Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to the New London Pier Extension Project at the Naval Submarine Base, 50565-50579 [2024-13169]
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[FR Doc. 2024–13168 Filed 6–13–24; 8:45 am]
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[FR Doc. 2024–13170 Filed 6–13–24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510–22–P
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
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[RTID 0648–XD974]
Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to
Specified Activities; Taking Marine
Mammals Incidental to the New
London Pier Extension Project at the
Naval Submarine Base
National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Commerce.
ACTION: Notice; issuance of an incidental
harassment authorization.
AGENCY:
In accordance with the
regulations implementing the Marine
Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) as
amended, notification is hereby given
that NMFS has issued an incidental
harassment authorization (IHA) to the
U.S. Navy (Navy) to incidentally harass
marine mammals during construction
activities associated with the New
London Pier Extension Project at Naval
SUMMARY:
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Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 116 / Friday, June 14, 2024 / Notices
Submarine Base (SUBASE) New London
in Groton, Connecticut. There are no
changes from the proposed
authorization in this final authorization.
This authorization is effective
from December 1, 2024, through
November 30, 2025.
DATES:
Electronic copies of the
application and supporting documents,
as well as a list of the references cited
in this document, may be obtained
online at: https://
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/
marine-mammal-protection/incidentaltake-authorizations-constructionactivities. In case of problems accessing
these documents, please call the contact
listed below.
ADDRESSES:
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Rachel Wachtendonk, Office of
Protected Resources, NMFS, (301) 427–
8401.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
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Background
The MMPA prohibits the ‘‘take’’ of
marine mammals, with certain
exceptions. Sections 101(a)(5)(A) and
(D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et
seq.) direct the Secretary of Commerce
(as delegated to NMFS) to allow, upon
request, the incidental, but not
intentional, taking of small numbers of
marine mammals by U.S. citizens who
engage in a specified activity (other than
commercial fishing) within a specified
geographical region if certain findings
are made and either regulations are
proposed or, if the taking is limited to
harassment, a notice of a proposed IHA
is provided to the public for review.
Authorization for incidental takings
shall be granted if NMFS finds that the
taking will have a negligible impact on
the species or stock(s) and will not have
an unmitigable adverse impact on the
availability of the species or stock(s) for
taking for subsistence uses (where
relevant). Further, NMFS must prescribe
the permissible methods of taking and
other ‘‘means of effecting the least
practicable adverse impact’’ on the
affected species or stocks and their
habitat, paying particular attention to
rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of
similar significance, and on the
availability of the species or stocks for
taking for certain subsistence uses
(referred to in shorthand as
‘‘mitigation’’); and requirements
pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring
and reporting of the takings are set forth.
The definitions of all applicable MMPA
statutory terms cited above are included
in the relevant sections below.
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Summary of Request
On August 21, 2023, NMFS received
a request from the Navy for an IHA to
take marine mammals incidental to pile
driving and removal activities
associated with the New London Pier
Extension Project at SUBASE New
London in Groton, Connecticut.
Following NMFS’ review of the
application, the Navy submitted a
revised version on January 31, 2024.
The application was deemed adequate
and complete on February 2, 2024. The
Navy’s request is for take of six species
of marine mammals by Level B
harassment and for take of harbor seals,
gray seals, and harp seals by Level A
harassment. Neither the Navy nor NMFS
expects serious injury or mortality to
result from this activity; therefore, an
IHA is appropriate.
There are no changes from the
proposed IHA to the final IHA.
Description of Specified Activity
Overview
The Navy is planning the partial
demolition and extension of pier 31 at
SUBASE New London in Groton,
Connecticut (figure 1). The existing pier
31 will be partially demolished and
then an 81-foot (ft), or 24.7-meter (m),
extension will be constructed. This
project will also include the demolition
of an existing small access ramp for pier
17. The project includes impact and
vibratory pile installation and vibratory
pile removal. For a portion of the piles,
an auger drill will be used inside the
pipe casing to lift sediment.
The pier 31 extension will include the
removal of 28 16-inch (in), or 0.41-m,
fiberglass reinforced plastic fender piles.
The pier 17 demolition will include the
removal of 20 14-in (0.36-m) concrete
encased steel H-piles and 10 timber
piles. Existing piles will be removed by
the deadpull method, with timber piles
being cut at the mudline and all other
piles being removed with the vibratory
hammer if deadpull is unsuccessful.
Once the existing piles are removed, 20
36-in (0.91-m) steel pipe piles and 60
16-in (0.41-m) fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender piles will be installed to
support the pier 31 extension and pier
17 quaywall. The installation and
removal of a temporary work trestle
supported by 60 14-in (0.36-m) steel Hpiles will be completed to support
permanent pile installation. Temporary
and permanent piles will be initially
installed with a vibratory hammer
followed by an impact hammer to
embed them to their final depth. For a
portion of the piles, an auger drill will
be used inside the pipe casing to lift
sediment.
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In order to maintain project
schedules, it is possible that multiple
pieces of equipment will operate at the
same time within the project area. Piles
may be extracted and installed on the
same day, with a maximum of three
vibratory hammers operating
simultaneously. The method of
installation, and whether concurrent
pile driving scenarios will be
implemented, will be determined by the
construction crew once the project has
begun. Therefore, the total take estimate
reflects the worst-case scenario for the
project.
A further detailed description of the
planned construction project is
provided in the Federal Register notice
for the proposed IHA (89 FR 27717,
April 18, 2024). Since that time, no
changes have been made to the planned
activities. Therefore, a detailed
description is not provided here. Please
refer to that Federal Register notice for
the description of the specified activity.
Mitigation, monitoring, and reporting
measures are described in detail later in
this document (please see Mitigation
and Monitoring and Reporting sections).
Comments and Responses
A notice of NMFS’ proposal to issue
an IHA to the Navy was published in
the Federal Register on April 18, 2024
(89 FR 27717). That notice described, in
detail, the Navy’s activity, the marine
mammal species that may be affected by
the activity, and the anticipated effects
on marine mammals. In that notice, we
requested public input on the request
for authorization described therein, our
analyses, the proposed authorization,
and any other aspect of the notice of
proposed IHA, and requested that
interested persons submit relevant
information, suggestions, and
comments. During the 30-day public
comment period, NMFS did not receive
any substantive comments on the
proposed IHA.
Changes From the Proposed IHA to
Final IHA
Changes were made between
publication of the notice of the
proposed IHA and this notice of the
final IHA. The Hydroacoustic
Monitoring section was updated for
clarification. We clarified that the
monitoring should occur at 10 m (33 ft)
from the monitored pile; at a location
intermediate of the pinniped and
cetacean Level A (permanent threshold
shift (PTS) onset) zones; and
occasionally near the predicted
harassment zones for Level B
(behavioral) harassment. Additionally,
table 11 was updated to reflect that the
measurements and acoustic monitoring
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would be conducted for at least 10
percent and up to a maximum of 10 of
each different type of pile and each
method of installation. We also added a
requirement that all PSO data will be
submitted electronically with the draft
marine mammal report in a format that
can be queried, such as a spreadsheet or
database.
Description of Marine Mammals in the
Area of Specified Activities
Sections 3 and 4 of the IHA
application summarize available
information regarding status and trends,
distribution and habitat preferences,
and behavior and life history of the
potentially affected species. NMFS fully
considered all of this information, and
we refer the reader to these descriptions,
instead of reprinting the information.
Additional information regarding
population trends and threats may be
found in NMFS’ Stock Assessment
Reports (SARs; https://
serious injury and mortality from
anthropogenic sources are included here
as gross indicators of the status of the
species or stocks and other threats.
Marine mammal abundance estimates
presented in this document represent
the total number of individuals that
make up a given stock or the total
number estimated within a particular
study or survey area. NMFS’ stock
abundance estimates for most species
represent the total estimate of
individuals within the geographic area,
if known, that comprises that stock. For
some species, this geographic area may
extend beyond U.S. waters. All managed
stocks in this region are assessed in
NMFS’ U.S. 2022 SARs. All values
presented in table 1 are the most recent
available at the time of publication
(including from the draft 2023 SARs)
and are available online at: https://
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/
marine-mammal-protection/marinemammal-stock-assessments.
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/
marine-mammal-protection/marinemammal-stock-assessments) and more
general information about these species
(e.g., physical and behavioral
descriptions) may be found on NMFS’
website (https://
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species).
Table 1 lists all species or stocks for
which take is expected and authorized
for this activity and summarizes
information related to the population or
stock, including regulatory status under
the MMPA and Endangered Species Act
(ESA) and potential biological removal
(PBR), where known. PBR is defined by
the MMPA as the maximum number of
animals, not including natural
mortalities, that may be removed from a
marine mammal stock while allowing
that stock to reach or maintain its
optimum sustainable population (as
described in NMFS’ SARs). While no
serious injury or mortality is anticipated
or authorized here, PBR and annual
TABLE 1—MARINE MAMMAL SPECIES 1 LIKELY IMPACTED BY THE SPECIFIED ACTIVITIES
Common name
Scientific name
Stock
I
ESA/
MMPA
status;
strategic
(Y/N) 2
I
Stock abundance
(CV, Nmin, most recent
abundance survey) 3
Annual
M/SI 4
PBR
I
I
Order Odontoceti (toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
Family Delphinidae:
Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin.
Common Dolphin .............
Family Phocoenidae (porpoises):
Harbor Porpoise ...............
Lagenorhynchus acutus .........
Western N Atlantic .................
-, -, N
93,233 (0.71, 54,443, 2021) ..
544
28
Delphinus delphis ...................
Western N Atlantic .................
-, -, N
93,100 (0.56, 59,897, 2021) ..
1,452
414
Phocoena phocoena ..............
Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy ...
-, -, N
85,765 (0.53, 56,420, 2021) ..
649
145
-, -, N
-, -, N
-, -, N
27,911 (0.20, 23,624, 2021) ..
61,336 (0.08, 57,637, 2018) ..
7.6M (UNK, 7.1M, 2019) ........
1,512
1,729
426,000
4,570
339
178,573
Order Carnivora—Pinnipedia
Family Phocidae (earless
seals):
Gray Seal .........................
Harbor Seal ......................
Harp Seal .........................
Halichoerus grypus ................
Phoca vitulina .........................
Pagophilus groenlandicus ......
Western N Atlantic 5 ...............
Western N Atlantic .................
Western N Atlantic .................
I
I
I
I
1 Information
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on the classification of marine mammal species can be found on the web page for The Society for Marine Mammalogy’s Committee on Taxonomy
(https://marinemammalscience.org/science-and-publications/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies; Committee on Taxonomy, 2022).
2 ESA status: Endangered (E), Threatened (T)/MMPA status: Depleted (D). A dash (-) indicates that the species is not listed under the ESA or designated as depleted under the MMPA. Under the MMPA, a strategic stock is one for which the level of direct human-caused mortality exceeds PBR or which is determined to be
declining and likely to be listed under the ESA within the foreseeable future. Any species or stock listed under the ESA is automatically designated under the MMPA
as depleted and as a strategic stock.
3 NMFS marine mammal SARs online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessment-reports-region. CV
is coefficient of variation; Nmin is the minimum estimate of stock abundance. In some cases, CV is not applicable.
4 These values, found in NMFS’s SARs, represent annual levels of human-caused mortality plus serious injury from all sources combined (e.g., commercial fisheries, ship strike). Annual M/SI often cannot be determined precisely and is in some cases presented as a minimum value or range. A CV associated with estimated
mortality due to commercial fisheries is presented in some cases.
5 NMFS’ stock abundance estimate (and associated PBR value) applies to the U.S. population only. Total stock abundance (including animals in Canada) is approximately 394,311. The annual M/SI value given is for the total stock.
As indicated above, all six species
(with six managed stocks) in table 1
temporally and spatially co-occur with
the activity to the degree that take is
reasonably likely to occur. All species
that could potentially occur in the
project area are included in table 3–1 of
the IHA application. While North
Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena
glacialis), common minke whale
(Balaenoptera acutorostrata), fin whale
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(Balaenoptera physalus), and humpback
whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) have
been documented in Long Island Sound,
the spatial and temporal occurrence of
these species is such that take is not
expected to occur, and they are not
discussed further beyond the
explanation provided here. These
species occur at low densities at the
mouth of the Thames River, extending
into Long Island Sound, and do not
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occur in the Thames River. Sound from
the project is only expected to propagate
into the Long Island Sound during the
vibratory driving of the 36-in steel pipe
piles. Only a small portion of the Long
Island Sound will be ensonified, and
therefore incidental take of these species
is not anticipated.
A detailed description of the species
likely to be affected by the Navy’s
construction project, including brief
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introductions to the species and
relevant stocks as well as available
information regarding population trends
and threats, and information regarding
local occurrence, were provided in the
Federal Register notice for the proposed
IHA (89 FR 27717, April 18, 2024); since
that time, we are not aware of any
changes in the status of these species
and stocks; therefore, detailed
descriptions are not provided here.
Please refer to that Federal Register
notice for these descriptions. Please also
refer to the NMFS website (https://
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species) for
generalized species accounts.
Marine Mammal Hearing
Hearing is the most important sensory
modality for marine mammals
underwater, and exposure to
anthropogenic sound can have
deleterious effects. To appropriately
assess the potential effects of exposure
to sound, it is necessary to understand
the frequency ranges marine mammals
are able to hear. Not all marine mammal
species have equal hearing capabilities
(e.g., Richardson et al., 1995; Wartzok
and Ketten, 1999; Au and Hastings,
2008). To reflect this, Southall et al.
(2007, 2019) recommended that marine
mammals be divided into hearing
groups based on directly measured
(behavioral or auditory evoked potential
techniques) or estimated hearing ranges
(behavioral response data, anatomical
modeling, etc.). Note that no direct
measurements of hearing ability have
been successfully completed for
mysticetes (i.e., low-frequency
cetaceans). Subsequently, NMFS (2018)
described generalized hearing ranges for
these marine mammal hearing groups.
Generalized hearing ranges were chosen
based on the approximately 65-decibel
(dB) threshold from the normalized
composite audiograms, with the
exception for lower limits for lowfrequency cetaceans where the lower
bound was deemed to be biologically
implausible and the lower bound from
Southall et al. (2007) retained. Marine
mammal hearing groups and their
associated hearing ranges are provided
in table 2.
TABLE 2—MARINE MAMMAL HEARING GROUPS
[NMFS, 2018]
Generalized hearing
range *
Hearing group
Low-frequency (LF) cetaceans (baleen whales) .....................................................................................................................
Mid-frequency (MF) cetaceans (dolphins, toothed whales, beaked whales, bottlenose whales) ...........................................
High-frequency (HF) cetaceans (true porpoises, Kogia, river dolphins, Cephalorhynchid, Lagenorhynchus cruciger & L.
australis).
Phocid pinnipeds (PW) (underwater) (true seals) ...................................................................................................................
Otariid pinnipeds (OW) (underwater) (sea lions and fur seals) ..............................................................................................
7 Hz to 35 kHz.
150 Hz to 160 kHz.
275 Hz to 160 kHz.
50 Hz to 86 kHz.
60 Hz to 39 kHz.
* Represents the generalized hearing range for the entire group as a composite (i.e., all species within the group), where individual species’
hearing ranges are typically not as broad. Generalized hearing range chosen based on ∼65-dB threshold from normalized composite audiogram,
with the exception for lower limits for LF cetaceans (Southall et al., 2007) and PW pinniped (approximation).
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The pinniped functional hearing
group was modified from Southall et al.
(2007) on the basis of data indicating
that phocid species have consistently
demonstrated an extended frequency
range of hearing compared to otariids,
especially in the higher frequency range
(Hemilä et al., 2006; Kastelein et al.,
2009; Reichmuth et al., 2013). This
division between phocid and otariid
pinnipeds is now reflected in the
updated hearing groups proposed in
Southall et al. (2019).
For more detail concerning these
groups and associated frequency ranges,
please see NMFS (2018) for a review of
available information.
Potential Effects of Specified Activities
on Marine Mammals and Their Habitat
The effects of underwater noise from
the Navy’s pile driving activities have
the potential to result in behavioral
harassment of marine mammals in the
vicinity of the project area. The notice
of the proposed IHA (89 FR 27717, April
18, 2024) included a discussion of the
effects of anthropogenic noise on marine
mammals and the potential effects of
underwater noise from the Navy’s pile
driving activities on marine mammals
and their habitat. That information and
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analysis is incorporated by reference
into this final IHA determination and is
not repeated here; please refer to the
notice of the proposed IHA (89 FR
27717, April 18, 2024).
Estimated Take of Marine Mammals
This section provides an estimate of
the number of incidental takes
authorized through the IHA, which will
inform NMFS’ consideration of ‘‘small
numbers,’’ the negligible impact
determinations, and impacts on
subsistence uses.
Harassment is the only type of take
expected to result from these activities.
Except with respect to certain activities
not pertinent here, section 3(18) of the
MMPA defines ‘‘harassment’’ as any act
of pursuit, torment, or annoyance,
which: (i) has the potential to injure a
marine mammal or marine mammal
stock in the wild (Level A harassment);
or (ii) has the potential to disturb a
marine mammal or marine mammal
stock in the wild by causing disruption
of behavioral patterns, including, but
not limited to, migration, breathing,
nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering
(Level B harassment).
Authorized takes will primarily be by
Level B harassment, as use of the
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acoustic (i.e., pile driving) has the
potential to result in disruption of
behavioral patterns for individual
marine mammals. There is also some
potential for auditory injury (Level A
harassment) to result, primarily for
phocids because no other species have
been observed within the Thames River
adjacent to the project site, and the
Level A harassment isopleths do not
extend to the Long Island Sound. The
mitigation and monitoring measures are
expected to minimize the severity of the
taking to the extent practicable. As
described previously, no serious injury
or mortality is anticipated or authorized
for this activity. Here we describe how
the information provided above is
synthesized to produce a quantitative
estimate of the take that is reasonably
likely to occur and is authorized.
For acoustic impacts, generally
speaking, we estimate take by
considering: (1) acoustic thresholds
above which NMFS believes the best
available science indicates marine
mammals will be behaviorally harassed
or incur some degree of permanent
hearing impairment; (2) the area or
volume of water that will be ensonified
above these levels in a day; (3) the
density or occurrence of marine
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mammals within these ensonified areas;
and (4) the number of days of activities.
We note that while these factors can
contribute to a basic calculation to
provide an initial prediction of potential
takes, additional information that can
qualitatively inform take estimates is
also sometimes available (e.g., previous
monitoring results or average group
size). Below, we describe the factors
considered here in more detail and
present the authorized take numbers.
Acoustic Thresholds
NMFS recommends the use of
acoustic thresholds that identify the
received level of underwater sound
above which exposed marine mammals
would be reasonably expected to be
behaviorally harassed (equated to Level
B harassment) or to incur a PTS of some
degree (equated to Level A harassment).
Level B Harassment—Though
significantly driven by received level,
the onset of behavioral disturbance from
anthropogenic noise exposure is also
informed to varying degrees by other
factors related to the source or exposure
context (e.g., frequency, predictability,
duty cycle, duration of the exposure,
signal-to-noise ratio, distance to the
source), the environment (e.g.,
bathymetry, other noises in the area,
predators in the area), and the receiving
animals (hearing, motivation,
experience, demography, life stage,
depth) and can be difficult to predict
(e.g., Southall et al., 2007, 2021; Ellison
et al., 2012). Based on what the
available science indicates and the
practical need to use a threshold based
on a metric that is both predictable and
measurable for most activities, NMFS
typically uses a generalized acoustic
threshold based on received level to
estimate the onset of behavioral
harassment. NMFS generally predicts
that marine mammals are likely to be
behaviorally harassed in a manner
considered to be Level B harassment
when exposed to underwater
anthropogenic noise above root-meansquared pressure received levels (RMS
SPL) of 120 dB (referenced to 1
micropascal (re 1 mPa)) for continuous
(e.g., vibratory pile driving, drilling) and
above RMS SPL 160 dB re 1 mPa for nonexplosive impulsive (e.g., seismic
airguns) or intermittent (e.g., scientific
sonar) sources. Generally speaking,
Level B harassment take estimates based
on these behavioral harassment
thresholds are expected to include any
likely takes by temporary threshold shift
(TTS) as, in most cases, the likelihood
of TTS occurs at distances from the
source less than those at which
behavioral harassment is likely. TTS of
a sufficient degree can manifest as
behavioral harassment, as reduced
hearing sensitivity and the potential
reduced opportunities to detect
important signals (conspecific
communication, predators, prey) may
result in changes in behavior patterns
that would not otherwise occur.
The Navy’s activity includes the use
of continuous (vibratory pile driving
and auger drilling) and impulsive
(impact pile driving) sources, and
therefore the RMS SPL thresholds of 120
and 160 dB re 1 mPa are applicable.
Level A Harassment—NMFS’
Technical Guidance for Assessing the
Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on
Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 2.0;
Technical Guidance, 2018) identifies
dual criteria to assess auditory injury
(Level A harassment) to five different
marine mammal groups (based on
hearing sensitivity) as a result of
exposure to noise from two different
types of sources (impulsive or nonimpulsive). The Navy’s activity includes
the use of impulsive (impact pile
driving) and non-impulsive (vibratory
pile driving and auger drilling) sources.
These thresholds are provided in the
table below. The references, analysis,
and methodology used in the
development of the thresholds are
described in NMFS’ 2018 Technical
Guidance, which may be accessed at:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/
national/marine-mammal-protection/
marine-mammal-acoustic-technicalguidance.
TABLE 3—THRESHOLDS IDENTIFYING THE ONSET OF PERMANENT THRESHOLD SHIFT
PTS onset thresholds *
(received level)
Hearing group
Impulsive
Low-Frequency (LF) Cetaceans ......................................
Mid-Frequency (MF) Cetaceans ......................................
High-Frequency (HF) Cetaceans .....................................
Phocid Pinnipeds (PW) (Underwater) .............................
Otariid Pinnipeds (OW) (Underwater) .............................
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
1:
3:
5:
7:
9:
Lp,0-pk,flat:
Lp,0-pk,flat:
Lp,0-pk,flat:
Lp,0-pk,flat:
Lp,0-pk,flat:
219
230
202
218
232
dB;
dB;
dB;
dB;
dB;
Non-impulsive
LE,p,LF,24h: 183 dB ..................
LE,p,MF,24h: 185 dB .................
LE,p,HF,24h: 155 dB .................
LE,p,PW,24h: 185 dB ................
LE,p,OW,24h: 203 dB ................
Cell 2: LE,p,LF,24h: 199 dB.
Cell 4: LE,p,MF,24h: 198 dB.
Cell 6: LE,p,HF,24h: 173 dB.
Cell 8: LE,p,PW,24h: 201 dB.
Cell 10: LE,p,OW,24h: 219
dB.
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* Dual metric thresholds for impulsive sounds: Use whichever results in the largest isopleth for calculating PTS onset. If a non-impulsive sound
has the potential of exceeding the peak sound pressure level thresholds associated with impulsive sounds, these thresholds are recommended
for consideration.
Note: Peak sound pressure level (Lp,0-pk) has a reference value of 1 μPa, and weighted cumulative sound exposure level (LE,p) has a reference value of 1μPa2s. In this table, thresholds are abbreviated to be more reflective of International Organization for Standardization standards
(ISO, 2017). The subscript ‘‘flat’’ is being included to indicate peak sound pressure are flat weighted or unweighted within the generalized hearing range of marine mammals (i.e., 7 to 160 kHz). The subscript associated with cumulative sound exposure level thresholds indicates the designated marine mammal auditory weighting function (LF, MF, and HF cetaceans, and PW and OW pinnipeds) and that the recommended accumulation period is 24 hours. The weighted cumulative sound exposure level thresholds could be exceeded in a multitude of ways (i.e., varying
exposure levels and durations, duty cycle). When possible, it is valuable for action proponents to indicate the conditions under which these
thresholds will be exceeded.
Ensonified Area
Here, we describe operational and
environmental parameters of the activity
that are used in estimating the area
ensonified above the acoustic
thresholds, including source levels and
transmission loss coefficient.
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The sound field in the project area is
the existing background noise plus
additional construction noise from the
project. Pile driving generates
underwater noise that can potentially
result in disturbance to marine
mammals in the project area. The
maximum (underwater) area ensonified
is determined by the topography of the
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Thames River, including intersecting
land masses that will reduce the overall
area of potential impact. Additionally,
vessel traffic, including large vessels
and ferries, in the project area may
contribute to elevated background noise
levels, which may mask sounds
produced by the project.
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Transmission loss (TL) is the decrease
in acoustic intensity as an acoustic
pressure wave propagates out from a
source. TL parameters vary with
frequency, temperature, sea conditions,
current, source and receiver depth,
water depth, water chemistry, and
bottom composition and topography.
The general formula for underwater TL
is:
TL = B × Log10 (R1/R2),
where
TL = transmission loss in dB;
B = transmission loss coefficient; for practical
spreading equals 15;
R1 = the distance of the modeled SPL from
the driven pile; and,
R2 = the distance from the driven pile of the
initial measurement.
This formula neglects loss due to
scattering and absorption, which is
assumed to be zero here. The degree to
which underwater sound propagates
away from a sound source is dependent
on a variety of factors, most notably the
water bathymetry and presence or
absence of reflective or absorptive
conditions including in-water structures
and sediments. Spherical spreading
occurs in a perfectly unobstructed (freefield) environment not limited by depth
or water surface, resulting in a 6-dB
reduction in sound level for each
doubling of distance from the source (20
× log10[range]). Cylindrical spreading
occurs in an environment in which
sound propagation is bounded by the
water surface and sea bottom, resulting
in a reduction of 3 dB in sound level for
each doubling of distance from the
source (10 × log10[range]). A practical
spreading value of 15 is often used
under conditions, such as the project
site, where water increases with depth
as the receiver moves away from the
shoreline, resulting in an expected
propagation environment that would lie
between spherical and cylindrical
spreading loss conditions. Practical
spreading loss is assumed here.
The intensity of pile driving sounds is
greatly influenced by factors such as the
type of piles, hammers, and the physical
environment in which the activity takes
place. In order to calculate the distances
to the Level A harassment and the Level
B harassment sound thresholds for the
methods and piles being used in this
project, NMFS used acoustic monitoring
data from other locations to develop
proxy source levels for the various pile
types, sizes and methods (table 4).
Generally, we choose source levels from
similar pile types from locations (e.g.,
geology, bathymetry) similar to the
project.
TABLE 4—PROXY SOUND SOURCE LEVELS FOR PILE SIZES, DRIVING METHODS, AND AUGER DRILLING
Peak SPL
(re 1 μPa (rms))
RMS SPL
(re 1 μPa (rms))
SEL
(re 1 μPa (rms))
Pile type
Pile size
Method
Steel ....................................
14-in H-pile ................
Vibratory ...........
Impact ...............
Vibratory ...........
Impact ...............
Auger drilling ....
Vibratory ...........
Vibratory ...........
NA
194
NA
209
NA
185
NA
158
177
168
198
154
162
158
158
162
168
183
NA
157
NA
Impact ...............
177
165
157
36-in pipe pile ............
Concrete encased steel ......
Fiberglass reinforced plastic
14-in H-pile ................
16-in fender ...............
For this project, up to three vibratory
hammers may operate simultaneously.
When two noise sources have
overlapping sound fields, there is
potential for higher sound levels than
for non-overlapping sources because the
isopleth of one sound source
encompasses the sound source of
another isopleth. In such instances, the
sources are considered additive and
combined using the rules of decibel
addition. For addition of two
simultaneous sources, the difference
between the two sound source levels is
calculated, and if that difference is
between 0 and 1 dB, 3 dB are added to
the higher sound source levels; if the
difference is between 2 and 3 dB, 2 dB
are added to the highest sound source
levels; if the difference is between 4 and
9 dB, 1 dB is added to the highest sound
source levels; and with differences of 10
or more dB, there is no addition. For
simultaneous usage of three or more
Source
Navy, 2019b.
Navy, 2019b.
Navy, 2018.
Navy, 2019b.
Dazey et al., 2012.
Caltrans, 2020.
Illingworth and Rodkin,
2017.
California Department of
Transportation, 2015.
continuous sound sources, the three
overlapping sources with the highest
sound source levels are identified. Of
the three highest sound source levels,
the lower two are combined using the
above rules; then, the combination of
the lower two is combined with the
highest of the three. The calculated
proxy source levels for the different
potential concurrent pile driving
scenarios are shown in table 5.
TABLE 5—CALCULATED PROXY SOUND SOURCE LEVELS FOR POTENTIAL CONCURRENT PILE DRIVING SCENARIOS
Pile type and proxy
Temporary work trestle installation and pier 17 demolition ..
Vibratory installation of 14-in steel H-pile: 158 dB RMS .....
Vibratory demolition of 14-in concrete encased steel Hpile: 162 dB RMS.
Vibratory installation of 14-in steel H-pile: 158 dB RMS .....
Vibratory demolition of 14-in concrete encased steel Hpile: 162 dB RMS.
Vibratory demolition of 16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic
fender: 158 dB RMS.
Vibratory installation of 14-in steel H-pile: 158 dB RMS .....
Vibratory demolition of 16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic
fender: 158 dB RMS.
Temporary work trestle installation, pier 17 demolition, and
pier 31 demolition.
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Calculated proxy
sound source level
Structure
Temporary work trestle installation and pier 31 demolition ..
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163 dB RMS.
165 dB RMS.
161 dB RMS.
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The ensonified area associated with
Level A harassment is more technically
challenging to predict due to the need
to account for a duration component.
Therefore, NMFS developed an optional
User Spreadsheet tool to accompany the
Technical Guidance that can be used to
relatively simply predict an isopleth
distance for use in conjunction with
marine mammal density or occurrence
to help predict potential takes. We note
that because of some of the assumptions
included in the methods underlying this
optional tool, we anticipate that the
resulting isopleth estimates are typically
going to be overestimates of some
degree, which may result in an
overestimate of potential take by Level
A harassment. However, this optional
tool offers the best way to estimate
isopleth distances when more
sophisticated modeling methods are not
available or practical. For stationary
sources, like pile driving, the optional
User Spreadsheet tool predicts the
distance at which, if a marine mammal
remained at that distance for the
duration of the activity, it would be
expected to incur PTS. Inputs used in
the optional User Spreadsheet tool, and
the resulting estimated isopleths, are
reported below.
TABLE 6—NMFS USER SPREADSHEET INPUTS
Weighting
factor
adjustment
(kHz)
Number
of piles
per day
Duration
of sound
production
within 24-h
period
(sec)
Number
of strikes
per pile
Method
Pile size and type
Spreadsheet tab used
Vibratory .............................
16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic fender piles install and removal.
14-in steel H-pile (temporary) install and removal ..
14-in concrete encased steel H-pile removal .........
36-in steel pipe pile install ......................................
16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic fender piles .......
14-in steel H-pile (temporary) install .......................
36-in steel pipe pile install ......................................
36-in steel pipe pile install ......................................
A.1. Vibratory pile driving ..
2.5
2
2,400
NA
A.1. Vibratory pile driving ..
A.1. Vibratory pile driving ..
A.1 Vibratory pile driving ...
E.1. Impact pile driving .....
E.1. Impact pile driving .....
E.1. Impact pile driving .....
A. Stationary source: nonimpulsive, continuous.
A.1. Vibratory pile driving ..
2.5
2.5
2.5
2
2
2
2
5
5
0.17
2.5
4
2.5
1
6,000
6,000
428.4
NA
NA
NA
28,800
NA
NA
NA
1,000
1,000
1,000
NA
2.5
5
6,000
NA
A.1. Vibratory pile driving ..
2.5
5
6,000
NA
A.1. Vibratory pile driving ..
2.5
7
8,400
NA
Impact ................................
Auger drilling ......................
Concurrent pile driving .......
14-in steel H-pile AND 14-in concrete encased
steel H-pile.
14-in steel H-pile AND 14-in concrete encased
steel H-pile AND 16-in fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender.
14-in steel H-pile AND 16-in fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender.
TABLE 7—CALCULATED LEVEL A AND LEVEL B HARASSMENT ISOPLETHS
Level A harassment zone (m/km2)
Method
Pile size and type
MF-cetaceans
Vibratory .....................
Impact .........................
Auger drilling ..............
Concurrent pile driving
a Harassment
b Harassment
ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1
c Harassment
16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic fender
piles install and removal.
14-in steel H-pile (temporary) install and
removal.
14-in concrete encased steel H-pile removal.
36-in steel pipe pile install ........................
16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic fender
piles.
14-in steel H-pile (temporary) install ........
36-in steel pipe pile install ........................
36-in steel pipe pile install ........................
14-in steel H-pile AND 14-in concrete encased steel H-pile.
14-in steel H-pile AND 14-in concrete encased steel H-pile AND 16-in fiberglass
reinforced plastic fender.
14-in steel H-pile AND 16-in fiberglass
reinforced plastic fender.
Phocid
0.3/0
4.9/0.000075
2.0/0.00013
0.5/0.000001
9.0/0.000253
3.7/0.000043
1.0/0.000003
16.5/0.000851
6.8/0.000145
6,310/2.620145
0.4/0.000001
1.2/0.00005
7.2/0.000162
40.5/0.005136
2.9/0.00026
18.2/0.001035
15,849/3.435273
22/0.001513
3.6/0.000041
65.4/0.01341
0.1/0
a b 1.2/0.000005
119.3/0.044565
2,191/1.588304
0.8/0.000002
a 19.3/0.001164
b 19.3/0.001134
a c 26.2/0.002146
b 26.2/0.001807
53.6/0.009004
984.4/0.86872
0.5/0.000001
a b 7.9/0.000195
136/0.056637
3,415/2.620145
1,848/1.359058
a 7,356/3.121835
b 7,356/0.205166
a 10,000/3.197942
b 10,000/0.205166
c 10,000/2.822399
a 5,412/3.078261
b 5,412/2.822399
a b c 1.6/0.000008
a b 1.1/0.000004
a b 17.8/0.00099
a b c 10.8/0.000365
a b 7.3/0.000167
3,415/2.47916
zones mapped from pier 31.
zones mapped from pier 17.
zones mapped from existing pier 31 for fender pile extraction.
Marine Mammal Occurrence and Take
Estimation
In this section we provide information
about the occurrence of marine
mammals, including density or other
relevant information which will inform
the take calculations. Density estimates
come from Northeast Ocean Data (2023)
for cetaceans and from the U.S. Navy
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HF-cetaceans
Level B harassment
zone
(m/km2)
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Marine Species Density Database (Navy,
2017) for pinnipeds. To determine the
incidental take estimate within each
harassment zone, the following equation
was used:
Incidental take estimate = (harassment
zone [km2] × estimated density
[individuals/km2]) × days of pile
driving activity
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A subset of the species (Atlantic
white-sided dolphin, common dolphin,
and harbor porpoise) do not occur
within the Thames River and have only
been observed in the Long Island
Sound. For these species, the area from
the mouth of the Thames River to the
furthest extent of the harassment zone
in the Long Island Sound was used to
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determine the incidental take estimate
within that zone.
Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin
Atlantic white-sided dolphins do not
occur within the Thames River but they
occur occasionally in the Long Island
Sound. Monthly surveys conducted in
the Thames River from 2017 through
2019 did not record the presence of
Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Tetra
Tech, 2019). The average density of
Atlantic white-sided dolphins in the
Long Island Sound is 0.022 individuals
per square kilometer (km2). Only
vibratory pile driving activities will
generate a harassment zone that extends
into the Long Island Sound so for those
activities the area from the mouth of the
Thames River to the furthest extent in
the Long Island Sound (0.24 km2) was
used to calculate take (table 8).
Therefore, using the equation given
above, the calculated estimated take by
Level B harassment for Atlantic whitesided dolphins would be one. However,
Atlantic white-sided dolphins typically
travel in pods, so the estimated take by
Level B harassment was increased to the
average group size of 12 (NMFS, 2023b).
The largest Level A harassment zone
for Atlantic white-sided dolphins
extends 65 m from the sound source
(table 9) and is entirely contained
within the Thames River. Therefore, no
take by Level A harassment is
anticipated or authorized.
from the sound source (table 7) and is
entirely contained within the Thames
River. Therefore, no take by Level A
harassment is anticipated or authorized.
Common Dolphin
Common dolphins do not occur
within the Thames River but they occur
occasionally in the Long Island Sound.
Monthly surveys conducted in the
Thames River from 2017 through 2019
did not record the presence of common
dolphins (Tetra Tech, 2019). The
average density of common dolphins in
the Long Island Sound is 0.15
individuals per km2. Only vibratory pile
driving activities will generate a
harassment zone that extends into the
Long Island Sound so for those activities
the area from the mouth of the Thames
River to the furthest extent in the Long
Island Sound (0.24 km2) was used to
calculate take (table 8). Therefore, using
the equation given above, the calculated
estimate of take by Level B harassment
for common dolphins would be four.
However, common dolphins generally
travel in pods, so the estimated take by
Level B harassment was increased to an
assumed average group size of 30
(NMFS, 2023b).
The largest Level A harassment zone
for common dolphins extends 65 m
Harbor Porpoise
Harbor porpoises do not occur within
the Thames River but they occur
occasionally in the Long Island Sound.
Monthly surveys conducted in the
Thames River from 2017 through 2019
did not record the presence of harbor
porpoises (Tetra Tech, 2019). The
average density of harbor porpoises in
the Long Island Sound is 0.32
individuals per km2. Only vibratory pile
driving activities will generate a
harassment zone that extends into the
Long Island Sound so for those activities
the area from the mouth of the Thames
River to the furthest extent in the Long
Island Sound (0.24 km2) was used to
calculate take (table 8). Therefore, using
the equation given above, the estimated
take by Level B harassment for harbor
porpoises would be nine.
The largest Level A harassment zone
for harbor porpoises extends 2,191 m
from the sound source (table 7) and is
entirely contained within the Thames
River. Therefore, no take by Level A
harassment is anticipated or authorized.
TABLE 8—ESTIMATED TAKE BY LEVEL B HARASSMENT FOR SPECIES OBSERVED ONLY IN THE LONG ISLAND SOUND
PORTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
Method
Pile size and type
Impact .........
36-in steel pipe pile install ...
Total
ensonified
area
(km2)
3.435273
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Harbor Seal
Harbor seals are present in the project
vicinity including the Thames River
from September through May. Monthly
surveys conducted in the Thames River
from 2017 through 2019 recorded 12
sightings of individual harbor seals
(Tetra Tech, 2019). Seals were not
observed on the shore and there are no
harbor seal haulouts within the project
vicinity. Two different density estimates
were used to calculate harbor seal take.
A density of 0.049 individuals per km2
was used in the Thames River and a
density of 0.07 individuals per km2 was
used in the Long Island Sound (Navy,
2017). Therefore, using the equation
given above, the estimated number of
takes by Level B harassment for harbor
seals would be 44.
The largest Level A harassment zone
for harbor seals extends 984 m from the
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Ensonfied
area within
the Long
Island Sound
(km2)
0.24
Species
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Common dolphin ..................
Harbor porpoise ...................
sound source (table 7). Using the
equation given above, the calculated
estimated take by Level A harassment
for harbor seals would be 1. However,
due to the consistent presence of phocid
pinnipeds at the SUBASE over the last
several years, NMFS conservatively
authorizes increasing the estimated take
by Level A harassment to one per 30
days of pile driving resulting in an
estimated 8 harbor seals by Level A
harassment over the course of the
project.
Gray Seal
Gray seals are present in the project
vicinity including the Thames River
from March through June. Monthly
surveys conducted in the Thames River
from 2017 through 2019 recorded three
sightings of individual gray seals (Tetra
Tech, 2019). Seals were not observed on
the shore and there are no gray seal
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Density
(individuals/
km2)
Fmt 4703
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Calculated
estimated
take by
Level B
harassment
0.022
0.15
0.32
1
4
9
Group
size
12
30
3
Total
authorized
take by
Level B
harassment
12
30
9
haulouts within the project vicinity.
Two different density estimates were
used to calculate take of gray seals. A
density of 0.049 individuals per km2
was used in the Thames River and a
density of 0.07 individuals per km2 was
used in the Long Island Sound (Navy,
2017). Therefore, using the equation
given above, the calculated estimated
take by Level B harassment for gray
seals would be 44.
The largest Level A harassment zone
for gray seals extends 984 m from the
sound source (table 7). Using the
equation given above, the calculated
estimated take by Level A harassment
for gray seals would be one. However,
due to the consistent presence of phocid
pinnipeds at the SUBASE over the last
several years, NMFS conservatively
authorized increasing the estimated take
by Level A harassment to one per 30
days of pile driving resulting in an
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estimate of 8 takes of harbor seals by
Level A harassment over the course of
the project.
Harp Seal
Harp seals are present in the project
vicinity from January through May and
are much rarer in the Thames River then
the other two seal species. Harp seals
were not observed during monthly
surveys conducted in the Thames River
from 2017 through 2019 (Tetra Tech,
2019). However, two harp seals were
identified in March 2019 and one harp
seal in April 2019 by Mystic Aquarium
staff. On both occasions they were
hauled out on the finger piers of the
marina at SUBASE (Navy, 2019a). The
average density of harp seals in the Long
Island Sound is 0.278 individuals per
km2. Only vibratory pile driving
activities will generate a harassment
zone that extends into the Long Island
Sound so for those activities the area
from the mouth of the Thames River to
the furthest extent in the Long Island
Sound was used to calculate take.
Therefore, using the equation given
above, the estimated take by Level B
harassment for harp seals would be
seven. However, it was determined that
up to one take by Level B harassment of
harp seals could occur within the
Thames River during each month they
are present (January to May) resulting in
an estimate of 12 takes of harp seals by
Level B harassment.
The largest Level A harassment zone
for harp seals extends 984 m from the
sound source (table 7) and is entirely
contained within the Thames River.
Harp seals do not have a density
estimate for within the Thames River;
therefore, given the sightings of this
species hauled out at SUBASE, NMFS
authorized increasing the estimated take
by Level A harassment to one per 30
days of pile driving during the period in
which harp seals could occur in the
river. This results in an estimate of 5
takes of harp seals by Level A
harassment over the course of the
project.
TABLE 9—ESTIMATED TAKE BY LEVEL A AND LEVEL B HARASSMENT
Stock
abundance 1
Common name
Stock
Atlantic white-sided dolphin ........
Common dolphin .........................
Harbor porpoise ..........................
Harbor seal .................................
Gray seal ....................................
Harp seal ....................................
Western North Atlantic ...............
Western North Atlantic ...............
Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy .......
Western North Atlantic ...............
Western North Atlantic ...............
Western North Atlantic ...............
1 Stock
Level A
harassment
93,233
93,100
87,765
61,336
27,911
7,600,000
Level B
harassment
0
0
0
8
8
5
2 12
2 30
9
44
44
12
Total
authorized
take
Authorized
take as a
percentage
of stock
12
30
9
52
52
17
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.08
0.19
0.00002
size is Nbest according to NMFS 2023a draft SARs.
take increased to mean group size from AMAPPS (Palka et al., 2017 and 2021).
ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1
2 Authorized
Mitigation
In order to issue an IHA under section
101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA, NMFS must
set forth the permissible methods of
taking pursuant to the activity, and
other means of effecting the least
practicable impact on the species or
stock and its habitat, paying particular
attention to rookeries, mating grounds,
and areas of similar significance, and on
the availability of the species or stock
for taking for certain subsistence uses
(latter not applicable for this action).
NMFS regulations require applicants for
incidental take authorizations to include
information about the availability and
feasibility (economic and technological)
of equipment, methods, and manner of
conducting the activity or other means
of effecting the least practicable adverse
impact upon the affected species or
stocks, and their habitat (see 50 CFR
216.104(a)(11)).
In evaluating how mitigation may or
may not be appropriate to ensure the
least practicable adverse impact on
species or stocks and their habitat, as
well as subsistence uses where
applicable, NMFS considers two
primary factors:
(1) The manner in which, and the
degree to which, the successful
implementation of the measure(s) is
expected to reduce impacts to marine
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mammals, marine mammal species or
stocks, and their habitat. This considers
the nature of the potential adverse
impact being mitigated (likelihood,
scope, range). It further considers the
likelihood that the measure will be
effective if implemented (probability of
accomplishing the mitigating result if
implemented as planned), the
likelihood of effective implementation
(probability implemented as planned);
and
(2) The practicability of the measures
for applicant implementation, which
may consider such things as cost, and
impact on operations.
In addition to the measures described
later in this section, the Navy will
employ the following mitigation
measures:
• The Navy will ensure that
construction supervisors and crews, the
monitoring team, and relevant Navy
staff are trained prior to the start of
activities subject to the IHA, so that
responsibilities, communication
procedures, monitoring protocols, and
operational procedures are clearly
understood. New personnel joining
during the project must be trained prior
to commencing work.
• For those marine mammals for
which incidental take has not been
authorized, in-water pile installation/
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removal will shut down immediately if
such species are observed within or
entering the Level B harassment zone.
• If take reaches the authorized limit
for any species, pile installation/
removal will shut down immediately if
these species approach the Level B
harassment zone to avoid additional
take.
The following mitigation measures
will apply to the Navy’s in-water
construction activities:
Shutdown and Monitoring Zones
The Navy must establish shutdown
zones and Level B harassment
monitoring zones for all pile driving
activities. The purpose of a shutdown
zone is generally to define an area
within which shutdown of the activity
will occur upon sighting of a marine
animal (or in anticipation of an animal
entering the defined area). Shutdown
zones are based on the largest Level A
harassment zone for each pile size/type
and driving method, and behavioral
monitoring zones are meant to
encompass Level B harassment zones
for each pile size/type and driving
method, as shown in table 10. A
minimum shutdown zone of 10 m will
be required for all in-water construction
activities to avoid physical interaction
with marine mammals. Shutdown zones
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for each activity type are shown in table
10.
Prior to pile driving, shutdown zones
and monitoring zones will be
established based on zones represented
in table 7. Protected Species Observers
(PSOs) will survey the shutdown zones
and surrounding areas for at least 30
minutes before pile driving activities
start. If marine mammals are found
within the shutdown zone, pile driving
will be delayed until the animal has
moved out of the shutdown zone, either
verified by an observer or by waiting
until 15 minutes has elapsed without a
sighting. If a marine mammal
approaches or enters the shutdown zone
during pile driving, the activity will be
halted. Pile driving may resume after
the animal has moved out of and is
moving away from the shutdown zone
or after at least 15 minutes has passed
since the last observation of the animal.
All marine mammals will be
monitored in the Level B harassment to
the extent of visibility for the on-duty
PSOs. If a marine mammal for which
take is authorized enters the Level B
harassment zone, in-water activities
would continue and PSOs will
document the animal’s presence within
the estimated harassment zone.
If a species for which authorization
has not been granted, or for which the
authorized takes are met, is observed
approaching or within the Level B
harassment zone, pile driving activities
will be shut down immediately.
Activities will not resume until the
animal has been confirmed to have left
the area or 15 minutes has elapsed with
no sighting of the animal.
TABLE 10—SHUTDOWN AND LEVEL B MONITORING ZONES BY ACTIVITY
Method
Vibratory ..............................
Impact .................................
Auger drilling .......................
Concurrent pile driving ........
16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic fender piles install
and removal.
14-in steel H-pile (temporary) install and removal .....
14-in concrete encased steel H-pile removal ............
36-in steel pipe pile install ..........................................
16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic fender piles ..........
14-in steel H-pile (temporary) install ..........................
36-in steel pipe pile install ..........................................
36-in steel pipe pile install ..........................................
14-in steel H-pile AND 14-in concrete encased steel
H-pile.
14-in steel H-pile AND 14-in concrete encased steel
H-pile AND 16-in fiberglass reinforced plastic
fender.
14-in steel H-pile AND 16-in fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender.
Protected Species Observers
The placement of PSOs during all pile
driving and removal activities
(described in detail in the Monitoring
and Reporting section) will ensure that
the Thames River and portion of the
Long Island Sound is visible during pile
installation.
ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1
Pre- and Post-Activity Monitoring
Monitoring must take place from 30
minutes prior to initiation of pile
driving activities (i.e., pre-clearance
monitoring) through 30 minutes postcompletion of pile driving. Prior to the
start of daily in-water construction
activity, or whenever a break in pile
driving of 30 minutes or longer occurs,
PSOs will observe the shutdown and
monitoring zones for a period of 30
minutes. The shutdown zone will be
considered cleared when a marine
mammal has not been observed within
the zone for a 30-minute period. If a
marine mammal is observed within the
shutdown zones, pile driving activity
will be delayed or halted. If work ceases
for more than 30 minutes, the preactivity monitoring of the shutdown
zones will commence. A determination
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(m)
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that the shutdown zone is clear must be
made during a period of good visibility
(i.e., the entire shutdown zone and
surrounding waters must be visible to
the naked eye).
Soft Start
Soft-start procedures are believed to
provide additional protection to marine
mammals by providing warning and/or
giving marine mammals a chance to
leave the area prior to the impact
hammer operating at full capacity. For
impact driving, an initial set of three
strikes will be made by the hammer at
reduced energy, followed by a 30second waiting period, then two
subsequent three-strike sets before
initiating continuous driving. Soft start
will be implemented at the start of each
day’s impact pile driving and at any
time following cessation of impact pile
driving for a period of 30 minutes or
longer.
Based on our evaluation of the
applicant’s planned measures, NMFS
has determined that the mitigation
measures provide the means of effecting
the least practicable impact on the
affected species or stocks and their
habitat, paying particular attention to
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Level B monitoring zone (m)
MFcetaceans
HFcetaceans
10
10
10
3,415
10
10
10
10
10
70
10
10
10
30
10
45
120
200
10
35
10
15
10
20
55
200
10
15
........................
6,310
15,849
22
136
3,415
1,848
7,356
10
30
15
10,000
10
20
10
5,412
Phocid
rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of
similar significance.
Monitoring and Reporting
In order to issue an IHA for an
activity, section 101(a)(5)(D) of the
MMPA states that NMFS must set forth
requirements pertaining to the
monitoring and reporting of such taking.
The MMPA implementing regulations at
50 CFR 216.104(a)(13) indicate that
requests for authorizations must include
the suggested means of accomplishing
the necessary monitoring and reporting
that will result in increased knowledge
of the species and of the level of taking
or impacts on populations of marine
mammals that are expected to be
present while conducting the activities.
Effective reporting is critical both to
compliance as well as ensuring that the
most value is obtained from the required
monitoring.
Monitoring and reporting
requirements prescribed by NMFS
should contribute to improved
understanding of one or more of the
following:
• Occurrence of marine mammal
species or stocks in the area in which
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take is anticipated (e.g., presence,
abundance, distribution, density);
• Nature, scope, or context of likely
marine mammal exposure to potential
stressors/impacts (individual or
cumulative, acute or chronic), through
better understanding of: (1) action or
environment (e.g., source
characterization, propagation, ambient
noise); (2) affected species (e.g., life
history, dive patterns); (3) co-occurrence
of marine mammal species with the
activity; or (4) biological or behavioral
context of exposure (e.g., age, calving or
feeding areas);
• Individual marine mammal
responses (behavioral or physiological)
to acoustic stressors (acute, chronic, or
cumulative), other stressors, or
cumulative impacts from multiple
stressors;
• How anticipated responses to
stressors impact either: (1) long-term
fitness and survival of individual
marine mammals; or (2) populations,
species, or stocks;
• Effects on marine mammal habitat
(e.g., marine mammal prey species,
acoustic habitat, or other important
physical components of marine
mammal habitat); and
• Mitigation and monitoring
effectiveness.
ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1
Visual Monitoring
Marine mammal monitoring must be
conducted in accordance with the
Monitoring Plan and section 5 of the
IHA. Marine mammal monitoring
during pile driving and removal must be
conducted by NMFS-approved PSOs in
a manner consistent with the following:
• PSOs must be independent of the
activity contractor (for example,
employed by a subcontractor) and have
no other assigned tasks during
monitoring periods;
• At least one PSO must have prior
experience performing the duties of a
PSO during construction activity
pursuant to a NMFS-issued incidental
take authorization;
• Other PSOs may substitute
education (degree in biological science
or related field) or training for
experience; and
• The Navy must submit PSO
Curriculum Vitae for approval by NMFS
prior to the onset of pile driving.
PSOs must have the following
additional qualifications:
• Ability to conduct field
observations and collect data according
to assigned protocols;
• Experience or training in the field
identification of marine mammals,
including the identification of
behaviors;
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• Sufficient training, orientation, or
experience with the construction
operation to provide for personal safety
during observations;
• Writing skills sufficient to prepare a
report of observations including but not
limited to the number and species of
marine mammals observed; dates and
times when in-water construction
activities were conducted; dates, times,
and reason for implementation of
mitigation (or why mitigation was not
implemented when required); and
marine mammal behavior; and
• Ability to communicate orally, by
radio or in person, with project
personnel to provide real-time
information on marine mammals
observed in the area as necessary. The
Navy will employ up to five PSOs. PSO
locations will provide an unobstructed
view of all water within the shutdown
zone(s), and as much of the Level A
harassment and Level B harassment
zones as possible. PSO locations may
include the pile installation/extraction
barge, shore-based locations (such as
pier 17 or pier 32), small boats, and the
mouth of the Thames River.
Monitoring will be conducted 30
minutes before, during, and 30 minutes
after pile driving/removal activities. In
addition, observers shall record all
incidents of marine mammal
occurrence, regardless of distance from
activity, and shall document any
behavioral reactions in concert with
distance from piles being driven or
removed. Pile driving/removal activities
include the time to install or remove a
single pile or series of piles, as long as
the time elapsed between uses of the
pile driving equipment is no more than
30 minutes.
Data Collection
PSOs will use approved data forms to
record the following information:
• Dates and times (beginning and
end) of all marine mammal monitoring.
• PSO locations during marine
mammal monitoring.
Construction activities occurring
during each daily observation period,
including how many and what type of
piles were driven or removed and by
what method (i.e., vibratory, impact, or
auger drilling).
• Weather parameters and water
conditions.
• The number of marine mammals
observed, by species, relative to the pile
location and if pile driving or removal
was occurring at time of sighting.
• Distance and bearings of each
marine mammal observed to the pile
being driven or removed.
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50575
• Description of marine mammal
behavior patterns, including direction of
travel.
• Age and sex class, if possible, of all
marine mammals observed.
• Detailed information about
implementation of any mitigation
triggered (such as shutdowns and
delays), a description of specific actions
that ensued, and resulting behavior of
the animal if any.
Hydroacoustic Monitoring
The Navy plans to conduct
hydroacoustic monitoring, or sound
source verification (SSV), of all pile
installation and removal methods.
Hydroacoustic monitoring results may
be used to adjust the size of the Level
A and Level B harassment and
monitoring zones after a request is made
and approved by NMFS. At minimum,
the methodology includes:
• For underwater recordings, a
stationary hydrophone system with the
ability to measure SPLs will be placed
in accordance with NMFS most recent
guidance for the collection of source
levels.
• Hydroacoustic monitoring will be
successfully conducted for at least 10
percent and up to a maximum of 10 of
each different type of pile and each
method of installation (table 11).
Monitoring will occur at 33 ft (10 m)
from the noise; at a location
intermediate of the pinniped and
cetacean Level A (PTS onset) zones; and
occasionally near the predicted
harassment zones for Level B
(Behavioral) harassment. The resulting
data set will be analyzed to examine and
confirm SPLs and rates of TL for each
separate in-water construction activity.
With NMFS concurrence, these metrics
may be used to recalculate the limits of
the shutdown, Level A (PTS onset), and
Level B (Behavioral) disturbance zones,
and to make corresponding adjustments
in marine mammal monitoring of these
zones. Hydrophones will be placed
using a static line deployed from a
stationary (temporarily moored) vessel.
Locations of hydroacoustic recordings
will be collected via global positioning
system. A depth sounder and/or
weighted tape measure will be used to
determine the depth of the water. The
hydrophone will be attached to a
weighted nylon cord or chain to
maintain a constant depth and distance
from the pile area. The nylon cord or
chain will be attached to a float or tied
to a static line.
• Each hydrophone will be calibrated
at the start of each action and will be
checked frequently to the applicable
standards of the hydrophone
manufacturer.
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• Environmental data will be
collected, including but not limited to,
the following: wind speed and
direction, air temperature, humidity,
surface water temperature, water depth,
wave height, weather conditions, and
other factors that could contribute to
influencing the airborne and underwater
sound levels (e.g., aircraft, boats, etc.).
• The chief inspector will supply the
acoustics specialist with the substrate
composition, hammer/drill model and
size, hammer/drill energy settings,
depth of drilling, and boring rates and
any changes to those settings during the
monitoring.
• For acoustically monitored
construction activities, data from the
continuous monitoring locations will be
post-processed to obtain the following
sound measures:
Æ Maximum peak pressure level
recorded for all activities, expressed in
dB re 1 mPa.
D Mean, median, minimum, and
maximum RMS pressure level in [dB re
1 mPa].
D Mean duration of a pile strike
(based on 90 percent energy criterion).
D Number of hammer strikes.
D Mean, median, minimum, and
maximum single strike sound exposure
level (SEL) in [dB re mPa2 sec].
Æ Cumulative SEL as defined by the
mean single strike SEL + 10*log10
(number of hammer strikes) (dB re mPa2
sec).
Æ Median integration time used to
calculate RMS SPL.
Æ A frequency spectrum (pressure
spectral density) (dB re mPa2 per Hz)
based on the average of up to eight
successive strikes with similar sound.
Spectral resolution will be 1 Hz, and the
spectrum will cover nominal range from
7 Hz to 20 kHz.
Æ Finally, the cumulative SEL will be
computed from all the strikes associated
with each pile occurring during all
phases, i.e., soft start. This measure is
defined as the sum of all single strike
SEL values. The sum is taken of the
antilog, with log10 taken of result to
express (dB re mPa2 sec).
• For vibratory driving/extraction/
drilling: duration and frequency
spectrum of vibratory driving per pile;
mean, median, and maximum sound
levels (dB re: 1 mPa): root mean square
sound pressure level (SPLrms), SELcum
(and timeframe over which the sound is
averaged).
TABLE 11—HYDROACOUSTIC MONITORING SUMMARY
Pile type
14-in
14-in
36-in
36-in
36-in
16-in
16-in
14-in
Count
steel H-pile ..............................................................................................
steel H-pile ..............................................................................................
steel pipe pile ..........................................................................................
steel pipe pile ..........................................................................................
steel pipe pile ..........................................................................................
fiberglass reinforced plastic fender pile ..................................................
fiberglass reinforced plastic fender pile ..................................................
concrete encased steel H-pile .................................................................
60
60
20
20
20
60
60
20
Method of install/extract
Impact .................................................
Vibratory .............................................
Impact .................................................
Vibratory .............................................
Auger (rotary) drill ..............................
Impact .................................................
Vibratory .............................................
Vibratory .............................................
Numbe
monitored 1
6–10
6–10
2–10
2–10
2–10
6–10
6–10
2–10
1 Hydroacoustic monitoring would be successfully conducted for at least 10 percent and up to 10 of each different type of pile and each method of installation.
ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1
Reporting
A draft marine mammal monitoring
report will be submitted to NMFS
within 90 days after the completion of
pile driving and removal activities. It
will include an overall description of
work completed, a narrative regarding
marine mammal sightings, and
associated PSO data sheets. Specifically,
the report must include:
• Dates and times (begin and end) of
all marine mammal monitoring.
• Construction activities occurring
during each daily observation period,
including the number and type of piles
driven or removed and by what method
(i.e., vibratory driving) and the total
equipment duration for cutting for each
pile.
• PSO locations during marine
mammal monitoring.
• Environmental conditions during
monitoring periods (at beginning and
end of PSO shift and whenever
conditions change significantly),
including Beaufort sea state and any
other relevant weather conditions
including cloud cover, fog, sun glare,
and overall visibility to the horizon, and
estimated observable distance.
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• Upon observation of a marine
mammal, the following information: (1)
name of PSO who sighted the animal(s)
and PSO location and activity at time of
sighting; (2) time of sighting; (3)
identification of the animal(s) (e.g.,
genus/species, lowest possible
taxonomic level, or unidentified), PSO
confidence in identification, and the
composition of the group if there is a
mix of species; (4) distance and bearing
of each marine mammal observed
relative to the pile being driven for each
sighting (if pile driving was occurring at
time of sighting); (5) estimated number
of animals (min/max/best estimate); (6)
estimated number of animals by cohort
(adults, juveniles, neonates, group
composition, etc.); (7) animal’s closest
point of approach and estimated time
spent within the harassment zone; and
(8) description of any marine mammal
behavioral observations (e.g., observed
behaviors such as feeding or traveling),
including an assessment of behavioral
responses thought to have resulted from
the activity (e.g., no response or changes
in behavioral state such as ceasing
feeding, changing direction, flushing, or
breaching).
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• Number of marine mammals
detected within the harassment zones,
by species.
• Detailed information about any
implementation of any mitigation
triggered (e.g., shutdowns and delays), a
description of specific actions that
ensued, and resulting changes in
behavior of the animal(s), if any.
• All PSO data will be submitted
electronically in a format that can be
queried such as a spreadsheet or
database and would be submitted with
the draft marine mammal report.
If no comments are received from
NMFS within 30 days, the draft final
report will constitute the final report. If
comments are received, a final report
addressing NMFS comments must be
submitted within 30 days after receipt of
comments.
Reporting of Hydroacoustic Monitoring
The Navy shall also submit a draft
hydroacoustic monitoring report to
NMFS within 90 days of the completion
of required monitoring at the end of the
project, including data in a tabular
spreadsheet format (Microsoft Excel or
similar). The report will detail the
hydroacoustic monitoring protocol and
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ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1
summarize the data recorded during
monitoring. The final report must be
prepared and submitted within 30 days
following resolution of any NMFS
comments on the draft report. If no
comments are received from NMFS
within 30 days of receipt of the draft
report, the report shall be considered
final. If comments are received, a final
report addressing NMFS comments
must be submitted within 30 days after
receipt of comments. All draft and final
hydroacoustic monitoring reports must
be submitted to
PR.ITP.MonitoringReports@noaa.gov
and ITP.Wachtendonk@noaa.gov. The
hydroacoustic monitoring report will
contain the informational elements
described in the Hydroacoustic
Monitoring Plan and, at minimum, will
include:
• Hydrophone equipment and
methods: recording device, sampling
rate, distance (m) from the pile where
recordings were made; depth of
recording device(s).
• Type and size of pile being driven,
substrate type, method of driving during
recordings (e.g., hammer model and
energy), and total pile driving duration.
• Whether a sound attenuation device
is used and, if so, a detailed description
of the device used and the duration of
its use per pile.
• For impact pile driving: number of
strikes and strike rate; depth of substrate
to penetrate; pulse duration and mean,
median, and maximum sound levels (dB
re: 1 mPa); SPLrms; SELcum; peak sound
pressure level (SPLpeak); and singlestrike sound exposure level (SELss).
• For vibratory driving/extraction/
drilling: duration and frequency
spectrum of vibratory driving per pile;
mean, median, and maximum sound
levels (dB re: 1 mPa): SPLrms, SELcum
(and timeframe over which the sound is
averaged).
• One-third octave band spectrum
and power spectral density plot.
• General Daily Site Conditions
Æ Date and time of activities.
Æ Water conditions (e.g., sea state,
tidal state).
Æ Weather conditions (e.g., percent
cover, visibility).
Reporting Injured or Dead Marine
Mammals
In the event that personnel involved
in the construction activities discover
an injured or dead marine mammal, the
Navy shall report the incident to the
Office of Protected Resources (OPR),
NMFS and to the regional stranding
coordinator as soon as feasible. If the
death or injury was clearly caused by
the specified activity, the Navy must
immediately cease the specified
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activities until NMFS is able to review
the circumstances of the incident and
determine what, if any, additional
measures are appropriate to ensure
compliance with the terms of the IHA.
The IHA-holder must not resume their
activities until notified by NMFS. The
report must include the following
information:
• Time, date, and location (latitude/
longitude) of the first discovery (and
updated location information if known
and applicable);
• Species identification (if known) or
description of the animal(s) involved;
• Condition of the animal(s)
(including carcass condition if the
animal is dead);
• Observed behaviors of the
animal(s), if alive;
• If available, photographs or video
footage of the animal(s); and
• General circumstances under which
the animal was discovered.
Negligible Impact Analysis and
Determination
NMFS has defined negligible impact
as an impact resulting from the
specified activity that cannot be
reasonably expected to, and is not
reasonably likely to, adversely affect the
species or stock through effects on
annual rates of recruitment or survival
(50 CFR 216.103). A negligible impact
finding is based on the lack of likely
adverse effects on annual rates of
recruitment or survival (i.e., populationlevel effects). An estimate of the number
of takes alone is not enough information
on which to base an impact
determination. In addition to
considering estimates of the number of
marine mammals that might be ‘‘taken’’
through harassment, NMFS considers
other factors, such as the likely nature
of any impacts or responses (e.g.,
intensity, duration), the context of any
impacts or responses (e.g., critical
reproductive time or location, foraging
impacts affecting energetics), as well as
effects on habitat, and the likely
effectiveness of the mitigation. We also
assess the number, intensity, and
context of estimated takes by evaluating
this information relative to population
status. Consistent with the 1989
preamble for NMFS’ implementing
regulations (54 FR 40338, September 29,
1989), the impacts from other past and
ongoing anthropogenic activities are
incorporated into this analysis via their
impacts on the baseline (e.g., as
reflected in the regulatory status of the
species, population size and growth rate
where known, ongoing sources of
human-caused mortality, or ambient
noise levels).
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50577
To avoid repetition, the discussion of
our analysis applies to all the species
listed in table 1, given that the
anticipated effects of this activity on
these different marine mammal stocks
are expected to be similar. There is little
information about the nature or severity
of the impacts, or the size, status, or
structure of any of these species or
stocks that would lead to a different
analysis for this activity.
Pile driving activities have the
potential to disturb or displace marine
mammals. Specifically, the project
activities may result in take, in the form
of Level A harassment and Level B
harassment from underwater sounds
generated from pile driving and
removal. Potential takes could occur if
individuals are present in the ensonified
zone when these activities are
underway.
Estimated takes by Level B
harassment would be due to potential
behavioral disturbance, and TTS. Take
by Level A harassment would be due to
PTS. No mortality or serious injury is
anticipated given the nature of the
activity, even in the absence of the
required mitigation, and therefore none
is authorized. The potential for
harassment is minimized through the
construction method and the
implementation of the mitigation
measures (see Mitigation section).
Take would occur within a limited,
confined area (the Thames River and a
small section of the Long Island Sound)
of the stocks’ ranges. Take by Level A
and Level B harassment would be
reduced to the level of least practicable
adverse impact through use of
mitigation measures described herein.
Further, the amount of take authorized
is extremely small when compared to
stock abundance, and the project is not
anticipated to impact any known
important habitat areas for any marine
mammal species.
Take by Level A harassment is
authorized to account for the potential
that an animal could enter and remain
within the area between a Level A
harassment zone and the shutdown
zone for a duration long enough to be
taken by Level A harassment. Any take
by Level A harassment is expected to
arise from, at most, a small degree of
PTS because animals would need to be
exposed to higher levels and/or longer
duration than are expected to occur here
in order to incur any more than a small
degree of PTS. Additionally, and as
noted previously, some subset of the
individuals that are behaviorally
harassed could simultaneously incur
some small degree of TTS for a short
duration of time. Because of the small
degree anticipated, though, any PTS or
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Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 116 / Friday, June 14, 2024 / Notices
TTS potentially incurred here would
not be expected to adversely impact
individual fitness, let alone annual rates
of recruitment or survival.
Behavioral responses of marine
mammals to pile driving at the project
site, if any, are expected to be mild and
temporary. Marine mammals within the
Level B harassment zone may not show
any visual cues they are disturbed by
activities or could become alert, avoid
the area, leave the area, or display other
mild responses that are not observable
such as changes in vocalization
patterns. Given the limited number of
piles to be installed or extracted per day
and that pile driving and removal will
occur across a maximum of 242 days
within the 12-month authorization
period, any harassment will be
temporary.
Any impacts on marine mammal prey
that would occur during the Navy’s
activity would have, at most, short-term
effects on foraging of individual marine
mammals, and likely no effect on the
populations of marine mammals as a
whole. Indirect effects on marine
mammal prey during the construction
are expected to be minor, and these
effects are unlikely to cause substantial
effects on marine mammals at the
individual level, with no expected effect
on annual rates of recruitment or
survival.
In addition, it is unlikely that minor
noise effects in a small, localized area of
habitat would have any effect on the
stocks’ annual rates of recruitment or
survival. In combination, we believe
that these factors, as well as the
available body of evidence from other
similar activities, demonstrate that the
potential effects of the specified
activities will have only minor, shortterm effects on individuals. The
specified activities are not expected to
impact rates of recruitment or survival
and will therefore not result in
population-level impacts.
In summary and as described above,
the following factors primarily support
our determination that the impacts
resulting from this activity are not
expected to adversely affect any of the
species or stocks through effects on
annual rates of recruitment or survival:
• No serious injury or mortality is
anticipated or authorized;
• The intensity of anticipated takes
by Level B harassment is relatively low
for all stocks and would not be of a
duration or intensity expected to result
in impacts on reproduction or survival;
• No important habitat areas have
been identified within the project area;
• For all species, the Thames River
and Long Island Sound are a very small
and peripheral part of their range and
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anticipated habitat impacts are minor;
and
• The Navy will implement
mitigation measures, such as soft-starts
for impact pile driving and shut downs
to minimize the numbers of marine
mammals exposed to injurious levels of
sound, and to ensure that take by Level
A harassment, is at most, a small degree
of PTS.
Based on the analysis contained
herein of the likely effects of the
specified activity on marine mammals
and their habitat, and taking into
consideration the implementation of the
monitoring and mitigation measures,
NMFS finds that the total marine
mammal take from the activity will have
a negligible impact on all affected
marine mammal species or stocks.
Small Numbers
As noted previously, only take of
small numbers of marine mammals may
be authorized under sections
101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA for
specified activities other than military
readiness activities. The MMPA does
not define small numbers and so, in
practice, where estimated numbers are
available, NMFS compares the number
of individuals taken to the most
appropriate estimation of abundance of
the relevant species or stock in our
determination of whether an
authorization is limited to small
numbers of marine mammals. When the
predicted number of individuals to be
taken is fewer than one-third of the
species or stock abundance, the take is
considered to be of small numbers.
Additionally, other qualitative factors
may be considered in the analysis, such
as the temporal or spatial scale of the
activities.
Table 9 demonstrates the number of
animals that could be exposed to
received noise levels that could cause
take by Level A and Level B harassment
for the work at SUBASE. Our analysis
shows that less than 1 percent of each
affected stock could be taken by
harassment. The numbers of animals
authorized to be taken for these stocks
is considered small relative to the
relevant stock’s abundances, even if
each estimated taking occurred to a new
individual—an extremely unlikely
scenario.
Based on the analysis contained
herein of the activity (including the
mitigation and monitoring measures)
and the anticipated take of marine
mammals, NMFS finds that small
numbers of marine mammals would be
taken relative to the population size of
the affected species or stocks.
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Unmitigable Adverse Impact Analysis
and Determination
There are no relevant subsistence uses
of the affected marine mammal stocks or
species implicated by this action.
Therefore, NMFS has determined that
the total taking of affected species or
stocks will not have an unmitigable
adverse impact on the availability of
such species or stocks for taking for
subsistence purposes.
Endangered Species Act
Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA of 1973 (16
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) requires that each
Federal agency insure that any action it
authorizes, funds, or carries out is not
likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of any endangered or
threatened species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of
designated critical habitat. To ensure
ESA compliance for the issuance of
IHAs, NMFS consults internally
whenever we authorize take for
endangered or threatened species.
No incidental take of ESA-listed
species is authorized or expected to
result from this activity. Therefore,
NMFS has determined that formal
consultation under section 7 of the ESA
is not required for this action.
National Environmental Policy Act
To comply with the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969
(NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and
NOAA Administrative Order (NAO)
216–6A, NMFS must evaluate our action
(i.e., the issuance of an IHA) and
alternatives with respect to potential
impacts on the human environment.
This action is consistent with
categories of activities identified in
Categorical Exclusion B4 (IHAs with no
anticipated serious injury or mortality)
of the Companion Manual for NAO 216–
6A, which do not individually or
cumulatively have the potential for
significant impacts on the quality of the
human environment and for which we
have not identified any extraordinary
circumstances that would preclude this
categorical exclusion. Accordingly,
NMFS has determined that the issuance
of this IHA qualifies to be categorically
excluded from further NEPA review.
Authorization
NMFS has issued an IHA to the Navy
for the potential harassment of small
numbers of six marine mammal species
incidental to the New London Pier
Extension Project at SUBASE in Groton,
Connecticut, that includes the
previously explained mitigation,
monitoring and reporting requirements.
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Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 116 / Friday, June 14, 2024 / Notices
Dated: June 11, 2024.
Angela Somma,
Acting Director, Office of Protected Resources,
National Marine Fisheries Service.
the objectives of the Javits-WagnerO’Day Act (41 U.S.C. 8501–8506) in
connection with the product(s) deleted
from the Procurement List.
[FR Doc. 2024–13169 Filed 6–13–24; 8:45 am]
End of Certification
BILLING CODE 3510–22–P
Accordingly, the following product(s)
are deleted from the Procurement List:
COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM
PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR
SEVERELY DISABLED
Procurement List; Deletions
Committee for Purchase From
People Who Are Blind or Severely
Disabled.
ACTION: Deletions from the Procurement
List.
AGENCY:
This action deletes product(s)
from the Procurement List that were
furnished by nonprofit agencies
employing persons who are blind or
have other severe disabilities.
DATES: Date added to and deleted from
the Procurement List: July 14, 2024.
ADDRESSES: Committee for Purchase
From People Who Are Blind or Severely
Disabled, 355 E Street SW, Suite 325,
Washington, DC 20024.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For
further information or to submit
comments contact: Michael R.
Jurkowski, Telephone: (703) 785–6404,
or email CMTEFedReg@AbilityOne.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Michael R. Jurkowski,
Director, Business Operations.
Deletions
On 5/10/2024 (89 FR 40473), the
Committee for Purchase From People
Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled
published notice of proposed deletions
from the Procurement List. This notice
is published pursuant to 41 U.S.C. 8503
(a)(2) and 41 CFR 51–2.3.
After consideration of the relevant
matter presented, the Committee has
determined that the product(s) listed
below are no longer suitable for
procurement by the Federal Government
under 41 U.S.C. 8501–8506 and 41 CFR
51–2.4.
SUMMARY:
SUMMARY:
ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1
Product(s)
NSN(s)—Product Name(s):
1670–01–578–6771—Deployment Bag,
Parachute, 35 Feet (T–10R)
Authorized Source of Supply: Georgia
Industries for the Blind, Bainbridge, GA
Authorized Source of Supply: Winston-Salem
Industries for the Blind, Inc, WinstonSalem, NC
Contracting Activity: DLA AVIATION,
RICHMOND, VA
Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification
I certify that the following action will
not have a significant impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
The major factors considered for this
certification were:
1. The action will not result in
additional reporting, recordkeeping or
other compliance requirements for small
entities.
2. The action may result in
authorizing small entities to furnish the
product(s) to the Government.
3. There are no known regulatory
alternatives which would accomplish
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17:13 Jun 13, 2024
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50579
7045–01–599–2658—Encrypted Digital
Video Disc,—Recordable, 25 DVDs on
Spindle, Silver
Designated Source of Supply: North Central
Sight Services, Inc., Williamsport, PA
Contracting Activity: DLA TROOP SUPPORT,
PHILADELPHIA, PA
NSN(s)—Product Name(s):
7520–00–079–0285—Permanent Marker,
Tube Type, Chisel Tip, Brown
7520–00–079–0287—Permanent Marker,
Tube Type, Chisel Tip, Purple
Designated Source of Supply: Dallas
Lighthouse for the Blind, Inc., Dallas, TX
Contracting Activity: GSA/FAS ADMIN
SVCS ACQUISITION BR(2, NEW YORK,
NY
Michael R. Jurkowski,
Director, Business Operations.
[FR Doc. 2024–13121 Filed 6–13–24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6353–01–P
[FR Doc. 2024–13120 Filed 6–13–24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6353–01–P
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Office of the Secretary
COMMITTEE FOR PURCHASE FROM
PEOPLE WHO ARE BLIND OR
SEVERELY DISABLED
Procurement List; Proposed Deletions
Committee for Purchase From
People Who Are Blind or Severely
Disabled.
ACTION: Proposed deletions from the
Procurement List.
AGENCY:
The Committee is proposing
to delete product(s) from the
Procurement List that were furnished by
nonprofit agencies employing persons
who are blind or have other severe
disabilities.
Comments must be received on
or before: July 14, 2024.
ADDRESSES: Committee for Purchase
From People Who Are Blind or Severely
Disabled, 355 E Street SW, Suite 325,
Washington, DC 20024.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For
further information or to submit
comments contact: Michael R.
Jurkowski, Telephone: (703) 785–6404,
or email CMTEFedReg@AbilityOne.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This
notice is published pursuant to 41
U.S.C. 8503 (a)(2) and 41 CFR 51–2.3. Its
purpose is to provide interested persons
an opportunity to submit comments on
the proposed actions.
DATES:
Deletions
The following product(s) are proposed
for deletion from the Procurement List:
Product(s)
NSN(s)—Product Name(s):
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Charter Renewal of Department of
Defense Federal Advisory
Committees—Air University Board of
Visitors
Department of Defense (DoD).
Renewal of Federal advisory
committee.
AGENCY:
ACTION:
The DoD is publishing this
notice to announce that it is renewing
the Air University Board of Victors (AU
BoV).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jim
Freeman, Advisory Committee
Management Officer for DoD, 703–692–
5952.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The AU
BoV is being renewed in accordance
with chapter 10 of title 5, United States
Code (U.S.C.) (commonly known as ‘‘the
Federal Advisory Committee Act’’ or
‘‘FACA’’) and 41 CFR 102–3.50(a). The
charter and contact information for the
AU BoV’s Designated Federal Officer
(DFO) are found at https://
www.facadatabase.gov/FACA/apex/
FACAPublicAgencyNavigation.
The AU BoV provides the Secretary of
Defense and Deputy Secretary of
Defense (‘‘the DoD Appointing
Authority’’), through the Secretary of
the Air Force, with independent advice
and recommendations on matters
pertaining to the Air University (AU)
educational, doctrinal, and research
policies and activities specifically on
matters pertaining to (a) the progress of
the educational programs and the
support activities of the AU; (b) the
published statement of purpose,
institutional policies, and financial
resources of the AU; and (c) the
SUMMARY:
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Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 116 (Friday, June 14, 2024)]
[Notices]
[Pages 50565-50579]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-13169]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
[RTID 0648-XD974]
Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities;
Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to the New London Pier Extension
Project at the Naval Submarine Base
AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.
ACTION: Notice; issuance of an incidental harassment authorization.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: In accordance with the regulations implementing the Marine
Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) as amended, notification is hereby given
that NMFS has issued an incidental harassment authorization (IHA) to
the U.S. Navy (Navy) to incidentally harass marine mammals during
construction activities associated with the New London Pier Extension
Project at Naval
[[Page 50566]]
Submarine Base (SUBASE) New London in Groton, Connecticut. There are no
changes from the proposed authorization in this final authorization.
DATES: This authorization is effective from December 1, 2024, through
November 30, 2025.
ADDRESSES: Electronic copies of the application and supporting
documents, as well as a list of the references cited in this document,
may be obtained online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/incidental-take-authorizations-construction-activities. In case of problems accessing these documents, please call
the contact listed below.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Rachel Wachtendonk, Office of
Protected Resources, NMFS, (301) 427-8401.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
The MMPA prohibits the ``take'' of marine mammals, with certain
exceptions. Sections 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361
et seq.) direct the Secretary of Commerce (as delegated to NMFS) to
allow, upon request, the incidental, but not intentional, taking of
small numbers of marine mammals by U.S. citizens who engage in a
specified activity (other than commercial fishing) within a specified
geographical region if certain findings are made and either regulations
are proposed or, if the taking is limited to harassment, a notice of a
proposed IHA is provided to the public for review.
Authorization for incidental takings shall be granted if NMFS finds
that the taking will have a negligible impact on the species or
stock(s) and will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the
availability of the species or stock(s) for taking for subsistence uses
(where relevant). Further, NMFS must prescribe the permissible methods
of taking and other ``means of effecting the least practicable adverse
impact'' on the affected species or stocks and their habitat, paying
particular attention to rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of similar
significance, and on the availability of the species or stocks for
taking for certain subsistence uses (referred to in shorthand as
``mitigation''); and requirements pertaining to the mitigation,
monitoring and reporting of the takings are set forth. The definitions
of all applicable MMPA statutory terms cited above are included in the
relevant sections below.
Summary of Request
On August 21, 2023, NMFS received a request from the Navy for an
IHA to take marine mammals incidental to pile driving and removal
activities associated with the New London Pier Extension Project at
SUBASE New London in Groton, Connecticut. Following NMFS' review of the
application, the Navy submitted a revised version on January 31, 2024.
The application was deemed adequate and complete on February 2, 2024.
The Navy's request is for take of six species of marine mammals by
Level B harassment and for take of harbor seals, gray seals, and harp
seals by Level A harassment. Neither the Navy nor NMFS expects serious
injury or mortality to result from this activity; therefore, an IHA is
appropriate.
There are no changes from the proposed IHA to the final IHA.
Description of Specified Activity
Overview
The Navy is planning the partial demolition and extension of pier
31 at SUBASE New London in Groton, Connecticut (figure 1). The existing
pier 31 will be partially demolished and then an 81-foot (ft), or 24.7-
meter (m), extension will be constructed. This project will also
include the demolition of an existing small access ramp for pier 17.
The project includes impact and vibratory pile installation and
vibratory pile removal. For a portion of the piles, an auger drill will
be used inside the pipe casing to lift sediment.
The pier 31 extension will include the removal of 28 16-inch (in),
or 0.41-m, fiberglass reinforced plastic fender piles. The pier 17
demolition will include the removal of 20 14-in (0.36-m) concrete
encased steel H-piles and 10 timber piles. Existing piles will be
removed by the deadpull method, with timber piles being cut at the
mudline and all other piles being removed with the vibratory hammer if
deadpull is unsuccessful. Once the existing piles are removed, 20 36-in
(0.91-m) steel pipe piles and 60 16-in (0.41-m) fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender piles will be installed to support the pier 31 extension
and pier 17 quaywall. The installation and removal of a temporary work
trestle supported by 60 14-in (0.36-m) steel H-piles will be completed
to support permanent pile installation. Temporary and permanent piles
will be initially installed with a vibratory hammer followed by an
impact hammer to embed them to their final depth. For a portion of the
piles, an auger drill will be used inside the pipe casing to lift
sediment.
In order to maintain project schedules, it is possible that
multiple pieces of equipment will operate at the same time within the
project area. Piles may be extracted and installed on the same day,
with a maximum of three vibratory hammers operating simultaneously. The
method of installation, and whether concurrent pile driving scenarios
will be implemented, will be determined by the construction crew once
the project has begun. Therefore, the total take estimate reflects the
worst-case scenario for the project.
A further detailed description of the planned construction project
is provided in the Federal Register notice for the proposed IHA (89 FR
27717, April 18, 2024). Since that time, no changes have been made to
the planned activities. Therefore, a detailed description is not
provided here. Please refer to that Federal Register notice for the
description of the specified activity. Mitigation, monitoring, and
reporting measures are described in detail later in this document
(please see Mitigation and Monitoring and Reporting sections).
Comments and Responses
A notice of NMFS' proposal to issue an IHA to the Navy was
published in the Federal Register on April 18, 2024 (89 FR 27717). That
notice described, in detail, the Navy's activity, the marine mammal
species that may be affected by the activity, and the anticipated
effects on marine mammals. In that notice, we requested public input on
the request for authorization described therein, our analyses, the
proposed authorization, and any other aspect of the notice of proposed
IHA, and requested that interested persons submit relevant information,
suggestions, and comments. During the 30-day public comment period,
NMFS did not receive any substantive comments on the proposed IHA.
Changes From the Proposed IHA to Final IHA
Changes were made between publication of the notice of the proposed
IHA and this notice of the final IHA. The Hydroacoustic Monitoring
section was updated for clarification. We clarified that the monitoring
should occur at 10 m (33 ft) from the monitored pile; at a location
intermediate of the pinniped and cetacean Level A (permanent threshold
shift (PTS) onset) zones; and occasionally near the predicted
harassment zones for Level B (behavioral) harassment. Additionally,
table 11 was updated to reflect that the measurements and acoustic
monitoring
[[Page 50567]]
would be conducted for at least 10 percent and up to a maximum of 10 of
each different type of pile and each method of installation. We also
added a requirement that all PSO data will be submitted electronically
with the draft marine mammal report in a format that can be queried,
such as a spreadsheet or database.
Description of Marine Mammals in the Area of Specified Activities
Sections 3 and 4 of the IHA application summarize available
information regarding status and trends, distribution and habitat
preferences, and behavior and life history of the potentially affected
species. NMFS fully considered all of this information, and we refer
the reader to these descriptions, instead of reprinting the
information. Additional information regarding population trends and
threats may be found in NMFS' Stock Assessment Reports (SARs; https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessments) and more general information about these species
(e.g., physical and behavioral descriptions) may be found on NMFS'
website (https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species).
Table 1 lists all species or stocks for which take is expected and
authorized for this activity and summarizes information related to the
population or stock, including regulatory status under the MMPA and
Endangered Species Act (ESA) and potential biological removal (PBR),
where known. PBR is defined by the MMPA as the maximum number of
animals, not including natural mortalities, that may be removed from a
marine mammal stock while allowing that stock to reach or maintain its
optimum sustainable population (as described in NMFS' SARs). While no
serious injury or mortality is anticipated or authorized here, PBR and
annual serious injury and mortality from anthropogenic sources are
included here as gross indicators of the status of the species or
stocks and other threats.
Marine mammal abundance estimates presented in this document
represent the total number of individuals that make up a given stock or
the total number estimated within a particular study or survey area.
NMFS' stock abundance estimates for most species represent the total
estimate of individuals within the geographic area, if known, that
comprises that stock. For some species, this geographic area may extend
beyond U.S. waters. All managed stocks in this region are assessed in
NMFS' U.S. 2022 SARs. All values presented in table 1 are the most
recent available at the time of publication (including from the draft
2023 SARs) and are available online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessments.
Table 1--Marine Mammal Species \1\ Likely Impacted by the Specified Activities
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ESA/ MMPA status; Stock abundance (CV,
Common name Scientific name Stock strategic (Y/N) Nmin, most recent PBR Annual M/
\2\ abundance survey) \3\ SI \4\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Order Odontoceti (toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Delphinidae:
Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin.... Lagenorhynchus acutus.. Western N Atlantic..... -, -, N 93,233 (0.71, 54,443, 544 28
2021).
Common Dolphin.................. Delphinus delphis...... Western N Atlantic..... -, -, N 93,100 (0.56, 59,897, 1,452 414
2021).
Family Phocoenidae (porpoises):
Harbor Porpoise................. Phocoena phocoena...... Gulf of Maine/Bay of -, -, N 85,765 (0.53, 56,420, 649 145
Fundy. 2021).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Order Carnivora--Pinnipedia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Phocidae (earless seals):
Gray Seal....................... Halichoerus grypus..... Western N Atlantic \5\. -, -, N 27,911 (0.20, 23,624, 1,512 4,570
2021).
Harbor Seal..................... Phoca vitulina......... Western N Atlantic..... -, -, N 61,336 (0.08, 57,637, 1,729 339
2018).
Harp Seal....................... Pagophilus Western N Atlantic..... -, -, N 7.6M (UNK, 7.1M, 2019) 426,000 178,573
groenlandicus.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Information on the classification of marine mammal species can be found on the web page for The Society for Marine Mammalogy's Committee on Taxonomy
(https://marinemammalscience.org/science-and-publications/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies; Committee on Taxonomy, 2022).
\2\ ESA status: Endangered (E), Threatened (T)/MMPA status: Depleted (D). A dash (-) indicates that the species is not listed under the ESA or
designated as depleted under the MMPA. Under the MMPA, a strategic stock is one for which the level of direct human-caused mortality exceeds PBR or
which is determined to be declining and likely to be listed under the ESA within the foreseeable future. Any species or stock listed under the ESA is
automatically designated under the MMPA as depleted and as a strategic stock.
\3\ NMFS marine mammal SARs online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessment-reports-region.
CV is coefficient of variation; Nmin is the minimum estimate of stock abundance. In some cases, CV is not applicable.
\4\ These values, found in NMFS's SARs, represent annual levels of human-caused mortality plus serious injury from all sources combined (e.g.,
commercial fisheries, ship strike). Annual M/SI often cannot be determined precisely and is in some cases presented as a minimum value or range. A CV
associated with estimated mortality due to commercial fisheries is presented in some cases.
\5\ NMFS' stock abundance estimate (and associated PBR value) applies to the U.S. population only. Total stock abundance (including animals in Canada)
is approximately 394,311. The annual M/SI value given is for the total stock.
As indicated above, all six species (with six managed stocks) in
table 1 temporally and spatially co-occur with the activity to the
degree that take is reasonably likely to occur. All species that could
potentially occur in the project area are included in table 3-1 of the
IHA application. While North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena
glacialis), common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), fin whale
(Balaenoptera physalus), and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
have been documented in Long Island Sound, the spatial and temporal
occurrence of these species is such that take is not expected to occur,
and they are not discussed further beyond the explanation provided
here. These species occur at low densities at the mouth of the Thames
River, extending into Long Island Sound, and do not occur in the Thames
River. Sound from the project is only expected to propagate into the
Long Island Sound during the vibratory driving of the 36-in steel pipe
piles. Only a small portion of the Long Island Sound will be
ensonified, and therefore incidental take of these species is not
anticipated.
A detailed description of the species likely to be affected by the
Navy's construction project, including brief
[[Page 50568]]
introductions to the species and relevant stocks as well as available
information regarding population trends and threats, and information
regarding local occurrence, were provided in the Federal Register
notice for the proposed IHA (89 FR 27717, April 18, 2024); since that
time, we are not aware of any changes in the status of these species
and stocks; therefore, detailed descriptions are not provided here.
Please refer to that Federal Register notice for these descriptions.
Please also refer to the NMFS website (https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species) for generalized species accounts.
Marine Mammal Hearing
Hearing is the most important sensory modality for marine mammals
underwater, and exposure to anthropogenic sound can have deleterious
effects. To appropriately assess the potential effects of exposure to
sound, it is necessary to understand the frequency ranges marine
mammals are able to hear. Not all marine mammal species have equal
hearing capabilities (e.g., Richardson et al., 1995; Wartzok and
Ketten, 1999; Au and Hastings, 2008). To reflect this, Southall et al.
(2007, 2019) recommended that marine mammals be divided into hearing
groups based on directly measured (behavioral or auditory evoked
potential techniques) or estimated hearing ranges (behavioral response
data, anatomical modeling, etc.). Note that no direct measurements of
hearing ability have been successfully completed for mysticetes (i.e.,
low-frequency cetaceans). Subsequently, NMFS (2018) described
generalized hearing ranges for these marine mammal hearing groups.
Generalized hearing ranges were chosen based on the approximately 65-
decibel (dB) threshold from the normalized composite audiograms, with
the exception for lower limits for low-frequency cetaceans where the
lower bound was deemed to be biologically implausible and the lower
bound from Southall et al. (2007) retained. Marine mammal hearing
groups and their associated hearing ranges are provided in table 2.
Table 2--Marine Mammal Hearing Groups
[NMFS, 2018]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hearing group Generalized hearing range *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low-frequency (LF) cetaceans (baleen 7 Hz to 35 kHz.
whales).
Mid-frequency (MF) cetaceans 150 Hz to 160 kHz.
(dolphins, toothed whales, beaked
whales, bottlenose whales).
High-frequency (HF) cetaceans (true 275 Hz to 160 kHz.
porpoises, Kogia, river dolphins,
Cephalorhynchid, Lagenorhynchus
cruciger & L. australis).
Phocid pinnipeds (PW) (underwater) 50 Hz to 86 kHz.
(true seals).
Otariid pinnipeds (OW) (underwater) 60 Hz to 39 kHz.
(sea lions and fur seals).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Represents the generalized hearing range for the entire group as a
composite (i.e., all species within the group), where individual
species' hearing ranges are typically not as broad. Generalized
hearing range chosen based on ~65-dB threshold from normalized
composite audiogram, with the exception for lower limits for LF
cetaceans (Southall et al., 2007) and PW pinniped (approximation).
The pinniped functional hearing group was modified from Southall et
al. (2007) on the basis of data indicating that phocid species have
consistently demonstrated an extended frequency range of hearing
compared to otariids, especially in the higher frequency range
(Hemil[auml] et al., 2006; Kastelein et al., 2009; Reichmuth et al.,
2013). This division between phocid and otariid pinnipeds is now
reflected in the updated hearing groups proposed in Southall et al.
(2019).
For more detail concerning these groups and associated frequency
ranges, please see NMFS (2018) for a review of available information.
Potential Effects of Specified Activities on Marine Mammals and Their
Habitat
The effects of underwater noise from the Navy's pile driving
activities have the potential to result in behavioral harassment of
marine mammals in the vicinity of the project area. The notice of the
proposed IHA (89 FR 27717, April 18, 2024) included a discussion of the
effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals and the potential
effects of underwater noise from the Navy's pile driving activities on
marine mammals and their habitat. That information and analysis is
incorporated by reference into this final IHA determination and is not
repeated here; please refer to the notice of the proposed IHA (89 FR
27717, April 18, 2024).
Estimated Take of Marine Mammals
This section provides an estimate of the number of incidental takes
authorized through the IHA, which will inform NMFS' consideration of
``small numbers,'' the negligible impact determinations, and impacts on
subsistence uses.
Harassment is the only type of take expected to result from these
activities. Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent
here, section 3(18) of the MMPA defines ``harassment'' as any act of
pursuit, torment, or annoyance, which: (i) has the potential to injure
a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild (Level A
harassment); or (ii) has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or
marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral
patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing,
breeding, feeding, or sheltering (Level B harassment).
Authorized takes will primarily be by Level B harassment, as use of
the acoustic (i.e., pile driving) has the potential to result in
disruption of behavioral patterns for individual marine mammals. There
is also some potential for auditory injury (Level A harassment) to
result, primarily for phocids because no other species have been
observed within the Thames River adjacent to the project site, and the
Level A harassment isopleths do not extend to the Long Island Sound.
The mitigation and monitoring measures are expected to minimize the
severity of the taking to the extent practicable. As described
previously, no serious injury or mortality is anticipated or authorized
for this activity. Here we describe how the information provided above
is synthesized to produce a quantitative estimate of the take that is
reasonably likely to occur and is authorized.
For acoustic impacts, generally speaking, we estimate take by
considering: (1) acoustic thresholds above which NMFS believes the best
available science indicates marine mammals will be behaviorally
harassed or incur some degree of permanent hearing impairment; (2) the
area or volume of water that will be ensonified above these levels in a
day; (3) the density or occurrence of marine
[[Page 50569]]
mammals within these ensonified areas; and (4) the number of days of
activities. We note that while these factors can contribute to a basic
calculation to provide an initial prediction of potential takes,
additional information that can qualitatively inform take estimates is
also sometimes available (e.g., previous monitoring results or average
group size). Below, we describe the factors considered here in more
detail and present the authorized take numbers.
Acoustic Thresholds
NMFS recommends the use of acoustic thresholds that identify the
received level of underwater sound above which exposed marine mammals
would be reasonably expected to be behaviorally harassed (equated to
Level B harassment) or to incur a PTS of some degree (equated to Level
A harassment).
Level B Harassment--Though significantly driven by received level,
the onset of behavioral disturbance from anthropogenic noise exposure
is also informed to varying degrees by other factors related to the
source or exposure context (e.g., frequency, predictability, duty
cycle, duration of the exposure, signal-to-noise ratio, distance to the
source), the environment (e.g., bathymetry, other noises in the area,
predators in the area), and the receiving animals (hearing, motivation,
experience, demography, life stage, depth) and can be difficult to
predict (e.g., Southall et al., 2007, 2021; Ellison et al., 2012).
Based on what the available science indicates and the practical need to
use a threshold based on a metric that is both predictable and
measurable for most activities, NMFS typically uses a generalized
acoustic threshold based on received level to estimate the onset of
behavioral harassment. NMFS generally predicts that marine mammals are
likely to be behaviorally harassed in a manner considered to be Level B
harassment when exposed to underwater anthropogenic noise above root-
mean-squared pressure received levels (RMS SPL) of 120 dB (referenced
to 1 micropascal (re 1 [mu]Pa)) for continuous (e.g., vibratory pile
driving, drilling) and above RMS SPL 160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa for non-
explosive impulsive (e.g., seismic airguns) or intermittent (e.g.,
scientific sonar) sources. Generally speaking, Level B harassment take
estimates based on these behavioral harassment thresholds are expected
to include any likely takes by temporary threshold shift (TTS) as, in
most cases, the likelihood of TTS occurs at distances from the source
less than those at which behavioral harassment is likely. TTS of a
sufficient degree can manifest as behavioral harassment, as reduced
hearing sensitivity and the potential reduced opportunities to detect
important signals (conspecific communication, predators, prey) may
result in changes in behavior patterns that would not otherwise occur.
The Navy's activity includes the use of continuous (vibratory pile
driving and auger drilling) and impulsive (impact pile driving)
sources, and therefore the RMS SPL thresholds of 120 and 160 dB re 1
[mu]Pa are applicable.
Level A Harassment--NMFS' Technical Guidance for Assessing the
Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 2.0;
Technical Guidance, 2018) identifies dual criteria to assess auditory
injury (Level A harassment) to five different marine mammal groups
(based on hearing sensitivity) as a result of exposure to noise from
two different types of sources (impulsive or non-impulsive). The Navy's
activity includes the use of impulsive (impact pile driving) and non-
impulsive (vibratory pile driving and auger drilling) sources.
These thresholds are provided in the table below. The references,
analysis, and methodology used in the development of the thresholds are
described in NMFS' 2018 Technical Guidance, which may be accessed at:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-acoustic-technical-guidance.
Table 3--Thresholds Identifying the Onset of Permanent Threshold Shift
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PTS onset thresholds * (received level)
Hearing group ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Impulsive Non-impulsive
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low-Frequency (LF) Cetaceans........... Cell 1: Lp,0-pk,flat: 219 Cell 2: LE,p,LF,24h: 199 dB.
dB; LE,p,LF,24h: 183 dB.
Mid-Frequency (MF) Cetaceans........... Cell 3: Lp,0-pk,flat: 230 Cell 4: LE,p,MF,24h: 198 dB.
dB; LE,p,MF,24h: 185 dB.
High-Frequency (HF) Cetaceans.......... Cell 5: Lp,0-pk,flat: 202 Cell 6: LE,p,HF,24h: 173 dB.
dB; LE,p,HF,24h: 155 dB.
Phocid Pinnipeds (PW) (Underwater)..... Cell 7: Lp,0-pk,flat: 218 Cell 8: LE,p,PW,24h: 201 dB.
dB; LE,p,PW,24h: 185 dB.
Otariid Pinnipeds (OW) (Underwater).... Cell 9: Lp,0-pk,flat: 232 Cell 10: LE,p,OW,24h: 219 dB.
dB; LE,p,OW,24h: 203 dB.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Dual metric thresholds for impulsive sounds: Use whichever results in the largest isopleth for calculating PTS
onset. If a non-impulsive sound has the potential of exceeding the peak sound pressure level thresholds
associated with impulsive sounds, these thresholds are recommended for consideration.
Note: Peak sound pressure level (Lp,0-pk) has a reference value of 1 [micro]Pa, and weighted cumulative sound
exposure level (LE,p) has a reference value of 1[micro]Pa\2\s. In this table, thresholds are abbreviated to be
more reflective of International Organization for Standardization standards (ISO, 2017). The subscript
``flat'' is being included to indicate peak sound pressure are flat weighted or unweighted within the
generalized hearing range of marine mammals (i.e., 7 to 160 kHz). The subscript associated with cumulative
sound exposure level thresholds indicates the designated marine mammal auditory weighting function (LF, MF,
and HF cetaceans, and PW and OW pinnipeds) and that the recommended accumulation period is 24 hours. The
weighted cumulative sound exposure level thresholds could be exceeded in a multitude of ways (i.e., varying
exposure levels and durations, duty cycle). When possible, it is valuable for action proponents to indicate
the conditions under which these thresholds will be exceeded.
Ensonified Area
Here, we describe operational and environmental parameters of the
activity that are used in estimating the area ensonified above the
acoustic thresholds, including source levels and transmission loss
coefficient.
The sound field in the project area is the existing background
noise plus additional construction noise from the project. Pile driving
generates underwater noise that can potentially result in disturbance
to marine mammals in the project area. The maximum (underwater) area
ensonified is determined by the topography of the Thames River,
including intersecting land masses that will reduce the overall area of
potential impact. Additionally, vessel traffic, including large vessels
and ferries, in the project area may contribute to elevated background
noise levels, which may mask sounds produced by the project.
[[Page 50570]]
Transmission loss (TL) is the decrease in acoustic intensity as an
acoustic pressure wave propagates out from a source. TL parameters vary
with frequency, temperature, sea conditions, current, source and
receiver depth, water depth, water chemistry, and bottom composition
and topography. The general formula for underwater TL is:
TL = B x Log10 (R1/R2),
where
TL = transmission loss in dB;
B = transmission loss coefficient; for practical spreading equals
15;
R1 = the distance of the modeled SPL from the driven
pile; and,
R2 = the distance from the driven pile of the initial
measurement.
This formula neglects loss due to scattering and absorption, which
is assumed to be zero here. The degree to which underwater sound
propagates away from a sound source is dependent on a variety of
factors, most notably the water bathymetry and presence or absence of
reflective or absorptive conditions including in-water structures and
sediments. Spherical spreading occurs in a perfectly unobstructed
(free-field) environment not limited by depth or water surface,
resulting in a 6-dB reduction in sound level for each doubling of
distance from the source (20 x log10[range]). Cylindrical
spreading occurs in an environment in which sound propagation is
bounded by the water surface and sea bottom, resulting in a reduction
of 3 dB in sound level for each doubling of distance from the source
(10 x log10[range]). A practical spreading value of 15 is
often used under conditions, such as the project site, where water
increases with depth as the receiver moves away from the shoreline,
resulting in an expected propagation environment that would lie between
spherical and cylindrical spreading loss conditions. Practical
spreading loss is assumed here.
The intensity of pile driving sounds is greatly influenced by
factors such as the type of piles, hammers, and the physical
environment in which the activity takes place. In order to calculate
the distances to the Level A harassment and the Level B harassment
sound thresholds for the methods and piles being used in this project,
NMFS used acoustic monitoring data from other locations to develop
proxy source levels for the various pile types, sizes and methods
(table 4). Generally, we choose source levels from similar pile types
from locations (e.g., geology, bathymetry) similar to the project.
Table 4--Proxy Sound Source Levels for Pile Sizes, Driving Methods, and Auger Drilling
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peak SPL (re 1 RMS SPL (re 1 SEL (re 1 [mu]Pa
Pile type Pile size Method [mu]Pa (rms)) [mu]Pa (rms)) (rms)) Source
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steel........................... 14-in H-pile....... Vibratory.......... NA 158 158 Navy, 2019b.
Impact............. 194 177 162 Navy, 2019b.
36-in pipe pile.... Vibratory.......... NA 168 168 Navy, 2018.
Impact............. 209 198 183 Navy, 2019b.
Auger drilling..... NA 154 NA Dazey et al., 2012.
Concrete encased steel.......... 14-in H-pile....... Vibratory.......... 185 162 157 Caltrans, 2020.
Fiberglass reinforced plastic... 16-in fender....... Vibratory.......... NA 158 NA Illingworth and
Rodkin, 2017.
Impact............. 177 165 157 California
Department of
Transportation,
2015.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For this project, up to three vibratory hammers may operate
simultaneously. When two noise sources have overlapping sound fields,
there is potential for higher sound levels than for non-overlapping
sources because the isopleth of one sound source encompasses the sound
source of another isopleth. In such instances, the sources are
considered additive and combined using the rules of decibel addition.
For addition of two simultaneous sources, the difference between the
two sound source levels is calculated, and if that difference is
between 0 and 1 dB, 3 dB are added to the higher sound source levels;
if the difference is between 2 and 3 dB, 2 dB are added to the highest
sound source levels; if the difference is between 4 and 9 dB, 1 dB is
added to the highest sound source levels; and with differences of 10 or
more dB, there is no addition. For simultaneous usage of three or more
continuous sound sources, the three overlapping sources with the
highest sound source levels are identified. Of the three highest sound
source levels, the lower two are combined using the above rules; then,
the combination of the lower two is combined with the highest of the
three. The calculated proxy source levels for the different potential
concurrent pile driving scenarios are shown in table 5.
Table 5--Calculated Proxy Sound Source Levels for Potential Concurrent Pile Driving Scenarios
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Structure Pile type and proxy Calculated proxy sound source level
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temporary work trestle installation and Vibratory installation of 14- 163 dB RMS.
pier 17 demolition. in steel H-pile: 158 dB RMS.
Vibratory demolition of 14-
in concrete encased steel H-
pile: 162 dB RMS..
Temporary work trestle installation, pier Vibratory installation of 14- 165 dB RMS.
17 demolition, and pier 31 demolition. in steel H-pile: 158 dB RMS.
Vibratory demolition of 14-
in concrete encased steel H-
pile: 162 dB RMS..
Vibratory demolition of 16-
in fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender: 158 dB RMS..
Temporary work trestle installation and Vibratory installation of 14- 161 dB RMS.
pier 31 demolition. in steel H-pile: 158 dB RMS.
Vibratory demolition of 16-
in fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender: 158 dB RMS..
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 50571]]
The ensonified area associated with Level A harassment is more
technically challenging to predict due to the need to account for a
duration component. Therefore, NMFS developed an optional User
Spreadsheet tool to accompany the Technical Guidance that can be used
to relatively simply predict an isopleth distance for use in
conjunction with marine mammal density or occurrence to help predict
potential takes. We note that because of some of the assumptions
included in the methods underlying this optional tool, we anticipate
that the resulting isopleth estimates are typically going to be
overestimates of some degree, which may result in an overestimate of
potential take by Level A harassment. However, this optional tool
offers the best way to estimate isopleth distances when more
sophisticated modeling methods are not available or practical. For
stationary sources, like pile driving, the optional User Spreadsheet
tool predicts the distance at which, if a marine mammal remained at
that distance for the duration of the activity, it would be expected to
incur PTS. Inputs used in the optional User Spreadsheet tool, and the
resulting estimated isopleths, are reported below.
Table 6--NMFS User Spreadsheet Inputs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Duration of
Weighting sound
Pile size and Spreadsheet tab factor Number of production Number of
Method type used adjustment piles per within 24-h strikes
(kHz) day period per pile
(sec)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vibratory.................... 16-in A.1. Vibratory 2.5 2 2,400 NA
fiberglass pile driving.
reinforced
plastic fender
piles install
and removal.
14-in steel H- A.1. Vibratory 2.5 5 6,000 NA
pile pile driving.
(temporary)
install and
removal.
14-in concrete A.1. Vibratory 2.5 5 6,000 NA
encased steel pile driving.
H-pile removal.
36-in steel A.1 Vibratory 2.5 0.17 428.4 NA
pipe pile pile driving.
install.
Impact....................... 16-in E.1. Impact 2 2.5 NA 1,000
fiberglass pile driving.
reinforced
plastic fender
piles.
14-in steel H- E.1. Impact 2 4 NA 1,000
pile pile driving.
(temporary)
install.
36-in steel E.1. Impact 2 2.5 NA 1,000
pipe pile pile driving.
install.
Auger drilling............... 36-in steel A. Stationary 2 1 28,800 NA
pipe pile source: non-
install. impulsive,
continuous.
Concurrent pile driving...... 14-in steel H- A.1. Vibratory 2.5 5 6,000 NA
pile AND 14-in pile driving.
concrete
encased steel
H-pile.
14-in steel H- A.1. Vibratory 2.5 5 6,000 NA
pile AND 14-in pile driving.
concrete
encased steel
H-pile AND 16-
in fiberglass
reinforced
plastic fender.
14-in steel H- A.1. Vibratory 2.5 7 8,400 NA
pile AND 16-in pile driving.
fiberglass
reinforced
plastic fender.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 7--Calculated Level A and Level B Harassment Isopleths
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Level A harassment zone (m/km\2\)
Method Pile size and type ------------------------------------------------------------------ Level B harassment
MF-cetaceans HF-cetaceans Phocid zone (m/km\2\)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vibratory............................. 16-in fiberglass 0.3/0 4.9/0.000075 2.0/0.00013 3,415/2.47916
reinforced plastic
fender piles install
and removal.
14-in steel H-pile 0.5/0.000001 9.0/0.000253 3.7/0.000043
(temporary) install and
removal.
14-in concrete encased 1.0/0.000003 16.5/0.000851 6.8/0.000145 6,310/2.620145
steel H-pile removal.
36-in steel pipe pile 0.4/0.000001 7.2/0.000162 2.9/0.00026 15,849/3.435273
install.
Impact................................ 16-in fiberglass 1.2/0.00005 40.5/0.005136 18.2/0.001035 22/0.001513
reinforced plastic
fender piles.
14-in steel H-pile 3.6/0.000041 119.3/0.044565 53.6/0.009004 136/0.056637
(temporary) install.
36-in steel pipe pile 65.4/0.01341 2,191/1.588304 984.4/0.86872 3,415/2.620145
install.
Auger drilling........................ 36-in steel pipe pile 0.1/0 0.8/0.000002 0.5/0.000001 1,848/1.359058
install.
Concurrent pile driving............... 14-in steel H-pile AND \a\ \b\ 1.2/0.000005 \a\ 19.3/0.001164 \a\ \b\ 7.9/0.000195 \a\ 7,356/3.121835
14-in concrete encased \b\ 19.3/0.001134 \b\ 7,356/0.205166
steel H-pile.
14-in steel H-pile AND \a\ \b\ \c\ 1.6/ \a\ \c\ 26.2/ \a\ \b\ \c\ 10.8/ \a\ 10,000/3.197942
14-in concrete encased 0.000008 0.002146 0.000365 \b\ 10,000/0.205166
steel H-pile AND 16-in \b\ 26.2/0.001807 \c\ 10,000/2.822399
fiberglass reinforced
plastic fender.
14-in steel H-pile AND \a\ \b\ 1.1/0.000004 \a\ \b\ 17.8/0.00099 \a\ \b\ 7.3/0.000167 \a\ 5,412/3.078261
16-in fiberglass \b\ 5,412/2.822399
reinforced plastic
fender.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Harassment zones mapped from pier 31.
\b\ Harassment zones mapped from pier 17.
\c\ Harassment zones mapped from existing pier 31 for fender pile extraction.
Marine Mammal Occurrence and Take Estimation
In this section we provide information about the occurrence of
marine mammals, including density or other relevant information which
will inform the take calculations. Density estimates come from
Northeast Ocean Data (2023) for cetaceans and from the U.S. Navy Marine
Species Density Database (Navy, 2017) for pinnipeds. To determine the
incidental take estimate within each harassment zone, the following
equation was used:
Incidental take estimate = (harassment zone [km\2\] x estimated density
[individuals/km\2\]) x days of pile driving activity
A subset of the species (Atlantic white-sided dolphin, common
dolphin, and harbor porpoise) do not occur within the Thames River and
have only been observed in the Long Island Sound. For these species,
the area from the mouth of the Thames River to the furthest extent of
the harassment zone in the Long Island Sound was used to
[[Page 50572]]
determine the incidental take estimate within that zone.
Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin
Atlantic white-sided dolphins do not occur within the Thames River
but they occur occasionally in the Long Island Sound. Monthly surveys
conducted in the Thames River from 2017 through 2019 did not record the
presence of Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Tetra Tech, 2019). The
average density of Atlantic white-sided dolphins in the Long Island
Sound is 0.022 individuals per square kilometer (km\2\). Only vibratory
pile driving activities will generate a harassment zone that extends
into the Long Island Sound so for those activities the area from the
mouth of the Thames River to the furthest extent in the Long Island
Sound (0.24 km\2\) was used to calculate take (table 8). Therefore,
using the equation given above, the calculated estimated take by Level
B harassment for Atlantic white-sided dolphins would be one. However,
Atlantic white-sided dolphins typically travel in pods, so the
estimated take by Level B harassment was increased to the average group
size of 12 (NMFS, 2023b).
The largest Level A harassment zone for Atlantic white-sided
dolphins extends 65 m from the sound source (table 9) and is entirely
contained within the Thames River. Therefore, no take by Level A
harassment is anticipated or authorized.
Common Dolphin
Common dolphins do not occur within the Thames River but they occur
occasionally in the Long Island Sound. Monthly surveys conducted in the
Thames River from 2017 through 2019 did not record the presence of
common dolphins (Tetra Tech, 2019). The average density of common
dolphins in the Long Island Sound is 0.15 individuals per km\2\. Only
vibratory pile driving activities will generate a harassment zone that
extends into the Long Island Sound so for those activities the area
from the mouth of the Thames River to the furthest extent in the Long
Island Sound (0.24 km\2\) was used to calculate take (table 8).
Therefore, using the equation given above, the calculated estimate of
take by Level B harassment for common dolphins would be four. However,
common dolphins generally travel in pods, so the estimated take by
Level B harassment was increased to an assumed average group size of 30
(NMFS, 2023b).
The largest Level A harassment zone for common dolphins extends 65
m from the sound source (table 7) and is entirely contained within the
Thames River. Therefore, no take by Level A harassment is anticipated
or authorized.
Harbor Porpoise
Harbor porpoises do not occur within the Thames River but they
occur occasionally in the Long Island Sound. Monthly surveys conducted
in the Thames River from 2017 through 2019 did not record the presence
of harbor porpoises (Tetra Tech, 2019). The average density of harbor
porpoises in the Long Island Sound is 0.32 individuals per km\2\. Only
vibratory pile driving activities will generate a harassment zone that
extends into the Long Island Sound so for those activities the area
from the mouth of the Thames River to the furthest extent in the Long
Island Sound (0.24 km\2\) was used to calculate take (table 8).
Therefore, using the equation given above, the estimated take by Level
B harassment for harbor porpoises would be nine.
The largest Level A harassment zone for harbor porpoises extends
2,191 m from the sound source (table 7) and is entirely contained
within the Thames River. Therefore, no take by Level A harassment is
anticipated or authorized.
Table 8--Estimated Take by Level B Harassment for Species Observed Only in the Long Island Sound Portion of the Project Area
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calculated Total
Total Ensonfied area Density estimated authorized
Method Pile size and type ensonified within the Species (individuals/ take by Group take by
area Long Island km\2\) Level B size Level B
(km\2\) Sound (km\2\) harassment harassment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Impact............... 36-in steel pipe pile 3.435273 0.24 Atlantic white-sided 0.022 1 12 12
install. dolphin.
Common dolphin......... 0.15 4 30 30
Harbor porpoise........ 0.32 9 3 9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harbor Seal
Harbor seals are present in the project vicinity including the
Thames River from September through May. Monthly surveys conducted in
the Thames River from 2017 through 2019 recorded 12 sightings of
individual harbor seals (Tetra Tech, 2019). Seals were not observed on
the shore and there are no harbor seal haulouts within the project
vicinity. Two different density estimates were used to calculate harbor
seal take. A density of 0.049 individuals per km\2\ was used in the
Thames River and a density of 0.07 individuals per km\2\ was used in
the Long Island Sound (Navy, 2017). Therefore, using the equation given
above, the estimated number of takes by Level B harassment for harbor
seals would be 44.
The largest Level A harassment zone for harbor seals extends 984 m
from the sound source (table 7). Using the equation given above, the
calculated estimated take by Level A harassment for harbor seals would
be 1. However, due to the consistent presence of phocid pinnipeds at
the SUBASE over the last several years, NMFS conservatively authorizes
increasing the estimated take by Level A harassment to one per 30 days
of pile driving resulting in an estimated 8 harbor seals by Level A
harassment over the course of the project.
Gray Seal
Gray seals are present in the project vicinity including the Thames
River from March through June. Monthly surveys conducted in the Thames
River from 2017 through 2019 recorded three sightings of individual
gray seals (Tetra Tech, 2019). Seals were not observed on the shore and
there are no gray seal haulouts within the project vicinity. Two
different density estimates were used to calculate take of gray seals.
A density of 0.049 individuals per km\2\ was used in the Thames River
and a density of 0.07 individuals per km\2\ was used in the Long Island
Sound (Navy, 2017). Therefore, using the equation given above, the
calculated estimated take by Level B harassment for gray seals would be
44.
The largest Level A harassment zone for gray seals extends 984 m
from the sound source (table 7). Using the equation given above, the
calculated estimated take by Level A harassment for gray seals would be
one. However, due to the consistent presence of phocid pinnipeds at the
SUBASE over the last several years, NMFS conservatively authorized
increasing the estimated take by Level A harassment to one per 30 days
of pile driving resulting in an
[[Page 50573]]
estimate of 8 takes of harbor seals by Level A harassment over the
course of the project.
Harp Seal
Harp seals are present in the project vicinity from January through
May and are much rarer in the Thames River then the other two seal
species. Harp seals were not observed during monthly surveys conducted
in the Thames River from 2017 through 2019 (Tetra Tech, 2019). However,
two harp seals were identified in March 2019 and one harp seal in April
2019 by Mystic Aquarium staff. On both occasions they were hauled out
on the finger piers of the marina at SUBASE (Navy, 2019a). The average
density of harp seals in the Long Island Sound is 0.278 individuals per
km\2\. Only vibratory pile driving activities will generate a
harassment zone that extends into the Long Island Sound so for those
activities the area from the mouth of the Thames River to the furthest
extent in the Long Island Sound was used to calculate take. Therefore,
using the equation given above, the estimated take by Level B
harassment for harp seals would be seven. However, it was determined
that up to one take by Level B harassment of harp seals could occur
within the Thames River during each month they are present (January to
May) resulting in an estimate of 12 takes of harp seals by Level B
harassment.
The largest Level A harassment zone for harp seals extends 984 m
from the sound source (table 7) and is entirely contained within the
Thames River. Harp seals do not have a density estimate for within the
Thames River; therefore, given the sightings of this species hauled out
at SUBASE, NMFS authorized increasing the estimated take by Level A
harassment to one per 30 days of pile driving during the period in
which harp seals could occur in the river. This results in an estimate
of 5 takes of harp seals by Level A harassment over the course of the
project.
Table 9--Estimated Take by Level A and Level B Harassment
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Authorized
Stock Level A Level B Total take as a
Common name Stock abundance \1\ harassment harassment authorized percentage
take of stock
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atlantic white-sided dolphin.................... Western North Atlantic............ 93,233 0 \2\ 12 12 0.01
Common dolphin.................................. Western North Atlantic............ 93,100 0 \2\ 30 30 0.03
Harbor porpoise................................. Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy........ 87,765 0 9 9 0.01
Harbor seal..................................... Western North Atlantic............ 61,336 8 44 52 0.08
Gray seal....................................... Western North Atlantic............ 27,911 8 44 52 0.19
Harp seal....................................... Western North Atlantic............ 7,600,000 5 12 17 0.00002
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Stock size is Nbest according to NMFS 2023a draft SARs.
\2\ Authorized take increased to mean group size from AMAPPS (Palka et al., 2017 and 2021).
Mitigation
In order to issue an IHA under section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA,
NMFS must set forth the permissible methods of taking pursuant to the
activity, and other means of effecting the least practicable impact on
the species or stock and its habitat, paying particular attention to
rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of similar significance, and on
the availability of the species or stock for taking for certain
subsistence uses (latter not applicable for this action). NMFS
regulations require applicants for incidental take authorizations to
include information about the availability and feasibility (economic
and technological) of equipment, methods, and manner of conducting the
activity or other means of effecting the least practicable adverse
impact upon the affected species or stocks, and their habitat (see 50
CFR 216.104(a)(11)).
In evaluating how mitigation may or may not be appropriate to
ensure the least practicable adverse impact on species or stocks and
their habitat, as well as subsistence uses where applicable, NMFS
considers two primary factors:
(1) The manner in which, and the degree to which, the successful
implementation of the measure(s) is expected to reduce impacts to
marine mammals, marine mammal species or stocks, and their habitat.
This considers the nature of the potential adverse impact being
mitigated (likelihood, scope, range). It further considers the
likelihood that the measure will be effective if implemented
(probability of accomplishing the mitigating result if implemented as
planned), the likelihood of effective implementation (probability
implemented as planned); and
(2) The practicability of the measures for applicant
implementation, which may consider such things as cost, and impact on
operations.
In addition to the measures described later in this section, the
Navy will employ the following mitigation measures:
The Navy will ensure that construction supervisors and
crews, the monitoring team, and relevant Navy staff are trained prior
to the start of activities subject to the IHA, so that
responsibilities, communication procedures, monitoring protocols, and
operational procedures are clearly understood. New personnel joining
during the project must be trained prior to commencing work.
For those marine mammals for which incidental take has not
been authorized, in-water pile installation/removal will shut down
immediately if such species are observed within or entering the Level B
harassment zone.
If take reaches the authorized limit for any species, pile
installation/removal will shut down immediately if these species
approach the Level B harassment zone to avoid additional take.
The following mitigation measures will apply to the Navy's in-water
construction activities:
Shutdown and Monitoring Zones
The Navy must establish shutdown zones and Level B harassment
monitoring zones for all pile driving activities. The purpose of a
shutdown zone is generally to define an area within which shutdown of
the activity will occur upon sighting of a marine animal (or in
anticipation of an animal entering the defined area). Shutdown zones
are based on the largest Level A harassment zone for each pile size/
type and driving method, and behavioral monitoring zones are meant to
encompass Level B harassment zones for each pile size/type and driving
method, as shown in table 10. A minimum shutdown zone of 10 m will be
required for all in-water construction activities to avoid physical
interaction with marine mammals. Shutdown zones
[[Page 50574]]
for each activity type are shown in table 10.
Prior to pile driving, shutdown zones and monitoring zones will be
established based on zones represented in table 7. Protected Species
Observers (PSOs) will survey the shutdown zones and surrounding areas
for at least 30 minutes before pile driving activities start. If marine
mammals are found within the shutdown zone, pile driving will be
delayed until the animal has moved out of the shutdown zone, either
verified by an observer or by waiting until 15 minutes has elapsed
without a sighting. If a marine mammal approaches or enters the
shutdown zone during pile driving, the activity will be halted. Pile
driving may resume after the animal has moved out of and is moving away
from the shutdown zone or after at least 15 minutes has passed since
the last observation of the animal.
All marine mammals will be monitored in the Level B harassment to
the extent of visibility for the on-duty PSOs. If a marine mammal for
which take is authorized enters the Level B harassment zone, in-water
activities would continue and PSOs will document the animal's presence
within the estimated harassment zone.
If a species for which authorization has not been granted, or for
which the authorized takes are met, is observed approaching or within
the Level B harassment zone, pile driving activities will be shut down
immediately. Activities will not resume until the animal has been
confirmed to have left the area or 15 minutes has elapsed with no
sighting of the animal.
Table 10--Shutdown and Level B Monitoring Zones by Activity
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Level B monitoring zone (m)
Minimum ---------------------------------------
Method Pile size and type shutdown zone MF- HF-
(m) cetaceans cetaceans Phocid
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vibratory......................... 16-in fiberglass 10 10 10 3,415
reinforced plastic
fender piles
install and removal.
14-in steel H-pile 10 10 10 ..............
(temporary) install
and removal.
14-in concrete 10 30 15 6,310
encased steel H-
pile removal.
36-in steel pipe 10 10 10 15,849
pile install.
Impact............................ 16-in fiberglass 10 45 20 22
reinforced plastic
fender piles.
14-in steel H-pile 10 120 55 136
(temporary) install.
36-in steel pipe 70 200 200 3,415
pile install.
Auger drilling.................... 36-in steel pipe 10 10 10 1,848
pile install.
Concurrent pile driving........... 14-in steel H-pile 10 35 15 7,356
AND 14-in concrete
encased steel H-
pile.
14-in steel H-pile 10 30 15 10,000
AND 14-in concrete
encased steel H-
pile AND 16-in
fiberglass
reinforced plastic
fender.
14-in steel H-pile 10 20 10 5,412
AND 16-in
fiberglass
reinforced plastic
fender.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protected Species Observers
The placement of PSOs during all pile driving and removal
activities (described in detail in the Monitoring and Reporting
section) will ensure that the Thames River and portion of the Long
Island Sound is visible during pile installation.
Pre- and Post-Activity Monitoring
Monitoring must take place from 30 minutes prior to initiation of
pile driving activities (i.e., pre-clearance monitoring) through 30
minutes post-completion of pile driving. Prior to the start of daily
in-water construction activity, or whenever a break in pile driving of
30 minutes or longer occurs, PSOs will observe the shutdown and
monitoring zones for a period of 30 minutes. The shutdown zone will be
considered cleared when a marine mammal has not been observed within
the zone for a 30-minute period. If a marine mammal is observed within
the shutdown zones, pile driving activity will be delayed or halted. If
work ceases for more than 30 minutes, the pre-activity monitoring of
the shutdown zones will commence. A determination that the shutdown
zone is clear must be made during a period of good visibility (i.e.,
the entire shutdown zone and surrounding waters must be visible to the
naked eye).
Soft Start
Soft-start procedures are believed to provide additional protection
to marine mammals by providing warning and/or giving marine mammals a
chance to leave the area prior to the impact hammer operating at full
capacity. For impact driving, an initial set of three strikes will be
made by the hammer at reduced energy, followed by a 30-second waiting
period, then two subsequent three-strike sets before initiating
continuous driving. Soft start will be implemented at the start of each
day's impact pile driving and at any time following cessation of impact
pile driving for a period of 30 minutes or longer.
Based on our evaluation of the applicant's planned measures, NMFS
has determined that the mitigation measures provide the means of
effecting the least practicable impact on the affected species or
stocks and their habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries,
mating grounds, and areas of similar significance.
Monitoring and Reporting
In order to issue an IHA for an activity, section 101(a)(5)(D) of
the MMPA states that NMFS must set forth requirements pertaining to the
monitoring and reporting of such taking. The MMPA implementing
regulations at 50 CFR 216.104(a)(13) indicate that requests for
authorizations must include the suggested means of accomplishing the
necessary monitoring and reporting that will result in increased
knowledge of the species and of the level of taking or impacts on
populations of marine mammals that are expected to be present while
conducting the activities. Effective reporting is critical both to
compliance as well as ensuring that the most value is obtained from the
required monitoring.
Monitoring and reporting requirements prescribed by NMFS should
contribute to improved understanding of one or more of the following:
Occurrence of marine mammal species or stocks in the area
in which
[[Page 50575]]
take is anticipated (e.g., presence, abundance, distribution, density);
Nature, scope, or context of likely marine mammal exposure
to potential stressors/impacts (individual or cumulative, acute or
chronic), through better understanding of: (1) action or environment
(e.g., source characterization, propagation, ambient noise); (2)
affected species (e.g., life history, dive patterns); (3) co-occurrence
of marine mammal species with the activity; or (4) biological or
behavioral context of exposure (e.g., age, calving or feeding areas);
Individual marine mammal responses (behavioral or
physiological) to acoustic stressors (acute, chronic, or cumulative),
other stressors, or cumulative impacts from multiple stressors;
How anticipated responses to stressors impact either: (1)
long-term fitness and survival of individual marine mammals; or (2)
populations, species, or stocks;
Effects on marine mammal habitat (e.g., marine mammal prey
species, acoustic habitat, or other important physical components of
marine mammal habitat); and
Mitigation and monitoring effectiveness.
Visual Monitoring
Marine mammal monitoring must be conducted in accordance with the
Monitoring Plan and section 5 of the IHA. Marine mammal monitoring
during pile driving and removal must be conducted by NMFS-approved PSOs
in a manner consistent with the following:
PSOs must be independent of the activity contractor (for
example, employed by a subcontractor) and have no other assigned tasks
during monitoring periods;
At least one PSO must have prior experience performing the
duties of a PSO during construction activity pursuant to a NMFS-issued
incidental take authorization;
Other PSOs may substitute education (degree in biological
science or related field) or training for experience; and
The Navy must submit PSO Curriculum Vitae for approval by
NMFS prior to the onset of pile driving.
PSOs must have the following additional qualifications:
Ability to conduct field observations and collect data
according to assigned protocols;
Experience or training in the field identification of
marine mammals, including the identification of behaviors;
Sufficient training, orientation, or experience with the
construction operation to provide for personal safety during
observations;
Writing skills sufficient to prepare a report of
observations including but not limited to the number and species of
marine mammals observed; dates and times when in-water construction
activities were conducted; dates, times, and reason for implementation
of mitigation (or why mitigation was not implemented when required);
and marine mammal behavior; and
Ability to communicate orally, by radio or in person, with
project personnel to provide real-time information on marine mammals
observed in the area as necessary. The Navy will employ up to five
PSOs. PSO locations will provide an unobstructed view of all water
within the shutdown zone(s), and as much of the Level A harassment and
Level B harassment zones as possible. PSO locations may include the
pile installation/extraction barge, shore-based locations (such as pier
17 or pier 32), small boats, and the mouth of the Thames River.
Monitoring will be conducted 30 minutes before, during, and 30
minutes after pile driving/removal activities. In addition, observers
shall record all incidents of marine mammal occurrence, regardless of
distance from activity, and shall document any behavioral reactions in
concert with distance from piles being driven or removed. Pile driving/
removal activities include the time to install or remove a single pile
or series of piles, as long as the time elapsed between uses of the
pile driving equipment is no more than 30 minutes.
Data Collection
PSOs will use approved data forms to record the following
information:
Dates and times (beginning and end) of all marine mammal
monitoring.
PSO locations during marine mammal monitoring.
Construction activities occurring during each daily observation
period, including how many and what type of piles were driven or
removed and by what method (i.e., vibratory, impact, or auger
drilling).
Weather parameters and water conditions.
The number of marine mammals observed, by species,
relative to the pile location and if pile driving or removal was
occurring at time of sighting.
Distance and bearings of each marine mammal observed to
the pile being driven or removed.
Description of marine mammal behavior patterns, including
direction of travel.
Age and sex class, if possible, of all marine mammals
observed.
Detailed information about implementation of any
mitigation triggered (such as shutdowns and delays), a description of
specific actions that ensued, and resulting behavior of the animal if
any.
Hydroacoustic Monitoring
The Navy plans to conduct hydroacoustic monitoring, or sound source
verification (SSV), of all pile installation and removal methods.
Hydroacoustic monitoring results may be used to adjust the size of the
Level A and Level B harassment and monitoring zones after a request is
made and approved by NMFS. At minimum, the methodology includes:
For underwater recordings, a stationary hydrophone system
with the ability to measure SPLs will be placed in accordance with NMFS
most recent guidance for the collection of source levels.
Hydroacoustic monitoring will be successfully conducted
for at least 10 percent and up to a maximum of 10 of each different
type of pile and each method of installation (table 11). Monitoring
will occur at 33 ft (10 m) from the noise; at a location intermediate
of the pinniped and cetacean Level A (PTS onset) zones; and
occasionally near the predicted harassment zones for Level B
(Behavioral) harassment. The resulting data set will be analyzed to
examine and confirm SPLs and rates of TL for each separate in-water
construction activity. With NMFS concurrence, these metrics may be used
to recalculate the limits of the shutdown, Level A (PTS onset), and
Level B (Behavioral) disturbance zones, and to make corresponding
adjustments in marine mammal monitoring of these zones. Hydrophones
will be placed using a static line deployed from a stationary
(temporarily moored) vessel. Locations of hydroacoustic recordings will
be collected via global positioning system. A depth sounder and/or
weighted tape measure will be used to determine the depth of the water.
The hydrophone will be attached to a weighted nylon cord or chain to
maintain a constant depth and distance from the pile area. The nylon
cord or chain will be attached to a float or tied to a static line.
Each hydrophone will be calibrated at the start of each
action and will be checked frequently to the applicable standards of
the hydrophone manufacturer.
[[Page 50576]]
Environmental data will be collected, including but not
limited to, the following: wind speed and direction, air temperature,
humidity, surface water temperature, water depth, wave height, weather
conditions, and other factors that could contribute to influencing the
airborne and underwater sound levels (e.g., aircraft, boats, etc.).
The chief inspector will supply the acoustics specialist
with the substrate composition, hammer/drill model and size, hammer/
drill energy settings, depth of drilling, and boring rates and any
changes to those settings during the monitoring.
For acoustically monitored construction activities, data
from the continuous monitoring locations will be post-processed to
obtain the following sound measures:
[cir] Maximum peak pressure level recorded for all activities,
expressed in dB re 1 [mu]Pa.
[ssquf] Mean, median, minimum, and maximum RMS pressure level in
[dB re 1 [mu]Pa].
[ssquf] Mean duration of a pile strike (based on 90 percent energy
criterion).
[ssquf] Number of hammer strikes.
[ssquf] Mean, median, minimum, and maximum single strike sound
exposure level (SEL) in [dB re [mu]Pa\2\ sec].
[cir] Cumulative SEL as defined by the mean single strike SEL +
10*log10 (number of hammer strikes) (dB re [mu]Pa\2\ sec).
[cir] Median integration time used to calculate RMS SPL.
[cir] A frequency spectrum (pressure spectral density) (dB re
[mu]Pa\2\ per Hz) based on the average of up to eight successive
strikes with similar sound. Spectral resolution will be 1 Hz, and the
spectrum will cover nominal range from 7 Hz to 20 kHz.
[cir] Finally, the cumulative SEL will be computed from all the
strikes associated with each pile occurring during all phases, i.e.,
soft start. This measure is defined as the sum of all single strike SEL
values. The sum is taken of the antilog, with log10 taken of
result to express (dB re [mu]Pa\2\ sec).
For vibratory driving/extraction/drilling: duration and
frequency spectrum of vibratory driving per pile; mean, median, and
maximum sound levels (dB re: 1 [micro]Pa): root mean square sound
pressure level (SPLrms), SELcum (and timeframe
over which the sound is averaged).
Table 11--Hydroacoustic Monitoring Summary
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Numbe
Pile type Count Method of monitored
install/extract \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
14-in steel H-pile........... 60 Impact.......... 6-10
14-in steel H-pile........... 60 Vibratory....... 6-10
36-in steel pipe pile........ 20 Impact.......... 2-10
36-in steel pipe pile........ 20 Vibratory....... 2-10
36-in steel pipe pile........ 20 Auger (rotary) 2-10
drill.
16-in fiberglass reinforced 60 Impact.......... 6-10
plastic fender pile.
16-in fiberglass reinforced 60 Vibratory....... 6-10
plastic fender pile.
14-in concrete encased steel 20 Vibratory....... 2-10
H-pile.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Hydroacoustic monitoring would be successfully conducted for at
least 10 percent and up to 10 of each different type of pile and each
method of installation.
Reporting
A draft marine mammal monitoring report will be submitted to NMFS
within 90 days after the completion of pile driving and removal
activities. It will include an overall description of work completed, a
narrative regarding marine mammal sightings, and associated PSO data
sheets. Specifically, the report must include:
Dates and times (begin and end) of all marine mammal
monitoring.
Construction activities occurring during each daily
observation period, including the number and type of piles driven or
removed and by what method (i.e., vibratory driving) and the total
equipment duration for cutting for each pile.
PSO locations during marine mammal monitoring.
Environmental conditions during monitoring periods (at
beginning and end of PSO shift and whenever conditions change
significantly), including Beaufort sea state and any other relevant
weather conditions including cloud cover, fog, sun glare, and overall
visibility to the horizon, and estimated observable distance.
Upon observation of a marine mammal, the following
information: (1) name of PSO who sighted the animal(s) and PSO location
and activity at time of sighting; (2) time of sighting; (3)
identification of the animal(s) (e.g., genus/species, lowest possible
taxonomic level, or unidentified), PSO confidence in identification,
and the composition of the group if there is a mix of species; (4)
distance and bearing of each marine mammal observed relative to the
pile being driven for each sighting (if pile driving was occurring at
time of sighting); (5) estimated number of animals (min/max/best
estimate); (6) estimated number of animals by cohort (adults,
juveniles, neonates, group composition, etc.); (7) animal's closest
point of approach and estimated time spent within the harassment zone;
and (8) description of any marine mammal behavioral observations (e.g.,
observed behaviors such as feeding or traveling), including an
assessment of behavioral responses thought to have resulted from the
activity (e.g., no response or changes in behavioral state such as
ceasing feeding, changing direction, flushing, or breaching).
Number of marine mammals detected within the harassment
zones, by species.
Detailed information about any implementation of any
mitigation triggered (e.g., shutdowns and delays), a description of
specific actions that ensued, and resulting changes in behavior of the
animal(s), if any.
All PSO data will be submitted electronically in a format
that can be queried such as a spreadsheet or database and would be
submitted with the draft marine mammal report.
If no comments are received from NMFS within 30 days, the draft
final report will constitute the final report. If comments are
received, a final report addressing NMFS comments must be submitted
within 30 days after receipt of comments.
Reporting of Hydroacoustic Monitoring
The Navy shall also submit a draft hydroacoustic monitoring report
to NMFS within 90 days of the completion of required monitoring at the
end of the project, including data in a tabular spreadsheet format
(Microsoft Excel or similar). The report will detail the hydroacoustic
monitoring protocol and
[[Page 50577]]
summarize the data recorded during monitoring. The final report must be
prepared and submitted within 30 days following resolution of any NMFS
comments on the draft report. If no comments are received from NMFS
within 30 days of receipt of the draft report, the report shall be
considered final. If comments are received, a final report addressing
NMFS comments must be submitted within 30 days after receipt of
comments. All draft and final hydroacoustic monitoring reports must be
submitted to [email protected] and
[email protected]. The hydroacoustic monitoring report will
contain the informational elements described in the Hydroacoustic
Monitoring Plan and, at minimum, will include:
Hydrophone equipment and methods: recording device,
sampling rate, distance (m) from the pile where recordings were made;
depth of recording device(s).
Type and size of pile being driven, substrate type, method
of driving during recordings (e.g., hammer model and energy), and total
pile driving duration.
Whether a sound attenuation device is used and, if so, a
detailed description of the device used and the duration of its use per
pile.
For impact pile driving: number of strikes and strike
rate; depth of substrate to penetrate; pulse duration and mean, median,
and maximum sound levels (dB re: 1 [mu]Pa); SPLrms;
SELcum; peak sound pressure level (SPLpeak); and
single-strike sound exposure level (SELss).
For vibratory driving/extraction/drilling: duration and
frequency spectrum of vibratory driving per pile; mean, median, and
maximum sound levels (dB re: 1 [mu]Pa): SPLrms,
SELcum (and timeframe over which the sound is averaged).
One-third octave band spectrum and power spectral density
plot.
General Daily Site Conditions
[cir] Date and time of activities.
[cir] Water conditions (e.g., sea state, tidal state).
[cir] Weather conditions (e.g., percent cover, visibility).
Reporting Injured or Dead Marine Mammals
In the event that personnel involved in the construction activities
discover an injured or dead marine mammal, the Navy shall report the
incident to the Office of Protected Resources (OPR), NMFS and to the
regional stranding coordinator as soon as feasible. If the death or
injury was clearly caused by the specified activity, the Navy must
immediately cease the specified activities until NMFS is able to review
the circumstances of the incident and determine what, if any,
additional measures are appropriate to ensure compliance with the terms
of the IHA. The IHA-holder must not resume their activities until
notified by NMFS. The report must include the following information:
Time, date, and location (latitude/longitude) of the first
discovery (and updated location information if known and applicable);
Species identification (if known) or description of the
animal(s) involved;
Condition of the animal(s) (including carcass condition if
the animal is dead);
Observed behaviors of the animal(s), if alive;
If available, photographs or video footage of the
animal(s); and
General circumstances under which the animal was
discovered.
Negligible Impact Analysis and Determination
NMFS has defined negligible impact as an impact resulting from the
specified activity that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not
reasonably likely to, adversely affect the species or stock through
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival (50 CFR 216.103). A
negligible impact finding is based on the lack of likely adverse
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival (i.e., population-
level effects). An estimate of the number of takes alone is not enough
information on which to base an impact determination. In addition to
considering estimates of the number of marine mammals that might be
``taken'' through harassment, NMFS considers other factors, such as the
likely nature of any impacts or responses (e.g., intensity, duration),
the context of any impacts or responses (e.g., critical reproductive
time or location, foraging impacts affecting energetics), as well as
effects on habitat, and the likely effectiveness of the mitigation. We
also assess the number, intensity, and context of estimated takes by
evaluating this information relative to population status. Consistent
with the 1989 preamble for NMFS' implementing regulations (54 FR 40338,
September 29, 1989), the impacts from other past and ongoing
anthropogenic activities are incorporated into this analysis via their
impacts on the baseline (e.g., as reflected in the regulatory status of
the species, population size and growth rate where known, ongoing
sources of human-caused mortality, or ambient noise levels).
To avoid repetition, the discussion of our analysis applies to all
the species listed in table 1, given that the anticipated effects of
this activity on these different marine mammal stocks are expected to
be similar. There is little information about the nature or severity of
the impacts, or the size, status, or structure of any of these species
or stocks that would lead to a different analysis for this activity.
Pile driving activities have the potential to disturb or displace
marine mammals. Specifically, the project activities may result in
take, in the form of Level A harassment and Level B harassment from
underwater sounds generated from pile driving and removal. Potential
takes could occur if individuals are present in the ensonified zone
when these activities are underway.
Estimated takes by Level B harassment would be due to potential
behavioral disturbance, and TTS. Take by Level A harassment would be
due to PTS. No mortality or serious injury is anticipated given the
nature of the activity, even in the absence of the required mitigation,
and therefore none is authorized. The potential for harassment is
minimized through the construction method and the implementation of the
mitigation measures (see Mitigation section).
Take would occur within a limited, confined area (the Thames River
and a small section of the Long Island Sound) of the stocks' ranges.
Take by Level A and Level B harassment would be reduced to the level of
least practicable adverse impact through use of mitigation measures
described herein. Further, the amount of take authorized is extremely
small when compared to stock abundance, and the project is not
anticipated to impact any known important habitat areas for any marine
mammal species.
Take by Level A harassment is authorized to account for the
potential that an animal could enter and remain within the area between
a Level A harassment zone and the shutdown zone for a duration long
enough to be taken by Level A harassment. Any take by Level A
harassment is expected to arise from, at most, a small degree of PTS
because animals would need to be exposed to higher levels and/or longer
duration than are expected to occur here in order to incur any more
than a small degree of PTS. Additionally, and as noted previously, some
subset of the individuals that are behaviorally harassed could
simultaneously incur some small degree of TTS for a short duration of
time. Because of the small degree anticipated, though, any PTS or
[[Page 50578]]
TTS potentially incurred here would not be expected to adversely impact
individual fitness, let alone annual rates of recruitment or survival.
Behavioral responses of marine mammals to pile driving at the
project site, if any, are expected to be mild and temporary. Marine
mammals within the Level B harassment zone may not show any visual cues
they are disturbed by activities or could become alert, avoid the area,
leave the area, or display other mild responses that are not observable
such as changes in vocalization patterns. Given the limited number of
piles to be installed or extracted per day and that pile driving and
removal will occur across a maximum of 242 days within the 12-month
authorization period, any harassment will be temporary.
Any impacts on marine mammal prey that would occur during the
Navy's activity would have, at most, short-term effects on foraging of
individual marine mammals, and likely no effect on the populations of
marine mammals as a whole. Indirect effects on marine mammal prey
during the construction are expected to be minor, and these effects are
unlikely to cause substantial effects on marine mammals at the
individual level, with no expected effect on annual rates of
recruitment or survival.
In addition, it is unlikely that minor noise effects in a small,
localized area of habitat would have any effect on the stocks' annual
rates of recruitment or survival. In combination, we believe that these
factors, as well as the available body of evidence from other similar
activities, demonstrate that the potential effects of the specified
activities will have only minor, short-term effects on individuals. The
specified activities are not expected to impact rates of recruitment or
survival and will therefore not result in population-level impacts.
In summary and as described above, the following factors primarily
support our determination that the impacts resulting from this activity
are not expected to adversely affect any of the species or stocks
through effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival:
No serious injury or mortality is anticipated or
authorized;
The intensity of anticipated takes by Level B harassment
is relatively low for all stocks and would not be of a duration or
intensity expected to result in impacts on reproduction or survival;
No important habitat areas have been identified within the
project area;
For all species, the Thames River and Long Island Sound
are a very small and peripheral part of their range and anticipated
habitat impacts are minor; and
The Navy will implement mitigation measures, such as soft-
starts for impact pile driving and shut downs to minimize the numbers
of marine mammals exposed to injurious levels of sound, and to ensure
that take by Level A harassment, is at most, a small degree of PTS.
Based on the analysis contained herein of the likely effects of the
specified activity on marine mammals and their habitat, and taking into
consideration the implementation of the monitoring and mitigation
measures, NMFS finds that the total marine mammal take from the
activity will have a negligible impact on all affected marine mammal
species or stocks.
Small Numbers
As noted previously, only take of small numbers of marine mammals
may be authorized under sections 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA for
specified activities other than military readiness activities. The MMPA
does not define small numbers and so, in practice, where estimated
numbers are available, NMFS compares the number of individuals taken to
the most appropriate estimation of abundance of the relevant species or
stock in our determination of whether an authorization is limited to
small numbers of marine mammals. When the predicted number of
individuals to be taken is fewer than one-third of the species or stock
abundance, the take is considered to be of small numbers. Additionally,
other qualitative factors may be considered in the analysis, such as
the temporal or spatial scale of the activities.
Table 9 demonstrates the number of animals that could be exposed to
received noise levels that could cause take by Level A and Level B
harassment for the work at SUBASE. Our analysis shows that less than 1
percent of each affected stock could be taken by harassment. The
numbers of animals authorized to be taken for these stocks is
considered small relative to the relevant stock's abundances, even if
each estimated taking occurred to a new individual--an extremely
unlikely scenario.
Based on the analysis contained herein of the activity (including
the mitigation and monitoring measures) and the anticipated take of
marine mammals, NMFS finds that small numbers of marine mammals would
be taken relative to the population size of the affected species or
stocks.
Unmitigable Adverse Impact Analysis and Determination
There are no relevant subsistence uses of the affected marine
mammal stocks or species implicated by this action. Therefore, NMFS has
determined that the total taking of affected species or stocks will not
have an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of such species
or stocks for taking for subsistence purposes.
Endangered Species Act
Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.)
requires that each Federal agency insure that any action it authorizes,
funds, or carries out is not likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of any endangered or threatened species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. To
ensure ESA compliance for the issuance of IHAs, NMFS consults
internally whenever we authorize take for endangered or threatened
species.
No incidental take of ESA-listed species is authorized or expected
to result from this activity. Therefore, NMFS has determined that
formal consultation under section 7 of the ESA is not required for this
action.
National Environmental Policy Act
To comply with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA;
42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and NOAA Administrative Order (NAO) 216-6A,
NMFS must evaluate our action (i.e., the issuance of an IHA) and
alternatives with respect to potential impacts on the human
environment.
This action is consistent with categories of activities identified
in Categorical Exclusion B4 (IHAs with no anticipated serious injury or
mortality) of the Companion Manual for NAO 216-6A, which do not
individually or cumulatively have the potential for significant impacts
on the quality of the human environment and for which we have not
identified any extraordinary circumstances that would preclude this
categorical exclusion. Accordingly, NMFS has determined that the
issuance of this IHA qualifies to be categorically excluded from
further NEPA review.
Authorization
NMFS has issued an IHA to the Navy for the potential harassment of
small numbers of six marine mammal species incidental to the New London
Pier Extension Project at SUBASE in Groton, Connecticut, that includes
the previously explained mitigation, monitoring and reporting
requirements.
[[Page 50579]]
Dated: June 11, 2024.
Angela Somma,
Acting Director, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine
Fisheries Service.
[FR Doc. 2024-13169 Filed 6-13-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P