Imposition of Import Restrictions on Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Pakistan, 25130-25139 [2024-07244]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection
• DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 70 (Wednesday, April 10, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 25130-25139]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2024-07244]


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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

U.S. Customs and Border Protection

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

19 CFR Part 12

[CBP Dec. 24-09]
RIN 1515-AE82


Imposition of Import Restrictions on Archaeological and 
Ethnological Material of Pakistan

AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland 
Security; Department of the Treasury.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This document amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection 
(CBP) regulations to reflect the imposition of import restrictions on 
archaeological and ethnological materials from the Islamic Republic of 
Pakistan (Pakistan). These restrictions are imposed pursuant to an 
agreement between the United States and Pakistan, entered into under 
the authority of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation 
Act. This document amends the CBP regulations, adding Pakistan to the 
list of countries which have bilateral agreements with the United 
States imposing cultural property import restrictions, and contains the 
Designated List, which describes the archaeological and ethnological 
materials to which the restrictions apply.

DATES: Effective on April 10, 2024.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For legal aspects, W. Richmond 
Beevers, Chief, Cargo Security, Carriers and Restricted Merchandise 
Branch, Regulations and Rulings, Office of Trade, (202) 325-0084, [email protected]. For operational aspects, Julie L. 
Stoeber, Chief, 1USG Branch, Trade Policy and Programs, Office of 
Trade, (202) 945-7064, [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

[[Page 25131]]

Background

    The Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (Pub. L. 97-
446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.) (CPIA), which implements the 1970 United 
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 
Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit 
Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (823 
U.N.T.S. 231 (1972)) (Convention), allows for the conclusion of an 
agreement between the United States and another party to the Convention 
to impose import restrictions on certain archaeological and 
ethnological material. Pursuant to the CPIA, the United States entered 
into a bilateral agreement with the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 
(Pakistan) to impose import restrictions on certain archaeological and 
ethnological material of Pakistan. This rule announces that the United 
States is now imposing import restrictions on certain archaeological 
and ethnological material of Pakistan through January 30, 2029. This 
period may be extended for additional periods, each extension not to 
exceed 5 years, if it is determined that the factors justifying the 
initial agreement still pertain and no cause for suspension of the 
agreement exists (19 U.S.C. 2602(e); Sec.  12.104g(a) of title 19 of 
the Code of Federal Regulations (19 CFR 12.104g(a))).

Determinations

    Under 19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1), the United States must make certain 
determinations before entering into an agreement to impose import 
restrictions under 19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(2). On August 29, 2022, the 
Assistant Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States 
Department of State, after consultation with and recommendation by the 
Cultural Property Advisory Committee, made the determinations required 
under the statute with respect to certain archaeological and 
ethnological material originating in Pakistan that is described in the 
Designated List set forth below in this document.
    These determinations include the following: (1) that the cultural 
patrimony of Pakistan is in jeopardy from the pillage of archaeological 
material representing Pakistan's cultural heritage dating from 
approximately 2,000,000 Years Before Present \1\ to A.D. 1750, and 
ethnological material representing Pakistan's diverse history, ranging 
in date from approximately A.D. 800 to 1849 (19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(A)); 
(2) that the Pakistani government has taken measures consistent with 
the Convention to protect its cultural patrimony (19 U.S.C. 
2602(a)(1)(B)); (3) that import restrictions imposed by the United 
States would be of substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation 
of pillage and remedies less drastic are not available (19 U.S.C. 
2602(a)(1)(C)); and (4) that the application of import restrictions as 
set forth in this final rule is consistent with the general interests 
of the international community in the interchange of cultural property 
among nations for scientific, cultural, and educational purposes (19 
U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(D)). The Assistant Secretary also found that the 
material described in the determinations meets the statutory definition 
of ``archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party'' (19 
U.S.C. 2601(2)).
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    \1\ ``Years Before Present'' is commonly used instead of 
``B.C.'' or ``A.D.'' within archaeology when radiocarbon dating or 
other similar dating techniques are utilized.
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The Agreement

    On January 30, 2024, the Governments of the United States and 
Pakistan signed a bilateral agreement, ``Agreement Between the 
Government of the United States of America and the Government of the 
Islamic Republic of Pakistan Concerning the Imposition of Import 
Restrictions on Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Materials 
of Pakistan'' (``the Agreement''), pursuant to the provisions of 19 
U.S.C. 2602(a)(2). The Agreement entered into force on January 30, 
2024, following the exchange of diplomatic notes, and enables the 
promulgation of import restrictions on certain categories of 
archaeological material ranging in date from the Lower Paleolithic 
Period (approximately 2,000,000 Years Before Present) through A.D. 
1750, as well as certain categories of ethnological material associated 
with Pakistan's diverse history from A.D. 800 through 1849. A list of 
the categories of archaeological and ethnological material subject to 
the import restrictions is set forth later in this document.

Restrictions and Amendment to the Regulations

    In accordance with the Agreement, importation of material 
designated below is subject to the restrictions of 19 U.S.C. 2606 and 
19 CFR 12.104g(a) and will be restricted from entry into the United 
States unless the conditions set forth in 19 U.S.C. 2606 and 19 CFR 
12.104c are met. CBP is amending 19 CFR 12.104g(a) to indicate that 
these import restrictions have been imposed.
    Import restrictions listed at 19 CFR 12.104g(a) are effective for 
no more than 5 years beginning on the date on which an agreement enters 
into force with respect to the United States. This period may be 
extended for additional periods of not more than 5 years if it is 
determined that the factors which justified the agreement still pertain 
and no cause for suspension of the agreement exists. Therefore, the 
import restrictions will expire on January 30, 2029, unless extended.

Designated List of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Pakistan

    The Agreement between the United States and Pakistan includes, but 
is not limited to, the categories of objects described in the 
Designated List set forth below. Importation of material on this list 
is restricted unless the material is accompanied by documentation 
certifying that the material left Pakistan legally and not in violation 
of the export laws of Pakistan.
    The Designated List includes archaeological and ethnological 
material from Pakistan. The archaeological material in the Designated 
List includes, but is not limited to, objects made of stone, ceramic, 
faience, clay, metal, plaster, stucco, painting, ivory, bone, glass, 
leather, bark, vellum, parchment, paper, textiles, wood, shell, and/or 
other organic materials, as well as human remains ranging in date from 
the Lower Paleolithic Period through A.D. 1750. The ethnological 
material in the Designated List includes, but is not limited to, 
architectural materials and manuscripts ranging in date from A.D. 800 
through 1849.

Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Material

(I) Archaeological Material
    (A) Stone
    (B) Ceramic, Faience, and Fired Clay
    (C) Metal
    (D) Plaster, Stucco, and Unfired Clay
    (E) Paintings
    (F) Ivory and Bone
    (G) Glass
    (H) Leather, Birch Bark, Vellum, Parchment, and Paper
    (I) Textiles
    (J) Wood, Shell, and other Organic Material
    (K) Human Remains
(II) Ethnological Material
    (A) Architectural Materials
    (B) Manuscripts
    Approximate Simplified Chronology of Well-Known Periods:
    (a) Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic: c. 2,000,000 Years 
Before Present-3500 B.C.
    (b) Bronze Age (Pre-Indus, Indus, and Post-Indus Periods): c. 3500-
1500 B.C.
    (c) Iron Age: c. 1500-600 B.C.
    (d) Early Historic Period (Achaemenid, Macedonian, and

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Mauryan Empires; Greco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, and Indo-
Parthian Kingdoms; Gandharan Culture; Kushan Empire; Kushano-Sasanian 
Period; Gupta Empire; and Turk Shahi Dynasty): c. 600 B.C.-A.D. 712.
    (e) Middle Historic Period (Umayyad Caliphate, Hindu Shahi, 
Habbari, Ghaznavid, and Ghurid Dynasties): c. A.D. 712-1206.
    (f) Late Historic Period (Delhi Sultanate; Mughal Empire; Sikh 
Empire): c. A.D. 1206-1849

(I) Archaeological Material

    (A) Stone
    (1) Architectural Elements--Primarily in limestone, marble, 
sandstone, and steatite schist, but includes other types of stone. 
Category includes, but is not limited to, arches, balustrades, benches, 
brackets, bricks and blocks from walls, ceilings, and floors; columns, 
including capitals and bases; dentils; domes; door frames; false 
gables; friezes; lintels; merlons; mihrabs; minarets; mosaics; niches; 
pilasters; pillars, including capitals and bases; plinths; railings; 
ring stones; vaults; window screens (jalis). Elements may be plain, 
carved in relief, incised, inlaid, or inscribed in various languages 
and scripts; may be painted and/or gilded. Architectural elements may 
include relief sculptures, mosaics, and inlays that were part of a 
building, such as friezes, panels, or figures in the round. Includes 
architectural elements of Hellenistic (Greek) influence, such as Ionic 
and Corinthian styles, and/or depicting geometric, floral, or vegetal 
motifs, or figures and scenes from Hellenistic (Greek), Buddhist, 
Hindu, and Jain religious traditions. For example, Early Historic 
Period Gandharan architectural reliefs may include images of the 
Buddha, Bodhisattvas, human devotees, and scenes from the life of the 
Buddha. Approximate Date: 2600 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (2) Non-Architectural Monuments--Primarily in limestone, marble, 
steatite schist, but includes other types of stone. Types include, but 
are not limited to: altars; bases; basins; cenotaphs; funerary 
headstones and monuments; fountains; libation platforms; linga(m); 
monoliths; niches; plaques; portable shrines; roundels; sarcophagi; 
slabs; stands; stelae; stelae bases; and yoni. Monuments may be plain, 
carved in relief, incised, inlaid, or inscribed in various languages 
and scripts; may be painted and/or gilded. Decorative elements may 
include geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs, as well as animal, 
mythological, and/or human figures, such as images from Hellenistic 
(Greek), Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain religious traditions. Includes rock 
edicts and pillars with incised inscriptions. Approximate Date: 800 
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (3) Large Statuary--Primarily in steatite schist but includes other 
types of stone. Statuary includes seated or standing human and divine 
figures, such as statues of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and devotees, as 
well as figures from Hindu religious traditions. Large statuary is 
primarily associated with the Early Historic Period Gandharan 
tradition. Statues may bear inscriptions in various languages and 
scripts. Approximate Date: 800 B.C.-A.D. 1200.
    (4) Small Statuary--Primarily in agate, alabaster, chlorite, 
garnet, jade, jasper, limestone, marble, sandstone, and steatite 
schist, but includes other types of stone. Animal and human forms may 
be stylized or naturalistic. Includes game pieces. Small statuary is 
found throughout many periods from the Bronze Age onward; well-known 
styles date to the Indus and Early to Middle Historic Periods. 
Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (a) Bronze Age Indus Period statuary is often made in alabaster, 
limestone, sandstone, or steatite. It includes human figures, such as 
bearded, seated males that may be schematic or more detailed and may 
have inlaid eyes, and female dancers, as well as animal figures such as 
bulls, rams, or composite mythological creatures that may be either 
schematic or naturalistic. Approximate Date: 3500-1800 B.C.
    (b) Early Historic through Middle Historic period statuary made in 
alabaster, garnet, steatite schist, and other stones. Includes figures 
from Hellenistic (Greek), Buddhist, and Hindu religious traditions. 
Approximate Date: 800 B.C.-A.D. 1000.
    (5) Vessels and Containers--Primarily in alabaster, chlorite, jade, 
rock crystal, and steatite, but includes other types of stone. Vessel 
types may be conventional shapes such as bowls, boxes, canisters, cups, 
cylindrical vessels, goblets, flasks, jars, jugs, lamps, platters, 
stands, and trays, and may also include caskets, cosmetic containers or 
palettes, inkpots, pen boxes, spittoons, reliquaries (and their 
contents), and incense burners. Includes vessel lids. Some reliquaries 
may take the shape of a Buddhist stupa. Surfaces may be plain, 
polished, and/or incised or carved in relief with geometric, floral, or 
vegetal decoration, elaborate figural scenes, and/or inscriptions in 
various languages. Vessels may be inlaid with stones or gilded. 
Includes round trays or cosmetic palettes carved in relief, often with 
Hellenistic (Greek) mythological or banquet scenes. Approximate Date: 
6000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (6) Tools, Instruments, and Weights--Includes ground stone and 
flaked stone tools.
    (a) Ground stone tools, instruments, and weights are mainly made 
from chert, diorite, gneiss, granite, jade, marble, limestone, quartz, 
sandstone, or steatite, but other types of stone are included. Types 
include adzes, anvils, axes, balls, celts, grinding stones, 
hammerstones, maces, mills, molds, mortars, palettes, pestles, querns, 
rods, rubbers, scepters, whetstones, and others. Also included are 
counters, dice, finials, fly whisk handles, game pieces, hilts, mirror 
frames and handles, spindle whorls, trays, and weights. Stone weights 
are found in various shapes, such as cubes, rectangular prisms, rings, 
spheres, and truncated spheres, and may be decorated with incisions or 
relief carving and/or inscribed in various languages and scripts. 
Mirror handles of the Early Historic Period may be carved in human and 
animal forms, and dagger and sword hilts of the Mughal period may be 
carved in zoomorphic shapes and inlaid with precious or semi-precious 
stones, glass and/or precious metals. Approximate Date: 8000 B.C.-A.D. 
1750.
    (b) Flaked stone tools are primarily made of chalcedony, chert or 
other cryptocrystalline silicates, flint, jasper, obsidian, or 
quartzite, but other types of stone are included. Types include axes, 
bifaces, blades, burins, borers, choppers, cleavers, cores, hammers, 
microliths, points, projectiles, scrapers, sickles, unifaces, and 
others. Approximate Date: 2,000,000 Years Before Present--600 B.C.
    (7) Beads and Jewelry--Primarily in alabaster, agate, amethyst, 
carnelian, chalcedony, coral, cryptocrystalline silicates, emerald, 
garnet, jade, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, quartz, rock crystal, ruby, 
steatite, and turquoise, but also includes other types of stone. 
Steatite beads may be fired and glazed. Carnelian beads bleached 
(etched) in white with geometric designs are particularly 
representative of the Bronze Age Indus period. Beads were made in 
animal, biconical, conical, cylindrical, disc, dumbbell, eye, faceted, 
scaraboid, spherical, teardrop, and other shapes. May bear geometric 
designs, images, and/or inscriptions in various languages and scripts. 
Jewelry includes amulets, bracelets, pendants, rings, and other types. 
Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (8) Stamps, Seals, and Gems--Primarily in agate, amethyst, 
carnelian, chalcedony, hematite, jasper, rock

[[Page 25133]]

crystal, steatite, but also includes other types of stone. Stamps, 
seals, and gems may have engravings that include animals, human 
figures, geometric, floral, or vegetal designs, and/or inscriptions in 
various languages and scripts. Includes cameos and intaglios. Well-
known styles are from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron 
Age, Early Historic Period, and Middle to Late Historic Periods. 
Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (a) Chalcolithic and Bronze Age seals are usually square or 
rectangular stamp seals, but may also be circular, cylindrical, oval, 
or triangular, and may have a pierced knob handle. They may be made of 
steatite (usually fired and glazed) or other stones. Incised designs 
often feature inscriptions in the Indus script, either alone or 
together with animals such as bulls, elephants, and unicorns, as well 
as human, divine, and mythological figures, plants, and symbols. 
Designs may also be geometric. Approximate Date: 2800-1800 B.C.
    (b) Stamps and intaglio seals of the Iron Age and Early Historic 
Period are usually made of stones such as agate, carnelian, chalcedony, 
garnet, hematite, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, quartz, and steatite. 
They are usually oval, rectangular, button-shaped or hemispherical. 
Stamps and seals may be incised, drilled, cut, or relief-carved with 
animals, human, divine, and/or mythological figures, and/or symbols of 
Hellenistic (Greek), Achaemenid/Persian, Buddhist, Zoroastrian, or 
Hindu traditions; may be carved with a portrait bust; may be perforated 
for suspension or set into a ring; may be inscribed in various 
languages and scripts. Approximate Date: 1500 B.C.-A.D. 712.
    (c) Stamps and seals of the Middle and Late Historic Periods are 
usually made in carnelian, chalcedony, hematite, or other stones and 
are circular, oval, octagonal, teardrop-shaped, rectangular, or square. 
They are usually carved with inscriptions in Arabic or Persian script, 
sometimes with floral embellishments. Approximate Date: A.D. 712-1750.
    (B) Ceramic, Faience, and Fired Clay
    (1) Statuary--Includes small and large-scale statuary in ceramic, 
faience, and terracotta. May take the form of an animal, deity, human, 
hybrid animal/human or other mythological creature, cart frame or 
wheel, model mask, model boat, model house, or model stupa. May be 
associated with religious activity, games, or toys. May be painted or 
have traces of paint or pigment. Forms may be stylized or naturalized. 
Well-known styles date to the Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Early 
Historic, and Middle Historic Periods. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 
1750.
    (a) Chalcolithic and Bronze Age (Pre-Indus and Indus Period) male 
and female terracotta figurines are stylized with applied or incised 
eyes, hair, headdresses, or necklaces and tapered legs. Animal 
figurines in terracotta and faience may be stylized, with applied and 
incised details, or naturalistic and sometimes partly formed in a mold. 
Approximate Date: 5500-1800 B.C.
    (b) Late Bronze Age (Post-Indus) and Iron Age terracotta human 
figurines may have pinched faces, incised details, and/or flat bases. 
Approximate Date: 1800-600 B.C.
    (c) Early Historic Period terracotta figurines may be mold-made in 
Indo-Greek or local style or handmade with incised and applied details. 
They include female figurines (in the round and as plaques), horse-and-
rider figurines, and animals. Approximate Date: 600 B.C.-A.D. 500.
    (d) Early Historic Period large-scale terracotta statuary in the 
Gandharan tradition can be hand-formed or mold-made in the image of 
animals, humans, and mythological figures. May be painted, plastered, 
and/or inlaid with stones. Includes statues of the Buddha, 
Bodhisattvas, and devotees. Approximate Date: 1st-9th Centuries A.D.
    (e) Middle Historic, Hindu Shahi Period terracotta figurines of 
male and female human figures and animals are handmade and schematic 
with pinched faces and applied and incised details. They can be slipped 
and painted. Approximate Date: 9th-10th Centuries A.D.
    (2) Architectural Elements--Includes terracotta bricks, niches, 
panels, pipes, tiles, window screens (jalis), and other elements used 
as functional or decorative elements in buildings and mosaics. Bricks 
may be cut or molded to form decorative patterns on building exteriors. 
Mosaic designs include animals, humans, and geometric, floral, and/or 
vegetal motifs. Panels and tiles may be painted, plastered, or have 
traces of paint or plaster. Tiles may bear carved, incised, or 
impressed or molded decoration in the form of animals, humans, 
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs. Glazed tiles and bricks are 
well-known from the Middle and Late Historic Periods, used to decorate 
civic and religious architecture. Tiles may be square or polygonal. 
They may have been molded, incised, and/or painted with animal, 
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs, arabesque (intertwining) 
motifs, and or calligraphic writing in various scripts and languages 
before glazing. Glaze may be clear, monochrome, or polychrome. 
Polychrome glaze may be applied in the cuerda seca technique. 
Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (3) Vessels--Includes utilitarian vessels, fine tableware, lamps, 
special-purpose vessels, and other ceramic objects of everyday use 
produced in many periods of Pakistan's history. Approximate Date: 6000 
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (a) Neolithic--Includes handmade earthenware vessels. Vessel types 
include bowls, jars, pots, and other forms. They may be made of coarse 
chaff- or sand-tempered clay, sometimes with red-slipped surface, often 
with basket or mat impressions. Approximate Date: 6000-5500 B.C.
    (b) Chalcolithic--Includes handmade and wheel-made earthenware 
vessels. Vessel types include bowls, jars, flat dishes, pots, and other 
forms. Surface can be reddish-yellow, yellowish, buff, gray, brown, or 
red-brown, and burnished or red-slipped. Sometimes painted in black, 
brown, and/or red with simple geometric and animal motifs. Approximate 
Date: 5500-3500 B.C.
    (c) Bronze Age (Pre-Indus, Indus, and Post-Indus Periods)--Includes 
handmade and wheel-made earthenware vessels. Vessel types include 
bowls, canisters, cooking pots, goblets, jars, lids, plates, 
pedestalled stands, perforated strainers, and other forms. Can also 
take the form of birdcages, feeder bottles, and mousetraps. Surface can 
be buff, greenish-gray, gray, red, red-buff, or white, sometimes with 
basket impressions or applied snake motifs. Sometimes slipped in black, 
gray, or red clay, occasionally combed to reveal the clay color 
beneath. Sometimes painted (monochrome, bichrome, or polychrome) in 
black, blue, brown, green, red, white, and yellow with simple or 
complex geometric motifs, animals such as birds, cattle, deer, dogs, 
gazelle, fish, and others, and/or vegetal motifs such as pipal leaves. 
Can be incised with characters in the Indus script. Approximate Date: 
3500-1500 B.C.
    (d) Iron Age--Includes handmade and wheel-made earthenware vessels. 
Vessel types include bottles, bowls, cooking pots, goblets, lids, jars, 
jugs, juglets, lids, plates, saucers, tubs, urns, and other forms. 
Vessel forms may have a pedestalled foot or stand, handles, and/or 
spouts. Surfaces can be red, gray, gray-black, brown, or brown-gray and 
may be slipped, grooved, and/or burnished. Painted decoration in 
monochrome or bichrome colors includes animal, human, plant, and/or

[[Page 25134]]

geometric motifs. ``Visage'' jars or urns characteristic of this period 
depict a human face through modeling and incision or perforation. 
Approximate Date: 1500-600 B.C.
    (e) Early Historic Period--Includes handmade, mold-made, or wheel-
made earthenware vessels. Vessel types include conventional shapes such 
as basins, beakers, bottles, bowls, cooking pots, cups, dishes 
(thalis), jars, pitchers, plates, storage vessels, trays, and vases 
(kraters), as well as other forms such as incense burners, lamps, rhyta 
(drinking horns), and stands. Vessel forms may have pedestal bases, 
handles, and/or spouts. Some vessels may have been formed into 
elaborate shapes using molds. ``Tulip bowls'' with a rounded base, 
flaring rim, and carinated or kinked body are typical of the early part 
of this period. Includes round trays or cosmetic palettes decorated in 
relief with Hellenistic (Greek) mythological scenes or banquet scenes. 
Vessels may have a brown, buff, gray, red, dark purplish-red, yellow, 
or black surface. Surface treatments may include slip, burnishing, 
polishing, incising, impressing (including grooving, rouletting, and 
stamping), appliqu[eacute], painting, and/or glazing. Stamp impressions 
include simple geometric motifs; leaves, lotuses, and rosettes; and 
elaborate scenes combining animal, human, geometric, floral, and/or 
vegetal motifs. Molded animal heads, human figures, or rosettes in clay 
may be applied to the exterior surface of a vessel or attached as a 
handle. Painted designs include geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs, 
as well as friezes of humans, animals, and plants. Some vessels may be 
covered with green, blue-green, brown, or yellow glaze. Vessels may be 
incised or painted with inscriptions in various languages and scripts. 
Approximate Date: 6th Century B.C.-9th Century A.D.
    (f) Middle and Late Historic Periods--Includes handmade, molded, 
and wheel-made earthenware vessels, as well as porcelain. Vessel types 
include conventional shapes such as bowls, cooking pots, cups, ewers, 
flasks, jars, jugs, lamps, lids, pans, platters, trays, water vessels 
(lota), and other types such as hookah pots, incense burners, vessels 
with a pedestalled foot, kneading troughs, model stupas, pipes, and 
vessels in the shape of animals. Clay is often red or buff. Surface 
treatments may include slip, polishing, burnishing, incising, 
impressing, appliqu[eacute], painting, and/or glazing. Stamps and 
impressions include motifs such as circles, bars and dots, rosettes, 
eyes, and human faces. Molded designs can include inscriptions and/or 
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs on unglazed or glazed vessels. 
Spouts and handles may be formed in the shape of animals. Painted 
decoration includes animal, geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs, as 
well as inscriptions in various languages and scripts, variously 
applied on a slipped surface, under a colorless glaze, or over a 
colored glaze. Designs may be scratched (sgraffiato) through the slip 
to reveal the clay color beneath before glazing. Glazes may be 
colorless, monochrome, or polychrome. Common colors include green, 
yellow, blue, black, brown, turquoise, and white. Imported types 
include celadon (green ware) and blue-and-white porcelain from China. 
Approximate Date: 9th Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
    (4) Beads, Jewelry, and Ornaments--Includes bangles, beads, 
bracelets, buttons, ear spools, inlays, and rings made of faience and 
terracotta. Beads include barrel, biconical, cylindrical, segmented, 
and other shapes. Faience may be colored with blue, blue-green, red, 
and white glaze. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (5) Tools and Instruments--Includes terracotta balls, buttons, 
``cakes,'' coin molds, statuary molds, vessel molds, cones, cubes, 
dabbers, dice, discs, flutes, loom weights, net-sinkers, stamps, 
rattles, rubbers, spindle whorls, scoops, spoons, stoppers, tri-armed 
kiln setters, whistles, and other objects. Bronze Age ``cakes'' may be 
circular, square, or triangular, and whistles may take the shape of 
animals such as birds. May be incised or stamped with characters in 
various scripts. Approximate Date: 6000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (6) Stamps and Seals--Terracotta faience stamp seals were produced 
in the Bronze Age, Early Historic Period, and Middle Historic Hindu 
Shahi Period. Bronze Age Indus Period stamp seals can be square or 
circular in shape and compartmented with geometric and animal motifs 
and/or inscribed with Indus script. Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 
1000.
    (7) Tablets and Sealings--Terracotta and faience tablets and 
sealings of the Bronze Age Indus period may be cylindrical, 
rectangular, or prismatic and molded in relief with images of animals, 
humans, and other motifs, and/or inscriptions in Indus script. 
Approximate Date: 2600-1800 B.C.
    (C) Metal--Includes copper, gold, silver, iron, lead, tin, 
electrum, and alloys such as bronze, brass, pewter, and steel. Metal 
objects were produced in many periods of Pakistan's history, beginning 
in the Chalcolithic Period. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (1) Containers and Vessels--Vessel types include conventional 
shapes such as basins, bottles, bowls, boxes, canisters, cauldrons, 
chalices, cups, dishes, ewers, flasks, jars, jugs, lamps, pans, plates, 
platters, pots, stands, utensils, and vases, but also include forms 
such as caskets, hookah pots, incense burners, reliquaries (and their 
contents), and spittoons. Some reliquaries may take the form of a 
Buddhist stupa. One end of some drinking vessels (rhyta) may take the 
form of an animal or mythical creature. They may include lids, spouts, 
and handles of vessels. Metal containers may have been decorated by 
chasing (embossing), engraving, gilding, inlaying, punching, and/or 
repouss[eacute] (relief hammering). Designs include, but are not 
limited to, inscriptions in various languages and scripts, arabesque 
(intertwining) motifs, geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs, animal 
motifs, and portrait busts or scenes of human figures, such as 
ceremonial, banquet, or hunting scenes. Some containers and vessels, 
such as reliquaries, may be inlaid with precious or semi-precious 
stones, as well as precious metals such as gold and silver. Approximate 
Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (2) Jewelry and Personal Adornments--Types include, but are not 
limited to, amulets, amulet holders, bangles, beads, bracelets, belts, 
bracteates, brooches, buckles, buttons, charms, clasps, crowns, 
earrings, ear spools, hair ornaments, hairpins, headdress or hat 
ornaments, lockets, necklaces, pectoral ornaments, pendants, pins, 
rings, rosettes, and staffs. Includes metal ornaments, 
appliqu[eacute]s, and clasps once attached to textiles or leather 
objects. Includes also metal scrolls inscribed in various languages and 
scripts. May have been decorated by chasing (embossing), 
cloisonn[eacute], enameling, engraving, filigree, gilding, granulation, 
inlaying, and/or repouss[eacute] (relief hammering). Decoration may 
include animal, human, geometric, floral, or vegetal motifs. May 
include inlays of ivory, bone, animal teeth, enamel, other metals, 
precious stones, and/or semi-precious stones. Approximate Date: 5500 
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (3) Tools and Instruments--Types include, but are not limited to, 
axes, backscratchers, bells, blades, chisels, drills, goads, hinges, 
hooks, keys, knives, measuring rods, mirrors, mirror handles, nails, 
pickaxes, pins, rakes, rods, saws, scale weights, shears, sickles, 
spades, spoons, staffs, trowels, weights, and tools of craftspeople 
such as carpenters, masons, and metalsmiths.

[[Page 25135]]

Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (4) Weapons and Armor--Includes body armor, such as chain mail, 
helmets, plate armor, scale armor, shin guards, shields, shield bosses, 
horse armor, and horse bits and bridle elements. Also includes 
launching weapons (arrowheads, spearheads, and javelin heads); hand-to-
hand combat weapons (axes, swords, including sabers and scimitars, 
daggers, including khajars and katars, and maces); and sheaths. Some 
weapons may be highly decorative and incorporate inlays of other types 
of metal, precious stones, or semi-precious stones in the sheaths and 
hilts. Some weapons, hilts, and sheaths may be engraved or chased 
(embossed) with inscriptions in various languages and scripts, 
arabesque (intertwining), geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs, 
and/or human or animal scenes, such as hunting scenes. Approximate 
Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (5) Coins--Ancient coins include gold, silver, copper, and copper 
alloy coins in a variety of denominations. Includes gold and silver 
ingots, which may be plain and/or inscribed. Some of the most well-
known types are described below:
    (a) Early coins in Pakistan include silver sigloi of the Achaemenid 
Empire. Gold staters and silver tetradrachms and drachms of Alexander 
the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus are also found. Regionally minted 
Achaemenid-period coins include silver bent bars (shatamana) with 
punched symbols such as wheels or suns. Local Hellenistic (Greek)-
period and Mauryan imperial punch-marked silver coins (karshapana) are 
covered with various symbols such as suns, crescents, six-arm designs, 
hills, peacocks, and others. Circular or square, die-struck cast copper 
alloy coins with relief symbols and/or animals on one or both sides 
also date to this period. Approximate Date: 6th-2nd Centuries B.C.
    (b) Greco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, and Indo-Parthian 
coins include gold staters, silver tetradrachms, drachms, and obols, 
and copper alloy denominations. Copper alloy coins are often square. 
The bust of the king, the king on horseback, Greek and Hindu deities, 
the Buddha, elephants, bulls, and other animals are common designs. The 
name of the king is often written in Greek, Kharosthi or Brahmi script. 
Approximate Date: 2nd Century B.C.-1st Century A.D.
    (c) Roman Imperial coins struck in silver and bronze are sometimes 
found in archaeological contexts in Pakistan. Approximate Date: 1st 
Century B.C.-4th Century A.D.
    (d) Kushan coins include gold dinars, silver tetradrachms, and 
copper alloy denominations. Imagery includes the king as a portrait 
bust (``Augustus type''), standing figure with a fire altar, or 
equestrian figure; emblems (tamgha); and figures from Greek, 
Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Hindu religious traditions. Inscriptions are 
written in Greek, Bactrian, and/or Brahmi scripts. Approximate Date: 
A.D. 30-350.
    (e) Sasanian coins include gold dinars, silver drachms, obols 
(dang), and copper alloy denominations. Imagery includes the bust of 
the king wearing a large crown and Zoroastrian fire altars and deities. 
Inscriptions are usually written in Pahlavi, but gold dinars minted in 
Sindh with Brahmi inscriptions are included. Approximate Date: A.D. 
240-651.
    (f) Kushano-Sasanian or Kushanshah coins include gold dinars, 
silver tetradrachms, and copper alloy denominations. Some Kushano-
Sasanian coins followed the Kushan style of imagery, while others 
resemble Sasanian coins. Inscriptions are written in Greek, Bactrian, 
Brahmi, or Pahlavi scripts. Approximate Date: A.D. 225-365.
    (g) Gupta coins include gold dinars and silver and copper alloy 
denominations. Imagery includes the king in various postures and 
activities, the queen, Hindu deities, altars, and animals. Inscriptions 
are usually written in pseudo-Greek or Brahmi script. Approximate Date: 
A.D. 345-455.
    (h) Coins of the Hephthalite, Kidarite, Alchon and Nezak Hun, Rai, 
Brahmin Chacha, and Turk Shahi Dynasties include silver and copper 
alloy denominations. Designs resemble Sasanian coins with a portrait 
bust of the ruler wearing a distinctive crown on the obverse and a fire 
altar or other Zoroastrian imagery on the reverse. Coins sometimes bear 
emblems (tamghas) and/or inscriptions in Bactrian, Pahlavi, Brahmi, or 
Nagari script. Designs are sometimes highly schematized. Approximate 
Date: 5th-9th Centuries A.D.
    (i) Hindu Shahi silver coins often bear inscriptions in Nagari or 
Sharada script and depict a horseman and a bull, or an elephant and a 
lion. Approximate Date: A.D. 822-1026.
    (j) The Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates and the Ghaznavid and Ghurid 
Empires issued gold dinars, silver dirhams, and copper alloy fulus 
(singular fals) bearing Arabic inscriptions on both faces. Inscriptions 
are often enclosed in circles, squares, rings of dots, or an 
inscription band. Silver and copper alloy denominations of local 
governors, the Habbari Dynasty of Sindh, and the Emirate of Multan are 
similar, but some coins of Multan carry inscriptions in Nagari or 
Sharada. Some Ghaznavid coins carry bilingual inscriptions in Arabic 
and Sharada scripts, and some bear images of a bull and horseman. Some 
Ghurid coins bear inscriptions in Devanagari and/or stylized images of 
a flower, bull, horseman, and/or goddess. Approximate Date: A.D. 712-
1206.
    (k) The Delhi Sultanate issued gold tankas, silver tankas and 
jitals, and copper alloy denominations bearing Arabic inscriptions, 
either enclosed in a circle, scalloped circle, octofoil, flower, 
square, or inscription band, or covering the full face of the coins. 
Some bear inscriptions in Devanagari and/or stylized images of a bull, 
horseman, lion, or goddess. Some coins are square. Approximate Date: 
A.D. 1206-1526.
    (l) The Mughal Empire issued coins such as gold mohurs; silver 
shahrukhis, rupees, and tankas; copper and copper alloy dams, and other 
denominations. Coins bear Arabic inscriptions enclosed in a circle, 
ring of dots, square, or inscription band, or covering the entire face. 
Some coins are square. Some coins bear an image of the seated emperor, 
a portrait bust of the emperor, a sun, and/or Zodiac symbols. 
Approximate Date: A.D. 1526-1749.
    (6) Statuary, Ornaments, and other Decorated Objects--Primarily in 
copper, gold, silver, or alloys such as bronze and brass. Includes 
free-standing and supported statuary; relief or incised plaques or 
roundels; finials; votive ornaments; stands; and other ornaments. 
Statuary may be fashioned as humans, animals, deities, or mythological 
figures; miniature chariots; wheeled carts; or other objects. Statuary 
may take naturalized or stylized forms. Decorative techniques for 
statuary, ornaments, and other decorated objects include chasing 
(embossing), gilding, engraving, repouss[eacute] (relief hammering), 
and/or inlaying with other materials. Decorative elements may include 
humans, deities, animals, mythological figures, scenes of activity, 
floral, geometric, and/or vegetal motifs, and/or inscriptions in 
various languages and scripts. Imagery representative of the Early 
Historic and Middle Historic Periods includes figures from Hellenistic 
(Greek), Buddhist, and Hindu religious traditions. Approximate Date: 
3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (7) Stamps, Seals, and Tablets--Primarily cast in copper and alloys 
such as bronze and brass; also includes stamps and seals in gold or 
silver. Types include amulets, flat tablets, rings, small devices with 
engraving on one side, and others. Stamps and seals may have

[[Page 25136]]

engravings that include animals, humans, deities, mythological figures, 
geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs, symbols, and/or inscriptions in 
various languages and scripts. May be inlaid with other types of 
material. Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (D) Plaster, Stucco, and Unfired Clay--Includes ceiling decoration 
or tracery, columns, corbels, cornices, large- and small-scale figures 
of animals, humans, and deities, friezes, medallions, mihrabs, 
ornaments, niches, panels, plaques, reliefs, roundels, stupas, vaults, 
window screens, and other architectural and non-architectural 
decoration or sculpture. May be painted or bear traces of paint; 
gilded; inlaid with stones or other materials; and/or inscribed in 
various languages and scripts. Stucco panels may depict elaborate 
scenes of animals and human activity (such as hunting or elite 
activity) and/or arabesque (intertwining), geometric, floral, and/or 
vegetal patterns. Stucco panels may have been made with molds. Stucco 
sculpture and decorated objects of the Early Historic Period may 
resemble Hellenistic (Greek) styles and figures; they may depict 
individuals such as the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, or devotees. Unfired clay 
bullae and roundels with stamped or rolled impressions used as sealing 
material are included. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (E) Paintings--Includes paintings, frescoes, and fragments on 
natural stones and cave walls, building walls and ceilings, and 
portable media. Rock paintings of the Paleolithic through Bronze Age 
are usually executed in red or black pigments and depict stylized 
animals and humans or symbols. Patterns in red, black, and white 
pigments are typical for wall paintings of the Neolithic period. Rock 
and wall frescoes of the Early Historic Period depict humans, animals, 
and geometric symbols, sometimes with imagery from Buddhist and Hindu 
religious traditions, in various colors and styles. Wall and ceiling 
frescoes with polychrome arabesque, floral, vegetal, and geometric 
patterns and inscriptions are typical of the Mughal Period. Mughal 
Period paintings also include miniature portraits set in rings or 
pendants and larger paintings on cotton. Approximate Date: 30,000 B.C.-
A.D. 1750.
    (F) Ivory and Bone
    (1) Non-Architectural Relief Panels and Plaques--Decorated and 
engraved panels and plaques featuring low-and high-relief carvings. May 
include imagery of humans, deities, animals, mythological creatures, 
and human activity, as well as floral, geometric, and/or vegetal 
motifs. May be gilded and/or painted or bear traces of paint or 
pigment. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
    (2) Statuary--Includes carved animal, human, and deity figures. 
Geometric, floral, and/or vegetal decorative elements may be part of 
the carved design. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
    (3) Containers, Tools, Handles, and other Instruments--Includes 
awls, boxes, buckles, buttons, caskets, combs, flasks, game dice, game 
pieces, dagger or sword handles or hilts, mirrors and mirror handles, 
points, polishers, reliquaries, rods, rulers, spatulas, spindles, 
stoppers, and other personal objects made of ivory and bone. May be 
incised and/or painted with decorative motifs, inlaid with other 
materials, carved in relief, carved in zoomorphic shapes, and/or 
inscribed in various languages and scripts. Approximate Date: 45,000 
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (4) Furniture and Furniture Elements--Includes bone or ivory 
brackets, handles, finials, and elements of chairs, couches, beds, 
footstools, chests, trunks and other types of furniture such as arms, 
legs, feet, inlays, and panels. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 
1750.
    (5) Jewelry and Ornaments--Types include, but are not limited to, 
beads, pendants, hairpins, pins, and rings. Approximate Date: 5500 
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (6) Stamps and Seals--Bone and ivory seals include button-shaped 
and square stamps, among other shapes. May be engraved with animals, 
humans, deities, geometric, floral, and/or vegetal designs, symbols, 
and/or inscriptions in various languages and scripts, including the 
Indus script. Approximate Date: 4000 B.C.-A.D. 712.
    (G) Glass
    (1) Architectural Elements--Includes glass pieces or tiles arranged 
in mosaic fashion to create geometric, floral, and/or vegetal designs 
on architectural surfaces or in windows. Glass may be mirrored or 
stained. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
    (2) Beads and Jewelry--Includes beads in the form of animals, 
cylinders, cones, discs, spheres, or other shapes, as well as bangles. 
Decoration may include bevels, incisions, and/or raised decoration. 
Includes glass inlay used in other types of jewelry and decorated 
items. Includes stamp seals or gems incised with decorative and figural 
designs. Approximate Date: 1100 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (3) Vessels--Vessel types include conventional shapes such as 
beakers, bottles, bowls, cups, dishes, flasks, goblets, jars, mugs, 
plates, and vases, and other forms such as cosmetic containers, lamps, 
medicine droppers, and animal-shaped vessels. Some vessels may have 
been formed in molds or using mosaic techniques. May be monochrome or 
polychrome. Some polychrome glass vessels may have been painted with 
arabesque (intertwining), floral and/or vegetal designs or bear traces 
of paint. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
    (4) Ornaments--Includes glass medallions. May have molded 
decorations including, but not limited to, animals, humans, geometric, 
floral, and vegetal motifs. Typically associated with the Ghaznavid and 
Ghurid periods. Approximate Date: A.D. 1000-1200.
    (H) Leather, Birch Bark, Vellum, Parchment, and Paper
    (1) Books and Manuscripts--Includes scrolls, sheets, and bound 
volumes. Texts may be written in ink on birch bark, vellum, parchment, 
or paper, and may be gathered into leather or wooden bindings, albums, 
or folios. Includes secular and religious texts. Texts of the Early 
Historic Period written on birchbark, vellum, and parchment include 
sacred texts of Buddhism and other religions of ancient Pakistan, as 
well as texts on secular topics such as mathematics, and are written in 
various languages and scripts, such as Brahmi, Gandhari, Kharosthi, and 
Sharada. Books and manuscripts of the Middle and Late Historic Periods 
were written primarily on paper in various languages in scripts such as 
Arabic, Persian, Devanagari, and Sharada. Topics of this period 
include, but are not limited to, religion, religious epics, science, 
mathematics, medicine, literature, poetry, history, and biography. 
Books and manuscripts of this period may be embellished or decorated 
with monochrome or polychrome paintings or illuminations of arabesque 
(intertwining), geometric, floral, or vegetal motifs; images of 
animals, plants, and humans, including individual portraits; 
landscapes; and/or scenes of human activities, such as courtly 
gatherings and ceremonies, hunting, falconry, battles, and historical, 
mythological, or legendary events. May be in miniature form with 
decorated borders. Paper may be marbleized and/or embellished with 
gold. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
    (2) Items of Personal Adornment--Primarily in leather, including 
bracelets and other types of jewelry, belts, necklaces, sandals, and 
shoes. May be embroidered or embellished with other

[[Page 25137]]

materials. Leather goods may have also been used in conjunction with 
textiles. Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-1750 A.D.
    (I) Textiles--Includes silk, linen, cotton, hemp, wool, and other 
woven materials used in basketry and other household goods. Includes 
clothing, shoes, jewelry, and items of personal adornment; sheaths; 
burial shrouds; tent coverings, tent hangings, and other domestic 
textiles; carpets; baskets; and others. Textiles may be plain, or 
patterns may have been woven into the body of the textile. Other 
decorative techniques include embroidery, application of gold leaf, or 
painting with various motifs, such as animals, geometric, floral, and 
vegetal motifs, and other designs. Gold or silver threads may be woven 
into the textile. Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
    (J) Wood, Shell, and other Organic Material--Wooden objects include 
architectural elements, such as arches, balconies, bases, benches, 
capitals, columns, doors, door frames, friezes, lintels, mihrabs, 
minbars, jambs, panels, posts, screens, shutters, window frames and 
fittings, and window screens, or pieces of any of these objects; boxes; 
coffins; finials; furniture; jewelry and other items of personal 
adornment; musical instruments; statuary and figurines; stamps and 
seals with engraved designs and/or inscriptions in various languages 
and scripts; vessels and containers; weapons such as bows; and other 
objects. Jewelry and ornaments made of shell, mother-of-pearl, and 
pearl include bangles, beads, bracelets, cones, inlays, necklaces, 
pendants, rings, studs, and other types. Vessels made of shell or set 
with mother-of-pearl panels include ewers, ladles, libation vessels, 
plates, and spoons. Wooden, shell, mother-of-pearl, and pearl objects 
may be carved, incised, inlaid with other materials, lacquered, and/or 
painted. Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-1750 A.D.
    (K) Human Remains--Human remains and fragments of human remains, 
including skeletal remains, soft tissue, and ash from the human body 
that may be preserved in burials, reliquaries, and other contexts.

(II) Ethnological Material

    Ethnological material in the Designated List includes manuscripts 
and architectural materials from civic and religious buildings 
associated with Pakistan's diverse history from A.D. 800 through 1849.
    (A) Architectural Materials--Architectural materials include non-
industrial and/or handmade elements used to decorate civic and 
religious architecture. They may be made of stone, ceramic or 
terracotta, plaster and stucco, glass, and/or wood, and painted media.
    (1) Stone--Primarily in limestone, marble, sandstone, and steatite 
schist. Includes arches; balustrades; benches; brackets; bricks and 
blocks from walls, ceilings, and floors; columns, including capitals 
and bases; corbels; cornices; dentils; domes; door frames; false 
gables; friezes; lintels; merlons; mihrabs; minarets; mosaics; niches; 
panels; pilasters; pillars, including capitals and bases; plinths; 
railings; ringstones; vaults; window screens (jalis); and others. May 
be plain, carved in relief, incised, inlaid, or inscribed in various 
languages and scripts. May be painted and/or gilded. May include relief 
sculptures, mosaics, and inlays that were part of a civic or religious 
building, such as friezes, panels, or figures in the round. Imagery may 
be civic or religious. Mosaic designs include animals, humans, and 
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs. Approximate Date: A.D. 800-
1849.
    (2) Ceramic and Fired Clay--Includes terracotta (fired clay) 
bricks, mosaics, niches, panels, pipes, tiles, window screens (jalis), 
and other elements used as decorative elements in civic and religious 
buildings. Bricks may be cut or molded to form decorative patterns on 
building exteriors. Mosaic designs include animals, humans, and 
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs. Panels and tiles may be 
painted, plastered, or have traces of paint or plaster. Tiles may be 
square or polygonal and may be carved, incised, impressed, or molded 
with decorations in the form of animals, humans, geometric, arabesque 
(intertwining), floral, and/or vegetal motifs, and/or calligraphic 
writing in various scripts and languages, and/or then glazed. Glaze may 
be clear, monochrome, and/or polychrome. Polychrome glaze may be 
applied in the cuerda seca technique. Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
    (3) Plaster and Stucco--Includes ceiling decoration or tracery, 
columns, corbels, cornices, friezes, medallions, mihrabs, niches, 
panels, plaques, reliefs, roundels, vaults, window screens, and other 
types. May be painted or bear traces of paint; gilded; inlaid with 
stones or other materials; and/or inscribed in various languages and 
scripts. Designs may include arabesque (intertwining), geometric, 
floral, and/or vegetal patterns. May have been made using molds. 
Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
    (4) Paintings and Frescos--Includes paintings and frescoes on civic 
and religious building walls and ceilings, and fragments thereof. 
Frescoes with polychrome arabesque (intertwining), floral, vegetal, 
and/or geometric patterns and inscriptions are typical of the Mughal 
Period. Jain and Hindu temples and Sikh gurdwaras are sometimes adorned 
with frescoes depicting human and animal figures and scenes, as well as 
floral, vegetal, and geometric motifs. Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
    (5) Glass--Includes glass pieces or tiles arranged in mosaic 
fashion to create geometric, floral, and/or vegetal designs on 
architectural surfaces or in windows. Glass may be mirrored or stained. 
Often found in mosques and Sikh gurdwaras. Approximate Date: A.D. 1000-
1849.
    (6) Wood--Includes hand-carved arches, balconies, bases, benches, 
capitals, columns, doors, door frames, friezes, lintels, mihrabs, 
minbars, jambs, panels, posts, screens, shutters, window frames and 
fittings, and window screens, or parts thereof, used as structural 
elements in and/or to decorate civic or religious architecture. These 
architectural elements may have been reused for new purposes, such as a 
wood panel used as a table, or a door jamb used as a bench. May be 
carved, incised, inlaid with other materials, and/or painted. 
Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
    (B) Manuscripts--Manuscripts, portions of manuscripts, and works on 
paper include non-industrial, handmade, handwritten, hand-illustrated 
and/or illuminated scrolls, sheets, and bound volumes. They may be made 
of various media, from writing, illustrations, and/or illuminations on 
parchment, vellum, birchbark, cotton, or paper to binding in leather or 
wood. Texts may be written in various languages and scripts, such as 
Arabic, Balochi, Brahmi, Gandhari, Kharoshti, Nagari, Pashto, Persian, 
Sharada, Sindhi, and/or Urdu. They may include sacred texts of Buddhism 
and/or other religious traditions. Other topics include, but are not 
limited to, astronomy, botany, history, literature, mathematics, 
medicine, poetry, religion, and/or sciences. May be embellished or 
decorated with monochrome, bichrome, or polychrome handmade 
illustrations and/or illuminations. These may include arabesque 
(intertwining), geometric, floral, or vegetal motifs; images of 
animals, plants, and humans, including portraiture; landscapes; and/or 
scenes of human activities, such as courtly gatherings and ceremonies, 
hunting, falconry, battles, and historical, mythological, or legendary 
events. May be in miniature form with decorated borders. Approximate 
Date: A.D. 800-1849.

[[Page 25138]]

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History of Civilizations in Central Asia. Volume III. The Crossroads 
of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
Long, R.D., ed. 2015. A History of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford 
University Press.
Mairs, R., ed. 2021. The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World. 
Abingdon: Routledge.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1987. The Islamic World. New York: 
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Met 
Collection. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/the-collection.
Mills, M.A., Claus, P.J., and Diamond, S. 2003. South Asian 
Folklore: An Encyclopedia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, 
Pakistan, Sri Lanka. New York: Routledge. University of Pennsylvania 
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Online Collections. https://www.penn.museum/collections/.
Victoria and Albert Museum. The Arts of the Mughal Empire. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-arts-of-the-mughal-empire.
Victoria and Albert Museum. Explore the Collections. https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections?type=featured.

Inapplicability of Notice and Delayed Effective Date

    This amendment involves a foreign affairs function of the United 
States and is, therefore, being made without notice or public procedure 
(5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1)). For the same reason, a delayed effective date is 
not required under 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(3).

Executive Orders 12866 and 13563

    Executive Orders 12866 (as amended by Executive Order 14094) and 
13563 direct agencies to assess the costs and benefits of available 
regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select 
regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential 
economic, environmental, public health and safety effects, distributive 
impacts, and equity). Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance 
of quantifying both costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of 
harmonizing rules, and of promoting flexibility. CBP has determined 
that this document is not a regulation or rule subject to the 
provisions of Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 because it pertains to a 
foreign affairs function of the United States, as described above, and 
therefore is specifically exempted by section 3(d)(2) of Executive 
Order 12866 and, by extension, Executive Order 13563.

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), as amended 
by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, 
requires an agency to prepare and make available to the public a 
regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of a proposed 
rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, 
and small governmental jurisdictions) when the agency is required to 
publish a general notice of proposed rulemaking for a rule. Since a 
general notice of proposed rulemaking is not necessary for this rule, 
CBP is not required to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis for 
this rule.

Signing Authority

    This regulation is being issued in accordance with 19 CFR 0.1(a)(1) 
pertaining to the Secretary of the Treasury's authority (or that of the 
Secretary's delegate) to approve regulations related to customs revenue 
functions.
    Troy A. Miller, the Senior Official Performing the Duties of the 
Commissioner, having reviewed and approved this document, has delegated 
the authority to electronically sign this document to the Director (or 
Acting Director, if applicable) of the Regulations and Disclosure Law 
Division for CBP, for purposes of publication in the Federal Register.

List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12

    Cultural property, Customs duties and inspection, Imports, 
Prohibited merchandise, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Amendment to CBP Regulations

    For the reasons set forth above, part 12 of title 19 of the Code of 
Federal Regulations (19 CFR part 12), is amended as set forth below:

PART 12--SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE

0
1. The general authority citation for part 12 and the specific 
authority citation for Sec.  12.104g continue to read as follows:

    Authority:  5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 1202 (General Note 3(i), 
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 1624.
* * * * *
    Sections 12.104 through 12.104i also issued under 19 U.S.C. 
2612;
* * * * *

0
2. In Sec.  12.104g, the table in paragraph (a) is amended by adding 
Pakistan to the list in alphabetical order to read as follows:


Sec.  12.104g  Specific items or categories designated by agreements or 
emergency actions.

    (a) * * *

[[Page 25139]]



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           State party                           Cultural property                          Decision No.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Pakistan........................  Archaeological material of Pakistan ranging      CBP Dec. 24-09.
                                   from the Lower Paleolithic Period
                                   (approximately 2,000,000 Years Before Present)
                                   through A.D. 1750, and ethnological material
                                   of Pakistan ranging in date from approximately
                                   A.D. 800 through 1849.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

Emily K. Rick,
Acting Director, Regulations & Disclosure Law Division, Regulations & 
Rulings, Office of Trade, U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Aviva R. Aron-Dine,
Acting Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy.
[FR Doc. 2024-07244 Filed 4-9-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-14-P