ii)–(iii). Just as a
noncitizen’s testimony alone without
corroboration may be sufficient to
establish the noncitizen meets the
definition of a refugee where it is
credible, persuasive, and refers to
specific facts, INA 208(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8
U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii), a noncitizen’s
testimony alone, in the credible fear
context, may meet the burden to
demonstrate a credible fear of
persecution or torture.175 Accordingly,
insofar as it is part of a credible fear
determination, credible testimony and
evidence available to the AO alone may
be sufficient to demonstrate a significant
possibility that the noncitizen could
show that the noncitizen is eligible for
the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception to this rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility. The
procedures outlined above do not
depend on how many noncitizens have
presented at the border or have sought
protection on a given day.
Third, all negative credible fear
determinations are reviewed by a
supervisory AO prior to becoming final,
see 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8), and, consistent
with the sole statutorily provided
mechanism for review of negative
credible fear determinations, see INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), noncitizens may
request review of a negative credible
fear determination before an IJ, see 8
CFR 208.35(b)(2)(iii)–(v) (explaining the
process for requesting IJ review for those
described in the Proclamation and
unable to show that the rule’s exception
to the limitation on asylum eligibility
applies).
174 See, e.g., USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Interviewing—Eliciting Testimony 11–12
(Apr. 24, 2024).
175 See USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Credible Fear of Persecution and Torture
Determinations 19 (May 9, 2024); see also
Kiakombua v. Wolf, 498 F. Supp. 3d 1, 46–47
(D.D.C. 2020) (asylum officer (‘‘AO’’) cannot require
an applicant to provide corroborating evidence at
the credible fear stage where the applicant’s
testimony is otherwise found credible).
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Unlike the process that applies to
negative credible fear determinations
under 8 CFR 208.30(g)(1)(i), during
which a noncitizen’s refusal or failure to
request or decline IJ review is treated as
a request for IJ review, noncitizens
under the present rule must indicate
whether they desire IJ review when
asked, see 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(iv). When
serving the negative credible fear
determination, USCIS staff read the
contents of the Form I–869SBIFR,
Record of Negative Credible Fear and
Reasonable Probability Finding and
Request for Review by Immigration
Judge for Noncitizens Subject to the
Limitation on Asylum Eligibility
Pursuant to 8 CFR 208.35(a), to the
noncitizen in a language the noncitizen
understands, using an interpreter if
needed.176 The Form I–869SBIFR
includes a statement that the noncitizen
may request that an IJ review the
negative determination and that, if the
noncitizen does not request IJ review,
the noncitizen will not receive review
by an IJ and may be removed from the
United States immediately. The
noncitizen then must check one of two
boxes on the I–869SBIFR indicating
either that the noncitizen requests IJ
review or does not request IJ review.
The noncitizen will be referred to an IJ
for review of a negative determination
only where the noncitizen requests such
review. 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(iv)–(v).
Under the IFR and this rule, IJ review
remains available in all cases with a
negative credible fear determination,
and such review includes an
opportunity for the noncitizen to be
heard and questioned by the IJ. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III); 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2), 1208.35(b)(1) and (2).
Additionally, while it is not equivalent
to another level of review, USCIS retains
the sole discretion to reconsider its own
negative credible fear determination
following IJ concurrence. 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2)(v)(B). Thus, the rule
maintains review of any negative
credible fear determination by a
supervisory AO prior to service and,
following service of a negative credible
fear determination, the opportunity to
have an IJ review the finding de novo.
See 8 CFR 1208.35(b)(1).
As discussed above in this section of
the preamble, the Departments believe
these processes are adequate in light of
the high levels of training received by
adjudicators and the high volume of
cases before the Departments.
176 Following issuance of this rule, the form will
be designated I–869SB instead of I–869SBIFR.
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(4) Issues With Asylum Officers,
Detention Conditions, and Quality of
Credible Fear Determinations
Comment: Several commenters
expressed concern with the conduct of
AOs during credible fear interviews and
suggested that AOs are ill-equipped to
conduct the analysis the rule requires,
including applying the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception to
the limitation and screening fear claims
at a higher evidentiary standard. Some
commenters stated that they are aware
of instances where AOs have failed to
comply with established guidelines
during credible fear interviews and that
translation issues, such as Indigenous
language speakers being interviewed in
Spanish, exist in some cases. One
commenter recounted examples of
noncitizens who, the commenter
believes, were wrongly issued negative
credible fear determinations; the
commenter said that noncitizens’
statements were incorrectly translated
by interpreters and that noncitizens
were not adequately asked about their
experiences or were interrupted by AOs
during screenings. Other commenters
discussed alleged violations of the
credible fear interview procedures
experienced by noncitizens, such as
alleged failures to address language
barriers, that prevent noncitizens from
adequately telling their stories, resulting
in refoulement.
An organizational commenter
discussed its experience with clients
who it contends were wrongfully
deported and returned to violence,
stating that the rule will only increase
the frequency with which USCIS errs in
conducting credible fear screenings and
IJs err in reviewing credible fear
determinations. Commenters
emphasized that hearings take place
shortly after noncitizens have endured
lengthy and traumatic journeys to reach
the United States and asserted that they
take place while noncitizens are in
detention facilities with deplorable
conditions. Commenters stated that the
harm caused by the IFR will be
exacerbated by expedited removal
policies such as conducting credible
fear interviews while noncitizens are in
CBP custody. A commenter stated that
courts have questioned the reliability of
credible fear interviews because of the
expedited and stressful nature of the
process.
Response: The Departments take any
allegations of misconduct by AOs or
other government officials seriously,
and there are existing channels available
to report any such alleged
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misconduct.177 To the extent that
commenters suggested that examples
where they believe AOs failed to follow
existing guidance related to credible fear
screenings or failed to conduct a fair
credible fear interview are
representative of AOs generally and are
grounds for reasoning that AOs are illequipped to perform credible fear
screenings under the current rule, the
Departments disagree with these
assertions and find them unpersuasive.
Instances where commenters believe
AOs failed to conduct credible fear
interviews fairly should be reported
through the proper channels and will be
addressed on a case-by-case basis, but
these anecdotal complaints do not
dissuade the Departments from
concluding that AOs are capable of
performing their duties under this rule.
These complaints about AO conduct in
specific credible fear interviews do not
undermine the statutorily prescribed
role of AOs to conduct credible fear
interviews and make credible fear
determinations, and the Departments
are confident, for the reasons explained
above, that AOs have the necessary
training and expertise to fulfill that role.
As discussed in Section III.A.1.c of
this preamble, the rule operates within
the expedited removal and credible fear
screening process established by section
235 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225, and
comports with all statutory
requirements. Under the credible fear
statutory framework, AOs conduct
credible fear screening interviews. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(i).
By definition, AOs are individuals who
have had professional training in
country conditions, asylum law, and
interview techniques comparable to that
provided to full-time adjudicators of
asylum applications under section 208
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158. INA
235(b)(1)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(E).
They are supervised by officers who
meet the same training requirements
and have had substantial experience
adjudicating asylum applications. INA
235(b)(1)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(E). AOs
conducting credible fear interviews do
so in a non-adversarial manner,
beginning with ensuring the noncitizen
understands the purpose of the
interview, that the noncitizen has a right
to have a legal representative or other
person of the noncitizen’s choosing
present during the interview, and that
the noncitizen understands the
177 See USCIS, Report USCIS Employee
Misconduct (last reviewed/updated Mar. 15, 2024),
https://www.uscis.gov/scams-fraud-andmisconduct/report-uscis-employee-misconduct; see
also DHS, Make a Civil Rights Complaint (last
updated Aug. 20, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/filecivil-rights-complaint.
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interpreter, where applicable. 8 CFR
208.30(d). USCIS has language access
policies in place to ensure that
noncitizens have an interpreter for a
language they understand during
credible fear interviews and procedures
in place that all AOs must follow to
address instances where rare language
interpreters may not be available,
including issuing a discretionary NTA
in certain circumstances. After the
noncitizen has received an NTA, the
noncitizen’s language barrier can be
addressed in proceedings before an IJ.
At the beginning of a credible fear
interview, AOs explain to noncitizens
the confidentiality provisions governing
credible fear interviews pursuant to 8
CFR 208.6, including that the AO and
interpreter will keep the noncitizen’s
information and testimony confidential.
The AO verifies that the noncitizen is
comfortable proceeding with the
interpreter and the AO of the given
gender. AOs also ask noncitizens if
there are any issues that could affect
their ability to testify, such as a
language barrier or health issue, and
deal with any such issue according to
established procedures. All credible fear
determinations, including those in
which the IFR limitation on asylum
eligibility applies, are reviewed by
supervisory AOs before becoming final
and being served on the noncitizen, and
this will remain true under the final
rule. 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8). Supervisory
review includes ensuring that AOs
follow all applicable procedures and
guidelines related to language access
and other issues that could impede the
noncitizen’s ability to effectively
communicate during a credible fear
interview.
As already explained, AOs are
specifically trained on eliciting
testimony, working with interpreters,
engaging in cross-cultural
communication, detecting possible
victims of trafficking, and interviewing
vulnerable populations, including
survivors of torture and other severe
trauma. In addition to receiving
specialized training on interviewing and
eliciting testimony, AOs are trained on
and well-versed in applying substantive
asylum law in both full asylum
adjudications and in screening
determinations. As explained in the IFR,
AOs and supervisory AOs have the
training and experience necessary to
identify in a screening whether the
information the noncitizen has provided
is sufficiently specific to lead them to
believe that the noncitizen may be able
to establish eligibility at the merits
stage. 89 FR at 48748. AOs frequently
assess physical and psychological harm
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when adjudicating asylum applications
and are trained to do so in a sensitive
manner.178 AOs may also evaluate harm
resulting from the unavailability of
necessary medical care or specific
medications when assessing ‘‘other
serious harm’’ under 8 CFR
208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B) in full asylum
adjudications.179 When conducting a
credible fear interview where the IFR’s
limitation on asylum eligibility applies,
AOs’ questioning will necessarily
include information related to whether
there is a significant possibility that the
noncitizen would ultimately be able to
demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that the limitation on asylum
eligibility does not apply or that the
noncitizen satisfies the rule’s exception,
regardless of whether the noncitizen
affirmatively raises the issue. Since May
11, 2023, when the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule went into effect,
AOs and supervisory AOs have
evaluated the exceptionally compelling
circumstances grounds for rebutting the
presumption of asylum ineligibility
under that rule, including the
enumerated examples of an acute
medical emergency, imminent and
extreme threat to life or safety, and
satisfying the definition of a victim of a
severe form of trafficking in persons. 8
CFR 208.33(a)(3). The enumerated
examples mirror the enumerated
examples of exceptionally compelling
circumstances that except noncitizens
from the limitation on asylum eligibility
under the IFR and this rule, see 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2), so not only have AOs and
supervisory AOs been implementing
this approach since the IFR was
implemented, but they also already had
considerable experience in eliciting
testimony related to the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception
and determining whether that exception
applied in the context of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
Likewise, IJs have extensive experience
and training in applying such concepts
to individual cases under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
and the IFR.180 Accordingly, the
178 For example, AOs adjudicate cases involving
forms of persecution like female genital mutilation,
forced abortion, and forced sterilization. See Matter
of Kasinga, 21 I&N Dec. 357 (BIA 1996); INA
101(a)(42)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42)(B); see also
USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Gender-Related Claims 23–27 (Apr. 24, 2024).
179 See USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Definition of Persecution and Eligibility
Based on Past Persecution 56–57 (Apr. 24, 2024).
180 See 8 CFR 1003.0(b)(1)(vii) (EOIR Director’s
authority to ‘‘[p]rovide for comprehensive,
continuing training and support’’ for IJs); 8 CFR
1003.9(b)(1)–(2) (Chief IJ’s authority to issue
‘‘procedural instructions regarding the
implementation of new statutory or regulatory
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Departments believe that IJs and AOs
will continue to fairly and competently
examine the facts and circumstances of
each individual’s case to determine
whether the individual has established
a significant possibility that the
individual would ultimately be able to
demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that the limitation on asylum
eligibility does not apply or that the
individual satisfies the rule’s exception.
The Departments consider the
commenters’ concerns about the quality
of determinations unfounded. USCIS
AOs and supervisory AOs have received
the same thorough training and
materials related to applying the IFR
across offices and jurisdictions. Asylum
staff nationwide use the Global case
management system,181 which includes
updated interview guides, forms, and
instructions for processing cases under
the IFR to ensure consistency in
procedures and substantive guidelines.
All credible fear determinations, as
noted above, are subject to review by a
supervisory AO, 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8), and
IJ (if requested), INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), and
determinations made in section 240
removal proceedings are subject to
administrative appeal and judicial
review.
Regarding concerns about noncitizens
going through the credible fear process
while in CBP custody, the Departments
disagree with the contention that such
a process causes or exacerbates harm.
Noncitizens who are going through the
credible fear process in CBP custody are
given at least 4 hours between 7 a.m.
and 7 p.m. to telephonically consult
with an individual of their choosing,
including legal counsel, before their
credible fear interview. Additionally,
the noncitizens are afforded privacy for
these consultations, which occur in a
private phone booth. These phones and
phone booths are also used to conduct
the credible fear interview.
authorities’’ and ‘‘[p]rovide for appropriate training
of the [IJs] . . . on the conduct of their powers and
duties’’); EOIR, Legal Education and Research
Services Division (last updated Jan. 3, 2020), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/legal-education-and-researchservices-division (‘‘The Legal Education and
Research Services Division (LERS) develops and
coordinates headquarters and nationwide
substantive legal training and professional
development for new and experienced judges,
attorneys, and others within EOIR who are directly
involved in EOIR’s adjudicative functions. LERS
regularly distributes new information within EOIR
that includes relevant legal developments and
policy changes from U.S. government entities and
international organizations.’’).
181 USCIS, Privacy Impact Assessment Update for
the USCIS Asylum Division, at 4 (2018), https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/
privacy-pia-uscis-asylum-september2018.pdf.
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Additionally, to the extent that
commenters have generalized concerns
about conditions in CBP custody, such
comments are outside the scope of this
rule. DHS notes, however, that it is
committed to providing safe, sanitary,
and humane conditions to all
individuals in custody, and that it is
committed to transferring individuals
out of CBP custody in an expeditious
manner. The Departments further note
that one anticipated effect of this rule is
to reduce the risk of overcrowding in
DHS detention facilities. See 89 FR at
48742 (noting that ‘‘[h]igh [encounter]
numbers, such as those giving rise to the
Proclamation and this rule, increase the
likelihood that USBP facilities will
become quickly overcrowded . . .
[which] creates health and safety
concerns for noncitizens and
Government personnel’’).
(5) Fairness or Risks Associated With
Process
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule would undermine the commitment
of the United States to providing refuge
for those fleeing persecution and
violence and exacerbate the
humanitarian crisis at the southern
border. Other commenters stated that
the rule would increase refoulement and
that the Departments did not adequately
consider this consequence. Commenters
asserted that the rule could cause
arbitrary denials of asylum, thus placing
noncitizens back into harm’s way and
resulting in life-threatening outcomes. A
commenter asserted that the IFR ignores
the realities of initial fear screenings
(including that individuals have often
experienced a long and difficult
journey, undergo screenings within days
of arrival, and may face barriers to
accessing counsel and language
services) and establishes an even higher
screening standard that may prevent
noncitizens from factually presenting
claims before an AO. A commenter
stated that a decline in positive credible
fear determinations under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
is a result of an orchestrated effort to
reduce the screen-in rate by erecting
barriers to eligibility and attorney
consultation and eroding due process
protections, not the result of the
appropriate screening out of claims that
would in fact be non-meritorious, as
suggested by the Departments in the
IFR.
Some commenters discussed the
existing difficulties that noncitizens in
CBP custody have in obtaining what
they need, such as a pen and paper to
write down essential information,
access to counsel, and access to private
phone services. Some commenters
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stated that they have witnessed failures
by USCIS and EOIR to notify attorneys
of their clients’ interviews and
immigration court reviews.
Response: The present rule complies
with all statutory and regulatory
requirements related to access to
counsel, including the right of a
noncitizen to access counsel at no cost
to the Government, the right to consult
with a person of the noncitizen’s
choosing prior to the credible fear
interview, and the right to have a person
of the noncitizen’s choosing (including
a legal representative) present during
the interview, provided it will not cause
unreasonable delay. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv); 8 CFR 208.30(d)(4).
Moreover, in addition to protecting the
procedural safeguards guaranteed by
statute, the rule also ensures the United
States honors its non-refoulement
obligations under international law by
screening for statutory withholding and
protection under regulations
implementing the CAT, even where a
noncitizen is subject to the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility and
cannot establish that the rule’s
exception applies under the significant
possibility standard. 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2).
Contrary to commenters’ assertions that
noncitizens may be prevented from
presenting factual claims to an AO
where they are subject to the IFR’s
limitation on asylum eligibility, AOs
elicit testimony, and noncitizens have
the opportunity to present testimony
and other evidence relevant to a
potential persecution or torture claim,
even where the limitation applies and
no exception is established during the
credible fear interview; this allows the
AO to effectively screen the noncitizen
for a reasonable probability of
persecution or torture. 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2)(i). Indeed, the experience of
USCIS with the IFR since its
implementation illustrates that
noncitizens are still able to meet the
higher reasonable probability standard
in approximately 48 percent of cases
where the IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility applies and no exception is
established during the credible fear
interview.182
Further, while a commenter suggested
that the drop in the overall screen-in
rate under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule resulted from barriers to
eligibility or to counsel and the erosion
of due process rights, as opposed to
screening out more potentially nonmeritorious cases under the higher
‘‘reasonable possibility’’ standard in the
182 OHSS analysis of data pulled from CBP UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Fear Screening—STB tab).
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IFR, see 89 FR at 48746, a more granular
examination of the various screen-in
rates undermines the commenter’s
assertion. In fact, SWB encounter
credible fear screen-in rates for
screenings conducted by USCIS under
the significant possibility standard
remain consistent or increase when
comparing (1) interviews that took place
in the pre-pandemic period (76 percent
positive); (2) interviews that took place
under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule where the presumption of
asylum ineligibility applied but an
exception was established (79 percent
positive) or the presumption was
rebutted (86 percent positive); and (3)
interviews that took place under the IFR
where the IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility applied but the IFR’s
exception was applicable (81 percent
positive).183 If anything, then, the
screen-in rate at the significant
possibility standard is higher under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
and under the IFR, notwithstanding
commenters’ claims that factors such as
difficulty in accessing counsel
necessarily reduce screen-in rates.
Rather, USCIS screen-in rates for USBP
encounters effectively drop only when
AOs apply the higher substantive
standards, dropping (1) to
approximately 51 percent for cases
screened at the reasonable possibility
standard where the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways presumption of
asylum eligibility applies and no
exception or rebuttal is established; and
(2) to approximately 48 percent for cases
screened at the reasonable probability
standard where the IFR’s limitation on
asylum eligibility applies and no
exception is established.184
Accordingly, the analysis provided by
the Departments in the IFR concluding
that the drop in screen-in rates under
the higher ‘‘reasonable possibility’’
standard relates to the merits of the
potential claim, see 89 FR at 48746,
remains supported and is only further
bolstered by the experience of the
Departments in implementing the IFR.
The IFR acknowledges that the rule’s
manifestation of fear and reasonable
probability standards may increase the
risk that some noncitizens with
meritorious claims may not be referred
for credible fear interviews or may not
receive a positive credible fear
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183 OHSS
analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data, July 2024 Persist Dataset, and data
downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab; Fear Screening—CLP tab;
Fear Screening—STB tab).
184 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data, July 2024 Persist Dataset, and data
downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024 (Fear
Screening—CLP tab and Fear Screening—STB tab).
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determination. 89 FR at 48767. It also
explains that there may be costs to
noncitizens that result from their
removal—indeed, such costs are likely.
Id. Thus, the Departments did consider
these risks, and they have continued to
consider these risks in finalizing this
rule.
The Departments weighed the fact
that, despite the protections preserved
by the rule, the available exception, and
the training and expertise of DHS
personnel, the changes to the credible
fear process adopted may result in the
denial of asylum when such an asylum
claim otherwise may have been granted.
Id. at 48750 n.250. As with all screening
mechanisms, there is some risk that a
case that might otherwise lead to a grant
of asylum might not proceed to a merits
adjudication, id., but as discussed in
Sections III.C.2.c and III.B.2.a.ii of this
preamble, DHS personnel have
significant experience and training in
recognizing and interviewing
noncitizens with protection claims,
which the Departments believe will
minimize the frequency of such cases.
Regardless, in light of the emergency
border circumstances facing the
Departments and addressed in the
Proclamation and this rule, the
Departments believe these measures are
appropriate, necessary, and legally
permissible. Id. And given the
emergency border circumstances facing
the Departments and the gap between
high rates of referrals and screen-ins
during the immediate post-pandemic
period and historic ultimate grant rates,
as described in Section II.A.2 of this
preamble, the Departments believe the
rule’s provisions are appropriate and
justified even if certain close cases
result in imperfect outcomes. Id. As
with other conditions and limitations
imposed under section 208(b)(2) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2), this rule is
grounded in important policy
objectives, including providing those
with valid asylum claims an
opportunity to have their claims heard
in a timely fashion, preventing an
increased flow of migrants arriving at
the southern border that would
overwhelm DHS’s ability to provide safe
and orderly processing, and reducing
the role of exploitative TCOs and
smugglers. The Departments have
determined that these important
policies outweigh whatever marginal
impact on meritorious claims the rule
might have.
DHS serves noncitizens with all the
necessary documents related to their
credible fear determination, 8 CFR
208.30(f)–(g), which for noncitizens in
detention may be served through a
telephone call by USCIS, during which
PO 00000
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81203
information on the noncitizen’s
determination is relayed in a language
that the noncitizen understands, while
CBP or ICE personnel physically
provide the documents to a noncitizen.
While any person may consult with a
noncitizen in the credible fear process,
DHS provides copies of documents only
to legal representatives who have
completed a fully executed Form G–
28.185 Although commenters expressed
concern about the burden of obtaining
consent and a signature from a detained
noncitizen, the Departments must
balance the sensitive nature of credible
fear interviews and the importance of
confidentiality pursuant to the
nondisclosure provisions in 8 CFR
208.6.
With regard to the comment about
noncitizens in CBP custody having
difficulties obtaining items such as pen
and paper, or having access to counsel
or to private phone booths, the
Departments disagree with the
commenters’ characterizations.
Noncitizens who are going through the
credible fear process in CBP custody are
provided with pen and paper, and they
are afforded a period of time to consult
with an individual of their choosing,
which occurs in a private phone booth,
as discussed in this section.186 These
phones and phone booths are also used
to conduct the credible fear interview.
iii. Impacts on Specific Vulnerable
Populations, Discrimination Concerns
Comment: Many commenters
expressed concern that the rule would
disproportionately harm vulnerable
groups, including Black individuals,
Indigenous individuals, and People of
Color (‘‘BIPOC’’), those who are HIV
positive, and people with disabilities.
For example, a commenter remarked
that the Departments did not analyze
the effect the rule has on particularly
vulnerable populations such as Black
migrants. A commenter voiced concern
about the impact the rule could have on
predominantly BIPOC communities,
remarking that the rule perpetuates
harmful political rhetoric about these
communities and the border that can
lead to long-term detrimental effects and
violence. While sharing specific
examples of the way the IFR has
impacted members of BIPOC
communities, another commenter raised
185 DHS, Instructions for Notice of Entry of
Appearance as Attorney or Accredited
Representative 1, 4 (Sep. 17, 2018), https://
www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/
g-28instr.pdf.
186 To the extent that commenters have concerns
regarding compliance with this policy, DHS notes
that such complaints about noncompliance can be
addressed under the process described in Section
III.C.2.c of this preamble.
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concern for the discrimination these
populations may face under the rule
while seeking asylum and waiting for an
appointment. A commenter stated that
the rule would prevent fair and equal
access to lifesaving protections and lead
to the unnecessary deaths of individuals
who are denied entry and returned to
dangerous and unsafe countries.
Therefore, the commenter urged, the
rule should be rescinded in its entirety.
Response: The Departments are
committed to the equal treatment of all
persons, and this rule does not
distinguish between individuals based
on race, nationality, ethnicity, or any
other protected characteristic. The
Departments also acknowledge that
certain populations, including members
of BIPOC communities, may have
unique vulnerabilities or face unique
issues in their country of origin or
countries of transit, and agree that the
United States has certain legal
obligations to protect noncitizens
present in the United States who fear
harm in their home countries. But as
explained more fully in Section III.A.1
of this preamble, the rule ensures that
noncitizens may continue to seek
asylum or other protection in the United
States. The Departments note that the
rule and its exception apply equally to
noncitizens who enter during the times
when emergency border circumstances
are present, regardless of nationality,
race, ethnicity, or other demographics of
concern identified by the commenters.
Further, as explained in this section,
adjudicators receive training to help
them identify members of vulnerable
communities and account for the harms
such individuals may face. And, to the
extent that members of certain
communities may face greater risks
because of their membership in those
communities, the Departments believe
that the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception will afford a
means to seek asylum or protection
when those risks manifest as specific
threats to the individuals in question.
Comment: Several commenters
expressed concern regarding the
separation of families and the treatment
of trafficking victims. A commenter
generally supported allowing united
families to escape persecution and cross
the border together. Other commenters
raised concern that the IFR and
associated policy changes routinely
separate families and often complicate
or prevent family reunification. Another
commenter wrote that the rule is likely
to impose negative impacts on family
wellbeing and result in family
separations, as the commenter reasoned
the changes in policy would incentivize
an increase in the arrival of UCs because
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families are unable to seek or receive
protection by crossing the border
together. One commenter also expressed
concern that the rule puts children at
risk to migrate alone. Another
commenter elaborated that family unity
and reunification is fundamental to our
Nation’s immigration policies and the
foundational principles of a Catholic
social teaching. The commenter voiced
concern that the effects of this rule
would be similar to the effects of the
Migrant Protection Protocols (‘‘MPP’’)
and the Title 42 public health Order,
which, the commenter stated, ‘‘led
families to ‘self-separate’ at the border’’
because either the adults decided the
conditions in Mexico were too
dangerous for the children to continue
to wait with them or the adults were
injured or had disappeared. The
commenter urged the Departments to
rescind the rule entirely, arguing that
the policy changes undermine families’
ability to seek humanitarian protection.
Additionally, a commenter stated that
the rule’s exemption for survivors of
trafficking is inadequate. The
commenter wrote that survivors could
be returned to trafficking situations
when the new heightened credible fear
standard fails to trigger safeguards
codified in the TVPA.
Response: The Departments have
designed the rule with a goal of keeping
families together. As described in
Section III.C.1.e of this preamble, the
Departments have adopted family unity
provisions that apply during both AMIs
and section 240 removal proceedings.
See 8 CFR 208.35(c), 1208.35(c).
Additionally, if one member of a family
unit traveling together is excepted from
the limitation on asylum eligibility
based on exceptionally compelling
circumstances, then the entire family
unit is excepted. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i).
Accordingly, commenters are incorrect
that the rule disallows families from
obtaining relief or protection together.
Additionally, the Departments believe
that the safeguards in place for victims
of human trafficking are sufficient. A
noncitizen who is a victim of a severe
form of trafficking in persons as defined
in 8 CFR 214.201 is excepted from the
suspension and limitation on entry
under section 3(b) of the Proclamation
and is also separately excepted from the
provisions of this rule. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1) (excepting
from the limitation on asylum eligibility
noncitizens described in section 3(b) of
the Proclamation); 8 CFR 235.15(a)
(excepting from the manifestation
provision noncitizens described in
section 3(b) of the Proclamation).
Noncitizens who meet that definition
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are also excepted from the limitation on
asylum eligibility as having established
exceptionally compelling
circumstances. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i)(C), 1208.35(a)(2)(i)(C). In
practice, these two provisions provide
two significant safeguards and work
alongside section 3(b) of the
Proclamation and 8 CFR 235.15(a) to
ensure that noncitizens are not subject
to the suspension and limitation on
entry or any of the rule’s provisions if
they meet the definition of a victim of
a severe form of trafficking.
Comment: A commenter raised
concern for non-Mexicans under the
rule being removed and left stranded in
Mexico without migration documents or
resources. The commenter explained
that undocumented individuals
removed to Mexico are vulnerable to
arrest, detention, and potential
deportation by Mexican immigration
authorities. The commenter stated that
this process has been a dangerous and
unsafe practice that results in human
rights violations and that government
officials in Mexico have confirmed this
practice will continue and potentially
expand under the rule.
Response: This rule does not change
the statutory and regulatory process for
designating the country to which a
noncitizen may be removed. To the
extent that a greater number of
noncitizens may be removed through
the operation of this rule—some of
whom may be removed to Mexico rather
than their home countries, consistent
with country of removal designation
authorities—the Departments note that
noncitizens may assert claims of fear of
harm in Mexico and that the rule
explicitly provides that noncitizens are
screened for fear of harm in their
‘‘designated country or countries of
removal.’’ 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(ii); see
also 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(iii).
The Departments acknowledge that
noncitizens other than Mexicans who
are removed to Mexico may be subject
to Mexican immigration law. However,
the Departments disagree that being
returned to Mexico is necessarily
unsafe, whether because of actions by
the Government of Mexico or otherwise.
Over the last several years, the
Government of Mexico has made
exceptional strides to improve
conditions for asylum seekers, migrants,
and refugees within its borders. For
instance, Mexico’s Federal Public
Defender’s office provides legal
counseling and support to asylum
seekers and migrants who file claims
with Mexico’s Commission for Refugee
Assistance, and the office has expanded
its specialized staff and increased its
visits to migration stations. 88 FR at
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31411. Further, not only is Mexico a
party to the 1951 Convention 187 relating
to the Status of Refugees and its 1967
Refugee Protocol,188 but also Mexico’s
Constitution includes a right to seek and
receive asylum from political
persecution. See Mex. Const. art. 11. In
fact, the available grounds to qualify for
asylum are broader in Mexico than in
the United States. See 88 FR at 31411
(explaining that Mexico has joined the
Cartagena Declaration on Refugees,
which expands the definition of
‘‘refugee,’’ ‘‘thus providing some who
may apply for protection, such as
asylum, with more grounds on which to
make their claim than they would have
in the United States’’). And applicants
who do not qualify for asylum in
Mexico are automatically considered for
complementary protection if they
possess a fear of harm in their country
of origin, or if there is reason to believe
that they will be subjected to torture or
to cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment, but do not meet the ‘‘refugee’’
definition; those granted complimentary
protection are able to regularize their
status.189
Comment: Multiple commenters
expressed concerns for the health and
safety of women and noncitizens from
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender,
Queer/Questioning, and Intersex
(‘‘LGBTQI+’’) communities. For
example, one commenter voiced
concern for the asserted lack of equal
opportunity and the Departments’
asserted lack of analysis of the effect of
the rule on particularly vulnerable
populations, such as LGBTQI+ migrants.
Another commenter wrote that the rule
erroneously separates the imminent
threat the noncitizen suffer at the border
from their future threat of persecution
upon return, especially for those
noncitizens fleeing from Mexico who
identify as LGBTQI+. The commenter
wrote that violence towards members of
the LGBTQI+ community can happen
randomly and unexpectedly, and hence
that noncitizens would be unable to
predict or articulate the violent risks
187 See United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter
V: Refugees and Stateless Persons: Convention
Relating to the Status of Refugees, https://treaties.
un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/
Chapter%20V/V-2.en.pdf (last visited Sept. 24,
2024).
188 See United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter
V: Refugees and Stateless Persons: Protocol Relating
to the Status of Refugees, https://treaties.un.org/
doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/
Chapter%20V/V-5.en.pdf (last visited Sept. 24,
2024).
189 88 FR at 11721 & n.144 (citing Government of
Mexico, Ley sobre Refugiados, Protección
Complementaria y Asilo Polı́tico (Jan. 27, 2011),
https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/
211049/08_Ley_sobre_Refugiados__Protecci_n_
Complementaria_y_Asilo_Pol_tico.pdf).
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they may face when seeking refuge in
the United States. In addition, the
commenter voiced concern for the
disproportionate impacts of the rule on
LGBTQI+ community members from
Mexico and the ‘‘Northen Triangle’’
countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and
El Salvador because, the commenter
asserted, these countries have long and
documented histories of severe violence
against the LGBTQI+ population. Citing
research, the commenter wrote that
4,385 claims of fear were related to
LGBTQI+ status and 98.4 percent of the
interviews resulted in positive
determinations for fear of persecution.
In conclusion, the commenter urged that
it is imperative for the United States to
remain a haven for all people fleeing
danger and violence, especially
LGBTQI+ migrants and therefore
requested that the IFR be immediately
rescinded. This commenter further
expressed concern that the IFR was
contrary to President Biden’s February
2021 memorandum on advancing the
human rights of LBGTQI+ persons
around the world, which included an
explicit instruction to the Departments
of State and Homeland Security to
‘‘enhance their ongoing efforts to ensure
that LGBTQI+ refugees and asylum
seekers have equal access to protection
and assistance, particularly in countries
of first asylum.’’
Citing experts on gender-based
violence in Mexico, a commenter stated
that violence against asylum seekers
who are women or members of
LGBTQI+ communities is endemic in
many parts of the country. While
sharing specific examples involving
both LGBTQI+ community members
and women, a commenter raised
concern about the violence these
populations may face under the rule
while seeking asylum. For example, the
commenter shared that migrant girls,
adolescents, and women have either
witnessed or been victims of
exploitation, sexual violence,
kidnapping, and human trafficking both
in transit and while waiting in Mexico.
The commenter also remarked that the
rule adds new barriers that further
endanger LGBTQI+ individuals, such as
lack of access to safe housing,
employment, and medical care.
Another commenter asserted that the
rule arbitrarily and unlawfully prevents
women, children, families, and
LGBTQI+ community members from
seeking safety in the form of asylum
based on border encounter numbers that
are unrelated to the individuals’ need
for protection. The commenter wrote
that the result would be to severely
harm the health and safety of those who
would otherwise merit protection.
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Response: The Departments agree that
the United States has certain legal
obligations to protect those who fear
harm in their home countries and
recognize the importance of offering
noncitizens the opportunity to seek
protection from removal from the
United States based on a likelihood of
future persecution or torture. 89 FR at
48759. But as explained more fully in
Section III.A.1 of this preamble and in
the IFR, this rule complies with all such
obligations and does not deny anyone
the ability to apply for asylum or other
protection in the United States. See id.
at 48716–17, 48735–36.
The rule does not prevent noncitizens
with valid claims from seeking asylum
or other protection. To the extent that,
as commenters asserted, women and
members of the LGBTQI+ community
do in fact face a greater risk of violence,
those individuals would necessarily
have a greater ability to establish that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
exist that would except them from the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility.
To be clear, generalized risks of violence
would not be sufficient to establish such
circumstances, but insofar as such
generalized risks manifest as specific
threats to women and members of the
LGBTQI+ community, the rule affords
an avenue for those individuals to
remain eligible for asylum. 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2), 1208.35(a)(2). And the rule
does not change the ultimate eligibility
requirements for statutory withholding
of removal or CAT protection. A
noncitizen who seeks to apply for
asylum can also schedule arrival at a
POE under a process approved by the
Secretary, including by using the CBP
One app, and avoid application of the
rule. 8 CFR 208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1);
Proclamation sec. 3(b)(v); 89 FR at
48737.
This rule does not preclude
noncitizens who cross the southern
border from seeking asylum or
protection. Indeed, all noncitizens
processed for expedited removal who
manifest a fear of return, express an
intention to apply for asylum or
protection, or express a fear of
persecution or torture or a fear of return
to their country or the country of
removal are referred for a credible fear
interview, as appropriate. See INA
235(b)(1)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii); 8 CFR 235.15(b)(4).
AOs receive mandatory, specific
training on screening and adjudicating
gender-related claims.190 This training
includes information about violence
against women (including domestic
190 USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Gender-Related Claims (Apr. 24, 2024).
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violence), and guidance on interview
considerations specific to gender-based
claims.191 AOs also receive training on
screening and adjudicating claims
relating to LGBTQI+ noncitizens.192
This training includes information
about types of harm that may be
directed at LGBTQI+ individuals, as
well as guidance on interview
considerations specific to LGBTQI+
claims.193 AOs are trained to recognize
the sensitive nature of these claims and
to pursue appropriate lines of
inquiry.194 AOs also receive training on
country of origin information specific to
LGBTQI+ issues, while recognizing that
LGBTQI+ country-of-origin information
may sometimes be difficult to find.195
Additionally, the Departments
recognize the sensitive nature of
credible fear interviews, especially for
vulnerable populations, including
LGBTQI+ noncitizens. For example, for
those going through the credible fear
process in CBP custody, CBP has taken
steps to protect the privacy of
noncitizens during their interviews.
These interviews occur in confidential
and private phone booths intended for
use both for consultation and for the
credible fear interview. Additionally,
ICE provides similar reasonable access
to legal counsel for those who are
detained in ICE custody during the
credible fear process.196
Comment: Commenters stated that
many immigrants today are Punjabispeaking Sikhs seeking protection due
to the worsening human rights
conditions under India’s current
administration. The commenters stated
that these immigrants may face
hardships such as language barriers and
difficulty accessing employment
opportunities and resources upon
arrival. Commenters stated that the rule
would exacerbate language-barrier
issues. Specifically, a commenter stated
that the requirement to express a fear of
persecution explicitly and proactively
in order to be referred for a credible fear
screening, and the limited time to seek
legal advice from a language-accessible
attorney, would prevent many Sikh
noncitizens from understanding their
legal rights or the need to express their
credible fear. The commenters wrote
191 E.g.,
id. at 15–20, 42.
RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Guidance for Adjudicating Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
Transgender, and Intersex (LGBTI) Refugee and
Asylum Claims (Apr. 24, 2024).
193 E.g., id. at 18–19, 27–34.
194 Id. at 28–30, 37–38, 49.
195 Id. at 43–44, 50.
196 ICE, Access to Due Process: Fiscal Year 2023
Report to Congress 2–3 (Feb. 20.2024), https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/2024_
0220_ice_access_to_due_process.pdf.
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192 USCIS,
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that it is critical for the Sikh community
and many other populations fleeing
persecution to have the opportunity to
seek asylum and requested clarification
on how the Government intends to
address the concerns of religious
minorities who would be impacted by
the rule.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the rule will exacerbate languagebarrier issues. For those who are going
through the credible fear process in CBP
custody, CBP provides language
assistance services for those who do not
speak English, consistent with CBP’s
Language Access Plan.197 CBP
immigration officers have extensive
experience and training in identifying
whether an individual requires a
translator or interpreter or is unable to
understand a particular language. See 89
FR at 48741. In addition, CBP facilities
have ‘‘I Speak’’ signs, which are signs
that assist literate individuals to identify
a preferred language from one of over 60
possible languages, including
Punjabi.198 With respect to the signs and
videos in CBP facilities that provide
general information about the ability to
express a fear, individuals who are
unable to read those signs or
communicate effectively in one of the
languages in which the sign and video
are presented are read the contents of
the sign and video in a language they
understand. See 89 FR at 48741.
The Departments agree that the
United States has certain legal
obligations to protect those who fear
harm in their home countries, including
those who are fleeing for religious
reasons, and recognize the importance
of offering noncitizens the opportunity
to seek protection from removal. But as
explained more fully in Section III.A.1
of the preamble, this rule does not deny
anyone the ability to seek asylum or
other protection in the United States
and meets all such legal obligations. See
also id. at 48716–17, 48735–36. Further,
although commenters asserted generally
197 See CBP, Language Access Plan (Nov. 18,
2016), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/final-cbp-language-access-plan.pdf;
CBP, Supplementary Language Access Plan (Feb. 7,
2020), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/cbp-updated-language-access-plan2020.pdf.
198 See CBP, Language Access Plan 7 (Nov. 18,
2016), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/final-cbp-language-access-plan.pdf;
DHS, I Speak . . . Language Identification Guide,
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/crcl-i-speak-poster-2021.pdf (last
visited Sept. 24, 2024); DHS, I Speak . . .
Indigenous Language Identification Poster, https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/
Habla%20Poster_12-9-16.pdf (last visited Sept. 24,
2024); see also DHS, DHS Language Access
Resources (last updated July 17, 2023), https://
www.dhs.gov/publication/dhs-language-accessmaterials.
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that religious minorities would be
harmed by the IFR and DHS’s policy
changes, the commenters provided no
specific reason to believe that the IFR
and policy changes would
disproportionately impact any
particular religious groups other than
the Punjabi-speaking Sikhs discussed
above.
Comment: Commenters discussed the
rule’s impact on noncitizens with fewer
financial resources and means. For
example, a commenter wrote that the
rule would further disadvantage those
noncitizens with fewer financial
resources because these noncitizens are
less likely to pursue alternative routes to
safety. A few commenters expressed
concern for noncitizens with physical
and mental health disabilities. And a
commenter remarked that individuals
with cognitive issues, disabilities, and
language barriers are less likely to
effectively articulate fears to border
officials.
Response: The Departments agree that
the United States has certain legal
obligations to protect from removal
those who fear specific types of harm
upon removal and recognize the
importance of offering noncitizens the
opportunity to seek protection from
removal, including noncitizens with
fewer financial resources, noncitizens
with physical and mental health
disabilities, and noncitizens with
cognitive issues, disabilities, and
language barriers. But as explained more
fully in Section III.A.1 of this preamble,
this rule does not deny anyone the
ability to seek asylum or other
protection in the United States. See also
id. at 48716–17, 48735–36. Further,
there is no fee to download or use the
CBP One app to schedule an
appointment and thereby avoid the
IFR’s limitation on asylum eligibility,199
and DHS has designed the CBP One app
to be accessible to people with
disabilities. Additionally, the
Departments note that, depending on
individual circumstances, AOs and IJs
may find that certain especially
vulnerable individuals meet the
‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ standard, or, as
discussed previously, AOs may exercise
their discretion to issue an NTA to place
such noncitizens into section 240
removal proceedings as appropriate,
where additional procedural safeguards
are available to noncitizens. For
199 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application (last
modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone (explaining in
response to frequently asked questions that ‘‘the
CBP OneTM mobile application is FREE and
available to everyone who has access to a mobile
device’’).
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example, during section 240 removal
proceedings, IJs may more fully
consider whether a noncitizen
demonstrates indicia of mental
incompetency and, if so, what
procedural safeguards are appropriate.
See Matter of M–A–M–, 25 I&N Dec. at
481–83. Additionally, CBP officers may
determine that such noncitizens are
excepted from the suspension and
limitation on entry (and thus that the
provisions of this rule do not apply)
under Section 3(b)(vi) or (vii) of the
Proclamation.
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iv. Impacts on Criminal Enforcement
Comment: Commenters stated that
they are concerned that noncitizens
would face criminal charges if they
attempted to return to the United States
following removal under the rule. One
commenter stated that an increased
number of expedited removal orders
would inevitably lead more noncitizens
to attempt to reenter the United States
after their removal, potentially
subjecting them to felony charges and
two years of imprisonment, and that
noncitizens should not be deemed
criminals and incarcerated for seeking
asylum in the United States. Another
commenter stated that charging
noncitizens criminally would decrease
their access to humanitarian relief and
increase the risk that criminal
organizations would target those
noncitizens.
Response: The Departments are
committed to the fair, evenhanded
enforcement of the law as Congress has
enacted it. The Departments agree that,
in appropriate cases, noncitizens who
have been removed pursuant to an
expedited removal order may be subject
to criminal charges if they attempt to
unlawfully reenter the United States.
See INA 276(a), 8 U.S.C. 1326(a).
Because the rule will allow the
Departments to predictably and swiftly
impose consequences on noncitizens
who enter the United States without a
legal basis to remain, the Departments
believe noncitizens will be
disincentivized from attempting to enter
without a legal basis to remain or to
reenter after being removed.
Nevertheless, for the relatively few who
choose nevertheless to reenter
unlawfully, congressionally enacted
criminal penalties remain an important
tool to enforce the law.200
200 Even so, although convictions for certain
‘‘particularly serious crimes’’ may render
noncitizens ineligible for asylum or withholding of
removal, unlawful reentry alone is not necessarily
a particularly serious crime. See INA
208(b)(2)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii); INA
241(b)(3)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii); Matter of
N–A–M–, 24 I&N Dec. 336, 342 (BIA 2007) (‘‘Where,
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v. Negative Impacts on Other Affected
Entities
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule would impose more burdens on
nonprofit organizations, legal-service
providers, and communities near the
border. One commenter believed that
the increase in negative fear
determinations would cause legalservice providers to dedicate significant
resources to preparing clients for and
representing them in hearings before IJs
and potential requests for
reconsideration to USCIS. The
commenter also alleged that the
Departments have failed to consider
reliance interests such as those of legalservice providers that prepare
informational material, employ internal
protocols, and deliver client services
predicated on access to asylum and on
access to clients in custody; the
commenter stated that their organization
would need to understand the changes
effected by the rule, train staff and pro
bono volunteers on those changes, and
rewrite published legal information in
multiple languages. Another commenter
stated that its presentations would
become longer and more complex to
explain the effect of the rule’s limitation
on asylum eligibility, the exceptionally
compelling circumstances needed to
overcome it, and the new, heightened
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard in
credible fear interviews. The commenter
asserted that the rule would also affect
its staff’s ability to provide services to
callers of its hotline and its clients’
ability to understand the legal issues
involved.
Response: The Departments decline to
modify the rule in response to the
commenters’ concerns. The concerns
raised are not unique to immigration.
Any change to any law or policy
regulating the public requires providers
who practice in the relevant area to
adapt—they must learn the new law and
advise clients accordingly. To facilitate
the transition to the new provisions,
since the Proclamation and IFR came
into force, DHS personnel have
regularly made themselves available to
answer questions about these policies
and the Departments’ implementation
activities, made information about these
policies public on the Departments’
websites,201 and proactively engaged a
as in the instant case, a conviction is not for an
aggravated felony for which the alien has been
sentenced to an aggregate term of imprisonment of
at least 5 years, we examine the nature of the
conviction, the type of sentence imposed, and the
circumstances and underlying facts of the
conviction.’’).
201 See, e.g., CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application
(last modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone.
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81207
variety of stakeholder groups to promote
understanding of the rule. The
Departments believe that any purported
costs that nonprofit organizations and
legal-service providers assert they will
bear in adapting to the changes effected
by the rule are outweighed by the
interest in reducing the current levels of
encounters and allowing the
Departments to invest more of their
limited resources into predictably and
swiftly delivering consequences to
noncitizens who cross the border
without a lawful basis to remain in the
United States. See 89 FR at 48714.
Although returning to the status quo
before the IFR may eliminate some of
the asserted burdens to which the
commenters object, that status quo
would perpetuate the vicious cycle in
which the border security and
immigration systems cannot deliver
timely decisions and consequences to
those encountered at the southern
border who lack a lawful basis to remain
in the United States, ultimately
incentivizing more noncitizens to
attempt to cross the border. See id.
Conversely, a decrease in encounters at
the southern border could be expected
to allow organizations like the
commenters to allocate more resources
to each of their individual clients,
allowing them to serve their clients
more effectively.
The Departments also disagree that
the rule will burden communities near
the border. To the contrary, the rule will
free resources to allow DHS to more
effectively patrol the border and
interdict smugglers and TCOs.202
Moreover, the rule enables the delivery
of predictable, swift consequences to
noncitizens who cross the border
without a legal basis to remain in the
United States. That will disincentivize
such noncitizens from attempting to
cross the border, depriving smugglers
and TCOs of opportunities to perpetuate
their illegal operations. See 89 FR at
48730. In these ways, this rule is
expected to reduce smuggler and TCO
activity in border communities,
ultimately reducing the harms that those
activities bring to those communities.
Additionally, the same incentives are
expected to ultimately lower the
number of noncitizens present in border
communities, further reducing the
burdens on those communities.
202 See
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b. Negative or Minimal Impacts on
Immigration System and Government
Operations
i. Undermines the Administration’s
Promises and Goals
Comment: Some commenters urged
the Administration to keep its promises,
stating that ‘‘[w]e are all immigrant[s].’’
Specifically, one commenter stated that
the Administration ‘‘has not upheld its
promise to safeguard the legal right to
asylum and protect individuals from
persecution, violations of due process,
and family separation.’’ Other
commenters asserted that the
Administration issued the Proclamation
for political reasons, including using it
as a political tool and for reelection
purposes, while another commenter
stated that the rule will not be effective
in achieving the Administration’s
perceived political messaging or in
‘‘sway[ing]’’ right-wing individuals.
And a third commenter argued that the
Democratic Party supported
discriminatory ideas like those found in
the rule despite claiming to disagree
with such policies.
Along the same lines, commenters
stated that the rule is inconsistent with
the Administration’s goal of creating a
just immigration system and goes
against the Administration’s promise to
not deny asylum for noncitizens fleeing
persecution and violence. One
commenter claimed that the
Administration had ‘‘previously
pledged to restore the United States’
‘moral standing in the world and our
historic role as a haven for refugees and
asylum seekers, and those fleeing
violence and persecution,’ ’’ but that the
rule ‘‘is misaligned with the values
promised by this administration,
including promises to end Trump-era
restrictions on asylum seekers.’’ Other
commenters asserted that the
Departments sought to curtail the rights
of noncitizens arriving at the border by
shutting them out of the asylum process
based ‘‘solely’’ on how they arrived in
the United States, even though the
Administration had previously called
on agencies to review expedited
removal procedures to make them fairer.
Another commenter expressed concern
regarding what they alleged was a shift
in the Administration’s ‘‘rhetoric’’ and
support for ‘‘fear-based restrictions’’ on
asylum, instead of proposing measures
to overhaul and ameliorate the asylum
process, which they said was ‘‘sadly a
very different stance’’ from the
Administration’s position a few years
ago. A few commenters urged the
Administration to expand the asylum
system and to not close the southern
border.
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Response: The Departments agree that
the United States has a long tradition of
accepting and welcoming refugees and
note that in the past few years, the
United States Government has taken
steps to significantly expand refugee
admissions worldwide,203 including for
refugees from Latin America and the
Caribbean. See 89 FR at 48712; 88 FR at
31333, 31341. However, without a
policy in place to ensure lawful, safe,
and orderly processing of noncitizens
entering the United States during
emergency border circumstances, the
number of noncitizens in such
circumstances would exceed DHS’s
already limited resources and facilities.
See 89 FR at 48711–15. As explained in
the IFR and under this rule, noncitizens
seeking protection in the United States
will still be able to do so, either before
USCIS or in removal proceedings before
EOIR, subject to the rule’s provisions.
The Departments have determined
that the changes effected by the IFR and
the rule during emergency border
circumstances will allow for better
management of the limited resources
Congress has provided to the
Departments. Specifically, noncitizens
intending to seek asylum are
encouraged to do so using lawful
pathways and processes, which
facilitate the orderly processing of
claims. In addition, the changes in the
IFR and this rule permit the
Departments to swiftly screen
noncitizens not likely to establish
eligibility for relief or protection, as well
as to efficiently identify and process
valid claims. The combined effect of the
changes has reduced the percentage of
noncitizens placed in section 240
removal proceedings,204 where cases
may take years to resolve.205 In addition
to reducing the impact on EOIR
operations, reducing the number of
noncitizens in removal proceedings
reduces ancillary benefit requests to
USCIS, see 8 CFR 208.7 (employment
authorization for pending asylum
applicants), and alleviates the burden
on ICE of removing non-detained
noncitizens who receive final orders of
removal at the conclusion of section 240
removal proceedings but who do not
comply with their orders, see, e.g., 8
CFR 241.4(f)(7) (in considering whether
to recommend further detention or
203 U.S. Dep’t of State, Report to Congress on
Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2024,
at 6 (2023), https://www.state.gov/wp-content/
uploads/2023/11/FY-2024-USRAP-Report-toCongress_FINAL-Accessible-11.02.2023.pdf.
204 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
205 See OHSS analysis of EOIR data as of July
2024 (Mean EOIR Filed Dates tab).
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release of a noncitizen, an adjudicator
must consider ‘‘[t]he likelihood that the
alien is a significant flight risk or may
abscond to avoid removal’’).
The Departments reiterate that a
noncitizen may avoid application of the
limitation on asylum eligibility if the
noncitizen establishes by a
preponderance of the evidence that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
exist. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2),
1208.35(a)(2). The Departments
recognize that some noncitizens who
would otherwise be granted asylum may
not be eligible due to this rule.
However, because such noncitizens
remain able to seek statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, the Departments believe that
this rule strikes the appropriate balance
between the need to protect those who
wish to seek protection in the United
States and the need to use resources
effectively during emergency border
circumstances.
Moreover, the Departments have
determined that responding to
emergency border circumstances is
necessary to ensure the Departments’
continued ability to safely, humanely,
and effectively enforce and administer
U.S. immigration laws, as well as to
reduce the role of exploitative and
dangerous smuggling and human
trafficking networks. See 89 FR at
48714, 48723, 48726, 48767. One cause
of recent surges in irregular migration is
smugglers’ and noncitizens’ growing
understanding that DHS’s capacity to
impose consequences at the border is
limited by the lack of resources and
tools that Congress has made available.
Indeed, this rule follows congressional
inaction limiting DHS’s capacity to
impose such consequences despite the
Departments’ repeated attempts to
obtain the legislative framework and
resources required to address
unprecedented levels of irregular
migration. In early February 2024, a
bipartisan group of Senators proposed
reforms of the country’s asylum laws
that would have provided new
authorities to significantly streamline
and speed up immigration enforcement
proceedings and immigration
adjudications for individuals
encountered at the border, including
those who are seeking protection, while
preserving principles of fairness and
humane treatment.206 89 FR at 48729.
206 The White House, Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris
Administration Calls on Congress to Immediately
Pass the Bipartisan National Security Agreement
(Feb. 4, 2024), https://www.whitehouse.gov/
briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/02/04/factsheet-biden-harris-administration-calls-oncongress-to-immediately-pass-the-bipartisannational-security-agreement/.
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Critically, the proposal included more
than $20 billion in additional resources
for DHS, DOJ, and other departments to
implement those new authorities.207 Id.
However, Congress failed to move
forward with this bipartisan legislative
proposal.208 Id. It also failed to pass the
emergency supplemental funding
requests that the Administration
submitted. Id. Although Congress did
ultimately enact an FY 2024
appropriations bill for DHS, the funding
falls significantly short of what DHS
requires to deliver timely consequences
and avoid large-scale releases pending
section 240 removal proceedings. Id.
In light of congressional inaction, this
rule is designed to address historic
levels of migration and efficiently
process migrants arriving at the
southern border during emergency
border circumstances with the resources
and tools Congress did make available.
As discussed in Section II.A.2 of this
preamble, the Departments assess that
this rule significantly increases their
ability to deliver timely decisions and
consequences. Accordingly, the
Departments reject commenters’ claim
that the Departments’ basis for
promulgating the rule is political.
Rather, the Departments believe that the
rule will continue to reduce irregular
migration by allowing the Departments
to better manage their limited resources
while delivering consequences more
swiftly through expedited removal for
those without a legal basis to remain in
the United States.
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ii. Similarity to Actions of Past
Administration
Comment: Some commenters stated
that the rule was akin to the asylumrelated rulemaking and policies of the
prior Administration, which, the
commenters said, denied noncitizens
their ‘‘legal right to request asylum in
the United States’’ and were ‘‘struck
down’’ by Federal courts. Specifically,
one commenter stated that the prior
Administration ‘‘provided [a] similar
rationale’’ for its policies: ‘‘to alleviate
the mass illegal immigration crises
along the Southern border by
discouraging the submission of
fraudulent or otherwise meritless
asylum claims.’’ And another
commenter asserted that the rule was
207 Deirdre Walsh & Claudia Grisales, Negotiators
Release $118 Billion Border Bill as GOP Leaders
Call It Dead in the House, NPR (Feb. 4, 2024),
https://www.npr.org/2024/02/04/1226427234/
senate-border-deal-reached.
208 Stephen Groves, Rebecca Santana & Mary
Clane Jalonick, Border Bill Fails Senate Test Vote
as Democrats Seek to Underscore Republican
Resistance, AP News (May 23, 2024), https://
apnews.com/article/border-immigration-senatevote-924f48912eecf1dc544dc648d757c3fe.
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similar to the prior Administration’s
interim final rule entitled Aliens Subject
to a Bar on Entry Under Certain
Presidential Proclamations; Procedures
for Protection Claims, 83 FR 55934
(Nov. 9, 2018) (‘‘Proclamation Bar IFR’’),
in that it is ‘‘again barring people
crossing between ports from accessing
asylum protections for no legitimate
reason beyond false optics of border
‘control’ that unlawfully penalize and
seek to deter those who need access to
protection.’’ A number of commenters
criticized the rule as an insufficient
break from prior immigration policies
that the commenters described as
‘‘inhumane,’’ ‘‘cruel[],’’ and
‘‘punishing.’’ Some commenters
claimed that the Administration was
‘‘walking back promises to protect fair
asylum processes’’ since revoking Title
42. And another commenter stated that
the Administration’s echoing of
‘‘reactionary measures’’ of the prior
Administration ‘‘during a looming
election season’’ was a ‘‘cynical
approach’’ that would foster ‘‘division
and xenophobia,’’ fail to address the
root causes of immigration issues, and
‘‘alienat[e] an electorate that values
fairness and justice for immigrants.’’
Response: The Departments disagree
that the rule is indistinguishable from or
too similar to the asylum-related
rulemakings and policies commenters
cited. The Proclamation Bar IFR, for
instance, imposed a categorical
eligibility bar for noncitizens crossing
the southern border outside a POE. See
83 FR at 55935; cf. East Bay III, 993 F.3d
at 669–70. By contrast, this rule does
not operate as a categorical bar on
asylum eligibility based on manner of
entry. Instead, the rule provides a
limitation on asylum eligibility for
certain noncitizens who (1) enter the
United States across the southern border
during emergency border circumstances;
(2) are not described in section 3(b) of
the Proclamation; and (3) do not
establish exceptionally compelling
circumstances. See 8 CFR 208.13(g),
208.35(a), 1208.13(g), 1208.35(a).
Importantly, then, noncitizens may
avoid application of the limitation on
asylum eligibility if they establish by a
preponderance of the evidence that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
exist. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2),
1208.35(a)(2). Such circumstances
necessarily exist where the noncitizen
demonstrates that, at the time of entry,
the noncitizen or a member of the
noncitizen’s family as described in 8
CFR 208.30(c) with whom the
noncitizen was traveling faced an acute
medical emergency; faced an imminent
and extreme threat to their life or safety;
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or was a ‘‘victim of a severe form of
trafficking in persons’’ as defined in 8
CFR 214.201. 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i),
1208.35(a)(2)(i). Noncitizens may also
be excepted from the limitation if,
during section 240 removal proceedings
or the asylum merits process, they meet
the family unity exception. See 8 CFR
208.35(c), 1208.35(c). As discussed in
further detail in Section III.C.1.e of this
preamble, under the family unity
provision, the following noncitizens
may be treated as having established
exceptionally compelling circumstances
sufficient to avoid application of the
limitation on asylum eligibility: those
who (1) are found eligible for statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
withholding; (2) would be eligible for
asylum but for the limitation on asylum
eligibility set forth in the rule, the
condition set forth in the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule, or both; and
(3) have a qualifying spouse or child.
See id. The Departments believe that the
distinctions between this rule and the
Proclamation Bar IFR are of legal
significance, and those distinctions are
discussed at length in the IFR. See 89
FR at 48735–36.
In addition, the rule is designed to
implement policies distinct from those
motivating the Proclamation Bar IFR.
This rule seeks to enhance the
Departments’ ability to address historic
levels of migration and efficiently
process migrants arriving at the
southern border during emergency
border circumstances. 89 FR at 48718,
48726–31. The rule is intended to better
manage already strained resources,
thereby protecting against overcrowding
in border facilities and helping to
ensure that the processing of migrants
seeking protection in the United States
is done in an effective, humane, and
efficient manner. See 89 FR at 48767. In
that vein, the Proclamation Bar IFR
differed in important respects from this
rule. See 89 FR at 48734–36, 48738
(explaining that this rule does not treat
the manner of entry as dispositive in
determining asylum eligibility, contains
an exception that accounts for varied
circumstances, and is narrowly tailored
to address the emergency border
circumstances described in the
Proclamation and this rule and thus
does not allow for implementation of
future proclamations or orders).
Moreover, this rule is a response to
emergency border circumstances that
did not exist when the Proclamation Bar
IFR was promulgated. 89 FR at 48726–
28. Current trends and historical data
indicate that migration and
displacement in the Western
Hemisphere will continue to increase as
a result of violence, persecution,
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poverty, human rights abuses, the
impacts of climate change, and other
factors. Id. at 48726. The United States
Government is working to address these
root causes of migration and to abate
adverse effects from unprecedented
levels of irregular migration,209
including by working closely with
partner countries across the Western
Hemisphere.210 Id. at 48727. But these
efforts will take time to have significant
impacts and will not alleviate the stress
that the border security and immigration
systems are currently experiencing, as
described in the Proclamation, the IFR,
and this rule. Id.
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iii. Would Be Ineffective or Not Achieve
Its Intended Outcomes
Comment: Commenters expressed
opposition to the rule, claiming that the
rule would decrease, not increase, the
efficiency of USCIS management of
asylum cases and could lead to further
backlogs and inefficiencies for AOs and
immigration courts, complicating the
asylum process. One commenter
believed that the rule would ‘‘exacerbate
efficiency issues by requiring
operational changes to compensate for
elimination of the preliminary screening
to notify noncitizens of the expedited
removal process and the need to
affirmatively express their fear of
persecution or torture.’’ Some
commenters asserted that the
Departments have created an
‘‘unworkable, convoluted, and unfair’’
system at the border, which CBP officers
and AOs will not be prepared to adapt
to. Commenters claimed that the rule
would create additional administrative
burdens by requiring officers,
applicants, stakeholders, and judges to
apply multiple tests in one proceeding.
Further, commenters stated that having
to track, identify, and apply different
standards would be more complex for
all those involved.
Other commenters stated that the rule
would exacerbate conditions at the
southern border and would increase the
number of migrants who enter between
POEs, further straining resources and
escalating the current humanitarian
209 See, e.g., The White House, Mexico and
United States Strengthen Joint Humanitarian Plan
on Migration (May 2, 2023), https://
www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statementsreleases/2023/05/02/mexico-and-united-statesstrengthen-joint-humanitarian-plan-on-migration/
(describing the commitment of the United States
and Mexico to addressing root causes of migration).
210 See The White House, Fact Sheet: Third
Ministerial Meeting on the Los Angeles Declaration
on Migration and Protection in Guatemala (May 7,
2024), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
statements-releases/2024/05/07/fact-sheet-thirdministerial-meeting-on-the-los-angelesdeclarationon-migration-and-protection-inguatemala.
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crisis. A commenter stated that the rule
may cause migrants to be turned away
if they walked up to a POE, and thus,
it would ‘‘inadvertently encourage
desperate individuals to resort to
dangerous methods to reach safety.’’
One commenter voiced concern that the
rule would have an adverse effect on the
asylum process because the rule would
cause a foundational shift in the U.S.
asylum system, causing access to
asylum to be the exception rather than
the norm. Another commenter claimed
that decades of deterrence policies have
‘‘proven that punitive policies do not
reduce irregular migration—they only
increase chaos, confusion, and human
suffering.’’ (Emphasis omitted.)
Other commenters claimed that the
rule would be ineffective at achieving
its intended goals for managing the
border. One commenter stated that
people were coming to the United States
because they had no choice, so securing
the border would not solve the problem.
Similarly, a commenter stated that the
rule would be like playing ‘‘whack-amole, except with real live people, most
of whom would not undertake such a
dangerous, difficult journey to the
border if they felt they could stay where
they were.’’ Furthermore, a commenter
stated that, without additional
resources, the Government will have no
way of fully implementing its own
policy. Commenters cited an article
stating that ‘‘it is hard to say with
confidence whether this regulation will
work as the administration intends.’’ 211
One commenter stated that the
Proclamation did not address the actual
needs of asylum seekers, nor did it
address the problem that has led the
U.S. immigration system to be ‘‘broken.’’
This commenter described a ‘‘broken
legal system that takes years to process
cases, leading individuals to live in
limbo and without important legal
rights.’’ Along the same lines, another
commenter stated that turning away
noncitizens is evidence of a faulty
immigration system and, thus, there are
better solutions than turning away those
asking for help.
Other commenters asserted that the
rule had not substantiated its aim of
incentivizing a sustained drop in the
number of encounters at the southern
border. While citing a study, one
commenter stated that any change in
border policy triggers a short-term drop
in encounters, regardless of the intent of
the policy change. The commenter also
211 Am. Immigr. Council, Analysis of the
President’s 212(f) Proclamation & Interim Final
Rule Restricting Asylum 2 (2024), https://
www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/
american-immigration-council-analysis-presidents212f-proclamation-and-interim-final-rule.
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stated that the rule has not provided an
adequate explanation for the
assumption that it would achieve its
objective of reducing the number of
encounters at the border. And while
referencing another study, another
commenter elaborated that policies that
limit access to POEs increase irregular
crossings by noncitizens who cannot
wait in Mexico, which they stated was
also confirmed by DHS’s Office of
Inspector General. Conversely, another
commenter remarked that, while there
has been a temporary drop in
encounters immediately after the
issuance of the IFR, the IFR would be
ineffective in deterring migrants in the
long term because of the rule’s
exceptions and loopholes. Lastly,
another commenter expressed concern
that ‘‘[a]s written, the [IFR] simply
continues the status quo by encouraging
mass illegal immigration and abuse of
our asylum system.’’
Response: The Departments disagree
that the rule decreases the efficiency of
management of asylum claims. The
Departments recognize that the rule may
require additional time for AOs and IJs
during credible fear screenings and
reviews, respectively, to inquire into the
applicability of the rule and
noncitizens’ fear claims. Similarly,
where its provisions apply to a given
case, applying the rule will require
additional time during asylum
adjudications before USCIS and before
IJs during section 240 removal
proceedings. On the other hand, in the
absence of this rule’s provisions, AOs
and IJs would have to make other
inquiries into potential fear claims
under steady-state regulations and into
asylum eligibility under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
In addition, as discussed throughout
this preamble, the IFR has resulted in
significantly reduced irregular migration
and has allowed the Departments to
filter out a greater portion of cases that
are unlikely to ultimately be successful
on the merits. See Section II.A.2 of this
preamble. Accordingly, the Departments
expect the additional time spent by AOs
and IJs on implementation of the rule to
be accompanied by a comparatively
smaller number of credible fear cases
and full adjudications on the merits
than AOs and IJs would otherwise have
been required to handle in the absence
of the rule. And as discussed in Section
III.C.3 of this preamble, AOs and IJs are
specifically trained to apply multiple
tests in the same proceedings; any claim
that these trained and skilled
professionals would be burdened by
multiple tests is unfounded. Moreover,
any burdens imposed by the rule on
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CBP officers and agents have been
accompanied by a substantial reduction
in other resource burdens due to a
substantial reduction in encounters at
the southern border caused by this rule.
The Departments agree with
commenters that the immigration
system is badly in need of additional
resources and efficiencies. This rule is
not a substitute for congressional action,
which remains the only long-term
solution to the challenges the
Departments have confronted on the
border for more than a decade.
However, the Departments disagree that
these fundamental challenges mean this
rule will be ineffective in achieving its
aims. Given the absence of reforms by
Congress, the Departments are working
within the legal framework and with the
resources provided by Congress to
ensure the functioning of the border
security and immigration systems
during emergency border circumstances.
After the implementation of the
Proclamation and IFR, the Departments
saw a significant decrease in encounters
along the southern border, which has
allowed the Departments to more
efficiently process noncitizens through
expedited removal, delivering timely
decisions and consequences and
discouraging irregular migration. In
other words, commenters are incorrect
that the rule would lead to an increase
in encounters between POEs and
decreased efficiencies in the process.
Notably, in addition to the decrease in
encounters, operations at POEs have
remained largely steady over this time.
For example, vehicle wait times at POEs
on the SWB have not shown changes
from typical monthly fluctuations. The
numbers of vehicle occupants and
pedestrians entering the United States
with lawful status have remained
aligned with normal entry data. In
particular, between August 2023 and
May 2024—the last month before
implementation of the IFR—the average
wait time across all SWB POEs
(passenger vehicle, pedestrian, and
truck cargo) was 32 minutes for
vehicles, 15 minutes for cargo trucks,
and 9 minutes for pedestrians. From
June 2024 through July 2024, the
average wait times were 34 minutes for
vehicle traffic, 9 minutes for truck cargo,
and 7 minutes for pedestrians.
With respect to the suggestion that the
rule would inadvertently encourage
desperate individuals to resort to
dangerous methods to reach safety (such
as crossing between POEs), the
Departments note that the rule creates
no such incentive; experience shows
that the IFR has improved DHS’s
capacity to swiftly deliver consequences
to those who cross between POEs and
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81211
do not have a lawful basis to remain,
including through the use of expedited
removal. See Section II.A.2 of this
preamble. Notably, the comparatively
abbreviated timeline of the expedited
removal process serves as a powerful
disincentive against irregular migration
of noncitizens who cross between POEs
without viable claims for asylum. In
addition, the rule, by adopting the
exceptions contained in section 3(b) of
the Proclamation, complements and
incentivizes the use of lawful, safe, and
orderly pathways and processes for
individuals to come to the United
States.
With respect to the claim that this
rule will yield at most a short-term
reduction in encounters as noncitizens
decide that they cannot wait in Mexico,
the Departments note that thus far,
encounters have not increased to the
levels that were seen in the years
leading up to the IFR. See Section II.A.2
of this preamble. Moreover, in the
Departments’ experience, migrants are
sensitive to the incentives created by
national policy,212 and the Departments
see an imperative to act in the face of
the challenging problem of very high
levels of irregular migration. Even if the
rule’s effects did not last indefinitely,
moreover, that would not be a reason to
depart from the rule’s approach now—
when its approach is having its
intended effect.
The Departments do assess that
ensuring that the reduction in border
encounters is sustained will require not
just the rule itself but work on the
confluence of factors that also
contribute to high levels of irregular
migration. And in parallel with this
rule, the Administration is working to
address those factors.213 For instance,
the United States Government is
working to address the root causes of
migration and to abate adverse effects
from unprecedented levels of irregular
migration,214 including through working
closely with partner countries across the
Western Hemisphere.215 89 FR at 48727;
see Section II.A.2 of this preamble.
Additionally, increased access to lawful,
safe, and orderly pathways will
continue to complement one of the
rule’s goals of discouraging irregular
migration where appropriate.216 While
these and other parallel measures are
necessary complements to the rule, they
cannot substitute for the rule: These
efforts will take time to have significant
impacts and will not alleviate the stress
that the border security and immigration
systems are currently experiencing, as
described in the Proclamation, the IFR,
and this rule. 89 FR at 48727.
212 See, e.g., Miriam Jordan, One Big Reason
Migrants Are Coming in Droves: They Believe They
Can Stay, N.Y. Times (Jan. 31, 2024), https://
www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/us/us-immigrationasylum-border.html.
213 See DHS, Fact Sheet: DHS Continues to
Strengthen Border Security, Reduce Irregular
Migration, and Mobilize International Partnerships
(June 4, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2024/06/
04/fact-sheet-dhs-continues-strengthen-bordersecurity-reduce-irregular-migration-and; U.S.
Agency for Int’l Dev., U.S. Strategy to Address the
Roots Causes of Migration in Central America—FY
2022 USAID Results, https://www.usaid.gov/
central-america-and-mexico-regional-program/fy2022-root-causes-strategy-results (last visited Sept.
15, 2024).
214 See, e.g., The White House, Mexico and
United States Strengthen Joint Humanitarian Plan
on Migration (May 2, 2023), https://
www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statementsreleases/2023/05/02/mexico-and-united-states-
strengthen-joint-humanitarian-plan-on-migration/
(describing the commitment of the United States
and Mexico to addressing root causes of migration).
215 See The White House, Fact Sheet: Third
Ministerial Meeting on the Los Angeles Declaration
on Migration and Protection in Guatemala (May 7,
2024), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
statements-releases/2024/05/07/fact-sheet-thirdministerial-meeting-on-the-los-angelesdeclarationon-migration-and-protection-inguatemala.
216 See, e.g., Ezra Klein, The Real ‘Border Czar’
Defends the Biden-Harris Record, N.Y. Times (Sept.
13, 2024), https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/13/
opinion/ezra-klein-podcast-alejandromayorkas.html (interview response of Secretary of
Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas explaining
that one ‘‘leg[] of the stool’’ for decreasing
encounters is presenting migrants with ‘‘alternative
means of accessing humanitarian relief in the
United States,’’ including ‘‘the lawful pathways that
we have built’’).
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c. Negative Impacts on the U.S.
Economy, Workforce, Citizenry, Public
Health, and Safety
Comment: Commenters expressed
general concern that the IFR would
negatively impact the U.S. workforce
and economy, stating that the United
States needs immigrants to bolster the
workforce and address labor shortages,
that the United States was built on the
labor of immigrants, and that reliance
on immigrant labor continues today.
They argued that restricting immigration
into the United States exacerbates
population shortages, and that closing
borders to immigrants negatively
impacts the food supply chain because
a significant portion of agricultural
workers and food processing employees
are immigrants. One commenter
specified that migrants are currently
needed because ‘‘the reproductive
birthrate here has declined’’ and
‘‘replacement’’ of economic contributors
is ‘‘essential to avoid complete
replacement by ‘artificial intelligence.’ ’’
Response: The Departments do not
dispute the importance and
contributions of immigrants to the
economy. As noted in Section V.B. of
this preamble (in which the
Departments describe the estimated
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effects of the rule pursuant to Executive
Order 12866), the expected effect of this
rule is primarily to reduce incentives for
irregular migration and illegal
smuggling activity. This rule does not
inhibit or prevent regular migration into
the United States. In particular, the
Departments have been clear that the
IFR does not apply to any noncitizen
who has a valid visa or other lawful
permission to seek entry or admission
into the United States or presents at a
POE pursuant to a pre-scheduled time
and place. 89 FR at 48715; see also 8
CFR 208.35(a), 1208.35(a) (excepting
from the limitation on asylum eligibility
noncitizens who are excepted from the
Proclamation’s suspension and
limitation on entry under section 3(b) of
the Proclamation). Additionally, this
rule does not change or place any
restrictions on those who may be
eligible for employment authorization
within the United States. The
Departments recognize that there may
be an impact on some people who
attempt to enter the United States
irregularly and who are removed after
their entry, but the Departments find
that the limitation on asylum eligibility
is, on balance, an appropriate response
to surges in irregular migration during
emergency border circumstances. For
those whom this rule renders ineligible
for asylum but who ultimately receive
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection, another effect would be
the increased frequency with which
those subject to this rule who are
present in the United States are required
to renew their employment
authorization and a reduced ability for
their family to immigrate to the United
States.
Additionally, as noted in the IFR, 89
FR at 48712 & nn.10–13, over the past
several years the United States
Government has implemented a historic
expansion of lawful pathways and
processes to come to the United States,
including:
• The CHNV parole processes, which
allow individuals with U.S.-based
supporters to seek parole on a case-bycase basis for urgent humanitarian
reasons or significant public benefit;
• The Safe Mobility Offices in
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and
Guatemala, which provide, among other
things, information and referrals to
humanitarian or family reunification
parole processes, labor pathways, and
expedited refugee processing for eligible
individuals; 217
217 U.S. Dep’t of State, Safe Mobility Initiative:
Helping Those in Need and Reducing Irregular
Migration in the Americas, https://www.state.gov/
safe-mobility-initiative/ (last visited Sep. 20, 2024);
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• The expansion of country-specific
family reunification parole processes for
individuals in the region who have U.S.
citizen relatives in the United States;
• Increasing proposed refugee
admissions from the Western
Hemisphere from 5,000 in FY 2021 to
up to 50,000 in FY 2024; and
• Expanding access to labor
pathways.
More specifically, recognizing the
significant contributions noncitizens
make to the U.S. economy, the United
States Government significantly
expanded access to labor pathways to
maintain strong economic growth and
meet labor demand in the United States.
Our efforts to expand access to labor
pathways have yielded results. In FY
2023, the United States issued 442,000
H–2A and H–2B nonimmigrant worker
visas globally.218 Similarly, in FY 2023,
the United States issued 265,777 H–1B
specialty occupation visas,219 the
highest number of visas issued or
otherwise utilized in decades.220
Furthermore, the United States also
issued more than 192,000 employmentbased immigrant visas in 2023—far
above the pre-pandemic number—and
ensured that no employment-based
visas went unused for the second year
running.221
The Departments believe that these
new or expanded lawful pathways, and
particularly employment-based
pathways, are effective ways to address
labor shortages and encourage lawful
migration. The Departments also believe
that, by reducing migrants’ incentives to
use human smugglers and traffickers to
enter the United States, this rule will
reduce the likelihood that newly arrived
migrants will be subjected to labor
The White House, Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris
Administration on World Refugee Day Celebrates a
Rebuilt U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (June 20,
2024), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
statements-releases/2024/06/20/fact-sheet-bidenharris-administration-on-world-refugee-daycelebrates-a-rebuilt-u-s-refugee-admissionsprogram/.
218 U.S. Dep’t of State, Worldwide Visa
Operations: Update, https://travel.state.gov/
content/travel/en/News/visas-news/worldwide-visaoperations-update.html (last updated Jan. 2, 2024).
219 U.S. Dep’t of State, Nonimmigrant Visa
Statistics, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/
legal/visa-law0/visa-statistics/nonimmigrant-visastatistics.html (last visited Aug. 27, 2024) (see the
‘‘FY2019–2023 Detail Table (PDF)’’ under
‘‘Nonimmigrant Visas by Individual Class of
Admission (e.g. A1, A2, etc.)’’).
220 Id. (see the ‘‘FY1997–2023 NIV Detail Table
(Excel spreadsheet)’’ under ‘‘Nonimmigrant Visa
Issuances by Visa Class and by Nationality’’
showing issuance totals of H–1B specialty
occupation visas).
221 USCIS, Completing an Unprecedented 10
Million Immigration Cases in Fiscal Year 2023,
USCIS Reduced Its Backlog for the First Time in
Over a Decade (Feb. 9, 2024), https://
www.uscis.gov/EOY2023.
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trafficking. The Departments further
reiterate that noncitizens who avail
themselves of any of the lawful, safe,
and orderly pathways recognized in this
rule will not be subject to the limitation
on asylum eligibility or the other
provisions of the rule.
Comment: Other commenters
provided additional remarks on the
contributions of immigrants to the
United States, stating that noncitizens
provide value to U.S. communities and
that immigrants have enriched the
United States. While citing a 2024
article, a commenter stated that the IFR
would subject noncitizens who cross the
border irregularly to expedited removal
and further criminalization through
criminal prosecution, costing taxpayers
over $7 billion to incarcerate migrants
charged or convicted with unauthorized
entry or reentry crimes.
Response: The Departments
emphasize that neither the IFR nor this
rule requires DHS to refer noncitizens it
encounters at the border for prosecution
for unauthorized entry or other
immigration-related offenses. It is
incorrect to cite expedited removal as
the vehicle leading to mass
incarceration and criminal prosecution
of migrants. To the contrary, expedited
removal is a process that allows DHS
officials to quickly remove certain
noncitizens encountered at the border.
While it is true that noncitizens will
spend some time in custody pending
completion of the expedited removal
process (and for a credible fear
determination where referred), such
custody is not for purposes of criminal
prosecution. Although the Departments
recognize commenters’ concerns
regarding the amount of taxpayer funds
used to incarcerate migrants who are
charged and convicted with
unauthorized entry or reentry crimes,
that is not at issue here. And in any
event, as discussed in Section V.B of
this preamble, the Departments expect
that the rule will result in significantly
reduced irregular migration.
Accordingly, the Departments expect
AOs and IJs to conduct a smaller
number of credible fear cases than AOs
and IJs would otherwise be required to
handle in the absence of this rule, with
the possibility of attendant savings of
Government resources.
d. Other General Opposition
Comment: Several comments urged
the Departments not to close the SWB.
Response: The rule does not close the
SWB. It adds a limitation on asylum
eligibility and alters the process for
those individuals described in section
3(a) of the Proclamation who are not
described in section 3(b) of the
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Proclamation, but it does not ‘‘close’’
the border.
Additionally, the rule does not
impose any changes to asylum
eligibility or processing of noncitizens
who use lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways to seek entry to the United
States. Noncitizens who use the CBP
One app to pre-schedule an
appointment at a SWB POE to present
themselves at the border in a safe,
orderly, and lawful manner are excepted
from the suspension and limitation on
entry under section 3(b) of the
Proclamation and so are excepted from
the limitation on asylum eligibility and
changes to expedited removal
processing. This exception is
significant. From June 5, 2024, through
August 31, 2024, 123,600 noncitizens
with CBP One appointments presented
at POEs and were accordingly processed
outside of the IFR’s provisions and will
be excepted from the limitation on
asylum eligibility if they choose to
apply for asylum.222 See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1); June 3
Proclamation sec. 3(b)(v)(D). During the
pre-pandemic period, approximately
330 encounters were processed at SWB
POEs per day.223 Since January 2023
through August 2024, approximately
1,500 encounters have been processed at
SWB POEs per day.224 And since the
start of FY 2024 through August 2024,
that average has increased to
approximately 1,700 per day.225
C. Provisions of the Rule
1. Limitation on Asylum Eligibility
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a. Proclamation Exceptions—Section
3(b) of Proclamation
Comment: Commenters raised a
number of concerns regarding the
exceptions to the Proclamation’s
suspension and limitation on entry,
including the exceptions for UCs; those
permitted to enter based on the totality
of the circumstances; and those
permitted to enter based on operational
considerations.
As an initial matter, a majority of
commenters supported the
Proclamation’s exclusion of UCs from
the suspension and limitation on entry
or from provisions of the rule. However,
some commenters stated that excepting
UCs from the Proclamation’s suspension
and limitation on entry, without also
providing an exception for family units,
222 OHSS analysis data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (IFR Details tab).
223 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(OFO Encounters tab).
224 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(OFO Encounters tab).
225 Id.
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would lead families traveling together to
choose to ‘‘self-separate’’ at the border
and send the children across
unaccompanied because conditions in
Mexico are too dangerous for children to
wait with their parents until the family
can cross together. Similarly,
commenters stated that excepting UCs
from the Proclamation’s suspension and
limitation on entry would encourage the
trafficking and exploitation of children.
Commenters stated that the rule,
without an additional family-unit
exception, would therefore result in the
separation of families.
Another commenter opposed the
Proclamation’s exception for UCs. This
commenter stated that noncitizens,
including those who pose security risks,
would attempt to pose as UCs to evade
the Proclamation’s suspension and
limitation on entry.
Additionally, some commenters
opposed the exceptions in sections
3(b)(vi) and 3(b)(vii) of the June 3
Proclamation, which provide that the
suspension and limitation on entry will
not apply to a noncitizen if a CBP
immigration officer determines that the
noncitizen is permitted to enter either
based on the totality of the
circumstances or based on operational
considerations. Commenters expressed
concern that these exceptions are vague
and subjective and should not be left to
the discretion of CBP immigration
officers.
Specifically, commenters asserted that
the Proclamation does not provide any
standards or make clear how CBP
officers will determine when someone is
excepted based on the totality of the
circumstances or operational
considerations. Commenters also stated
that CBP immigration officers may not
be properly equipped to apply the
Proclamation’s exceptions, which
would result in arbitrary decisionmaking and removals in violation of
non-refoulement principles.
Other commenters stated that the
Proclamation’s exceptions were overly
broad and would authorize CBP
immigration officers to use them as a
‘‘loophole’’ to permit large populations
of noncitizens to enter the country
based on the ‘‘totality of the
circumstances’’ or due to ‘‘operational
considerations.’’ These commenters
stated that, as a result, overbroad use of
these exceptions will result in fewer
noncitizens being removed and will not
change the status quo of large numbers
of noncitizens crossing the border.
Lastly, commenters expressed
concern that noncitizens excepted
under section 3(b)(vi) or 3(b)(vii) of the
June 3 Proclamation based on the
totality of the circumstances or for
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81213
operational considerations and who are
subsequently placed into immigration
court proceedings will be unable to
demonstrate that they are not subject to
the rule’s provisions in immigration
court.
Response: Any comments opposing
provisions of the Proclamation, as
opposed to the parallel provisions of the
rule, are outside of the scope of this
rule. President Biden issued the
Proclamation by the authority vested in
the President by the INA. See INA
212(f), 8 U.S.C. 1182(f); INA 215(a), 8
U.S.C. 1185(a); 89 FR 48487. Under
section 3(d) of the Proclamation, the
President directed the Secretary and
Attorney General to promptly consider
issuing any instructions, orders, or
regulations as may be necessary to
address the circumstances at the
southern border, including any
additional limitations and conditions on
asylum eligibility that they determine
are warranted, subject to any exceptions
to such asylum eligibility limitations
and conditions that they determine are
warranted. The Departments lack
authority to amend the exceptions to the
Proclamation’s suspension and
limitation on entry, as set forth in
section 3(b) of the Proclamation, and
any proposal to do so would be outside
the scope of this rule. At the same time,
the Departments may depart from the
Proclamation’s section 3(b) exceptions
in determining which exceptions to this
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
are warranted to the extent they are
adopted in this rule, and the
Departments have responded to
comments suggesting such exceptions
below.
To the extent that commenters suggest
excepting family units from the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility, the
Departments reiterate that excepting all
family units could incentivize families
to bring their children on the oftenperilous journey to the United States.
See 89 FR at 48757. Such a broad
exception would also be at odds with
the Proclamation and rule’s goals in
addressing emergency border
circumstances. See id. at 48726–31
(‘‘Need for These Measures’’).
Further, the Departments do not
believe that the rule will meaningfully
incentivize the ‘‘self-separation’’ of
families. Because UCs are already
excluded from expedited removal by
statute, see 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(5)(D), the
Departments do not expect based on
their experience implementing border
enforcement and asylum that excepting
UCs, but not family units, from the
limitation on asylum eligibility would
lead to increased incentives to ‘‘selfseparate.’’ Rather, in the time since the
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IFR took effect, average daily encounters
of UCs at the SWB have actually
decreased by 37 percent.226
Moreover, on balance, the
Departments believe that the important
interests of protecting the statutorily
recognized vulnerabilities of UCs, while
maintaining the fundamental goals of
the rule in addressing emergency border
circumstances, outweigh any
consequences of claimed incentives for
noncitizens to ‘‘self-separate’’ at the
border. Notably, the Departments
emphasized the importance of
maintaining family unity in the IFR and
crafted a number of exceptions to the
limitation to preserve family unity and
avoid family self-separations. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2), 208.35(c), 1208.35(a)(2),
1208.35(c); see also 89 FR at 48733
(explaining that the rule contains
exceptions that ‘‘avoid[] the separation
of families’’). For instance, if any
member of a noncitizen’s family—as
described in 8 CFR 208.30(c)—with
whom the noncitizen is traveling
demonstrates exceptionally compelling
circumstances for entering the United
States during emergency border
circumstances, then all of the members
of that family unit traveling together
will be excepted from the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility. 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2), 1208.35(a)(2); see also 89
FR at 48754. The rule also contains an
explicit family unity provision in the
AMI process before USCIS and in
removal proceedings before EOIR; this
provision allows a principal asylum
applicant to be excepted from the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility if the
applicant can establish that the
applicant meets the statutory
requirements for statutory withholding
of removal or CAT protection, among
other requirements. See 8 CFR
208.35(c), 1208.35(c); see also 89 FR at
48733 (explaining family unity
provision requirements).
The Departments recognize
commenters’ concerns about the
vulnerability of UCs. The Departments
encourage all those who seek to travel
to the United States, including UCs, to
take advantage of available lawful, safe,
and orderly pathways and processes
226 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 OHSS Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
Consistent with the discussion in Section II.C.1 of
this preamble, encounters of individuals in family
units and single adults have fallen more sharply
than encounters of UCs, which has caused UCs’
share of total encounters to increase,
notwithstanding the overall drop in UC encounters
in absolute numbers. The relative stability of UC
flows compared to family unit flows is consistent
with the fact that most policy changes in recent
years (including the current rule) have not had a
direct impact on UCs.
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rather than rely on smugglers or
criminal organizations to facilitate a
potentially dangerous journey. 89 FR at
48723; 88 FR at 31346. However, the
Departments note that UCs are
particularly vulnerable and entitled to
special protections under the law. See
88 FR at 31346 (citing INA 208(a)(2), 8
U.S.C. 1158(a)(2) (providing that safethird-country bar does not apply to
UCs); INA 208(b)(3)(C), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(3)(C) (stating that an AO has
initial jurisdiction over the asylum
claims of UCs)); see generally 8 U.S.C.
1232. Given that UCs have long had
special rules and protections applicable
to them in immigration proceedings, the
Departments disagree with commenters
that this rule’s adoption of the exception
for UCs at section 3(b)(iii) of the
Proclamation would create any
meaningful new incentive for
noncitizens who may be a security risk
to attempt to pose as UCs in order to
circumvent the rule’s provisions.
Further, immigration officers have
training, knowledge, skills, and
experience in identifying fraudulent
behavior. See 89 FR at 48744
(explaining that CBP immigration
officials ‘‘have skills and expertise in
interacting with individuals and
observing human behavior and in
determining appropriate follow up steps
with regards to any behaviors or
indicators of concern’’).
Furthermore, with respect to
commenters’ concerns regarding the
discretionary nature of the exceptions at
sections 3(b)(vi) and 3(b)(vii) of the
Proclamation based on the totality of the
circumstances and operational
considerations, the Departments
reiterate that comments on the
Proclamation itself are outside the scope
of this rulemaking. And insofar as these
comments relate to this rule, the
Departments disagree that these
exceptions will essentially swallow the
rule, as commenters suggest, or that CBP
immigration officers will be unable to
apply these exceptions fairly or
consistently. Section 3(b)(vi) of the
Proclamation permits entry based on the
totality of the circumstances, and then
delineates examples such as
‘‘consideration of significant law
enforcement, officer and public safety,
urgent humanitarian, and public health
interests at the time of the entry or
encounter that warranted permitting the
noncitizen to enter.’’ Thus, this ‘‘totality
of the circumstances’’ exception
provides numerous examples that
would allow the CBP immigration
officer to determine whether such
circumstances were present such that a
noncitizen would not be subject to the
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Proclamation’s suspension and
limitation on entry. The discretionary
nature of the ‘‘operational
considerations’’ exception provides
flexibility for CBP immigration officers
to better manage migratory flows during
emergency border circumstances, which
is a driving purpose of this rule. 89 FR
at 48723, 48726–31 (explaining, in
detail, the need for the rule). Moreover,
CBP officers have experience
considering various factors and factual
scenarios when exercising their
discretion as immigration officers,
including determining appropriate
processing pathways, and such
experience is also relied upon in making
these decisions.
Finally, as to commenters’ concerns
about whether noncitizens who were
excepted from the Proclamation’s
suspension and limitation on entry
under subsections 3(b)(vi) and (vii) of
the Proclamation will nonetheless be
subject to the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility in immigration court,
those concerns are misplaced. By their
terms, subsections 3(b)(vi) and (vii)
apply to ‘‘any noncitizen who is
permitted to enter by the Secretary of
Homeland Security, acting through a
CBP immigration officer,’’ based on
certain considerations. Whether a
noncitizen was excepted from the
Proclamation and permitted to enter the
United States is a question of historical
fact, documented by CBP in the
appropriate electronic processing
system(s),227 and does not require a
separate assessment by an AO or IJ. See
89 FR at 48732 n.169. Thus, any
noncitizen who is described in
subsections 3(b)(vi) and (vii) of the
Proclamation will not be subject to the
limitation on asylum eligibility
contained in the rule. Id.
i. Legal Concerns Related to CBP One
and the Lack of Exceptions
Comment: Commenters raised a
number of concerns regarding the rule’s
exception to the limitation on asylum
eligibility for noncitizens who use the
CBP One app to present at a POE
pursuant to a pre-scheduled time and
place. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(1),
1208.35(a)(1); June 3 Proclamation sec.
3(b)(v)(D).
Commenters expressed concern that
use of CBP One is unlawful. Some
commenters voiced concern that
‘‘barring’’ those who enter the United
States along the SWB without a pre227 Memorandum for Exec. Dirs., Headquarters &
Dirs., Field Operations, OFO, from Ray Provencio,
Acting Exec. Dir., Admissibility and Passenger
Programs, OFO, Re: Implementation of Presidential
Proclamation and Interim Final Rule, Securing the
Border attach. 5 (June 4, 2024) (Muster).
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scheduled CBP One appointment would
violate U.S. and international law and
‘‘effectively eliminate[] asylum’’ for
every noncitizen who crosses into the
United States at the southern border
without an appointment. Commenters
further stated that, while the
Departments seek to distinguish the IFR
from the vacated Proclamation Bar IFR
by explaining that it is being
implemented during an emergency and
some lawful pathways remain available
to migrants, most who cannot wait for
a CBP One app appointment would be
barred from asylum under the IFR.
Similarly, commenters stated that the
INA requires DHS to provide every
noncitizen who arrives in the United
States with the opportunity to establish
a credible fear of persecution—not just
those with the resources to own a
smartphone and the ability to schedule
an appointment. Other commenters
stated that the CBP One app codifies a
form of electronic metering and
essentially replaces a program that
relied on metering to limit the number
of noncitizens who could approach
POEs, a practice that, the commenters
argued, was held unlawful by the
Federal courts.
One commenter expressed concern
with the use of the CBP One app, stating
that the app has been used to release
record numbers of undocumented
noncitizens into the United States. The
commenter warned that the Biden
Administration could continue to utilize
and expand upon the CBP One app
without any limits under the IFR. The
commenter also raised concerns that the
number of appointments available
through the CBP One app can be
expanded without limit, such that a
large population of noncitizens could be
excepted from the Proclamation’s
suspension and limitation on entry.
Several commenters expressed
concern that the IFR, unlike the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
does not provide an exception for those
who are unable to access or use the CBP
One application. Other commenters
asserted that the IFR does not provide
a justification for deviating from the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s scheduling issues exception and
expressed concern that while the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s exception has not been properly
applied, the lack of such an exception
in the IFR would expose migrants who
are unable to access or use the CBP One
app to the risk of refoulement.
Response: The Departments believe
the exception for noncitizens who
present at a POE pursuant to a prescheduled time and place, such as
through the CBP One app, is consistent
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with the INA and the purpose of the
Proclamation and this rule.
As an initial matter, the Departments
note that migrants do not apply for
asylum with CBP at a POE. At POEs,
CBP is responsible for the inspection
and processing of all applicants for
admission, including individuals who
may intend to seek asylum in the United
States. 8 CFR 235.1(a) (concerning all
applicants for admission at POEs); id.
235.3(b)(4) (concerning individuals
processed for expedited removal and
claiming fear of persecution or torture).
While the CBP One app is one key way
that CBP is streamlining and increasing
its capacity to process undocumented
noncitizens, the app is not a method of
seeking asylum in the United States,
and CBP officers do not determine the
validity of any claims for protection.
The Departments disagree that the use
of the CBP One app to manage the flow
of migration and intake into POEs and
to encourage the use of safe, orderly,
and lawful pathways constitutes a form
of ‘‘digital metering,’’ unlawfully
withholds or bars access to the asylum
process, or conflicts with the agency’s
duties under 8 U.S.C. 1225(a)(3). Any
noncitizen who is processed for
expedited removal upon arrival at a POE
and who indicates an intention to apply
for asylum or a fear of return, whether
or not the noncitizen uses the CBP One
app, will be referred for a credible fear
interview. Further, as noted in Sections
II.B and III.A of this preamble, the
United States implements its nonrefoulement obligations under the 1967
Refugee Protocol through the provisions
governing withholding of removal under
section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3), rather than through section
208 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158, which
governs asylum. Noncitizens who are
ineligible for asylum under the rule,
such as those who enter the United
States without pre-scheduling an
appointment through the CBP One app,
and are unable to establish that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
exist remain eligible to seek statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection consistent with these
obligations.
The Departments also disagree with
commenter concerns regarding
unlimited expansion of CBP One or the
use of CBP One to release individuals.
The CBP One app is intended to allow
for the orderly processing of noncitizens
and, under the Proclamation and this
rule, use of the app is especially critical
during emergency border circumstances
because it allows DHS to maximize the
use of its limited resources. 89 FR at
48737; see also 88 FR at 31317–18
(explaining that the CBP One app
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81215
‘‘enables the POEs to manage the flows
in a safe and efficient manner,
consistent with [each POE’s] footprint
and operational capacity, which vary
substantially across the SWB’’). Thus,
because the CBP One app allows each
POE to manage the daily number of
appointments that the POE has the
capacity to handle, commenter concerns
that the use of CBP One appointments
will be vastly expanded beyond CBP’s
capacity to process them are unfounded,
especially during the emergency border
circumstances that the Proclamation
and this rule are designed to address. In
addition, with regard to concerns
regarding the number of noncitizens
released following the use of the CBP
One app to schedule an appointment,
use of the CBP One app does not
guarantee a particular processing
disposition, and all such determinations
are made on a case-by-case basis.228
Regarding commenters’ concerns that
the IFR does not provide an exception
for those who present at a POE but are
unable to access or use the CBP One
app, here, and as noted in the IFR, the
Departments choose not to include an
exception to the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility for those who present
at a POE but have an inability to access
the CBP One app due to significant
technical failure or other ongoing and
serious obstacle. 89 FR at 48732 n.171.
The IFR explained that the Departments
made this decision in part because of
the different purposes of this rule and
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule. This rule, unlike the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
applies only during emergency border
circumstances as described in the
Proclamation and the rule, when
encounters strain the border security
and immigration systems’ capacity. In
contrast, the primary aim of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
was to encourage the use of lawful, safe,
and orderly pathways. Therefore, the
Departments determined that the
heightened need to address these
emergency border circumstances
necessitated limiting the scheduling
issues exception in this rule.
Moreover, experience applying the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
in credible fear screenings indicates that
228 See Memorandum for Exec. Dirs.,
Headquarters & Dirs., Field Operations, OFO, from
Ray Provencio, Acting Exec. Dir., Admissibility and
Passenger Programs, OFO, Re: Implementation of
Presidential Proclamation and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border attach. 5–6 (June 4, 2024)
(Muster); CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application (last
modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone (‘‘Upon
arriving at a POE, CBP officers inspect and evaluate
all individuals to determine the appropriate
processing disposition.’’).
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the exception for presenting at a POE
and being unable to access or use the
CBP One app rarely applied.229 The
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
excepted, in addition to UCs, three
categories of noncitizens: (1) individuals
provided authorization to travel to the
United States to seek parole, pursuant to
a DHS-approved parole process; (2)
individuals who presented at a POE
with a CBP One appointment or who
presented at a POE and demonstrated
‘‘it was not possible to access or use the
DHS scheduling system due to language
barrier, illiteracy, significant technical
failure, or other ongoing and serious
obstacle’’; and (3) individuals who
sought asylum or other protection in a
country through which the alien
traveled and received a final decision
denying that application. 8 CFR
208.33(a)(2)(ii), 1208.33(a)(2)(ii).
Leaving aside UCs, as UCs are not
subject to expedited removal, 8 U.S.C.
1232(a)(5)(D), noncitizens could
establish at least one of these exceptions
in only approximately 4.7 percent of
total credible fear screenings conducted
by USCIS under the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule (i.e., including
referrals from USBP and OFO).230 While
DHS data do not differentiate among the
types of exceptions, available data show
that the exception for presenting at a
POE and being unable to utilize the CBP
One app applied in less than 5 percent
of all credible fear determinations made
by USCIS when considering whether the
presumption of asylum ineligibility
applied.231
The data showing the limited
application of the exception for
presenting at a POE and being unable to
use CBP One reinforce the Departments’
judgment not to adopt a similar
exception in the emergency border
circumstances in which this rule
applies. Consistent with AOs’ obligation
under 8 CFR 208.30(d) to elicit
testimony on all potentially relevant
information, USCIS guidance instructs
AOs to elicit testimony related to all
exceptions to the presumption of
asylum ineligibility where they may
apply and evaluate their applicability,
which for the exception under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
(8 CFR 208.33(a)(2)(ii)(B)) would be any
case where the presumption of asylum
ineligibility applied and the noncitizen
presented at a POE. At a time where
emergency border circumstances are
present that trigger a suspension and
limitation on entry and necessitate the
229 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data (Fear Screening—CLP tab).
230 Id.
231 Id.
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limitation on asylum eligibility in the
current rule, the Departments do not
believe it would be appropriate to
expend the resources it would take to
elicit testimony about possible ways a
noncitizen was unable to access the CBP
One app and analyze that information in
every credible fear interview where the
noncitizen presented at a POE without
an appointment in order to apply an
exception to the limitation on asylum
eligibility similar to the one present at
8 CFR 208.33(a)(2)(ii)(B), particularly
where recent experience shows that
such an exception is rarely applicable in
credible fear determinations.
In addition to these exceptions, the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways Rule
also contains a ‘‘[r]ebuttal’’ ground for
‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances.’’ 8 CFR 208.33(a)(3),
1208.33(a)(3). The Departments
determined that this rule should also
contain an exception for exceptionally
compelling circumstances to ensure that
noncitizens with a time-sensitive
imperative for entering the United
States without authorization may avoid
application of this rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility. Notably, under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
across the set of all expedited removal
cases that resulted in credible fear
interviews (i.e., from encounters at and
between POEs), USCIS found that an
‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ rebuttal ground applied
in over 10 percent of those cases where
the rule’s presumption of asylum
ineligibility was analyzed as part of the
credible fear determination.232 Under
the present rule, the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception to
the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility was found to apply in
approximately 11 percent of all
encounters with credible fear
determinations issued by USCIS where
the limitation on asylum eligibility was
considered.233 Under this rule,
noncitizens may also be permitted to
enter under one of the exceptions in
section 3(b) of the Proclamation. For
those who are unable to meet such an
exception, the Departments believe that,
in the emergency border circumstances
in which this rule applies, such
noncitizens should wait for a CBP One
appointment. See 89 FR at 48732 n.171.
For those individuals seeking a CBP
One appointment, CBP continues to take
steps to make the process of seeking
appointments more equitable and
accessible. For instance, individuals
have the chance to request an
232 See
id.
OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data (Fear Screening—STB tab).
233 See
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appointment within a 12-hour period
each day, with appointments allocated
to the requesting group the following
day.234 In addition, noncitizens are not
required to use the same mobile phone
or device to request an appointment
each day, as appointment requests are
allocated based on the requesting
registration. In other words, if a
noncitizen has a registration, they can
request an appointment each day from
any mobile device. Individuals are not
required to utilize a single device for
each step of the process, and they may
use a shared or borrowed device to
request and schedule an appointment.
If a noncitizen receives an
appointment, they are notified by an
email notification, a push notification to
the device that made the appointment,
an in-app message, and a change to their
registration status in the app.235 The
push notification that is sent to the
device provides a notification to check
the app, alerting a user to log into the
app to review and confirm their
appointment. This ensures that the
notification is provided in multiple
ways, such that those without
continuous access to the same mobile
device can still learn of their
appointment status by logging into the
app. If selected for an appointment, the
individual then has 23 hours to
complete the geolocation and liveness
check and schedule the appointment.236
Individuals may also request an
automatic 24-hour extension to
complete the process, if needed. Again,
this can be done via any mobile device.
Individuals who do not have a
smartphone or have other phone-related
problems can seek assistance from
trusted partners, if needed. Individuals
are also permitted to seek assistance
from others to complete the registration,
request, and appointment confirmation
process.
ii. Wait Times for CBP One
Appointments
Comment: Commenters expressed
concerns with long wait times for those
using the CBP One app to schedule an
234 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application (last
modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone.
235 See DHS, DHS/CBP/PIA–076(a), Privacy
Impact Assessment Update for the Collection of
Advance Information from Certain Undocumented
Individuals on the Land Border: Post Title 42, at 4
(2023), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
2023-12/23_1019_priv_pia-cbp-076%28a%29advance-collection-appendix-update.pdf.
236 See DHS, DHS/CBP/PIA–076(a), Privacy
Impact Assessment Update for the Collection of
Advance Information from Certain Undocumented
Individuals on the Land Border: Post Title 42, at 4
(2023), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
2023-12/23_1019_priv_pia-cbp-076%28a%29advance-collection-appendix-update.pdf.
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appointment, with one organizational
commenter stating that waiting times
routinely reach half a year due to the
‘‘enforced scarcity of appointments.’’
Several commenters expressed concern
that capping CBP One appointments at
1,450 per day is insufficient to address
the number of arrivals at the border. For
example, a commenter stated that, while
1,450 CBP One appointments are
assigned each day, the ‘‘average number
of appointment requests made per
month between January 2023 and
February 2024 was just under 5
million.’’ A commenter stated that
appointments are limited to less than 20
percent of the POEs at the SWB, while
others noted that CBP One
appointments are offered at only eight
POEs along the almost 2,000 miles of
the SWB.
Commenters further stated that the
IFR would likely increase wait times by
incentivizing more people to use the
CBP One app—including Mexican
nationals subject to the IFR—thereby
exacerbating the significant backlog for
securing an appointment.
Several commenters expressed
additional concern that long wait times
heighten the risk of danger for migrants
in Mexico who intend to seek asylum in
the United States. Specifically, multiple
commenters warned that long wait
times place migrants at severe risk of
rape, assault, torture, kidnapping, and
death, while leaving Mexican nationals
to wait in the same country from which
they are fleeing, and that those waiting
for a CBP One appointment are
vulnerable to being targeted by
‘‘criminal actors and detained or
mistreated by Mexican government
officials.’’ Other commenters expressed
concern about the hot weather,
insufficient housing, and lack of access
to essential resources. Additionally,
commenters remarked that violence,
coercion, and apprehensions by
Mexican authorities prevent migrants
waiting in Mexico from attending their
pre-scheduled appointments.
Commenters further expressed that
particularly vulnerable populations who
are waiting in Mexico, including Black
migrants and women, are particularly
susceptible to discrimination, violence,
and heightened barriers to report crimes
and access support services.
A few commenters further addressed
health concerns for noncitizens required
to wait in Mexico for their CBP One
appointment. A commenter observed
that the wait times for an appointment
are ‘‘neither predictable nor reliable,’’
which compounds stress and difficulties
for noncitizens. The commenter further
stated that health problems among
certain noncitizens make it more
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untenable for them to wait in Mexico.
The commenter wrote that living
conditions in Mexico exacerbate
preexisting conditions such as asthma,
cancer, and mental health concerns
related to trauma, and that migrants
have limited access to adequate medical
care and life-saving medicine in Mexico.
Likewise, another commenter observed
that noncitizens living with HIV—both
Mexican and non-Mexican—experience
barriers to accessing treatment and
medication while waiting in Mexico.
Another commenter expressed concern
over documented outbreaks of chicken
pox in informal migrant encampments
in Mexico City due to the high number
of asylum seekers waiting for an
appointment.
A commenter remarked that
noncitizens may be granted
appointments at a POE far from where
they are physically located, despite the
app’s purported use of geolocational
technology, forcing individuals to risk
travel within Mexico. The commenter
stated that Mexican authorities do not
issue and renew temporary
humanitarian visas to a majority of
migrants, despite the fact that these
visas are required to access bus and
airline travel. The commenter
additionally wrote that Mexican
authorities have set up checkpoints
targeted at preventing individuals from
accessing public transportation required
to make it to their scheduled CBP One
appointments.
Response: Regarding concerns about
long wait times to schedule a CBP One
appointment, and the uncertainty this
may cause, in large part due to high
levels of migration in the region, the
Departments note that CBP One is a tool
that facilitates safe and orderly
processing of noncitizens at POEs, and
has aided CBP’s efforts to increase
processing at POEs.237 CBP currently
allocates a certain number of
appointments per day to those
registrations that have been pending for
the longest period of time, based on the
date on which a registration was
created. CBP also regularly monitors
wait times to be able to address any
issues. While average wait times have
generally increased since June 2023 due
to demand for appointments, as of
August 25, 2024, CBP has not seen
evidence that average wait times have
237 See, e.g., Memorandum for William A. Ferrara,
Exec. Ass’t Comm’r, OFO, from Troy A. Miller,
Acting Comm’r, CBP, Re: Guidance for Management
and Processing of Undocumented Noncitizens at
Southwest Border Land Ports of Entry (Nov. 1,
2021), https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/
assets/documents/2021-Nov/CBP-mgmt-processingnon-citizens-swb-lpoes-signed-Memo-11.1.2021508.pdf; 89 FR at 48737.
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81217
increased at a greater rate following the
implementation of the Proclamation and
IFR. Indeed, CBP One represents a
significant expansion of CBP’s capacity
to process noncitizens at SWB POEs:
During the pre-pandemic period, CBP’s
OFO processed around 330 people per
day.238 From January 2023 (when CBP
opened CBP One for direct scheduling)
through August 31, 2024, OFO has
processed four-and-a-half times that
number daily.239 Although demand for
appointments currently outpaces
supply, there are now more CBP One
appointments available daily (1,450)
than average daily encounters at and
between POEs between FYs 2011 and
2018 (1,300).240
With regard to concerns about the
number of available CBP One
appointments, DHS acknowledges that
there are more noncitizens seeking
appointments than there are available
appointments. For example, in July
2024, CBP received an average of
282,824 CBP One appointment requests
per day. The total appointment requests
over multiple day periods include a
significant number of repeat requests
because individuals are encouraged to
submit an appointment request each day
until gaining an appointment, and thus
monthly totals do not reflect an accurate
count of unique individuals seeking
appointments. However, this high level
of demand reflects the high levels of
migration throughout the region, which
CBP has responded to by increasing
capacity to process noncitizens at POEs.
CBP has increased the number of
available appointments since January
2023 but notes that POEs can safely and
securely process only a finite number of
migrants,241 and that the current
number of appointments reflects that
capacity. The Departments disagree that
there is ‘‘enforced scarcity’’ of
appointments or that the number of
appointments is set in an arbitrary
manner. The number of appointments is
determined by a port’s capability and
capacity to process noncitizens. CBP’s
ability to process undocumented
noncitizens in a timely manner at land
border POEs is dependent on CBP
238 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(OFO Encounters tab).
239 See id.
240 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Encounters FY 2000–2024 tab).
241 See, e.g., Memorandum for William A. Ferrara,
Exec. Ass’t Comm’r, OFO, from Troy A. Miller,
Acting Comm’r, CBP, Re: Guidance for Management
and Processing of Undocumented Noncitizens at
Southwest Border Land Ports of Entry 1–2 (Nov. 1,
2021), https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/
assets/documents/2021-Nov/CBP-mgmt-processingnon-citizens-swb-lpoes-signed-Memo-11.1.2021508.pdf.
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resources, including infrastructure and
personnel.242
With regard to the number of POEs at
which appointments are available and
the locations of such ports, OFO must
evaluate each POE’s unique capabilities,
both with respect to processing and
staffing. There are also important
variances between POEs due to
geography, infrastructure, and
workload. These considerations are
evaluated continuously as OFO
determines the number of appointments
to schedule and at which ports to
schedule them. OFO has limited use of
CBP One to certain POEs that have the
space and infrastructure to process
elevated numbers of inadmissible
noncitizens and has assigned staff to
those POEs to conduct this processing.
Adding additional POEs would require
reallocation of that staffing, exchanging
capacity in one location for another.
Additionally, OFO has sought to utilize
POEs that are located in or near urban
areas with sufficient resources for
migrants who may be released from
OFO custody.
The Departments acknowledge that
there may be humanitarian and health
concerns for noncitizens in Mexico,
including but not limited to individuals
seeking a CBP One appointment,
particularly for those with preexisting or
underlying health conditions. The
Departments also acknowledge that the
congregation of groups of individuals
can lead to increased transmission of
communicable diseases. Similarly, the
Departments acknowledge that some
noncitizens seeking an appointment—
including Mexican nationals—may be
required to travel through Mexico to
reach their appointment, and to wait in
Mexico for their appointment, which
may present safety concerns. The
Departments also recognize that such
concerns may be exacerbated by
uncertainty about how long a migrant
may have to wait to be processed at a
POE, which may make it harder to
schedule medical care or travel within
Mexico.
Such circumstances, however, have
been a reality that existed for migrants
seeking to present at POEs prior to the
introduction of CBP One. Indeed, before
CBP One’s introduction, migrants faced
greater unpredictability given the high
levels of migration in the region, which
predate the introduction of CBP One,243
242 See,
e.g., id.
e.g., Perla Trevizo, Dozens of Families,
Many from Guatemala, Arrive in Nogales Seeking
US Asylum, Ariz. Daily Star (Aug. 2, 2018), https://
tucson.com/news/local/dozens-of-families-manyfrom-guatemala-arrive-in-nogales-seeking/article_
4dd45e2f-0b19-5b7b-880e-74a82e3515ea.html;
Ariel G. Ruiz Soto, Record-Breaking Migrant
243 See,
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and the fact that before CBP One’s
introduction, migrants did not have the
ability to wait anywhere in the
expanded geographic boundaries now
available to migrants using CBP One. In
another respect, too, migrants would
face worse conditions without this rule:
As explained elsewhere in this
preamble, the Departments assess that,
when levels of encounters by USBP are
elevated, such that DHS does not have
the capacity to process most noncitizens
through expedited removal and
therefore must release a significant
number of noncitizens pending section
240 removal proceedings, this dynamic
serves to incentivize more migrants to
travel through Mexico. This dynamic
both exacerbates dangerous conditions
along that route and exposes more
migrants to dangerous conditions along
the way. While CBP has continued to
take steps to increase processing at
POEs in an effort to provide a safe and
orderly mechanism to enter the United
States, it continues to be operationally
impossible for CBP to immediately
process all noncitizens seeking to enter
the United States.
With regard to the location of
scheduled appointments, the CBP One
app does not arbitrarily designate the
location for appointments. The location
is selected by the user, and the location
can be changed by the user every time
the user requests an appointment. The
Departments continue to believe that the
use of CBP One to schedule
appointments facilitates the safe and
orderly entry of noncitizens at POEs,
including migrants who are already
waiting in Mexico to enter the United
States. In particular, the use of the app
enables migrants to schedule their
arrival at a pre-determined date and
time, providing migrants with certainty
about the date of their entry. Migrants
may then wait in whatever location they
deem best before approaching the
border for their appointment. To this
end, as of August 23, 2024, the CBP One
app allows non-Mexican nationals to
request and schedule an appointment
from the southern Mexican states of
Tabasco and Chiapas in addition to their
existing ability to request and schedule
appointments from Northern and
Central Mexico.244 Mexican nationals
may request and schedule an
appointment from anywhere in
Mexico.245 CBP continues to encourage
Encounters at the U.S.-Mexico Border Overlook the
Bigger Story, Migration Pol’y Inst. (Oct. 2022),
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/2022-recordmigrant-encounters-us-mexico-border.
244 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application (last
modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone.
245 See id.
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migrants to make appointments at POEs
close to where they may be
geographically located in Mexico or
seek to enter the United States.
With regard to claims regarding the
actions of government authorities in
Mexico, the Departments note that they
do not control the actions or decisions
of the Mexican government or Mexico’s
implementation of its own laws.
iii. Availability of and Access to CBP
One Appointments and Concerns About
Discrimination
Comment: Several commenters raised
concerns about unequal access to POEs
and asylum resulting from barriers to
using the CBP One app, such as
language, disability, resource, and other
access issues that disparately impact
and discriminate against migrants. A
commenter acknowledged that CBP One
may allow for certain positive gains in
receiving and processing migrants, and
also expressed concern that the
application is wielded to penalize those
with possible protection needs who
cannot access it or obtain an
appointment. One commenter called the
CBP One app ‘‘inherently
discriminatory,’’ and another
commenter articulated that the CBP One
app has ‘‘pervasive’’ accessibility issues.
A commenter cited a 2024 Amnesty
International report,246 where that
organization called on the United States
to ‘‘stop the mandatory use of the CBP
One application’’ due to concerns over
language access, technological barriers,
and privacy and surveillance.
In the same vein, numerous
commenters raised concerns related to
the accessibility of the app for those
lacking the required technology.
Specifically, commenters expressed
concern that scheduling an appointment
via CBP One is not a viable option for
those who lack access to reliable
internet, electricity, or a smartphone.
Some commenters provided examples
that migrants have reported that their
phones have been stolen by Mexican
authorities or cartels, or lost or damaged
during their travels. A commenter stated
that in encampments with limited
access to electricity, migrants are
charged high prices for access to an
outlet to charge their phones. Another
commenter expressed that the IFR
places people who do not have access
to technology in the prejudicial position
of having to meet a higher standard of
proof to receive a positive credible fear
246 Amnesty Int’l, CBP One Mobile Application
Violates the Rights of People Seeking Asylum in the
United States (May 9, 2024), https://
www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/05/cbp-onemobile-application-violates-the-rights-of-peopleseeking-asylum-in-the-united-states/.
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determination, in violation of U.S.
asylum law. A commenter remarked
that in perpetuating the ‘‘division’’
between ‘‘classes of people seeking
asylum’’—‘‘those who have a
smartphone and access to the internet
and are technologically literate’’ and
‘‘those who do not have these required
items, skills or abilities’’—the IFR fails
to apply protections equally under U.S.
and international law.
Many commenters also discussed
limited language accessibility for the
CBP One app, stating that the app is
only available in Spanish, English, and
Haitian Creole, and expressed that
conditioning access to asylum on the
use of a smartphone app that is only
available in three languages denies
equal access to asylum to those in need
of protection who are unable to use the
app. Commenters expressed concerns
about the fact that different stages for
securing a CBP One appointment are
available in different sets of languages
(e.g., Login.gov, the initial app
registration page, and app form
responses), as this results in
noncitizens, even those who are literate
in Spanish and Haitian Creole, requiring
assistance with completing the CBP One
app form. The commenter further
remarked that the system is particularly
difficult for vulnerable populations to
navigate as a result of challenges with
finding adequate translation services,
reasoning, for example, that it can take
up to a week to find interpretation for
Indigenous languages.
Several commenters additionally
raised concerns about access to the app
among those who are illiterate, have
disabilities, or have limited language
and digital literacy. In particular,
commenters expressed that the IFR
assumes technological literacy in the
use of smartphone apps, such as the
ability to access an email account, check
the account on an ongoing basis, upload
a video, and enable Global Positioning
System/geolocators with many people
requiring assistance to undertake these
steps. A commenter provided an
account of their experiences with
individuals in Ciudad Juarez who
struggle to navigate the app despite
knowing how to read in Spanish and
Haitian Creole, and the inability of legal
service providers to provide logistical
support to all the individuals with
potential asylum claims who lack the
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digital literacy to navigate the mobile
app.
Commenters further remarked on
technological issues surrounding the
app. Commenters expressed concerns
that CBP One remains inaccessible to
many due to facial recognition
technology errors, which commenters
stated are frequent for migrants with
darker skin tones. Commenters stated
that the app cannot read the faces of
Black, Brown, Asian, and Indigenous
people seeking asylum, and Haitians
and Africans are particularly likely to
experience ‘‘algorithm bias’’ while using
the CBP One app which would prevent
large classes of individuals from using
the app to secure an appointment, and,
therefore, from seeking asylum,
perpetuating racism in the U.S.
immigration system.
Commenters also noted additional
technology concerns, such as issues
with error messages, account access,
and deactivated accounts. One
commenter listed various reported
issues with the CBP One app, such as
difficulty uploading files, error
messages only provided in English,
saturated bandwidth resulting in delays,
appointments being rejected if GPS is
not activated, and phones unable to take
video or photos of sufficient quality to
be recognized by the app. Another
commenter provided various anecdotal
examples of individuals who were
unable to access the CBP One app under
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule, and who the commenter said
would similarly be harmed under the
IFR, while another commenter added
that complications with the app forced
nongovernmental organizations to
spend resources helping people use the
app rather than assisting noncitizens
with credible fear interviews, reviews of
negative determinations, and
representation in immigration court. A
commenter also stated that ‘‘[t]here is a
thriving black market for appointments
available only to the wealthiest
refugees.’’
Separately, while some commenters
expressed support for the ‘‘expansion of
mechanisms for [CBP One]
appointments,’’ commenters also stated
that these expansions are insufficient to
counteract noncitizens’ unawareness of
the CBP One application and the
inability to obtain appointments.
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81219
Lastly, a commenter asserted that the
use of CBP One results in family
separation due to different appointment
dates. Furthermore, a commenter
expressed additional concern that
families with a CBP One appointment
are not always guaranteed the ability to
cross the border, citing examples of
families who were turned away despite
arriving on time for a valid
appointment.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the CBP One app is a barrier to
asylum. Rather, it is a tool that DHS has
established to process the flow of
noncitizens seeking to enter the United
States in a more orderly and efficient
fashion. CBP One is also a free app, and
noncitizens are not required to pay to
register or schedule an appointment.
The Departments acknowledge that
not all migrants may have access to a
smartphone or be able to easily use the
CBP One app, and that lack of or limited
smartphone access or ability to use a
smartphone (due to lack of digital
literacy, disability, or other reasons)
may limit a migrant’s ability to use the
CBP One app to schedule an
appointment. However, individuals who
do not have a smartphone or who have
other phone-related issues can seek
assistance, including sharing phones, or
translation or technical assistance, from
trusted partners, if needed. In addition,
as noted above, individuals may utilize
shared or borrowed devices to register
for the CBP One app and to schedule an
appointment. CBP conducts extensive
engagement with non-governmental
organizations (‘‘NGOs’’) and
stakeholders, and has received feedback
and information about the challenges
associated with the use of the CBP One
app. Throughout these engagements,
access to smartphones has been raised,
although not as a significant concern for
most individuals. CBP is aware that
NGOs have discussed providing
assistance with completing individuals’
CBP One registrations and offering
continued assistance with requesting
appointments. CBP also notes that
individuals seeking to create a CBP One
registration can do so from anywhere.
To create a registration, users are not
required to enable location services,
although they are required to enable
location services in order to request and
schedule an appointment.
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With regard to internet access, the
Departments acknowledge there can be
connectivity gaps, electrical outages,
and unreliable wireless internet access
in northern Mexico. However, CBP
made significant updates to the
appointment scheduling process in
2023, including transitioning CBP One
scheduling to a daily appointment
allocation process to allow noncitizens
additional time to complete the process.
Under this system, users must ‘‘ask for
an appointment’’ each day, by selecting
the relevant registration and submitting
a request for that registration.247 If a
noncitizen receives an appointment that
day, they are notified in multiple ways,
and have up to 23 hours to confirm that
appointment.248 If a noncitizen does not
receive an appointment, they must
‘‘request an appointment’’ the following
day, again by selecting the relevant
registration and requesting that
registration. Individuals are not required
to use the same mobile phone or device
to request an appointment each day,
and, as noted above, may use a shared
or borrowed device to request and
schedule the appointment. In addition,
in July 2024, CBP updated the
appointment allocator to increase the
percentage of appointments allocated to
users who had been waiting for longer
periods of time, based on the date on
which their registration was created.
CBP also continually takes steps to
provide access to the app for
individuals in different languages. The
app was originally available in Spanish
and English. Haitian Creole was added
in February 2023 in response to
feedback from external stakeholders.
Additionally, after the user makes a
language preference, error messages are
available in the selected language
(English, Spanish, or Haitian Creole).
While the app remains available in
Spanish, English, and Haitian Creole,
quick reference guides are now available
in many languages (including Russian,
French, Portuguese, Arabic, Dari,
Pashto, Punjabi, and Chinese).
According to the UNHCR, of the top 5
nationalities of displaced individuals in
Mexico, all are from Spanish-speaking
countries and Haiti.249 Between May 11,
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247 See
CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application,
Frequently Asked Questions—English (last
modified Sept. 19, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone.
248 See CBP, CBP OneTM Application Update
Announcement—English (Mar. 1, 2024), https://
www.cbp.gov/document/guidance/cbp-oneapplication-update-announcement-english.
249 See United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (‘‘UNHCR’’), Country Operations: Mexico,
Population by Origin, https://reporting.unhcr.org/
operational/operations/mexico# (last visited Sept.
19, 2024). For purposes of this analysis, the
Departments are excluding the nationalities
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2023 (when the Title 42 public health
Order terminated) and September 11,
2024, USBP data show that over 88
percent of noncitizens apprehended
between POEs on the SWB were
recorded as speaking Spanish or
English. The next most common
languages were Mandarin, representing
just over 2 percent of apprehensions,
followed by Portuguese and French,
which each represent less than 2
percent of noncitizens apprehended.250
Finally, a CBP analysis conducted in
September 2024 showed that, of all of
the CBP One appointment requests
during the first week of September 2024,
approximately 90 percent were made by
individuals from Spanish-speaking
countries, with the next highest
percentage, 5 percent, made by Haitians,
and the remainder by other
nationalities. The fact that Haitian
nationals represent a relatively large
proportion of the displaced persons in
Mexico generally, are more likely to be
encountered at POEs, and use the CBP
One app further supports the
prioritization of Haitian Creole and
Spanish translations in the app. In
addition, based on NGO feedback, CBP
will be adding a French translation to
the app. CBP has also been made aware
of concerns with regard to the accuracy
of the app’s Haitian Creole translation
and is currently taking steps to improve
its accuracy.
CBP acknowledges that individuals
who do not speak Spanish, English, or
Haitian Creole, including those who
speak Portuguese or Mandarin, may
have more difficulty accessing the app,
but has determined that it is appropriate
to prioritize translation services in the
app to those languages spoken by the
vast majority of users of the app and
noncitizens in the region. And CBP
believes that its efforts to make the app
accessible in other ways, such as
through the quick reference guides, are
working. CBP has seen a significant
number of individuals who do not speak
Spanish, English, or Haitian Creole
requesting appointments, suggesting
that the quick reference guides, as well
as other information about CBP One
grouped as ‘‘various,’’ given a lack of information
on what such category includes.
250 Due to the way that CBP’s OFO records and
documents language services, data for languages
used by those encountered at POEs are not readily
available. Although there is a high volume of
displaced Haitian nationals in Mexico, CBP’s
experience is that, particularly in recent years,
Haitian nationals have been much more likely to be
encountered at POEs than between POEs. For
instance, in FY 2023, more than 75,000 Haitian
nationals were encountered at SWB POEs,
compared with just over 1,000 between POEs. See
OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset (Haitian
Encounters tab).
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available on CBP’s website,251 are
working to provide accessibility to the
app even for those who do not speak
one of those languages. With regard to
concerns about different stages of the
CBP One appointment process being in
different languages, CBP does not
exercise control over Login.gov, which
is used to register for an appointment,
as it is operated by the General Services
Administration.252 Login.gov is
available in several languages, including
English, Spanish, and French. And
while Login.gov is not available in
Haitian Creole, CBP analysis showed
that, as noted above, Haitian nationals
continue to be the second-highest
population of noncitizens requesting
CBP One appointments, indicating that
Login.gov’s languages are not posing a
substantial limitation for those users.
Moreover, the CBP One quick reference
guides include a description of the
Login.gov steps in the process. The
Departments also appreciate the
concerns related to the information
required to access or use the CBP One
app. The Departments note that users of
the app are not required to upload any
documents in order to use the app.
Users are required to submit a
photograph, and may, although are not
required to, upload document
information, such as scanning their
passport information. With regard to
concerns raised by commenters relating
to facial recognition and access to the
app by individuals with darker skin
tones, CBP and the third party
responsible for liveness detection took
steps in 2023 to improve the liveness
capability of the application and
increase bandwidth. Since that time,
CBP has data showing that the app
successfully matches liveness in 80–90
percent of attempts, with the difference
in performance across ethnicities on the
order of tenths of a percent. If an
individual initially is not able to
successfully match to their live photo,
they are not prohibited from trying
again, and they may seek an extension
to continue to try to complete liveness.
Individuals who continue to fail
liveness are able to reach out to CBP
either directly or, if appropriate,
through an NGO or other external entity.
CBP notes that it does not collect data
on race or skin complexion.
CBP engages frequently with
stakeholders to determine further
updates and changes in the app that
improve the users’ experience and
251 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application (last
modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone.
252 See U.S. General Servs. Admin., Login.gov,
https://login.gov/ (last visited Aug. 10, 2024).
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enhance access to its features. For
example, because of NGO feedback,
height and weight were made optional
fields and additional response options
were added such as ‘‘I don’t have one’’
for a foreign address and ‘‘Unknown’’
for parental information. CBP also
acknowledges that reading
comprehension and disability may
present challenges for some users
among this user population. CBP has
improved the app’s text for users with
low literacy and will continue to make
improvements to the app for this
population. The app has also undergone
a compliance review pursuant to section
508 of the Rehabilitation Act regarding
its accessibility to people with
disabilities, with a final certification
expected by the end of November 2024.
Regarding concerns raised by NGOs
regarding the resources expended to
address questions from migrants about
the app and its impacts, the
Departments are not able to comment on
how such entities determine the use of
their own resources. With regard to
concerns regarding a ‘‘black market’’ for
appointments, CBP has advised
noncitizens and the general public that
appointments that purport to be ‘‘for
sale’’ are fraudulent, and migrants
should not pay for such
appointments.253
With regard to the commenters’
concerns related to whether noncitizens
have sufficient awareness of the
availability of the CBP One app and this
rule, the Departments believe that they
have provided sufficient notice to the
public. The Departments note the use of,
and benefits of, the CBP One app have
been broadly publicized. Indeed, the
CBP One app is widely used, as
evidenced by the number of requests
CBP receives each day for
appointments. For example, in July
2024, CBP received an average of
282,824 CBP One appointment requests
per day. Demand for CBP One
appointments has outpaced supply,
which has resulted in average wait
times increasing since June 2023. CBP
continues to regularly announce
updates and improvements made to the
app to the public. In particular, CBP
regularly announces changes and
updates to the app on its public website
at https://www.cbp.gov/about/mobileapps-directory/cbpone. This website
also contains a number of detailed
questions and answers regarding the use
of the app. Additionally, DHS has
253 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application,
Frequently Asked Questions—English, CBP OneTM
Mobile Application, ‘‘What if someone asks me to
pay for an appointment?’’ (last modified Sept. 23,
2024), https://www.cbp.gov/about/mobile-appsdirectory/cbpone.
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published a Privacy Impact Analysis
(PIA) for CBP One, and subsequent
updates to the original CBP One PIA to
address privacy risks in the deployment
and use of the CBP One app.254
Moreover, the Departments’ publication
of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule, the IFR, and this rule
have provided (and in the case of this
rule, will provide) further notice to the
public and to noncitizens of the
pathways available to them and the
potential consequences of not availing
themselves of such pathways. The
Departments believe that such efforts
provide sufficient information for
noncitizens seeking to travel to the
United States.
With respect to comments suggesting
that families are processed separately or
have been turned away, the
Departments note that all individuals—
including members of families—are
processed pursuant to existing CBP
policies and practices. Family members
who register together on CBP One using
a single registration number to schedule
an appointment for their whole family
are given the same appointment date
and time. So long as they arrive as a
family for their appointment at that date
and time, they will be processed at that
appointment time.
b. Regulatory Exception—Exceptionally
Compelling Circumstances
Comment: Commenters raised
concerns regarding the preponderance
of the evidence standard for establishing
exceptionally compelling circumstances
under the IFR. Commenters argued that
applying a limitation on asylum
eligibility during credible fear
interviews, and then requiring
noncitizens to demonstrate
exceptionally compelling circumstances
by a preponderance of the evidence in
order to overcome the limitation on
asylum eligibility, is inconsistent with
254 See DHS, DHS/CBP/PIA–068, Privacy Impact
Assessment for CBP One TM Mobile Application
(2021 and subsequent updates), https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-05/privacypia-cbp068-cbpmobileapplication-may2023.pdf;
DHS, DHS/CBP/PIA–068(a), Privacy Impact
Assessment [Update] for CBP One TM Mobile
Application (2024), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/
default/files/2024-07/24_0725_priv_pia-cbp068%28a%29-cbpone-update.pdf; see also DHS,
DHS/CBP/PIA–076, Privacy Impact Assessment for
the Collection of Advance Information from Certain
Undocumented Individuals on the Land Border
(2023), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
2023-01/privacy-pia-cbp076-advance-collection-forundocumented-individuals-jan2023_0.pdf; DHS,
DHS/CBP/PIA–076(a), Privacy Impact Assessment
Update for the Collection of Advance Information
from Certain Undocumented Individuals on the
Land Border: Post Title 42 (2023), https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/23_1019_
priv_pia-cbp-076%28a%29-advance-collectionappendix-update.pdf.
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the INA and congressional intent.
Rather, commenters stated that Congress
enacted a ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard for the credible fear interview
in order to safeguard a noncitizen’s
opportunity to present potentially viable
asylum claims in full proceedings and
to prevent noncitizens from being
returned to persecution or torture.
Relatedly, commenters stated that
noncitizens should not have to
demonstrate exceptionally compelling
circumstances unrelated to their asylum
claim by a preponderance of the
evidence in order to have their asylum
claims adjudicated. Some commenters
believed that the preponderance of the
evidence standard was too onerous for
noncitizens to meet during the credible
fear interview, even if the noncitizen
had experienced a situation or event
prior to entry that should otherwise
qualify as an exceptionally compelling
circumstance.
Lastly, at least one commenter
implied that AOs conducting credible
fear interviews did not have adequate
training and were not equipped to
conduct the analyses required by the
IFR, including applying the
preponderance of the evidence standard
to determine whether a noncitizen is
subject to the limitation on asylum
eligibility.
Response: Many of commenters’
concerns are based on an incorrect
premise. The Departments recognize
that the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard is established by statute, see
INA 235(b)(1)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(v), and the Departments
lack the authority to—and have not
sought to—alter this statutory standard
through rulemaking. By statute, to
determine whether a noncitizen has a
‘‘credible fear,’’ an AO must assess
whether there is a ‘‘significant
possibility . . . that the alien could
establish eligibility for asylum.’’ INA
235(b)(1)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(v). Thus, during credible
fear proceedings, the overall standard of
proof for establishing exceptionally
compelling circumstances to overcome
the limitation on asylum eligibility
remains the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard, which must be applied in
conjunction with the standard of proof
required for the ultimate determination
(i.e., preponderance of the evidence that
the exception applies). See 89 FR at
48739. Accordingly, at the credible fear
interview, the AOs assess whether there
is a ‘‘significant possibility’’ that the
noncitizen would be able to show at a
future merits adjudication by a
preponderance of the evidence that the
limitation does not apply or that the
noncitizen satisfies the rule’s exception.
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Likewise, during credible fear reviews,
IJs will apply the ‘‘significant
possibility’’ standard to determine
whether a noncitizen would ultimately
be able to demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence that the
limitation on asylum eligibility does not
apply or that the noncitizen satisfies the
rule’s exception.
To the extent commenters voiced
general opposition to requiring a
noncitizen to demonstrate exceptionally
compelling circumstances by a
preponderance of the evidence so as not
to be subject to the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility, the Departments note
that this standard is the general
standard noncitizens must meet to
determine that a ground of ineligibility
does not apply in a merits adjudication.
See 8 CFR 1240.8(d) (‘‘If the evidence
indicates that one or more of the
grounds for mandatory denial of the
application for relief may apply, the
alien shall have the burden of proving
by a preponderance of the evidence that
such grounds do not apply.’’).
Additionally, this burden for
establishing exceptionally compelling
circumstances was codified by the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
which has been in effect since May 11,
2023. 88 FR at 31450–51 (codified at 8
CFR 208.33(a)(3), 1208.33(a)(3)). The
Departments believe that maintaining
consistency in the preponderance of the
evidence standard between these two
related rules promotes consistent
adjudications when adjudicators must
determine whether a noncitizen has
demonstrated exceptionally compelling
circumstances. In fact, to promote such
consistency, the rule provides that if a
noncitizen demonstrates an
exceptionally compelling circumstance
for purposes of this rule, then the
noncitizen has necessarily demonstrated
an exceptionally compelling
circumstance for purposes of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
and vice versa, further underscoring the
importance of maintaining a consistent
analytical framework between the two
rules. See 89 FR at 48754–55
(explaining that the IFR’s exception to
the limitation on asylum eligibility
mirrors the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule’s rebuttal grounds to
simplify administration of each while
both rules are in effect).
Further, contrary to commenter
concerns, the preponderance of the
evidence standard is not onerous or
unduly burdensome such that a
noncitizen would be unable to
demonstrate exceptionally compelling
circumstances. To the extent that
commenters expressed concern with the
preponderance of the evidence standard
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during credible fear proceedings, the
Departments again clarify that the
applicable standard during credible fear
proceedings is the ‘‘significant
possibility’’ standard, INA
235(b)(1)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(v), and AOs will assess
whether there is a significant possibility
that the noncitizen would be able to
show at a future merits adjudication by
a preponderance of the evidence that
the limitation does not apply or that the
noncitizen meets the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception.
Similar to the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule’s rebuttal grounds, see 88
FR at 31380, the Departments believe
that there should generally be sufficient
evidence available at the time of the
credible fear interview for an AO to
evaluate whether there is a significant
possibility that the noncitizen would be
able to establish exceptionally
compelling circumstances by a
preponderance of the evidence. Notably,
the credible fear screening process
involves eliciting testimony from
noncitizens seeking protection, and the
rule does not require noncitizens to
provide any specific form of evidence,
such as written statements or other
documentation. See 89 FR at 48746 &
n.239.
Indeed, DHS data show that the
standard is not unduly challenging to
meet at the credible fear stage. Since the
IFR went into effect through August 31,
2024, USCIS determined that the
limitation on asylum eligibility did not
apply in over 2,200 cases
(approximately 11 percent of credible
fear interviews completed under the IFR
during that period) because the
noncitizen was able to demonstrate
exceptionally compelling circumstances
under the credible fear screening
standard.255 The Departments believe
that these data show that the exception
is both meaningful and appropriately
tailored to ensure that, during
emergency border circumstances, only
those with a time-sensitive imperative
are able to avoid the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility.
Regarding the preponderance of the
evidence standard during a full merits
adjudication, the Departments similarly
do not believe that it imposes an
onerous or unduly burdensome
evidentiary standard. The INA explicitly
provides that during full merits
adjudication of an asylum claim
‘‘testimony of the applicant may be
sufficient to sustain the applicant’s
burden without corroboration’’ in
255 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (Fear Screening—STB
tab).
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certain circumstances. INA
208(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Thus, as the
Departments have explained, the
preponderance of the evidence standard
may be met through credible testimony
alone. See 88 FR at 31395. For example,
if a noncitizen or a member of the
noncitizen’s family as described in 8
CFR 208.30(c) with whom they were
traveling faced an acute medical
emergency, an imminent and extreme
threat to life or safety, or satisfied the
definition of a victim of a severe form
of trafficking in persons, or faced other
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, then the noncitizen
could present testimony of those facts
and circumstances.
Lastly, to the extent commenters
expressed skepticism about an AO or
IJ’s ability to properly apply the
screening standard during a credible
fear interview, the Departments note
that both AOs and IJs receive extensive
training in substantive law and
procedure, see 88 FR at 31395 &
nn.211–213, and the Departments are
confident that AOs and IJs have the
requisite knowledge, skills, and
experience to properly apply the
framework of this rule, as they have
been doing for months.
Comment: Some commenters
recommended that the Departments
rescind the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception to the
limitation on asylum eligibility, stating
that the exception codifies ‘‘loopholes’’
that are easy for noncitizens to exploit
and undermines the Departments’ goal
of discouraging irregular migration
across the SWB.
Response: The Departments decline to
rescind the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exceptions at 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i) and 1208.35(a)(2)(i). As
the Departments explained in the IFR,
maintaining an exception to the
limitation on asylum eligibility for
exceptionally compelling circumstances
is intended to mitigate potential adverse
impacts of the rule on certain
particularly vulnerable individuals and
family members as described in 8 CFR
208.30(c) with whom they are traveling,
without undermining the Departments’
stated policy objectives of
disincentivizing irregular migration
during emergency border circumstances.
89 FR at 48754. The Departments
believe the nature of the exceptionally
compelling circumstances—such as
facing an acute medical emergency,
facing an imminent and extreme threat
to life or safety, or meeting the
definition of a victim of a severe form
of trafficking in persons—appropriately
balances the Departments’ stated policy
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objectives and does not create a
‘‘loophole’’ as commenters suggest.
The Departments are also confident
that AOs and IJs will appropriately
assess a noncitizen’s testimony and any
evidence presented to determine
whether a noncitizen has established
that the rule’s exception to the
limitation on asylum eligibility applies.
Indeed, DHS and EOIR personnel have
the training and experience necessary to
determine whether the exception
applies, including several months of
experience from implementing the IFR
and other rules. For example, AOs were
provided specific training for the
implementation of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule to elicit and
analyze testimony related to whether a
noncitizen can establish an exception or
rebut the presumption of asylum
ineligibility. See 88 FR at 31330.
Additionally, before any AO can
interview a noncitizen where the IFR’s
limitation on asylum eligibility applies,
or any supervisory AO can review such
a case, they must receive specific
training on the IFR, including on
applying the IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility and the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception.
Comment: Commenters stated that the
enumerated per se exceptionally
compelling circumstances in 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2) and 1208.35(a)(2) are, on
the whole, too limited in number and
narrow in scope, and are framed in a
restrictive manner with a high burden of
proof that commenters asserted many
noncitizens will be unable to meet.
According to commenters, because the
exception is so difficult to establish, the
vast majority of noncitizens who enter
between POEs will be ineligible for
asylum. Commenters also alleged that
noncitizens may not have access to or be
aware of what information or evidence
is necessary to sufficiently demonstrate
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, particularly as they may
not be aware of the rule and its
evidentiary requirements until they are
placed in proceedings. Similarly,
commenters expressed concern about
the evidentiary burden noncitizens
would face in trying to establish that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
existed at the time of entry when their
case may not be adjudicated until years
after the date of entry due to existing
backlogs, and when evidence and
witnesses may be lost over time.
Commenters offered, as an example, the
difficulty that noncitizens would face in
demonstrating that they or a family
member with whom they traveled
experienced an acute medical
emergency, in the absence of
concurrently issued medical documents.
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Commenters stated that it will be
difficult for AOs to evaluate whether a
noncitizen satisfies an exception at the
credible fear stage because it is a factintensive inquiry and will require
significant development of the record.
Commenters also stated that there is
insufficient guidance about how, in
practice, AOs are supposed to make a
finding regarding exceptionally
compelling circumstances. Further,
commenters expressed concern that
AOs are not required to elicit potentially
relevant facts about the rule’s
exceptions to ensure that noncitizens
are not improperly subject to the IFR’s
limitation on asylum eligibility and
recommended that the Departments
adopt a screening framework in which
AOs have a shared burden to elicit all
information relevant to asylum
eligibility, preferably in a nonadversarial manner.
Response: The Departments believe
that the rule’s exception to the
limitation on asylum eligibility for
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, including the
enumerated per se circumstances, are
appropriate in scope and detail, and as
such, the Departments decline to modify
those provisions. Indeed, during
emergency border circumstances,
limiting the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception to those who
are unable to wait for an appointment
due to an acute medical emergency or
an imminent and extreme threat to life
or safety is important to deter irregular
migration and provide for efficient
border processing during a period of
high encounters.256 See 89 FR at 48732
n.171. As discussed above in this
section of the preamble, the data reflect
that the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception is achieving
this balance; USCIS determined that the
exception had been met in
approximately 11 percent of credible
fear interviews completed between the
IFR’s effective date and August 31,
2024.257
The Departments stress, however, that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
are not limited to the enumerated
examples. Rather, similar to the rebuttal
grounds adopted in the Circumvention
256 Separately, noncitizens facing an urgent
humanitarian situation may not be subject to the
limitation at all if, under the Proclamation, a
noncitizen is permitted to enter by the Secretary of
Homeland Security, acting through a CBP
immigration officer, based on the totality of the
circumstances, including consideration of urgent
humanitarian interests at the time of the entry or
encounter. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1);
Section 3(b) of the Proclamation.
257 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (Fear Screening—STB
tab).
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of Lawful Pathways rule, the examples
are a non-exhaustive list intended to
preserve AO and IJ flexibility and
permit consideration of all facts giving
rise to potential exceptionally
compelling circumstances. 89 FR at
48733; 88 FR at 31394. Additionally, the
Departments continue to prioritize
family unity by extending these
exceptions to qualifying family
members with whom the noncitizen is
traveling. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i),
1208.35(a)(2)(i).
Regarding concerns that establishing
exceptionally compelling circumstances
is a fact-intensive inquiry that will
require significant development of the
record, and that noncitizens will not
have access to information and evidence
of exceptionally compelling
circumstances at the time of screening,
the Departments note that relevant
evidence of such circumstances
generally relates to the situation
immediately prior to the noncitizen’s
entry into the United States, and focuses
on relevant personal facts and
circumstances within the noncitizen’s
knowledge. Accordingly, the
Departments expect that any evidence
necessary for a noncitizen to
demonstrate that they have a significant
possibility of ultimately showing
exceptionally compelling circumstances
should generally be readily available—
whether from the noncitizen in the form
of credible testimony or other evidence
or from government records relating to
the noncitizen’s circumstances at the
time of entry—at the time of the credible
fear screening. With respect to cases
where the existence of exceptionally
compelling circumstances at the time of
entry may be evaluated later in time, the
Departments similarly note that the rule
does not impose any requirement for the
type of evidence necessary to establish
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, and a noncitizen’s
testimony alone ‘‘may be sufficient to
sustain [their] burden without
corroboration’’ in a full merits hearing
in certain circumstances. INA
208(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Regarding commenter
concerns that noncitizens would have
difficulty demonstrating that they faced
an acute medical emergency at the time
of entry without medical documents,
the Departments expect that credible
testimony about the medical emergency
would generally be sufficient at the
credible fear stage, and the rule does not
require any specific type of evidence
related to the acute medical emergency.
See 89 FR at 48746 & n.239 (explaining
that credible testimony is sufficient in a
credible fear screening and that
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corroborating evidence is not required);
see also 88 FR at 31392 (discussing the
analogous acute medical emergency
rebuttal ground under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule).
Additionally, when conducting
credible fear interviews, AOs have an
obligation to elicit testimony relevant to
a noncitizen’s claim, which will
necessarily include any information
related to exceptionally compelling
circumstances.258 Moreover, during
credible fear reviews before IJs,
noncitizens have an opportunity to be
heard and to be questioned by the IJ.
INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III). During section 240
removal proceedings, IJs also must
develop the record, which will, as
relevant, necessarily include facts and
testimony pertaining to exceptionally
compelling circumstances. See INA
240(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(1) (‘‘[IJs]
shall administer oaths, receive evidence,
and interrogate, examine, and crossexamine the [noncitizen] and any
witnesses.’’); 8 CFR 1003.10(b) (same);
see also Quintero v. Garland, 998 F.3d
612, 626 (4th Cir. 2021).
Finally, the Departments disagree
with the assertion that there is
insufficient guidance regarding making
a finding related to exceptionally
compelling circumstances. The rule
clearly sets forth both the standard for
the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception and the
process for evaluating the limitation on
asylum eligibility during credible fear
determinations. See 8 CFR 208.35(a),
(b), 1208.35(a), (b). Additionally, AOs
must receive training on application of
the limitation on asylum eligibility and
the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception before any
AO can interview a noncitizen where
the limitation on asylum eligibility
applies, or any supervisory AO can
review such a case. Further, the
Departments have experience in
applying the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ standard in the context
of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule. See 89 FR at 48733
(explaining that the exception mirrors
the rebuttal circumstances adopted in
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule and is intended to apply to the
same circumstances); see also 88 FR at
31380, 31390–93 (explaining the
standard for establishing and procedure
for evaluating analogous rebuttal
258 See, e.g., USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Interviewing—Eliciting Testimony 11
(Apr. 24, 2024) (‘‘In cases requiring an interview,
although the burden is on the applicant to establish
eligibility, equally important is your obligation to
elicit all pertinent information.’’).
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grounds under the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule). The
Departments also now have several
months of experience implementing the
IFR, and implementation itself yields
valuable information on continued
operation of its provisions. See supra
Section II.A.2.
Comment: Commenters raised
concerns that the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception
does not provide adequate protection for
vulnerable groups. Specifically,
commenters alleged that the exceptions
are insufficient to protect vulnerable
groups who face a disproportionate risk
of harm in Mexico, including LGBTQI+
noncitizens, Black and Indigenous
noncitizens, women, and children,
among others. Commenters observed
that some such noncitizens, and
particularly those without access to
legal representation, may not
understand the intricacies of the IFR or
the requirements to establish an
exception. Further, commenters stated
that the complicated exceptions will
contribute to confusion among and
disparate treatment of such noncitizens,
making them vulnerable to smugglers
and undermining the Departments’ goal
of orderly processing at the SWB.
Response: For general discussion
regarding concerns related to specific
vulnerable populations, please see
Section III.B.2.a.iii of this preamble.
With regard to the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception
and vulnerable populations specifically,
the Departments believe that the
exception provides sufficient protection
for such populations. The exception
focuses on relevant personal facts and
circumstances within the noncitizen’s
knowledge relating to potential harm
they faced immediately preceding their
entry into the United States. See 89 FR
at 48747–48. To determine whether the
exception applies, the AO questions the
noncitizen regarding the circumstances
of their entry into the United States,
which does not require any particular
legal knowledge by the noncitizen.
Further, the Departments disagree that
the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ provision will make
noncitizens more vulnerable to
smugglers due to confusion about the
rule. As the Departments explained in
the IFR, 89 FR at 48733, the exception
for exceptionally compelling
circumstances was drafted to mirror the
rebuttal grounds in the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule, which the
Departments believe will help reduce
any confusion among noncitizens or
adjudicators. Moreover, the
Departments believe that, overall, this
rule is a key measure to combat illegal
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smuggling activity by drastically
reducing incentives for noncitizens
without a lawful basis to remain in the
United States to rely on smugglers for
entry into the United States. See 89 FR
at 48714–15 (explaining how the rule is
necessary to combat illegal smuggling
activity), id. at 48766. The
‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception is an
important provision of this rule because
it appropriately balances the essential
need to use resources effectively during
emergency border circumstances with
consideration of whether a noncitizen or
family member with whom they are
traveling is specifically vulnerable to
immediate harm and has entered the
United States during emergency border
circumstances due to serious and urgent
needs to do so. See 89 FR at 48754.
Comment: Commenters stated that the
exception to the IFR was subjective,
highly discretionary, and insufficient to
ensure individuals were not refouled.
Commenters also expressed concern
that the enumerated per se
exceptionally compelling circumstances
require a subjective assessment of the
degree and temporal nature of the needs
and threats faced by noncitizens at the
time of entry, which commenters allege
is inconsistent with the right to seek
asylum and the principle of nonrefoulement.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception is overly
subjective or affords too much
discretion to AOs and IJs, as the
Departments are confident in AOs’ and
IJs’ ability to fairly and accurately apply
the exception. AOs and IJs have
significant training and experience in
eliciting testimony and applying legal
standards in immigration proceedings.
See, e.g., 89 FR at 48747 (noting that
AOs and IJs have the training and
experience necessary to elicit
information required to determine
whether a case meets the necessary
requirements); 8 CFR 1003.10(b)
(requiring IJs to ‘‘seek to resolve the
questions before them in a timely and
impartial manner consistent with the
[INA] and regulations’’).
Further, to the extent a noncitizen has
concerns with an AO’s determination,
all credible fear determinations undergo
supervisory review to ensure
consistency. 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8).
Noncitizens may also request IJ review
of negative credible fear determinations.
8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(v). Moreover, if the
limitation on asylum eligibility is
applied to a noncitizen in section 240
removal proceedings, IJ determinations
are subject to review by the BIA. 8 CFR
1003.1(b)(3).
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With regard to concerns about
potential refoulement, the Departments
note that, even in those cases where a
noncitizen is unable to establish
exceptionally compelling circumstances
and is subject to the limitation on
asylum eligibility, the noncitizen
remains eligible to pursue statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, which implement the United
States’ non-refoulement obligations. See
8 CFR 208.35(b)(2); 8 CFR
1208.35(b)(2)(iii). For additional
discussion regarding the United States’
non-refoulement obligations, please see
Sections III.A.1.a and III.A.1.d of this
preamble.
Comment: Commenters noted that the
per se exceptionally compelling
circumstances mirror the rebuttal
grounds established in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule;
some commenters incorporated their
previous objections to that rule,
concerning the per se exceptionally
compelling circumstances, into
comments submitted in response to this
IFR.
Response: Commenters correctly
assert that the per se exceptionally
compelling circumstances mirror the
rebuttal grounds in the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule. See 89 FR at
48733. To the extent that commenters
stated that they were incorporating their
previous comments submitted in
response to the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways NPRM, the
Departments responded to those
comments as part of the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rulemaking, and
commenters are encouraged to refer to
that rule for the Departments’ responses.
See, e.g., 88 FR at 31390–95 (responding
to commenter concerns related to the
grounds for rebutting the presumption
of asylum ineligibility under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule).
Comment: Commenters alleged that
the ‘‘imminent and extreme threat to life
and safety’’ exception is inadequate and
illusory, claiming that CBP officers
would, in practice, turn away
noncitizens who could otherwise
establish such threats. For example,
commenters provided anecdotal reports
of women being turned away from POEs
after CBP officers determined that their
accounts of being sexually assaulted and
raped in Mexico did not fall within an
exception.
Commenters also stated that the
exception incentivizes noncitizens to
wait in Mexico until they are subject to
harm or violence before seeking
protection. Further, commenters were
concerned that the IFR included a per
se exception for forward-looking threats,
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but not for being a survivor of ‘‘recent
and severe forms of violence.’’
Commenters stated that such survivors
have a significant need for protection to
mitigate past harm and to prevent
further harm.
Commenters also noted that, in
responding to comments about the
analogous rebuttal ground in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
the Departments explicitly stated that
generalized threats of violence,
membership in a particularly vulnerable
group, and dangerous country
conditions will not rise to the level of
an ‘‘imminent and extreme threat to life
and safety,’’ which commenters
believed was overly limiting.
Commenters further recommended
broadening the per se exceptionally
compelling circumstances, so that
‘‘acute medical emergencies’’ includes
non-medical and non-life-threatening
medical needs; and ‘‘imminent and
extreme threats to life or safety’’
includes threats to life or safety that
may not necessarily be ‘‘imminent’’ or
‘‘extreme.’’ Commenters further stated
that the grounds for rebutting the
presumption of asylum ineligibility
contained within the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule have been
interpreted narrowly, resulting in
noncitizens wrongfully being unable to
rebut the presumption, not receiving a
full adjudication of their claims, and
ultimately being ordered removed.
Commenters also urged the Departments
to ensure that these per se exceptionally
compelling circumstances encompass
the medical risks and harms reported by
asylum seekers while waiting in
Mexico.
Response: The Departments decline to
amend the list of per se exceptionally
compelling circumstances established in
the rule. The per se circumstances
contained in the rule—acute medical
emergencies, imminent and extreme
threats to life or safety, or being a victim
of severe trafficking in persons—are
intended to capture noncitizens with a
time-sensitive imperative for entering
the United States to avoid immediate,
serious harm. See 89 FR at 48732 n.171.
Broadening these per se circumstances
further would undermine the goal of
this rule: to address the significant
strain on the United States’ immigration
system during emergency border
circumstances. See 89 FR at 48726–31
(‘‘Need for These Measures’’).
Likewise, requiring a situationspecific analysis of potential harm to the
noncitizen is necessary to limit the
‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception to only those
noncitizens who truly require entry to
the United States to avoid putting their
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life or well-being at extreme risk.
Allowing, for example, concern about
generalized violence to establish an
imminent and extreme threat to life or
safety would be purely speculative as to
an individual noncitizen, and further
undermine the objectives of the rule.
However, in requiring specific evidence
of potential harm, the Departments note
that more generalized evidence, such as
membership in a particularly vulnerable
group, ‘‘may be a relevant factor in
assessing the extremity and immediacy
of the threats faced at the time of entry.’’
88 FR at 31393.
Additionally, the Departments
disagree that the parallel rebuttal
grounds in the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule have been interpreted too
narrowly, and therefore, that the per se
exceptions should be expanded in this
rule. Departmental data show that,
during the immediate post-pandemic
period, over 10 percent of noncitizens
subject to the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule’s rebuttable presumption
of asylum ineligibility were able to rebut
the presumption during USCIS credible
fear interviews.259 This indicates that
those rebuttal grounds were
meaningfully available to noncitizens,
and the Departments note that
Departmental data show that the
parallel exceptions in this rule are being
similarly applied. Since the IFR went
into effect through August 31, 2024,
USCIS determined that there was a
significant possibility the noncitizen
could demonstrate an ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception to
the limitation on asylum eligibility in
over 2,200 cases—approximately 11
percent of credible fear interviews
completed by USCIS that were subject
to the IFR during that period.260
With regard to consideration of past
harm, the Departments note that, to the
extent a noncitizen suffered harm
immediately preceding their entry into
the United States, such harm can be
relevant to whether the noncitizen faces
further imminent and extreme harm or
threats to their life or safety, and
adjudicators could consider such
immediate, past harm as relevant to
making an ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ determination.
The Departments also disagree with
commenters’ assertions that the
imminent and extreme threat to life or
safety exception incentivizes
noncitizens to wait in another country
until they are harmed to then seek an
259 See OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data (Fear Screening—CLP tab).
260 See OHHS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (Fear Screening—STB
tab).
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exception under the rule. To the extent
that waiting in another country could
increase the risk of potential harm, the
Departments note that noncitizens need
not have actually been harmed or show
that the feared harm was certain to
occur to demonstrate exceptionally
compelling circumstances. Rather, the
rule states that those who demonstrate
that they or a member of their family as
defined in 8 CFR 208.30(c) with whom
they are traveling ‘‘[f]aced an imminent
and extreme threat to life and safety,
such as an imminent threat of rape,
kidnapping, torture, or murder’’ shall
have demonstrated exceptionally
compelling circumstances. 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i)(B), (ii),
1208.35(a)(2)(i)(B), (ii). Therefore, this
exception is intended to balance the
emergency border circumstances
necessitating implementation of the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
with recognition that there may be
noncitizens with a specific, timesensitive safety imperative for entering
the United States during times where
DHS’s resource capacity to process
noncitizens at the border is
overwhelmed.
Finally, more generally, the
Departments also clarify that CBP
officers do not apply this rule’s
‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception during initial
border encounters, although they do
implement the Proclamation’s
suspension and limitation on entry.
Rather, the exception—and this rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility more
broadly—is applied during credible fear
screenings before USCIS, once a
noncitizen has manifested a fear of
return or expressed an intention to
apply for asylum or other protection and
is placed in the expedited removal
process. See 8 CFR 208.35(b)
(‘‘Application in credible fear
determinations.’’).
Comment: Commenters stated that the
enumerated ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception for victims of
a severe form of trafficking in persons is
inadequate and that this rule imposes an
impossible evidentiary hurdle on
trafficking survivors. For example,
commenters said that not all victims of
a severe form of trafficking have proof
of such crimes and, during initial fear
screenings, AOs do not ask specific
questions about trafficking history.
Commenters also stated that the
trafficking exception should be
expanded to encompass both
noncitizens who may be at risk of
trafficking and noncitizens at risk of or
who have experienced trafficking,
regardless of the degree of severity of
the trafficking.
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Response: The Departments disagree
that the existing ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception
for trafficking victims should be further
amended. First, pursuant to section
3(b)(iv) of the Proclamation, noncitizens
who are determined to be ‘‘a victim of
a severe form of trafficking in persons’’
as defined in 22 U.S.C. 7102(16) are
excepted from the Proclamation’s
suspension and limitation on entry and,
therefore, are not subject to the IFR’s
limitation on asylum eligibility. 8 CFR
208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1) (providing
that the limitation on asylum eligibility
only applies to a noncitizen described
in 8 CFR 1208.13(g) ‘‘and who is not
described in section 3(b) of the
Presidential Proclamation of June 3,
2024’’); 89 FR at 48733 n.172.
Nonetheless, as explained by the
Departments in the IFR, the
Departments have retained the per se
‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception for human
trafficking victims to avoid confusion
and to ensure that the exceptions in this
rule continue to mirror the rebuttal
grounds adopted by the Departments in
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule. 89 FR at 48733 n.172. Under the
rule’s exception for victims of human
trafficking, both a noncitizen and any
family members as defined in 8 CFR
208.30(c) with whom the noncitizen is
traveling are excepted from the
limitation on asylum eligibility if, at the
time of entry, the noncitizen or family
member satisfied the definition of
‘‘victim of a severe form of trafficking in
persons’’ provided in 8 CFR 214.201. 8
CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i)(C),
1208.35(a)(2)(i)(C); 89 FR at 48733.
The Departments disagree that this
rule creates an insurmountable
evidentiary burden for trafficking
survivors. While the Departments
recognize that victims of trafficking
often do not possess written or
documentary evidence of their
trafficking, the rule does not impose any
requirements about the type of evidence
a noncitizen must submit to establish
exceptionally compelling
circumstances. Indeed, during the
credible fear screening process, AOs or
IJs elicit testimony from noncitizens,
and written statements or other
documentation are not required. See 89
FR at 48746 n.239.
Regarding concerns that noncitizens
will not be asked specific questions
about any history involving trafficking,
the Departments note that those
concerns are unfounded because
interview guides specifically designed
for credible fear interviews pursuant to
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule and the IFR instruct AOs to ask
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questions related to trafficking where
they are relevant to the credible fear
determination, including where either
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s presumption of asylum
ineligibility or the IFR’s limitation on
asylum eligibility applies. In such cases,
AOs are instructed to elicit testimony
related to potential ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ rebuttal
grounds (in the case of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule)
or the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception (in the case of
the IFR), including the exceptionally
compelling circumstance of the
noncitizen or an accompanying family
member satisfying the definition of a
victim of severe form of trafficking in
persons pursuant to 8 CFR
208.33(a)(3)(i)(C) and 208.35(a)(2)(i)(C).
See 8 CFR 208.30(d). AOs receive
extensive training in not only
substantive law and procedure but in
identifying and interviewing vulnerable
noncitizens, including victims of
trafficking.261 Further, for merits
adjudications, AOs and IJs receive
training 262 and have experience in
evaluating credibility and evidence,
even in the absence of other
documentation, and a noncitizen’s
testimony alone ‘‘may be sufficient to
sustain [their] burden without
corroboration’’ in certain circumstances.
INA 208(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). The Departments are
therefore confident in AOs’ and IJs’
ability to elicit relevant information
from victims of trafficking and
appropriately evaluate whether the
noncitizen established exceptionally
compelling circumstances.
Finally, the Departments believe that,
as drafted, both section 3(b)(iv) of the
June 3 Proclamation and the rule itself,
which provides that being a victim of a
261 See USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Detecting Possible Victims of Trafficking
(Apr. 24, 2024)
262 See USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Decision Making (Apr. 24, 2024); 8 CFR
1003.0(b)(1)(vii) (EOIR Director’s authority to
‘‘[p]rovide for comprehensive, continuing training
and support’’ for IJs); 8 CFR 1003.9(b)(1) and (2)
(Chief IJ’s authority to issue ‘‘procedural
instructions regarding the implementation of new
statutory or regulatory authorities’’ and ‘‘[p]rovide
for appropriate training of the [IJs] . . . on the
conduct of their powers and duties’’); EOIR, Legal
Education and Research Services Division (Jan. 3,
2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/legal-educationand-research-services-division (‘‘[LERS] develops
and coordinates headquarters and nationwide
substantive legal training and professional
development for new and experienced judges,
attorneys, and others within EOIR who are directly
involved in EOIR’s adjudicative functions. LERS
regularly distributes new information within EOIR
that includes relevant legal developments and
policy changes from U.S. government entities and
international organizations.’’).
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severe form of trafficking in persons is
a per se exceptionally compelling
circumstance, provide sufficient
protections for victims of trafficking.
The Departments decline to expand this
exceptionally compelling circumstance
to trafficking victims who do not rise to
the level of being victims of ‘‘severe
forms of trafficking in persons.’’ This is
a statutorily defined term 263 which
includes ‘‘sex trafficking in which a
commercial sex act is induced by force,
fraud, or coercion, or in which the
person induced to perform such act has
not attained 18 years of age’’ and ‘‘the
recruitment, harboring, transportation,
provision, or obtaining of a person for
labor or services, through the use of
force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose
of subjection to involuntary servitude,
peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.’’ 22
U.S.C. 7102(11). The Departments find
that this statutory definition sufficiently
encompasses noncitizens who have
experienced exceptionally compelling
circumstances that should except them
from the limitation on asylum
eligibility. This definition has long been
employed in the immigration context,
see, e.g., INA 101(a)(15)(T)(i)(I), 8 U.S.C.
1101(a)(15)(T)(i)(I) (T nonimmigrant
status for victims of severe forms of
trafficking in persons); INA 212(a)(2)(H),
8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)(H) (ground of
inadmissibility for those who engage in
severe forms of trafficking), with which
AOs and IJs are familiar, and
commenters have not offered a
persuasive reason for deviating from
this well-established definition.
Exceptionally compelling circumstances
are intended to be narrow and preserved
only for those who would generally be
subject to the limitation, but present
with the most urgent and immediate
need to enter without a CBP One
appointment or between POEs during
times when the border system is
overwhelmed. That said, noncitizens
who do not satisfy the existing
exception for trafficking victims (or
other exceptionally compelling
circumstances enumerated in the rule)
may still seek to establish exceptionally
compelling circumstances for another
reason, and officers will evaluate every
case based on its individual facts and
circumstances.
Comment: Commenters asserted that
the IFR did not provide sufficient clarity
about the procedures for noncitizens to
263 The provisions at 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i)(C) and
1208.35(a)(2)(i)(C) reference the definition of
‘‘victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons’’
in 8 CFR 214.201, and that regulatory provision
references relevant statutory definitions, including
definitions found at 22 U.S.C. 7102. See 8 CFR
214.201.
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seek an exception to the IFR’s limitation
on asylum eligibility.
First, commenters stated that access to
the IFR’s exceptions requires physical
access to U.S. immigration authorities at
POEs but alleged that there are many
factors that impede such physical
access, including security agents on the
Mexican side of the border restricting
access to POEs. Commenters asserted
that such impediments to physically
accessing U.S. immigration authorities
undermine the IFR’s exceptions and
prevent noncitizens who may satisfy an
exception from accessing protection.
Commenters also stated that it is unclear
how the rule and Proclamation together
impact access to POEs. Accordingly,
commenters requested that the
Departments establish clear, transparent
procedures to guarantee that noncitizens
seeking to establish an exception from
the limitation on asylum eligibility can
physically access U.S. immigration
officials.
Response: The Departments believe
that the IFR adequately explains the
exception to the limitation on asylum
eligibility for noncitizens who establish
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, including the process by
which AOs and IJs will evaluate
whether a noncitizen has satisfied the
exception. See 89 FR at 48732–33.
Regarding commenters’ concerns related
to noncitizens’ ability to physically
access U.S. immigration authorities, the
Departments note that nothing in the
IFR physically impedes a noncitizen
from accessing U.S. immigration
authorities and that insofar as these
comments concern CBP’s
implementation of the Proclamation,
they are outside the scope of this
rulemaking, as are concerns about
conduct by individuals outside of the
United States who are not U.S.
immigration authorities—for example,
on the Mexican side of the border. Cf.
89 FR at 48732 n.169 (explaining that
‘‘[w]hen it comes to determining the
applicability of the Proclamation, CBP
immigration officers, who first
encounter noncitizens when they enter
or attempt to enter, must determine
whether a noncitizen is subject to the
Proclamation under section 3(a),
including whether the noncitizen is
excluded from the suspension and
limitation on entry under section 3(b)’’).
Comment: Commenters recommended
that the Departments exclude
noncitizens who present at a POE from
the IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility, and instead limit application
of any restrictions to those who cross
irregularly, in order to guarantee access
to border processing for noncitizens
who present at a POE.
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Response: The Departments decline to
adopt an exception to the limitation on
asylum eligibility for all noncitizens
who present at a POE. As the
Departments explained in the IFR, in
the absence of congressional action, the
changes made by this rule are intended
to improve the Departments’ ability to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences to noncitizens who do not
have a legal basis to remain in the
United States, and the Departments
expect that the limitation on asylum
eligibility will encourage noncitizens to
present at a POE pursuant to an
appointment, pursue another lawful
pathway, or decline to journey to the
United States at all. See 89 FR at 48715;
id. at 48730–31. The Departments have
determined that excepting all
noncitizens who present at a POE would
undermine these objectives and
undermine processes designed to
manage border inflows at POEs. See,
e.g., 88 FR at 31318 (noting that the
‘‘ability to schedule a time and place to
arrive at POEs and the availability of
other orderly and lawful pathways’’ are
designed to, among other things,
‘‘protect against an unmanageable flow
of migrants arriving at the SWB’’).
Comment: Commenters questioned
why the IFR’s exceptions do not fully
align with the exceptions available
under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule. In particular,
commenters stated that the IFR does not
provide an exception for technological
failure of the CBP One app or for
noncitizens who are unable to use the
CBP One app due to illiteracy, a
language barrier, a disability, or an
inability to afford a smartphone or data
plan. Noting ongoing technical and
accessibility issues with the CBP One
app, commenters urged the Departments
to adopt an exception to the limitation
on asylum eligibility for all
noncitizens—whether they present at a
POE or cross between POEs—who: (1)
are unable to use the CBP One app due
to accessibility issues with the app
itself; (2) are unable to use the CBP One
app due to illiteracy, disabilities, not
speaking a language in which the CBP
One app is provided, lack of knowledge
about the existence of the CBP One app,
or a lack of resources or other
difficulties; or (3) fail to secure
appointments after multiple attempts.
Additionally, commenters noted that
the IFR does not contain an exception
for being denied asylum in a country
through which the noncitizen transited.
Commenters stated that the Departments
failed to provide a justification or
explanation for eliminating such
exceptions under the IFR and alleged
that it is arbitrary for the Departments
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to include such exceptions under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
but not under the IFR.
Commenters also asserted that the
inconsistencies between the exceptions
available under the IFR and the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
will create confusion for all parties, as
it is unclear which rule will apply when
emergency border circumstances are in
effect.
Response: The Departments decline to
add any additional exceptions to the
limitation on asylum eligibility and
disagree with commenters’ assertions
that the Departments did not provide
adequate justifications for why the rule
does not contain exceptions for an
inability to access or use the CBP One
app or being denied asylum in a transit
country.
The Departments explained in the IFR
that they were not adopting these
exceptions from the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule because, unlike
that rule, this rule only applies during
emergency border circumstances, when
the number of encounters strains the
capacity of immigration and border
security systems. 89 FR at 48732 n.171.
Because of this rule’s focus on
emergency border circumstances, the
Departments have determined that the
rule’s exceptions should be limited to
noncitizens ‘‘with a time-sensitive
imperative’’ to enter the United States.
Id. For example, the rule focuses its
exception for exceptionally compelling
circumstances on noncitizens who
require immediate entry into the United
States, due to medical emergencies or
imminent and extreme threats to life or
safety, among other reasons. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i). The
Departments have explained above why
they have not included in the IFR and
this rule the exception for difficulty
using the CBP One app and refer readers
to that discussion.
Similarly, and as explained in the
IFR, the Departments did not include
and are not adding an exception for
noncitizens who received a final
decision denying asylum in a country
through which they transited because
this rule serves a different purpose than
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule. 89 FR at 48732 n.171. While the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
sought to encourage noncitizens to seek
protection in other countries, this rule is
focused on deterring irregular migration
and speeding up the border process
during emergency border circumstances,
when the immigration system is
experiencing extreme and enduring
strains. Id. Accordingly, the
Departments believe that limiting
exceptions to those noncitizens who
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have the most immediate and urgent
need to present at or cross the U.S.
border is imperative. See id.
Importantly, however, noncitizens who
were denied protection in another
country remain eligible to apply for
asylum if they ‘‘enter pursuant to an
appointment, meet another exception to
the Proclamation, or establish
exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ under this rule. Id.
The Departments also disagree that
omission of these exceptions will create
confusion. The Departments clarify that
both this rule and the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule are applied
during credible fear screenings when
emergency border circumstances are in
effect. If it is determined that this rule
does not apply, AOs and IJs will then
consider the noncitizen’s claim through
the now familiar Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, which has been
in effect for over a year. Given the
Departments’ experience in
implementing the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, the Departments
are confident in adjudicators’ ability to
implement this rule, which is similar in
structure to the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, and to apply this
rule’s ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception, which
mirrors the rebuttal grounds in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
See 89 FR at 48739. If the noncitizen
establishes exceptionally compelling
circumstances under this rule pursuant
to 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i) or 8 CFR
1208.35(a)(2)(i), they will also have
established exceptionally compelling
circumstances under the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule. 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(iii), 1208.35(a)(2)(iii).
However, adjudication of the additional
exceptions in Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways are unlikely to be dispositive
in cases where both this rule and the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
apply, because if the noncitizen does
not meet the exception to this rule, this
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
will apply.
c. Implementation by CBP Officers
Comment: A few commenters
expressed concern that, unlike the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
in which AOs and IJs solely adjudicate
the application of its presumption of
asylum ineligibility and exceptions, the
application of the Proclamation and the
IFR are first adjudicated by CBP officers
at the limit line, resulting in at-risk
individuals and survivors of violence
being denied entry. Relatedly,
commenters stated that although the IFR
allows CBP officials at POEs to assess
whether a noncitizen qualifies for an
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exception, it is unclear what guidance
or training has been provided to those
officials to ensure fair determinations or
whether there is a mechanism for
noncitizens to be screened for
application of the bar when they
approach a POE. A commenter noted
that it is difficult to understand from the
IFR how CBP will determine whether
noncitizens are subject to the rule and
how the rule and Proclamation would
impact access to POEs and CBP
conduct. Another commenter similarly
stated that it is unclear whether the
Departments would equip CBP officers
or noncitizens to navigate the changes
under the Proclamation and IFR,
including in circumstances where the
applicable legal standards could change
within short windows of time,
depending on whether crossing
thresholds are being met.
Response: Comments relating to the
implementation of the Proclamation
itself are outside the scope of this rule,
which applies a separate limitation on
asylum eligibility. Additionally, to the
extent that commenters expressed
concern about CBP officials assessing
whether a noncitizen qualifies for a
regulatory exception to the limitation on
asylum eligibility, commenters
misunderstand the operation of the IFR.
CBP officials may determine whether an
exception to the June 3 Proclamation
applies to a particular noncitizen, but
do not apply the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility and its exception.
Rather, it is AOs and IJs, during credible
fear screenings and reviews, who must
determine ‘‘whether there is a
significant possibility that the
noncitizen would be able to establish by
a preponderance of the evidence that
they were not subject to the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility or that
they will be able to establish by a
preponderance of the evidence
exceptionally compelling
circumstances.’’ 89 FR at 48739; see also
8 CFR 208.35(b), 1208.35(b). AOs and
IJs—not CBP officials—will thus be
evaluating whether the limitation on
asylum eligibility applies and whether a
noncitizen has established a regulatory
exception. See 8 CFR 208.35(b)(1); 8
CFR 1208.35(a), (b).
d. Application of the Limitation on
Asylum Eligibility in Proceedings
Before EOIR
Comment: Commenters stated broad
concerns with the credible fear review
process in general, including concerns
over whether there are adequate
opportunities to present supplementary
evidence and testimony, questions over
whether IJ review is truly de novo,
concerns that IJs do not appropriately
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weigh evidence in the record, and
concerns that the outcome of credible
fear reviews is dependent upon the IJ
considering the case, rather than the
strength of the claim.
Commenters also objected to the IFR’s
provision that would require
noncitizens to affirmatively request IJ
review of a negative credible fear
determination. Commenters stated that
this affirmative request requirement
removes an important safeguard
intended to minimize the risk of
refoulement, with particular harm to the
most vulnerable noncitizens.
Commenters explained that, given the
frequency of IJs reversing negative
credible fear findings, IJ review is a
necessary procedural protection for the
integrity of the asylum screening
process, especially since the IFR’s
changes may lead to erroneous
decisions by AOs. Moreover,
commenters stated that requiring
noncitizens to affirmatively request
review is especially problematic when
combined with the other changes in the
IFR, namely the limited opportunity to
access counsel and the heightened
standards of proof for pre-screening
interviews. Commenters stated that
there must be an opportunity for IJ
review of negative fear determinations
to be considered an effective remedy
under international law.
Commenters also stated there are a
multitude of reasons why a noncitizen
may fail to request IJ review. For
example, a noncitizen may fail to
request IJ review due to mental health
conditions, language barriers, trauma, or
because they are not adequately
informed of the procedure for requesting
review. Similarly, one commenter stated
that requiring noncitizens to
affirmatively request review mirrors the
Global Asylum Final Rule, 85 FR 80274,
which the Departments later reversed in
a subsequent rulemaking, see
Procedures for Credible Fear Screening
and Consideration of Asylum,
Withholding of Removal, and CAT
Protection Claims by Asylum Officers,
87 FR 18078 (Mar. 29, 2022) (‘‘Asylum
Processing IFR’’), citing fairness
concerns and noting that treating a
failure to elect review as a request for
review better accounts for the range of
explanations for a noncitizen’s failure to
seek review.
Commenters supported the IFR’s
requirement that DHS inform
noncitizens of the procedure to request
review and recommended that such
information be provided both verbally
and in writing in a language that the
noncitizen understands. However,
commenters said that noncitizens may
find the concept of an IJ review hearing
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confusing, and requiring noncitizens to
request review may unfairly punish
noncitizens for their confusion.
Response: To the extent that
commenters raise concerns about the
credible fear review process in general,
such concerns are outside the scope of
this rulemaking, which is focused only
on the credible fear review process for
noncitizens who are subject to this rule.
As to concerns about credible fear
review under this rule, the Departments
emphasize that, although the rule
requires noncitizens to affirmatively
request review of a negative credible
fear determination, the statutory right to
IJ review remains available. See INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III); 8 CFR 208.30(g),
1208.30(g)(2). The Departments will
continue to seek to ensure noncitizens
are aware of the right to IJ review and
the consequences of failure to
affirmatively request such review. See,
e.g., 88 FR at 11747. Specifically, if an
AO enters a negative credible fear
determination, the AO will provide the
noncitizen with a written notice of
decision and inquire whether the
noncitizen wishes to have an IJ review
the negative credible fear determination.
8 CFR 208.35(b)(1)(i), (2)(iii). Thus,
contrary to commenters’ concerns, this
safeguard remains in place and the
Departments believe that such notice
sufficiently ensures that noncitizens
who desire IJ review of negative credible
fear determinations can elect it under
this rule.
As explained in the analogous
provision introduced in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
to ensure that the noncitizens
referenced by commenters—including
noncitizens with mental health
conditions, those who have suffered
trauma, or those who are unable to read
or speak English—understand what
review is available to them, DHS
provides explanations to noncitizens ‘‘to
make clear to noncitizens that the
failure to affirmatively request review
will be deemed a waiver of the right to
seek such review.’’ 88 FR at 11747.
These explanations are provided by
trained asylum office staff through an
interpreter in a language understood by
the noncitizen. As a result, the
Departments believe it is reasonable to
conclude that noncitizens who do not
request IJ review after receiving
sufficient notice, see id., and the
enhanced explanations described above,
can be fairly processed as if they have
declined to seek additional IJ review.
See 88 FR at 11747.
Moreover, the Departments previously
acknowledged in the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule that ‘‘the
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procedure for IJ review of negative
credible fear determinations . . .
differ[ed] from the credible fear review
procedures implemented by the Asylum
Processing IFR.’’ 88 FR at 31423 (citing
88 FR at 11744). There, the Departments
explained that ‘‘‘the need for expedition
under the current and anticipated
exigent circumstances’ weigh[ed] in
favor of requiring noncitizens to
affirmatively request IJ review of a
negative credible fear determination.’’
Id.
Following this reasoning, the
Departments believe that this
requirement that noncitizens
affirmatively request IJ review of
negative credible fear determinations
continues to be necessary during times
of emergency border circumstances,
despite other measures to address the
exceptionally high levels of irregular
migration along the southern border,
including the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule. See 89 FR at 48712–13
(listing measures). This rule has been
adopted to address emergency border
circumstances, times where the
Departments’ limited resources are
under maximum strain to the point
where border security and immigration
systems are experiencing serious
operative impacts and further fueling
more lasting effects of a backlogged
system. Accordingly, the Departments
believe requiring noncitizens to
affirmatively request IJ review of
credible fear determinations will help
ensure that such reviews take place only
for those who desire such review. The
alternatives suggested by commenters
risk extending such review to those not
actually interested in IJ review, thereby
unnecessarily expending valuable
adjudicatory capacity during a time
when such resources are not available.
As to requests to provide information
about review procedures verbally and in
writing in a language that the noncitizen
understands, noncitizens receive that
information in writing (via a written
English document), and noncitizens
who do not speak English receive that
information verbally through a real-time
translation of the written document as
well. This approach satisfies the
Departments’ statutory obligations, see
INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv), and in DHS’s
judgment, provides adequate notice of
the ability to seek review. It is neither
required nor feasible to, in addition,
provide that information in written form
in all languages that may be spoken.
Comment: Commenters stated that the
same complexity concerns about the IFR
raised by commenters in the credible
fear context will apply to removal
proceedings before IJs. For example,
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commenters stated that determinations
as to the timing and applicability of
emergency border circumstances,
including determining whether
emergency circumstances were in effect
on the noncitizen’s dates of entry,
whether to apply this rule versus the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
and whether exceptionally compelling
circumstances apply, would only lead to
longer, more complex removal
proceedings, and an inefficient focus on
inquiries having no bearing on the
merits of the protection claim in an
already backlogged immigration court
system. Commenters said that
proceedings could be prolonged due to
a potential rise in the numbers of
motions to reopen or reconsider and
appeals to the BIA or Federal courts
challenging application of the rule,
among other reasons.
Commenters stated that these
determinations will be especially
complex for noncitizens who enter
without inspection (‘‘EWI’’).
Commenters explained that it is unclear
how the Departments will accurately
determine whether this rule applies,
especially when few people who EWI
remember the exact date they crossed
the border and, regardless, will likely
not have evidence of the time of such
crossing. Therefore, commenters stated
that the rule will result in arbitrary IJ
decisions, because IJs will not be able to
determine whether the rule applies. As
a result, commenters suggest creating a
specific policy for noncitizens who EWI.
Response: The Departments disagree
with commenters’ concerns about the
complexity in applying this rule in
EOIR proceedings. To the contrary,
given the IJ’s role as the fact finder in
removal proceedings, IJs are wellequipped to make fact-based
determinations, such as dates of entry
and whether emergency border
circumstances were in effect on a
specific date. See, e.g., INA 240(b)(1), 8
U.S.C. 1229a(b)(1) (‘‘Authority of
immigration judge’’). For example,
regarding commenters’ concerns about
noncitizens who EWI, the Departments
note that IJs routinely make similar
entry timing determinations, such as
determining application of the one-year
filing deadline for asylum and
continuous physical presence for
cancellation of removal for certain
nonpermanent residents. INA
208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B) (oneyear time limit); INA 240A(b)(1)(A), 8
U.S.C. 1229b(b)(1)(A) (cancellation of
removal for certain nonpermanent
residents). Moreover, IJs have been
applying the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule since its effective date,
which similarly requires determining a
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noncitizen’s entry date. See 8 CFR
1208.33(a)(1)(i) (requiring determination
as to whether a noncitizen entered the
United States ‘‘[b]etween May 11, 2023,
and May 11, 2025’’).
Additionally, one change made by
this rule—requiring the 7-consecutivecalendar-day average to remain below
1,500 encounters between POEs for 28
consecutive calendar days before the 14day waiting period is triggered—will
further reduce complexity concerns by
reducing the probability that emergency
border circumstances will be
discontinued and then continued or
reactivated soon thereafter. This
requirement not only better ensures that
emergency border circumstances have
abated, but also mitigates potential
confusion in determining whether
emergency border circumstances were
in effect on a noncitizen’s date of entry.
Contrary to commenters’ concerns, this
rule’s provisions will not consistently
‘‘turn off’’ one day and ‘‘turn on’’ the
next day. Rather, when triggered, this
rule will be in effect for a more
sustained period of time, making it
easier for noncitizens and adjudicators
to determine the timing and
applicability of emergency border
circumstances. Lastly of note, at all
times since issuance of the June 3
Proclamation and publication of the
IFR, DHS has maintained a publicly
available record of the dates that a
suspension and limitation on entry is in
effect.264 This DHS-maintained record
will be available into the future, and the
Departments believe that it will serve as
an essential aid for IJs in determining
whether the provisions of the rule
should be applied based on a
noncitizen’s date of entry.
e. Family Unity Provisions
Comment: Commenters expressed
general support for the family unity
provisions in the IFR, stating that family
unity is a key principle in both
international and U.S. immigration law.
However, commenters also raised
concerns that the provisions were not
sufficient, and that family unity would
be better preserved by eliminating the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
altogether. For example, commenters
stated that the family unity provisions
are overly limiting, as they only benefit
noncitizens who are able to meet the
higher burden of proof for statutory
withholding of removal.
Commenters were also concerned that
the family unity provisions would
create unnecessary procedural hurdles
264 See DHS, Securing the Border: Presidential
Proclamation and Rule (Aug. 6, 2024), https://
www.dhs.gov/immigration laws.
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for families. For example, commenters
raised concerns that the family unity
provisions only apply to qualifying
family members who cannot
independently establish other
protection from removal. In doing so,
commenters also questioned what forms
of protection would qualify as ‘‘other
protection from removal’’ sufficient to
disqualify spouses or children from the
family unity provisions.
Commenters stated that this
requirement would result in ethical
dilemmas where families would need to
ensure that qualifying family members
do not independently qualify for
statutory withholding of removal so that
the family members can receive
derivative asylum relief under the
family unity provisions. Commenters
also claimed that this requirement
would require family members to obtain
separate counsel and sever proceedings,
which will cause unnecessary financial
hardship to the family and undue
burdens to the Government. Rather,
commenters recommended removing
altogether the requirement that
qualifying spouses or children not
independently qualify for relief.
Commenters also raised procedural
questions about how the family unity
provisions function where a noncitizen
is belatedly eligible for asylum under
the family unity provisions, but after
their spouse or child have undergone
their own immigration adjudications.
Response: The Departments agree
with commenters that keeping families
unified and avoiding family separation
is an important goal. Emergency border
circumstances necessitated
implementation of the IFR’s limitation
on asylum eligibility to better manage
border operations and substantially
improve the Departments’ ability to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences to noncitizens who lack a
lawful basis to remain in the United
States. See 89 FR at 48715.
Nevertheless, recognizing the
importance of family unity, the
Departments included a number of
provisions in the IFR to eliminate the
risk of family separation. For example,
the ‘‘exceptionally compelling
circumstances’’ exception applies to all
qualifying family members of the
noncitizen’s traveling party if the
noncitizen, or the noncitizen’s
qualifying family member with whom
the noncitizen is traveling, meets the
exception. See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i),
1208.35(a)(2)(i).
Similarly, the IFR made no changes to
the family unity provision, which
establishes an ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception
for noncitizens who can, among other
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requirements, establish eligibility for
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection and could have, but for
either the IFR’s limitation or
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
presumption, established eligibility for
asylum. See 8 CFR 208.35(c), 1208.35(c);
see also 88 FR at 11723–24 (explaining
that the parallel Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways family unity provision
is intended to treat ‘‘the possibility of
separating the family’’ as ‘‘an
exceptionally compelling circumstance’’
when the provision’s requirements are
met). This provision allows qualifying
noncitizens to pursue asylum, and its
allowance for derivative beneficiaries,
instead of statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection, with their
comparatively fewer benefits. See INA
208(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(3) (derivative
asylum status).
Importantly, these provisions are not
intended to serve as wholesale ‘‘family’’
exceptions to the IFR’s limitation on
asylum eligibility, which would
significantly reduce the effectiveness of
the limitation on asylum eligibility and
incentivize families to engage in
dangerous irregular migration to the
United States. See 89 FR at 48757
(explaining that ‘‘[e]xcepting all family
units that include minor children could
incentivize families who otherwise
would not make the dangerous journey
and cross unlawfully to do so’’). Rather,
the exceptionally compelling
circumstances family unity exceptions
help ensure that noncitizens who
qualify for the rule’s exception are not
separated from their qualifying spouses
or children while pursuing relief or
protection in the United States,
including, for example, through derivate
asylee status if granted relief, or through
removal of the family unit if denied.
With regard to commenter concerns
about qualifying spouses or children
obtaining their own independent relief
or protection, which would in turn
make the IFR’s family unity provisions
inapplicable, the Departments clarify
that the IFR’s family unity provisions
are intended as limited exceptions
solely to prevent potential family
separation due to the IFR’s limitation on
asylum eligibility. If qualifying spouses
or children obtain independent relief or
protection that allows them to remain in
the United States, then they will have
necessarily avoided the family
separation concerns underlying the
IFR’s family unity provisions. See, e.g.,
88 FR at 11724 (explaining that the
parallel Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways family unity provision is
intended to avoid family separation
where ‘‘at least one other family
member would not qualify for asylum or
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other protection from removal on their
own’’). The Departments further note
that asylum ‘‘or other protection’’ under
this family unity provision refers to
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection. See, e.g.,
Implementation of the 2022 Additional
Protocol to the 2002 U.S.-Canada
Agreement for Cooperation in the
Examination of Refugee Status Claims
From Nationals of Third Countries, 88
FR 18227 (Mar. 28, 2023) (noting that
‘‘asylum or other protection’’ refers to
claims ‘‘relating to a fear of persecution
or torture’’).
Additionally, to the extent that
commenters raised concerns over
qualifying spouses or children
independently receiving statutory
withholding of removal, with
comparatively fewer benefits than
asylum, the Departments note that
statutory withholding of removal
protects the qualifying spouse or child
from removal to a country where they
more likely than not would be
persecuted because of their race,
religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political
opinion. See INA 241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3)(A); INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre,
526 U.S. 415, 419 (1999); Stevic, 467
U.S. at 429–30; see also 8 CFR 208.16,
1208.16. Moreover, if noncitizen
families wish to pursue asylum relief
specifically, the IFR and the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
are designed to encourage noncitizens to
make an appointment to present at the
SWB or take advantage of other lawful
migration pathways. See 89 FR at
48730–31.
Relatedly, the Departments do not
share commenters’ concerns about
potential ethical dilemmas faced by
representatives related to pursuing
independent relief for family members
due to the family unity provisions.
Representatives must be truthful to the
court in presenting the record facts and
will either be able to zealously advocate
on behalf of all of their clients where the
family members’ interests present no
conflict, or counsel can withdraw from
such representation if they believe they
cannot advocate for each client’s
interests equally. See 8 CFR 1003.102
(acknowledging that practitioners who
appear before EOIR have a duty to
zealously represent their clients ‘‘within
the bounds of the law’’); see also 8 CFR
1003.102(c) (setting forth that a
practitioner may face disciplinary
sanctions for ‘‘[k]nowingly or with
reckless disregard’’ making a false
statement of material fact or law).
Further, this rule does not impact
EOIR’s existing procedures for
consolidating or severing cases, which
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81231
has always involved parties making
assessments and strategic decisions on
how best to proceed with their cases.
See Immigration Court Practice Manual
ch 4.21 (setting forth procedures for
combining and severing cases). Prior to
this rule, family units have been able to
seek asylum and related forms of
protection in consolidated proceedings,
and family units are always permitted to
sever their proceedings if they so
choose, including for strategic reasons
based on their own assessment about
the strength of their individual claims.
Id. Thus, the Departments disagree that
the rule will meaningfully impact
noncitizens choosing to sever their cases
from those of their families in the way
that commenters claim, especially given
the family unity provisions included in
the IFR and maintained in this final
rule.
Lastly, with regard to procedural
timing concerns in applying the family
unity provisions, the Departments
clarify that the family unity provisions
only apply to qualifying family
members who are accompanying the
principal applicant or who are eligible
to follow to join that applicant. See 8
CFR 208.35(c), 1208.35(c). Therefore,
principal applicants and accompanying
family members who are traveling
together will generally have their claims
adjudicated together in removal
proceedings. See, e.g., Immigration
Court Practice Manual ch. 4.21(a) (Oct.
25, 2023) (explaining that immigration
courts may consolidate cases together
that involve immediate family members
into a single adjudication). As a result,
there are unlikely to be significant
timing gaps between determinations on
any individual relief or protection
claims within a family unit.
Comment: Commenters supported the
inclusion of a family unity provision in
the AMI process, wherein DHS retains
jurisdiction over an asylum application
for further adjudication after a positive
credible fear determination.
Commenters stated that it is logical and
efficient for AOs to apply the same
family unity provision as IJs when
adjudicating the merits of an asylum
application. However, commenters also
expressed concern that the family unity
provision in the AMI process is
discretionary for AOs, and urged the
Departments to make the provision
mandatory, similar to the family unity
provision for IJs in the IFR. Commenters
also recommended amending the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
to allow DHS to apply the same family
unity exception under that rule to avoid
confusion that the disparity would
allegedly cause for applicants, counsel,
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and AOs, particularly where the two
rules are both in effect and overlapping.
Response: In the IFR, the Departments
included a family unity provision in the
AMI process before USCIS, but made it
discretionary to provide USCIS with
flexibility while implementing the new
AMI process. See 89 FR at 48733. After
further consideration, the Departments
are retaining the discretionary nature of
the family unity provision in the AMI
process before USCIS.
USCIS maintains complete discretion
to place a case with a positive credible
fear determination into the AMI process
or to issue an NTA. 8 CFR 208.30(f). In
exercising this discretion, USCIS does
not foresee that it would be a prudent
use of resources to place cases into the
AMI process where, at the credible fear
stage, the IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility applied and there was not a
significant possibility the noncitizen
could establish an exception to the
limitation. USCIS has a finite number of
AOs, and it is more efficient at present
to assign work in a manner that
maximizes the number of credible fear
interviews USCIS can conduct at the
southern border. See 89 FR at 48756.
Accordingly, it is unlikely that USCIS
would adjudicate a case where the 8
CFR 208.35(c) family unity provision
could apply in the foreseeable future.
With that understanding, were such a
case ever to be placed into the AMI
process, USCIS has the discretion to
apply the 8 CFR 208.35(c) family unity
provision, depending on the
circumstances of the individual case.
Importantly, if USCIS exercises its
discretion not to apply the family unity
provision, the noncitizen will not be
prejudiced because, if USCIS does not
grant asylum in such a case, the asylum
application will be reviewed de novo by
an IJ, 8 CFR 1240.17(i), who is required
to apply the family unity provision in
removal proceedings pursuant to 8 CFR
1208.35(c).
Additionally, the discretionary nature
of the family unity provision before
USCIS in 8 CFR 208.35(c) is necessary
in order for USCIS to comply with the
AMI regulatory timeline laid out in 8
CFR 208.9. This timeline requires
USCIS to conduct the AMI interview no
later than 45 days of the applicant being
served with a positive credible fear
determination, absent exigent
circumstances, 8 CFR 208.9(a)(1), and
prohibits extensions on the submission
of additional evidence that would
prevent the AMI decision from being
issued within 60 days of service of the
positive credible fear determination, 8
CFR 208.9(e)(2). While the IFR allows
for USCIS to extend both of those
timelines up to 15 days in the event
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USCIS requires the noncitizen to submit
a Form I–589, 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(ii),
even with a 15-day extension, these are
still accelerated time frames that would
not accommodate applying the family
unity provision in every AMI case
where it could potentially apply before
USCIS.
In some cases, USCIS may be able to
apply the family unity provision
without running afoul of the regulatory
time frames, such as where the
accompanying family members are also
dependents on the AMI case, and the
principal applicant is found eligible at
the AMI for statutory withholding of
removal with respect to their country of
nationality based on the record before
USCIS. In such a case, the AO could
likely apply the family unity provision
within the regulatory timelines, as there
would likely be no need to request
additional evidence verifying the
qualifying family relationships.
Additionally, if the principal applicant
was already found eligible for statutory
withholding of removal with respect to
their country of nationality based on the
record before USCIS, it is likely that
they also would be found eligible for
asylum if the limitation on asylum
eligibility is not applied. In such a
circumstance, USCIS could likely
exercise discretion to apply the 8 CFR
208.35(c) family unity provision in a
logical and efficient manner and
complete the case within the regulatory
time frame without issue.
In other cases, however, applying the
family unity provision in an AMI case
could prove excessively cumbersome
within the regulatory time frame. For
example, if the qualifying family
relationship relates to a family member
outside of the United States for which
additional proof is needed to establish
the relationship, it may be impossible
for an AO to extend the timeline to
accommodate the production of such
evidence and still meet the processing
timeline for an AMI under 8 CFR
208.9(e)(2). In a case where the AO finds
the noncitizen is not eligible for asylum
due to the IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility, and is not eligible for
statutory withholding of removal, but
would be eligible for withholding of
removal under 8 CFR 208.16(c)(2)
(withholding of removal under the CAT)
based on the record before USCIS,
requiring the AO to apply the 8 CFR
208.35(c) family unity provision would
entail the AO conducting a cumbersome
analysis, including revisiting the
noncitizen’s asylum eligibility, absent
application of the IFR’s limitation on
eligibility, only to possibly still find the
applicant ineligible for asylum on the
merits and refer the case to the IJ, who
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would then review the asylum
application de novo. See 8CFR
1240.17(i).
Indeed, if USCIS were required to
apply the 8 CFR 208.35(c) family unity
provision in all AMI cases, significant
extra resources would likely have to be
expended in any case where the
provision might apply (including
additional interview time, extending the
evidentiary submission timeline, and
additional time writing up the case)
even where it would not result in a
grant of asylum. If asylum is not granted
by USCIS, asylum eligibility would still
be reviewed de novo by an IJ. See 8 CFR
1240.17(i). Keeping the provision
discretionary, in contrast, allows USCIS
to apply the provision where it can do
so in a logical and efficient manner
without thwarting the regulatory
timelines for AMI processing.
While logic and efficiency support
keeping the 8 CFR 208.35(c) family
unity provision discretionary for AMI
cases before USCIS, it is also logical for
the 8 CFR 1208.35(c) family unity
provision to apply in all removal
proceedings (whether they originated as
AMI cases or not) before EOIR. Removal
proceedings before the IJ are potentially
the last opportunity the noncitizen will
have to be granted asylum. In contrast,
the AMI process before USCIS cannot
result in a denial of asylum, only a
referral to the IJ for a de novo review of
the asylum application. 8 CFR
208.14(c)(1), 1240.17(i). Additionally,
while removal proceedings for AMI
cases operate on a streamlined time
frame, there is still substantially more
time allotted for removal proceedings
before EOIR than for the initial AMI
adjudication before USCIS, 8 CFR
208.9(a)(1), (e)(2), id. at 1240.17(f), so
there is more flexibility in the time
frame for the IJ to apply the family unity
provision at the final adjudication stage
than there would be for an AO to apply
the provision in the AMI process before
USCIS.
Separately, the Departments note that
any comments regarding family unity
amendments to the separate
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
are outside the scope of this rulemaking.
2. Manifestation of Fear Standard
a. Legality Concerns
Comment: Commenters expressed
concerns that implementing a
manifestation of fear requirement would
ultimately lead to noncitizens with
valid claims being removed without
proper evaluation, which would violate
U.S. international non-refoulement
obligations and ‘‘circumvent U.S.
asylum law.’’ One advocacy group
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called the manifestation requirement a
‘‘deeply deficient’’ means of screening
applicants for fear that will cause
‘‘credible fear pass rates to plummet and
lead to refoulement.’’ Another
commenter described the change as
‘‘morally and legally troubling,’’ while a
third commenter stated that it would
create significant hurdles for
noncitizens seeking statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection.
Commenters further asserted that the
manifestation requirement violates
specific international refugee laws or
principles. Citing amicus briefs, the
UNHCR handbook, and other UNHCR
publications, one commenter stated that
the United States has an ‘‘affirmative
obligation’’ under international law ‘‘to
elicit information that might reveal
potential refugee status’’ and ‘‘conduct
an individualized assessment to
evaluate whether the individual is
entitled to protection as a refugee,’’
which the manifestation requirement
violates. In that same vein, another
commenter observed that international
refugee organizations have ‘‘long
emphasized that to fully carry out . . .
obligations under the Refugee
Convention’’ the parties should
implement procedures that
‘‘affirmatively identify’’ possible
applicants and provide guidance to
them on how to apply for relief and
protection, and the IFR’s ‘‘reliance on
manifestation of fear is inadequate to
fulfill these basic requirements.’’
Commenters stated that the
manifestation requirement violated
proper implementation of the credible
fear process outlined in the INA. One
commenter characterized the IFR’s
manifestation requirement as an attempt
to expand the reach of expedited
removal by creating additional barriers
to credible fear interviews, in violation
of Federal law. Another commenter
stated the manifestation requirement
did not align with ‘‘Congressional
intent’’ to ‘‘ensure that asylum was
available to all those with legitimate
claims.’’ Other commenters echoed the
sentiment that the manifestation
requirement was implemented without
regard for the risk of refoulement and
purely as a means to efficiently remove
noncitizens without a hearing.
Commenters also stated that
eliminating the requirement that
immigration officers affirmatively
document and inquire about a
noncitizen’s fear of persecution during
initial encounters at the border is a
‘‘sharp break from prior practice by the
Departments’’ that would ultimately
lead to higher numbers of noncitizens
being refouled. One commenter
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described the change to using
manifestation as ‘‘a dangerous reversal
of a procedural safeguard’’ designed to
ensure legal compliance, expressing
concern that other safeguards are
already being removed. Other
commenters recommended that the
Departments end the manifestation of
fear approach and reinstate the previous
policy of using preliminary questions to
identify whom to refer for credible fear
screenings.
Some commenters opposed the
manifestation requirement due to
concerns that it violated DHS’s
obligations under section
235(b)(1)(B)(iv) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv), and pointed to what
they purport was the Government’s
acknowledgment (see 89 FR at 48741
n.194) that an argument could be made
that the IFR conflicts with the INA.
Specifically, commenters argued that
the INA requires DHS to provide
information concerning credible fear
interviews to noncitizens who may be
eligible and eliminating use of the forms
in lieu of a manifestation requirement
was a violation of that statutory
obligation. Commenters were
specifically concerned that the
alternatives outlined in the IFR—such
as providing signs and videos in
facilities—would not be ‘‘sufficient to
put noncitizens on notice of how they
may assert a claim for protection.’’
Commenters pointed to different parts
of the IFR where they believe the
Government explicitly acknowledged
that the manifestation requirement will
result in refoulement and stated that
these purported acknowledgements are
problematic. One commenter stated that
the IFR was creating a standard that
‘‘knowingly accepts’’ a probability of
violating non-refoulement and fails to
satisfy the statutory requirement to
provide information about credible fear
interviews to noncitizens who may be
eligible for such interviews. Another
commenter highlighted part of the IFR
that they said conceded that the
manifestation requirement would result
in the removal of noncitizens with valid
claims. Similarly, commenters
discussed the IFR’s purported
admission that asylum seekers who are
asked affirmative questions about
whether they have a fear of returning to
their home country are seven times
more likely to assert a claim.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the manifestation standard violates
any international obligations or that it is
inconsistent with Federal law.
As to concerns related to international
law, commenters did not specify any
binding international law source that
creates such obligations and instead
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81233
cited publications and amicus briefs,
which do not have the force of law and
are not international treaties to which
the United States is a party. As
described in Section II.B of this
preamble, the United States’ nonrefoulement obligations are
implemented through domestic law, and
neither the 1967 Protocol nor the CAT
are self-executing. Regardless, as
outlined in the IFR, 89 FR at 48740–41,
the applicable international laws do not
specifically prescribe the minimum
screening requirements that must be
implemented to determine whether a
noncitizen should be referred for a
credible fear interview.265 Instead, it is
up to each participating state ‘‘to
establish the procedure that it considers
most appropriate, having regard to its
particular constitutional and
administrative structure.’’ 266 Thus, it is
within the Departments’ discretion to
revisit the screening process the United
States implements during emergency
border circumstances.
Moreover, the United States continues
to uphold its non-refoulement
obligations during emergency border
circumstances.267 Under applicable
international law, the United States has
an obligation (1) not to return
noncitizens to countries where they
would be persecuted; and (2) not to
return noncitizens to countries where it
is more likely than not that they would
be tortured. See Refugee Convention, 19
U.S.T. at 6276, 189 U.N.T.S. at 176
(outlining standard under the Refugee
Convention); Pierre v. Gonzales, 502
F.3d 109, 114 (2d Cir. 2007) (outlining
standard under the CAT). During the
emergency circumstances at the
southern border, the manifestation
standard temporarily affords
immigration officers the ability to
refrain from affirmatively asking
noncitizens about fear, and instead refer
noncitizens to an AO for a credible fear
interview if the noncitizen manifests a
265 See UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and
Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and
Guidelines on International Protection Under the
1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to
the Status of Refugees ¶ 189 (Jan. 1992 ed., reissued
Feb. 2019), https://www.unhcr.org/media/
handbook-procedures-and-criteria-determiningrefugee-status-under-1951-convention-and-1967
(highlighting that the process for identifying
refugees is not ‘‘specifically regulated’’).
266 Id.
267 The United States’ non-refoulement obligation
under Article 33 of the Refugee Convention is
implemented by statute through section 241(b)(3) of
the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3), for mandatory
withholding of removal. And the United States
implements its obligations under Article 3 of the
CAT through regulations. See Foreign Affairs
Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Public Law
105–277, sec. 2242(b), 112 Stat. 2681, 2681–822 (8
U.S.C. 1231 note); see also, e.g., 8 CFR 208.16(c),
208.17, 208.18, 1208.16(c), 1208.17, 1208.18.
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fear of return, expresses an intention to
apply for asylum, expresses a fear of
persecution or torture, or expresses a
fear of return to the noncitizen’s country
or country of removal. 89 FR at 48739–
40. This rule does not, in any way,
prevent noncitizens from manifesting or
expressing such fears; rather, the rule
ensures that noncitizens who manifest
or express such fears are properly
screened consistent with United States’
non-refoulement obligations. See 8 CFR
235.15(b)(4). As explained in the IFR
and this rule, the Departments believe
that this requirement represents the best
way to remain consistent with U.S.
international obligations while
simultaneously addressing the
emergency circumstances at the
southern border.
The Departments also do not believe
the manifestation standard violates the
INA or any other Federal law. As
addressed in the IFR, 89 FR at 48739–
40, DHS has broad authority to change
the procedures that immigration officers
apply to determine whether a
noncitizen subject to expedited removal
will be referred for a credible fear
interview by an AO, so long as those
procedures are consistent with the
INA.268 In using this authority, the
Departments are confident the
manifestation standard is fully
consistent with the statutory procedures
governing expedited removal under
section 235(b)(1)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A). That statutory section
provides that only those noncitizens
who ‘‘indicate[ ] either an intention to
apply for asylum . . . or a fear of
persecution,’’ INA 235(b)(1)(A)(i), 8
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(A)(i), must be referred
to an AO for a credible fear interview,
INA 235(b)(1)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii). As such—and contrary
to commenters’ assertions—the INA
does not require immigration officers to
affirmatively ask every noncitizen
subject to expedited removal if they
have a fear of persecution or torture, nor
does it define what circumstances
constitute the requisite indication of
intent or fear. To the contrary, the onus
under the statute is on the noncitizen to
indicate either of the circumstances
warranting referral, which the IFR
provides a noncitizen can do at any time
during the process. See 89 FR at
268 See INA 103(a)(1), (3), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1), (3)
(granting the Secretary the authority to establish
regulations and take other actions ‘‘necessary for
carrying out’’ the Secretary’s authority under the
immigration laws); see also 6 U.S.C. 202; Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 42 (1983) (emphasizing
that agencies ‘‘must be given ample latitude to
adapt their rules and policies to the demands of
changing circumstances’’ (quotation marks
omitted)).
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48740.269 Thus, as discussed in Section
III.B.2 of this preamble, the rule’s
approach accords with section
235(b)(1)(A)(ii) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(A)(ii).270
Separately, regarding commenters’
concerns about departing from the
longstanding practice of providing
individualized advisals and asking
affirmative questions, the Departments
disagree that there are insufficient
procedural protections for individuals
subject to the rule. As the IFR
acknowledged, the practice of providing
individualized advisals and asking
affirmative questions was originally
adopted to ‘‘ensure that bona fide
asylum claimants [were] given every
opportunity to assert their claim[s].’’ 89
FR at 48742 (quoting 62 FR at 10318–
19). However, importantly, the legacy
INS further explained that enacting
these procedures was intended to ‘‘not
unnecessarily burden[ ] the inspections
process or encourag[e] spurious asylum
claims.’’ Id. (quoting 62 FR at 10318).
While such procedures have remained
in place in the expedited removal
context since 1997, this fact alone does
not indicate that they are required by
the INA, and DHS maintains discretion
to update the procedures in a manner
consistent with the INA. See FCC v. Fox
Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502,
515 (2009) (holding that an agency
changing an established rule must show
that there are good reasons for the new
policy but need not necessarily
‘‘provide a more detailed justification
269 Accord Indicate, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary 592 (10th ed. 1996) (‘‘to point out or
point to,’’ ‘‘to be a sign, symptom, or index of,’’ ‘‘to
demonstrate or suggest the necessity or advisability
of,’’ or ‘‘to state or express briefly’’); Indicate, New
International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary
of the English Language 644 (1996) (‘‘To be or give
a sign of; betoken,’’ ‘‘To point out; direct attention
to,’’ or ‘‘To express or make known, especially
briefly or indirectly’’); Indicate, The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 918–19
(3d ed. 1996) (‘‘To show the way to or the direction
of; point out,’’ ‘‘To serve as a sign, symptom, or
token of; signify,’’ ‘‘To suggest or demonstrate the
necessity, expedience, or advisability of,’’ or ‘‘To
state or express briefly’’); Indicate, Webster’s II New
Riverside University Dictionary 622–23 (1994) (‘‘To
show or point out,’’ ‘‘To serve as a sign, symptom,
or token of: signify,’’ ‘‘To suggest or demonstrate the
need, expedience, or advisability of,’’ or ‘‘To
express briefly’’).
270 See Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v.
Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519, 543
(1978) (‘‘Absent constitutional constraints or
extremely compelling circumstances the
administrative agencies should be free to fashion
their own rules of procedure and to pursue methods
of inquiry capable of permitting them to discharge
their multitudinous duties.’’ (quotation marks
omitted)); Knauff, 338 U.S. at 543 (‘‘[T]he decision
to admit or to exclude an alien may be lawfully
placed with the President, who may in turn
delegate the carrying out of this function to a
responsible executive officer of the sovereign, such
as the Attorney General.’’); Las Americas Immigr.
Advoc. Ctr., 507 F. Supp. at 18.
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than what would suffice for a new
policy created on a blank slate’’). And
indeed, when emergency circumstances
are present on the southern border, the
procedures adopted in 1997 are unduly
suggestive and, thus, unnecessarily
burden the inspections process, which
necessitates revisiting screening referral
processes to more effectively and
efficiently identify those noncitizens
who may have a fear of return to their
native country or country of removal or
indicate an intention to seek fear-based
relief or protection. Given the
extraordinary circumstances facing the
Departments during times of emergency
border circumstances, DHS has
determined it is reasonable to
implement the manifestation standard.
The Departments similarly disagree
that discontinuing use of the Form I–
867A and Form I–867B during
emergency border circumstances
violates DHS’s obligations under section
235(b)(1)(B)(iv) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iv), which states that DHS
‘‘shall provide information concerning
the asylum interview . . . to aliens who
may be eligible.’’ DHS continues to
provide information concerning credible
fear interviews to noncitizens in CBP
custody subject to expedited removal
who may be eligible to receive such an
interview via signs and videos in
multiple languages, satisfying DHS’s
statutory duty under the INA. This is
precisely what footnote 194 of the IFR
explains. Rather than any purported
acknowledgement of conflict with the
INA, that footnote was simply included
to clarify the points above and illustrate
that the IFR does, in fact, satisfy this
statutory obligation. Moreover, as the
IFR explains, 89 FR at 48741–42,
noncitizens who manifest a fear of
return (and, thus, who are in fact
eligible for a credible fear interview) are
given a more detailed written
explanation of the credible fear
interview process prior to being referred
for the interview.271 Additionally,
noncitizens who manifest a fear in CBP
custody are shown a video prior to their
credible fear interview, which also
explains the credible fear process in
more detail.
The Departments also recognize
commenters’ concern regarding the
IFR’s explicit acknowledgment that the
manifestation standard may result in
some noncitizens with meritorious
claims not being referred to a credible
fear interview. See, e.g., 89 FR at 48743–
44. The Departments included these
statements to demonstrate their
271 That explanation will be translated into
certain common languages or will be read to the
noncitizen if required. 89 FR at 48741 n.194.
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thorough consideration of all possible
issues that might arise from the
implementation of a manifestation
standard at the southern border during
emergency circumstances. In that vein,
the Departments emphasize that the
manifestation standard is a temporary
solution to emergency border
circumstances. In light of those
circumstances, it is critical to have a
system in place that more effectively
and efficiently identifies those who may
have a fear of return or indicate an
intention to seek fear-based relief or
protection. Unfortunately, any screening
mechanism—even affirmative
questioning—could result in some
noncitizens with potentially meritorious
claims not being referred for a credible
fear interview. But given the emergency
border circumstances facing the
Departments and discussed in the June
3 Proclamation, the IFR, and this rule,
the Departments believe the
manifestation standard is appropriate
and necessary.
b. Concerns About the Efficiency and
Complexity of the Manifestation
Standard
Comment: Several commenters
expressed doubts about the
Departments’ claims that the change to
the manifestation approach would
increase efficiency, while others
observed that the change would make
the system more complex and create
further inefficiencies. Relatedly,
multiple commenters questioned the
stated purpose of efficiency for
eliminating the credible fear questions
by CBP officers, writing that it instead
appears to be a desire to reduce referrals
of noncitizens for fear interviews and
described the assertion by DHS in the
preamble that the questions are
suggestive and do not result in grants of
asylum as unfounded.
One commenter questioned whether
the Departments are sacrificing
legitimate claims in the name of speed.
Commenters wrote that the three
questions and explanation previously
required by the Form I–867A and Form
I–867B take only a few minutes to read
and criticized the Departments for
alleging efficiency gains of 20 to 30
minutes by eliminating critical
questions that could prevent
refoulement. The commenters further
stated that investing in adequate
training and enforcing compliance with
the ‘‘standard’’ screening process would
be more efficient than providing
additional guidance and requiring CBP
officers to complete additional training.
Another commenter described the
scenario of CBP officers directing
noncitizens to interpreters, who will
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refer to the informative signs and videos
the IFR’s preamble described in CBP
waiting rooms, and questioned whether
this process would be shorter.
Response: Regarding commenters’
concerns regarding complexity and
efficiencies, the Departments continue
to believe that the manifestation
standard outlined in the IFR meets the
purposes for which it was
implemented—to increase processing
efficiency and avoid suggestive advisals
and questioning, while still ensuring
that noncitizens are able to seek
protection in the United States.
As outlined in the preamble to the
IFR, DHS determined that, in times of
emergency border circumstances, it was
appropriate to temporarily eliminate the
use of affirmative advisals and questions
on the Forms I–867A and I–867B, based
on DHS’s determinations that such
advisals and questioning can be
suggestive. See 89 FR at 48743–45. The
Departments disagree with the assertion
that this determination was
‘‘unfounded.’’ It was based on CBP’s
experience that, when noncitizens are
asked affirmative questions like those
on the Form I–867B, noncitizens are
more likely to respond in the
affirmative. The affirmative questions
thus can serve as a prompt for
noncitizens in custody to respond in the
affirmative, even if they do not actually
have a fear of persecution or torture. As
outlined in the IFR, the Departments’
determination is also consistent with
the behavioral science concept of
‘‘acquiescence,’’ or the tendency of
respondents to ‘‘consistently agree to
questionnaire items, irrespective of item
directionality.’’ See 89 FR at 48743
n.220. Regarding concerns that such
studies are less probative of noncitizens’
experiences in CBP custody, DHS notes
that it did not rely, and is not relying,
on these studies as the sole basis for its
determination that the advisals and
affirmative questions are suggestive, nor
is it asserting that these studies provide
the only justification for the
implementation of the manifestation
standard in this rule. Rather, the
implementation of the standard was, as
noted above, based in part on CBP’s
experience in the years implementing
the expedited removal process that
providing affirmative advisals and
asking affirmative questions was
suggestive. As noted in the IFR, these
studies provide illustrative support for
this learned experience. See 89 FR at
48743.
DHS continues to believe that the
concept of acquiescence supports its
determination, based on its decades of
experience in the processing of
noncitizens who enter the United States,
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that the affirmative advisals on the Form
I–867A and the questions on the Form
I–867B are suggestive. This
determination is informed, in part, by
information that agency personnel
regularly receive about the activities of
TCOs in the region, including
information that TCOs guide or coach
many noncitizens on what to say in
order to remain in the United States. It
is DHS’s experience that, upon
encounter and inspection, the questions
on the Form I–867B can prompt
noncitizens to follow this guidance,
thus leading them to claim a fear even
if they would not have done so on their
own. While DHS acknowledges that
noncitizens could similarly be
prompted to manifest a fear under the
approach of the IFR and this rule, DHS
continues to believe that this approach
will at minimum mitigate this problem
by removing suggestive questions.
Moreover, DHS continues to believe that
it is likely that noncitizens with a fear
of return or an intent to seek asylum
will manifest a fear absent the
affirmative advisals and questions on
the Form I–867B. This is supported by
the fact that DHS is referring on average
more than 300 individuals in DHS
custody for credible fear interviews each
day.272
DHS’s determination that it was
appropriate to eliminate the use of
affirmative advisals and questions on
the Form I–867B was also based in part
on its assessment that such action
would make the process more efficient.
In particular, the Departments
anticipated that the implementation of
the manifestation standard would save
approximately 20–30 minutes of
processing time, contributing to
increased efficiencies in processing and
across the immigration process. See 89
FR at 48745. This assessment was based
on the experience of CBP officers and
agents with extensive experience
reading and completing these forms,
and DHS thus disagrees with
commenters’ contention that the
completion of these forms only takes a
few minutes. This is, in part, due to the
fact that, when completing a sworn
statement, such as the Form I–867A,
officers and agents ask a number of
questions of the noncitizen, each of
which may need to be translated; the
noncitizens’ answers may need to be
translated; and the officers and agents
must record the answers to each
question in the processing system. The
noncitizen also must sign the sworn
statement, which requires additional
explanation that may require
272 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (IFR ERCF tab).
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translation. This question-and-answer
process is in addition to the potential
need to provide translation services to
noncitizens, if needed, when reading
noncitizens the contents of the Form I–
867A. While it is difficult to provide the
exact time saved as a result of these
changes in processes (because USBP
systems do not automatically track
processing time, standing alone), it is
CBP’s experience in the time since the
Proclamation and IFR were
implemented that the elimination of
these questions and processes
(including not reading the contents of
the Form M–444) has, as anticipated,
saved approximately 20–30 minutes per
person, and led to more efficient and
expedited processing overall.
With regard to concerns questioning
the stated purpose behind the changes,
the Departments disagree that the true
purpose of the changes was to reduce
the number of individuals referred for
credible fear screenings. As explained in
the IFR, the shift to a manifestation
standard is intended to address
suggestive questions and, in so doing,
reduce the gap between high rates of
referrals and screen-ins with historic
ultimate grant rates as well as increase
processing efficiency for DHS. See 89
FR at 48742–44 & n.220. As explained
above in this section, there are multiple
reasons why the referral rate observed
under a direct questioning approach is
very likely greater than the true rate of
noncitizens who fear removal or intend
to seek asylum—including coaching by
TCOs and the possibility that the
advisals and questions lead to an
unduly high rate of false positives. See
id. at 48743 & n.220. Seeking to address
this problem is not the same as seeking
to decrease the number of referrals for
that purpose alone, as commenters
suggest. Moreover, noncitizens who
manifest or express a fear still have their
claims adjudicated as required by the
INA.
The Departments appreciate
commenters’ suggestion that, rather than
implementing a manifestation standard,
resources should be devoted to
providing additional training to CBP
officers and agents on the non-IFR
process, but decline to eliminate or
change the manifestation standard at
this time. As noted in the IFR and in
this section, the Departments believe
that, in the emergency border
circumstances outlined in this rule, the
manifestation standard is appropriate.
In addition, CBP notes that its officers
and agents have had experience
implementing the statutory and
regulatory requirements of expedited
removal since they became effective and
were implemented by legacy INS in
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1997, including experience identifying
indicators of fear.273 Guidance authored
at that time explained that inspectors
were required to refer a noncitizen to an
AO if that noncitizen indicated an
intention to apply for asylum or a fear
of harm or concern about returning
home.274 The guidance stated that
immigration inspectors should consider
verbal as well as non-verbal cues given
by the noncitizen; and it provided that,
when determining whether to refer the
noncitizen, ‘‘inspectors should not make
eligibility determinations or weigh the
strength of the claims, nor should they
make credibility determinations
concerning the alien’s statements.’’ 275
The guidance also highlighted that
‘‘[t]he inspector should err on the side
of caution and apply the criteria
generously, referring to the asylum
officer any questionable cases, including
cases which might raise a question
about whether the alien faces
persecution.’’ 276 CBP also notes that,
like legacy INS, under the IFR
procedures and consistent with agency
policy, agents and officers are instructed
to err on the side of caution and refer
any questions to supervisory officers.277
The Departments also disagree with
comments indicating that the
manifestation standard creates
complexities. They maintain that the
manifestation standard, in fact,
decreases the complexity of the process,
given the more streamlined approach
taken in the rule and disuse of the Form
I–867A and the Form I–867B. In
addition, as outlined in the preamble to
the IFR and throughout this rule, the
rule also allows DHS to effectively and
efficiently remove inadmissible
noncitizens who are subject to
expedited removal orders while quickly
identifying inadmissible noncitizens
who require a credible fear screening by
USCIS AOs. See 89 FR at 48742–43.
273 See Memorandum for Mgmt. Team, Reg’l Dirs.,
et al., from Off. of the Dep. Comm’r, Immigr. &
Naturalization Serv., DOJ, Re: Implementation of
Expedited Removal (Mar. 31, 1997).
274 See id. at 3.
275 Id.
276 Id.
277 See CBP, Securing the Border IFR and
Presidential Proclamation CBP Manifesting Fear
Guidance; CBP, Off. of Field Operations, Muster,
Documenting Noncitizen Asylum of Fear Claims or
Fear Manifestations (July 18, 2024); Memorandum
for Dirs., Field Operations, & Dir., Preclearance
Operations, Off. of Field Operations, from Acting
Exec. Dir., Admissibility & Passenger Programs, Off.
of Field Operations, CBP, Re: Processing Expedited
Removal Cases & attach. (Muster); Memorandum
Mgmt. Team, Reg’l Dirs., et al., from Off. of the Dep.
Comm’r, Immigr. and & Naturalization Serv., DOJ,
Re: Implementation of Expedited Removal at 3
(Mar. 31, 1997).
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c. Implementation Guidance and
Accuracy of Manifestation to Identify
Fear of Return
Comment: Several commenters
described the manifestation approach
presented by the IFR as an unclear
method of assessing fear of return and
critiqued the rule as confusing or
lacking clear guidance on
implementation. A commenter
expressed concern that the criteria
requiring referral for a credible fear
interview are overly broad, including a
‘‘mere belief’’ that a noncitizen may
have a fear of return. Similarly, another
expressed concern that the IFR lacks
guidance around what degree of
manifestation is required, whether
immigration officers will consistently
implement the manifestation
requirement, and whether noncitizens
will be provided information ‘‘if and
when the Departments begin to figure
out what is sufficient under this test,’’
while another commenter added that
the existing U.S. asylum infrastructure
is inadequate to administer the multiple
layered and broad-ranging changes of
the IFR, including the change to use
manifestation.
Many commenters wrote that it is
difficult and inappropriate for
immigration officers to use
manifestation of fear to assess fear of
return. Commenters expressed concern
that the IFR creates a confusing, nontransparent, and unfair situation for CBP
officers to consider. A commenter
described the manifestation standard as
‘‘deficient’’ in refugee protection and far
from an equitable standard. The
commenter wrote that requiring officers
to simultaneously interrogate people at
the border while also determining if
their behaviors indicate fear is
‘‘nonsensical.’’ Similarly, another
commenter remarked that Border Patrol
agents and CBP officers focus on border
security and the identification and
prevention of criminal activity at the
border, often placing them in an
adversarial role with noncitizens that
would leave these workers ill-equipped
to make careful and considered asylum
determinations. The commenter also
described the contrasting extensive
trauma-informed training given to AOs
to learn interviewing techniques
designed for vulnerable populations,
adding that research shows that many
noncitizens who qualify for asylum
relief have difficulty expressing their
claims without the support of such
trained techniques.
A commenter referenced a statement
in the IFR noting that although the
video explaining the importance of
expressing a fear of return will not be
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played at small facilities, immigration
officers at such facilities have resources
to be able to ‘‘devote a great deal of
attention to observing individuals’’ to
see if they manifest fear or need a
translator or reading assistance. See 89
FR at 48741 n.196. The commenter
stated that this suggests that the
opposite is true at the larger facilities,
i.e., that officers at larger facilities will
not have the time or wherewithal to
scrutinize noncitizens for nonverbal
signs of fear, and, in fact, expect the
videos and signs to do a great deal of
work for them.
Multiple commenters critiqued the
IFR’s directive for immigration officers
to assess non-verbal shaking, crying, or
fleeing behaviors as ‘‘unworkable.’’
Commenters further expressed concern
that the officers would not be able to
discern whether newly arrived
noncitizens were cold, hungry, tired, or
exhibiting other unconscious behaviors
as opposed to a fear of return.
Commenters described this directive in
the IFR as ‘‘absurd and disingenuous,’’
writing that it would be more effective
and accurate for CBP officers to directly
ask simple questions regarding fear than
trying to be ‘‘mind readers.’’ Another
commenter referenced studies and
stated that nonverbal cues of fear would
likely go unheard, reasoning that
express manifestations of fear are being
ignored.
Several commenters recommended
requiring CBP officers to ask, in a
language understood by the noncitizen,
one question regarding whether they
have a fear of return.
Many commenters cited research—
including a 2022 study by the Center for
Gender & Refugee Studies that
interviewed 97 families expelled during
a previous use of a manifestation
approach while the Title 42 public
health Order was in effect—that
requiring manifestation lowers the rate
of noncitizens receiving fear screenings.
Commenters stated that human rights
monitors have documented that using
the manifestation approach has resulted
in ‘‘CBP failing to refer people who
expressed a fear of return to the required
fear screening interviews,’’ and that the
‘‘shout’’ test under the Title 42 public
health Order resulted in the erroneous
return of many people, including
women and children, to situations of
danger. Another commenter observed
lower statistics of credible fear
interviews granted to Haitian nationals
when given the ‘‘shout test’’ at sea by
the U.S. Coast Guard (‘‘USCG’’)
compared to the historical rate of
credible fear interviews granted to
migrants encountered by immigration
officials at land borders, when the shout
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test was not used. Lastly, commenters
stated that the IFR is already leading to
failures in properly referring
noncitizens for fear interviews.
In addition, several commenters
referenced research 278 and expressed
strong concern that CBP officers have a
pattern of ignoring signs of fear in
migrants. They critiqued the
Departments’ discussion and statistics
of the likelihood of migrants responding
affirmatively to asylum questions
regardless of a valid fear of return,
stating that the IFR’s preamble does not
cite any statistics about noncitizens
failing to present legitimate fear claims
in their interview or account for greater
numbers of people seeking fear
interviews if they are told they are
available. A commenter stated that the
statistics cited by the Departments have
been directly contradicted by other
research findings.
Similarly, a couple of commenters
cited research 279 that some families
have been ignored or chastised for
requesting asylum, voiced concern that
CBP officers were hostile and mistreated
noncitizens at the southern border, and
further expressed concerns that under
‘‘the Shout Test’’ immigration officers
have prevented migrants from speaking
or verbally abused them.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the manifestation standard is an
unclear, confusing, or inaccurate
method of assessing fear of return and
are confident that the manifestation
process in the IFR—including the use of
signage and a video to provide
generalized notice of the right to seek
asylum and protection and the way to
raise such a claim—is sufficient to
provide individuals with an opportunity
to seek asylum and protection, while
also maintaining the efficiency gains
discussed above. During the time that
the manifestation process has been in
place under the IFR, there have been
higher rates of manifestation than when
the standard was recorded and tracked
for family units under the Title 42
public health Order, and DHS is
referring on average more than 300
individuals in DHS custody for credible
fear interviews each day.280
The Departments acknowledge that
immigration officers have historically
provided advisals regarding the credible
fear process and ascertained a
278 See, e.g., Ctr. for Gender & Refugee Studies,
‘‘Manifesting’’ Fear at the Border: Lessons from
Title 42 Expulsions, Jan. 30, 2024, https://cgrs.
uclawsf.edu/our-work/publications/
%E2%80%9Cmanifesting%E2%80%9D-fearborder-lessons-title-42-expulsions.
279 See, e.g., id.
280 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (IFR ERCF tab).
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81237
noncitizen’s fear through affirmative
questioning, through use of the Form I–
867A and Form I–867B, and that
removing these questions is a significant
change. Thus, the Departments
acknowledge that the manifestation
process is, in the context of expedited
removal, a new process both for officers
and agents and for noncitizens.
However, the Departments disagree that
USBP agents and CBP officers are not
equipped or trained to properly identify
individuals who are vulnerable or who
indicate or manifest fear. When
implementing this process, agents and
officers draw on their longstanding
experience and practice observing and
interacting with individuals, including
observing any indications or behaviors
of concern. Immigration officers have
implemented the regulatory and
statutory standards governing expedited
removal since it was implemented in
1997, and, as noted above, they have
had guidance regarding the treatment of
noncitizens processed under these
provisions since that time.
Additionally, CBP provided guidance
to its frontline workforce implementing
the IFR delineating how fear can be
manifested by a noncitizen in many
different ways, including verbally, nonverbally, or physically; CBP also
provided examples and indicators. Such
indicators include statements of fear;
statements that the noncitizen was
previously harmed in their home
country or country of removal; evidence
of physical injury consistent with abuse
(e.g., bruises, scars); evidence of selfharm; or non-verbal actions that may
indicate fear such as hysteria, trembling,
shaking, unusual behavior, changes in
tone of voice, incoherent speech
patterns, panic attacks, or an unusual
level of silence.
Furthermore, the recent guidance on
IFR implementation provides that, if
officers or agents are in doubt, or if
ambiguity exists as to whether a
noncitizen’s statement, actions, or
behavior constitute a manifestation of
fear, expression of fear, or expression of
an intent to seek asylum or related
protection, then officers and agents
should refer the matter to a
supervisor.281 And, as noted above,
existing guidance and CBP practice is to
err on the side of caution and on the
side of referring an individual to
USCIS.282
281 See id.; see also CBP, Off. of Field Operations,
Muster, Documenting Noncitizen Asylum or Fear
Claims or Fear Manifestations (July 18, 2024).
282 See Memorandum for Dirs., Field Operations,
& Dir., Preclearance Operations, Off. of Field
Operations, from Acting Exec. Dir., Admissibility &
Passenger Programs, Off. of Field Operations, CBP,
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The Departments also disagree with
the commenters’ concerns that the
manifestation of fear standard is
difficult and inappropriate, confusing,
or unfair for agents and officers to
apply, or that agents and officers are illequipped to determine the nature of an
individual’s fear claim. Indeed, USBP
agents and CBP officers, as immigration
officers, are intimately familiar with the
processing of individuals, including
vulnerable populations or populations
requiring additional care, safety,
security, or medical assistance, and with
recognizing the needs of such
individuals. As a result of their
experience and training, CBP
immigration officers (both USBP agents
and CBP officers) have skills and
expertise in interacting with individuals
and observing human behavior and in
determining appropriate follow-up steps
with regards to any behaviors or
indicators of concern. See 89 FR at
48744. For instance, upon encountering
a group of individuals who purport to
be a family, USBP agents will observe
the individuals to determine whether
they evidence typical familial behavior
or whether there are any concerns about
the validity of the asserted familial
relationship or the safety of any
children in the group. Id. Additionally,
agents and officers frequently encounter
individuals who may be vulnerable,
including those in physical or medical
distress or in need of humanitarian care,
as well as those who may be seeking
protection in the United States. Id.
Agents and officers can similarly use
such skills and experiences to identify
any manifestations of fear. Id. DHS
believes that this experience, coupled
with guidance, helps agents and officers
effectively identify noncitizens with
potential fear or asylum claims under a
manifestation approach. Id.
The Departments acknowledge that
interactions between agents and officers
and noncitizens occur in the context of
an immigration inspection and
interview and in a custodial
environment, but disagree with
commenters’ suggestion that the
interview is ‘‘adversarial’’ in such a
manner that noncitizens would be
unlikely to manifest fear or officers
would have difficulty recognizing
manifestations of fear. Such
immigration inspections and interviews
are conducted for the sole purpose of
Re: Processing Expedited Removal Cases & attach.
(Muster); Memorandum for Chief Patrol Agents,
Tucson & Laredo Sectors, from David V. Aguilar,
Chief, USBP, Re: Expedited Removal Policy (Aug.
11, 2004); Memorandum for Mgmt. Team, Reg’l
Dirs., et al., from Off. of the Dep. Comm’r, Immigr.
& Naturalization Serv., DOJ, Re: Implementation of
Expedited Removal (Mar. 31, 1997).
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determining an individual’s
admissibility under the immigration
laws of the United States and ensuring
that they are processed accordingly.283
In addition, the Departments note that,
when in use, the Form I–867A and Form
I–867B are also completed in this same
context. During such an immigration
inspection, officers and agents have
face-to-face interactions with the
noncitizen and thus have a chance to
closely observe the individual who is
being inspected, to identify those who
may have a fear of return or indicate an
intention to seek fear-based relief or
protection.284 The Departments reiterate
that agents and officers do not assess the
merits of an individual’s claim of fear.
The Departments acknowledge that fear
can be manifested in many different
ways, including verbally, non-verbally,
or physically, and that when doubt or
ambiguity exists, officers and agents
should involve supervisors or managers
to ensure appropriate decisions are
made. The Departments also reiterate
that USBP agents and CBP officers do
not determine whether a noncitizen is
excepted from the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility. Such decisions are
made by a USCIS AO or, for those
processed with an NTA, by an IJ. See 8
CFR 208.35(b)(1); 8 CFR 1208.35(a).
Agents and officers are responsible for
identifying whether an individual has
manifested or expressed a fear and, if so,
referring them for further consideration
by an AO.
Additionally, the Departments note
that, under the manifestation standard,
a noncitizen is not required to verbally
express or state that they have a fear.
Contrary to commenters’ concerns, the
IFR does not impose a ‘‘shout test.’’ As
outlined in the IFR, manifestations of
fear may be verbal, non-verbal, or
physical. 89 FR at 48739–45. Thus, a
migrant can manifest a fear through an
unconscious behavior. Id. at 48744. The
Departments acknowledge and
appreciate that some noncitizens may
have difficulty volunteering a fear of
return to agents and officers during
processing. However, certain migrants
may also have difficulty volunteering
their fear in response to the previous
questions on the Form I–867B, given
that the questions are asked by
immigration officers in the context of
the immigration process. Additionally,
for noncitizens who may be hesitant to
answer questions or to affirmatively
express a fear, the manifestation
283 See, e.g., INA 235(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1225(a)(3); 8
CFR 235.1; 8 CFR 235.3(a).
284 See CBP, Securing the Border IFR and
Presidential Proclamation CBP Manifesting Fear
Guidance.
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standard and CBP officer and agent
training and experience, as well as
observations from the inspection itself,
take into account physical and nonverbal manifestations, some of which
may be unconscious by the noncitizen.
The Departments acknowledge a twopage document cited by commenters
regarding the prior use of a
manifestation standard under the Title
42 public health Order.285 The
document asserts that from June through
October 2022, advocates interviewed at
least 97 families expelled to cities along
the SWB, of whom over half reported
that they had verbally expressed a fear
of return and nearly three-quarters
reported having non-verbally expressed
a fear. According to the document,
multiple migrants sought to raise fear
claims with ‘‘CBP officers’’ but such
officers did not allow them to speak and
ultimately expelled them to Mexico.
The Departments lack a basis to
independently evaluate the advocates’
methodology (which is largely
undescribed) or the accuracy of
migrants’ claims as described in the
document. At the same time, the
Departments note that most of the
specific allegations in the document
involve behavior—officers not allowing
noncitizens to speak—that would be a
violation of CBP policy under the Title
42 public health Order, under this
rule,286 and under the Form I–867A/B
approach that applies when emergency
border circumstances are not in
place.287 For this reason, and due to the
distinctions between processing under
the IFR and during the implementation
of the Title 42 public health Order
described below, DHS does not regard
this study as providing persuasive
evidence that the manifestation
approach of the IFR and this rule has
not been and will not be effective.
The Departments disagree with
commenters’ implicit suggestion that
the implementation of the IFR is
substantially similar to the
285 See Ctr. for Gender & Refugee Studies,
‘‘Manifesting’’ Fear at the Border: Lessons from
Title 42 Expulsions (Jan. 30, 2024), https://cgrs.
uclawsf.edu/our-work/publications/
%E2%80%9Cmanifesting%E2%80%9D-fearborder-lessons-title-42-expulsions.
286 See, e.g., CBP, Securing the Border IFR and
Presidential Proclamation CBP Manifesting Fear
Guidance (requiring officers and agents to refer any
noncitizen who manifests a fear for a credible fear
interview with USCIS).
287 See Memorandum for Dirs., Field Operations,
& Dir., Preclearance Operations, Off. of Field
Operations, from Acting Exec. Dir., Admissibility &
Passenger Programs, Off. of Field Operations, CBP,
Re: Processing Expedited Removal Cases & attach.
at 1 (Muster); Memorandum for Chief Patrol Agents,
Tucson & Laredo Sectors, from David V. Aguilar,
Chief, USBP, Re: Expedited Removal Policy at 7–8
(Aug. 11, 2004).
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implementation of the manifestation
standard used during the Title 42 public
health Order, such that experience
under Title 42, including in the study
mentioned above, demonstrates that the
manifestation standard is inherently
unreliable. As an initial matter, the
manifestation under the IFR occurs in
the context of immigration processing
under title 8, rather than in the context
of processing and expulsion under Title
42. Immigration processing is, as a
general matter, a more complex process
than the processing that occurred under
Title 42, with noncitizens generally
interacting with immigration officers
during processing for a longer period of
time than occurred during processing
for expulsion. For example, the
processing of an individual for
expulsion under Title 42 took, on
average, less than 30 minutes, as
compared to, under the current
processes under the IFR, approximately
1.5 hours. Therefore, noncitizens have a
longer period of time to interact with
the processing agents or officers, and
potentially manifest a fear. In addition,
noncitizens processed under title 8
procedures under the IFR provisions are
generally in CBP custody for longer than
under Title 42, and can manifest a fear
at any time in DHS custody.
Additionally, based on best practices
and lessons learned during the
implementation of the Title 42 public
health Order, the Departments have
implemented several operational
advancements and information sharing
developments. Under the IFR and this
rule, noncitizens have access to signage
explaining that they may manifest fear
during their time in DHS custody.
Noncitizens in large-capacity facilities
can also view videos explaining the
manifestation standard and the general
process they are receiving. 89 FR at
48741–42. As noted above, during
implementation of the public health
Order under Title 42, the DHS process
was more expedited. This resulted in a
narrower window of opportunity for a
noncitizen to manifest a fear in DHS
custody. This difference can be seen
through the higher number of
noncitizens manifesting fear under the
IFR. Since the implementation of the
IFR, 27 percent of noncitizens
encountered between POEs at the SWB
have manifested fear while in DHS
custody.288 Between June 3, 2022, and
May 11, 2023, when the use of the
manifestation standard for noncitizens
encountered and subject to the Title 42
public health Order was tracked, less
than 7 percent of individuals in family
288 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
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units processed under the Title 42
public health Order nationwide were
recorded as having manifested a fear in
USBP custody and were, in general,
excepted from the Title 42 public health
Order. As evidenced by the significantly
higher manifestation rate under the IFR
as compared to what had been recorded
during implementation of the Title 42
public health Order, the two
circumstances are not comparable.
Noncitizens encountered along the SWB
under the IFR have manifested a fear
and been referred to an AO for a
credible fear interview on a much more
frequent basis. At the same time, as
discussed in Section II.A.2 of this
preamble, fear-claim rates remain well
below the very high rates following the
ending of the Title 42 public health
Order and prior to the IFR. During
emergency border circumstances, it is
critical for the Departments to devote
their processing and screening resources
to those urgently seeking protection
while quickly removing those who are
not. DHS believes that the manifestation
standard, rather than affirmative
questioning, better achieves this balance
in emergency border circumstances. See
89 FR at 48744.
With regards to commenters’ concerns
that, particularly at large-capacity
facilities, officers and agents may not be
able to ‘‘scrutinize’’ noncitizens for
nonverbal signs of manifestation of fear,
the Departments disagree. As
acknowledged in the preamble to the
IFR, CBP has placed signs in its
facilities along the SWB advising
noncitizens of their ability to express or
manifest a fear, and has placed videos
in its larger facilities. 89 FR at 48741–
42. DHS explained that, at smaller
facilities, such videos are not played,
but officers and agents have had
sufficient resources to devote to
observing individuals to determine if
they manifested a fear. Id. at 48741
n.196. This statement was intended to
explain why a video was not necessary
at such facilities, but is not intended to
convey any lack of attention to such
claims at large-capacity facilities.
Indeed, as noted above, agents and
officers interview and observe
noncitizens during their immigration
inspection and interviews, which occur
one-on-one. CBP operations at any CBP
facilities with noncitizens in custody
are staffed and operate 24 hours a day.
Every CBP officer and agent receives
annual training on CBP National
Standards on Transport, Escort,
Detention, and Search (TEDS)—which
provide standards for the custodial
conditions in CBP facilities—that
ensures every noncitizen in CBP
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custody is monitored for care and safety,
including a provision requiring officers
and agents to ‘‘physically check’’ areas
where noncitizens are held ‘‘on a
regular and frequent manner,’’
providing noncitizens with an
opportunity to raise any concerns or
needs directly with CBP personnel
conducting the checks.289 Noncitizens
in custody at CBP facilities are generally
under continuous and direct
supervision by multiple personnel and
may seek assistance or ask questions of
any of those individuals supervising
their holding areas at any time. See 89
FR at 48744. DHS is confident that,
during this time, even in large-capacity
facilities, agents and officers have
sufficient experience and expertise to
identify manifestations or expressions of
fear. Likewise, noncitizens in custody at
ICE facilities may seek assistance or ask
questions and are supervised such that
officers, who have experience and
expertise in these interactions, can
identify manifestations or expressions of
fear. It is important to note that a
noncitizen does not have a finite or
limited number of opportunities to
manifest fear, but rather may manifest
fear at any point while in DHS custody.
Further, regarding comments that
express concerns and reference reports
concluding that the manifestation
standard has resulted in failures to refer
noncitizens for a required fear
interview, and comments
recommending that, given this, officers
and agents should ask, at a minimum,
a question about fear in the noncitizen’s
native language, the Departments are
aware of these studies and their
conclusions. The Departments
acknowledge that, under the
manifestation approach outlined in this
rule, there may be some noncitizens
who have a fear of persecution or a fear
of return, but who are not referred for
a credible fear interview. However, the
Departments do not believe that such a
possibility is unique to the
manifestation standard, and, in any
event, DHS has taken steps, including
posting signs and videos and providing
guidance to its personnel, to help
mitigate this possibility. Having
considered the reports commenters cite,
as well as the mitigating steps DHS has
taken and the lessons learned from
DHS’s experiences during processing
under the Title 42 public health Order,
the Departments continue to believe that
the manifestation standard is
289 CBP, National Standards on Transport, Escort,
Detention, and Search (TEDS) 4.6, at 16 (Oct. 2015),
https://www.cbp.gov/document/directives/cbpnational-standards-transport-escort-detention-andsearch.
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appropriate in the circumstances
outlined in the IFR and this rule.
Moreover, as explained earlier in this
response, the Departments’
implementation of the IFR has resulted
in a fear-claim rate substantially higher
than the rate observed under the Title
42 public health Order, further
suggesting that the circumstances from
other operational contexts, including
those studied in earlier research, may be
inapposite.290 DHS acknowledges that
asking a single question about fear
would be an alternative to the approach
adopted in this IFR. However, DHS
declines to implement such an option,
as it would be subject to the same
concerns that DHS outlined in the
preamble to the IFR with regards to a
short, individualized advisal. As noted
in that preamble, DHS has determined
that, during times of emergency border
circumstances, a short, individualized
advisal would be unlikely to convey
information more effectively than signs
and videos. See 89 FR at 48744. In
particular, the Departments assessed
that if an advisal could be developed
that was short enough to avoid unduly
lengthening processing times in the
current emergency situation, such an
advisal would be unlikely to convey
information more effectively than the
existing signs and videos, and such an
advisal would still have the
suggestiveness problems of the current
system. The Departments assess that
asking a single question—particularly in
the context of the expedited removal
process under the IFR where there are
no individualized advisals provided—
would likely present the suggestiveness
problems of the current system. DHS
thus declines to implement this
change.291
290 As noted in the IFR, the manifestation
standard is used by the USCG, a DHS component,
to determine whether an at-sea protection screening
interview is required for migrants interdicted at sea.
See 89 FR at 48744. Although the Departments
believe these other uses support the view that a
manifestation standard can be effective, having
implemented the IFR’s manifestation standard and
observed the results of that standard, the
Departments now believe that the difference
between the operational contexts limits the
usefulness of the direct comparison as suggested by
some commenters.
291 As noted in the preamble to the IFR, the
Departments acknowledge that there are some
studies articulating that the Form I–867A and Form
I–867B provide important protections. As explained
in the IFR, DHS disagrees with these studies to the
extent that they conclude that individualized
advisals and affirmative questions are not
suggestive, based on DHS’s longstanding experience
with this process. Indeed, such studies are now
nearly two decades old and were done at a time
when, as described above, the ER process was very
different from what it is now. Additionally, given
that the studies do not account for the signs, videos,
and other means of providing information under the
IFR’s approach, DHS does not believe they are
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To the extent that there are allegations
that an agent or officer ignored
expressions or manifestations of fear by
a noncitizen, such conduct is contrary
to DHS policies and practices, and
would be treated as such. The
Departments again note that, to the
extent it exists, such employee
misconduct would not be unique to the
implementation of this rule. Nor do
such claims provide a persuasive reason
to depart from the approach this rule
adopts to address emergency border
circumstances. As already explained,
DHS has provided guidance to CBP and
ICE agents and officers on how to
identify manifestations of fear; that
guidance directs them to refer
individuals who manifest fear for a
credible fear screening, including
instructing them to err on the side of
referral. 89 FR at 48744. If agents or
officers disregard those instructions—
which could occur with or without this
rule—DHS has procedures in place for
reporting misconduct.292 DHS relies on
particularly probative as a means of assessing the
effectiveness of this approach.
292 CBP takes allegations of employee misconduct
very seriously, and allegations of serious
misconduct are investigated by CBP’s Office of
Professional Responsibility (OPR). CBP, Office of
Professional Responsibility, https://www.cbp.gov/
about/leadership-organization/professionalresponsibility (last modified Mar. 29, 2024).
Allegations of misconduct by a CBP employee or
contractor can be sent to CBP OPR’s Intake Center
via email: JointIntake@cbp.dhs.gov, or via phone: 1–
877–2INTAKE (246–8253), Option 5. Similarly,
ICE’s Office of Professional Responsibility (‘‘OPR’’)
takes employee misconduct very seriously and
manages and investigates allegations of employee
misconduct and oversees a variety of other integrity
programs that protect the public trust and preserve
the highest standards of integrity and accountability
across the agency. ICE, Office of Professional
Responsibility, https://www.ice.gov/about-ice/opr
(last updated May 15, 2024). To promote integrity,
mitigate risk, and uphold the agency’s professional
standards, the OPR-led Integrity Coordination
Center receives and assesses information and refers
any allegations of employee misconduct to
appropriate offices for investigation, if necessary.
ICE, Office of Professional Responsibility, https://
www.ice.gov/about-ice/opr (last updated May 15,
2024). This process ensures that allegations of
criminal or administrative misconduct against ICE
personnel are properly assessed and thoroughly
investigated. ICE, Office of Professional
Responsibility, https://www.ice.gov/about-ice/opr
(last updated May 15, 2024). Allegations of
misconduct by an ICE employee or contractor can
be sent to ICE OPR’s Integrity Coordination Center
via email: ICEOPRIntake@ice.dhs.gov, via phone: 1–
833–4ICE–OPR (833–442–3677), or via the ‘‘File a
Complaint’’ web link. ICE, Integrity Coordination
Center—Intake Form, https://www.ice.gov/
webform/opr-contact-form (last updated Jan. 9,
2024).
Additionally, the DHS Office of Inspector General
and the DHS Office for Civil Rights and Civil
Liberties are also available for the public, including
previously removed noncitizens, to provide
feedback and make complaints involving DHS
employees, including officers and agents, or
programs; to submit allegations of civil rights and
civil liberties violations; and to submit other types
of grievances. See, e.g., DHS, Off. of Inspector Gen.,
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these procedures generally to ensure
that personnel are following applicable
law and guidance, and DHS assesses
that these procedures are generally
effective. If allegations of misconduct
are found to be substantiated and
misconduct is found, such findings may
lead to, for instance, disciplinary action
against involved personnel and referral
for criminal charges if a determination
is made that any laws were violated. In
addition, regardless of whether any such
findings are substantiated, DHS may
impose additional training and policy
measures consistent with the rule’s
provisions.
Concerns about misconduct by
individual employees are further
mitigated by the reality that, as
explained above, noncitizens do not
have just one chance to manifest fear
while in CBP or ICE custody:
Noncitizens will typically interact with
multiple agents and officials, and they
can manifest fear to any of them.
Noncitizens will have these
opportunities, moreover, after being
exposed to signs and videos explaining
that they can manifest fear. From June
5, 2024, through August 31, 2024, the
median processing time from encounter
through repatriation for a case with no
fear claims was 6 days.293
Moreover, commenters have provided
no evidence that there is a widespread
problem of CBP officers and agents
ignoring fear claims under the IFR. As
described above, there are a number of
mechanisms within the Department for
such complaints and concerns to be
raised, and CBP is not aware of any
substantiated allegations of misconduct
raised through these channels. And the
data showing a manifestation rate of 27
percent under the IFR—though not
alone proving a negative or showing that
no fear claims are being missed—
indicate that officers and agents are
following their guidance and reporting
manifestations of fear in a large number
of cases. For all these reasons, DHS does
not believe the commenters’ arguments
provide a reason to depart from the
rule’s approach.
Comment: A few commenters
reasoned that because the manifestation
of fear approach does not require
documentation, unlike affirmative
questioning, the IFR removes
appropriate accountability. One
commenter described the change to
using manifestation as ‘‘a dangerous
reversal of a procedural safeguard that
Hotline, https://www.oig.dhs.gov/hotline (last
visited Sept. 21, 2024); UDHS, Office for Rights and
Civil Liberties, https://www.dhs.gov/office-civilrights-and-civil-liberties (last visited Sept. 21, 2024).
293 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
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has been implemented to ensure the
United States’ compliance with its
international obligations,’’ expressing
concern that other safeguards are
already being removed. A commenter
expressed concern that the Departments
have eliminated the Form I–867A and
Form I–867B without replacing them
with any other documentation, which
they wrote could make it impossible to
have any record of missed viable claims
for asylum or the total extent of any
such errors. Another commenter
asserted that the previous system of
requiring immigration officials to
complete and sign two forms
incentivized officials to be honest and
critiqued the manifestation approach as
leaving no paper trail. Another
commenter stated that the manifestation
standard would worsen already
problematic interactions between CBP
officers and noncitizens. The
commenter referenced a report 294
finding that CBP officers had an
‘‘alarming’’ rate of irregularities and
non-conforming practices when
assessing fear of return, including
failing to read the required script for the
Form I–867A, failing to record answers
correctly, and using questionable
interpretation practices. Another
commenter discussed reports finding
that many interviews conducted by CBP
and ICE were marked by inaccuracies,
mistranslations, and fabricated
information, as well as research
showing that in most situations when
migrants stated that CBP agents did not
ask about their fear of return, the
immigration records showed instead
that this question had been asked and
answered.
Response: The Departments disagree
that the manifestation of fear standard
removes accountability or eliminates
official documentation of a fear claim.
As an initial matter, while CBP officers
and agents are not required to provide
noncitizens with an M–444 and do not
complete a Form I–867A or Form I–
867B when the IFR’s provisions are in
effect, fear claims are documented in the
relevant electronic systems. Guidance
issued to both USBP and the OFO
requires that, when a noncitizen subject
to the Proclamation and the IFR is being
processed for expedited removal, and
manifests a fear, that noncitizen is to be
processed under a particular disposition
code in the electronic processing
294 See U.S. Comm’n on Int’l Religious Freedom,
Barriers to Protection: The Treatment of Asylum
Seekers in Expedited Removal, at 19 (Aug. 2, 2016),
https://www.uscirf.gov/publications/barriersprotection-treatment-asylum-seekers-expeditedremoval.
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system.295 This code is unique to those
who are processed for expedited
removal and who manifest a fear.
Additionally, while noncitizens
processed for expedited removal under
the IFR procedures are not required to
be provided the Form M–444, they
continue to be provided information
about the credible fear process, through
a tear sheet called Information about
Credible Fear Interview and by video,
and they are provided the opportunity
to consult with an individual of their
choosing.296 CBP facilities also have
signage and, in some cases, videos,
providing notice to all noncitizens in
custody that, if they have a fear of
return, they should inform an agent or
officer. 89 FR at 48741. This
manifestation may occur at any point
during a noncitizen’s time in CBP
custody, and if such a claim is made, it
must be documented in the relevant
electronic system at that time.
ICE maintains an electronic system to
record case management actions for
noncitizens, including referrals to an
AO and the disposition of a noncitizen’s
credible fear determination.297 If a
noncitizen manifests or expresses a fear
after their initial encounter with CBP,
while in ICE custody, ICE guidance
requires officers to refer the case to
USCIS for a credible fear interview,
including having an opportunity to
295 See Memorandum for All Chief Patrol Agents
& All Exec. Directorates, from Jason D. Owens,
Chief, USBP, Re: Processing Guidelines for
Noncitizens Described in Presidential Proclamation,
Securing the Border and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border at 4–5 (June 4, 2024);
Memorandum for Exec. Dirs., Headquarters, & Dirs.,
Field Operations, Off. of Field Operations, from Ray
Provencio, Acting Exec. Dir., Admissibility &
Passenger Programs, Off. of Field Operations, CBP,
Re: Implementation of Presidential Proclamation
and Interim Final Rule, Securing the Border attach.
at 3–5 (June 4, 2024) (Muster).
296 See Memorandum for All Chief Patrol Agents
& All Exec. Directorates, from Jason D. Owens,
Chief, USBP, Re: Processing Guidelines for
Noncitizens Described in Presidential Proclamation,
Securing the Border and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border 4–5 (June 4, 2024); 6.4.24 USBP
Field Guidance ER IFR 1; Memorandum for Exec.
Dirs., Headquarters, & Dirs., Field Operations, Off.
of Field Operations, from Ray Provencio, Acting
Exec. Dir., Admissibility & Passenger Programs, Off.
of Field Operations, CBP, Re: Implementation of
Presidential Proclamation and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border attach. at 4 (June 4, 2024)
(Muster).
297 ICE, Broadcast message for Field Office
Directors and Deputy Field Office Directors, from
Asst. Dir. for Field Operations, Re: Procedures for
Processing Noncitizens that Fall Under the
Presidential Proclamation and Interim Final Rule
(June 7, 2024) (ICE officers are instructed ‘‘to
document the Claim Credible Fear, Fear Referral
package submitted, and all subsequent CF related
actions in [the electronic system’s] Actions and
Decisions Tab’’); DHS, Privacy Impact Assessment
for the Enforcement Integrated Database (EID), at 2,
4 (Dec. 3, 2018), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/
files/publications/privacy-pia-ice-eiddecember2018.pdf.
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consult with an individual of their
choosing prior to their credible fear
interview.298
Per applicable guidance, ICE
documents any manifestation or
expression of fear on the Form G–166C,
which also verifies that the noncitizen
has been provided information on the
credible fear interview process and the
specific language in which it was
provided.299 ICE guidance requires that
all documentation, including the claim
of credible fear and USCIS fear referral
package, are captured in an electronic
system of records.300
ICE and CBP utilize the same
electronic database system for case
management of noncitizens and have
electronic access to these records.301 ICE
tracks noncitizens transferred from CBP
to ICE custody who have manifested
fear through the same system.302 This
system ensures that information relating
to a noncitizen’s case, including fear
manifestation, is properly referred to
USCIS.303
298 ICE, Implementation Guidance for Noncitizens
Described in Presidential Proclamation of June 3,
2024, Securing the Border, and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border, at 4 (June 4, 2024) (‘‘If ERO
determines that a noncitizen subject to expedited
removal manifests a fear of return or expresses an
intention to apply for asylum or related protection,
or expresses a fear of persecution or torture, or
expresses a fear of return to his or her country or
designated country of removal, the officer will
provide the noncitizen with the Information About
Credible Fear Interview Sheet and refer the
noncitizen to USCIS for a credible fear interview.’’).
299 ICE, Broadcast message for Field Office
Directors and Deputy Field Office Directors, from
Asst. Dir. for Field Operations, Re: Procedures for
Processing Noncitizens that Fall Under the
Presidential Proclamation and Interim Final Rule
(June 7, 2024).
300 Id.
301 DHS, Privacy Impact Assessment for the
Enforcement Integrated Database (EID), at 2, 4 (Dec.
3, 2018), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/privacy-pia-ice-eid-december2018.pdf.
302 ICE, Broadcast message for Field Office
Directors and Deputy Field Office Directors, from
Asst. Dir. for Field Operations, Re: Procedures for
Processing Noncitizens that Fall Under the
Presidential Proclamation and Interim Final Rule
(June 7, 2024) (‘‘The new processing dispositions
[by CBP] can be tracked in the ICE [system’s]
Dashboard . . . by selecting these new processing
dispositions . . . .’’); DHS, Privacy Impact
Assessment for the Enforcement Integrated
Database (EID), at 2, 4 (Dec. 3, 2018), https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/
privacy-pia-ice-eid-december2018.pdf.
303 ICE, Broadcast message for Field Office
Directors and Deputy Field Office Directors, from
Asst. Dir. for Field Operations, Re: Procedures for
Processing Noncitizens that Fall Under the
Presidential Proclamation and Interim Final Rule
(June 7, 2024) (for cases transferred to ICE from CBP
after a noncitizen has manifested fear, ‘‘[t]he
existing automated referral solution using the ‘Refer
Credible Fear to USCIS button’ in [the electronic
system] will be available for use . . . [and the
automated] functionality will function as
designed.’’); DHS, Privacy Impact Assessment for
the Enforcement Integrated Database (EID), at 2, 4
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With regard to a commenter’s concern
that the absence of affirmative
questioning will result in irregularities
and non-conforming practices when
assessing fear of return, the Departments
disagree. The Departments acknowledge
that, under the standard outlined in this
rule, official documentation will
indicate if a noncitizen expressed or
manifested a fear, but will not contain
an express similar record of a lack of
such manifestation. DHS acknowledges
that this is a change from non-IFR
practices, in which a noncitizen’s case
file will reflect that the individual was
provided with the Form I–867A advisals
and will contain the noncitizen’s
response to the questions in the Form I–
867B. DHS disagrees that the lack of
such documentation under the
manifestation of fear standard removes
accountability from CBP officers and
agents, incentivizes any falsification of
records, or undermines the validity of
the manifestation process. During
immigration processing, CBP officers
and agents ask a noncitizen a number of
questions, including about their
biographic information, nationality, and
purpose of travel to the United States.
The processing officer or agent records
the noncitizen’s answers to these
questions in the electronic processing
system.304 In addition, as noted above,
any individual who is processed for
expedited removal and manifests or
expresses a fear is processed using a
unique code in the electronic system.305
Officers and agents have an obligation,
as law enforcement officers and Federal
employees, to ensure that the record of
a particular individual’s case file is
accurate and complete,306 which
(Dec. 3, 2018), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/
files/publications/privacy-pia-ice-eiddecember2018.pdf.
304 See DHS, Privacy Impact Assessment for the
CBP Portal (E3) to ENFORCE/IDENT, DHS/CBP/
PIA–012, at 1, 3 (July 25, 2012), https://
www.dhs.gov/publication/cbp-portal-e3enforceident (discussing the type of information
collected from noncitizens and how it is recorded
in the electronic system).
305 See Memorandum for All Chief Patrol Agents
& All Exec. Directorates, from Jason D. Owens,
Chief, USBP, Re: Processing Guidelines for
Noncitizens Described in Presidential Proclamation,
Securing the Border and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border at 4 (June 4, 2024);
Memorandum for Exec. Dirs., Headquarters, & Dirs.,
Field Operations, Off. of Field Operations, from Ray
Provencio, Acting Exec. Dir., Admissibility &
Passenger Programs, Off. of Field Operations, CBP,
Re: Implementation of Presidential Proclamation
and Interim Final Rule, Securing the Border attach.
at 3–5 (June 4, 2024) (Muster).
306 See, e.g., 44 U.S.C. 3101 (providing that
federal agencies ‘‘make and preserve records
containing adequate and proper documentation of
the [official activities] of the agency and designed
to furnish the information necessary to protect the
legal and financial rights of the Government and of
persons affected by the agency’s activities’’).
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includes any manifestations or
expressions of fear. Thus, the lack of
such a code indicates that the
individual did not manifest a fear.
However, to the extent that an officer or
agent failed to accurately record a
manifestation of fear, the lack of the
unique code in the noncitizen’s file
itself would provide a record of that
failure—just as an inaccurate ‘‘no’’
answer to a question on a Form I–867B
would if a noncitizen actually answered
‘‘yes’’ to the question. To the extent that
commenters are concerned about
potential misconduct by officers and
agents, CBP and ICE take allegations of
misconduct very seriously and have
mechanisms in place to investigate and
respond to such allegations as discussed
above.
Comment: Multiple commenters
expressed concern that the IFR and
‘‘shout test’’ approach avoids the
provision of necessary interpretation by
immigration officers and thwarts
appropriate language access for
migrants, often adding that immigration
officers are not likely to understand
expressions of fear in languages other
than English or Spanish. Commenters
further stated that the IFR might
disproportionately impact speakers of
Indigenous languages, who may be able
to communicate regarding basic
information in Spanish but may be
unable to discuss the complicated
matter of a fear-based claim in anything
other than their native language.
Similarly, a commenter observed that
noncitizens are held in facilities for only
a limited time and that during that time
language needs might be overlooked. In
the same vein, another commenter
expressed concern that the IFR and the
preamble are not clear regarding how
noncitizens who speak languages other
than English or Spanish are expected to
manifest fear, when they may be able to
communicate only basic identification
in English or Spanish and Border Patrol
agents are not incentivized to seek an
interpreter in the noncitizen’s language.
Response: The Departments disagree
with commenters expressing a belief
that immigration officers are not likely
to understand expressions of fear in
languages other than English or Spanish
and that they are not incentivized to
seek an interpreter. As noted,
noncitizens are not required to verbally
express or state a fear. A fear can also
be manifested non-verbally or
physically. In addition, CBP has legal
and policy obligations to provide
language access services and translation
and has long recognized the importance
of effective and accurate communication
between CBP personnel and the public.
Ensuring effective communication with
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all persons, including limited English
proficiency (‘‘LEP’’) persons, facilitates
CBP’s mission.
It is the policy of CBP to take
reasonable steps to provide LEP persons
with meaningful access, free of charge,
to its operations, services, and other
conducted activities and programs
without unduly burdening the Agency’s
fundamental mission.307 This policy
applies to all methods of
communication—e.g., verbal (including
telephone); correspondence (including
emails); websites; newsletters;
community engagement activities; and
flyers, posters, pamphlets, and other
documents explaining CBP programs.308
This policy also applies to interactions
with the public, including law
enforcement encounters (e.g.,
questioning, processing, etc.).309 As a
result of and related to these policy
obligations, CBP agents and officers
have extensive experience and training
in identifying whether an individual
requires a translator or interpreter or is
unable to understand a particular
language. In addition, CBP facilities
have ‘‘I Speak’’ signs, which are signs
that assist literate individuals to identify
a preferred language from one of over 60
possible languages.310 Upon
implementation of the IFR, signs were
posted in areas of CBP facilities where
individuals are most likely to see those
signs, instructing individuals that, in
addition to being able to inform the
inspecting immigration officers of
307 See, e.g., CBP Directive 2130–031, Roles and
Responsibilities of U.S. Customs and Border
Protection Offices and Personnel Regarding
Provision of Language Access (Dec. 4, 2018); CBP,
Supplementary Language Access Plan (2020),
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/cbp-updated-language-access-plan2020.pdf.
308 See, e.g., CBP Directive 2130–031, Roles and
Responsibilities of U.S. Customs and Border
Protection Offices and Personnel Regarding
Provision of Language Access (Dec. 4, 2018); CBP,
Supplementary Language Access Plan (2020),
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/cbp-updated-language-access-plan2020.pdf.
309 See, e.g., CBP Directive 2130–031, Roles and
Responsibilities of U.S. Customs and Border
Protection Offices and Personnel Regarding
Provision of Language Access (Dec. 4, 2018); CBP,
Supplementary Language Access Plan (2020),
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/cbp-updated-language-access-plan2020.pdf.
310 See CBP, Language Access Plan 7 (2016),
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/final-cbp-language-access-plan.pdf;
DHS, I Speak . . . Language Identification Guide,
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/crcl-i-speak-poster-2021.pdf (last
visited Sept. 3, 2024); DHS, I Speak . . . Indigenous
Language Identification Poster, https://
www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/
Habla%20Poster_12-9-16.pdf (last visited Sept. 3,
2024); see also DHS, DHS Language Access
Resources (July 17, 2023), https://www.dhs.gov/
publication/dhs-language-access-materials.
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urgent medical or other concerns, they
should inform the inspecting
immigration officer if they have a fear of
return, and that, if they do, they will be
referred for a screening. 89 FR at 48741.
Moreover, in CBP’s large-capacity
facilities—where the vast majority of
individuals subject to expedited
removal undergo processing—a short
video explaining the importance of
raising urgent medical concerns, a need
for food or water, or fear of return is
shown on a loop in the processing areas
and will also be available in commonlyspoken languages. To the extent that
noncitizens do not speak one of these
languages, CBP provides language
assistance services consistent with
CBP’s Language Access Plan.311
Furthermore, individuals who are
unable to read the signs or communicate
effectively in one of the languages in
which the signs and videos are
presented will be read the contents of
the signs and videos in a language they
understand.
Comment: One commenter expressed
concern that, as a result of the signs and
videos in CBP facilities advising
migrants of their ability to manifest or
express a fear, noncitizens are ‘‘in
essence . . . coached’’ by DHS with
regard to manifesting fear.
Response: With regard to this concern
that the existence of signs and videos
amount to DHS ‘‘coaching’’ migrants
with regards to manifesting or
expressing a fear, the Departments are
cognizant that, for some individuals,
such messaging may result in migrants
expressing or manifesting a fear when
they otherwise would not. However, as
explained in the preamble to the IFR,
DHS adopted the approach outlined in
this rule—a manifestation standard,
coupled with a general notice of the
right to express or manifest a fear—in an
effort to mitigate this potential,
compared with the existing practice of
asking affirmative questions. See 89 FR
at 48743–44. DHS believes that the
approach taken in this rule
appropriately reflects and accounts for
DHS operational needs while protecting
noncitizens’ ability to seek protection in
the United States.
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d. Trauma Impacting Manifestation and
Vulnerable Populations
Comment: Many commenters
expressed concern that noncitizens have
endured significant trauma en route to
311 See CBP, Language Access Plan (2016),
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/final-cbp-language-access-plan.pdf;
CBP, Supplementary Language Access Plan (2020),
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/
publications/cbp-updated-language-access-plan2020.pdf.
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the United States or are under stress
after escaping harm and ‘‘might not be
able to explicitly state their fears’’ and,
thus, would fail the manifestation
requirement. One commenter pointed
out that trauma does not always present
with the physical cues identified in the
IFR, such as ‘‘shaking, crying, or signs
of physical injury.’’ The commenter
stated that the relevant USCIS Training
Module ‘‘explains that survivors of
severe trauma may appear emotionally
detached’’; the commenter wrote that
removing an affirmative individualized
explanation of the process makes it even
harder for survivors to pursue
protection for which they are entitled to
apply. Other commenters similarly
observed that people who have suffered
trauma ‘‘often have great difficulty
raising their fears of return in nonconfidential group settings’’ and might
be hesitant to disclose their fear to
armed, uniformed officials. One
commenter expressed concern that
many migrants have fled violence at the
hands of government officials and
would have difficulty volunteering their
fear of return to uniformed CBP agents
who are not asking questions about their
fear but about other aspects of their
situation, while another commenter
observed that ‘‘all people [seeking]
asylum remain traumatized, and very
few are able or prepared to tell their full
story even if they understand the
consequences of the [credible fear
interview] process.’’ Commenters also
asserted that noncitizens may not
understand the importance of their first
encounter with a government official or
may believe they will have an
opportunity to raise their claim later in
the process.
Response: The Departments
acknowledge that many noncitizens
arriving in CBP custody may have
experienced trauma of some kind and
that being taken into immigration
custody may exacerbate some of this
trauma. The Departments also
acknowledge that it may be difficult for
some noncitizens to articulate details of
their fear claim to CBP officers and
agents during processing, and may, in
general, have negative reactions to law
enforcement officials in uniform. On
this point, however, the Departments
note that, during CBP processing, the
relevant factor determining whether a
noncitizen is referred to USCIS is
whether the noncitizen manifests a fear.
They are not required to, nor expected
to, articulate the full scope of their fear
or the rationale behind it. Indeed, CBP
agents and officers do not determine the
validity of any fear claim. Additionally,
to the extent that an individual may
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react negatively to a CBP officer or agent
in uniform, such concerns are not
limited to the process under the IFR and
would ostensibly apply to any screening
process implemented by the
Departments. CBP has taken steps over
the past several years to integrate
trauma-informed care for all persons in
custody, with a particular focus on
UCs.312 In particular, in CBP holding
facilities, the agency has taken steps to
ensure that processing procedures are
informed by the potential for trauma
experienced by individuals in custody,
with a particular emphasis on providing
a sense of safety and security, providing
caregivers for children in custody and
increased custodial oversight, increasing
medical standards for individuals in
CBP custody, providing regular
orientation and assistance, and
providing activities and recreation for
children.313 In addition, CBP has taken
steps specific to the credible fear
process, for those going through the
process in CBP custody, to protect the
privacy of noncitizens during their
interviews, where noncitizens may
discuss traumatic situations. These
interviews occur in confidential and
private phone booths intended for use
both for consultation and for the
credible fear interview. While DHS has
taken steps to mitigate the impact of
such trauma on the effectiveness of the
screening process, including through its
signage and videos, it is not possible to
develop a screening process that
completely eliminates the potential
effects of past trauma.
Comment: Many commenters
expressed specific concerns that certain
vulnerable populations of noncitizens
would be at a particular disadvantage
when seeking protection due to the
manifestation requirement. Some
commenters highlighted survivors of
sexual violence, political dissidents,
and LGBTQI+ populations as
particularly disadvantaged, in that they
may not easily manifest fear in asylum
settings due to their specific history of
oppression. For example, one
commenter wrote that political
dissidents may have a fear and mistrust
of government officials and be unlikely
to reveal their stories to immigration
officials. They also discussed the
significant harm that they believe the
manifestation requirement will have on
members of the LGBTQI+ community
who are fleeing persecution and thus are
312 See Memorandum for Exec. Assistant
Comm’rs, et al., from Chris Magnus, Comm’r, U.S.
Customs and Border Protection, Re: Directive for
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Approach to
Trauma-Informed Care for Persons in Custody at 1
(Apr. 29, 2022).
313 Id. at 2–4.
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likely afraid to reveal intimate details of
their lives in immigration facility spaces
that lack privacy and confidentiality.
Response: Regarding concerns that
certain populations, including LGBTQI+
individuals, survivors of sexual
violence, and political dissidents, may
not be comfortable expressing the
details of their fear claim to CBP officers
and agents, the Departments reiterate
that, at the time of CBP processing,
agents and officers do not inquire about
or ask questions about the nature of an
individual’s fear claim, nor do they
evaluate the validity of that claim. Thus,
such migrants are not required to—and
are not expected to—provide the details
of any fear claim, or even the basis for
their claim, during CBP processing. In
addition, the Departments note that
concerns regarding the ability of these
populations to articulate their fear
claims are not limited to the process
under the IFR, and would seemingly
apply to any screening process
implemented by the Departments,
including the process utilizing the Form
I–867A and Form I–867B.
e. A Manifestation of Fear Does Not
Sufficiently Align With a Valid Claim
for Asylum
Comment: Several commenters
critiqued the assertion in the IFR that a
manifestation of fear aligns with a valid
claim for asylum. One commenter
articulated that the Departments
provided no rationale to think that the
new manifestation of fear approach
would only affect people with
‘‘frivolous claims’’ to asylum and wrote
that this conclusion was contrary to
common sense. A commenter wrote that
requests for relief or visibly detectable
signs of fear are not proxies for a strong
claim and that other factors, such as
coaching by a smuggler, might
determine whether or not a migrant
manifests fear.
Response: Contrary to the contention
contained in the comments, the IFR did
not state that the manifestation standard
will only impact those with ‘‘frivolous’’
claims. The Departments noted in the
preamble to the IFR that they believed
that the manifestation standard ‘‘is
reasonably designed to identify
meritorious claims even if a noncitizen
does not expressly articulate a fear of
return.’’ 89 FR at 48744. This decision
was informed by the Department’s
experience that providing the
affirmative advisals on the Form I–867A
and asking the affirmative questions on
the Form I–867B is, in some cases,
suggestive, and by the Departments’
belief and experience that those with
meritorious claims will make their fear
or desire to request asylum known when
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given the opportunity to do so.
However, the Departments also
acknowledge that any screening
mechanism may result in some
noncitizens with valid claims not being
referred for a credible fear interview. Id.
at 48743–44. Nonetheless, the
Departments believe that the
manifestation standard will allow DHS
to identify claims that may be
meritorious in an efficient and effective
manner, and that this change remains
appropriate and necessary in light of the
emergency border circumstances in
which this rule is implemented. Id. at
48744.
f. Noncitizens May Not Understand
Their Legal Right To Seek Asylum
Comment: Multiple commenters
wrote that some noncitizens may not
know that they legally can raise their
fears of harm. Other commenters wrote
that many immigrants would be unable
to meet the requirement to express their
fear of return explicitly, due to lack of
access to legal counsel or unfamiliarity
with the legal requirements. A
commenter remarked that noncitizens
may not understand that the
experiences they suffered based on
gender, racism, or homophobia or
transphobia in their countries of origin
might be grounds for asylum in the
United States.
Some commenters described the signs
and videos discussed in the IFR as
insufficient for communicating the
complex concepts of manifestation of
fear and credible fear screenings. A
commenter criticized the content and
design of the signs as insufficient to
inform the reader that they forfeit their
right to seek asylum if they do not
manifest a fear of their return. Another
commenter noted that the videos would
not necessarily even be played at
smaller facilities.
Some commenters stated that signs or
videos are an inadequate systematic
approach to reaching a broad pool of
noncitizens with valid asylum claims,
particularly given the limited number of
languages used. One commenter
criticized the ‘‘arbitrary’’ limitation on
the number of languages used for the
signs and videos and stated that the IFR
at footnote 195 (89 FR at 48741 n.195)
suggests the signs and videos in CBP
facilities will be posted in English,
Spanish, Mandarin, and Hindi, but the
ICE Implementation Guidance says only
that the signs must be posted in English
and Spanish without mentioning
additional languages to be used on the
signs themselves.314 The comment
314 ICE, Implementation Guidance for Noncitizens
Described in Presidential Proclamation of June 3,
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stated that limiting language access to
these four languages will clearly leave
many without any way to understand
the procedure they must follow to have
their claims heard. The commenter
stated that neither the Implementation
Guidance nor the Rule explain how
someone who cannot understand one of
these four languages would know to
seek out translations in the law library,
as indicated in the rule, or if all facilities
even have a law library.
Response: The Departments disagree
with the commenters’ assertions that the
signs and videos are not sufficient to
notify noncitizens that they can
manifest a fear. CBP has posted signs in
areas of its facilities where individuals
are most likely to see those signs. In
addition, CBP has developed a video
that is shown on a loop in the
processing areas of its large-capacity
facilities. Commenters are correct that
these videos are not shown in smaller
facilities. However, as outlined in the
IFR, in such smaller facilities, the signs
are posted, and officers and agents are
generally able to devote significant
attention to noncitizens in custody and
identify either fear manifestations or
language needs. See 89 FR at 48741
n.196. Contrary to commenters’
assertion that the list of languages in
which these signs and videos are
provided is arbitrary, they are provided
in the languages spoken by the most
common nationalities encountered by
CBP and thus will likely be understood
by most of the individuals in CBP
custody who are subject to the rule. And
if a noncitizen does not speak one of
these languages, CBP provides language
assistance services in accordance with
CBP’s Language Access Plan.315
These signs and videos have also been
provided in short, concise language,
rather than explaining the complex
details of the credible fear process or the
standards for addressing a claim for
asylum or other protection. This is
based on DHS’ experience that short,
concise, and simple notifications are
most effective for noncitizens in custody
at CBP facilities, given the nature of CBP
facilities and CBP operations.316 In
2024, Securing the Border, and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border, at 5 (June 4, 2024) (‘‘These
signs must be posted in English and Spanish. ERO
will have additional translations available in
facility law libraries in the following
languages. . . .’’).
315 See CBP, Supplementary Language Access
Plan: Fiscal Years 2020–2021, at 6 (Feb. 7, 2020),
https://www.cbp.gov/about/language-access.
316 See CBP, Directive 2130–031: Roles and
Responsibilities of U.S. Customs and Border
Protection Offices and Personnel Regarding
Provision of Language Access, at 1, 4–5 (Dec. 4,
2018), https://www.cbp.gov/document/directives/
2013-031-roles-and-responsibilities-us-customsand-border-protection-offices?language=pt.
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particular, CBP’s role in the credible
fear screening process is to identify
those who may be seeking protection in
the United States, in order to ensure that
such individuals are referred to a USCIS
AO. This role thus requires officers and
agents to identify claims of fear, and, at
this initial stage, err on the side of
caution.317 In addition, noncitizens in
CBP custody go through a number of
steps and may move between various
locations in a single facility while
completing processing and awaiting
transfer out of CBP custody. Therefore,
it is CBP’s experience that short, simple
signs, which can be noticed and read
quickly, are more effective for
communicating with noncitizens than
signs with more complex language.
Such claims of fear are, under non-IFR
procedures, identified in part through
the questions on the Form I–867B.
Under this rule, such claims may be
manifested or expressed to an officer or
agent at the time of processing.
However, this rule does not change the
role of either the noncitizen or CBP
immigration officers in the process—a
noncitizen may express or manifest a
fear, and, once that fear is expressed,
CBP refers the individual to an AO.
Additionally, those noncitizens who are
referred and who undergo their credible
fear interviews in CBP custody are
provided additional information about
the credible fear process, through the
Information about Credible Fear tear
sheet and the USBP video explaining
the credible fear process.
Additionally, for those transferred to
ICE custody, commenters are correct
that initial ICE guidance called for ICE
to provide signage in English and
Spanish,318 but ICE subsequently
directed the relevant facilities to post
signage in the same four languages as
CBP. In addition, as noted by the
commenter, ICE has translations
available in facility law libraries in the
following languages: Arabic, Bengali,
French, Haitian Creole, Hindi, K’iche’
(Quiché)/Kxlantzij, Portuguese, Punjabi,
Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese,
Turkish, and Vietnamese.319
317 See CBP, Securing the Border IFR and
Presidential Proclamation CBP Manifesting Fear
Guidance, at 1 (‘‘If doubt or ambiguity exists as to
whether a noncitizen’s statement, actions, or
behavior constitute a manifestation of fear,
expression of fear, or expression of an intent to seek
asylum or related protection, then CBP officers and
agents should refer the matter to a supervisor.’’).
318 Memorandum for Enforcement and Removal
Operations Exec. Assoc. Dir. Daniel A. Bible, from
ICE Deputy Dir. and Senior Off. Performing the
Duties of the Dir. Patrick J. Lechleitner, Re:
Implementation Guidance for Noncitizens
Described in Presidential Proclamation of June 3,
2024, Securing the Border, and Interim Final Rule,
Securing the Border at 5 (June 4, 2024).
319 Id.
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Noncitizens in ICE detention facilities
have access to law libraries for at least
five hours per week.320 Furthermore,
ICE has access to an ICE-wide 24/7
language services contract for
interpretation and translation, and
guidance and best practices materials
for identifying LEP individuals and
their primary language to secure the
necessary interpretation and translation
services for them.321 ICE detention
standards provide that oral
interpretation or assistance shall be
provided to any detainee who speaks
another language in which written
material has not been translated or who
is illiterate.322 Each detained noncitizen
in an ICE detention facility is provided
an ICE National Detainee Handbook,323
which is currently available in 16
languages (English, Spanish, Arabic,
Bengali, French, Haitian Creole, Hindi,
K’iche’ (Quiché)/Kxlantzij, Portuguese,
Pulaar, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian,
Simplified Chinese, Turkish, and
Vietnamese).324 The Handbook
describes the noncitizen’s ability to ask
for relief from removal, including by
seeking asylum, and also provides
information regarding the law library
and additional resources available to
noncitizens.325 All ICE detainees have
the right to use the facility’s law library
to access approved legal materials.326
320 ICE, Attorney Information and Resources:
Other Legal Resources Available to Noncitizens in
ICE Custody (Aug. 9, 2024), https://www.ice.gov/
detain/attorney-information-resources.
321 ICE, Language Access Information and
Resources (May 7, 2024), https://www.ice.gov/
detain/language-access (describing current
language access policies); ICE, ICE Language Access
Plan, Supplemental Update Covering Fiscal Years
2019 and 2020, at 3–5 (July 21, 2020), https://
www.ice.gov/doclib/about/offices/ero/pdf/
iceLanguageAccessPlanSupplemental2020.pdf; ICE,
Language Access Plan, at 7, 10, 13 (June 14, 2015),
https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/
Document/2015/LanguageAccessPlan.pdf.
322 See, e.g., ICE, 6.3 Law Libraries and Legal
Material, at 422 (revised Dec. 2016), https://
www.ice.gov/doclib/detention-standards/2011/63.pdf.
323 ICE, Detention Management, National
Detainee Handbook (Sept. 4, 2024), https://
www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/
national-detainee-handbook.
324 Id.
325 ICE, National Detainee Handbook, at 9, 16
(2024), https://www.ice.gov/doclib/detention/
ndHandbook/ndhEnglish.pdf (‘‘You have the right
to ask for relief from removal based on various legal
grounds if you believe you qualify. These might
include cancellation of removal, adjustment of
status, asylum, withholding of removal, or relief
under the Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment. For example, you have the right to ask
for asylum to stay in the U.S. if you were (or are
afraid that you will be) persecuted in your native
country or a country where you last lived because
of your race, religion, nationality, political opinion,
or membership in a particular social group.’’).
326 Id. at 16.
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81245
With regard to concerns that migrants
may not know that their experience in
their home country or on their journey
to the United States may be grounds for
asylum, the Departments note that this
has always been the case, even under
non-IFR credible fear processes. In any
event, the Departments note that the
current signs and videos use general
language to advise noncitizens that they
should tell an officer if they ‘‘[f]ear
persecution or torture if removed from
the United States.’’ This open-ended
language does not require a noncitizen
to fully understand the legal nuances or
complexities of their claim at the time
it is manifested. CBP therefore believes
that the existing signs and videos are
sufficient.
3. ‘‘Reasonable Probability’’ Screening
Standard for Statutory Withholding of
Removal and CAT Protection
Commenters largely opposed the
heightened ‘‘reasonable probability’’
screening standard for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection for noncitizens subject to this
rule. By contrast, one commenter
supported the ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard for this rulemaking and
recommended more broadly applying it
to all withholding of removal credible
fear screenings.
Comment: Commenters stated the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard was
too high and would lead to refoulement.
Some commenters stated that the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard is
inconsistent with the statutory
‘‘significant possibility’’ standard for
asylum in credible fear screenings, and
that any attempt to change the
‘‘significant possibility’’ standard was
ultra vires. Commenters also explained
that the higher standard would cause
credible fear passage rates to drop
dramatically and result in the removal
of noncitizens with valid asylum claims.
Commenters stated that Congress
intended, as evidenced by the plain
language of the statute, for the threshold
credible fear screening standards to be
low so as not to exclude legitimate
asylum seekers, and not to ensure the
quick imposition of consequences for
irregular entry as described in the IFR.
Similarly, commenters believed the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard was
set too close to the ultimate burdens of
proof for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection and would
require excessively specific evidence,
particularly as the credible fear process
is designed to move quickly. Rather,
commenters suggested that only claims
that were ‘‘manifestly unfounded’’
should be screened out at the credible
fear stage and that, as much as possible,
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asylum, statutory withholding of
removal, and CAT protection claims
should be adjudicated in full removal
proceedings before an IJ, as such claims
are complex and require robust
processes with more procedural
safeguards. Commenters noted a number
of issues that would make it difficult for
noncitizens to provide the specific
evidence required to establish a
reasonable probability under this rule,
including the inability to obtain counsel
during the credible fear process; being
interviewed shortly after arriving in the
United States; difficulties sharing
information due to trauma, exhaustion,
or translation availability; additional
stress placed on vulnerable populations;
detention status; challenges surrounding
placement into the non-detained Family
Expedited Removal Management
(‘‘FERM’’) process, such as challenges
involving children attending credible
fear interviews and difficulty obtaining
Indigenous language interpreters; and
difficulties procuring documentary
evidence, expert opinions, or witnesses.
Response: The Departments disagree
with commenters that the rule’s
reasonable probability screening
standard for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT claims is too high and
decline to make changes to the standard.
The Departments believe the reasonable
probability screening standard is more
appropriate in light of the ultimate
burden of proof for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, better captures the
population of noncitizens with
potentially valid claims for such
protection, and will assist the
Departments in addressing the
emergency border circumstances
described in the IFR. See 89 FR at
48745–46.
To start, and as discussed in Section
III.A.1 of this preamble, the
Departments note that the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard neither affects nor
changes the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard used to screen for asylum
eligibility, which is set by statute and
remains in effect for asylum claims in
the credible fear process. See INA
235(b)(1)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(v)
(a credible fear of persecution ‘‘means
that there is a significant possibility’’
that a noncitizen could establish
eligibility for asylum). Commenter
concerns about changes to the statutory
‘‘significant possibility’’ standard are
therefore misplaced.
While Congress clearly expressed its
intent that the ‘‘significant possibility’’
standard be used to screen asylum
claims, section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1231(b)(3), and FARRA section
2242 are silent as to what screening
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procedures are to be employed with
respect to statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection. The
Departments therefore have some
discretion to articulate the screening
standard for such claims. And in the
context of the emergency border
circumstances described in the IFR and
this rule, the Departments believe the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ screening
standard better captures the population
of noncitizens with potentially valid
claims and is more appropriate in light
of the ultimate burden of proof for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection.
As explained in the IFR and the June
3 Proclamation, resource limitations,
outdated laws, and significantly
elevated encounter levels at the
southern border have made it difficult
for the Departments to quickly grant
relief or protection to those who require
it and to quickly remove those who do
not establish a legal basis to remain in
the United States. In light of the
emergency border circumstances
outlined in the June 3 Proclamation, the
IFR, and this rule, the goal of this rule
is to reduce irregular entries at the
southern border and to quickly issue
decisions and impose consequences on
those who cross our border irregularly
and lack a legal basis to remain. See 89
FR at 48731. The Departments believe
that imposing a ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ screening standard for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection is needed to further this
goal and is consistent with all statutory
and regulatory requirements and the
United States’ international law
obligations.
Specifically, the elevated ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ screening standard will
better allow the Departments to screen
out claims that are unlikely to be
meritorious, as the higher screening
standard is more proportional to the
ultimate burdens of proof for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, which are each higher than
that for asylum. See, e.g., 89 FR at 48747
(noting that the higher screening
standard will help better predict the
likelihood of success on the ultimate
application for relief or protection); see
also Regulations Governing the
Convention Against Torture, 64 FR at
8485 (applying a higher screening
standard for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection in the
reasonable fear context ‘‘[b]ecause the
standard for showing entitlement to
these forms of protection (a probability
of persecution or torture) is significantly
higher than the standard for asylum (a
well-founded fear of persecution)’’).
Identifying non-meritorious claims early
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in the process is an important deterrent
to disincentivize noncitizens from
making the perilous journey to the
United States under the belief that they
will be released and able to remain in
the United States for a significant
period, or indefinitely. Instead, under
this rule, those who do not establish
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal or CAT protection under the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard will
be swiftly removed rather than being
released into the United States to
potentially wait years for a hearing. This
will also allow the Departments to focus
limited resources on processing of those
who are most likely to be persecuted or
tortured if removed, and to more
quickly provide stability and benefits to
noncitizens whose asylum claims are
granted. See, e.g., INA 209, 8 U.S.C.
1159 (‘‘Adjustment of status of
refugees’’).
The Departments made a similar
determination in the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule in implementing
the ‘‘reasonable possibility’’ standard for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection for noncitizens subject
to that rule. See 88 FR at 31336 (noting
that the heightened standard would
help in ‘‘reducing the strain on the
immigration courts by screening out and
removing those with non-meritorious
claims more quickly’’). That
determination has been subsequently
validated, as the elevated standard for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection in credible fear
screenings under the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule resulted in an
approximately 30 percent decrease in
positive credible fear findings. See 89
FR at 48745–46 (providing
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
data).
The Departments recognize that, as
identified by commenters, noncitizens
may face difficulties in their journeys to
the United States and in presenting their
claims during credible fear screenings.
However, the statutory expedited
removal process is predicated on the
requirement that noncitizens must
explain their fear during a credible fear
screening. See INA 235(b)(1)(B), 8
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B) (implementing
credible fear ‘‘[a]sylum interviews,’’ to
include ‘‘material facts as stated by the
applicant’’). As part of this threshold
screening, the ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard is not intended to be an
insurmountable hurdle; rather, it
requires noncitizens to provide greater
specificity in their testimony related to
their claim than that which might be
sufficient to meet the ‘‘reasonable
possibility’’ or ‘‘significant possibility’’
screening standards. See 89 FR at
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48746–48 (explaining that ‘‘the new
standard requires a greater specificity of
the claim in the noncitizen’s
testimony’’). This greater specificity is
intended to be straightforward for
noncitizens to provide, as it entails
answering standard credible fear
screening questions, such as variations
of the following questions: Why do you
fear return to the country of removal?
Who do you believe would harm you if
you were removed from the United
States? Have you been previously
harmed in the country of removal? If so,
why were you harmed? Having the
noncitizen answer these types of
questions with greater specificity is not
intended to require legal expertise and
instead seeks to have communicated
relevant personal facts and
circumstances within the noncitizen’s
knowledge. Moreover, such evidence is
generally provided through testimony at
the credible fear screening stage, and
credible testimony alone can satisfy the
noncitizen’s burden. See, e.g., 89 FR at
48746.
Furthermore, to the extent that
commenters expressed concerns about
the compounding effects of trauma
resulting in difficulty expressing fear,
less time for consultation, and the need
to meet a ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard at the screening stage, the
Departments note that AOs have
significant training and experience in
engaging in non-adversarial interview
techniques, working with interpreters,
cross-cultural communication, and
eliciting information from trauma
survivors and other vulnerable
populations.327 As discussed at greater
length at section III.B.2.a.ii(2) of this
preamble, while the length of the
consultation period is outside the scope
of this rulemaking, this rule ensures that
noncitizens are provided with all of the
rights due to them under the statutory
expedited removal and credible fear
processes, including the right to consult
with a legal representative or other
individual of their choosing prior to the
credible fear interview and to have such
an individual present during their
credible fear interview, provided it will
not unreasonably delay the process. See
INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iv), 8 U.S.C.
327 See USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Interviewing—Introduction to the NonAdversarial Interview (Apr. 24, 2024); USCIS, RAIO
Directorate—Officer Training: Interviewing—
Eliciting Testimony (Apr. 24, 2024); USCIS, RAIO
Directorate—Officer Training: Interviewing—
Working with an Interpreter (Apr. 24, 2024); USCIS,
RAIO Directorate—Officer Training: Cross-Cultural
Communication and Other Factors That May
Impede Communication at an Interview (Apr. 24,
2024); USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training:
Interviewing Survivors of Torture and Other Severe
Trauma (Apr. 24, 2024).
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1225(b)(1)(B)(iv); 8 CFR 208.30(d)(4).
AOs apply the same training and draw
from the same breadth of experience in
eliciting testimony and conducting nonadversarial interviews described above
regardless of the screening standard that
is being applied. Noncitizens are not
expected to have legal knowledge or to
be familiar with specific standards or
elements related to a persecution or
torture screening; rather, they are only
expected to truthfully testify about their
claim and testimony alone can be
sufficient to support a positive fear
determination.
The Departments take seriously
concerns raised by commenters related
specifically to difficulties faced by
families in the non-detained FERM
process, including children attending
credible fear interviews and challenges
obtaining Indigenous language
interpreters. Where issues arise in nondetained credible fear interviews in the
FERM process, just as when issues arise
in any interview, AOs and supervisory
AOs tap into their extensive training
and experience and follow existing
procedures to address the issue.328
USCIS has established procedures in
place in order to obtain interpreters of
rare languages for credible fear
interviews and ensure appropriate steps
are taken where an interpreter is not
available, including issuing a
discretionary NTA where warranted.
And while there are inherent challenges
in conducting non-detained interviews
with families, including attending to
children during an interview, these
issues are not unique to the FERM
process. They are issues dealt with
during interviews where children may
be present in various situations,
including affirmative asylum
interviews; and AOs, supervisory AOs,
and asylum office staff handle these
issues as they arise in various
circumstances. Whether the credible
fear interview is taking place in a
detained setting or is taking place in a
non-detained setting as part of the
FERM process, AOs apply their
extensive training related to nonadversarial interviewing, combined with
their substantive legal training, to make
a determination as to whether a
noncitizen meets the given screening
standard. Additionally, all credible fear
determinations must be reviewed by a
supervisory AO before they become
final. 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8).
328 See, e.g., USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Interviewing—Working with an Interpreter
(Apr. 24, 2024); USCIS, RAIO Directorate—CrossCultural Communication and Other Factors That
May Impede Communication at an Interview (Apr.
24, 2024).
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81247
Moreover, as provided by statute and
as the IFR makes clear, noncitizens have
a right to request review by an IJ of the
AO’s credible fear determination. INA
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C.
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III); 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2)(iii)–(v), 1208.35(b)(1); 89
FR at 48748. Where it is requested, the
IJ conducts a de novo review of the
negative credible fear determination,
including the application of the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility and
possible exceptions to that limitation. 8
CFR 1208.35(b). Importantly,
noncitizens will have additional time to
consult with other persons prior to this
review. 8 CFR 235.15(b)(4) (requiring
written disclosure of a noncitizen’s right
to consult with other persons prior to an
interview or any review thereof). During
such review, noncitizens will have the
opportunity to make statements in
support of their claims, and IJs may also
consider other such facts as are known
to the IJ. See 8 CFR 1003.42(c)–(d); see
also Immigration Court Practice Manual
ch. 7.4(d)(4)(E), https://www.justice.gov/
eoir/reference-materials/ic/chapter-7/4
(noting that ‘‘[e]ither the noncitizen or
DHS may introduce oral or written
statements’’ during a credible fear
review). IJs have significant training and
experience in eliciting testimony from
individuals who have experienced
trauma and developing the record
accordingly.329 As further explained in
the IFR, AOs, supervisory AOs, and IJs
receive training and have experience
applying asylum, statutory withholding
of removal, and CAT protection
screening standards and in applying and
reviewing decisions related to the
ultimate asylum (for USCIS and EOIR)
and statutory withholding of removal
and CAT protection (for EOIR) merits
standards. As such, they are well-suited
to be able to identify in a screening
whether the information the noncitizen
has provided is sufficiently specific to
lead them to believe that the noncitizen
may be able to establish eligibility at the
329 See 8 CFR 1003.0(b)(1)(vii) (authorizing the
provision of comprehensive training and support to
IJs); 8 CFR 1003.9(b)(2) (authorizing the Chief IJ to
provide ‘‘appropriate training . . . on the conduct
of their powers and duties’’); Fact Sheet: Executive
Office for Immigration Review Immigration Judge
Training 2 (June 2022), https://www.justice.gov/
eoir/page/file/1513996/dl?inline; DOJ EOIR, Legal
Education and Research Services Division (Jan. 3,
2020), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/legal-educationand-research-services-division (‘‘The Legal
Education and Research Services Division (LERS)
develops and coordinates headquarters and
nationwide substantive legal training and
professional development for new and experienced
judges, attorneys, and others within EOIR who are
directly involved in EOIR’s adjudicative functions.
LERS regularly distributes new information within
EOIR that includes relevant legal developments and
policy changes from U.S. government entities and
international organizations.’’).
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merits stage. See 89 FR at 48747. In
sum, the Departments believe the
procedural safeguards in place that
comport with all statutory requirements
and the extensive training and
experience of AOs, supervisory AOs,
and IJs in conducting screening
interviews and making and reviewing
fear determinations will ensure that
noncitizens in the credible fear process,
including those experiencing the effects
of trauma and other vulnerable
populations, will be screened for
potential claims in a sensitive and fair
manner at the applicable fear standard.
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule’s ‘‘reasonable probability’’
definition—which requires
‘‘substantially more than a ‘reasonable
possibility,’ but somewhat less than
more likely than not’’—is vague and
amorphous; overly subjective; and lacks
interpretive guidance or similar usage in
other comparative contexts.
Commenters stated that the definition
would result in inconsistent application
due to a lack of meaningful instruction
for AOs and IJs, who would instead rely
on their own discretion.
Response: The Departments believe
that the ‘‘reasonable probability’’
definition set forth in the IFR, which
comparatively references the
‘‘reasonable possibility’’ and ‘‘more
likely than not’’ legal standards,
provides adequate guidance for AOs and
IJs and noncitizens to understand the
level of evidentiary proof needed to
satisfy the threshold credible fear
screening process. Both ‘‘reasonable
possibility’’ and ‘‘more likely than not’’
are longstanding legal standards familiar
to AOs and IJs and representatives, so
implementing a new ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard that falls between
those two existing standards provides a
stable benchmark for determining
whether the new standard has been
satisfied. See, e.g., 8 CFR
208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B), 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B)
(‘‘reasonable possibility’’ standard); 8
CFR 208.16(b)(2), 1208.16(b)(2) (‘‘more
likely than not’’ standard). AOs and IJs
also receive training on the applicable
legal screening standards.330
Moreover, as explained in the IFR,
evaluating evidence under both the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard and
the ‘‘reasonable possibility’’ standard
remains the same, ‘‘save for the degree
of specificity required.’’ 89 FR at 48747;
see also id. at 48746 (explaining the
difference between the two standards
‘‘as being that the new standard requires
330 See, e.g., USCIS, RAIO Directorate—Officer
Training: Evidence 20–26 (Apr. 24, 2024); EOIR,
Fact Sheet: Immigration Judge Training (June 2022),
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1513996/
dl?inline.
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a greater specificity of the claim in the
noncitizen’s testimony’’). Indeed, USCIS
AOs and supervisory AOs have applied
this new standard in a manner that is
consistent with expectations, resulting
in a somewhat, but not drastically,
lower screen-in rate for USBP credible
fear cases screened by USCIS under the
IFR (51 percent for all fear screening
cases subject to the rule, including 48
percent of those screened under the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard) 331
than USBP credible fear cases screened
by USCIS under the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule (54 percent
overall, including 51 percent of those
screened under the: reasonable
possibility’’ standard).332 In addition,
during credible fear reviews overall, IJs
have vacated negative credible fear
determinations under the IFR at a much
lower rate than under the
Circumventing Legal Pathways rule.333
Comment: Commenters stated that an
additional ‘‘reasonable probability’’
screening standard in the credible fear
process will lead to confusion amongst
adjudicators. Commenters explained
that there are now three different legal
standards in credible fear screenings—
significant possibility, reasonable
possibility, and reasonable probability—
all of which could be applicable in some
cases. Moreover, commenters noted that
the governing standards might change
depending on whether emergency
border circumstances are in effect under
this rule. Commenters were concerned
that multiple standards would lead to
AOs and IJs applying the wrong
standard, or conflating the requirements
of each standard, which could result in
potential refoulement because there will
be few mechanisms for accountability if
a mistake occurs.
Commenters also stated that adding
another screening standard is
inefficient, as AOs and IJs will need to
331 See OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (Fear Screening—STB
tab). Data are limited to SWB encounters between
POEs. The total rate excludes cases referred for fear
screening but determined by USCIS not to be
subject to the IFR.
332 See OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data (Fear Screening—CLP tab). The
overall rate includes Mexican nationals (even
though they are not technically covered by the rule)
and excludes cases referred for fear screening but
determined by USCIS not to be subject to the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule. Data are
limited to SWB encounters between POEs.
333 See OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle data and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (IFR ERCF tab and Imm PostPandemic ERCF tab). During the immediate postpandemic period, OHSS estimates that IJs vacated
16 percent of negative fear credible fear interviews
resulting from USBP ER cases, and 6 percent of all
credible fear interviews; under the IFR the
corresponding rates for USBP ER cases through July
31, 2024, were 9 percent and 4 percent.
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determine which standard applies to
each aspect of a case. Commenters also
noted that this will require more
resources from legal organizations to
gather necessary evidence.
Response: The Departments disagree
with commenters’ claims that the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ screening
standard for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection will result
in confusion or adjudication errors or
would otherwise be inefficient. AOs and
IJs regularly work with various
standards, and determine which
standards apply, in the course of their
adjudications, such as the
‘‘extraordinary circumstances’’ standard
to determine whether an asylum
applicant qualifies for an exception to
the one-year filing deadline, see INA
208(a)(2)(D), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(D), and
the discretionary ‘‘compelling reasons’’
standard to determine whether an
applicant who has suffered past
persecution but lacks a well-founded
fear of future persecution should be
granted asylum in the exercise of
discretion, see 8 CFR
208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A), 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A).
Indeed, deciding which legal standard
applies is a critical aspect of the role of
AOs and IJs. See 8 CFR 1003.10(b).
Further, AOs and IJs have significant
training and experience in eliciting
testimony and applying evidentiary
standards in immigration proceedings.
See, e.g., 89 FR at 48747. The
Departments are similarly confident that
AOs and IJs will efficiently apply the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard,
which is similar to the ‘‘significant
possibility’’ and ‘‘reasonable
possibility’’ standards. See id. at 48748
(explaining that the reasonable
probability standard ‘‘is not a significant
departure from the types of analyses
AOs, supervisory AOs, and IJs conduct
on a daily basis’’ but is rather ‘‘a matter
of degree’’). Further, credible fear
determinations are reviewed by a
supervisory AO before they become
final to ensure consistency and quality
and are subject to de novo review by an
IJ if a noncitizen requests such review.
See 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8), 1208.35(b); 89
FR at 48748. Additionally, to avoid
confusion, any changes regarding the
applicability of emergency border
circumstances are communicated to
AOs, IJs, and the public, and have been
made publicly available since the June
3 Proclamation and publication of the
IFR.334
For comparison, under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
334 See DHS, Securing the Border: Presidential
Proclamation and Rule (Aug. 6, 2024), https://
www.dhs.gov/immigrationlaws.
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AOs and IJs have successfully applied
the ‘‘significant possibility’’ screening
standard to asylum claims and the
‘‘reasonable possibility’’ screening
standard to statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection claims
since its implementation. See 8 CFR
208.33(b)(2)(ii), 1208.33(b)(2)(ii). And
for several months, AOs and IJs have
successfully applied the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard in screenings
under the IFR. Therefore, the
Departments believe that AOs and IJs
can continue to apply the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard implemented in
this rule.
With regard to concerns from legal
service organizations about gathering
additional evidence under the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard, the
Departments again reiterate that the
relevant evidence largely remains the
same, and simply requires more
specificity. See 89 FR at 48746–47.
Much of this specificity is likely to
come through the noncitizen’s
testimony, which will require the
noncitizen to describe why they, in
particular, are likely to be harmed or
threatened with harm. This testimony
focuses on relevant personal facts and
circumstances within the noncitizen’s
knowledge, which should not
significantly increase the burden of
production on the noncitizen or legal
service providers.
Comment: Commenters raised
concerns with the IFR’s justifications for
implementing the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard.
Commenters argued that the ultimate
asylum grant rate should not be the sole
justification for implementing the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard.
Commenters noted that the disparity
between positive credible fear
determinations and ultimate asylum
grant rates itself was not a reason to
raise the credible fear screening
standard. Commenters explained that
the credible fear screening threshold
was intended to be low to avoid
refoulement and, therefore, the credible
fear screening passage rate should
necessarily be higher than the ultimate
asylum grant rate.
Commenters also believed the IFR
relied on misleading statistics in
claiming that the screening standard
should be raised because the credible
fear screening passage rate was
significantly higher than the ultimate
asylum grant rate in removal
proceedings. Commenters explained
that the ultimate asylum grant rate
statistic in removal proceedings
includes all disposition types—not just
grants and denials—and also includes
factors such as a lack of counsel, poor
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translation, and variable IJ grant rates,
which does not necessarily mean that
the asylum claim itself was insufficient.
Moreover, commenters pointed to
additional EOIR statistics, which they
stated showed that the ultimate asylum
grant rates were higher than portrayed
in the IFR.
Commenters also stated that the
Departments did not adequately explain
why they imposed a higher screening
standard in this rule while, in the
previous Asylum Processing IFR (87 FR
18078), the Departments argued that the
‘‘significant possibility’’ standard was
preferable for screening statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection claims. Separately,
commenters argued that the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard would not meet
the IFR’s stated goals of deterring
irregular migration, asserting that the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s increased screening standard did
not ‘‘significantly lower’’ the credible
fear passage rate. Lastly, commenters
stated that the Departments did not
consider that deterrence-based policies,
such as a heightened standard, only
result in temporary reductions in border
crossings.
Response: The Departments disagree
with objections to the IFR’s
justifications supporting the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard.
First, the Departments disagree that
the disparity between the credible fear
screening passage rate and ultimate
asylum grant rate is irrelevant or should
not be relied upon. This disparity is a
clear indication of how many positive
credible fear determinations ultimately
translate into grants of asylum relief.
The Departments understand that the
credible fear screening process is only a
threshold determination and will, by
design, result in asylum claims that
meet the initial screening standard but
fail during the ultimate merits
adjudication. However, for purposes of
the IFR, the Departments cited to this
disparity to explain that such a wide
disparity ultimately indicates a
screening process that is excessively
overinclusive, resulting in a large
number of non-meritorious asylum
claims increasing adjudicatory backlogs.
See 89 FR at 48746 (explaining that,
under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule, the ‘‘screen-in rate
remains significantly higher than the
grant rate for ultimate merits
adjudication for SWB expedited
removal cases that existed prior to the
rule’’ and that, under the IFR, the
existence of emergency border
circumstances necessitates focusing
limited resources on ‘‘processing those
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81249
who are most likely to be persecuted or
tortured if removed’’).
The Departments also disagree that
any cited statistics in the IFR regarding
asylum grant rates in section 240
removal proceedings are misleading.
While commenters are correct that
section 240 removal proceedings may be
completed without an ultimate
adjudication on an asylum application
(such as through dismissal or
termination of proceedings), EOIR data
are consistent that, for completed cases,
only a small percentage of asylum
claims referred from the credible fear
process are ultimately granted in section
240 removal proceedings, which was a
relevant concern underlying the IFR’s
justification for the heightened
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard.335
For example, in 2023, only 18 percent
of referred asylum claims ultimately
resulted in an asylum grant at the
completion of section 240 removal
proceedings, even when excluding cases
that were administratively closed or did
not have the asylum claim
adjudicated.336 Moreover, the
Departments note that the data also
demonstrate that a large percentage of
completed cases without an ultimate
asylum adjudication of grant or denial
involve noncitizens who never filed an
asylum application once placed in
section 240 removal proceedings.337
Additionally, to the extent that section
240 removal proceedings are terminated
before an asylum application is
adjudicated, the termination does not
necessarily have any bearing on the
ultimate strength or weakness of the
asylum claim.
In response to commenters’ concerns
regarding the Departments’ decision in
the 2022 Asylum Processing IFR to
maintain the ‘‘significant possibility’’
screening standard for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, the Departments note that
they addressed these concerns in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
See 88 FR at 31336. In response to
similar comments on that rule, the
Departments explained that ‘‘the current
and impending situation on the ground
along the SWB warrants departing in
some respects from the approach
generally applied in credible fear
screenings’’ and that the ‘‘Asylum
Processing IFR was designed for nonexigent circumstances.’’ Id. Similarly, as
explained in the IFR and this rule, prior
to implementation of the IFR, migration
335 See, e.g., EOIR, Adjudication Statistics:
Asylum Decisions in Cases Originating with a
Credible Fear Claim (Apr. 19, 2024), https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344831/dl?inline.
336 See id.
337 See id.
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patterns and other factors resulting in
emergency border circumstances had
only intensified, thereby necessitating a
further change to the relevant credible
fear screening standard for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection. See 89 FR at 48724 (‘‘While
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule and complementary measures have
yielded demonstrable results, the
resources provided to the Departments
still have not kept pace with irregular
migration.’’); see also supra Section
II.A.1 (‘‘Basis for the IFR’’).
Lastly, the Departments disagree with
commenters regarding the overall
efficacy of this rule and of the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard in
particular. Contrary to commenters’
claims, the Departments have seen a
significant decrease in the credible fear
screen-in rate since the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule’s
implementation of the ‘‘reasonable
possibility’’ standard, and a further
decrease since the IFR’s implementation
of the ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard. See 89 FR at 48745–46
(showing a 31 percent decrease in the
screen-in rate under the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule); see also
Section II.A.2 of this preamble
(providing statistics on the IFR’s
efficacy to date). The Departments also
disagree that deterrence-based policies
have only temporary or limited effects,
but they do note that deterrence is only
one part of an overall border and
migration strategy that can help to better
manage migratory flows. See 89 FR at
48729–30 (explaining that DHS’s
migration strategy focuses on
‘‘enforcement, deterrence,
encouragement of the use of lawful
pathways, and diplomacy’’).
Overall, the Departments believe that
the screening standard changes made in
this rule will help better manage an
overwhelmed immigration system,
while also noting that, as explained in
IFR, this rule is only a piece of broader
efforts that will likely require further
congressional action. See 89 FR at 48715
(‘‘Although the Departments are
adopting these measures to respond to
the emergency situation at the southern
border, they are not a substitute for
congressional action—which remains
the only long-term solution to the
challenges the Departments have
confronted on the border for more than
a decade.’’).
Comment: Commenters noted that the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard could
also apply in the context of the
consideration of mandatory asylum bars
as proposed in a separate DHS
rulemaking, Application of Certain
Mandatory Bars in Fear Screenings, 89
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FR 41347 (May 13, 2024) (‘‘Mandatory
Bars NPRM’’). Commenters stated that
the Departments should not apply the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard to
noncitizens found to be barred from
asylum due to a mandatory bar, noting
the Mandatory Bars NPRM.
Response: The Departments agree
with commenters that the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ standard may apply in the
context of consideration of mandatory
bars if DHS finalizes the DHS
Mandatory Bars NPRM as proposed, as
the Departments noted in the IFR. See
89 FR at 48739 n.186 (explaining that,
if the DHS Mandatory Bars NPRM is
finalized, the ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard would still apply when a
noncitizen is subject to this rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility).
The Departments decline to amend
the ‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard so
that it would not apply to
considerations of mandatory bars. First,
as stated above in this section, the
Departments have determined that a
higher ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard is needed in light of the
emergency border circumstances.
Accordingly, the Departments decline to
make edits to reduce the standard’s
applicability. If DHS ultimately decides
to consider the mandatory bars as part
of fear screenings under the steady-state
regulations and the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, it would be
appropriate for DHS to consider those
bars under this rule as well, also under
a ‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard. See
8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(i). This would be
consistent with the overall purpose of
the DHS Mandatory Bars NPRM. See 89
FR at 41351 (explaining that the
proposed rule ‘‘is consistent with the
Administration’s demonstrated record
of providing operators maximum
flexibility and tools to apply
consequences, including by more
expeditiously removing those without a
lawful basis to remain in the United
States, while providing immigration
relief or protection to those who merit
it at the earliest point possible’’ and that
the proposed rule would ‘‘allow DHS to
quickly screen out certain nonmeritorious protection claims and to
swiftly remove those noncitizens who
present a national security or public
safety concern’’).
4. Other Comments on the Regulatory
Provisions
a. Application to Mexican Nationals
Comment: Commenters raised several
concerns regarding the applicability of
the IFR’s limitation on asylum eligibility
to Mexican nationals. Generally,
commenters argued that Mexican
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asylum seekers should be exempt from
the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility and should not be forced to
wait in Mexico, the country where they
fear persecution or torture, during
emergency border circumstances.
Commenters stated that requiring
Mexican asylum seekers to wait in the
country where they claim to face
persecution is tantamount to
refoulement in violation of international
law and would further expose them to
the threat of future harm. Similarly,
commenters stated that Mexican
nationals cannot be expected to apply
for asylum in Mexico—the country
where they are claiming harm—which
commenters explained was a ‘‘commonsense principle’’ that the Departments
abandoned in the IFR.
Relatedly, commenters stated that the
Departments’ available pathways to
pursue asylum, including the CBP One
app, are too limited for Mexican
nationals, who would be exposed to an
increased risk of persecution if forced to
wait in Mexico for the ability to pursue
asylum. Commenters expressed further
concerns about the rule’s lack of
exceptions, including that, if the IFR’s
exceptions are intended to ‘‘mirror’’ the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
it is ‘‘unfair and dangerous’’ for the IFR
to apply to Mexican nationals, and that
the IFR’s requirements would ‘‘trap’’
Mexican nationals in the country of
alleged persecution in violation of
international law and non-refoulement
obligations.
Response: The Departments decline to
change the rule’s applicability to
Mexican nationals, as excepting
Mexican nationals from the rule would
undermine the rule’s foundational
purpose to alleviate strain on border
security and immigration systems while
entry is suspended and limited under
the Proclamation. See 89 FR at 48738–
39. The strains that resulted in
emergency border circumstances and
necessitated implementation of the IFR
were driven in part by a recent sharp
increase in Mexican nationals processed
for expedited removal and referred for
credible fear interviews. Id. The
Departments believe that these
emergency border circumstances weigh
heavily in favor of applying the rule to
Mexican nationals in order to better
process increased inflows of Mexican
nationals and return border processing
to more manageable levels.
Moreover, the rule’s applicability to
Mexican nationals does not violate nonrefoulement obligations because the
United States implements its nonrefoulement obligations under Article
33 of the Refugee Convention (via the
Refugee Protocol) through the statutory
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withholding of removal provision in
section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3). All noncitizens, including
Mexican nationals, maintain the
opportunity to make a threshold
showing for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protections during the
credible fear screening process, as the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
does not extend to those forms of
protection. See 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2),
1208.35(b)(2).
The Departments also disagree that
Mexican nationals do not have
sufficient paths for seeking relief or
protection in the United States. First,
Mexican nationals may avail themselves
of lawful, safe, and orderly pathways to
the United States, such as making an
appointment through the CBP One app.
See, e.g., 8 CFR 208.33(a)(2)(ii)(B); see
also 89 FR at 48754 (explaining that
CBP One appointments create an
efficient and orderly process at POEs).
To the extent a Mexican national cannot
wait in Mexico for a CBP One
appointment due to urgent safety
concerns, the rule contains an exception
for exceptionally compelling
circumstances, including for imminent
and extreme threats to life or safety. See
8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i).
This exception maintains the rule’s
efficacy by ensuring that Mexican
nationals with specific, urgent safety
needs to enter the United States can do
so, while otherwise allowing the rule to
apply to those Mexican nationals who,
for example, are able to safely wait in
another part of Mexico for their
appointment. Furthermore, as of August
23, 2024, the Departments note that
Mexican nationals are able to request
and schedule a CBP One appointment
from anywhere within Mexico.338 This
new adjustment to the CBP One app
will enable Mexican nationals facing
imminent danger in a specific area of
Mexico to internally relocate while
waiting for their CBP One
appointment.339
Second, this rule ensures that
noncitizens are able to avoid
refoulement through the availability of
statutory withholding of removal, in
addition to CAT protection. See 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2), 1208.35(b)(2). Third, the
rule contains a number of provisions
that may apply to Mexican nationals.
For example, the limitation on asylum
eligibility does not apply to groups that
are excepted from the suspension and
limitation on entry under section 3(b) of
338 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application:
Recent Updates (last modified Sept. 23, 2024),
https://www.cbp.gov/about/mobile-apps-directory/
cbpone.
339 See id.
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the Proclamation, including UCs. See 8
CFR 208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1). The rule
also provides an exception for
noncitizens who can establish the
aforementioned exceptionally
compelling circumstances. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i).
Additionally, the rule includes a
provision to ensure family unity and
avoid potential family separation for
certain noncitizens who can establish
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal or CAT protection. See 8 CFR
208.35(c), 1208.35(c). Taken together,
these provisions help ensure that, while
some Mexican nationals may not be
granted asylum after entering the United
States during emergency border
circumstances, sufficient options exist
for Mexican nationals to pursue
available protection and avoid
immediate harm.
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule’s exceptions are inadequate for
Mexican nationals. Commenters stated
that, for Mexican nationals, the facts
underlying their asylum claim would be
conflated with the rule’s exception for
an ‘‘imminent and extreme threat to life
or safety.’’ According to commenters, in
practice, this would result in Mexican
nationals having to essentially present
their full asylum claim to establish the
exception.
Response: If a Mexican national is
unable to remain in Mexico while
awaiting a CBP One appointment due to
an imminent and extreme threat of
harm, the rule provides an exception for
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, in order to provide a
potential avenue for the Mexican
national to avoid application of the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility.
See 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i),
1208.35(a)(2)(i). The Departments
disagree that this exception for
noncitizens who demonstrate
exceptionally compelling circumstances
is inadequate for Mexican nationals.
The Departments clarify that the
analysis to determine whether any
noncitizen—including a Mexican
national—has demonstrated
exceptionally compelling circumstances
based on an ‘‘imminent and extreme
threat to life or safety’’ at the time of
entry is separate from the ultimate
determination regarding the merits of a
noncitizen’s asylum claim, even if, in
certain circumstances, some of the same
facts underlying a Mexican national’s
asylum claim may also be relevant to a
determination on the rule’s exception.
For purposes of the ‘‘imminent and
extreme threat to life or safety’’
exception, noncitizens need only
provide evidence focused on threats that
the noncitizen faced at the time they
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crossed the SWB, such that the
noncitizen could not wait for an
opportunity to present at a POE. See,
e.g., 88 FR at 11723 (explaining
operation of similar ground for rebutting
presumption of ineligibility for asylum
under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule). In contrast, for the
asylum claim itself, the noncitizen must
demonstrate that they otherwise have a
credible fear of persecution or torture
during credible fear proceedings and,
during a full merits adjudication, that
they satisfy the eligibility requirements
for asylum. See 8 CFR 208.35(b)(1)(iii),
1208.35(b)(2)(ii) (directing AOs and IJs
to proceed under 8 CFR 208.30 and
1208.30, respectively, in credible fear
proceedings where a noncitizen has
established the exception to the
limitation on asylum eligibility based on
exceptionally compelling
circumstances); see generally 8 CFR
208.13, 1208.13 (describing asylum
eligibility requirements).
Relatedly, the Departments also
clarify that the ‘‘exceptionally
compelling circumstances’’ exception is
applied during the credible fear process,
and not during any initial border
encounter with CBP. See 8 CFR
208.35(b) (‘‘Application in credible fear
determinations.’’).
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule discriminates against Mexican
nationals, both in intent and effect.
Commenters stated that, by comparison,
the rule is more restrictive than prior
Departmental policies, including the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
and the now-defunct MPP, which
specifically exempted Mexican
nationals. Thus, commenters stated, this
rule was issued to limit the entry of
Mexican nationals and would result in
more drastic consequences for Mexican
nationals than those other rules and
policies. Furthermore, commenters
argued that, because the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule does not apply
to Mexican nationals, there will be
significant confusion in applying these
rules together during the credible fear
process.
Response: The Departments disagree
with commenters’ assertions that this
rule discriminates against Mexican
nationals. Commenters stated that the
discriminatory intent and purpose is
evidenced by the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule’s comparative
inapplicability to Mexican nationals.
However, the Departments emphasize
that this rule and the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule serve different
objectives. For example, unlike with
respect to this rule, traveling through a
third country is a key requirement of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
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because requiring that noncitizens apply
for protection in a third country is one
means for providing protection in the
United States where necessary while
also sharing the responsibility of
providing necessary protections with
the United States’ regional partners. See
8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)(iii); 1208.33(a)(1)(iii);
88 FR at 31316. Thus, the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
generally does not apply to Mexican
nationals residing in Mexico, who
would not need to travel through
another country to reach the United
States. To the contrary, this rule applies
uniformly to all noncitizens who enter
the United States at the southern border
during emergency border circumstances
and are not excepted under the June 3
Proclamation or able to establish
exceptionally compelling
circumstances, without consideration of
the path of transit to the southern
border. See 8 CFR 208.13(g), 1208.13(g).
Additionally, since the
implementation of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, emergency
border circumstances dictate applying
the rule broadly in order to reduce
irregular entries at the southern border
and to quickly issue decisions and
impose consequences on those who
cross the southern border irregularly
and lack a legal basis to remain. See 89
FR at 48731. As relevant here, the
United States saw a sharp increase in
the number of encounters of Mexican
nationals at the SWB during the
COVID–19 pandemic prior to
implementation of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, which continued
into the immediate post-pandemic
period.340 During the same period, the
United States saw a corresponding
increase in credible fear referrals, which
necessitates applying the rule to
Mexican nationals. See id. at 48738.
Moreover, the Departments do not
believe that the rule’s broad
applicability will cause confusion, as
the rule maintains a straightforward
application to noncitizens who enter the
United States at the southern border
during periods of emergency border
circumstances and are not excepted
under the Proclamation or able to
establish exceptionally compelling
circumstances.
Comment: Commenters stated that the
rule’s expediency justification for
subjecting Mexican nationals to the
limitation on asylum eligibility is
insufficient. Commenters argued that
the statistics provided in the IFR cannot
justify extending the limitation on
asylum eligibility to Mexican nationals,
340 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(USPB Encounters by Citizenship tab).
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noting that statistics evincing recent
increases in Mexican nationals making
fear claims indicate increasingly
dangerous conditions in Mexico and an
increased need for protection. Another
commenter claimed that applying the
rule to Mexican nationals is contrary to
the record before the agency because,
according to the commenter’s
characterization of that record,
encounters of Mexican nationals have
actually declined significantly.
Similarly, a commenter objected that the
IFR subjects Mexican nationals fleeing
persecution to extensive stays in Mexico
if they wish to seek asylum in the
United States, but fails to consider the
impact on Mexican nationals or provide
any rationale for that result.
Response: The Departments have
considered the commenters’ concerns
and reaffirm the justifications for
applying the IFR’s limitation on asylum
eligibility to Mexican nationals. The
foundational basis of the June 3
Proclamation and the IFR is to address
substantial migration levels at the
southern border, including a ‘‘sharp
increase’’ in SWB encounters of
Mexican nationals. See, e.g., 89 FR at
48726–27; id. at 48738. Addressing
these migration levels, and their
significant impact on border processing
and the United States’ immigration
system more broadly, thereby
necessitates applying the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility to all
noncitizens, with limited exception,
who enter the United States across the
southern border during emergency
border circumstances, including
Mexican nationals.
The Departments believe the cited
data fully support the rule’s application
to Mexican nationals. Departmental data
show that excluding Mexican nationals
would undermine the rule’s deterrent
effect, as Mexican nationals comprise
the largest portion of recent (post-IFR)
SWB encounters between POEs, at
approximately 41 percent.341 And,
contrary to one commenter’s claim, the
data in the IFR did not show a decline
in encounters of Mexican nationals.
Rather, the Departments explained that,
since 2010, the makeup of border
crossers has significantly changed,
expanding from Mexican single adults
to single adults and families from
northern Central American countries,
and then to single adults and families
from throughout the hemisphere (and
beyond), many of whom are more likely
to seek asylum and other forms of
protection. See 89 FR at 48721. The
Departments further explained that, as
the demographics of border encounters
341 See
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have shifted in recent years to include
a higher rate of Mexican nationals
claiming fear, in addition to larger
encounter numbers of other
nationalities with high historical rates of
asserting fear claims, the deterrent effect
of apprehending noncitizens at the SWB
has become more limited. See id. at
48731 n.167 (explaining that for
noncitizens encountered at and between
SWB POEs from FY 2014 through FY
2019 who were placed in expedited
removal, nearly 6 percent of Mexican
nationals made fear claims that were
referred to USCIS for a determination,
whereas from May 12, 2023 to March
31, 2024, 29 percent of all Mexican
nationals processed for expedited
removal at the SWB made fear claims,
including 39 percent in February 2024).
Given this demonstrated increase in
encounters of, and fear claims made by,
Mexican nationals, the Departments
believe that applying this rule to
Mexican nationals will result in faster
processing of a significant number of
Mexican noncitizens and thereby
significantly advance this rule’s
overarching goal of alleviating the strain
on the border security and immigration
systems during emergency border
circumstances. Without broad
application, the practical result would
be that those with meritorious claims
would wait years for their claims to be
granted, while noncitizens who are
ultimately denied protection potentially
would spend years in the United States
before being issued a final order of
removal.
Comment: Commenters stated that not
creating an exception for Mexican
nationals is especially concerning for
vulnerable Mexican nationals, including
people fleeing gang and cartel violence
or other severe forms of violence,
women, members of the LGBTQI+
community, those escaping sexual and
gender-based violence, children,
families, Indigenous people, journalists,
and activists, among others.
Commenters explained that violence
against these vulnerable populations is
endemic in Mexico and has been
recognized by the Departments,
including through individual asylum
adjudications. Therefore, the
commenters stated that it is concerning
that the IFR does not except these
vulnerable populations despite the clear
need to prevent further harm and
mitigate past harms suffered.
Response: Regarding concerns about
specific vulnerable populations of
Mexican nationals, the Departments
emphasize that agents and officers
frequently encounter noncitizens who
may be vulnerable and are trained on
appropriate action. See 89 FR at 48744–
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45. Moreover, the rule contains an
explicit exception for exceptionally
compelling circumstances that is
intended to limit potential adverse
effects of the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility, including on uniquely
vulnerable populations. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i). For
example, a noncitizen may qualify for
the exception if the noncitizen faces an
imminent and extreme threat to the
noncitizen’s life or safety immediately
prior to entry into the United States. See
id.
b. Adequacy of Statutory Withholding of
Removal and CAT Protection
Comment: Commenters stated that
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection are insufficient
alternative forms of protection for
noncitizens who would be ineligible for
asylum under the rule, asserting that
these forms of protection are more
difficult to obtain and provide fewer
benefits than asylum.
First, commenters explained that
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection require noncitizens to
meet a higher burden of proof than
asylum and that, ultimately, these
higher burdens will result in more
noncitizens being denied protection
under the rule.
Second, commenters stated that, even
if noncitizens were able to meet the
higher burden of proof for statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
protection, the noncitizen would not be
accorded the same benefits as asylees.
For example, commenters stated that
recipients of statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection are subject
to the continued risk of removal; cannot
petition for derivative beneficiaries; are
unable to apply for permanent residency
or citizenship; are unable to travel
abroad; and must apply annually for
work authorization, which commenters
claimed is subject to frequent
adjudicatory delays. As a result,
commenters argued that recipients of
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection are left in an uncertain
status incongruent with the United
States’ obligations to protect refugees;
that such status would lead to
community instability in the United
States, as it prevents noncitizens from
investing in their communities and fully
recovering from harm; and that such
status would fail to ensure family
unity—and even promote family
separation—due to an inability to
petition for derivative beneficiaries.
Further, commenters argued that the
Departments cannot meet their nonrefoulement obligations with statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
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protections alone, stating that neither
statutory withholding of removal nor
CAT protections are equivalent to
asylum because those protections do not
convey rights guaranteed by the Refugee
Protocol or meet the goals of the Refugee
Convention. Those commenters said
that the United States must comply with
the Refugee Convention in its entirety,
not only with Article 33. For example,
commenters said that the United States
is obligated to comply with Article 34
of the Refugee Convention and facilitate
the integration and naturalization of
refugees.
Lastly, commenters claimed that
noncitizens who attempt to pursue
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection under the rule would
increase confusion in their interactions
with DHS, particularly due to the rule’s
interactions with other rulemakings.
Response: As an initial matter, the
Departments reiterate that this rule fully
complies with the United States’ nonrefoulement obligations under Article
33 of the Refugee Convention (via the
Refugee Protocol), which the United
States implements through the statutory
withholding of removal provision in
section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1231(b)(3). See Section III.A.1.d of this
preamble. This rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility does not affect a
noncitizen’s ultimate eligibility for
statutory withholding of removal. See 8
CFR 208.35(b)(2)(i), 1208.35(b)(2)(i)
(requiring an AO to assess a noncitizen’s
eligibility for statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection when
applicable). Similarly, this rule’s
implementation of the ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ screening standard is well
within the Departments’ broad
discretion to determine which screening
standard should apply in implementing
the United States’ non-refoulement
obligations. See 89 FR at 48740–41.
The rule is similarly compliant with
Article 34 of the Refugee Convention,
which is precatory and encourages the
assimilation and naturalization of
refugees. Importantly, although the rule
limits asylum eligibility for noncitizens
who enter the United States during
emergency border circumstances,
Article 34 ‘‘does not require the
implementing authority actually to grant
asylum to all those who are eligible.’’
INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421,
441 (1987). Indeed, under U.S. law,
asylum is a discretionary form of relief.
Id.; see also INA 208(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C.
1158(b)(1)(A); 8 CFR 1208.14(a)–(b).
Consistent with that authority, the
Departments have determined that this
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility is
necessary to address the emergency
border circumstances described in the
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IFR. See 89 FR at 48726–31. Further, the
rule does not preclude the availability of
asylum for those to whom the rule does
not apply or who demonstrate that
exceptionally compelling circumstances
exist. For example, noncitizens may
utilize the CBP One app to schedule an
appointment to present themselves at a
POE. See June 3 Proclamation Sec.
3(b)(v)(D) (excepting ‘‘noncitizens who
arrive in the United States at a
southwest land border port of entry
pursuant to a process the Secretary of
Homeland Security determines is
appropriate to allow for the safe and
orderly entry of noncitizens into the
United States’’); 89 FR at 48737 (‘‘One
of the mechanisms by which a
noncitizen may arrive at a POE with a
pre-scheduled time to appear is through
the CBP One app. Use of the CBP One
app creates efficiencies that enable CBP
to safely and humanely expand its
ability to process noncitizens at POEs,
including those who may be seeking
asylum.’’). Additionally, noncitizens
may overcome the limitation on asylum
eligibility if they, or a family member as
described in 8 CFR 208.30(c) with
whom they are traveling, are able to
demonstrate exceptionally compelling
circumstances by a preponderance of
the evidence, such as if they face an
acute medical emergency or an
imminent and extreme threat to life or
safety, among other circumstances. See
8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i), 1208.35(a)(2)(i).
Next, the Departments recognize that
the burdens of proof for statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection are higher than that for
asylum, as they require a demonstration
that it is more likely than not that
noncitizens will be persecuted or
tortured in another country, while
asylum requires that noncitizens
demonstrate a lesser burden of proof: a
well-founded fear of persecution. See
Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 423.
These higher burdens of proof for those
to whom the limitation applies align
with the overall purpose of the rule: to
disincentivize irregular migration
during periods of emergency border
circumstances, so as to mitigate the risk
that border enforcement operations and
the larger immigration system become
overwhelmed and unable to issue timely
decisions or consequences. See 89 FR at
48718 (explaining that the rule is
intended to ‘‘address historic levels of
migration and efficiently process
migrants arriving at the southern border
during emergency border
circumstances’’). These differences in
burdens of proof also correspond with
the distinct, but related, objectives of
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
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rule: to encourage noncitizens to avail
themselves of lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways, where possible, as well as to
discourage irregular migration, promote
orderly processing at POEs, and ensure
that protection is still available for those
who satisfy the applicable standards for
statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection. See 88 FR at 31428.
Therefore, if a noncitizen is subject to
the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility, being required to meet
comparatively higher existing standards
for statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection is intended to further
disincentivize irregular migration when
encounters are above a certain
benchmark and to ‘‘substantially
improve the Departments’ ability to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences to noncitizens who lack a
lawful basis to remain.’’ 89 FR at 48715;
see also id. at 48754.
Separately, and as explained in
response to similar comments on the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
the Departments also recognize the
comparatively fewer benefits of
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection as compared to asylum,
including: (1) no permanent right to
remain in the United States; (2) the
inability to adjust status to become a
lawful permanent resident and,
relatedly, later naturalize as a U.S.
citizen; (3) the inability to travel abroad;
and (4) the need to affirmatively apply
for, and annually renew, employment
authorization documents. See 88 FR at
31428. However, the Departments again
emphasize that the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility, along with the
comparatively fewer benefits of
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection, align with the overall
purposes of the June 3 Proclamation and
this rule: to address historic levels of
migration at the southern border and
efficiently process migrants arriving at
the southern border during emergency
border circumstances. See 89 FR at
48718; id. at 48726–31.
Moreover, with regard to concerns
about the inability of statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
protection recipients to petition for
beneficiary derivatives,342 this rule
contains a family unity provision to
help prevent family separation for
342 The Departments note that, although there is
no derivative protection under statutory
withholding of removal or CAT protection, certain
U.S.-based qualifying parents or legal guardians,
including those granted withholding of removal,
may petition for qualifying children and eligible
family members to be considered for refugee status
and possible resettlement in the United States. See
USCIS, Central American Minors (CAM) Program,
https://www.uscis.gov/CAM (last updated Mar. 7,
2024).
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noncitizens who can establish eligibility
for statutory withholding of removal or
CAT withholding. See 8 CFR 208.35(c),
1208.35(c). As discussed in further
detail in Section III.C.1.e of this
preamble, the family unity provision
treats the following noncitizens as
having established exceptionally
compelling circumstances sufficient to
avoid application of the limitation on
asylum eligibility: those (1) who are
found eligible for statutory withholding
of removal or CAT withholding; (2) who
would be eligible for asylum, but for the
limitation on asylum eligibility set forth
in the rule, the condition set forth in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
or both; and (3) who have a qualifying
spouse or child. See id.
Lastly, the Departments do not believe
that the ability of a noncitizen to apply
for statutory withholding of removal or
CAT protection when subject to the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
will cause confusion. Noncitizens have
long maintained the ability to pursue
such protection, and DHS and EOIR
personnel are well-trained in screening
for, and adjudicating, such forms of
protection. See 89 FR at 48748
(explaining that ‘‘AOs, supervisory AOs,
and IJs receive training and have
experience applying asylum, statutory
withholding of removal, and CAT
protection screening standards and in
applying and reviewing decisions
related to the ultimate asylum (for
USCIS and EOIR) and statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection (for EOIR) merits standards’’).
c. Requests for Reconsideration
Comment: Several commenters
opposed eliminating noncitizens’ ability
to request reconsideration of a negative
credible fear determination by USCIS.
Commenters stated that the opportunity
to request reconsideration of a negative
credible fear determination after IJ
concurrence is an important safeguard
against non-refoulement. One
commenter noted that in the Asylum
Processing IFR, the Departments
counted at least 569 negative credible
fear determinations that were changed
to positive credible fear determinations
after a request for reconsideration
between FY 2019 and 2021.
Commenters stated that USCIS should
continue the practice of allowing
requests for reconsideration, as it may
be the only opportunity for noncitizens
to present additional evidence that was
not presented during the credible fear
interview or to correct procedural
defects in the credible fear interview,
alleging that the IJ review process
generally does not provide meaningful
review and routinely affirms erroneous
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negative credible fear determinations. A
commenter also claimed that even with
the regulatory language acknowledging
that USCIS maintains the discretion to
reconsider its own negative credible fear
determinations following IJ
concurrence, it is unclear under the rule
when or how USCIS would exercise its
sua sponte authority to reconsider a
negative credible fear finding.
Response: The Departments disagree
with comments urging USCIS to allow
noncitizens to request reconsideration
of negative credible fear determinations
under the present rule. This rule does
not eliminate the discretionary authority
of USCIS to reconsider negative credible
fear determinations concurred upon by
an IJ, but instead only prohibits
noncitizens from submitting a request to
reconsider a negative credible fear
determination in cases subject to the
rule. 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(v)(B). The
Departments deem it appropriate to
include this prohibition against requests
for reconsideration in the rule to further
its purpose of effectuating efficient yet
fair credible fear case processing where
emergency border circumstances are
present. As noted in prior rulemakings,
allowing requests for reconsideration of
negative credible fear determinations
diverts limited USCIS resources away
from initial screenings, and relatively
few such requests ultimately result in a
reversal of the determination.343
The Departments acknowledge that
they previously provided information in
the Asylum Processing IFR that USCIS
counted at least 569 negative credible
fear determinations that were reversed
after a request for reconsideration was
submitted between FY 2019 through FY
2021. The Departments note, however,
that that number was out of a total of at
least 5,408 requests for reconsideration
that were submitted during those years.
See 87 FR at 18132. Under the present
rule, where emergency border
circumstances are present and a credible
fear determination is made pursuant to
the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility, the Departments assess that,
in light of the safeguards in place,
efficiency interests outweigh the interest
in providing an opportunity to request
reconsideration.
To the extent commenters argue that
this provision of the rule implicates
statutory or due process rights of
noncitizens, the Departments note that
noncitizens have no statutory right to
request reconsideration of a negative
credible fear determination. The
Supreme Court has held that the due
process rights of noncitizens applying
343 See Asylum Processing IFR, 87 FR at 18132;
see also 88 FR at 31419.
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for admission at the border are limited
to ‘‘only those rights regarding
admission that Congress has provided
by statute.’’ Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. at
140. In establishing the streamlined
procedures governing credible fear
screening, Congress explicitly mandated
that review of any negative credible fear
determination made by an AO be
conducted by an IJ and provided no
mechanism for noncitizens to request
reconsideration of the IJ’s
determination. INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III),
8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III).
With respect to commenters’ concerns
about fairness, the Departments note
that all credible fear determinations,
including determinations made under
the processes set forth in this rule, will
continue to be reviewed by a
supervisory AO. See 8 CFR 208.30(e)(8);
see also 89 FR at 48748. And the rule
does not impact a noncitizen’s right to
request IJ review of a negative credible
fear determination. Where requested,
the IJ will evaluate the case de novo,
including making a de novo
determination as to whether there is a
significant possibility the noncitizen
could demonstrate they are not subject
to the rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility or are eligible for the
exception. 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(iii)–(v),
1208.35(b). Accordingly, this rule
ensures IJ review of the entirety of the
negative credible fear determination,
including application of the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility. To the
extent commenters raise general
concerns about IJ review of negative
credible fear determinations, those
concerns are outside the scope of this
rulemaking.
In response to the comment noting
that it is unclear when USCIS would
exercise its discretion to reconsider a
negative credible fear determination sua
sponte, the Departments note that the
regulatory framework makes clear that
USCIS possesses the inherent discretion
to reconsider its own negative credible
fear determination that has been
concurred upon by an IJ, and that such
discretion may be exercised on a caseby-case basis dependent on the facts and
circumstances in an individual case.
See, e.g., 8 CFR 1208.30(g)(2)(iv)(A)
(2018) (noting that ‘‘[t]he Service,
however, may reconsider a negative
credible fear finding that has been
concurred upon by an immigration
judge’’); 208.35(b)(2)(v)(B). As noted
above, the Departments contend that the
existing safeguards under the present
rule comport with all statutory
requirements and believe that these
safeguards sufficiently address any
concerns related to adequate review of
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negative credible fear determinations
under the present rule.
D. Other Issues Relating to the Rule
1. Scope of the Rule and
Implementation
a. Concerns That the Encounter
Thresholds Are Too Low or Arbitrary
Comment: Some commenters
expressed concern with the 2,500encounter threshold that would trigger
the limitation on asylum eligibility for
certain individuals who enter during
emergency border circumstances. Some
commenters characterized the threshold
as ‘‘arbitrary.’’ Another commenter
claimed that encounter rates have
historically never fallen below the
2,500-encounter threshold due to the
urgent humanitarian need and
expressed concern that, contrary to the
realities of forced displacement, the IFR
limiting entries to 2,500 encounters
effectively serves as a policy to close the
border and end access to asylum.
Several commenters remarked that the
low threshold required for the limitation
on asylum eligibility to be discontinued
is unrealistic and would virtually
guarantee the limitation would always
be in place. One commenter expressed
concern that 1,500 daily encounters is
well below historical averages. Another
commenter stated that in the past 6 FYs,
monthly average border apprehensions
consistently surpassed 1,500
individuals. Similarly, another
commenter stated that the ‘‘emergency
border circumstances’’ would apply
during 58 percent of all months this
century. Another commenter stated that
the 1,500-encounter threshold is
unreasonable given the number of
encounters at the SWB in 2024, which,
according to the commenter, has lately
hovered between 170,000 to 190,000 per
month, or around 6,000 people per day
on average.
While referencing the thresholds, a
commenter remarked that the preamble
acknowledges that the Departments
cannot swiftly change from one means
of processing to another. Citing high
levels of border crossings since May
2023 (after the implementation of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule), the commenter stated that the
Departments’ intent is to keep this rule
in place indefinitely, punishing
migrants in an attempt to deter them
from seeking protection in the United
States. A commenter warned that ‘‘the
mechanism for lifting the restrictions in
the IFR is insufficient to meet the
humanitarian needs at the U.S. border,
jeopardizing the asylum system for
many years to come.’’
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81255
Response: The Departments disagree
that the numerical thresholds are
arbitrary or too low. As explained in the
IFR, the emergency border
circumstances described in the June 3
Proclamation and this rule necessitate
this rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility and changes to the referral
process and screening standard for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection. See 89 FR at 48726–31.
This is because, in such circumstances,
DHS lacks the capacity to deliver timely
consequences and must resort to largescale releases of noncitizens pending
section 240 removal proceedings. Id. at
48749. Such large-scale releases in the
absence of this rule would lead to
significant harms and incentivize
human smuggling organizations to
recruit more potential migrants based on
the limitations on the Departments’
ability to deliver timely decisions and
consequences. Id. at 48749–50. The
1,500-encounter threshold, as adopted
in this rule, is a reasonable proxy for
when the border security and
immigration systems, as currently
resourced, are no longer over capacity
and the measures adopted in this rule
are not necessary. Id. at 48750. And the
2,500-encounter threshold, as adopted
in this rule, is a reasonable proxy for
when there has been a significant
degradation of DHS’s ability to impose
consequences at the border for
individuals who do not establish a legal
basis to remain in the United States. Id.
at 48752. Were the resourcing of border
security and immigration systems to
change, this change (if sufficiently
substantial) could trigger reassessment
of these thresholds, in order to ensure
that they reflect the Departments’ ability
to deliver timely decisions and
consequences.
In the IFR, the Departments
demonstrated the reasonableness of the
thresholds in two ways. First, the
Departments explained that during the
FY 2013 to FY 2019 pre-pandemic
period, USBP total encounters
(including all UCs) only exceeded 1,500
per day for a sustained period from
October 2018 to August 2019. Id. at
48753. During that 7-year period,
months in which daily encounters were
between 1,500 and 2,500 resulted in an
average of 210 noncitizens released each
day,344 while months in which daily
344 Although the demographic composition of
current encounters (e.g., a higher percentage of
noncitizens encountered who assert fear claims)
means that such a low release rate is likely
unachievable in the near term, releases remain
much lower when daily encounters are below the
2,500-encounter threshold. See 89 FR at 48731; see
also OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
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encounters exceeded 2,500 resulted in
approximately 1,300 noncitizens
released each day with CBP releasing as
many as 46 percent of the individuals it
processed pending section 240 removal
proceedings. Id.
Second, the Departments
demonstrated that at the 1,500encounter level and assuming a similar
level of voluntary returns and
reinstatements to those seen during
implementation of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, DHS would be
able to refer for expedited removal more
than 70 percent of the single adults and
family unit individuals who are not
quickly repatriated (through voluntary
return or reinstatement), and would be
able to repatriate a total of about 830
noncitizens (i.e., 56 percent of the 1,500
encounters counted towards the
threshold). Id. at 48752 & nn.274, 276.
By contrast, at above 2,500 encounters—
the level at which the June 3
Proclamation and the IFR would again
apply—DHS’s ability to impose such
consequences is significantly lower and
decreases rapidly as encounters increase
beyond that level; for instance, at that
level DHS would be able to refer for
expedited removal 43 percent of the
single adults and family unit
individuals who are not quickly
repatriated, and would be able to
repatriate a total of about 1,010
noncitizens (i.e., 40 percent of the 2,500
encounters counted towards the
threshold). Id. at 48752 nn.277–278.
In this second analysis as presented in
the IFR, consistent with the June 3
Proclamation, DHS excluded encounters
of UCs from non-contiguous countries
from the threshold counts. But as noted
in the IFR, ‘‘the demographics and
nationalities encountered at the border
significantly impact DHS’s ability to
impose timely consequences and the
number of people who are ultimately
released by CBP pending section 240
removal proceedings. This is especially
true for periods when CBP has
encountered more UCs, family units, or
individuals from countries to which it is
difficult to effectuate removals.’’ Id. at
48753. Consistent with this reality, the
September 27 Proclamation and this
rule include, in both thresholds,
consideration of encounters of all UCs,
including those from non-contiguous
countries. As discussed in Section II.C.1
of this preamble and later in this
Section III.D.1, most UCs are from noncontiguous countries, and the
processing of all UCs requires the use of
significant CBP resources.
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab, see cells L27 and M27).
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Including non-contiguous UCs in the
7-consecutive-calendar-day average
calculation recognizes this impact.
Depending on the levels of such UCs
encountered at any given time, failing to
include such UCs in the 1,500 and 2,500
encounter limits may result in an
overestimate of resources available to
the Departments to efficiently process
noncitizens encountered at the SWB
while delivering timely decisions and
consequences to noncitizens who enter
without a lawful basis to remain. This
is because the number of UCs from noncontiguous countries encountered by
USBP can fluctuate—something that
models that assume stable
demographics cannot fully account for.
And if encounters of such UCs rise but
are not included in the rule’s
thresholds, then those thresholds
become much less useful predictors of
overall capacity. Although encounters of
UCs from non-contiguous countries
have generally declined since the IFR
took effect,345 their proportion of USBP
encounters has increased,346 and the
population of UCs from non-contiguous
countries at the border has surged on
several occasions in the past.347
As part of this final rule, DHS
updated the second analysis discussed
above to reflect more recent data and to
demonstrate the impact on that analysis
of counting all UCs—at current
encounter levels—towards the
encounter thresholds. The Office of
Homeland Security Statistics (‘‘OHSS’’)
updated the IFR’s methodology by (1)
applying fear claim rates for the entirety
of the immediate post-pandemic period
(i.e., not ending in April 2024, as the
prior analysis did), (2) assuming a
demographic makeup (including with
respect to UCs) similar to that observed
between June 5, 2024, and July 30, 2024
for that entire period, and (3) including
all UCs in the 1,500 and 2,500
encounter figures.348
345 See OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
and data downloaded from UIP on September 3,
2024 (USBP Encounters by Fam Status tab).
346 See id.
347 See OHSS, Immigration Enforcement and
Legal Processes Monthly Tables, https://
www.dhs.gov/ohss/topics/immigration/
enforcement-and-legal-processes-monthly-tables
(last updated Sept. 10, 2024) (SWB encounters by
family status from FY 2014 through May 2024).
348 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(CLP v pre-CLP Proj Outcomes tab). The figures
presented in the IFR were based on fear claim rates,
demographics, and average expedited removal
capacity under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule; these rates were pulled in early
April 2024. See 89 FR at 48752 nn.274, 276. For
instance, based on data pulled in early April 2024,
the figures in the IFR assumed that CBP could
process approximately 900 USBP encounters for
expedited removal per day and that 17 percent of
encounters would result in rapid returns via
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Under these parameters, at 1,500
encounters between the POEs (including
all UCs) and assuming USBP is able to
process 900 cases for expedited removal
per day (as was approximately the case
during the immediate post-pandemic
period between May 12, 2023 and June
4, 2024), DHS would be able to refer for
expedited removal 77 percent of the
noncitizen single adults and individuals
in family units who are not quickly
repatriated, and would be able to
repatriate a total of about 880
noncitizens per day (i.e., under 60
percent of the 1,500 encounters counted
towards the threshold).349
Similarly, at 2,500 encounters
between the POEs (including all UCs)
and assuming USBP can process 900
people for expedited removal per day,
DHS would be able to refer for
expedited removal 46 percent of the
single adults and individuals in family
units who are not quickly repatriated,
and would be able to repatriate a total
of about 1,040 noncitizens per day (i.e.,
over 40 percent of the 2,500 encounters
counted towards the threshold).350
The Departments caution that this
type of analysis depends on a range of
assumptions regarding capacity, fear
claim rates, screen-in rates, and
geographic and demographic
distribution of encounters, among other
variables. A change in these variables—
for instance, a spike in UC encounters—
could place a strain on custody
resources that would further reduce the
Departments’ overall capacity to deliver
timely decisions and consequences,
such as by processing noncitizens for
expedited removal. The analysis does
show, however, that the change to the
thresholds to include counting of all
UCs is incremental in nature and
consistent with the rule’s overall
purpose.
Finally, with respect to claims that
either threshold effectively serves as a
policy to ‘‘close the border’’ and end
access to asylum, the Departments
voluntary return to Mexico, reinstatement of a
removal order, or administrative removal. Id.
Accounting for all of the immediate post-pandemic
period (i.e., also, including April, May, and early
June 2024), USBP averaged about 860 people
processed for expedited removal per day during
that time period. OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist
Dataset (Imm Pos Pandemic ERCF tab). CBP
processed for expedited removal about 920 people
on average during that time. Id. From June 5, 2024
through August 31, 2024, CBP processed over 1,100
people for expedited removal per day and about 16
percent of encounters resulted in such rapid
returns. OHSS analysis of data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (IFR Details tab, IFR
ERCF tab, and CLP v pre-CLP Projection Tool tab).
349 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(CLP v pre-CLP Proj Outcomes tab).
350 Id.
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disagree. The Departments also disagree
with commenters’ specific claims about
historical encounter rates and numbers.
Commenters are incorrect that daily
encounters rates have never fallen
below 2,500.351 Commenters are also
wrong that an average of 1,500 daily
encounters is far below historical
averages. From FY 2013 through FY
2019, the 7-consecutive-calendar-day
average of encounters was below 1,500
nearly 80 percent of the time, and above
2,500 approximately 5 percent of the
time.352 And for over 70 percent of days
during that time frame, the 7consecutive-calendar-day average had
been below 1,500 encounters for 28
consecutive days.353 Over a longer time
period, from FY 2009 through FY 2020,
there were a total of only four months
(all during the spring 2019 family unit
surge) that encounters averaged more
than 2,500 per day.354 One commenter
argued that in the past six fiscal years,
monthly average apprehensions have
consistently surpassed 1,500
noncitizens. But this only shows that
the past six fiscal years have generally
been times of historically high
migrations, and the Departments
established the 1,500-encounter daily
threshold not by selecting an arbitrary
figure but by estimating capacity to
deliver timely consequences at current
resource levels.
Even since the IFR took effect,
encounters have dropped to levels
indicating that it is possible the 1,500encounter threshold will be met in the
future. If, consistent with the June 3
Proclamation and IFR, one excludes
UCs from non-contiguous countries, the
7-consecutive-calendar-day average has
been below 2,000 encounters since June
27.355 And if, consistent with the
September 27 Proclamation and this
rule, one includes such UCs, the 7351 Average daily encounters averaged 1,310
between FYs 2011 and 2018. In FY 2009, average
daily encounters were approximately 1,200. See
OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset (Daily
Encounters FY2000–2024 tab).
352 Consistent with the September 27
Proclamation, this calculation includes encounters
of UCs from non-contiguous countries. If, consistent
with the June 3 Proclamation, one excludes such
UCs from non-contiguous countries, the 7consecutive-calendar-day average was below 1,500
nearly 85 percent of the time and above 2,500 only
4 percent of the time. See OHSS analysis of July
2024 Persist Dataset (Trigger Analysis tab).
353 Consistent with the September 27
Proclamation, this calculation includes encounters
of UCs from non-contiguous countries. If, consistent
with the June 3 Proclamation, one excludes such
UCs from non-contiguous countries, the resulting
figure is just below 80 percent. See OHSS analysis
of July 2024 Persist Dataset (Trigger Analysis tab).
354 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Encounters FY 2000–2024 tab).
355 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Section 2c Encounters Tab).
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consecutive-calendar-day average has
been below 2,000 encounters since June
29.356
b. Concerns Regarding Exceptions From
the Encounter Thresholds
Comment: A commenter remarked
that there are too many exceptions to
the types of encounters that are counted
daily. The commenter stated that it is
‘‘hard to count up to 1,500’’ when there
are so many exceptions. The commenter
used the exception for non-contiguous
country UCs, who are not counted
under the June 3 Proclamation, as an
example. The commenter stated that
this exception encourages the trafficking
of children and prevents reporting these
as encounters. The commenter also
objected to the exception for noncitizens
who are determined to be inadmissible
at a SWB POE, which the commenter
asserted significantly limits the number
of encounters considered.
Another commenter expressed similar
concerns regarding the exclusion of UCs
from the 2,500-encounter threshold. The
commenter stated that the current UC
policies, influenced by the Flores
Settlement Agreement and the William
Wilberforce Trafficking Victims
Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008,
are susceptible to exploitation. The
commenter further noted that during the
current Administration, UC encounters
have exponentially increased, with
more than 480,000 UCs encountered at
the southern border between POEs. The
commenter cautioned that without
counting all UC encounters towards the
1,500-encounter threshold, existing
policies may be further abused by
criminal elements, leading to increased
risks for UCs, such as human trafficking
and other forms of exploitation. The
commenter remarked that in addition to
excluding non-contiguous country UCs,
the encounter thresholds in the IFR also
exclude 1,650 encounters every day at
POEs, plus 30,000 noncitizens
processed every month through the
CHNV parole processes.
Response: Regarding UCs from noncontiguous countries, as discussed in
Section II.C.1 of this preamble, the
September 27 Proclamation amends the
June 3 Proclamation to remove section
2(c), which provided that UCs from noncontiguous countries shall not be
included in calculating the number of
encounters, and this rule makes a
parallel change. As discussed in Section
II.C.1 of this preamble, the Departments’
experience implementing the IFR has
shown that excluding encounters of UCs
from non-contiguous countries results
in an incomplete assessment of the
356 Id.
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Departments’ resources and capabilities.
UCs, regardless of their country of origin
or nationality, require considerable
resources to process and safely hold in
CBP facilities and the Departments have
in the past experienced surges of
encounters of such UCs.357 One of the
primary purposes of this rule is to
alleviate undue strain on the limited
resources of border security and
immigration systems, and through their
experience with the IFR the
Departments have recognized the need
to consider the full operational burden
that results from all UC encounters at
the southern border. The resource
burden posed by UCs from noncontiguous countries, along with recent
increases in the proportion of such UCs
relative to types of encounters, support
the Departments’ determination that
UCs from all countries, not just from
contiguous countries, are relevant to the
thresholds contained in the rule.
The Departments disagree that the
encounter thresholds should include
daily encounters at the SWB POEs or
CHNV parolees. The IFR applies only
when encounters strain the border
security and immigration systems’
capacity. To date, this strain has been
caused primarily by increased
encounters between POEs. CBP can
more efficiently process those at SWB
POEs, particularly those who have used
the CBP One app to make an
appointment. In the past several years,
processing capacity at POEs has been
significantly expanded, enabling CBP to
manage processing of noncitizens in a
safe and efficient manner. However,
despite the efforts to increase capacity
within the limits of available resources
and funding, processing between POEs
continues to tax DHS resources and
remains very resource intensive.
The CHNV processes do not adversely
affect the Departments’ resources at the
southern border because noncitizens
arriving under the CHNV processes
travel by air to an interior POE.358 The
Departments do not believe it necessary
or appropriate to include noncitizens
who use the CHNV processes as part of
encounter calculations under this rule
for that reason.
357 See OHSS, Immigration Enforcement and
Legal Processes Monthly Tables, https://
www.dhs.gov/ohss/topics/immigration/
enforcement-and-legal-processes-monthly-tables
(last updated Sept. 10, 2024) (SWB encounters by
family status from FY 2014 through May 2024).
358 See, e.g., Implementation of a Parole Process
for Nicaraguans, 88 FR 1255, 1256, 1263 (Jan. 9,
2023); USCIS, Processes for Cubans, Haitians,
Nicaraguans, and Venezuelans (last updated Aug.
29, 2024), https://www.uscis.gov/CHNV.
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c. Other Concerns About the Encounter
Thresholds
Comment: A commenter wrote that it
is reasonable to assume the threshold
for suspending the rule will not be met
in the foreseeable future, because even
if the number of encounters dropped to
the level where the 1,500-encounter
threshold might be met, the
Departments could issue a new IFR to
keep the procedure in place. A
commenter stated that the IFR provides
no end dates and the Departments do
not provide an explanation as to why
the IFR should be in place indefinitely.
Response: The Departments disagree
with the suggestion that they would
perpetually take actions to lower the
threshold for discontinuation solely to
keep these emergency measures in
place. If the Departments intended to
permanently have these measures in
place, they could have made the IFR
apply indefinitely without using
encounter thresholds. The two changes
to the threshold made in this rule and
the September 27 Proclamation are
incremental in nature and consistent
with the underlying purpose of the June
3 Proclamation. The Secretary will
monitor encounter levels and make
relevant determinations consistent with
the September 27 Proclamation. Should
further policy changes prove
necessary—whether in response to
comments submitted in response to this
final rule’s request or in another
context—the Departments may take
appropriate action to implement such
changes. Additionally, the rule does not
contain specific end dates because its
measures are designed to be responsive
to patterns in daily encounters. The IFR
does not contain an overall expiration
date because, due to the unpredictable
nature of migration trends and for so
long as Congress fails to increase the
Departments’ resources and modernize
the current U.S. immigration system,
such measures will be necessary when
the Departments’ operational capacity,
as measured by daily encounter
thresholds, is greatly overwhelmed.
Comment: A commenter stated that it
would be challenging for noncitizens to
know when thresholds have been met.
The commenter stated that they had
surveyed migrants in Mexico and over
half of respondents in the first half of
2024 affirmed that they do not
understand the requirements and
processes for accessing U.S. territory,
and that nearly half of respondents in
certain areas confirmed that the main
channel through which they receive
information on policy changes is word
of mouth, while around a third receive
this information through social media.
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The commenter said noncitizens would
not be able to discern the application of
the IFR without access to official
information, particularly given that,
according to the commenter, the United
States Government does not currently
publish statistics on encounters. The
commenter wrote that even when some
noncitizens might be aware of the
dynamics of irregular movements, this
awareness is likely to be limited to the
specific region of the SWB where they
are located and would very likely not
cover the overall number of encounters.
The commenter stated that, given the
swiftness with which the limitations
established under the IFR can be
invoked and applied, they are not likely
to influence the ability of noncitizens in
different parts of the transit route to
adapt their decisions to increase their
chances of receiving the protection that
they need. The commenter stated that
those who are already at or around
Mexico’s northern border when the
rule’s provision apply cannot
meaningfully consider any potential
alternative pathways. The commenter
further stated that a significant
proportion of people of concern present
in Mexico could be ineligible for certain
alternatives. For example, 97.9 percent
of respondents to the commenter’s
protection monitoring activities during
the first semester of 2024 reported
having entered Mexico irregularly,
which could render them ineligible for
certain parole processes. The
commenter stated that as a result,
persons of concern are unlikely to
become aware of when the additional
limitations on asylum eligibility would
apply with sufficient lead time to be
able to adapt their decisions. This will
thus undermine their ability to make
decisions that increase their chances of
receiving the protection that they need.
The commenter further stated that
confusion around changing policies and
practices governing access to U.S.
territory has fueled the widespread
belief that there are certain moments
when the U.S. border is ‘‘open’’ and
others when it is ‘‘closed,’’ and that
access to U.S. territory requires
individuals to remain close to the
border and attentive to any information
suggesting that the border is ‘‘open.’’
The commenter stated that the IFR has
already contributed to this dynamic,
with migrants along the U.S.-Mexico
border expressing their understanding
that the new limitations effectively
‘‘close off’’ access to U.S. territory.
According to the commenter, this has
led to desperation and fostered the
likelihood that the population resorts to
imprecise and misleading information
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provided by human traffickers or on
social media.
Response: DHS posts statistics on
SWB encounters on CBP’s website.359
The website includes data extracted
from CBP systems and data sources
regarding encounters with single adults,
individuals in family units, and UCs.
Information about the status of the
suspension and limitation on entry, and
the related provisions in this rule, is
available in English and Spanish at:
https://www.dhs.gov/immigrationlaws.
In addition, regardless of whether the
threshold for discontinuing or
continuing or reactivating the
suspension and limitation on entry
under the Proclamation or the limitation
on asylum eligibility under this rule has
been met, migrants may, for instance,
arrive in the United States at a SWB
POE pursuant to a process the Secretary
determines is appropriate to allow for
the safe and orderly entry of noncitizens
into the United States.
For similar reasons, the Departments
do not believe that it is necessary to
adjust the rule to ensure that the
potentially ‘‘abrupt’’ nature of its
provisions allows sufficient time for
those already in Mexico to adjust their
behavior in order to access protection.
The IFR was not the first time that the
Departments encouraged migrants to use
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways to
come to the United States. The
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
also incentivized the use of such
pathways, see generally 8 CFR 208.33,
1208.33, and since their inception, the
CHNV parole processes have included
an ineligibility for those who crossed
into Mexico irregularly, see, e.g.,
Implementation of a Parole Process for
Nicaraguans, 88 FR at 1263;
Implementation of a Parole Process for
Venezuelans, 87 FR 63507, 63515 (Oct.
19, 2022). And the CBP One app
remains available to noncitizens in
Mexico.360 The rule also provides an
exception for those who are able to
demonstrate exceptionally compelling
circumstances, see 8 CFR 208.35(a)(2)(i)
359 CBP, Southwest Land Border Encounters (last
modified Sept. 16, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounters.
360 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application (last
modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone. On August
23, 2024, CBP expanded the areas from which
noncitizens can request appointments through the
CBP One app. With this expansion, Mexican
nationals will be able to request an appointment
from anywhere within Mexico. Additionally, nonMexican nationals will be able to request and
schedule appointments from the Southern Mexico
states of Tabasco and Chiapas, in addition to their
existing ability to request and schedule an
appointment from Northern and Central Mexico—
enabling them to make appointments without
having to travel all the way north to do so. See id.
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and (ii), 1208.35(a)(2)(i) and (ii), and the
rule’s limitation on asylum eligibility
does not apply those who are excepted
under the Proclamation, see 8 CFR
208.35(a)(1), 1208.35(a)(1). And the rule
preserves access to statutory
withholding of removal, as well as CAT
protection. See 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2),
1208.35(b). Thus, migrants already in
Mexico have the ability under the rule
to access available protection.
The Departments acknowledge the
potential that some migrants would
perceive the possibility of abrupt
changes in procedures at the southern
border as a reason to remain close to the
border and attentive to any information
suggesting that the border is or soon will
be ‘‘open.’’ In the IFR, the Departments
explained that ‘‘[t]he 14-day waiting
period prior to a discontinuation
provides time for the Departments to
complete processing of noncitizens
encountered during emergency border
circumstances and to confirm that a
downward trend in encounters is
sustained.’’ 89 FR at 48749 n.248. This
rule makes an additional change that
addresses this concern: The rule’s
provisions will not be discontinued
unless there has been a 7 consecutivecalendar-day average of less than 1,500
encounters that is sustained over a
period of 28 days. The Departments
expect that this change, coupled with
the 14-day waiting period after the
Secretary makes a factual determination
to discontinue the suspension and
limitation on asylum eligibility, will
reduce any perceived incentive to
remain close to the U.S.-Mexico border
in anticipation of a rapid change in
policy.
Comment: A commenter wrote that
while DHS has created a website that
states whether the border is currently
open or closed, it is unlikely that
noncitizens in desperate conditions in
Mexico would review the website before
deciding to cross the border. Further,
the commenter stated that, if the border
were to reopen under the rule, it seems
inevitable that smugglers would charge
higher fees to move noncitizens across
the border, and that if noncitizens
understand the rule at all, they will
flood the border when the suspension
and limitation discontinues—leading
again to its immediate closure. The
commenter stated that the burden of
tracking, identifying, and applying
different standards over a matter of days
is significantly more complex for USCIS
personnel as they consider protection
claims. The commenter expressed
concern that the preamble to the IFR did
not consider that this complexity would
affect and complicate merits
adjudications and lead to longer, more
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complex hearings in an already
overwhelmed, backlogged system.
Response: As noted in Section II.A.2
of this preamble, encounters between
POEs have dropped substantially since
implementation of the IFR, suggesting
that many migrants have not responded
as the commenter predicted. But in any
event, if a migrant were to disregard the
existence of the rule and other
restrictions on crossing between POEs,
or if a migrant who is unaware of the
existence of the rule were to cross
between the POEs, the rule would allow
the Departments to swiftly deliver
decisions and consequences, while
allowing noncitizens who are able to
demonstrate the existence of
exceptionally compelling circumstances
to avoid application of the rule’s
limitation on asylum eligibility and
preserving access to statutory
withholding of removal and CAT
protection, as discussed in the
preceding response.
With respect to the commenter’s
suggestion that noncitizens could
respond to the discontinuation of the
rule’s provisions by ‘‘flood[ing] the
border’’ and ‘‘leading again to its
immediate closure,’’ to the extent there
is a prospect of such actions, this
highlights the need for this rule, the
overall effect of which will be to combat
such actions by alleviating stresses on
the border security and immigration
systems at the southern border; it is not
a reason to withdraw the rule.
Moreover, the historical encounter data
discussed in Section II.C of this
preamble suggest that when regional
migration decreases, encounter numbers
often remain below 2,500 for very long
periods. Those data militate against the
commenter’s view that encounters will
inevitably rise quickly above 2,500.
Further, as discussed in Section II.C
of this preamble, the September 27
Proclamation and this rule revise the
timeline for the 1,500-encounter
threshold to reduce the probability that
an ephemeral drop in encounters would
result in rapid shifts in applicable
policy. With respect to the commenter’s
concern about complexity for
Government personnel, the use of a 7consecutive-calendar-day average,
combined with the new requirement for
the average to be below 1,500
encounters for each of 28 consecutive
calendar days, also reduces the prospect
of undue complexity. Although some
section 240 removal proceedings and
credible fear interviews may become
more complex by virtue of this rule’s
provisions, many such proceedings may
be avoided entirely. See, e.g., 89 FR at
48767 (‘‘[T]he Departments expect the
additional time spent by AOs and IJs on
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81259
implementation of the rule to be
mitigated by a comparatively smaller
number of credible fear cases than AOs
and IJs would otherwise have been
required to handle in the absence of the
rule.’’).
2. Other Comments on Issues Relating to
the Rule
Comment: Commenters asked how
USCIS’ implementation of the IFR
would be funded, remarking that the
funds to execute the IFR as written have
not been allocated.
Response: USCIS applies the IFR’s
provisions as part of the credible fear
determination or the full asylum
adjudication. It is not a discrete or
separate adjudication that would require
its own funding stream separate from
that which is used for credible fear
determinations or asylum adjudications.
Comment: Commenters expressed
concern about their ability to comment
on the proposals in DHS’s recent
Mandatory Bars NPRM, the comment
period for which ended four days after
the IFR published. For example, a
commenter noted that, in the IFR, the
Departments expressly asked for
comment on the interaction between the
two rules, including whether to
explicitly apply the heightened
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard to
those who are subject to a mandatory
bar but not subject to the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule, but the
commenter asserted that they could not
provide comment on those issues
without knowing how and whether DHS
plans to finalize the DHS Mandatory
Bars NPRM. Commenters also stated
that DHS failed to analyze the
interaction between the two
rulemakings, which they stated will
create additional hurdles for noncitizens
seeking asylum and will lead to
inconsistencies and potential challenges
in processing. Commenters expressed
the need for a comprehensive
examination of how the policies overlap
to avoid uncertainty.
Response: The Departments disagree
that commenters did not have adequate
opportunity to comment on the
potential interaction between the DHS
Mandatory Bars NPRM and the IFR.
Indeed, as the commenters note, the
Departments requested comment in the
IFR on whether to expand 8 CFR
208.35(b)(3) (directing asylum officers to
apply a reasonable probability screening
standard in protection screenings in the
event that 8 CFR 208.35(a) is held to be
invalid or unenforceable) to cover
‘‘those who are found not to have a
significant possibility of eligibility for
asylum because they are barred from
asylum due to a mandatory bar to
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asylum eligibility if the [DHS
Mandatory Bars NPRM] is finalized.’’ 89
FR at 48756. The DHS Mandatory Bars
NPRM provides ample notice of the
proposed mandatory bars policy, and
the commenters do not explain with any
specificity why they must review any
final rule associated with the DHS
Mandatory Bars NPRM in order to
provide relevant comments about its
potential impact on the IFR.
Moreover, the Departments have
considered the interaction between the
two rulemakings and do not believe any
corresponding changes to this rule are
necessary. While both rules address
DHS screening procedures, the DHS
Mandatory Bars NPRM relates to a
different issue than the issues raised in
this rulemaking. The DHS Mandatory
Bars NPRM proposes to allow AOs to
consider the applicability of certain
statutory bars to asylum, statutory
withholding of removal, and
withholding of removal under the CAT
regulations during credible fear
screenings, but it does not propose
changes to the substantive screening
standards by which AOs make their
credible fear determinations. See
generally 89 FR at 41347–61. On the
other hand, the IFR established a new
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard for
the statutory withholding and CAT
screening of noncitizens determined to
be subject to the IFR’s limitation on
asylum eligibility. 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(i),
1208.35(b)(2)(iii). Except for this
changed screening standard, the AO and
IJ would otherwise follow the preexisting standards at 8 CFR 208.30,
208.33, 1208.30, or 1208.33, as
applicable. Id. Accordingly, as stated in
the IFR, if DHS finalizes the DHS
Mandatory Bars NPRM as drafted, the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard
would still apply to determinations
involving a noncitizen who is subject to
this rule’s limitation on asylum
eligibility. 89 FR at 48739 n.186.
Comment: A commenter added that
the Departments failed to explain how
the IFR will interact with the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
Response: In the IFR, the Departments
explained how the IFR will interact
with another recent rule, the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
89 FR at 48754. The Departments
explained that they were adding to 8
CFR 208.13 and 1208.13 a paragraph (g),
entitled ‘‘Entry during emergency
border circumstances,’’ which
‘‘explain[s] when a noncitizen is
potentially subject to th[e] IFR’s
limitation on asylum eligibility and
credible fear screening procedures and
how this limitation and its associated
procedures interact with the Lawful
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Pathways condition referenced in
paragraph (f) of 8 CFR 208.13 and
1208.13.’’ Id. These new paragraphs
added to 8 CFR 208.13 and 1208.13
provide that, ‘‘[f]or an alien who entered
the United States across the southern
border (as that term is described in
section 4(d) of the Presidential
Proclamation of June 3, 2024, Securing
the Border) between the dates described
in section 1 of such Proclamation and
section 2(a) of such Proclamation (or the
revocation of such Proclamation,
whichever is earlier), or between the
dates described in section 2(b) of such
Proclamation and section 2(a) of such
Proclamation (or the revocation of such
Proclamation, whichever is earlier),
refer to the provisions on asylum
eligibility described in § 208.35.’’ 8 CFR
208.13(g), 1208.13(g).
In short, during emergency border
circumstances, those who enter across
the southern border are subject to this
rule, ‘‘[n]otwithstanding’’ the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
or any other regulatory provision. See 8
CFR 208.35, 1208.35. A noncitizen who
establishes exceptionally compelling
circumstances under this rule has
established exceptionally compelling
circumstances under the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule. See 8 CFR
208.35(a)(2)(iii), 1208.35(a)(2)(iii). And
the credible fear process under this rule
uses the same framework as the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
except for the use of a ‘‘reasonable
probability’’ screening standard. See 8
CFR 208.35(b)(1)(ii), (b)(2)(i), (c),
1208.35(b)(2)(i), (b)(2)(iii), (c). The
Departments described the provisions of
the regulatory text in detail in the IFR’s
preamble. 89 FR at 48754–48759; id. at
48762–66.
Comment: A commenter asserted that
recent rulemakings have complicated
the asylum system and that the
Departments have not provided reliable
information about those changes to
affected noncitizens.
Response: The Departments
acknowledge that recent rulemakings
have modified the credible fear
screening process to better enable the
Departments to deliver timely decisions
and consequences to noncitizens
entering across the southern border who
do not have a basis to remain in the
United States. Specifically, in the past
two and a half years, the Departments
have issued the Asylum Processing IFR,
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule, and the IFR discussed here. DHS
has also issued a proposed rule—the
DHS Mandatory Bars NPRM. Each rule
has been accompanied by detailed
preamble discussion and regulatory text.
In addition to the public-facing
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materials, although not required to by
law, the Departments have executed
robust communications plans to notify
and inform the public about the
consequences of irregular migration
while noting the expansion of lawful
pathways and the tools that can be used
to access those lawful pathways.361 The
public engagement plans have both
domestic and international
dimensions.362 Domestically, these
plans have included engagement with
NGOs, international organizations, legal
services organizations, and others.363
Internationally, the Departments have
also executed communications
campaigns throughout the Western
Hemisphere in coordination with
interagency partners and partner
governments to educate migrants and
would-be migrants about lawful
pathways and consequences for not
using them.364 This includes media
engagements with in-country reporters,
graphics and explainer videos, and
press releases highlighting removal
flights as a direct consequence of
361 See U.S. Department of State, U.S.
Government Response to Migration in the Americas
(Nov. 17, 2023), https://www.state.gov/briefingsforeign-press-centers/us-government-response-tomigration-in-the-americas; USCG, Press Release:
Task Force continues to prevent irregular, unlawful
maritime migration to United States (April 12,
2024), https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/
Article/3739500/task-force-continues-to-preventirregular-unlawful-maritime-migration-to-united/.
362 See U.S. Department of State, U.S.
Government Response to Migration in the Americas
(Nov. 17, 2023), https://www.state.gov/briefingsforeign-press-centers/us-government-response-tomigration-in-the-americas; USCG, Press Release:
Task Force continues to prevent irregular, unlawful
maritime migration to United States (Apr. 12, 2024),
https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/
3739500/task-force-continues-to-prevent-irregularunlawful-maritime-migration-to-united/; DHS, Fact
Sheet: Department of State and Department of
Homeland Security Announce Additional Sweeping
Measures to Humanely Manage Border through
Deterrence, Enforcement, and Diplomacy (May 10,
2023), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2023/05/10/factsheet-additional-sweeping-measures-humanelymanage-border.
363 See U.S. Department of State, Secretary
Antony J. Blinken and Secretary of Homeland
Security Alejandro Mayorkas Opening Remarks at
the Ministerial Conference on Migration and
Protection Reception (Apr. 19, 2022), https://
www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-andsecretary-of-homeland-security-alejandromayorkas-opening-remarks-at-the-ministerialconference-on-migration-and-protection-reception/.
364 See U.S. Department of State, U.S.
Government Response to Migration in the Americas
(Nov. 17, 2023), https://www.state.gov/briefingsforeign-press-centers/us-government-response-tomigration-in-the-americas; see also USCG, Press
Release: Task Force continues to prevent irregular,
unlawful maritime migration to United States (April
12, 2024), https://www.news.uscg.mil/PressReleases/Article/3739500/task-force-continues-toprevent-irregular-unlawful-maritime-migration-tounited/.
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coming to the United States
irregularly.365
The Departments understand
concerns about changes to southern
border processing. However, as
discussed throughout the June 3
Proclamation, the IFR, and this rule, the
circumstances at the southern border
have changed, and U.S. policy has had
to change with them to ensure the
effective functioning of the immigration
and border management systems. The
Departments have consistently
encouraged noncitizens seeking to enter
the United States to pursue lawful, safe,
and orderly pathways to do so, and they
continue to provide that encouragement
now.
Comment: One commenter expressed
concern that the Departments failed to
analyze how the IFR interacts with the
DHS Policy and Guidelines for the Use
of Classified Information in Immigration
Proceedings (May 9, 2024).366
Response: The Departments
acknowledge that the IFR did not
discuss DHS guidelines governing the
use of classified or confidential
information, but the IFR does not
contain any provisions calling for or
governing the use of classified
information. Regardless, the rule and
DHS’s policy on the use of classified
information in immigration proceedings
are harmonious. The INA permits the
use of classified information in certain
immigration proceedings, and
noncitizens have no right to examine
classified national security information
that DHS may consider or proffer in
opposition to the noncitizen’s
admission to the United States or
application for relief from removal. INA
235(c), 8 U.S.C. 1225(c); INA
240(b)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4)(B); 8
CFR 235.8(b)(3), 1240.33(c)(4). That was
the case before DHS issued its updated
policy and guidance on the use of
classified information in immigration
proceedings on May 9, 2024. The
updated guidance does not alter those
fundamental principles or the type of
information that may be used in the
immigration proceedings governed by
365 See Ecuador Envivo, La tragedia detrás de la
migración irregular, una desgarradora realidad
(The tragedy behind irregular migration, a
heartbreaking reality) (July 31, 2024), https://
ecuadorenvivo.com/blog/2024/07/31/la-tragediahumana-detras-de-la-migracion-expertos-analizancrisis-de-migracion-irregular/; see also ICE, ICE
conducts single adult, family unit removal flights
Aug. 9 (Aug. 9, 2024), https://www.ice.gov/news/
releases/ice-conducts-single-adult-family-unitremoval-flights-aug-9-0.
366 DHS, DHS Policy and Guidelines for the Use
of Classified Information in Immigration
Proceedings (May 9, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/
publication/dhs-policy-and-guidelines-useclassified-information-immigration-proceedings.
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the IFR,367 and so there was no need for
the Departments to address the
interaction between the IFR and the new
classified information policy.
E. Statutory and Regulatory
Requirements
1. Administrative Procedure Act
Comment: Commenters expressed
concerns with the Departments’
decision to issue an IFR instead of an
NPRM, and the Departments’ invocation
of the ‘‘foreign affairs’’ and ‘‘good
cause’’ exceptions. Commenters stated
that the Departments have not proved
that either exception applies and,
therefore, argued the IFR did not
comply with the APA.
Response: Under the APA, agencies
must generally provide ‘‘notice of
proposed rule making’’ in the Federal
Register and, after such notice, ‘‘give
interested persons an opportunity to
participate in the rule making through
submission of written data, views, or
arguments.’’ 5 U.S.C. 553(b) and (c). The
APA further provides that the required
publication or service of a substantive
rule shall be made not less than 30 days
before its effective date, except in
certain circumstances. Id. 553(d).
However, consistent with the APA, the
Departments did not employ these
procedures before issuing the IFR
because (1) the IFR involved a foreign
affairs function of the United States and
thus is excepted from such
requirements, id. 553(a)(1), and (2) the
Departments found good cause to
proceed with an immediately effective
interim final rule, id. 553(b)(B),
553(d)(3). See also 89 FR at 48759–66
(explaining use of these APA
exceptions). Because the Departments
have now issued this final rule after
soliciting comments, those concerns are
moot—but regardless, the Departments
address commenters’ concerns below.
367 The previous policy and guidelines permitted
the use of classified national security information
in an individual’s immigration proceedings only as
a matter of last resort. See DHS, DHS Guidelines for
the Use of Classified Information in Immigration
Proceedings (Oct. 4, 2004), https://www.dhs.gov/
publication/dhs-policy-and-guidelines-useclassified-information-immigration-proceedingsoctober. The new policy and guidelines now permit
the use of classified national security information
as the Department deems necessary to protect our
national security and public safety interests, subject
to procedures outlined in the new guidance. See
DHS, DHS Policy and Guidelines for the Use of
Classified Information in Immigration Proceedings
(May 9, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/publication/
dhs-policy-and-guidelines-use-classifiedinformation-immigration-proceedings. Neither the
new or old policies and guidelines provide the
individual who is subject to the immigration
proceedings any entitlement to review classified
national security information. Such classified
information would be reviewed either ex parte or
in camera.
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a. Foreign Affairs Exception
Comment: A commenter suggested
that the Departments’ invocation of the
foreign affairs exception is
inappropriate because this exception
has been ‘‘selective[ly] appli[ed],’’
pointing to other rules concerning
processing of noncitizens at the border
(the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule and the DHS Mandatory Bars
NPRM) for which the Departments did
not invoke this exception. Another
commenter remarked that the foreign
affairs exception cannot apply because
the IFR is a ‘‘unilateral action’’ by the
United States, seemingly without any
formal agreements with Mexico or other
affected countries, and the rule’s effects
might exacerbate undesirable
international consequences. A third
commenter stated that the foreign affairs
exception does not apply to rulemakings
concerning the U.S. border, stating that
these are matters of domestic policy.
Similarly, another commenter noted
that Federal courts have previously
informed agencies that these exceptions
to the APA’s notice-and-comment
requirement ‘‘do not apply to
regulations that alter domestic law
around asylum eligibility.’’ A fifth
commenter expressing opposition to the
Departments’ invocation of the foreign
affairs exception remarked that the
exception’s interpretation is ‘‘overly
broad.’’
Response: The IFR is excepted from
the APA’s notice-and-comment and
delayed-effective-date requirements
because it involves a ‘‘foreign affairs
function of the United States.’’ 5 U.S.C.
553(a)(1). Courts have held that this
exception applies when the rule in
question is ‘‘clearly and directly
involve[d]’’ in ‘‘a foreign affairs
function.’’ E.B. v. U.S. Dep’t of State,
583 F. Supp. 3d 58, 63 (D.D.C. 2022)
(cleaned up). In addition, although the
text of the APA does not require an
agency invoking this exception to show
that such procedures may result in
‘‘definitely undesirable international
consequences,’’ some courts have
required such a showing. See, e.g.,
Rajah v. Mukasey, 544 F.3d 427, 437 (2d
Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted).
This rule satisfies both standards.
Nevertheless, the Departments provided
an opportunity for public comment after
issuing the IFR and in this final rule are
responding to those comments.
With respect to comments asserting
this rule represents ‘‘unilateral action’’
by the United States, the United States’
border management strategy, as further
developed in this rule, is predicated on
the belief that migration is a shared
responsibility among all countries in the
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region—a fact reflected in the intensive
and concerted diplomatic outreach on
migration issues that DHS and the
Department of State have made with
partners throughout the Western
Hemisphere.368 This strategy takes
particular inspiration from the Los
Angeles Declaration on Migration and
Protection (‘‘L.A. Declaration’’), which
was joined by world leaders during the
Summit of the Americas on June 10,
2022, and has been endorsed by 22
countries.369
Under the umbrella of this framework,
the United States has been working
closely with its foreign partners to
manage the unprecedented levels of
migration that countries throughout the
region have recently been experiencing.
This work includes efforts to expand
access to and increase the number of
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways, such
as the Safe Mobility Initiative; 370
conduct joint enforcement efforts, such
as the Darién Campaign with Colombia
and Panama and the mirrored patrols
with the Government of Mexico along
our shared border; and share
information, technical assistance, and
best practices. See 89 FR at 48759–60 &
nn.300–02. These also include the
commitment by the United States and
Mexico to strengthen their joint
humanitarian plan on migration. See id.
at 48760 & n.310. The United States and
endorsing countries continue to
progress and expand upon our shared
commitments made under this
framework.
Given the particular challenges facing
the United States and its regional
partners at this moment, the
Departments appropriately assessed that
it was critical that the United States
continue to lead the way in responding
to ever-changing and increasing
migratory flows, and that the IFR and
the Proclamation—and the strong
consequences they were intended to
impose at the border—would send an
important message to the region that the
368 See The White House, Joint Statement by the
President of the United States Joe Biden and the
President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador
(Apr. 29, 2024), https://www.whitehouse.gov/
briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/04/29/jointstatement-by-the-president-of-the-united-states-joebiden-and-the-president-of-mexico-andres-manuellopez-obrador; see also Kathia Martı́nez, US,
Panama, and Colombia aim to stop Darien Gap
migration, AP News (Apr. 11, 2023), https://
apnews.com/article/darien-gap-panama-colombiaus-migrants-cf0cd1e9de2119208c9af186e53e09b7.
369 See Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and
Protection, Endorsing Countries, https://losangeles
declaration.com/endorsing-countries (last visited
Aug. 2, 2024).
370 See U.S. Dep’t of State, Safe Mobility
Initiative: Helping Those in Need and Reducing
Irregular Migration in the Americas, https://
www.state.gov/safe-mobility-initiative/ (last visited
Sept. 21, 2024).
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United States is prepared to put in place
appropriate measures to prepare for and,
if necessary, respond to ongoing
migratory challenges.371 See 89 FR at
48761.
In response to the comments that the
Departments’ invocation of the foreign
affairs exception is overly broad and
that because the IFR impacts asylum
and issues at the southern border of the
United States, it implicates only
domestic policy and law and thus does
not qualify for the foreign affairs
exception, the Departments point out
that the IFR stems from international
cooperation and directly addresses
international challenges. As one
commenter noted, at least one court has
determined that a rule imposing a
limitation on asylum eligibility is not
subject to the foreign affairs exception
when that rule has only an indirect
impact on foreign affairs. See Capital
Area Immigrants’ Rights Coalition v.
Trump, 471 F. Supp. 3d 25, 56 (D.D.C.
2020). But recently Mexico and the
United States have worked together on
a joint humanitarian plan on migration
intended ‘‘to address the humanitarian
situation caused by unprecedented
migration flows at our shared border
and in the region.’’ 372 In a joint
statement following a meeting between
President Biden and President LópezObrador on April 28, 2024, the
presidents ‘‘ordered their national
security teams to work together to
immediately implement concrete
measures to significantly reduce
371 See Muzaffar Chishti et al., At the Breaking
Point: Rethinking the U.S. Immigration Court
System, Migration Pol’y Inst., at 11 (2023), https://
www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/
publications/mpi-courts-report-2023_final.pdf (‘‘In
the case of noncitizens crossing or arriving at the
U.S.-Mexico border without authorization to enter,
years-long delays create incentives to file frivolous
asylum claims that further perpetuate delays for
those eligible for protection, undermining the
integrity of the asylum system and border
enforcement.’’); Doris Meissner, Faye Hipsman, & T.
Alexander Aleinikoff, The U.S. Asylum System in
Crisis: Charting a Way Forward, Migration Pol’y
Inst., at 9 (2018), https://www.migrationpolicy.org/
sites/default/files/publications/MPI-AsylumSystem
InCrisis-Final.pdf (‘‘Incentives to misuse the asylum
system may also be reemerging. For example, over
the past five years, the number of employment
authorization documents (EADs) approved for
individuals with pending asylum cases that have
passed the 180-day mark increased from 55,000 in
FY 2012 to 270,000 in FY 2016, and further to
278,000 in just the first six months of FY 2017. This
high and growing level of EAD grants may suggest
that, as processing times have grown, so too have
incentives to file claims as a means of obtaining
work authorization and protection from
deportation, without a sound underlying claim to
humanitarian protection.’’).
372 The White House, Mexico and United States
Strengthen Joint Humanitarian Plan on Migration
(May 2, 2023), https://www.whitehouse.gov/
briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/05/02/
mexico-and-united-states-strengthen-jointhumanitarian-plan-on-migration/.
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irregular border crossings while
protecting human rights.’’ 373 The IFR
and this rule further this international
mission by limiting heightened levels of
migration. This contrasts with the
‘‘indirect international effects,’’
including potential ‘‘downstream effects
in other countries or on international
negotiations,’’ that the court discussed
in Capital Area Immigrants’ Rights
Coalition. Capital Area Immigrants’
Rights Coalition, 471 F. Supp. 3d at 55.
Given the IFR’s direct and clear
involvement in foreign affairs, the
foreign affairs exception applies.
In addition to the IFR’s clear and
direct involvement in foreign affairs, the
Departments believed that conducting a
notice-and-comment process and
providing a delayed effective date likely
would have led to a surge to the
southern border before the Departments
could finalize the rule, as occurred in
anticipation of the end of the Title 42
public health Order.374 Regional partner
countries have repeatedly emphasized
the ways in which U.S. policy
announcements have a direct and
immediate impact on migratory flows
through their countries. See 88 FR at
31444. For example, one foreign partner
opined that the formation of caravans in
the spring of 2022 were spurred by
rumors of the United States Government
terminating the Title 42 public health
Order and then the officially announced
plans to do so. Id. Such effects are
precisely the kind of ‘‘definitely
undesirable international
consequences’’ that the Departments
seek to avoid. The Departments
appropriately concluded that the
emergency measures taken in the IFR
would help address this regional
challenge, rather than exacerbate it as
one commenter suggested, and that any
decrease in migration that results would
help relieve the strain not just on the
U.S.-Mexico border, but also on
373 The White House, Joint Statement by the
President of the United States Joe Biden and the
President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador
(Apr. 29, 2024), https://www.whitehouse.gov/
briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/04/29/jointstatement-by-the-president-of-the-united-states-joebiden-and-the-president-of-mexico-andres-manuellopez-obrador.
374 See 89 FR at 48761–62. Note that the
encounter projections included in the IFR excluded
encounters of people who had registered with the
CBP One app along with administrative encounters
at POEs, but included non-CBP One enforcement
encounters at POEs, which at the time averaged
about 190 per day since May 2023, based on OHSS
analysis of March 2024 OHSS Persist Dataset; see
also CBP, CBP OneTM Appointments Increased to
1,450 Per Day (June 30, 2023), https://www.cbp.gov/
newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-oneappointments-increased-1450-day; Decl. of Blas
Nuñez-Neto ¶ 9, E. Bay Sanctuary Covenant v.
Biden, No. 4:18–cv–06810–JST (N.D. Cal. June 16,
2023) (Dkt. 176–2).
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countries throughout the hemisphere.375
The actions the United States took in
the IFR thus affected conditions beyond
the southern border and demonstrated a
commitment to addressing irregular
migration in the region, even as foreign
partners have been taking actions
themselves that are aligned with a
shared interest in reducing migration.376
Thus, regardless of whether the foreign
affairs exception has been invoked for
other rulemakings involving border
issues, that exception is applicable here.
See 5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1). The Departments
note, however, that the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule did invoke the
foreign affairs exception to the APA’s
delayed-effective-date requirement on
similar grounds to the IFR. See 88 FR at
31444–45.
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b. Good Cause Exception
Comment: Commenters stated that the
good cause exception did not apply to
the IFR because the Departments’ claim
that proceeding via NPRM would yield
a surge in border encounters was
misguided, not supported by evidence,
and an insufficient reason to invoke the
good cause exception. Similarly,
commenters stated that the IFR
acknowledged that border encounters
were lower in 2024 than the year prior,
belying the claim of a border emergency.
Commenters expressed concern that
there is no indication of a new
emergency sufficient for the
Departments to immediately change
their rules without allowing the public
an opportunity to engage with or be
warned about the coming changes.
Commenters further claimed that
evidence shows that migration rates rise
independently of U.S. efforts to enact
consequences, that any change in policy
leads to a short-term decrease in
encounters and, thus, that the IFR
should not have been excepted from the
APA. Commenters noted that the
increase in encounters in December
2023 was not tied to any policy change.
Commenters also criticized the
Departments’ discounting of the lack of
a surge after the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways NPRM, stating that
although at that time the Title 42 public
health Order remained in effect, ‘‘it is
disingenuous to compare the current
IFR with the lifting of Title 42, which,
375 See 88 FR at 11713 (noting that in the 60 days
immediately following DHS’s resumption of routine
repatriation flights to Guatemala and Honduras in
2021, average daily encounters fell by 38 percent for
Guatemala and 42 percent for Honduras).
376 See, e.g., The White House, Mexico and
United States Strengthen Joint Humanitarian Plan
on Migration (May 2, 2023), https://
www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statementsreleases/2023/05/02/mexico-and-united-statesstrengthen-joint-humanitarian-plan-on-migration/.
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as the agencies report, led to increased
border entries.’’ Commenters expressed
opposition to the Departments’
invocation of the good cause exception,
remarking that the assumption that ‘‘not
seeking safety in the United States
protects the welfare of people who
otherwise would undertake that
dangerous journey is unsubstantiated
and false.’’
Commenters compared the IFR to the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
NPRM, which according to the
commenters did not invoke the good
cause exception. Commenters wrote that
the good cause exception should not
have applied to the IFR because
providing notice would have been both
‘‘practicable and in the public interest.’’
Commenters stated that the
Departments’ good cause exception
claim of an emergency is based on ‘‘long
standing structural challenges,’’ such as
backlogged immigration case processing
and limited resources.
Response: The Departments’ decision
to invoke the good cause exceptions to
the APA’s notice-and-comment and
delayed-effective-date procedures at 5
U.S.C. 553(b)(B) and (d)(3) was
reasonable and appropriate.
Notwithstanding that the Departments
had ample basis to forgo advance notice
and comment, the Departments
nevertheless provided an opportunity
for public comment and in this final
rule are responding to those comments.
An agency may forgo notice and
comment when it is ‘‘impracticable,
unnecessary, or contrary to the public
interest.’’ Id. 553(b)(B). Here, the noticeand-comment procedures were
impracticable and contrary to the public
interest because the delays associated
with such procedures would have
unduly postponed implementation of a
policy that was urgently needed to avert
significant public harm. While courts
have ‘‘narrowly construed’’ this
exception, it can ‘‘excuse[ ] notice and
comment in emergency situations,
where delay could result in serious
harm, or when the very announcement
of a proposed rule itself could be
expected to precipitate activity by
affected parties that would harm the
public welfare.’’ Am. Pub. Gas Ass’n v.
U.S. DOE, 72 F.4th 1324, 1339–40 (D.C.
Cir. 2023) (internal citations omitted).
An advance announcement of the IFR
would have seriously undermined a key
goal of the policy in disincentivizing
substantial levels of irregular migration,
see, e.g., 89 FR at 48754, and instead
would have incentivized noncitizens to
irregularly enter the United States
before the IFR took effect.
First, the ‘‘impracticable’’ prong of the
good cause exception ‘‘excuses notice
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81263
and comment in emergency situations
. . . or where delay could result in
serious harm.’’ 377 Findings of
impracticability are ‘‘inevitably fact- or
context-dependent,’’ 378 and when
reviewing such findings, courts
generally consider, among other factors,
the harms that might have resulted
while the agency completed standard
rulemaking procedures 379 and the
agency’s diligence in addressing the
problem it seeks to address.380
The critical need to immediately
implement more effective border
management measures is described at
length in the June 3 Proclamation, the
IFR, and Section II.A of this preamble.
Despite the strengthened consequences
in place at the SWB and adjacent coastal
borders, including the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule and other
measures (which led to the highest
numbers of returns and removals in
more than a decade, 89 FR at 48713),
when the IFR was published, the U.S.
Government continued to contend with
exceptionally high levels of irregular
migration along the southern border,
including record-high total USBP
encounter levels on the SWB as recently
as December 2023.381 While encounter
377 Jifry v. FAA, 370 F.3d 1174, 1179 (D.C. Cir.
2004); see, e.g., id. (upholding a claim of good cause
to address ‘‘a possible imminent hazard to aircraft,
persons, and property within the United States’’
(quotation marks omitted)); Haw. Helicopter
Operators Ass’n v. FAA, 51 F.3d 212, 214 (9th Cir.
1995) (upholding a claim of good cause to address
20 air tour accidents over a four-year period,
including recent incidents indicating that voluntary
measures were insufficient to address the threat to
public safety).
378 Mid-Tex Elec. Co-op, Inc. v. FERC, 822 F.2d
1123, 1132 (D.C. Cir. 1987); see Petry v. Block, 737
F.2d 1193, 1203 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (when evaluating
agency ‘‘good cause’’ arguments, ‘‘it is clear beyond
cavil that we are duty bound to analyze the entire
set of circumstances’’). Courts have explained that
notice-and-comment rulemaking may be
impracticable, for instance, where air travel security
agencies would be unable to address threats, Jifry,
370 F.3d at 1179, if ‘‘a safety investigation shows
that a new safety rule must be put in place
immediately,’’ Util. Solid Waste Activities Grp. v.
EPA, 236 F.3d 749, 754 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (ultimately
finding that not to be the case and rejecting the
agency’s argument), or if a rule was of ‘‘life-saving
importance’’ to mine workers in the event of a mine
explosion, Council of S. Mountains, Inc. v.
Donovan, 653 F.2d 573, 581 (D.C. Cir. 1981).
379 See Util. Solid Waste Activities Grp., 236 F.3d
at 754–55 (explaining that ‘‘a situation is
‘impracticable’ when an agency finds that due and
timely execution of its functions would be impeded
by the notice otherwise required in § 553, as when
a safety investigation shows that a new safety rule
must be put in place immediately’’ (cleaned up)).
380 See, e.g., Tri-Cty. Tel. Ass’n, Inc. v. FCC, 999
F.3d 714, 720 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (‘‘[T]his is not a case
of unjustified agency delay. The Commission did
act earlier, . . . [and t]he agency needed to act again
. . . .’’).
381 There were approximately 250,000 USBP
encounters along the SWB in December 2023,
higher than any previous month on record, see
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levels in calendar year 2024 prior to
issuance of the IFR had decreased from
these record numbers, there was still a
substantial and elevated level of
migration. Historically high percentages
of migrants were claiming fear. 89 FR at
48713.
DHS was forced to place many of
these individuals into the backlogged
immigration court system, a process that
can take several years to result in a
decision or consequence.382 Even then,
it can take a substantial period to
effectuate the removal of these
individuals.383 This difficulty in
predictably delivering timely decisions
OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Encounters FY 2000–2024 tab).
382 EOIR decisions completed in July 2024 were,
on average, initiated in February 2022, during the
significant operational disruptions caused by the
COVID–19 pandemic (with encounters several
months earlier than that), but 60 percent of EOIR
cases initiated in February 2022 were still pending
as of July 2024, so the final mean processing time
(once all such cases are complete) will be longer.
OHSS analysis of EOIR data as of July 2024 (Mean
EOIR Filed Dates tab); EOIR, EOIR Strategic Plan
2024, Current Operating Environment, https://
www.justice.gov/eoir/strategic-plan/strategiccontext/current-operating-enviroment (last visited
Aug. 2, 2024) (‘‘EOIR [ ] suffered operational
setbacks during the COVID–19 pandemic years of
FY 2020 through FY 2022, including declining case
completions due to health closures and scheduling
complications and delays in agency efforts to
transition to electronic records and the efficiencies
they represent. While the challenges of the
pandemic were overcome by adaptive measures
taken during those years, the pandemic’s impact on
the pending caseload is still being felt.’’). While
EOIR does not report statistics on pending median
completion times for removal proceedings in
general, it does report median completion times for
certain types of cases, such as detained cases and
cases involving UCs. See, e.g., EOIR, Median
Unaccompanied Noncitizen Child (UAC) Case
Completion and Case Pending Time (July 19, 2024),
https://www.justice.gov/eoir/media/1344951/
dl?inline (median completion time of 1,241 days);
EOIR, Median Completion Times for Detained Cases
(July 19, 2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/media/
1344866/dl?inline (median completion time of 46
days in the third quarter of 2024 for removal,
deportation, exclusion, asylum-only, and
withholding-only cases); EOIR, Percentage of DHSDetained Cases Completed within Six Months (July
19, 2024), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/media/
1344886/dl?inline (reporting seven percent of
detained cases not completed within six months);
see also 89 FR at 48749–54 (discussing the limits
in the Departments’ ability to quickly repatriate
noncitizens when encounters are elevated, which
results in the release of many of these noncitizens
into the United States); Section III.D.1 of this
preamble (describing how the rule’s thresholds
target emergency border circumstances exceeding
the Departments’ capacity to effectively process,
detain, and remove, as appropriate, the noncitizens
encountered).
383 Miriam Jordan, One Big Reason Migrants Are
Coming in Droves: They Believe They Can Stay,
N.Y. Times (Jan. 31, 2024), https://
www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/us/us-immigrationasylum-border.html (‘‘Most asylum claims are
ultimately rejected. But even when that happens,
years down the road, applicants are highly unlikely
to be [removed]. . . .’’); OHSS analysis of July 2024
Persist Dataset (Removal Orders tab); see also 88 FR
at 31326, 31381.
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and consequences further compounded
incentives for migrants to make the
dangerous journey to the SWB,
regardless of any individual
noncitizen’s ultimate likelihood of
success on an asylum or protection
application. 89 FR at 48714. The
emergency border circumstances were
not, however, due solely to longstanding
structural challenges such as case
backlogs in immigration court and the
lack of government resources, as one
commenter suggested; rather, the
heightened level of encounters at the
southern border occurred despite recent
increases in the number of immigration
court judges, immigration court cases
completed, individuals processed
through expedited removal, and
expanded opportunities to use lawful,
safe, and orderly processes. Id. at
48712–13. The Departments reasonably
determined that the heightened levels of
migration and forced displacement that
resulted in the President’s
determination to apply the suspension
and limitation on entry and the
Departments’ determination to adopt the
IFR would further strain resources, risk
overcrowding in USBP stations and
border POEs in ways that pose
significant health and safety concerns,
and create a situation in which large
numbers of migrants—only a small
proportion of whom are likely to be
granted asylum or other protection—
would be encouraged to put their lives
in the hands of dangerous organizations
to make the hazardous journey north
based on a perceived lack of immediate
consequences. See id. at 48763. The
Departments acted immediately to
safeguard their ability to enforce our
Nation’s immigration laws in a timely
way and at the scale necessary with
respect to those who seek to enter
without complying with our laws. See
id.
Second, under the ‘‘contrary to the
public interest’’ prong of the good cause
exception, it has long been recognized
that agencies may use the good cause
exception, and need not take public
comment in advance, when significant
public harm would result from the
notice-and-comment process.384 If, for
384 See, e.g., Mack Trucks, Inc. v. EPA, 682 F.3d
87, 95 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (noting that the ‘‘contrary to
the public interest’’ prong of the ‘‘good cause’’
exception ‘‘is appropriately invoked when the
timing and disclosure requirements of the usual
procedures would defeat the purpose of the
proposal—if, for example, announcement of a
proposed rule would enable the sort of financial
manipulation the rule sought to prevent . . . [or] in
order to prevent the amended rule from being
evaded’’ (cleaned up)); DeRieux v. Five Smiths, Inc.,
499 F.2d 1321, 1332 (Temp. Emer. Ct. App. 1974)
(‘‘[W]e are satisfied that there was in fact ‘good
cause’ to find that advance notice of the freeze was
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example, advance notice of a coming
price increase would immediately
produce market dislocations and lead to
serious shortages, advance notice need
not be given.385 A number of cases
follow this logic in the context of
economic regulation.386
With respect to comments stating that
migration rates can rise independently
of policy changes, commenters are
correct that there are increases in
migration rates that do not appear to be
a result of changes in U.S. policies, such
as the increase in encounters in
December 2023. But that does not
diminish the impact of even short-term
surges after announcements of policy
changes, which the Departments have
experienced time and again, as detailed
in the IFR. See 89 FR at 48764–66.
The Departments reasonably assessed
that announcing this rule in advance
would have likely yielded a surge. As
explained in the IFR, the Departments
were responding to emergency border
circumstances, and advance
announcement of the response—a
significant change in border policy that
increased the Departments’ ability to
swiftly process and remove, as
appropriate, more noncitizens who
enter the United States irregularly—
would have significantly incentivized
migrants to engage in actions likely to
compound those very challenges.387
‘impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the
public interest’ within the meaning of
§ 553(b)(B). . . . Had advance notice issued, it is
apparent that there would have ensued a massive
rush to raise prices and conduct ‘actual
transactions’—or avoid them—before the freeze
deadline.’’).
385 See, e.g., Nader v. Sawhill, 514 F.2d 1064,
1068 (Temp. Emer. Ct. App. 1975) (‘‘[W]e think
good cause was present in this case based upon [the
agency’s] concern that the announcement of a price
increase at a future date could have resulted in
producers withholding crude oil from the market
until such time as they could take advantage of the
price increase.’’ (quotation marks omitted)).
386 See, e.g., Chamber of Com. of U.S. v. S.E.C.,
443 F.3d 890, 908 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (‘‘The [‘good
cause’] exception excuses notice and comment in
emergency situations, where delay could result in
serious harm, or when the very announcement of
a proposed rule itself could be expected to
precipitate activity by affected parties that would
harm the public welfare.’’ (citations omitted));
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 728 F.2d 1477,
1492 (Temp. Emer. Ct. App. 1983) (‘‘On a number
of occasions . . . , this court has held that, in
special circumstances, good cause can exist when
the very announcement of a proposed rule itself can
be expected to precipitate activity by affected
parties that would harm the public welfare.’’).
387 See Decl. of Robert E. Perez ¶¶ 4–15,
Innovation Law Lab, No. 19–15716 (9th Cir. Mar. 3,
2020) (Dkt. 95–2) (noting that on February 28, 2020,
the Ninth Circuit lifted a stay of a nationwide
injunction of the Migrant Protection Protocols, a
program implementing the Secretary’s contiguous
return authority under section 235(b)(2)(C) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(2)(C), and almost
immediately, hundreds of migrants began massing
at POEs across the southern border and attempting
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These incentives are exacerbated by
smugglers, who routinely emphasize the
significance of recent or upcoming
policy developments, among other
tactics, and do so particularly when
there is a change announced in U.S.
policy.388 For the same reasons, ‘‘the
[need] for immediate implementation’’
outweighed the ‘‘principles’’ underlying
the requirement for a 30-day delay in
the effective date, justifying the
Departments’ finding of good cause to
forgo it.389 The stark drop in encounters
following implementation of the
Proclamation and IFR, as discussed in
Section II.A.2 of this preamble, is strong
evidence that announcements of such
changes in policy can have significant
effects on migration patterns; by making
the IFR immediately effective, the
Departments avoided triggering a surge
in migration that might otherwise have
occurred during a notice-and-comment
period or pending a delayed effective
date.
The increase in SWB encounters
preceding the end of the Title 42 public
health Order and the increase in border
encounters that occurred in December
2023 were far-reaching across multiple
sectors of the SWB and significantly
greater than what DHS resources and
operations are designed to handle.
Increasing encounters raised detention
capacity concerns anew, and, at that
point, DHS faced an urgent situation,
including a significant risk of
overcrowding in its facilities.390 Given
the nature of its facilities, increased
numbers and custody duration increase
the likelihood that USBP facilities will
become quickly overcrowded.391 In
response to the comment noting
skepticism over the Departments’
assumption that deterring irregular
migration will protect migrants’ welfare,
the Departments disagree: crowding,
particularly given how USBP facilities
are necessarily designed, increases the
potential risk of health and safety
concerns for noncitizens and
Government personnel.392 The
Departments thus assessed that there
to immediately enter the United States, creating a
severe safety hazard that forced CBP to temporarily
close POEs in whole or in part).
388 See Nick Miroff & Carolyn Van Houten, The
Border is Tougher to Cross Than Ever. But There’s
Still One Way into America, Wash. Post (Oct. 24,
2018), https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/
national-security/theres-still-one-way-into-america/
2018/10/24/d9b68842-aafb-11e8-8f4baee063e14538_story.html.
389 Omnipoint Corp. v. FCC, 78 F.3d 620, 630
(D.C. Cir. 1996) (cleaned up).
390 See Decl. of Matthew J. Hudak ¶¶ 11, 17,
Florida v. Mayorkas, Case No. 3:22–cv–9962 (N.D.
Fla. May 12, 2023) (Dkt. 13–1).
391 Id. ¶¶ 6, 14, 17.
392 Id. ¶ 17.
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would be a significant risk of such an
urgent situation occurring if they
undertook notice-and-comment
procedures for the IFR or delayed its
effective date.
The Departments’ determination in
the IFR was also consistent with the
United States’ past practice. For
example, and in response to the
comment that the Departments did not
invoke the good cause exception in
promulgating the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, the Departments
provided notice and an opportunity to
comment on that rule while the Title 42
public health Order remained in
effect 393 but invoked the good cause
exception (as well as the foreign affairs
exception) to bypass a delayed effective
date that would have resulted in a gap
between the end of the Title 42 public
health Order and the implementation of
the rule. See 88 FR at 31445–47.
Contrary to the comment asserting that
it was disingenuous for the Departments
to compare the potential surge of
migrants between the end of Title 42
and the effective date of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
with the potential surge associated with
the delayed implementation of this rule,
the Departments merely refer to the
Title 42 surge to illustrate that a surge
would be likely given the significance of
the border policy change made by the
IFR, not that the surge would have been
of precisely the same degree. See 89 FR
at 48761–62.
Similarly, when implementing the
parole process for Venezuelans, DHS
implemented the process without prior
public procedures, and witnessed a
drastic reduction in irregular migration
by Venezuelans.394 Had the parole
process been announced before a
lengthy notice-and-comment period,
thousands of Venezuelan nationals
would have likely attempted to cross the
United States and Mexican borders
before the ineligibility criteria went into
effect and before the United States could
return Venezuelan nationals to Mexico.
See 89 FR at 48766.
DHS similarly concluded in January
2017 that it was imperative to give
immediate effect to a rule designating
393 The Departments noted, however, that the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule was
exempt from notice-and-comment requirements
pursuant to the good cause exception at 5 U.S.C.
553(b)(B) for the same reasons that the rule was
exempt from delayed effective date requirements
under 5 U.S.C. 553(d). See 88 FR at 31445 n.377.
394 See 88 FR at 31317 (‘‘A week before the
announcement of the Venezuela parole process on
October 12, 2022, Venezuelan encounters between
POEs at the SWB averaged over 1,100 a day from
October 5–11. About two weeks after the
announcement, Venezuelan encounters averaged
under 200 per day between October 18 and 24.’’).
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Cuban nationals arriving by air as
eligible for expedited removal because
‘‘[p]re-promulgation notice and
comment would . . . endanger[ ] human
life and hav[e] a potential destabilizing
effect in the region.’’ 395 The
‘‘publication of the rule as a proposed
rule . . . would [have] signal[ed] a
significant change in policy while
permitting continuation of the exception
for Cuban nationals, [and] could [have
led] to a surge in migration of Cuban
nationals seeking to travel to and enter
the United States during the period
between the publication of a proposed
and a final rule.’’ 396 A surge of this kind
‘‘would [have] threaten[ed] national
security and public safety by diverting
valuable Government resources from
counterterrorism and homeland security
responsibilities’’ and ‘‘could also have
[had] a destabilizing effect on the
region, thus weakening the security of
the United States and threatening its
international relations,’’ and ‘‘could
[have] result[ed] in significant loss of
human life.’’ 397
Given the emergency border
circumstances facing the Departments,
the delays associated with requiring a
notice-and-comment process for the IFR
would have been contrary to the public
interest because an advance
announcement of the rule would have
incentivized even more irregular
migration by those seeking to enter the
United States before the IFR took effect.
c. Length and Sufficiency of Comment
Period
Comment: Commenters remarked that
the 30-day post-promulgation comment
period was not long enough to allow for
‘‘meaningful[ ] comment’’ on the IFR,
including from experts. Multiple
commenters recommended that the
Departments either rescind the IFR,
reissue it with a longer comment period,
or both, and suggested the new
comment period be at least 60 days or
90 days. A few commenters expressed
concern with the IFR’s publication four
days before the end of the 30-day
comment period for the DHS Mandatory
Bars NPRM, stating that the
Departments did not give the public an
adequate opportunity to analyze or
comment on them separately or in
conjunction.
395 Eliminating Exception to Expedited Removal
Authority for Cuban Nationals Arriving by Air, 82
FR 4769, 4770 (Jan. 17, 2017).
396 Id.
397 Id.; accord U.S. Dep’t of State, Visas:
Documentation of Nonimmigrants Under the
Immigration and Nationality Act, as Amended, 81
FR 5906, 5907 (Feb. 4, 2016) (finding the good
cause exception applicable because of short-run
incentive concerns).
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Response: As explained earlier in this
Section III.E of this preamble, the
Departments did not provide notice and
an opportunity to comment or provide
for a delayed effective date because the
foreign affairs and good cause
exceptions to those procedures applied.
See 5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1), (b)(B). Thus, the
IFR became effective on June 5, 2024,
after the Proclamation was issued and
the IFR was placed in public inspection.
See 89 FR at 48710. The Departments
invited the public to provide postpromulgation comments on the
‘‘rulemaking by submitting written data,
views, comments, and arguments on all
aspects of this IFR by’’ July 8, 2024. Id.
It bears noting that the APA does not
impose any requirements governing the
process for submitting public comments
when an agency voluntarily chooses to
receive them following the
promulgation of a rule that is exempt
from notice-and-comment procedures;
much less does it establish any set
number of days for which the
Departments would have to leave such
a comment period open.
This post-promulgation comment
period spanned 30 days from the date of
publication (from June 7, 2024, through
July 8, 2024) and 34 days from the date
the IFR was filed for public inspection
(the afternoon of June 4, 2024). See 89
FR at 48710; id. at 48772. The
Departments believe this comment
period was sufficient to allow for
meaningful public input, as evidenced
by the 1,067 public comments received,
including numerous detailed comments
from interested organizations.398
Even where notice and comment is
required, the APA does not require that
the comment period be any particular
length. See 5 U.S.C. 553(b), (c). And
although Executive Orders 12866 and
13563 generally recommend a comment
period of at least 60 days, they do not
impose any binding requirement that a
60-day period be utilized in every case.
In fact, courts have found 30 days to be
a reasonable comment period length,
finding that such a period is generally
‘‘sufficient for interested persons to
meaningfully review a proposed rule
and provide informed comment,’’ even
when ‘‘substantial rule changes are
proposed.’’ Nat’l Lifeline Ass’n v. FCC,
921 F.3d 1102, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2019)
(citing Petry v. Block, 737 F.2d 1193,
1201 (D.C. Cir. 1984)); see also
Connecticut Light & Power Co. v.
Nuclear Regul. Comm’n, 673 F.2d 525,
534 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (noting that a 30day comment period was not
398 Document Comments, Securing the Border,
https://www.regulations.gov/document/USCIS2024-0006-0002/comment.
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unreasonable despite complexity of
proposed rule). Comment periods
shorter than 30 days, often in the face
of exigent circumstances, have also been
deemed adequate. See, e.g., Omnipoint
Corp., 78 F.3d at 629–30 (concluding 15
days for comments was sufficient); NW
Airlines, Inc. v. Goldschmidt, 645 F.2d
1309, 1321 (8th Cir. 1981) (finding 7-day
comment period sufficient).
Regarding commenters’ concerns
about the comment period in light of the
DHS Mandatory Bars NPRM, the
Departments first emphasize that the
two rules regard separate aspects of DHS
screening procedures, as discussed
above in Section III.D.2 of this
preamble. Nevertheless, the
Departments explained the relationship
between the two rules in the IFR by
noting that, ‘‘[i]f DHS were to finalize
that rule as drafted, [the IFR]’s
‘reasonable probability’ standard would
still apply when the noncitizen is
subject to this rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility.’’ 89 FR at 48739
n.186; see id. at 48756. In addition,
because the DHS Mandatory Bars NPRM
was published prior to the IFR,
commenters were able to use that NPRM
to inform their comments on the IFR.
Accordingly, the Departments disagree
that commenters were provided an
inadequate opportunity to comment on
the interaction of these two rules.
Here, the 30-day comment period
allowed for significant, meaningful
public participation. Commenters have
provided numerous and detailed
comments regarding the IFR, and the
Departments appreciate their effort to
provide thorough commentary for the
Departments’ consideration during the
preparation of this final rule. The 30day comment period also allowed the
Departments to swiftly finalize a critical
border measure needed to address the
emergency border circumstances posed
by the Departments’ lack of resources
for delivering timely consequences to
the heightened number of migrants
attempting to enter the southern border
without a viable legal basis for doing so.
See 89 FR at 48749–54.
2. Impacts, Costs, and Benefits (E.O.
12866 and E.O. 13563)
Comments: One commenter reasoned
that the effects of removal on
noncitizens should not be disregarded
because the costs are not low. The
commenter stated that the costs
resulting from removal would
‘‘encourage refoulement for individuals
attempting to reach safety.’’ The
commenter stated that correctly
identifying meritorious claims of fear is
an invaluable process that should not be
categorized as costs in ‘‘additional time
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and resources.’’ The commenter further
stated that the Departments cannot
simply dismiss the task of identifying
meritorious claims or characterize their
failure to do as purported cost savings,
as the commenter alleges is done in the
IFR.
Response: The commenter
misrepresents the IFR’s discussion of
costs and impacts, see 89 FR at 48766–
67, which acknowledged that a
noncitizen who would have received
asylum in the absence of the rule would
incur costs from the denial of that
benefit. The IFR also acknowledged that
noncitizens may incur further costs
upon removal. The Departments have
described these potential costs
qualitatively not as a means of
dismissing the importance of such costs,
but in order to assess the costs and
benefits of the rule in accordance with
certain executive orders addressing the
regulatory process. See id.
Furthermore, the Departments
disagree with the commenter’s
suggestion that the rule does not result
in cost savings. The rule does not cause
a reduction in overall resources
dedicated to immigration processing
and enforcement. Rather, it prevents
those resources from being spread so
thin. As the IFR’s analysis explains,
given ongoing strains on limited Federal
Government immigration processing
and enforcement resources, any
reduction in new asylum claims would
necessarily increase the availability of
those resources and allow for more
timely adjudications of existing claims.
The benefits of the rule include
reductions in strains on limited Federal
Government immigration processing
and enforcement resources; preservation
of the Departments’ continued ability to
safely, humanely, and effectively
enforce and administer the nation’s
immigration laws; and a reduction in
the role of exploitative TCOs and
smugglers. Id. at 48767. Some of these
benefits accrue to noncitizens whose
ability to receive timely decisions on
their claims might otherwise be
hampered by the severe strain that
further surges in irregular migration
would impose on the Departments. Id.
3. Alternatives
a. Address Root Causes of Migration
Comment: A few commenters
specifically urged the United States
Government to address ‘‘root causes’’ of
migration. Many commenters blamed
United States foreign policy generally
for creating conditions in foreign
countries that have caused irregular
migration. For example, one commenter
stated that the United States must
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amend its foreign policies ‘‘which
contribute to poverty and injustice in
the countries migrants are trying to
escape.’’ Another commenter called
immigration ‘‘payback’’ for the United
States’s foreign policies. Some
commenters specified foreign policies
they would like to see changed, such as
those regarding weapons sales, fossil
fuels, the environment, humanitarian
aid, and sanctions on foreign
governments. Other commenters
criticized the Government and
corporations for contributing to
destabilization in other countries
leading to immigration. Commenters
suggested that the Government should
disrupt corporate greed causing
destabilization in other countries.
Response: As a preliminary matter,
these comments are outside the scope of
this rulemaking. Regardless, the
Departments disagree with the
suggestion that addressing the root
causes of migration obviates the
necessity of the rule. Rather, the United
States’ ongoing efforts, along with those
of partner nations, to address the root
causes of migration and abate adverse
effects from unprecedented levels of
global irregular migration will not
immediately resolve the urgent border
security and immigration systems’
situations. Efforts to address the root
causes of irregular migration will take
significant time to create impact, and in
the meantime the more targeted policies
set forth in the IFR and this rule are
necessary to alleviate the current acute
stress on the border security and
immigration systems.
The Departments nonetheless agree
with commenters that addressing root
causes is a necessary element of regional
migration management. For example,
the U.S. Strategy for Addressing the
Root Causes of Migration in Central
America, directed by the President in
Executive Order 14010, 86 FR 8267
(Feb. 5, 2021), focuses on a coordinated,
place-based approach to improve the
underlying causes that push Central
Americans to migrate, and it takes into
account, as appropriate, the views of
bilateral, multilateral, and private sector
partners, as well as civil society.399 The
strategy includes addressing economic,
governance, and security challenges
through five pillars: (1) addressing
economic insecurity and inequality; (2)
combating corruption and strengthening
democratic governance; (3) promoting
human rights and labor rights; (4)
countering and preventing violence; and
399 Nat’l Sec. Council, U.S. Strategy for
Addressing the Root Causes of Migration in Central
America at 4 (July 2021), https://
www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/
Root-Causes-Strategy.pdf.
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(5) combating sexual and gender-based
violence.400 In March 2024, the White
House announced that the
Administration is on track to meet its
commitment in the root causes strategy
to provide $4 billion to the region over
four years.401
The United States has also worked
closely with its regional partners to
prioritize and implement a strategy that
advances safe, orderly, legal, and
humane migration, including taking
measures to address the root causes of
migration, expand access to lawful
pathways, improve the U.S. asylum
system, and address the pernicious role
of smugglers. The IFR provided a
detailed account of the United States’
efforts throughout the region to
implement such strategies. See 89 FR at
48759–62. For instance, the United
States, along with 21 other countries in
the Western Hemisphere, has endorsed
the L.A. Declaration, which proposes a
comprehensive approach to managing
migration throughout the Western
Hemisphere. See id. at 48759. Under the
L.A. Declaration’s framework, the
United States has been working closely
with foreign partners to manage the
unprecedented levels of migration that
countries throughout the region have
been experiencing, including efforts to
expand access to and increase lawful
pathways; conduct joint enforcement
efforts; and share information, technical
assistance, and best practices. Id. at
48759–60.
Additionally, the Government has
developed and implemented a number
of policy measures, including the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
and other measures, which are
complemented by a range of actions
taken by foreign partners in the region,
such as campaigns by Colombia and
Panama to counter smuggling networks
in the Darién Gap. The Government
believes that migration is a shared
responsibility among all countries in the
region, which is reflected in the
intensive and concerted diplomatic
outreach on migration issues that DHS
and the Department of State have made
with partners throughout the Western
Hemisphere.
Consistent with these efforts, this rule
will further incentivize noncitizens to
avoid irregular migration and instead
avail themselves of other lawful, safe,
and orderly means for seeking
400 The White House, Fact Sheet: Update on the
U.S. Strategy for Addressing the Root Causes of
Migration in Central America (Mar. 25, 2024),
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
statements-releases/2024/03/25/fact-sheet-updateon-the-u-s-strategy-for-addressing-the-root-causesof-migration-in-central-america-3/.
401 Id.
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protection in the United States or
elsewhere. The Departments agree with
commenters that recent surges in
irregular migration have been caused by
multiple factors, including the growing
understanding by smugglers and
migrants that DHS’s capacity to impose
timely consequences at the border is
limited by the lack of resources and
tools available and by partner nations’
operational constraints.
Although this rule does not purport
to—and a single rule cannot—address
all of the root causes and factors driving
migration, the Departments assess that
this rule has significantly increased
their ability to deliver timely decisions
and consequences at the southern
border with currently available
resources, combating perceptions and
messaging to the contrary. Given the
challenges facing the United States and
its regional partners, this regulatory
effort—and the strong consequences it
imposes at the southern border—have
sent and will continue to send an
important message throughout the
region that the United States has put in
place appropriate measures to prepare
for and, if necessary, respond to ongoing
migratory challenges.
In short, the Departments
acknowledge that international
migration trends are the product of
exceedingly complex factors and are
shaped by, among other things, family
and community networks, labor
markets, environmental and securityrelated push factors, and rapidly
evolving criminal smuggling networks.
See 88 FR at 31327–28 & n.59. The
United States Government is working to
address these root causes of migration,
including by cooperating closely with
partner countries, and to abate adverse
effects from unprecedented levels of
irregular migration.
b. Prioritize Funding and Other
Resources
Comment: Many commenters urged
the United States Government to
prioritize funding, other resources, or
alternative policies to make border
processing and asylum adjudications
more effective and efficient.
Commenters suggested various priorities
for funding, including hiring more
personnel and staff, such as immigration
officers, IJs, and court personnel;
allocating more funding to already
existing personnel and staff; allocating
more funding and other resources to
local governments and organizations
that assist immigrants; increasing access
to legal representation and mental
health services; and devoting more
resources to asylum processing and
adjudications at POEs and the interior.
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Other commenters suggested more
generally that the Government devote
more resources to recent arrivals and the
asylum system. A few commenters
specified that the Government should
provide additional funding for the
Shelter and Services Program and the
Case Management Pilot Program. One
commenter suggested that the
Government create a system to require
asylum seekers to have their
applications vetted in their home
countries as a way to reduce costs and
migration. Another commenter
suggested sending noncitizen arrivals
with family members in the United
States to their families. One commenter
stated that the Government should
expand capacity at the border, while
another commenter questioned DHS’s
ability to increase capacity at POEs.
Response: The Departments
acknowledge commenters’ suggestions
for increasing resources, both financial
and otherwise, to account for the
increased arrivals at the southern
border, but those suggestions are outside
the scope of this rulemaking, and they
would require congressional action. As
discussed in the IFR, the circumstances
that the Departments faced in June 2024
existed despite the Departments’ efforts
to address substantial levels of
migration and were a direct result of
Congress’s failure to update outdated
immigration laws and provide needed
funding and resources for the efficient
operation of the border security and
immigration systems. See 89 FR at
48712–15. The Administration has
repeatedly requested additional
resources from Congress, only some of
which have been provided. See id. at
48728. USCIS also implemented a new
fee schedule, effective April 1, 2024,
that adjusted the fees to fully recover
costs and maintain adequate service.402
While the new fee rule does provide for
increased funding for the Refugee,
Asylum, and International Operations
Directorate, keeping pace with USCIS’
protection screening and affirmative
asylum workloads requires additional
funding, as reflected in the President’s
FY 2025 Budget. 89 FR at 48729.
Additional financial support would
require additional congressional actions,
including significant additional
appropriations, which are outside the
scope of this rulemaking. The
Departments agree with the commenters
402 See U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
Fee Schedule and Changes to Certain Other
Immigration Benefit Request Requirements, 89 FR
6194, 6194 (Jan. 31, 2024); U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services Fee Schedule and Changes to
Certain Other Immigration Benefit Request
Requirements; Correction, 89 FR 20101 (Mar. 21,
2024) (making corrections).
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that additional resources would provide
substantial benefits for managing the
border and immigration systems but
decline to wait to act pending receipt of
additional funding from Congress. DHS
notes that despite this lack of additional
funding it has taken steps to increase
processing at SWB POEs, including
through use of the CBP One app.403
Additionally, the Departments note
that they are leading ongoing Federal
Government efforts to support NGOs,
local and state governments, and other
migrant support organizations as they
work to respond to the unprecedented
migration impacting communities
across the United States. As noted in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
FEMA spent $260 million in FYs 2021
and 2022 on grants to non-governmental
and state and local entities through the
EFSP–H to assist migrants arriving at
the SWB with shelter and
transportation. See 88 FR at 31327
(citing 88 FR at 11704–05). In December
2022, $75 million was awarded through
the program.404 In addition, the
Bipartisan Year-End Omnibus, which
was enacted on December 29, 2022,
directed CBP to transfer $800 million in
funding to FEMA to support sheltering
and related activities for noncitizens
encountered by DHS. The Omnibus
authorized FEMA to utilize this funding
to establish a new Shelter and Services
Program and to use a portion of the
funding for the existing EFSP–H, until
the Shelter and Services Program is
established.405 For FY 2023, there were
$363.8 million in available funds to
enable non-federal entities to provide
humanitarian services to noncitizen
migrants following their release from
DHS.406 In FY 2024, that figure
increased to nearly $650 million.407
The Departments do not agree with
commenter’s suggestions that alternative
policies, including vetting migrants in
403 See Memorandum for William A. Ferrara,
Exec. Ass’t Comm’r, Off. of Field Operations, from
Troy A. Miller, Acting Comm’r, CBP, Re: Guidance
for Management and Processing of Undocumented
Noncitizens at Southwest Border Land Ports of
Entry (Nov. 1, 2021), https://www.cbp.gov/sites/
default/files/assets/documents/2021-Nov/CBPmgmt-processing-non-citizens-swb-lpoes-signedMemo-11.1.2021-508.pdf.
404 See FEMA, Release No. HQ–22–232,
Emergency Food and Shelter Program National
Board Allocates $75 Million for Humanitarian
Assistance (Dec. 23, 2022), https://www.fema.gov/
press-release/20230103/emergency-food-andshelter-program-national-board-allocates-75million.
405 Public Law 117–328, Division F, Title II,
Security, Enforcement, and Investigations, U.S.
Customs and Border Protection, Operations and
Support, 131 Stat. 4459, 4730 (2022).
406 FEMA, Shelter and Services Program (June 14,
2024), https://www.fema.gov/grants/shelterservices-program.
407 Id.
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their home countries and sending those
who arrive the United States who have
family members in the United States to
those family members, should be
pursued in place of this rule. In addition
to being far outside the scope of the
rule, such policies would lack the
demonstrably effective incentive
structure of this rule. The Departments
nonetheless agree that the United States
must consistently engage with partners
throughout the Western Hemisphere to
address the hardships that cause people
to leave their homes and come to our
southern border. During the emergency
border circumstances underlying the
rule, the Departments’ limited resources
must be focused on processing those
who are most likely to be persecuted or
tortured if removed and overall border
security and immigration systems
efficiencies. Swift removal of
noncitizens without meritorious claims
is critical to deterring noncitizens from
seeking entry under the belief that they
will be released and able to remain in
the United States for a significant
period.
Comment: Some commenters stated
that the Government ‘‘should focus on
educating the public about the
complexities of immigration’’ and
‘‘provide information to the American
people’’ regarding contributions of
immigrants to society.
Response: The Departments maintain
publicly accessible information
regarding the border security and
immigration systems and routinely
publicize law enforcement action and
efforts against human trafficking,
smuggling, and TCOs that profit from
irregular migration.408 The Departments
will continue to make such information
publicly available through routine
publication. To the extent commenters
suggest that the Departments should
inform the American public about the
contributions migrants have made to the
United States, the Departments
respectfully note that such action is
outside the scope of this rulemaking as
it is unrelated to and would have no
immediate effect on encounters at the
southern border.
c. Further Expand Refugee Processing or
Other Lawful Pathways
Comment: Several commenters
suggested increasing access to asylum
and humanitarian protections.
Commenters expressed concern that the
United States’ annual rates of refugee
admissions have not kept pace with
408 See DHS, Securing the Border (last updated
Aug. 6, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/
immigrationlaws; DHS, Border Security (last
updated Nov. 7, 2023), https://www.dhs.gov/topics/
border-security.
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worldwide demand for refugee
protections, driving migrants to seek
alternative, and oftentimes irregular,
migration routes. While many
commenters focused on noncitizens
arriving at the border, at least one
commenter suggested expanding
protections for ‘‘those who have long
called the United States home.’’ Many
commenters stated that the Government
‘‘should be creating accessible pathways
to citizenship.’’ Many commenters
emphasized the need for expanded
lawful pathways and speeding up
processing times. One commenter
requested that the Government ‘‘invest
in expanding pathways to lawful
status.’’ Several commenters implored
the Government to focus ‘‘on a solutions
strategy.’’
Response: The United States has
made and will continue to make
extensive efforts to expand refugee
processing and lawful pathways
generally.409 As explained in detail in
the IFR, in recent years, the Government
has overseen the largest expansion of
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways and
processes for noncitizens to come to the
United States in decades. 89 FR at
48760. Such steps include promulgating
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule, refocusing a significant portion of
DHS’s southern border workforce to
prioritize migration management above
other border security missions,
implementing the CHNV parole
processes, implementing the Safe
Mobility Initiative in several countries,
expanding country-specific family
reunification parole processes,
expanding opportunities to enter the
United States for seasonal employment,
establishing a mechanism for over 1,400
migrants per day to schedule a time and
place to arrive at POEs through the CBP
One app, increasing proposed refugee
admissions from the Western
Hemisphere from 5,000 in FY 2021 to
up to 50,000 in FY 2024, completing
approximately 89 percent more
immigration court cases in FY 2023
compared to FY 2019, and increasing
the IJ corps by 66 percent from FY 2019
to FY 2023. 89 FR at 48712–13.
409 See DHS, Fact Sheet: DHS Continues to
Strengthen Border Security, Reduce Irregular
Migration, and Mobilize International Partnerships
(June 4, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2024/06/
04/fact-sheet-dhs-continues-strengthen-bordersecurity-reduce-irregular-migration-and (citing
continued efforts to expand lawful pathways and
processes, including establishing country-specific
parole processes for certain nationals, working with
interagency partners and the private sector to
increase access to H–2 nonimmigration visa
programs, expanding capacity at POEs to increase
CBP One app processing capabilities, and
implementing new family reunification parole
processes among other efforts).
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Despite these and other efforts to
expand lawful pathways and provide
border security, and while DHS is
processing noncitizens in record
numbers and with record efficiency, the
border security and immigration
systems have not been able to keep pace
with the number of noncitizens arriving
at the southern border. Simply put, the
Departments do not have adequate
resources and tools to deliver timely
decisions and consequences to
individuals who cross irregularly and
cannot establish a legal basis to remain
in the United States, or to provide
timely protection to those ultimately
found eligible for protection, when
noncitizens are arriving at such elevated
volumes.
Further, existing levels of migration
make clear that the efforts described
above, on their own, are insufficient to
change the incentives of migrants,
reduce the risks associated with current
levels of irregular migration and the
current surges of migrants to the border,
and protect migrants from human
smugglers that profit from their
vulnerability. The Departments note
that, while they continue to explore the
possibility of providing additional
lawful pathways, this rule does not
create, expand, or otherwise constitute
the basis for any lawful pathway. The
Departments further note that requests
that the United States create a path to
citizenship is outside the scope of this
rulemaking.
d. Expand Asylum Merits Process
Comment: One commenter stated that
instead of finalizing the IFR, the
Departments should consider expanding
the use of the AMI process outlined in
the Asylum Processing IFR. The
commenter stated that the rule has the
same stated purpose of increasing
efficiency and fairness of asylum
adjudications for those in expedited
removal, but that DHS had reduced its
use of the AMI process in the last
quarter of 2022 and has not explained
why finalizing the IFR is preferable.
Response: The Departments do not
view the present rulemaking and the
Asylum Processing IFR as mutually
exclusive. Rather, the Departments view
these rulemakings as complementary
efforts. The AMI process promulgated in
the Asylum Processing IFR is predicated
on a noncitizen receiving a positive
credible fear determination and seeks to
make the process following a positive
credible fear determination more
efficient and streamlined, while
maintaining fairness; meanwhile, the
present rulemaking establishes a
limitation on asylum eligibility and
addresses the credible fear process
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itself. While both rulemakings seek to
increase efficiency and maintain
fairness, they do so by focusing on
separate parts of the process—one
primarily prior to and during a credible
fear determination (the present
rulemaking) and one following service
of a positive credible fear determination
(the Asylum Processing IFR).
Additionally, the Asylum Processing
IFR was written with the express intent
of being implemented in a discretionary
manner. As the Departments explained,
the discretion of USCIS to place an
individual with a positive credible fear
determination into the AMI process
under the rule or to issue an NTA for
removal proceedings under section 240
of the INA was a necessary part of the
rule in order for it to function, as the
rule would have to be implemented in
a reality in which USCIS did not have
all of the resources necessary to place
every case with a positive credible fear
determination into the AMI process. See
87 FR at 18185. Accordingly, the
Asylum Processing IFR provided USCIS
complete discretion to place a case with
a positive credible fear determination
into the AMI process or to issue an
NTA. 8 CFR 208.30(f).
As explained in the preamble to the
IFR, there are simply not enough AOs
available to conduct fear screenings to
keep pace with current sustained high
encounter rates. See 89 FR at 48714.
USCIS has a finite number of AOs to
conduct all of its casework, including
fear screenings, and does not plan on
placing cases into the AMI process in
circumstances in which the noncitizen
did not establish a significant possibility
that they would ultimately be able to
establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that the limitation on asylum
eligibility does not apply or that they
qualify for the exception; such an
approach would not be a prudent use of
resources given current operational
realities. See 89 FR at 48756. The
Departments nonetheless formulated the
present rulemaking in a manner that
preserves the ability of USCIS to
exercise its discretion to place cases
with positive credible fear
determinations in the AMI process
should USCIS have the resources
available to do so in the future. See id.;
see also 8 CFR 208.35(b)(2)(ii). The
Departments will continue to
implement the Asylum Processing IFR
in a manner consistent with the way the
rule was envisioned to function,
enrolling new cases in the process at the
discretion of USCIS, in accordance with
available resources.
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Comment: Many commenters stated
that the Administration should work
with Congress on comprehensive
legislative reforms. Commenters
emphasized the need for meaningful
legislative reform of the U.S.
immigration system. Several
commenters demanded that Congress
address ‘‘the issue of immigration.’’
Commenters pointed to a variety of
reforms that they believed Congress
should implement. However, one
commenter disagreed with any
suggestion that the border crisis was the
result of any failure of Congress and felt
it was the Administration’s consistent
‘‘abdication’’ of border security and
immigration enforcement that has
resulted in the sustained, high rate of
encounters since 2021.
Response: These are suggestions for
Congress and are outside the scope of
this rulemaking. Nevertheless, the
Departments acknowledge the
commenters’ expressed frustration with
Congress’s failure to update outdated
immigration laws and provide needed
funding and resources for the efficient
operation of the border security and
immigration systems. The Departments
observe that this failure, combined with
unprecedented levels of irregular
migration along the southern border,
makes up the causal background of the
June 3 Proclamation and this rule, and
they therefore disagree with one
commenter’s suggestion that the current
border circumstances can be ascribed to
the Administration’s alleged
‘‘abdication’’ of border security, and in
no part to any congressional inaction.
As explained in the June 3 Proclamation
and the IFR, in the absence of
congressional action to provide
appropriate resources to DHS and EOIR
and to reform the outdated statutory
framework, the rule implements new
policies to substantially improve the
Departments’ ability within that
framework to deliver timely decisions
and consequences to noncitizens who
lack a lawful basis to remain. See 89 FR
at 48715. Although the Departments are
adopting these measures to respond to
the emergency situation at the southern
border, they are not a substitute for
congressional action, which remains the
only long-term solution to the
challenges the Departments have
confronted on the border.
f. Additional Suggested Measures or
Revisions
Comment: One commenter suggested
that the Departments ‘‘engage in
meaningful dialogue with legal experts
and humanitarian groups to develop
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compassionate and effective approaches
to migration.’’
Response: The Departments
appreciate the commenter’s suggestion
and welcome the views of legal experts
and humanitarian groups. Indeed, the
Departments have sought comment on
their rules relating to border
management—such as the Asylum
Processing IFR, Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, DHS Mandatory
Bars NPRM, and the IFR here—and have
either considered and responded to
those comments, or, in the case of the
DHS Mandatory Bars NPRM, are in the
process of doing so. Additionally, such
experts and organizations are able to
petition the Departments for
rulemaking, through which process they
may present their proposals for
consideration by the Departments. The
Departments appreciate the thoughtful
comments and feedback they have
received from the public, including
legal experts and humanitarian groups,
and hope that the public’s interest in
aiding the Departments in their efforts
to manage the border continues.
Further, since the June 3 Proclamation
and the IFR came into force, DHS has
continually engaged advocacy, nongovernmental, and international
organization partners to seek their
feedback and perspectives.
Comment: One commenter made
several suggestions for additional,
stricter measures instead of or in
addition to this rule. Such suggested
measures included strictly limiting
parole into the United States, reinstating
MPP and requiring noncitizens to wait
in Mexico pending removal
proceedings, rescinding enforcement
priorities and enforcing immigration
law in the interior of the United States,
expanding expedited removal,
terminating policies the commenter
viewed as hindering immigration
enforcement, requiring AOs to apply all
mandatory bars to asylum and statutory
withholding of removal in credible fear
screenings, raising the standard for
withholding of removal and deferral of
removal to the ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard for all credible fear
proceedings, and terminating USCIS’s
policy of accepting requests for
reconsideration after an IJ has concurred
with an AO’s negative credible fear
determination. The commenter,
addressing the instant rule, requested
that the Departments eliminate
‘‘overbroad and easy to exploit
loopholes,’’ specifically stating that the
Departments should ‘‘strike’’ the
exception for those who establish
exceptionally compelling
circumstances. One commenter stated
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that the rule should also apply to the
northern border.
Response: The Departments
acknowledge the commenters’ varying
viewpoints and concerns but believe
that even if some of the alternatives
proposed by the commenters are
suitable to pursue, they would not
obviate the need for this rule. Proposals
to broadly limit lawful pathways to
enter the United States, such as parole
processes, are outside the scope of this
rulemaking, as are other comments
advocating for immigration policy
changes or reforms unrelated to the IFR.
The Departments nonetheless note
that this rule does not provide for,
prohibit, or otherwise set any policy
regarding DHS’s discretionary authority
to make parole determinations. Even so,
in the Departments’ experience, the
various parole processes work in
tandem with other lawful pathways in
a complementary manner to address
surges in migration. Examples of the
success of DHS’s discretionary parole
processes include the CHNV parole
processes and family reunification
parole processes resulting in use of
lawful pathways for entry into the
United States. Importantly, the parole
processes themselves are lawful
pathways for qualifying individuals
seeking to come to the United States,
and this rule does not discourage their
use. The parole processes are lawful,
safe, and orderly pathways that the
Departments wish to encourage in light
of the urgent circumstances.
The Departments disagree with
commenters’ suggestion to reinstate
MPP for the reasons stated in the IFR
and the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule. See 89 FR at 48752
n.271; 88 FR at 31370.
Regarding commenters’ request for
expansion of expedited removal, the
Departments observe that, among the
series of steps the Government has taken
to strengthen consequences for irregular
entry at the border, DHS has processed
record numbers of individuals through
expedited removal. For example, in the
months between May 12, 2023, and June
4, 2024, CBP processed more than
359,000 noncitizens encountered at and
between POEs along the SWB for
expedited removal 410—almost twice as
many as any prior full FY.411 Indeed,
under the IFR, from June 5 through
August 31, 2024:
410 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Imm Post Pandemic ERCF tab).
411 OHSS analysis of June 2024 Enforcement
Lifecycle and July 2024 OHSS Persist Dataset. Prior
to FY 2024, the single-year FY record for Southwest
Border cases processed for expedited removal was
202,000 in FY 2013 (Historic CFIs tab).
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• DHS removed or returned more
than 119,000 individuals encountered at
the SWB 412 to more than 140 countries,
including by operating more than 400
international repatriation flights; 413
• DHS has doubled the percentage of
noncitizens encountered at the SWB
who are removed or returned directly
from CBP custody compared to the
immediate post-pandemic period (32
percent compared to 16 percent); 414
• DHS has more than tripled the
percentage of noncitizens encountered
by USBP at the SWB who are processed
through expedited removal (up from 18
percent to 59 percent; expedited
removal processing was already at
record levels, as noted above); 415 and
• DHS has decreased the percentage
of noncitizens encountered at the SWB
who are released by USBP pending their
section 240 removal proceedings by
more than half (from 64 percent to 31
percent).416
However, as explained at length in the
IFR, DHS’s ability to apply expedited
removal is subject to resource
constraints. See, e.g., 89 FR at 48752. At
high levels of encounters, DHS simply
lacks sufficient resources, such as AOs
to conduct fear screenings and
temporary processing facilities, to refer
noncitizens for expedited removal
processing. The mismatch in resources
and encounters has created stress on the
border security and immigration
systems, forcing DHS to rely on
processing pathways outside of
expedited removal.
With respect to the suggestion that
mandatory bars be considered at the
screening stage under a reasonable
possibility standard, DHS is considering
that issue in a separate rulemaking. See
Mandatory Bars NPRM.
The Departments decline to apply the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard to
screen all statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection claims
during all credible fear interviews at
this time. Although the Departments
acknowledge the commenters’ concerns,
the Departments emphasize that the
primary focus of this rule is to
substantially improve the Departments’
ability, during periods of high
encounters, to deliver timely decisions
and consequences to noncitizens who
lack a lawful basis to remain.
Application of a the ‘‘reasonable
412 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (IFR details tab).
413 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (Flights and Removals tab).
414 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
415 Id.
416 Id.
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probability’’ standard under emergency
border circumstances as defined in the
rule satisfies these goals.
The suggestion to generally disallow
USCIS from accepting requests for
reconsideration of negative credible fear
determinations exceeds the scope of this
rulemaking, which regards the
procedures applied during emergency
border circumstances. The Departments
note that during such circumstances, if
it was determined at the credible fear
interview that there is not a significant
possibility a noncitizen could ultimately
demonstrate by a preponderance of the
evidence that they are not subject to the
IFR’s limitation on asylum eligibility or
are eligible for the exception to the
limitation, the noncitizen would not be
permitted to submit requests for
reconsideration with USCIS. See 8 CFR
208.35(b)(2)(v)(B). In such
circumstances, USCIS may, in its sole
discretion, reconsider a negative
determination. See id.; see also 89 FR at
48756.
The Departments disagree with the
concern one commenter raised about
what it characterized as ‘‘loopholes.’’
The exceptions to the limitation on
eligibility for asylum are necessary to
prevent undue hardship. The
Departments have limited the means of
avoiding the limitation on asylum
eligibility to those identified in the June
3 Proclamation and to exceptionally
compelling circumstances in an effort to
maximize the rule’s applicability.
With respect to a commenter’s
suggestion that the rule apply to the
northern border, the Departments do not
currently assess that application of the
rule is necessary at the U.S.-Canada
land border. Instead, the United States
is implementing other measures to
address irregular migration at that
border, such as the Additional Protocol
of 2022 to the Safe Third Country
Agreement between the United States
and Canada, which expands the
Agreement to apply to noncitizens who
claim asylum or other protection within
14 days of crossing the U.S.-Canada
land border between POEs, including
certain mutually designated bodies of
water. See Implementation of the 2022
Additional Protocol to the 2002 U.S.Canada Agreement for Cooperation in
the Examination of Refugee Status
Claims from Nationals of Third
Countries, 88 FR 18227 (Mar. 28, 2023).
Under the Safe Third Country
Agreement, with limited exceptions,
noncitizens who cross from Canada to
the United States cannot pursue an
asylum or other protection claim in the
United States and are instead returned
to Canada to pursue their claim.
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Comment: A commenter suggested
exempting persons who manifest a
credible fear from penalties arising from
expedited removal, including
restrictions on subsequent admission to
the United States, and conditioning the
implementation of restrictions on
eligibility for protection at the border
‘‘on the actual availability of an
alternative pathway[ ].’’
Response: The Departments
acknowledge the commenters’
suggestions but do not believe the
alternatives proposed by the
commenters are suitable to address
operational concerns or meet the
Departments’ policy objectives.
With regard to comments
recommending that all noncitizens who
manifest a fear be exempted from facing
‘‘penalties’’ arising from expedited
removal, including restrictions on future
admission to the United States, the
Departments note that such a change
would require a change to the INA, and
thus is not within the Department’s
authority. See INA 212(a)(9)(A), 8 U.S.C.
1182(a)(9)(A) (providing that
noncitizens removed pursuant to an
order of expedited removal are
inadmissible for a period of five or ten
years following the date of such
removal).
With regard to the commenter’s
suggestion to condition the limitation
on asylum eligibility on whether each
individual had a lawful, safe, and
orderly pathway available to them, the
Departments note that the current
framework already effectively does so.
Any noncitizen without documents
sufficient for lawful admission to the
United States may pre-schedule a time
and place to present at a POE through
the CBP One app.417 Those who cannot
wait for such an appointment may
present at a POE and seek an exception
to the Proclamation’s suspension and
limitation on entry or establish
exceptionally compelling circumstances
before an AO or IJ, both of which except
them from the limitation on asylum
eligibility. See 8 CFR 208.35(a),
1208.35(a). To the extent commenters
think these mechanisms are insufficient,
the Departments have considered those
arguments but believe that the rule
strikes an appropriate balance between
managing emergency border
circumstances and protecting
noncitizens’ access to asylum, as
discussed in Section III.C.1.b of this
preamble.
417 See CBP, CBP OneTM Mobile Application (last
modified Sept. 23, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/
about/mobile-apps-directory/cbpone.
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F. Out of Scope
Comment: In addition to the
comments discussed above, commenters
also discussed a range of topics that are
outside the scope of this rule. For
example, some commenters shared a
general concern relating to
overpopulation; a recommendation that
the United States accept a certain
number of noncitizens each year to
compensate for labor shortages; a
suggestion that the Government provide
legal counsel at no expense to
noncitizens or otherwise fund courtappointed counsel; a suggestion to issue
‘‘general rules or guidelines in lieu of
case by case assessments that would
allow asylum officers to quickly
approve certain cases’’; a suggested
amendment to the DHS Mandatory Bars
NPRM to require AOs to apply all
mandatory bars to asylum and statutory
withholding of removal at the credible
fear stage; a recommendation to
preclude USCIS from considering
requests for reconsideration of negative
credible fear or reasonable fear
determinations that have been reviewed
by an IJ; concern with and strong
opposition to the United States’ military
support for Israel; a request for open
borders; a request for the Government to
focus its efforts on providing asylum
seekers access to mental health services;
requests related to custody and
detention of noncitizens and asylum
seekers, such as investing in ‘‘noncustodial processing centers’’; concerns
about family separation and
reunification policies; a
recommendation to provide ‘‘relief for
undocumented caregivers by
modernizing existing rules’’; suggestions
relating to work authorization for
migrants and asylum seekers;
sentiments that the Government should
provide funding to support migrant
communities with public services and
respite; a recommendation that the
Government grow ‘‘federal support for
case management support’’; claims that
the President does not have authority
under sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(f) and 1185(a), for
the policies and objectives of the
Proclamation; a claim that the
President’s use of his authority under
section 212(f) of the INA, 8 U.S.C.
1182(f), to issue the Proclamation is a
departure from how other presidents
have used the authority in the past,
relying on statements from the Ninth
Circuit’s decision in Hawaii v. Trump,
878 F.3d 662, 689 (9th Cir. 2017), rev’d
and remanded, 585 U.S. 667 (2018);
challenges to DHS’s parole authority
and use of parole; and a
recommendation to give second chances
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to noncitizens involved in unlawful
activities and to shut down operations
such as the Western Hemisphere
Institute for Security Cooperation
because they further perpetuate drugrelated violence.
Response: These comments address
matters beyond the scope of the rule and
do not require further response. To the
extent that commenters’ concerns raised
in relation to actions taken under
sections 212(f) and 215(a) of the INA, 8
U.S.C. 1182(f), 1185(a), apply also to the
legality of actions taken by the
Departments, and not only to the
President’s June 3 Proclamation or
DHS’s implementation of it, those
concerns are addressed in Section
III.A.1 of this preamble.
IV. Requests for Comments
A. Aligning the Geographic Reach of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways Rule
With That of the Proclamation and This
Rule
The Departments request comment on
whether to expand the geographic reach
of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rebuttable presumption to
include those who enter at southern
coastal borders, irrespective of whether
they traveled through a third country.
See 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1), 1208.33(a)(1).
The Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s rebuttable presumption of asylum
ineligibility applies to a noncitizen who
‘‘enters the United States from Mexico
at the southwest land border or adjacent
coastal borders.’’ See 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1),
1208.33(a)(1). In addition, among other
requirements, the rebuttable
presumption only applies if the
noncitizen traveled through a country
other than the noncitizen’s country of
citizenship, nationality, or, if stateless,
last habitual residence, that is a party to
the Refugee Convention or the Refugee
Protocol. See 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)(iii),
1208.33(a)(1)(iii).
The Departments specifically
welcome comment on two proposals:
first, whether, in 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1) and
1208.33(a)(1), the Departments should
remove the words ‘‘from Mexico at the
southwest land border or adjacent
coastal borders’’ and replace them with
the words ‘‘across the southern border
(as that term is described in section 4(d)
of Presidential Proclamation 10773).’’
Second, the Departments welcome
comment on whether to add to the
beginning of 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)(iii) and
1208.33(a)(1)(iii) a clause that reads,
‘‘After the alien entered the United
States by sea, or’’—so that paragraph
(a)(1)(iii) would state in full, ‘‘After the
alien entered the United States by sea,
or after the alien traveled through a
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country other than the alien’s country of
citizenship, nationality, or, if stateless,
last habitual residence, that is a party to
the 1951 United Nations Convention
relating to the Status of Refugees or the
1967 Protocol relating to the Status of
Refugees.’’ In a future final rule, the
Departments may adopt the first
proposal, the second proposal, or both.
Although this request for comment is
similar to the Departments’ request for
comment in the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, see 88 FR at
31440–44, the Departments are now
seeking comments on the geographic
scope in the broader context of this
Securing the Border 418 rulemaking.
Given the intervening Securing the
Border rulemaking, the comments that
will be most useful are those that are
informed by the full range of actions
taken to address migration since the end
of the Title 42 public health Order.
Accordingly, although the Departments
intend to incorporate any comments
received on the 2023 Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule’s request for
comment into the docket for this request
for comment, those who submitted
comments in response to that request for
comment are encouraged to update their
comments in light of the intervening
Securing the Border rulemaking and
resubmit their comments here.
Unlike the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule, the Proclamation and the
Securing the Border rule apply to
certain noncitizens entering the United
States across the ‘‘southern border,’’
which includes ‘‘southern coastal
borders.’’ 89 FR at 48491; see also 8 CFR
208.13(g), 1208.13(g). Section 4(b) of the
Proclamation defines ‘‘southern coastal
borders’’ to mean ‘‘all maritime borders
in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Alabama, and Florida; all maritime
borders proximate to the southwest land
border, the Gulf of Mexico, and the
southern Pacific coast in California; and
all maritime borders of the United States
Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.’’ 89 FR
at 48491. The term ‘‘southern border’’
adopted by the Proclamation and the
Securing the Border rule is categorically
broader than the term ‘‘adjacent coastal
borders’’ adopted in the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule, which the
Departments defined as ‘‘any coastal
border at or near the U.S.-Mexico
border.’’ 88 FR at 31320. In contrast to
this definition, the term ‘‘southern
coastal borders’’ encompasses certain
specified coastlines that are not at or
418 Although the Departments have not referred to
the present rule as the ‘‘Securing the Border rule’’
throughout this preamble, the Departments do so in
this request for comment to distinguish the present
rule from the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule in an effort to avoid confusion.
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near the U.S.-Mexico border, such as the
maritime borders of Puerto Rico and the
United States Virgin Islands. 89 FR at
48711 n.4.
The Departments believe it is best to
align the geographic reach of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
to that in the Proclamation, which was
adopted by the Securing the Border rule,
for three reasons: (1) to make clear to
noncitizens intending to migrate to the
United States that timely consequences
will result if they resort to crossing
irregularly no matter where along the
southern border they cross; (2) to deter
smugglers and noncitizens from using
dangerous maritime migration to avoid
the rebuttable presumption of asylum
ineligibility if the noncitizen did not
travel through a country other than the
noncitizen’s country of citizenship,
nationality, or, if stateless, last habitual
residence, that is a party to the 1951
United Nations Convention relating to
the Status of Refugees or the 1967
Protocol relating to the Status of
Refugees, see 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)(iii),
1208.33(a)(1)(iii); and (3) to ensure
consistency in implementation. This
modification to the geographic reach of
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule would encourage noncitizens to
avoid dangerous maritime migration
and further persuade them to utilize
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways. As
discussed in more detail below,
maritime migration results in lifethreatening risks for both migrants and
DHS personnel.
When the Departments initially
proposed the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule, the rule would have
covered migrants who entered the
United States from Mexico ‘‘at the
southwest land border’’—that is, ‘‘along
the entirety of the U.S. land border with
Mexico.’’ 88 FR at 11704 n.1; see also
id. at 11750, 11751. However, the
Departments received comment from
the public expressing concern that
limiting the rebuttable presumption to
only those who entered the United
States from Mexico by land would
incentivize noncitizens without
documents sufficient for lawful
admission to circumvent the land
border by making the hazardous attempt
to reach the United States by sea. 88 FR
at 31320. Concurring with this concern,
the Departments modified the
geographic reach of the rebuttable
presumption to include ‘‘adjacent
coastal borders’’ so that it applied to
noncitizens who crossed into the United
States from Mexico via adjacent coastal
borders. Further, this definition
mirrored the geographic reach of the
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention’s (‘‘CDC’’) Title 42 public
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health Order and, as implemented by
CBP, the Amended CDC Order issued in
May 2020. Id. Because CBP had been
interpreting the term in this way for
three years before the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule’s finalization, the
Departments believed this consistency
with the Title 42 public health Order in
geographic application would help
prevent smugglers from exploiting what
could be perceived as a loophole by
persuading migrants to take the perilous
journey of trying to reach the United
States by sea upon the termination of
the Order. Id.
The Departments now believe that
further expanding the geographic scope
of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule beyond ‘‘adjacent coastal
borders,’’ and, with respect to those who
arrive by sea, removing the restriction
that the rule only applies to noncitizens
who enter the United States from
Mexico, could be supported by the same
justification for the Securing the Border
rule’s inclusion of southern coastal
borders: these changes would ‘‘help
avoid any incentive for maritime
migration to such locations’’ that are
currently covered by the Securing the
Border rule but not by the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
89 FR at 48711 n.4. For example,
expanding the scope of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
in this manner would mean that a
noncitizen who enters the United States
at a border via the Gulf of Mexico would
be subject to the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule regardless of
whether they transited through Mexico.
Further, as an operational matter, this
would ensure consistency in processing.
Aligning the geographic scope of the
Circumvention of Law Pathways rule
with that of the Securing the Border rule
would eliminate one operational switch
that DHS personnel would have to make
when the provisions of the Securing the
Border rule discontinue in the absence
of emergency border circumstances.
This would allow DHS personnel to
operate consistently with respect to
noncitizens encountered utilizing
maritime migration to cross the
southern coastal borders, all of whom
would be presumptively ineligible for
asylum.
Maritime migration poses unique
hazards to life and safety to both
migrants and DHS personnel.419 Human
smugglers and noncitizens migrating to
the United States continue to use
unseaworthy, overly crowded vessels,
419 The Departments also reiterate the explanation
of the dangers of maritime migration in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule. See 88 FR
at 31441–42.
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piloted by inexperienced mariners,
without any safety equipment—
including, but not limited to, personal
flotation devices, radios, maritime
global positioning systems, or vessel
locator beacons.420 The USCG regularly
interdicts noncitizens employing
maritime migration in the Gulf of
Mexico and Atlantic Ocean in
makeshift, overcrowded vessels.421 In
FY 2022, over 12,500 noncitizens were
interdicted by the USCG and in FY
2023, that figure was nearly 13,500.422
This is a dramatic increase from
previous years. For example, between
FY 2017 and FY 2020, annual maritime
interdictions never exceeded 3,600.423
Between October 1, 2023 and April 30,
2024, the USCG carried out 35 maritime
migration interdictions in the Mona
Passage and waters near Puerto Rico,
with nearly 1,200 noncitizens
interdicted at sea from various countries
such as the Dominican Republic, Haiti,
and Venezuela.424 Between October 1,
2022 and August 5, 2023, the USCG
interdicted over 6,900 migrants from
Cuba alone.425 In August 2024, the
420 See David C. Adams, James Wagner, At Least
40 Migrants Die in Boat Fire Off Haitian Coast, U.N.
says, N.Y. Times (July 19, 2024), https://
nytimes.com/2024/07/19/world/americas/boat-firehaiti-migrants.html; Samantha Schmidt, Paulina
Villegas, Hannah Dormido, Dreams and Deadly
Seas: Bahamas Human Smuggling by Boat, The
Wash. Post (July 27, 2023), https://
www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2023/
bahamas-human-smuggling-by-boat/ (‘‘The United
States . . . Coast Guard cutters have been rescuing
migrants from foundering or overcrowded boats
every few days.’’); Adriana Gomez Licon, Situation
‘dire’ as Coast Guard seeks 38 missing off Florida,
Associated Press (Jan. 26, 2022), https://
apnews.com/article/florida-capsized-boat-liveupdates-f251d7d279b6c1fe064304740c3a3019;
Gina Martinez, Coast Guard rescues more than 180
people from overloaded sailboat in Florida Keys,
CBS News, CW44 Tampa (Nov. 22, 2022), https://
www.cbsnews.com/news/coast-guard-rescues-morethan-180-people-overloaded-sailboat-florida-keys/.
421 USCG, Press Release: Coast Guard repatriates
136 migrants to Dominican Republic, following 3
separate interdictions near Puerto Rico (May 28,
2024), https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/
Article/3789058/coast-guard-repatriates-136migrants-to-dominican-republic-following-3separate; see also USCG, Press Release: Coast
Guard repatriates 119 migrants to Dominican
Republic following 2 interdictions near Puerto Rico
(Apr. 29, 2024), https://www.news.uscg.mil/PressReleases/Article/3758973/coast-guard-repatriates119-migrants-to-dominican-republic-following-2interdic/.
422 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Maritime Interdictions tab).
423 Id.
424 USCG, Press Release: Coast Guard repatriates
136 migrants to Dominican Republic, following 3
separate interdictions near Puerto Rico (May 28,
2024), https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/
Article/3789058/coast-guard-repatriates-136migrants-to-dominican-republic-following-3separate.
425 USCG, Press Release: Coast Guard repatriates
27 people to Cuba (Aug. 5, 2023), https://
www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/
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USCG interdicted a disabled migrant
vessel and repatriated 182 migrants back
to Haiti.426 In May 2024, the USCG
located and intercepted a 30-foot
makeshift vessel with over 60 migrants
crammed into it traveling nearly 63
miles north of Punta Cana, Dominican
Republic.427 During a second
interdiction occurring on May 20, 2024,
CBP’s Air and Marine Operations
interdicted a ‘‘grossly overloaded
makeshift vessel’’ carrying 68 migrants
located two miles from Puerto Rico’s
coastline.428
In FY 2023, the USCG recorded 112
noncitizen deaths, including those
presumed dead, as a result of irregular
maritime migration. IOM’s Missing
Migrants Project found that from 2014 to
2024, in the Americas, the maritime
route from the Caribbean to the United
States resulted in the second-highest
number of dead and missing migrants,
after the U.S.-Mexico border crossing.429
The intention behind the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule is to discourage
individuals from resorting to irregular
migration, including markedly more
dangerous maritime migration, and to
instead incentivize noncitizens to
utilize lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways and processes to come to the
United States. Expanding the geographic
scope of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule’s rebuttable presumption
would expand that incentive structure
to cover the entire southern border,
rather than just a portion of it.
The United States has taken
significant steps to expand safe and
orderly options for migrants, including
migrants from the Caribbean region, to
3484466/coast-guard-repatriates-27-people-tocuba/.
426 USCG, Press Release: Coast Guard repatriates
182 migrants to Haiti (Aug. 21, 2024), https://
www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/
3878831/coast-guard-repatriates-182-migrants-tohaiti/.
427 USCG, Press Release: Coast Guard repatriates
136 migrants to Dominican Republic, following 3
separate interdictions near Puerto Rico (May 28,
2024), https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/
Article/3789058/coast-guard-repatriates-136migrants-to-dominican-republic-following-3separate/.
428 Id.
429 IOM, Missing Migrants Project: Migration
Within the Americas, https://missingmigrants.
iom.int/region/americas (last visited Aug. 15, 2024).
IOM cautions that ‘‘[c]ollecting information about
migrants who die or disappear on maritime routes
while attempting to migrate by boat in the
Caribbean is also very challenging. The remote
nature of maritime routes, the secrecy in which
boats set out, and the lack of information on
trajectories means that many shipwrecks carrying
migrants are never identified. It is rarely known
exactly how many people were on board boats that
ran into trouble at sea, making it difficult to verify
how many people went missing, or to know any
information about their identities.’’ Id.
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lawfully enter the United States.430 The
United States has increased and will
continue to increase refugee processing
in the Western Hemisphere; countryspecific and other available processes
for individuals seeking parole for urgent
humanitarian reasons or significant
public benefit, including the Cuba and
Haiti parole processes; and
opportunities to lawfully enter the
United States for the purpose of
seasonal employment.431 In addition,
the United States has resumed the
Cuban Family Reunification Program
and resumed and increased
participation in the Haitian Family
Reunification Program.432 The
availability of these pathways serves as
important background for the proposal
to expand the geographic reach of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rebuttable presumption to include those
who enter at southern coastal borders,
irrespective of whether they traveled
through a third country. Such pathways
for migrants from this region provide
meaningful opportunities for these
individuals to use a lawful, safe, and
orderly pathway to enter the United
States, even if they did not first travel
through a third country where they
could request such protection.
Accordingly, the Departments are
considering and seeking comment on
applying the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rebuttable presumption to
those who enter the United States via
the southern coastal border, irrespective
of whether they traveled through a third
country, to discourage noncitizens from
using dangerous maritime migration
routes.
B. Extending the Applicability of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
Rebuttable Presumption
Currently, the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule applies to a
noncitizen who, inter alia, entered the
United States from Mexico ‘‘between
May 11, 2023 and May 11, 2025’’ and
‘‘[s]ubsequent to the end of
implementation of the Title 42 public
health Order.’’ 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)(i)–(ii),
430 See DHS, DHS Continues to Prepare for End
of Title 42; Announces New Border Enforcement
Measures and Additional Safe and Orderly
Processes (Jan. 5, 2023), https://www.dhs.gov/news/
2023/01/05/dhs-continues-prepare-end-title-42announces-new-border-enforcement-measures-and.
431 See DHS, Fact Sheet: DHS Continues to
Strengthen Border Security, Reduce Irregular
Migration, and Mobilize International Partnerships
(June 4, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2024/06/
04/fact-sheet-dhs-continues-strengthen-bordersecurity-reduce-irregular-migration-and.
432 See DHS, DHS Modernizes Cuban and Haitian
Family Reunification Parole Processes (Aug. 10,
2023), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2023/08/10/dhsmodernizes-cuban-and-haitian-familyreunification-parole-processes.
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1208.33(a)(1)(i)–(ii). When issuing that
rule, the Departments acknowledged
that ‘‘aspects of the present situation at
the border are likely to continue for
some time and are unlikely to be
significantly changed in a short period,’’
but the Departments opted for a twoyear ‘‘entry period’’ to, inter alia,
address the surge in migration that, in
the absence of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, was anticipated
to follow the lifting of the Title 42
public health Order and to provide
sufficient time to implement and assess
the effects of the policy contained in
that rule. See 88 FR at 11727; 88 FR at
31421. The Departments are now
considering, and request comment on,
whether to extend the entry period
indefinitely so that the rebuttable
presumption will apply to noncitizens
who entered the United States without
documents sufficient for lawful
admission any time on or after May 11,
2023, and, if the applicability is
extended, other appropriate changes.
See 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)(i),
1208.33(a)(1)(i); see also, e.g., id.
208.33(c), 1208.33(d) (providing the
ongoing applicability of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rebuttable presumption to any future
asylum applications filed by noncitizens
who enter during the entry period
regardless of when the application was
filed, except in the case of certain
children who entered as part of a family
unit if they later apply for asylum as
principal applicants).
In the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways NPRM, the Departments
specifically welcomed comment on
whether the proposed two-year duration
of the rule’s applicability ‘‘should be
modified, including whether it should
be shorter, longer, or of indefinite
duration.’’ See 88 FR at 11708. In
response to comments received on the
NPRM, the Departments maintained the
proposed two-year period in the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways final
rule because that rule’s focus was to
respond to the anticipated surge in
migration upon the termination of the
Title 42 public health Order. See 8 CFR
208.33(a)(1)(i), 1208.33(a)(1)(i); 88 FR at
31421–22. The Departments stated that
a 24-month period would provide
‘‘sufficient time to implement and
assess the effects of the policy contained
in this rule’’ and that ‘‘a 24-month
period is sufficiently long to impact the
decision-making process for noncitizens
who might otherwise pursue irregular
migration and make the dangerous
journey to the United States, while a
shorter duration, or one based on
specified conditions, would likely not
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have such an effect.’’ 88 FR at 31421.
The Departments further stated that the
United States would continue to build
on the multi-pronged, long-term strategy
with our foreign partners throughout the
region to support conditions that would
decrease irregular migration, work to
improve refugee processing and other
immigration pathways in the region,
and implement other measures as
appropriate, including continued efforts
to increase immigration enforcement
capacity and streamline processing of
asylum seekers and other migrants. Id.
The Departments recognized,
however, ‘‘that there is not a specific
event or demarcation that would occur
at the 24-month mark,’’ and stated that
they would ‘‘closely monitor conditions
during this period in order to review
and make a decision, consistent with
the requirements of the APA, whether
additional rulemaking is appropriate to
modify, terminate, or extend the
rebuttable presumption and the other
provisions of th[e] rule.’’ Id. The
Departments explained that such review
and decision would consider all
relevant factors, such as resource
limitations and the Departments’
capacity to safely, humanely, and
efficiently administer the immigration
system; the availability of lawful
pathways to seek protection in the
United States and partner nations; and
foreign policy considerations. Id. The
Departments also expected to consider
their experience under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
at the 24-month mark, including the
effects of the rebuttable presumption on
those pursuing asylum claims. Id. In
addition, the Departments expected to
consider changes in policy views and
imperatives, including foreign policy
objectives, in making any decision
regarding the future of the rule. Id. The
Departments did not identify specific
metrics for extending the rule ex ante,
given the dynamic nature of the
circumstances at the SWB and the
multifaceted domestic and foreign
policy challenges facing the
Departments. Id.
The Departments have considered
these factors and propose and seek
comment on an indefinite extension of
the applicability of the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule’s rebuttable
presumption and credible fear
provisions. The Departments also seek
comment on whether other changes to
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s provisions would be appropriate
if its applicability becomes indefinite.
First, as detailed in the IFR, although
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule did not fully mitigate the very high
levels of irregular migration during the
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immediate post-pandemic period, it
yielded tangible results that ameliorated
a situation that otherwise would have
been more challenging. See 89 FR at
48723–31.433 Extending the entry period
for the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule would ensure that DHS
can continue to deliver timely
consequences, where appropriate, to
more noncitizens encountered, even at
levels of migration below the threshold
at which the suspension and limitation
on entry under this rule would be
active. As the Departments explained in
the IFR, ‘‘at 1,500 daily encounters
between POEs . . . DHS would be able
to quickly remove the majority of the
people it processes at the border on any
given day who have no legal basis to
remain in the United States.’’ Id. at
48752. This estimate was expressly
based on the Departments’
demonstrated performance under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
see id., and therefore accounted for the
effects of that policy as well as the most
recent data on capacity limitations,
demographics, fear claim rates, and
other variables. See id. Even with the
Proclamation and Securing the Border
rule in place, the absence of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rebuttable presumption would mean
that when encounters between POEs
begin to exceed 1,500 encounters and
the threshold for continuing or
reactivating the measures in this rule is
not yet met, the Departments’ ability to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences would likely be
impaired.434
Second, the Departments continue to
be subject to significant resource
433 Between May 12, 2023, and June 4, 2024, CBP
placed into expedited removal approximately 920
individuals encountered at and between POEs each
day on average. OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist
Dataset (Imm Post Pandemic ERCF tab). While
encounters at the SWB and in coastal sectors
averaged over 5,000 per day for the period from
May 12, 2023, to June 4, 2024, border encounters
remained below the levels projected to occur in the
absence of the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule. Id.; 89 FR at 48724 & n.99.
434 Assuming similar processing capacity as
during the immediate post-pandemic period and
the same mix of encounter demographics as
observed during the first two months of
enforcement under the IFR, OHSS estimates that at
1,500 encounters (including all UCs) approximately
58 percent of single adult and family unit
encounters would be quickly repatriated (including
voluntary returns, reinstatements, and expedited
removals) with the rebuttable presumption in effect,
versus 46 percent in the absence of the rebuttable
presumption. OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist
Dataset and data downloaded from UIP on
September 3, 2024 (CLP v pre-CLP Proj Outcomes
tab). At 2,500 encounters per day, OHSS estimates
that 41 percent of single adult and family unit
encounters would be quickly repatriated with the
rebuttable presumption in effect, versus 34 percent
in the absence of the rebuttable presumption. Id.
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limitations, see 89 FR at 48728–31, such
that—as explained earlier in this
section—even at levels of encounters
below the 2,500-encounter threshold
contained in section 2(b) of the
Proclamation, DHS would not be able to
quickly remove the majority of those
encountered who do not have a basis to
remain.435 In such circumstances, DHS
will need policy interventions like the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
to continue delivering timely
consequences. Although there were
months during the FY 2013–FY 2019
period ‘‘in which daily encounters . . .
between 1,500 and 2,500 resulted in an
average of 210 individuals released each
day,’’ see 89 FR at 48753, such a low
release rate would be unrealistic given
today’s demographic mix of encounters,
even at 1,500 daily encounters,
particularly in the absence of policy
interventions such as the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule. For instance,
even under the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, assuming that
USBP processes 900 noncitizens per day
for expedited removal at 1,500 daily
encounters between POEs, and
assuming a similar level of voluntary
returns and reinstatements as observed
during the immediate pre-pandemic
period, DHS would be able to refer into
expedited removal 77 percent of single
adults and individuals in family units to
expedited removal, and would likely
release over 530 single adults and
individuals in family units.436 This is
due to current resource limits for
expedited removal, current
demographics, and fear-claim and
screen-in rates under the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule.437 If one
adjusts the calculation to use the fearclaim and comprehensive screen-in
rates that existed during the prepandemic period, over 700 single adults
and family members would be
released.438 In short, unless the
Departments extend the entry period of
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule, DHS’s ability to deliver timely
consequences would be further
degraded because releases pending
435 After the conditions for discontinuing the
suspension and limitation on entry under section
2(a) of the Proclamation are met, the suspension
and limitation on entry in this rule will continue
or reactivate when the 2,500-encounter threshold in
section 2(b) of the Proclamation is reached. This
numerical gap between discontinuation and
continuation or reactivation is important for
operational reasons, see 89 FR at 48753, but also
potentially results in periods of relatively high
encounter numbers that the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule is needed to manage.
436 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(CLP v pre-CLP Proj Outcomes tab).
437 Id.
438 Id.
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section 240 removal proceeding would
be significantly higher. If the
demographics were to shift such that the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
was no longer necessary to manage
steady-state levels of migration, the
Departments could at that time revise
policy as appropriate.
Third, even as the United States has
continued to coordinate extensively
with its regional partners to expand the
availability of lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways, the Departments have found
that these efforts are strengthened by the
imposition of appropriate measures to
prepare for and respond to ongoing
migration challenges as needed. A key
component of the Departments’
engagement with foreign counterparts
has been their ability to demonstrate a
willingness to impose, and as
appropriate expand, meaningful policy
and operational measures in direct
response to the pressures caused by
migratory flows. See 89 FR at 48759.
The Departments believe that ‘‘leading
by example’’ has been an important part
of our overall regional engagement and
helped encourage regional partners to
continue to adopt new and creative
policy and operational migration
responses. Id. By extending the
applicability of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule, the Departments
believe it would not only demonstrate to
our regional partners that we are
committed to disincentivizing irregular
migration, but it would also encourage
our international partners to maintain
their mutual efforts to address the
unprecedented migration of people in
the Western Hemisphere.
Fourth, with respect to the effects of
the rule in general and on those who
migrate irregularly in particular,
experience has proven that the ability to
deliver swift consequences for those
who do not use lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways or processes for entering the
United States is critical; the expiration
of the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule would limit the
Departments’ abilities to deliver
consequences where appropriate, likely
changing the perception and decisionmaking calculus of would-be migrants
and thus could be a pull-factor and
serve to increase border encounters.
Extending the entry period indefinitely
would avoid creating the impression
among those contemplating crossing
irregularly that no timely consequences
will apply to them if they wait until the
suspension and limitation on asylum
eligibility provided for in the Securing
the Border rule is lifted and then cross
irregularly.
The indefinite applicability of the
entry period would also ensure that the
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Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s incentive for migrants to utilize
lawful, safe, and orderly pathways will
continue should the enhanced measures
in the Securing the Border rule not be
in effect in the future. Although initially
designed as a temporary measure, the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
is also a critical component of DHS’s
broader efforts to incentivize migrants to
use the lawful, safe, and orderly
pathways and processes that the United
States Government has made available
to them, thereby reducing irregular
migration and allowing more efficient
and timely processing at the southern
border. See 88 FR at 31318. Since 2021,
the Departments have steadily expanded
such pathways, including by increasing
refugee processing in the Western
Hemisphere; providing country-specific
and other available processes for
individuals seeking parole for urgent
humanitarian reasons or significant
public benefit; and expanding the
availability of the CBP One app to allow
noncitizens to schedule appointments to
present at a POE rather than risking
their lives by crossing the border
unlawfully.439 To encourage noncitizens
to continue to pursue such pathways,
rather than putting their lives in the
hands of dangerous smugglers and
resorting to irregular migration that
strains the border security and
immigration system, the Departments
are considering extending the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
indefinitely.
Fifth, there are a variety of factors
outside of DHS’s control that an
indefinite extension could help
mitigate. Political unrest abroad, natural
disasters and climate change,
perceptions about U.S. elections or
changes in domestic policy,
implications of elections in the region,
large-scale economic fluctuations, and
the migration management practices of
regional partners (e.g., their enforcement
practices or visa policies)—all have the
potential to serve as push or pull factors
and dramatically impact encounters at
the southern border. See 88 FR 31327.
An indefinite extension would ensure
consistency in U.S. border management
practices and maintain a basic tool
necessary to address potential migration
surges.
Sixth, the Departments believe this
approach would complement recent
policy initiatives, including this
Securing the Border rule, by allowing
439 See DHS, Fact Sheet: DHS Continues to
Strengthen Border Security, Reduce Irregular
Migration, and Mobilize International Partnerships
(June 4, 2024), https://www.dhs.gov/news/2024/06/
04/fact-sheet-dhs-continues-strengthen-bordersecurity-reduce-irregular-migration-and.
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DHS to continue to deliver timely
consequences to more noncitizens
encountered who do not have a legal
basis to remain, even at levels of
migration below the threshold at which
the suspension and limitation on entry
would be continued or reactivated.
Finally, extending the applicability of
the rebuttable presumption would guard
against a circumstance where an adverse
litigation outcome against any aspect of
this rule or its limitation on asylum
eligibility would leave the Departments
without sufficient tools in place to
address high volumes of migration.
Litigation against the IFR remains
ongoing,440 as does litigation against the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
Rule.441 Maintaining the rebuttable
presumption as a fallback measure is a
commonsense way to address the
possibility of a judicial decision that
temporarily or permanently impairs the
Departments’ ability to implement this
rule.
In considering whether to extend the
temporal applicability of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s rebuttable presumption and
credible fear provisions and, if so, how
to implement such a change, the
Departments expect to consider other
changes to the rule’s provisions
warranted by an extension, and as
necessary to achieve the goals of the
rule. The Departments request comment
regarding any such changes and
particularly welcome comments
addressing whether and how extending
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s temporal applicability—especially
an indefinite extension—would warrant:
• Amendments to the continuing
applicability provisions at 8 CFR
208.33(c)(1) and 1208.33(d)(1) regarding
future applicability of the rebuttable
presumption of asylum ineligibility to
those who enter and are subject to the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s provisions;
• Amendments to the exception to
continuing applicability at 8 CFR
208.33(c)(2) and 1208.33(d)(2) for
certain asylum applications filed after
May 11, 2025, by noncitizens who
entered as children in a family unit and
who later apply for asylum as principal
applicants;
440 See Las Americas Immigrant Advocacy Ctr. v.
DHS, No. 1:24–cv–1702–RC (D.D.C. filed June 12,
2024).
441 See East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Biden,
No. 18–cv–06810, 2023 WL 4729278 (N.D. Cal. July
25, 2023), vacatur stayed pending appeal East Bay
Sanctuary Covenant v. Biden, No. 23–16032 (9th
Cir. Aug. 3, 2023); M.A. v. Mayorkas, No. 23–cv–
01843 (D.D.C. June 6, 2023); Texas v. Mayorkas, No.
23–cv–00024 (W.D. Tex. May 23, 2023); and
Indiana v. Mayorkas, 23–cv–00106 (D.N.D. May 31,
2023).
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• Amendments to the grounds for
necessarily rebutting the rebuttable
presumption;
• Amendments to the exceptions to
the rebuttable presumption; and
• The addition or amendment of any
other specific regulatory provisions
related to the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule in light of the proposal to
extend the temporal application of the
rebuttable presumption and related
credible fear provisions.
V. Regulatory Requirements
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A. Administrative Procedure Act
The Departments have forgone the
Administrative Procedure Act’s
(‘‘APA’’) delayed-effective-date
procedure in implementing this rule
because the Departments have found
good cause to do so and because this
rule relates to a foreign affairs function
of the United States. See 5 U.S.C.
553(d)(3), (a)(1).442 This rule generally
adopts the provisions of the IFR with a
few technical amendments and changes
to the calculation of thresholds to
ensure those provisions can remain in
force until there has been a sustained
decrease in daily encounters. None of
the amendments, crucially, implicate
the justifications for the 30-day waiting
period. The purpose of the waiting
period is ‘‘to give affected parties time
to adjust their behavior before the final
rule takes effect.’’ Riverbend Farms, Inc.
v. Madigan, 958 F.2d 1479, 1485 (9th
Cir. 1992). Here, however, that purpose
would not be served by delaying the
effective date of the rule: The IFR has
been in effect since June 5, and the
limited changes adopted in this rule do
not require anyone other than the
Departments themselves to change their
conduct or to take any particular steps
in advance of the effective date. See
United States v. Gavrilovic, 551 F.2d
1099, 1104 (8th Cir. 1977) (noting that
the ‘‘legislative history of the APA’’
indicates that the waiting period ‘‘was
not intended to unduly hamper agencies
from making a rule effective
immediately,’’ but intended ‘‘to ‘afford
persons affected a reasonable time to
prepare for the effective date of a rule
. . . or to take other action which the
issuance may prompt’ ’’ (citing S. Rep.
442 There is also good cause to forgo notice and
comment on the rule’s updates to the crossreference to the definition of ‘‘victim of a severe
form of trafficking in persons’’ in 8 CFR
208.33(a)(3)(i)(C) and 1208.33(a)(3)(i)(C) from
‘‘§ 214.11’’ to ‘‘§ 214.201.’’ Notice and an
opportunity to comment on that technical change
to the cross-reference is unnecessary as it does not
change the substance of the provision and merely
updates a cross-reference that has been rendered
imprecise by a subsequent rulemaking. See 89 FR
at 34931–32 (moving the definitions from 8 CFR
214.11 to the newly created 8 CFR 214.201).
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No. 752, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 15 (1946);
H.R. Rep. No. 1980, 79th Cong., 2d Sess.
25 (1946))). Instead, the changes made
by this rule address the encounter
thresholds that the Departments will use
to determine the applicability of the
rule’s suspension and limitation on
entry and better ensure that the
measures devised to deal with
emergency border circumstances will
remain in place until there has been a
sustained easing of those circumstances.
In finding good cause to bypass the
30-day waiting period, the Departments
have taken care to ‘‘balance the
necessity for immediate implementation
against principles of fundamental
fairness which require that all affected
persons be afforded a reasonable
[amount of] time to prepare for the
effective date of [the] rul[e].’’ Gavrilovic,
551 F.2d at 1105. Here, that balance tips
considerably in favor of immediate
implementation, where the limited
changes introduced by this rule preserve
the status quo and do not interfere with
the operative provisions of the IFR. At
most, the amendments in this rule are
designed to buttress the IFR’s
effectiveness in dealing with the
emergency border circumstances by
better ensuring that its limitation on
asylum eligibility and other measures
will stay in place until there has been
a sustained improvement in encounter
patterns across the southern border. For
instance, the September 27
Proclamation and this rule provide that
UCs from non-contiguous countries
should be included in calculating the
number of encounters to determine
whether the suspension and limitation
on entry remain in effect or are
discontinued. They additionally provide
that the suspension and limitation on
entry are not to be discontinued unless
there has been a 7-consecutive-calendarday average of less than 1,500
encounters that is sustained over a
period of 28 days. The changes to the
threshold represent an incremental
improvement upon the prior thresholds.
These changes fine-tune the statistical
parameters for tracking daily encounters
so as to immunize the emergency
measures from transitory blips in the
data, but do not disturb or add to
requirements imposed by the IFR.
Even in the narrow circumstances
where the changes made in this final
rule might have an effect on whether the
rule’s provisions apply, a waiting period
would provide little benefit. The
amendments do not impose new
requirements or obligations on migrants
contemplating a border crossing, nor on
other entities that might claim an
interest in the rulemaking, such as legal
service organizations looking to help
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noncitizens navigate the immigration
system (or, to the extent such interests
should be considered, smugglers and
TCOs angling to learn about legal
developments ahead of time so as to
exploit perceived gaps in the border
processing regime). All of those parties
have long been on notice of the
substantive provisions of the June 3
Proclamation and the IFR, none of
which this rule purports to invalidate.
The Proclamation and the IFR went into
effect months ago and have since been
the subject of regular public updates
from DHS, as well as detailed coverage
from the national news press.443
To the extent the threshold
adjustments might have any effect in the
next 30 days—i.e., by preventing the
IFR’s emergency measures from being
discontinued, when they otherwise
would have turned off under the old
parameters—this would only heighten
the impetus for human smugglers and
other criminals to inflate or distort the
significance of the policy development
to manufacture a sense of urgency
among migrants and induce them to
attempt to enter the country without
delay.444 As the Departments explained
in the IFR, individuals contemplating
entry into the United States may
respond to both real and perceived
incentives that stem from changes to
border management and immigration
443 See DHS, Fact Sheet: President Biden’s
Presidential Proclamation and Joint DHS–DOJ
Interim Final Rule Cut Encounters at Southwest
Border by 55 Percent (July 24, 2024), https://
www.dhs.gov/news/2024/07/24/fact-sheetpresident-bidens-presidential-proclamation-andjoint-dhs-doj-interim; CBP, Statistics Show Lowest
Southwest Border Encounters in Nearly Four Years
(Aug. 16, 2024), https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/
national-media-release/cbp-releases-july-2024monthly-update; Miriam Jordan & J. David
Goodman, Amid Talk of Border Chaos, Crossings
Have Sharply Declined, N.Y. Times (July 20, 2024),
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/20/us/borderimmigration-current-situation.html; Rebecca
Santana & Elliot Spagat, Border arrests fall more
than 40% after Biden’s halt to asylum processing,
Homeland Security says, AP News (June 26, 2024),
https://apnews.com/article/border-arrests-bidenasylum-mexico-immigration-6e302f06f567b96d88
cc1333aa6d10fe.
444 See Nick Miroff & Carolyn Van Houten, The
Border is Tougher to Cross Than Ever. But There’s
Still One Way into America, Wash. Post (Oct. 24,
2018), https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/
national-security/theres-still-one-way-into-america/
2018/10/24/d9b68842-aafb-11e8-8f4baee063e14538_story.html; Valerie Gonzalez,
Migrants rush across US border in final hours
before Title 42 expires, AP News (May 11, 2023),
https://apnews.com/article/immigration-bordertitle-42-mexico-asylum-8c239766c2cb6e257
c0220413b8e9cf9 (‘‘Even as migrants were racing to
reach U.S. soil before the rules expire, Mexican
President Andrés Manuel López Obrador said
smugglers were sending a different message. He
noted an uptick in smugglers at his country’s
southern border offering to take migrants to the
United States and telling them the border was open
starting Thursday.’’).
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policies. 89 FR at 48764. In such
circumstances, it may be easier for
smugglers to ‘‘prey on migrants by
spreading rumors, misrepresenting facts,
or creating a sense of urgency to induce
migrants to make the journey by
overemphasizing the significance of
recent or upcoming policy
developments, among other tactics, and
do so particularly when there is a
change announced in U.S. policy.’’ Id.
Immediate implementation is
warranted not only in the absence of
any benefit that advance notice would
provide, but also to avoid the significant
costs that would accrue to the
Department if they had to toggle
between applying and discontinuing the
emergency border measures while
waiting for this rule to go into effect.
That is especially true for the
amendment expanding the timeline over
which a decline in encounters must be
observed before the agencies will lift the
suspension and limitation on entry
consistent with the June 3 Proclamation.
Prior to this rule, a one-day drop in the
7-consecutive-day average to a number
below 1,500 encounters would have
triggered the process by which the
agencies must discontinue the
emergency border measures—even if
that drop turned out to be a mere oneoff event amidst a longer pattern of daily
encounters far exceeding 1,500. The
amendments contained in this rule
guard against such situations where the
agencies’ ability to consistently apply
the rule’s important measures might be
disrupted by short-lived and
intermittent fluctuations in the
longitudinal tracking data.445 That
rationale extends to the decision to
bypass the 30-day waiting period for
this rule. Unless the amendments are
implemented immediately, the agencies
could face a predicament where they
would have to abruptly suspend the
emergency measures if the 7consecutive-calendar-day-average
dipped below 1,500 for a single day,
only to then reverse course and
reimpose the same measures as soon as
encounters rose again to an average of
2,500 or more. Such sudden shifts in the
445 For similar reasons, the June 3 Proclamation
provides that the suspension and limitation on
entry remain in place for 14 days after the agencies
have determined there has been an average of less
than 1,500 encounters. This allows ‘‘the
Departments to complete processing of noncitizens
encountered during emergency border
circumstances and to confirm that a downward
trend in encounters is sustained.’’ 89 FR at 48749.
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implementation of the June 3
Proclamation and IFR would be
operationally burdensome to the
agencies and would require the
development and issuance of starkly
differing instructions and internal
guidance based on whether the
measures had been discontinued,
continued, or reactivated. The
possibility of such shifts is arguably an
inevitable consequence of the decision
to limit the applicability of the rule’s
provisions to the existence of a
temporary circumstance; at the same
time, the Departments have sought to
temper the frequency and severity of
such shifts through two means: (1) in
the IFR, providing for a gap between the
1,500-encounter threshold and the
2,500-encounter threshold, see 89 FR at
48753; and (2) in this rule, making
modest changes to the provisions
governing encounter calculations and
discontinuation mechanics.
Finally, for similar reasons,
immediate implementation is justified
in light of the United States’ foreign
policy priorities. Because this rule
involves a foreign affairs function of the
United States, it is exempt from the
APA’s delayed-effective-date
requirement. See 5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1); see
also 89 FR at 48759–62. It is conceivable
that had a 30-day waiting period been
imposed, a very substantial one-day
drop in the encounters average would
have led to a discontinuation of the
emergency provisions of the
Proclamation and IFR. That in turn
could have had a direct and immediate
impact on migratory flows through other
countries in the region, as those
countries have articulated before. See 89
FR at 48761. Past experience has shown
that even a perceived policy
development can touch off a surge in
irregular migration throughout the
region. One regional partner, for
example, concluded that the formation
of caravans in the spring of 2022 was
attributable to rumors of the termination
of the Title 42 public health Order,
which were followed by an official
announcement. Id. Such effects are
precisely the kind of ‘‘definitely
undesirable international
consequences’’ that the Departments
seek to avoid by forgoing a waiting
period. Rajah, 544 F.3d at 437
(quotation marks omitted). Immediate
implementation also allows the United
States to demonstrate its continued and
shared commitment to addressing
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irregular migration in the region, an
objective that directly involves a foreign
affairs function of the United States. See
89 FR at 48761–62.
In sum, the amendments introduced
in this final rule do not fundamentally
change the way in which the IFR
addresses the emergency circumstances
at the border and instead ensure that the
system created in response to those
circumstances remains in force until a
decrease in encounters proves to be
sustained. As a result, the purpose of
the delayed-effective-daterequirement—providing affected parties
time to adjust to changes in the status
quo—would not be served by delaying
effectiveness here, where the changes
preserve the status quo. Moreover, even
in the narrow circumstances in which
this rule’s changes to the thresholds
would have an effect (by avoiding a
discontinuation of the rule’s emergency
procedures due to a short-term change
in encounter numbers), the Departments
are unable to identify sufficient
particular hardships to affected persons
that would contravene fairness and
potentially outweigh the Departments’
considered assessment of the need for
immediate implementation, including
the need to avoid disruptive changes to
the continuation of the rule’s emergency
provisions. There is good cause to forgo
the 30-day waiting period for this rule
and to instead implement it without
delay.
B. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory
Planning and Review), Executive Order
13563 (Improving Regulation and
Regulatory Review), and Executive
Order 14094 (Modernizing Regulatory
Review)
Executive Orders 12866 (‘‘Regulatory
Planning and Review’’), as amended by
Executive Order 14094 (‘‘Modernizing
Regulatory Review’’), and 13563
(‘‘Improving Regulation and Regulatory
Review’’) direct agencies to assess the
costs and benefits of available regulatory
alternatives and, if regulation is
necessary, to select regulatory
approaches that maximize net benefits
(including potential economic,
environmental, public health and safety
effects, distributive impacts, and
equity). Executive Order 13563
emphasizes the importance of
quantifying costs and benefits, reducing
costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting
flexibility.
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The Office of Management and Budget
has designated this rule a ‘‘significant
regulatory action’’ as defined under
section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866,
as amended by Executive Order 14094.
Accordingly, the Office of Management
and Budget has reviewed this rule.
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1. Effects Under a Without-IFR Baseline
The primary effect of the final rule, as
compared to a without-IFR baseline,446
is to reduce incentives for irregular
migration and illegal smuggling activity.
As a result, the primary effects of this
rule will be felt by noncitizens outside
of the United States. In addition, for
those who are present in the United
States and described in the
Proclamation, the rule will likely
decrease the number of asylum grants
and likely reduce the amount of time
that noncitizens who are determined to
be ineligible for asylum and who are
determined to lack a reasonable
probability of establishing eligibility for
protection from persecution or torture
would remain in the United States.
Noncitizens, however, can avoid the
limitation on asylum eligibility under
this rule if they meet an exception to the
rule’s limitation or to the Proclamation,
including by presenting at a POE
pursuant to a pre-scheduled time and
place or by showing exceptionally
compelling circumstances. Moreover,
noncitizens who in credible fear
screenings establish a reasonable
probability of persecution or torture
would still be able to seek statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
protection in proceedings before IJs.
The benefits of the rule are expected
to include reductions in strains on
limited Federal Government
immigration processing and
enforcement resources; preservation of
the Departments’ continued ability to
safely, humanely, and effectively
enforce and administer the immigration
laws; and a reduction in the role of
exploitative TCOs and smugglers. Some
of these benefits accrue to noncitizens
whose ability to receive timely
decisions on their claims might
otherwise be hampered by the severe
strain that further surges in irregular
446 The benefits and costs of a regulation under
Executive Order 12866 are generally measured
against a no-action baseline: an analytically
reasonable forecast of the way the world would look
absent the regulatory action being assessed,
including any expected changes to current
conditions over time. See OMB Circular No. A–4 11
(Nov. 9, 2023), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2023/11/CircularA-4.pdf. For
purposes of this analysis, the Departments use the
without-IFR baseline as the primary baseline, and
a with-IFR baseline as a secondary baseline. The
primary baseline also serves as the baseline for the
significance determination under section 3(f)(1) of
Executive Order 12866.
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migration would impose on the
Departments.
The direct costs of the rule are borne
by noncitizens and the Departments. To
the extent that any noncitizens are
denied or do not seek asylum by virtue
of the rule but would have received
asylum in the absence of this rule, such
an outcome would entail not only the
loss of asylum but also its attendant
benefits, although such persons may be
granted statutory withholding of
removal and withholding or deferral of
removal under the CAT. Unlike asylees,
noncitizens granted these more limited
forms of protection do not have a path
to citizenship and cannot petition for
certain family members to join them in
the United States. Such noncitizens may
also be required to apply for
employment authorization more
frequently than an asylee would. As
discussed in this preamble, the rule’s
manifestation of fear and reasonable
probability standards may also engender
a risk that some noncitizens with
meritorious claims may not be referred
for credible fear interviews or to
removal proceedings to seek asylum and
protection. In these cases, there would
likely be costs to noncitizens that result
from their removal.
The rule may also require additional
time for AOs and IJs, during credible
fear screenings and reviews,
respectively, to inquire into the
applicability of the rule and the
noncitizen’s fear claim. Similarly, where
its provisions apply to a given case,
applying the rule will require additional
time during asylum adjudications before
USCIS and before IJs during section 240
removal proceedings. On the other
hand, in the absence of this rule’s
provisions, AOs and IJs would have to
make other inquiries into potential fear
claims under steady-state regulations
and into asylum eligibility under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
In addition, as discussed throughout
this preamble, the rule is expected to
result in significantly reduced irregular
migration and to filter out a greater
portion of cases that are unlikely to
ultimately be successful on the merits.
Accordingly, the Departments expect
the additional time spent by AOs and IJs
on implementation of the rule to be
mitigated by a comparatively smaller
number of credible fear cases and full
adjudications on the merits than AOs
and IJs would otherwise have been
required to handle in the absence of the
rule.
Other entities may also incur some
indirect, downstream costs as a result of
the rule. The effects should be
considered relative to the baseline
condition that would exist in the
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absence of this rule, which as noted
above is the continued application of
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule. As compared to the baseline
condition, this rule is expected to
reduce irregular migration. DHS has
recently described the impact of
noncitizens on the U.S. labor market.
See, e.g., 89 FR 67459, 67486–88.
2. Effects Under a With-IFR Baseline
The only expected effects of this rule
relative to a with-IFR baseline would
involve the changes to the thresholds
discussed above. As explained in
Section II.C.1 of this preamble, the
amendments marginally reduce the
probability that the suspension and
limitation on entry will be discontinued
prematurely or remain discontinued
during periods in which high levels of
migration place significant strain on the
Departments’ resources and capabilities.
The amendments do so by (1) requiring
the 7-consecutive-calendar-day average
below 1,500 encounters to persist for 28
consecutive calendar days before the 14day waiting period is triggered, and by
(2) including encounters of UCs from
non-contiguous countries when
calculating encounters for the purpose
of the thresholds under sections 2(a)
and 2(b) of the Proclamation.
It is challenging to predict with
certainty the effects of the Departments’
decision to adopt these changes.
Although in some circumstances the
Departments’ decision could reduce the
likelihood that the rule’s limitation on
asylum eligibility and changes to the
credible fear process would be
discontinued or remain discontinued,
the Departments have not assigned a
specific probability to such
circumstances occurring. Encounter
levels are driven by a variety of factors,
many of which are external to the
United States and difficult to predict,
such as family and community
networks, labor markets, environmental
and security-related push factors, and
rapidly evolving criminal smuggling
networks. See 88 FR at 31327–28 & n.59.
If the changes to the thresholds were
to result in this rule’s emergency
provisions remaining activated for a
longer period of time than they would
have been under the IFR, those changes
would amplify this rule’s effects relative
to a with-IFR baseline. In such a
circumstance, the same analysis
presented with respect to the withoutIFR baseline above would apply here as
well, but the marginal impacts of this
final rule (compared to the with-IFR
baseline) are expected to be smaller than
the marginal impacts of the IFR
(compared to the without-IFR baseline).
For instance, the primary effects of this
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rule would still be felt by noncitizens
outside of the United States. And for
those who are present in the United
States, the rule would still likely
decrease the number of asylum grants
and likely reduce the amount of time
that noncitizens who are ineligible for
asylum and who lack a reasonable
probability of persecution or torture
would remain in the United States. The
changes made in this rule may decrease
the administrative burdens associated
with discontinuing and continuing or
reactivating the measures contained in
the rule.
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3. Discontinuation Analysis Under a
Without-IFR Baseline
For purposes of this assessment, the
Departments have also analyzed the
potential effects of the 7-consecutivecalendar-day average of encounters
falling below 1,500. If that average
remains below 1,500 encounters for 28
consecutive calendar days, and the
2,500-encounter threshold is not
reached during the 14-day waiting
period, the rule’s provisions will be
discontinued 14 days after the
Secretary’s determination and remain so
until one day after the Secretary
determines that the 7-consecutivecalendar-day average of encounters has
reached 2,500.
The effects of discontinuation would
depend on a wide range of factors that
are difficult to predict and may involve
factors arising from events occurring
outside the United States, or entirely
outside the Departments’ control. Some
such factors would include:
• Whether the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule would apply at
the time of the discontinuation; 447
• Whether metrics such as fear-claim
rates and screen-in rates during the
discontinuation period would resemble
rates previously observed under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule; 448
447 In Section IV.B of this preamble, the
Departments seek comment on whether to extend
the applicability of that rule to certain noncitizens
who enter the United States after May 11, 2025.
448 As noted in Section II.A.2 of this preamble,
under this rule, from June 5, 2024, through August
31, 2024, 27 percent of those encounters between
POEs at the SWB and processed for expedited
removal claimed fear, compared to a 57 percent
fear-claim rate under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule and a 37 percent fear-claim rate
during the pre-pandemic period. OHSS analysis of
July 2024 Persist Dataset and data downloaded from
UIP on September 3, 2024 (Summary Statistics tab).
Similarly, with this rule’s ‘‘reasonable probability’’
standard in place, the comprehensive screen-in rate
for those USBP encounters manifesting fear has
decreased to approximately 57 percent, compared
to approximately 62 percent for those screened
under the Circumvention of Lawful Pathway rule
with its lower ‘‘reasonable possibility’’ standard in
place, and 83 percent in the pre-pandemic period.
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• Whether, in the absence of a
discontinuation, such rates would
continue to resemble those observed
from June 5, 2024, through August 31,
2024;
• Encounter levels and related
demographics during the
discontinuation period, which, in turn,
are influenced by factors such as family
and community networks, economic
conditions, environmental and securityrelated push factors, responses to policy
changes such as the discontinuation
itself, and rapidly evolving criminal
smuggling networks;
• Available processing resources;
• Tactical changes by smugglers and
migrants;
• Misinformation, disinformation, or
malinformation generated by smugglers
and circulating online among migrant
communities; and
• Whether and how soon the 2,500encounter threshold for continuing or
reactivating the rule’s provisions would
be reached.
Assuming the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule remains in effect
at the time of a discontinuation, in the
immediate aftermath of a
discontinuation, the Departments would
begin the processing of noncitizens
under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule’s provisions: the
Departments would apply the rebuttable
presumption of asylum ineligibility
during covered credible fear screenings
and section 240 removal proceedings
and employ a ‘‘reasonable possibility of
persecution or torture’’ standard to
screen for potential eligibility for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection for those noncitizens
who are unable to establish a significant
possibility that the rebuttable
presumption does not apply or that they
can rebut it. Although it is impossible
to reliably address these uncertainties
quantitatively, the Departments offer a
number of observations about the
potential outcomes of a discontinuation
while the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule applies.
Although the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule meaningfully
improved the Departments’ capacity to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences and is a critical tool for
the Departments to incentivize the use
of lawful, safe, and orderly pathways,
see Section IV of this preamble, it did
not yield efficiency benefits comparable
to those delivered by the IFR.449 Under
OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and data
downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
449 As discussed elsewhere in this preamble and
in the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule, high
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the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule, the average processing time for
USBP encounters, from encounter to
removal, was 44 days—down from 75
days in the pre-pandemic period; under
the IFR, the average processing time
decreased more than 25 percent as
compared to the time period under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule,
to 32 days.450 A comparison of the
number of expedited removals
processed per day is also instructive.
Under the Circumvention of Lawful
Pathways rule, USBP referred, on
average, about 860 people for expedited
removal per day,451 while under the
IFR, USBP referrals for expedited
removal increased approximately 28
percent, to an average of nearly 1,100
persons per day.452
In particular, the elimination of
lengthy and suggestive advisals and the
shift to a manifestation standard under
the Securing the Border rule contributes
to a substantially lower proportion of
noncitizens encountered between POEs
at the SWB being referred for credible
fear interviews. Fear-claim rates
dropped from 57 percent under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule
to a 27 percent fear-claim rate under the
IFR.453
The reduction in fear-claim rates
allows USCIS to focus its resources
more effectively and efficiently on those
noncitizens who may have a fear of
return to their native country or their
country of removal or indicate an
intention to seek fear-based relief or
protection and enables DHS to more
swiftly process and remove those who
do not manifest a fear or express an
intent to apply for asylum.454 Congress
has not provided the resources
necessary to timely and effectively
process and interview all those who
encounter rates at the southern border, combined
with inadequate resources and tools to keep pace,
have limited DHS’s ability to impose timely
consequences through expedited removal, the main
consequence available at the border under title 8
authorities. See 89 FR at 48714. This mismatch
between the resources made available by Congress
and large numbers of encounters creates significant
stress on the border and immigration systems that
forces DHS to rely on slower processing pathways—
limiting the Departments’ ability to more quickly
deliver consequences to individuals who do not
have a legal basis to remain in the United States.
450 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
451 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset
(Imm Post Pandemic ERCF tab).
452 OHSS analysis of data downloaded from UIP
on September 3, 2024 (IFR ERCF tab).
453 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(Summary Statistics tab).
454 Id. (showing both reduced rates of fear claims/
fear manifestation and reduced time from encounter
to negative fear removals).
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invoke credible fear procedures through
the expedited removal process at the
southern border, including under the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways rule.
See 89 FR at 48732. When the
Departments’ ability to timely process,
detain, and remove, as appropriate,
noncitizens who do not establish a legal
basis to remain in the United States is
limited, it exacerbates the risk of severe
overcrowding in USBP facilities and
POEs and creates a situation in which
large numbers of migrants—only a small
proportion of whom are likely to be
granted asylum—are not able to be
expeditiously removed but are instead
referred to backlogged immigration
courts. Id. This situation is selfreinforcing: the expectation of a lengthy
stay in the United States and the lack of
timely consequences for irregular
migration encourage more migrants to
make the dangerous journey to the
southern border to invoke credible fear
procedures and take their chances on
being allowed to remain in the country
for a lengthy period. Id.
The Securing the Border rule
expressly guards against the resource
strains posed by very high levels of
encounters; the day after the Secretary
makes a factual determination that there
have been 2,500 daily encounters, the
Departments will again implement the
Securing the Border rule, thereby
reestablishing stronger incentives
against irregular migration. But as
discussed in Section II.C.1 of this
preamble, the Departments may not be
able to fully realize the benefits of the
Securing the Border rule in the first few
days of reactivation, because encounters
made prior to reactivation must still be
processed under the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule. Unnecessary
discontinuations and reactivations also
impose unnecessary costs on the
Departments. And frequent
discontinuations—which the changes
made in this rule seek to avoid—risk
signaling to migrants that emergency
border circumstances are so temporal
and episodic that the rule’s measures
can be avoided entirely by simply
waiting in Mexico for a short period of
time—which could lead to a cycle of
surges that significantly disrupt border
processing.
Finally, there are of course other
differences between the two frameworks
as well. For instance, the Circumvention
of Lawful Pathways rule affects the
asylum eligibility of a smaller number of
migrants, because that rule generally
does not affect the asylum eligibility of
Mexican nationals. For such persons,
the application of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rule instead of the
Securing the Border rule could result in
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greater access to asylum and its
attendant benefits, and even those
determined to be subject to the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s rebuttable presumption of asylum
ineligibility will be screened for
statutory withholding of removal and
CAT protection at the ‘‘reasonable
possibility’’ standard, rather than the
‘‘reasonable probability’’ standard
applied during statutory withholding of
removal and CAT protection screenings
under the Securing the Border rule.
4. Effects of Expansion and Extension of
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
Rebuttable Presumption
In Section IV of this preamble, the
Departments also propose to extend and
expand the applicability of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rebuttable presumption. First, in Section
IV.A of this preamble, the Departments
request comment on whether to expand
the rebuttable presumption (which
currently applies to noncitizens who
‘‘enter[ ] the United States from Mexico
at the southwest land border or adjacent
coastal borders’’ after traveling through
certain third countries) such that the
rebuttable presumption would also
apply to noncitizens who enter across
southern coastal borders by sea and
irrespective of whether such noncitizens
traveled through a third country before
entry across the southern costal borders.
This would expand the geographic
reach of the rebuttable presumption.
Second, in Section IV.B of this
preamble, the Departments request
comment on whether to indefinitely
extend the entry period (currently
scheduled to end on May 12, 2025) so
that the rebuttable presumption will
apply to noncitizens who enter the
United States without documents
sufficient for lawful admission any time
on or after May 11, 2023. See 8 CFR
208.33(a)(1)(i), 1208.33(a)(1)(i).
The potential effects of such an
expansion and extension are described
in Section IV of this preamble. The
expansion would (1) make clear to
noncitizens intending to migrate to the
United States that timely consequences
will result if they resort to irregular
migration no matter where along the
southern border they cross; (2) deter
smugglers and noncitizens from using
dangerous maritime migration to avoid
the rebuttable presumption of asylum
ineligibility if the noncitizen did not
travel through a country other than the
noncitizen’s country of citizenship,
nationality, or, if stateless, last habitual
residence, that is a party to the 1951
United Nations Convention relating to
the Status of Refugees or the 1967
Protocol relating to the Status of
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Refugees, see 8 CFR 208.33(a)(1)(iii),
1208.33(a)(1)(iii); and (3) ensure
consistency in implementation between
the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s rebuttable presumption and the
provisions in the Securing the Border
rule.
The proposed extension of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rule’s entry period would better
preserve the Departments’ ability to
deliver timely decisions and
consequences. Even with the
Proclamation and Securing the Border
rule in place, the absence of the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rebuttable presumption after May 11,
2025 would mean that when the
following three conditions are
satisfied—(1) the threshold for
discontinuing the Securing the Border
rule’s provisions has been met, (2)
encounters between POEs begin to
exceed 1,500 encounters, and (3) the
threshold for continuing or reactivating
the measures in this rule is not yet
met—without the ability to apply the
Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
rebuttable presumption, the
Departments’ ability to deliver timely
decisions and consequences would
likely be impaired. For example,
assuming similar processing capacity as
during the immediate post-pandemic
period and the same mix of encounter
demographics as observed during the
first two months of enforcement under
the IFR, OHSS estimates that at 1,500
encounters (including all UCs),
approximately 58 percent of single adult
and family unit encounters would be
quickly repatriated (including voluntary
returns, reinstatements, and expedited
removals) with the rebuttable
presumption in effect, versus 46 percent
in the absence of the rebuttable
presumption.455 At 2,500 encounters
per day, OHSS estimates that 41 percent
of single adult and family unit
encounters would be quickly repatriated
with the rebuttable presumption in
effect, versus 34 percent in the absence
of the rebuttable presumption.456 These
differences are driven by differences in
fear-claim and screen-in rates.457
The primary effect of the
Departments’ proposed expansion and
extension of the Circumvention of
Lawful Pathways rebuttable
presumption would be to reduce
incentives for irregular migration and
illegal smuggling activity during periods
when the threshold for discontinuing
455 OHSS analysis of July 2024 Persist Dataset and
data downloaded from UIP on September 3, 2024
(CLP v pre-CLP Proj Outcomes tab).
456 Id.
457 Id.
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the measures in the Securing the Border
rule has been met or where that rule is
otherwise not in effect due to an adverse
litigation outcome against its asylum
limitation or any aspect of that rule. The
primary effects of such an expansion
and extension would be felt by
noncitizens outside of the United States.
In addition, for those who are present in
the United States and subject to the
rebuttable presumption, such an action
would likely decrease the number of
asylum grants and likely reduce the
amount of time that noncitizens who are
determined to be ineligible for asylum
and who are determined to lack a
reasonable possibility of establishing
eligibility for protection from
persecution or torture would remain in
the United States. Noncitizens,
however, can avoid the rebuttable
presumption if they meet certain
exceptions, including by presenting at a
POE pursuant to a pre-scheduled time
and place or by showing exceptionally
compelling circumstances. Moreover,
noncitizens who in credible fear
screenings establish a reasonable
possibility of persecution or torture
would still be able to seek statutory
withholding of removal or CAT
protection in proceedings before IJs.
The benefits of such an expansion or
extension would include reductions in
strains on limited Federal Government
immigration processing and
enforcement resources; preservation of
the Departments’ continued ability to
safely, humanely, and effectively
enforce and administer the immigration
laws; and a reduction in the role of
exploitative TCOs and smugglers. Some
of these benefits accrue to noncitizens
whose ability to receive timely
decisions on their claims might
otherwise be hampered by the strain
that further surges in irregular migration
would impose on the Departments.
The direct costs of the expansion or
extension would be borne by
noncitizens and the Departments. To the
extent that any noncitizens are made
ineligible for asylum by virtue of the
rebuttable presumption but would
otherwise have received asylum, such
an outcome would entail the denial of
asylum and its attendant benefits,
although such persons may continue to
be eligible for statutory withholding of
removal and withholding or deferral of
removal under the CAT. Unlike asylees,
noncitizens granted these more limited
forms of protection do not have a path
to citizenship and cannot petition for
certain family members to join them in
the United States—although such
noncitizens may in the end be granted
asylum despite the rebuttable
presumption by operation of the family
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unity provision that applies in section
240 removal proceedings. Such
noncitizens may also be required to
apply for employment authorization
more frequently than an asylee would.
The expansion and extension of the
rebuttable presumption may also require
additional time for AOs and IJs, during
credible fear screenings and reviews,
respectively, to inquire into the
applicability of the rebuttable
presumption to the noncitizen’s fear
claim. Similarly, where its provisions
apply to a given case, applying the
rebuttable presumption would require
additional time during asylum
adjudications before USCIS and before
IJs during section 240 removal
proceedings. However, such an
expansion or extension may reduce
perceived incentives for irregular
migration. Accordingly, the
Departments expect the additional time
spent by AOs and IJs on implementation
of the rebuttable presumption to be
mitigated by a comparatively smaller
number of credible fear cases than AOs
and IJs would otherwise have been
required to handle in the absence of the
rebuttable presumption.
Other entities may also incur some
indirect, downstream costs as a result of
an expansion or extension. The nature
and scale of such effects will vary by
entity and should be considered relative
to the baseline condition that would
exist in the absence of such an action,
which would be the application of
steady-state regulations that have not
been the primary mode of the
processing of noncitizens at the
southern border since before the Title 42
public health Order. As compared to the
baseline condition, an expansion and
extension would be expected to reduce
irregular migration. DHS has recently
described the impact of noncitizens on
the U.S. labor market. See 89 FR at
67486–88.
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
(‘‘RFA’’), ‘‘[w]henever an agency is
required by section 553 of [the APA], or
any other law, to publish general notice
of proposed rulemaking for any
proposed rule, . . . the agenc