General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds, 49310-49355 [2023-15551]

Agencies

• Fish and Wildlife Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 145 (Monday, July 31, 2023)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 49310-49355]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-15551]



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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Parts 10, 17, and 21

[Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2022-0036; FXMB12320900000//234//FF09M30000]
RIN 1018-BG04


General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise the 
List of Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both 
adding and removing species and changing names to conform to accepted 
use by the scientific community. Reasons for the changes to the list 
include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of 
natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing 
species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. 
territories, and changing names to reflect currently accepted taxonomy 
and nomenclature. The net increase of 13 species (16 added and 3 
removed) brings the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 
1,106. We also revise the scientific name of a species subject to 
specific migratory-bird-permit regulations and revise corresponding 
entries for several migratory bird species that are also listed on the 
List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife under the Endangered Species 
Act to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. We are 
taking this action because an accurate and up-to-date list of species 
protected by the MBTA is essential for public-notification, regulatory, 
and law-enforcement purposes and to ensure consistency in the use of 
common and scientific names across Service regulations.

DATES: This rule is effective August 30, 2023.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Eric L. Kershner, Chief, Division of 
Bird Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Migratory Bird Program; 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls 
Church, VA 22041-3803; (703) 358-2376; or Elizabeth Maclin, Chief, 
Division of Restoration and Recovery; Ecological Services; U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service; MS: ES; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 
22041-3803; (703) 358-2646. Individuals in the United States who are 
deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability may dial 
711 (TTY, TDD, or TeleBraille) to access telecommunications relay 
services. Individuals outside the United States should use the relay 
services offered within their country to make international calls to 
the point-of-contact in the United States.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13)

Statutory Authority of the Service for Maintaining and Revising the 
List of Birds Protected by the MBTA

    The Service (as delegated by the Secretary) has the statutory 
authority and responsibility for implementing and enforcing the MBTA 
(16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 
(Pub. L. 95-616; 16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 
(16 U.S.C. 742a-742j, not including 742d-1). The MBTA implements 
conventions (bilateral treaties) between the United States and four 
neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as 
follows:
    (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain 
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the 
Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending 
the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of 
America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28 
(December 14, 1995);
    (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the 
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended March 10, 1972 (23 U.S.T. 260; 
T.I.A.S. 7302), and by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for 
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26 
(May 5, 1997);
    (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States 
of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory 
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 
4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
    (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the 
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of 
Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 
U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).

What is the purpose of this rulemaking?

    Our purpose is to inform the public of updates to the list of 
species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These 
regulations are found in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations 
(CFR) at parts 10, 20, 21, and 92. We regulate the taking, possession, 
transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of 
birds protected by the MBTA. An accurate and up-to-date list of species 
protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public and other 
Federal, State, and Tribal agencies of which species are subject to 
regulatory protections.

Why is this amendment of the list of birds protected by the MBTA 
necessary?

    The amendments we are adopting in this final rule are needed to:
    (1) Add 11 species based on new distributional records documenting 
their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 
2019;
    (2) Add five species newly recognized as a result of recent 
taxonomic changes;
    (3) Remove three species not known to occur within the boundaries 
of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent 
taxonomic changes;
    (4) Change the common (English) names of eight species to conform 
to accepted use; and
    (5) Change the scientific names of 22 species to conform to 
accepted use.
    The List of Birds Protected by the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) was last 
revised on April 16, 2020 (85 FR 21282). The amendments in this rule 
were necessitated by three published supplements and one published 
addendum to a supplement to the 7th (1998) edition of the American 
Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American 
Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American Birds (AOS 
2020a, 2020b, 2021, and 2022) and the 2016, 2019, and 2021 publications 
of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2016, 
2019, 2021).

What scientific authorities are used to amend the list of birds 
protected by the MBTA?

    Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, 
staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion 
in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on 
the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended 
annually (AOS 2020a, 2020b, 2021, and 2022), on matters of taxonomy, 
nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic 
categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in 
North America. The AOS Checklist of

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North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOS Committee on 
Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic 
authority for North American birds since publication of the first 
edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic 
foundation for ornithology in North America; they evaluate and publish 
the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, 
nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's 
Checklist represents the best scientific information available for 
developing the North American component of this List of Birds Protected 
by the MBTA. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on 
which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in 
phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and 
geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. 
The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North 
America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and 
the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each 
species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the 
United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species 
known to occur in the United States.
    For the species that occur in the U.S. territories outside the 
geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on 
the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) 
(Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2016, 2019, and 2021 
installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2016, 2019, 
2021), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The 
Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and 
is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of 
Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological 
authorities to compile the Clements Checklist, using the AOS for the 
western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of 
the Clements Checklist. Range descriptions are maintained and updated 
based on the best available information but do not include records of 
vagrancy.
    Although we primarily rely on the above sources, when informed 
taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate 
available published and unpublished information and come to our own 
conclusion regarding the validity of taxa and whether to include 
taxonomic changes. We also evaluate available documentation for new 
species documented to occur naturally in the United States or U.S. 
territories and come to our own conclusion regarding whether to add 
those species to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA.
    For this update, we reviewed 13 species that were added to the AOS 
Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or 
U.S. territories (AOS 2020a, 2021, and 2022). Based on the available 
evidence and criteria to identify individual species that qualify for 
protection by the MBTA (see below), we add 11 of those 13 species. We 
elected not to add 2 of the 13 species, Red-backed Shrike, Lanius 
collurio, and Graylag Goose, Anser anser.
    When we reviewed the evidence for the record of Red-backed Shrike 
that was accepted by the AOS, along with an analysis from an AOS 
committee member, we learned the shrike in question was a juvenile. The 
best current information does not reliably demonstrate how juveniles of 
Red-backed Shrike can be distinguished from juvenile Red-tailed 
Shrikes, Lanius phoenicuroides, and the two species are also known to 
commonly hybridize. While there are descriptions available in the 
literature of adult hybrids of these two shrike species, this is not 
the case for juvenile hybrids. Therefore, due to the challenges in 
identification, we decided not to include this record at this time. We 
may revisit this decision to exclude the Red-backed Shrike in a 
subsequent update to the list if a reliable method of distinguishing 
juveniles and hybrid juveniles of the two species is devised.
    Regarding the Graylag Goose, we considered the regulatory 
implications of adding it to the list because the species intermixes 
with other goose species that may be hunted under the Service's and 
State hunting regulations. We decided not to add the species at this 
time while we consider those regulatory implications, similar to how we 
treated the split of Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii, from Canada 
Goose, Branta canadensis, in 2013 (78 FR 65844; November 1, 2013), 
later adding the species to the 50 CFR 10.13 list in 2020 (85 FR 21282; 
April 16, 2020). We may reconsider adding this species in a subsequent 
update to the list once the frequency of the species occurring in the 
United States is better understood and what the implications to hunting 
regulations in 50 CFR part 20 would be. We reserve the right to revisit 
these decisions if additional information becomes available.
    As is customary with species subject to our hunting regulations at 
50 CFR part 20, we consulted with the Pacific, Central, Mississippi, 
and Atlantic Flyway Councils in our review of the taxonomic split of 
Mexican Duck from Mallard. We also reviewed published scientific 
literature regarding the Mallard split (Bellrose 1976; Hubbard 1977; 
Brown 1985; Lavretsky et al. 2015, 2019; AOS 2020a). Ultimately, we 
concluded to add Mexican Duck to the list.

What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the 
MBTA?

    A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or 
more of the following criteria:
    (1) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the 
result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, 
or was previously listed as, a species or a member of a family 
protected by one of the four international treaties or their 
amendments. A naturally occurring species is protected by the MBTA as a 
member of a protected family even if the species is ecologically 
nonmigratory, meaning it does not exhibit seasonal movements (also 
known as a resident species). For example, the Bushtit (Psaltriparus 
minimus) is a resident, nonmigratory species and is included in 50 CFR 
10.13 because it occurs in a family (Aegithalidae) that is protected by 
the bilateral treaty with Canada. Any species that occurs in the United 
States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or 
unintentional human-assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA 
list, regardless of whether the family the species belongs to is listed 
in any of the treaties, unless:
     It was either native to the United States or its 
territories and extant in 1918; or
     It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the 
United States and its territories, and, after such extirpation, it was 
reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a 
program carried out by a Federal agency.
    (2) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species 
that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the 
United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological 
or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is 
considered extinct (following the classification of the American 
Ornithological Society (AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS, 
the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will 
still be

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included if either of the following criteria apply:
     The species resembles extant species included in the list 
that may be affected by trade or other commercial activities if the 
species is not included; or
     Not including the species may create difficulties 
implementing the MBTA and its underlying conventions.
    (3) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United 
States or U.S. territories resulting from new or natural distributional 
changes and the species belongs to a protected family. Records must be 
documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. 
Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS 
and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new 
evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements 
Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order. 
Records and the evidence supporting their acceptance by the AOS, 
Clements Checklist, or peer-reviewed literature are reviewed 
independently by the Service before we propose adding the species to 
the list.
    In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 
(MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, December 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), 
we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United 
States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that 
is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. 
The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur 
in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of 
intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). An amended 
list of the nonnative bird species that have been introduced by humans 
into the United States or U.S. territories and to which the MBTA does 
not apply was published in the Federal Register on April 16, 2020 (85 
FR 21262), with a correction published on May 3, 2021 (86 FR 23422).

What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

    The MBTA does not apply to:
    (1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. 
territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance 
that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or 
Russian Conventions. Note, though, that native species that are 
introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native 
are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in 
the United States or U.S. territories.
    (2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. 
territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in 
the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by 
species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae 
(tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), 
Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and 
turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), 
Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), 
Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae 
(honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), 
Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), 
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in 
Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), 
and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English 
sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the 
United States or U.S. territories.

How do the changes affect the list of birds protected by the MBTA?

    The amendments (16 additions, 3 removals, and 30 name changes) 
affect a total of 47 species and result in a net addition of 13 species 
to the List of Migratory Birds Protected by the MBTA, increasing the 
number of species on the list from 1,093 to 1,106. Five of the 16 added 
species are new species that have been recognized as a result of a 
taxonomic split and occur in the United States or U.S. territories and 
were previously covered under the MBTA as members of listed species 
(conspecific). These amendments can be logically arranged in the 
following five categories:
    (1) Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 
2019), or by other appropriate ornithological authorities, and the 
Service of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in 
the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families 
covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all 
are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each 
species, we list the State or U.S. territory in which it has been 
recorded plus the relevant publication:

    Chestnut-winged Cuckoo, Clamator coromandus--Guam (Kastner et al., 
2018);
    Dark-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus--Texas and Florida (AOS 
2020a);
    Hooded Crane, Grus monacha--Alaska (AOS 2022);
    Northern Giant-Petrel, Macronectes halli--Washington (AOS 2022);
    Long-legged Buzzard, Buteo rufinus--Alaska (AOS 2020a);
    Pallas's Gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus--Alaska (AOS 2021);
    Inca Tern, Larosterna inca--Hawaii (AOS 2022);
    Small-billed Elaenia, Elaenia parvirostris--Illinois (AOS 2022);
    Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola--Alaska (AOS 
2021);
    Blue-and-white Swallow, Pygochelidon cyanoleuca--Texas (AOS 2022); 
and
    Naumann's Thrush, Turdus naumanni--Alaska (AOS 2022).
    (2) Add five species because of recent taxonomic changes in which 
taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be 
distinct species (i.e., a taxonomic split). Given that each of these 
species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, 
these additions would not change the protective status of any of these 
taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we 
reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change:
    Mexican Duck, Anas diazi--formerly considered conspecific with 
Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);
    Short-billed Gull, Larus brachyrhynchus--formerly named Mew Gull 
and considered conspecific with Larus canus, which now has the English 
name of Common Gull and remains on the list based on prior occurrences 
of the Common Gull taxon in the United States (AOS 2021);
    Puerto Rican Mango, Anthracothorax aurulentus--formerly considered 
conspecific with Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022);
    Asian Stonechat, Saxicola maurus--formerly considered conspecific 
with Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (AOS 2022); and
    Chihuahuan Meadowlark, Sturnella lilianae--formerly considered 
conspecific with Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella manga (AOS 2022).
    (3) Remove three species based on revised taxonomic treatments, 
either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, 
either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is 
taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not 
known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the 
species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS 
or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-
reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is 
protected under the

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Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et 
seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant 
species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or 
its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its 
underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication 
supporting these changes:

    Northwestern Crow, Corvus caurinus, is combined with American Crow, 
Corvus brachyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);
    Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022); and
    Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (AOS 2022).
    (4) Revise the common (English) names of eight species to conform 
to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS 
publications 2020a, 2020b, and 2021 and Clements et al. 2011, 2019, and 
2021. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of 
these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the 
update is described in the table below.
    (5) Revise the scientific names of 22 species to conform to the 
most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS publications 
2020a and 2021 and Clements et al. 2016 and 2021. These revisions do 
not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names 
by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the 
table, below.

    Table of Name Changes, as Described in Categories 4 and 5, Above
    [The table is organized following AOS (2021) taxonomic order. The
           relevant AOS or Clements publication is provided.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     Previous common     Current common
   Publication source and year            name                name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clements et al. 2019.............  Shy Ground-Dove,    Shy Ground Dove,
                                    Alopecoenas         Alopecoenas
                                    stairi.             stairi.
Clements et al. 2019.............  White-throated      White-throated
                                    Ground-Dove,        Ground Dove,
                                    Alopecoenas         Alopecoenas
                                    xanthonurus.        xanthonurus.
Clements et al. 2011.............  Common Moorhen,     Eurasian Moorhen,
                                    Gallinula           Gallinula
                                    chloropus.          chloropus.
AOS 2021.........................  Mew Gull, Larus     Common Gull,
                                    canus.              Larus canus.
Clements et al. 2021.............  Rufous Night-       Nankeen Night-
                                    Heron, Nycticorax   Heron,
                                    caledonicus.        Nycticorax
                                                        caledonicus.
AOS 2020b........................  McCown's Longspur,  Thick-billed
                                    Rhynchophanes       Longspur,
                                    mccownii.           Rhynchophanes
                                                        mccownii.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publication source                 Previous            Current
and year                            scientific name.    scientific name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AOS 2020a........................  Bumblebee           Bumblebee
                                    Hummingbird,        Hummingbird,
                                    Atthis heloisa.     Selasphorus
                                                        heloisa.
AOS 2020a........................  Puerto Rican        Puerto Rican
                                    Emerald,            Emerald,
                                    Chlorostilbon       Riccordia
                                    maugaeus.           maugaeus.
AOS 2020a........................  White-eared         White-eared
                                    Hummingbird,        Hummingbird,
                                    Hylocharis          Basilinna
                                    leucotis.           leucotis.
AOS 2020a........................  Xantus's            Xantus's
                                    Hummingbird,        Hummingbird,
                                    Hylocharis          Basilinna
                                    xantusii.           xantusii.
AOS 2022.........................  Violet-crowned      Violet-crowned
                                    Hummingbird,        Hummingbird,
                                    Amazilia            Ramosomyia
                                    violiceps.          violiceps.
AOS 2020a........................  Berylline           Berylline
                                    Hummingbird,        Hummingbird,
                                    Amazilia            Saucerottia
                                    beryllina.          beryllina.
Clements et al. 2021.............  Matsudaira's Storm- Matsudaira's
                                    Petrel,             Storm-Petrel,
                                    Oceanodroma         Hydrobates
                                    matsudairae.        matsudairae.
Clements et al. 2016.............  Little Pied         Little Pied
                                    Cormorant,          Cormorant,
                                    Phalacrocorax       Microcarbo
                                    melanoleucos.       melanoleucos.
AOS 2021.........................  Brandt's            Brandt's
                                    Cormorant,          Cormorant, Urile
                                    Phalacrocorax       penicillatus.
                                    penicillatus.
AOS 2021.........................  Red-faced           Red-faced
                                    Cormorant,          Cormorant, Urile
                                    Phalacrocorax       urile.
                                    urile.
AOS 2021.........................  Pelagic Cormorant,  Pelagic
                                    Phalacrocorax       Cormorant, Urile
                                    pelagicus.          pelagicus.
AOS 2021.........................  Double-crested      Double-crested
                                    Cormorant,          Cormorant,
                                    Phalacrocorax       Nannopterum
                                    auritus.            auritum.
AOS 2021.........................  Neotropic           Neotropic
                                    Cormorant,          Cormorant,
                                    Phalacrocorax       Nannopterum
                                    brasilianus.        brasilianum.
AOS 2022.........................  Mottled Owl,        Mottled Owl,
                                    Ciccaba virgata.    Strix virgata.
AOS 2021.........................  Crested Caracara,   Crested Caracara,
                                    Caracara cheriway.  Caracara
                                                        plancus.
AOS 2021.........................  Ruby-crowned        Ruby-crowned
                                    Kinglet, Regulus    Kinglet,
                                    calendula.          Corthylio
                                                        calendula.
AOS 2021.........................  Sedge Wren,         Sedge Wren,
                                    Cistothorus         Cistothorus
                                    platensis.          stellaris.
AOS 2020a........................  Dusky Thrush,       Dusky Thrush,
                                    Turdus naumanni.    Turdus eunomus.
AOS 2021.........................  Antillean           Antillean
                                    Euphonia,           Euphonia,
                                    Euphonia musica.    Chlorophonia
                                                        musica.
AOS 2021.........................  Five-striped        Five-striped
                                    Sparrow,            Sparrow,
                                    Amphispiza          Amphispizopsis
                                    quinquestriata.     quinquestriata.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publication source and year        Previous common     Current common
                                    and scientific      and scientific
                                    name.               name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AOS 2020a........................  Puerto Rican        Puerto Rican Owl,
                                    Screech-Owl,        Gymnasio
                                    Megascops nudipes.  nudipes.
AOS 2020a, AOS 2021..............  Middendorff 's      Middendorff's
                                    Grasshopper-        Grasshopper
                                    Warbler,            Warbler,
                                    Locustella          Helopsaltes
                                    ochotensis.         ochotensis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

How is the list of birds protected by the MBTA organized?

    The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of 
different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) 
and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, 
species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific 
name of each species following the English group name. This format is 
most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, 
species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with 
the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species 
relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of 
Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted 
by the AOS (1998, 2021) and is most useful to ornithologists and other 
scientists.
    In this rule, we present a new table format for the alphabetical 
and taxonomic listings at 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and (c)(2), respectively. 
We made this change in presenting these listings to conform to the 
Office of the Federal Register's formatting standards and to make 
information on the lists clearer and easier to locate. For clarity, we 
also added a new section heading for 50 CFR 10.13: rather than the 
current ``List of Migratory Birds,'' we title this section of the 
regulations, ``List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty 
Act.''

[[Page 49314]]

II. Special Double-Crested Cormorant Permit (50 CFR 21.123)

    Because we are revising the scientific name for the Double-crested 
Cormorant on the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA at 50 CFR 10.13, 
as described above, we also revise the scientific name for that species 
(Nannopterum auritum) in our special permit regulations related to that 
species at 50 CFR 21.123. This is purely an administrative action that 
does not amend the purpose of, eligibility for, application procedures 
for, conditions of, information-collection requirements associated 
with, or any other regulatory provisions associated with that permit.

III. List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (50 CFR 17.11(h))

    We also revise the corresponding entries on the List of Endangered 
and Threatened Wildlife of several migratory bird species that are also 
listed as endangered or threatened species under the ESA to reflect the 
currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. These revisions ensure 
consistency in the use of common and scientific names across Service 
regulations. Some ESA-listed migratory bird species' names are not 
included in this rule because they are being corrected in other 
documents that have published, or will publish, in the Federal 
Register.

Background

    The List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and the List of 
Endangered and Threatened Plants (``the ESA Lists''), set forth in 
title 50 of the CFR at Sec. Sec.  17.11 and 17.12, respectively, 
contain the names of endangered species and threatened species 
federally listed pursuant to the ESA.
    The regulations at 50 CFR 17.11(c) and 17.12(b) direct us to use 
the most recently accepted scientific name of any wildlife or plant 
species that we have determined to be an endangered or threatened 
species.

Purpose

    We revise the ESA List at 50 CFR 17.11(h) to reflect the 
scientifically accepted taxonomy and nomenclature of nine bird species 
listed under section 4 of the ESA. These revisions reflect the most 
recently accepted scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR 
17.11(c).
    None of the taxonomic changes to migratory bird species listed as 
endangered or threatened species under the ESA are regulatory in 
nature; they are for accuracy and clarity. These revisions do not alter 
species' protections or status under either the MBTA or ESA in any way. 
Any actions altering a species' protection or status would require a 
separate rulemaking action following the procedures of 50 CFR part 424.

Taxonomic Changes to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife

    The table below lists the taxonomic changes that reflect the 
revised taxonomy and nomenclature for nine bird species listed under 
section 4 of the ESA. These changes reflect the most recently accepted 
scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).

     Table of Taxonomic Revisions to the ESA List at Sec.   17.11(h)
Reflecting the Current Scientifically Accepted Taxonomy and Nomenclature
                            for These Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Species name as currently listed          Corrected species name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS]  Caracara, crested, (Audubon's)
 (Polyborus plancus audubonii).           [FL DPS] (Caracara plancus
                                          audubonii).
Crane, Mississippi sandhill (Grus        Crane, Mississippi sandhill
 canadensis pulla).                       (Antigone canadensis pulla).
Nightjar, Puerto Rican (Caprimulgus      Nightjar, Puerto Rican
 noctitherus).                            (Antrostomus noctitherus).
Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain (Columba      Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain
 inornata wetmorei).                      (Patagioenas inornata
                                          wetmorei).
Rail, California clapper (Rallus         Rail, California Ridgway's
 longirostris obsoletus).                 (Rallus obsoletus obsoletus).
Rail, light-footed clapper (Rallus       Rail, light-footed Ridgway's
 longirostris levipes).                   (Rallus obsoletus levipes).
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside (Ammodramus  Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside
 maritimus mirabilis).                    (Ammospiza maritima
                                          mirabilis).
Tern, California least (Sterna           Tern, California least
 antillarum browni).                      (Sternula antillarum browni).
Towhee, Inyo California (Pipilo          Towhee, Inyo California
 crissalis eremophilus).                  (Melozone crissalis
                                          eremophilus).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Using the best available scientific information, this rule 
documents taxonomic changes of the scientific names for nine birds in 
their entries on the ESA List. To the extent practicable, the Service 
relies on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) to 
determine a species' scientific name for inclusion on the List. ITIS 
incorporates the naming principles established by the International 
Code of Zoological Nomenclature, produced by the International 
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, an organization that provides 
and regulates a uniform system of zoological nomenclature. While ITIS 
is a reliable database source of taxonomic information, ITIS is 
incomplete and does not yet reflect the most recently accepted 
scientific names for some species. As noted above, the scientific names 
for the nine listed bird species are supported by AOS's Checklist of 
North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOU 2006, 2010, 
2012, 2014, 2016; AOS 2018, 2020a, 2020b, and 2021). The Service finds 
that the scientific and common names should be recognized as presented 
in the table above. Accordingly, we revise the scientific names of 
these species under section 4 of the ESA and in accordance with 50 CFR 
17.11(c).
    Of the nine species that are subject to the taxonomic revisions of 
the ESA List in this rule, three have designated critical habitat. For 
clarity and consistency, we revise the headings of the critical habitat 
designations at 50 CFR 17.95(b) to reflect the corrected scientific 
names for the following species: Mississippi sandhill crane, Cape Sable 
seaside sparrow, and Inyo California towhee.
    These changes do not affect the range or endangered or threatened 
status for any of these nine listed migratory bird species, or any 
designated critical habitat.

IV. Summary of Comments and Responses

    On December 12, 2022, we published in the Federal Register (87 FR 
75977) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 
10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, 
ending February 10, 2023. We received seven comments in response to the 
proposed rule; five were from private individuals, one was from a State 
Game and Fish Department, and one was from an organization. Several 
comments supported the changes we proposed. The following text 
discusses the

[[Page 49315]]

substantive comments we received by topic and provides our responses.
    Comment (1): One individual requested that no species be removed 
from protection.
    Response: As explained above, species are removed from the list of 
migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13 based on revised taxonomic treatments, 
either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, 
either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is 
taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not 
known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the 
species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS 
or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-
reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is 
protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in 
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it 
resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by 
its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the 
MBTA and its underlying Conventions. We are removing three species from 
the list that fit one or more of these criteria.
    Comment (2): One individual requested that Ainley's Storm-Petrel 
(Hydrobates cheimomnestes) be added to the list of migratory birds at 
50 CFR 10.13 because there is published evidence of its occurrence in 
waters off California and provided a weblink for the publication.
    Response: We reviewed the published evidence for the occurrence of 
Ainley's Storm-Petrel. In summary, the published evidence is for a 
scientific study where Ainley's Storm-Petrels breeding on an islet in 
Mexico were tagged with Global Positioning System data loggers and the 
tracks of multiple birds showed birds flew into U.S. waters off the 
coast of southern California. As described above, we primarily rely on 
the expertise of the AOS Committee on Classification and Nomenclature 
to compile the distributional information for each species on the AOS 
Checklist, including whether the species is known to occur in the 
United States. We then evaluate available documentation for any species 
added based on new natural distribution in the United States and come 
to our own conclusion about adding it to the list. The AOS Committee 
has not yet published a decision on these potential occurrences of 
Ainley's Storm-Petrel in the United States and has not yet addressed 
the occurrence of any species established only by the presence of birds 
tagged with GPS-data loggers. We will evaluate whether to add the 
species to the list after the AOS Committee or other ornithological 
experts have assessed the evidence for occurrence of Ainley's Storm-
Petrel in U.S. waters based solely on remote-sensing technology.
    Comment (3): One commenter made the comment that the Service is 
unlawfully applying the MBTA by misinterpreting the plain language 
meaning of the term ``occurring.''
    Response: The Service's interpretation of the term ``occurring'' is 
a reasonable reading of the MBTA, which protects species ``native to 
the United States or its territories'' and defines that phrase to mean 
``occurring in the United States or its territories as the result of 
natural biological or ecological processes'' (16 U.S.C. 703(b)(2)). 
This definition demonstrates that the word ``occurring'' refers to the 
species protected by the statute. ``Species'' is a collective noun that 
refers to a group of individual birds--in other words, a ``species'' 
occurs wherever there is an individual member of the species. 
Therefore, the MBTA encompasses every bird species covered by the 
treaties for which there has been at least one occurrence in the United 
States or its territories as the result of natural processes. Moreover, 
nothing in the statute's legislative history suggests that Congress was 
concerned with the number of records documenting a species' natural 
occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. There is also no 
established or accepted scientific process to determine a species is 
occurring in the United States or U.S. territories based on an 
undefined threshold number of documented records. Thus, a single 
documented, reviewed, and accepted record of natural occurrence in the 
United States or U.S. territories is not only a reasonable threshold to 
qualify a species for protection under the MBTA but is the threshold 
compelled by the plain language of the statute.

V. Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule

    As noted above under IV. Summary of Comments and Responses, in this 
final rule, we do not make any substantive changes to our December 12, 
2022, proposed rule (87 FR 75977) in response to comments we received 
during that proposal's comment period. Further, we did not receive any 
new information that led us to make any substantive changes to our 
proposed rule in this final rule. The only changes we have made to the 
proposed rule in this final rule are minor editorial revisions to 
correct spellings or to ensure clarity and consistency in the 
formatting and presentation of the rule.

VI. Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)

    Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management 
and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that 
this rule is not significant.
    Executive Order (E.O.) 14094 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 
and E.O 13563 and states that regulatory analysis should facilitate 
agency efforts to develop regulations that serve the public interest, 
advance statutory objectives, and are consistent with E.O. 12866, E.O. 
13563, and the Presidential Memorandum of January 20, 2021 (Modernizing 
Regulatory Review). Regulatory analysis, as practicable and 
appropriate, shall recognize distributive impacts and equity, to the 
extent permitted by law. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations 
must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking 
process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of 
ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these 
requirements.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to 
publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must 
prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility 
analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., 
small businesses, small organizations, and small government 
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required 
if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal 
agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying 
that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's 
potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act and have determined that this action will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
This rule is an

[[Page 49316]]

administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species 
protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates 
on the ESA List. Because of the administrative nature of this 
rulemaking, the final rule will have no known economic impacts on small 
entities. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; 
therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

Congressional Review Act

    This rule is not a major rule under 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the 
Congressional Review Act. It will not have a significant impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.
    a. This rule will not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 
million or more.
    b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for 
consumers; individual industries; Federal, State, or local government 
agencies; or geographic regions.
    c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on 
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the 
ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based 
enterprises.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we have determined the following:
    a. This rule does not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small 
governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule 
is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird 
species protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding 
updates on the ESA List; it does not affect small government activities 
in any significant way.
    b. This rule does not produce a federal mandate of $100 million or 
greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant regulatory 
action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

Takings

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have 
significant takings implications. This rule does not contain a 
provision for the taking of private property. Therefore, a takings-
implication assessment is not required.

Federalism

    This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant 
preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under Executive 
Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage 
themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected 
to result from updating the list of migratory bird species and certain 
entries on the ESA List.

Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the 
Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the 
judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) 
of the Order.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and 
a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not 
required. We may not conduct or sponsor, and you are not required to 
respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently 
valid OMB control number.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    Given that the revisions in this document are strictly 
administrative in nature, this action is categorically excluded from 
further NEPA requirements (see 43 CFR 46.210(i), applying to policies, 
directives, regulations, and guidelines that are of an administrative, 
financial, legal, technical, or procedural nature).

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    Of the species on the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird 
Treaty Act, 89 species, subspecies, or distinct population segments are 
also listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 
1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise 
from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate 
authorities for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly 
administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened 
species or their designated critical habitats. Thus, it does not 
require consultation under section 7 of the ESA.

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal 
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we 
have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian Tribes 
and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions 
to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in 
nature and do not interfere with or affect the Tribes' ability to 
manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird 
activities on Tribal lands.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 
addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, 
distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to 
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. 
Because this rule is an administrative action to update the list of 
migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make certain 
corresponding updates on the ESA List, it is not a significant 
regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and it does not 
significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, 
this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of 
Energy Effects is required.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available on https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2022-0036, and upon 
request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above).

List of Subjects

CFR Part 10

    Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, 
Wildlife.

CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Plants, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation, Wildlife.

CFR Part 21

    Exports, Hunting, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Transportation, Wildlife.

Regulation Promulgation

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, 
chapter I, subchapter B of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 10--GENERAL PROVISIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384, 1401-
1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202.


[[Page 49317]]



0
2. Amend Sec.  10.13 by revising the section heading and paragraph (c) 
to read as follows:


Sec.  10.13  List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

* * * * *
    (c) What species are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? 
Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit 
the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. 
Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the 
American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American 
Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American birds (1998, 
as amended through 2021). For species not treated by the AOS Checklist, 
we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements 
et al. 2007, as updated through 2021).
    (1) Alphabetical listing. The table lists species alphabetically by 
common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species 
following the common name.

 Table 1 to Paragraph (c)(1)--Alphabetical Listing of Birds Protected by
                      the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Species scientific
      Common name group        Species common name          name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accentor....................  Siberian Accentor...  Prunella montanella.
`Akeke`e....................  `Akeke`e............  Loxops
                                                     caeruleirostris.
`Akepa......................  Hawaii `Akepa.......  Loxops coccineus.
                              Maui `Akepa.........  Loxops ochraceus.
                              O`ahu `Akepa........  Loxops
                                                     wolstenholmei.
`Akialoa....................  Kauai `Akialoa......  Akialoa stejnegeri.
                              Maui Nui 'Akialoa...  Akialoa lanaiensis.
                              O`ahu `Akialoa......  Akialoa ellisiana.
`Akiapola`au................  `Akiapola`au........  Hemignathus wilsoni.
`Akikiki....................  `Akikiki............  Oreomystis bairdi.
`Akohekohe..................  `Akohekohe..........  Palmeria dolei.
`Alauahio...................  Maui `Alauahio......  Paroreomyza montana.
                              O`ahu `Alauahio.....  Paroreomyza
                                                     maculata.
Albatross...................  Black-browed          Thalassarche
                               Albatross.            melanophris.
                              Black-footed          Phoebastria
                               Albatross.            nigripes.
                              Chatham Albatross...  Thalassarche
                                                     eremita.
                              Laysan Albatross....  Phoebastria
                                                     immutabilis.
                              Light-mantled         Phoebetria
                               Albatross.            palpebrata.
                              Salvin's Albatross..  Thalassarche
                                                     salvini.
                              Short-tailed          Phoebastria
                               Albatross.            albatrus.
                              Wandering Albatross.  Diomedea exulans.
                              White-capped          Thalassarche cauta.
                               Albatross.
                              Yellow-nosed          Thalassarche
                               Albatross.            chlororhynchos.
`Amakihi....................  Hawaii `Amakihi.....  Chlorodrepanis
                                                     virens.
                              Kaua`i `Amakihi.....  Chlorodrepanis
                                                     stejnegeri.
                              O`ahu `Amakihi......  Chlorodrepanis
                                                     flava.
Anhinga.....................  Anhinga.............  Anhinga anhinga.
Ani.........................  Groove-billed Ani...  Crotophaga
                                                     sulcirostris.
                              Smooth-billed Ani...  Crotophaga ani.
`Anianiau...................  `Anianiau...........  Magumma parva.
`Apapane....................  `Apapane............  Himatione sanguinea.
Auklet......................  Cassin's Auklet.....  Ptychoramphus
                                                     aleuticus.
                              Crested Auklet......  Aethia cristatella.
                              Least Auklet........  Aethia pusilla.
                              Parakeet Auklet.....  Aethia psittacula.
                              Rhinoceros Auklet...  Cerorhinca
                                                     monocerata.
                              Whiskered Auklet....  Aethia pygmaea.
Avocet......................  American Avocet.....  Recurvirostra
                                                     americana.
Bananaquit..................  Bananaquit..........  Coereba flaveola.
Bean-Goose..................  Taiga Bean-Goose....  Anser fabalis.
                              Tundra Bean-Goose...  Anser serrirostris.
Beardless-Tyrannulet........  Northern Beardless-   Camptostoma imberbe.
                               Tyrannulet.
Becard......................  Gray-collared Becard  Pachyramphus major.
                              Rose-throated Becard  Pachyramphus
                                                     aglaiae.
Bittern.....................  American Bittern....  Botaurus
                                                     lentiginosus.
                              Black Bittern.......  Ixobrychus
                                                     flavicollis.
                              Least Bittern.......  Ixobrychus exilis.
                              Schrenck's Bittern..  Ixobrychus
                                                     eurhythmus.
                              Yellow Bittern......  Ixobrychus sinensis.
Blackbird...................  Brewer's Blackbird..  Euphagus
                                                     cyanocephalus.
                              Red-winged Blackbird  Agelaius phoeniceus.
                              Rusty Blackbird.....  Euphagus carolinus.
                              Tawny-shouldered      Agelaius humeralis.
                               Blackbird.
                              Tricolored Blackbird  Agelaius tricolor.
                              Yellow-headed         Xanthocephalus
                               Blackbird.            xanthocephalus.
                              Yellow-shouldered     Agelaius xanthomus.
                               Blackbird.
Bluebird....................  Eastern Bluebird....  Sialia sialis.
                              Mountain Bluebird...  Sialia currucoides.
                              Western Bluebird....  Sialia mexicana.
Bluetail....................  Red-flanked Bluetail  Tarsiger cyanurus.

[[Page 49318]]

 
Bluethroat..................  Bluethroat..........  Cyanecula svecica.
Bobolink....................  Bobolink............  Dolichonyx
                                                     oryzivorus.
Boobook.....................  Northern Boobook....  Ninox japonica.
Booby.......................  Abbott's Booby......  Papasula abbotti.
                              Blue-footed Booby...  Sula nebouxii.
                              Brown Booby.........  Sula leucogaster.
                              Masked Booby........  Sula dactylatra.
                              Nazca Booby.........  Sula granti.
                              Red-footed Booby....  Sula sula.
Brambling...................  Brambling...........  Fringilla
                                                     montifringilla.
Brant.......................  Brant...............  Branta bernicla.
Bufflehead..................  Bufflehead..........  Bucephala albeola.
Bullfinch...................  Eurasian Bullfinch..  Pyrrhula pyrrhula.
                              Puerto Rican          Melopyrrha
                               Bullfinch.            portoricensis.
Bunting.....................  Blue Bunting........  Cyanocompsa
                                                     parellina.
                              Gray Bunting........  Emberiza variabilis.
                              Indigo Bunting......  Passerina cyanea.
                              Lark Bunting........  Calamospiza
                                                     melanocorys.
                              Lazuli Bunting......  Passerina amoena.
                              Little Bunting......  Emberiza pusilla.
                              McKay's Bunting.....  Plectrophenax
                                                     hyperboreus.
                              Painted Bunting.....  Passerina ciris.
                              Pallas's Bunting....  Emberiza pallasi.
                              Pine Bunting........  Emberiza
                                                     leucocephalos.
                              Reed Bunting........  Emberiza
                                                     schoeniclus.
                              Rustic Bunting......  Emberiza rustica.
                              Snow Bunting........  Plectrophenax
                                                     nivalis.
                              Varied Bunting......  Passerina
                                                     versicolor.
                              Yellow-breasted       Emberiza aureola.
                               Bunting.
                              Yellow-browed         Emberiza
                               Bunting.              chrysophrys.
                              Yellow-throated       Emberiza elegans.
                               Bunting.
Bushtit.....................  Bushtit.............  Psaltriparus
                                                     minimus.
Buzzard.....................  Gray-faced Buzzard..  Butastur indicus.
                              Long-legged Buzzard.  Buteo rufinus.
Canvasback..................  Canvasback..........  Aythya valisineria.
Caracara....................  Crested Caracara....  Caracara plancus.
Cardinal....................  Northern Cardinal...  Cardinalis
                                                     cardinalis.
Carib.......................  Green-throated Carib  Eulampis
                                                     holosericeus.
                              Purple-throated       Eulampis jugularis.
                               Carib.
Catbird.....................  Black Catbird.......  Melanoptila
                                                     glabrirostris.
                              Gray Catbird........  Dumetella
                                                     carolinensis.
Chaffinch...................  Common Chaffinch....  Fringilla coelebs.
Chat........................  Yellow-breasted Chat  Icteria virens.
Chickadee...................  Black-capped          Poecile
                               Chickadee.            atricapillus.
                              Boreal Chickadee....  Poecile hudsonicus.
                              Carolina Chickadee..  Poecile
                                                     carolinensis.
                              Chestnut-backed       Poecile rufescens.
                               Chickadee.
                              Gray-headed           Poecile cinctus.
                               Chickadee.
                              Mexican Chickadee...  Poecile sclateri.
                              Mountain Chickadee..  Poecile gambeli.
Chiffchaff..................  Common Chiffchaff...  Phylloscopus
                                                     collybita.
Chuck-will's-widow..........  Chuck-will's-widow..  Antrostomus
                                                     carolinensis.
Condor......................  California Condor...  Gymnogyps
                                                     californianus.
Coot........................  American Coot.......  Fulica americana.
                              Eurasian Coot.......  Fulica atra.
                              Hawaiian Coot.......  Fulica alai.
Cormorant...................  Brandt's Cormorant..  Urile penicillatus.
                              Double-crested        Nannopterum auritum.
                               Cormorant.
                              Great Cormorant.....  Phalacrocorax carbo.
                              Little Pied           Microcarbo
                               Cormorant.            melanoleucos.
                              Neotropic Cormorant.  Nannopterum
                                                     brasilianum.
                              Pelagic Cormorant...  Urile pelagicus.
                              Red-faced Cormorant.  Urile urile.
Cowbird.....................  Bronzed Cowbird.....  Molothrus aeneus.
                              Brown-headed Cowbird  Molothrus ater.
                              Shiny Cowbird.......  Molothrus
                                                     bonariensis.
Crake.......................  Corn Crake..........  Crex crex.
                              Paint-billed Crake..  Neocrex erythrops.
                               Spotless Crake.....  Porzana tabuensis.
                              Yellow-breasted       Hapalocrex
                               Crake.                flaviventer.
Crane.......................  Common Crane........  Grus grus.

[[Page 49319]]

 
                              Hooded Crane........  Grus monacha.
                              Sandhill Crane......  Antigone canadensis.
                              Whooping Crane......  Grus americana.
Creeper.....................  Brown Creeper.......  Certhia americana.
                              Hawaii Creeper......  Loxops mana.
Crossbill...................  Cassia Crossbill....  Loxia sinesciuris.
                              Red Crossbill.......  Loxia curvirostra.
                              White-winged          Loxia leucoptera.
                               Crossbill.
Crow........................  American Crow.......  Corvus
                                                     brachyrhynchos.
                              Fish Crow...........  Corvus ossifragus.
                              Hawaiian Crow.......  Corvus hawaiiensis.
                              Mariana Crow........  Corvus kubaryi.
                              Tamaulipas Crow.....  Corvus imparatus.
                              White-necked Crow...  Corvus
                                                     leucognaphalus.
Cuckoo......................  Black-billed Cuckoo.  Coccyzus
                                                     erythropthalmus.
                              Chestnut-winged       Clamator coromandus.
                               Cuckoo.
                              Common Cuckoo.......  Cuculus canorus.
                              Dark-billed Cuckoo..  Coccyzus
                                                     melacoryphus.
                              Mangrove Cuckoo.....  Coccyzus minor.
                              Oriental Cuckoo.....  Cuculus optatus.
                              Yellow-billed Cuckoo  Coccyzus americanus.
Curlew......................  Bristle-thighed       Numenius
                               Curlew.               tahitiensis.
                              Eskimo Curlew.......  Numenius borealis.
                              Eurasian Curlew.....  Numenius arquata.
                              Far Eastern Curlew..  Numenius
                                                     madagascariensis.
                              Little Curlew.......  Numenius minutus.
                              Long-billed Curlew..  Numenius americanus.
Dickcissel..................  Dickcissel..........  Spiza americana.
Dipper......................  American Dipper.....  Cinclus mexicanus.
Dotterel....................  Eurasian Dotterel...  Charadrius
                                                     morinellus.
Dove........................  Common Ground Dove..  Columbina passerina.
                              Inca Dove...........  Columbina inca.
                              Mourning Dove.......  Zenaida macroura.
                              Ruddy Ground Dove...  Columbina talpacoti.
                              Shy Ground Dove.....  Alopecoenas stairi.
                              White-throated        Alopecoenas
                               Ground Dove.          xanthonurus.
                              White-tipped Dove...  Leptotila verreauxi.
                              White-winged Dove...  Zenaida asiatica.
                              Zenaida Dove........  Zenaida aurita.
Dovekie.....................  Dovekie.............  Alle alle.
Dowitcher...................  Long-billed           Limnodromus
                               Dowitcher.            scolopaceus.
                              Short-billed          Limnodromus griseus.
                               Dowitcher.
Duck........................  American Black Duck.  Anas rubripes.
                              Eastern Spot-billed   Anas zonorhyncha.
                               Duck.
                              Falcated Duck.......  Mareca falcata.
                              Harlequin Duck......  Histrionicus
                                                     histrionicus.
                              Hawaiian Duck.......  Anas wyvilliana.
                              Laysan Duck.........  Anas laysanensis.
                              Long-tailed Duck....  Clangula hyemalis.
                              Masked Duck.........  Nomonyx dominicus.
                              Mexican Duck........  Anas diazi.
                              Mottled Duck........  Anas fulvigula.
                              Muscovy Duck........  Cairina moschata.
                              Pacific Black Duck..  Anas superciliosa.
                              Ring-necked Duck....  Aythya collaris.
                              Ruddy Duck..........  Oxyura jamaicensis.
                              Tufted Duck.........  Aythya fuligula.
                              Wood Duck...........  Aix sponsa.
Dunlin......................  Dunlin..............  Calidris alpina.
Eagle.......................  Bald Eagle..........  Haliaeetus
                                                     leucocephalus.
                              Golden Eagle........  Aquila chrysaetos.
                              White-tailed Eagle..  Haliaeetus
                                                     albicilla.
Egret.......................  Cattle Egret........  Bubulcus ibis.
                              Chinese Egret.......  Egretta eulophotes.
                              Great Egret.........  Ardea alba.
                              Intermediate Egret..  Ardea intermedia.
                              Little Egret........  Egretta garzetta.
                              Reddish Egret.......  Egretta rufescens.
                              Snowy Egret.........  Egretta thula.
Eider.......................  Common Eider........  Somateria
                                                     mollissima.
                              King Eider..........  Somateria
                                                     spectabilis.

[[Page 49320]]

 
                              Spectacled Eider....  Somateria fischeri.
                              Steller's Eider.....  Polysticta stelleri.
Elaenia.....................  Caribbean Elaenia...  Elaenia martinica.
                              Greenish Elaenia....  Myiopagis
                                                     viridicata.
                              Small-billed Elaenia  Elaenia
                                                     parvirostris.
                              White-crested         Elaenia albiceps.
                               Elaenia.
Emerald.....................  Puerto Rican Emerald  Riccordia maugaeus.
Euphonia....................  Antillean Euphonia..  Chlorophonia musica.
Falcon......................  Amur Falcon.........  Falco amurensis.
                              Aplomado Falcon.....  Falco femoralis.
                              Peregrine Falcon....  Falco peregrinus.
                              Prairie Falcon......  Falco mexicanus.
                              Red-footed Falcon...  Falco vespertinus.
Fieldfare...................  Fieldfare...........  Turdus pilaris.
Finch.......................  Cassin's Finch......  Haemorhous cassinii.
                              House Finch.........  Haemorhous
                                                     mexicanus.
                              Laysan Finch........  Telespiza cantans.
                              Nihoa Finch.........  Telespiza ultima.
                              Purple Finch........  Haemorhous
                                                     purpureus.
Flamingo....................  American Flamingo...  Phoenicopterus
                                                     ruber.
Flicker.....................  Gilded Flicker......  Colaptes chrysoides.
                              Northern Flicker....  Colaptes auratus.
Flycatcher..................  Acadian Flycatcher..  Empidonax virescens.
                              Alder Flycatcher....  Empidonax alnorum.
                              Ash-throated          Myiarchus
                               Flycatcher.           cinerascens.
                              Asian Brown           Muscicapa dauurica.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Brown-crested         Myiarchus
                               Flycatcher.           tyrannulus.
                              Buff-breasted         Empidonax
                               Flycatcher.           fulvifrons.
                              Cordilleran           Empidonax
                               Flycatcher.           occidentalis.
                              Crowned Slaty         Empidonomus
                               Flycatcher.           aurantioatrocristat
                                                     us.
                              Dark-sided            Muscicapa sibirica.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Dusky Flycatcher....  Empidonax
                                                     oberholseri.
                              Dusky-capped          Myiarchus
                               Flycatcher.           tuberculifer.
                              Fork-tailed           Tyrannus savana.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Gray Flycatcher.....  Empidonax wrightii.
                              Gray-streaked         Muscicapa
                               Flycatcher.           griseisticta.
                              Great Crested         Myiarchus crinitus.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Hammond's Flycatcher  Empidonax hammondii.
                              La Sagra's            Myiarchus sagrae.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Least Flycatcher....  Empidonax minimus.
                              Mugimaki Flycatcher.  Ficedula mugimaki.
                              Narcissus Flycatcher  Ficedula narcissina.
                              Nutting's Flycatcher  Myiarchus nuttingi.
                              Olive-sided           Contopus cooperi.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Pacific-slope         Empidonax
                               Flycatcher.           difficilis.
                              Pine Flycatcher.....  Empidonax affinis.
                              Piratic Flycatcher..  Legatus leucophaius.
                              Puerto Rican          Myiarchus
                               Flycatcher.           antillarum.
                              Scissor-tailed        Tyrannus forficatus.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Social Flycatcher...  Myiozetetes similis.
                              Spotted Flycatcher..  Muscicapa striata.
                              Sulphur-bellied       Myiodynastes
                               Flycatcher.           luteiventris.
                              Taiga Flycatcher....  Ficedula albicilla.
                              Tufted Flycatcher...  Mitrephanes
                                                     phaeocercus.
                              Variegated            Empidonomus varius.
                               Flycatcher.
                              Vermilion Flycatcher  Pyrocephalus
                                                     rubinus.
                              Willow Flycatcher...  Empidonax traillii.
                              Yellow-bellied        Empidonax
                               Flycatcher.           flaviventris.
Forest-Falcon...............  Collared Forest-      Micrastur
                               Falcon.               semitorquatus.
Frigatebird.................  Great Frigatebird...  Fregata minor.
                              Lesser Frigatebird..  Fregata ariel.
                              Magnificent           Fregata magnificens.
                               Frigatebird.
Fruit-Dove..................  Crimson-crowned       Ptilinopus
                               Fruit-Dove.           porphyraceus.
                              Many-colored Fruit-   Ptilinopus perousii.
                               Dove.
                              Mariana Fruit-Dove..  Ptilinopus
                                                     roseicapilla.
Fulmar......................  Northern Fulmar.....  Fulmarus glacialis.
Gadwall.....................  Gadwall.............  Mareca strepera.
Gallinule...................  Azure Gallinule.....  Porphyrio
                                                     flavirostris.
                              Common Gallinule....  Gallinula galeata.
                              Purple Gallinule....  Porphyrio
                                                     martinicus.
Gannet......................  Northern Gannet.....  Morus bassanus.

[[Page 49321]]

 
Garganey....................  Garganey............  Spatula querquedula.
Giant-Petrel................  Northern Giant-       Macronectes halli.
                               Petrel.
Gnatcatcher.................  Black-capped          Polioptila
                               Gnatcatcher.          nigriceps.
                              Black-tailed          Polioptila melanura.
                               Gnatcatcher.
                              Blue-Gray             Polioptila caerulea.
                               Gnatcatcher.
                              California            Polioptila
                               Gnatcatcher.          californica.
Godwit......................  Bar-tailed Godwit...  Limosa lapponica.
                              Black-tailed Godwit.  Limosa limosa.
                              Hudsonian Godwit....  Limosa haemastica.
                              Marbled Godwit......  Limosa fedoa.
Goldeneye...................  Barrow's Goldeneye..  Bucephala islandica.
                              Common Goldeneye....  Bucephala clangula.
Golden-Plover...............  American Golden-      Pluvialis dominica.
                               Plover.
                              European Golden-      Pluvialis apricaria.
                               Plover.
                              Pacific Golden-       Pluvialis fulva.
                               Plover.
Goldfinch...................  American Goldfinch..  Spinus tristis.
                              Lawrence's Goldfinch  Spinus lawrencei.
                              Lesser Goldfinch....  Spinus psaltria.
Goose.......................  Barnacle Goose......  Branta leucopsis.
                              Cackling Goose......  Branta hutchinsii.
                              Canada Goose........  Branta canadensis.
                              Emperor Goose.......  Anser canagicus.
                              Greater White-        Anser albifrons.
                               fronted Goose.
                              Hawaiian Goose......  Branta sandvicensis.
                              Lesser White-fronted  Anser erythropus.
                               Goose.
                              Pink-footed Goose...  Anser
                                                     brachyrhynchus.
                              Ross's Goose........  Anser rossii.
                              Snow Goose..........  Anser caerulescens.
Goshawk.....................  Northern Goshawk....  Accipiter gentilis.
Grackle.....................  Boat-tailed Grackle.  Quiscalus major.
                              Common Grackle......  Quiscalus quiscula.
                              Greater Antillean     Quiscalus niger.
                               Grackle.
                              Great-tailed Grackle  Quiscalus mexicanus.
Grassquit...................  Black-faced           Melanospiza bicolor.
                               Grassquit.
                              Yellow-faced          Tiaris olivaceus.
                               Grassquit.
Grebe.......................  Clark's Grebe.......  Aechmophorus
                                                     clarkii.
                              Eared Grebe.........  Podiceps
                                                     nigricollis.
                              Horned Grebe........  Podiceps auritus.
                              Least Grebe.........  Tachybaptus
                                                     dominicus.
                              Pied-billed Grebe...  Podilymbus podiceps.
                              Red-necked Grebe....  Podiceps grisegena.
                              Western Grebe.......  Aechmophorus
                                                     occidentalis.
Greenfinch..................  Oriental Greenfinch.  Chloris sinica.
Greenshank..................  Common Greenshank...  Tringa nebularia.
                              Nordmann's            Tringa guttifer.
                               Greenshank.
Grosbeak....................  Black-headed          Pheucticus
                               Grosbeak.             melanocephalus.
                              Blue Grosbeak.......  Passerina caerulea.
                              Crimson-collared      Rhodothraupis
                               Grosbeak.             celaeno.
                              Evening Grosbeak....  Coccothraustes
                                                     vespertinus.
                              Pine Grosbeak.......  Pinicola enucleator.
                              Rose-breasted         Pheucticus
                               Grosbeak.             ludovicianus.
                              Yellow Grosbeak.....  Pheucticus
                                                     chrysopeplus.
Guillemot...................  Black Guillemot.....  Cepphus grylle.
                              Pigeon Guillemot....  Cepphus columba.
Gull........................  Belcher's Gull......  Larus belcheri.
                              Black-headed Gull...  Chroicocephalus
                                                     ridibundus.
                              Black-tailed Gull...  Larus crassirostris.
                              Bonaparte's Gull....  Chroicocephalus
                                                     philadelphia.
                              California Gull.....  Larus californicus.
                              Common Gull.........  Larus canus.
                              Franklin's Gull.....  Leucophaeus
                                                     pipixcan.
                              Glaucous Gull.......  Larus hyperboreus.
                              Glaucous-winged Gull  Larus glaucescens.
                              Gray-hooded Gull....  Chroicocephalus
                                                     cirrocephalus.
                              Great Black-backed    Larus marinus.
                               Gull.
                              Heermann's Gull.....  Larus heermanni.
                              Herring Gull........  Larus argentatus.
                              Iceland Gull........  Larus glaucoides.
                              Ivory Gull..........  Pagophila eburnea.
                              Kelp Gull...........  Larus dominicanus.
                              Laughing Gull.......  Leucophaeus
                                                     atricilla.

[[Page 49322]]

 
                              Lesser Black-backed   Larus fuscus.
                               Gull.
                              Little Gull.........  Hydrocoloeus
                                                     minutus.
                              Pallas's Gull.......  Ichthyaetus
                                                     ichthyaetus.
                              Ring-billed Gull....  Larus delawarensis.
                              Ross's Gull.........  Rhodostethia rosea.
                              Sabine's Gull.......  Xema sabini.
                              Short-billed Gull...  Larus
                                                     brachyrhynchus.
                              Slaty-backed Gull...  Larus schistisagus.
                              Swallow-tailed Gull.  Creagrus furcatus.
                              Western Gull........  Larus occidentalis.
                              Yellow-footed Gull..  Larus livens.
                              Yellow-legged Gull..  Larus michahellis.
Gyrfalcon...................  Gyrfalcon...........  Falco rusticolus.
Harrier.....................  Northern Harrier....  Circus hudsonius.
Hawfinch....................  Hawfinch............  Coccothraustes
                                                     coccothraustes.
Hawk........................  Broad-winged Hawk...  Buteo platypterus.
                              Common Black Hawk...  Buteogallus
                                                     anthracinus.
                              Cooper's Hawk.......  Accipiter cooperii.
                              Crane Hawk..........  Geranospiza
                                                     caerulescens.
                              Ferruginous Hawk....  Buteo regalis.
                              Gray Hawk...........  Buteo plagiatus.
                              Great Black Hawk....  Buteogallus
                                                     urubitinga.
                              Harris's Hawk.......  Parabuteo
                                                     unicinctus.
                              Hawaiian Hawk.......  Buteo solitarius.
                              Red-shouldered Hawk.  Buteo lineatus.
                              Red-tailed Hawk.....  Buteo jamaicensis.
                              Roadside Hawk.......  Rupornis
                                                     magnirostris.
                              Rough-legged Hawk...  Buteo lagopus.
                              Sharp-shinned Hawk..  Accipiter striatus.
                              Short-tailed Hawk...  Buteo brachyurus.
                              Swainson's Hawk.....  Buteo swainsoni.
                              White-tailed Hawk...  Geranoaetus
                                                     albicaudatus.
                              Zone-tailed Hawk....  Buteo albonotatus.
Hawk-Cuckoo.................  Hodgson's Hawk-       Hierococcyx
                               Cuckoo.               nisicolor.
Heron.......................  Gray Heron..........  Ardea cinerea.
                              Great Blue Heron....  Ardea herodias.
                              Green Heron.........  Butorides virescens.
                              Little Blue Heron...  Egretta caerulea.
                              Tricolored Heron....  Egretta tricolor.
Hobby.......................  Eurasian Hobby......  Falco subbuteo.
Honeycreeper................  Laysan Honeycreeper.  Himatione fraithii.
                              Red-legged            Cyanerpes cyaneus.
                               Honeycreeper.
Hoopoe......................  Eurasian Hoopoe.....  Upupa epops.
House-Martin................  Common House-Martin.  Delichon urbicum.
Hummingbird.................  Allen's Hummingbird.  Selasphorus sasin.
                              Anna's Hummingbird..  Calypte anna.
                              Antillean Crested     Orthorhyncus
                               Hummingbird.          cristatus.
                              Berylline             Saucerottia
                               Hummingbird.          beryllina.
                              Black-chinned         Archilochus
                               Hummingbird.          alexandri.
                              Broad-billed          Cynanthus
                               Hummingbird.          latirostris.
                              Broad-tailed          Selasphorus
                               Hummingbird.          platycercus.
                              Buff-bellied          Amazilia
                               Hummingbird.          yucatanensis.
                              Bumblebee             Selasphorus heloisa.
                               Hummingbird.
                              Calliope Hummingbird  Selasphorus
                                                     calliope.
                              Cinnamon Hummingbird  Amazilia rutila.
                              Costa's Hummingbird.  Calypte costae.
                              Lucifer Hummingbird.  Calothorax lucifer.
                              Rivoli's Hummingbird  Eugenes fulgens.
                              Ruby-throated         Archilochus
                               Hummingbird.          colubris.
                              Rufous Hummingbird..  Selasphorus rufus.
                              Vervain Hummingbird.  Mellisuga minima.
                              Violet-crowned        Ramosomyia
                               Hummingbird.          violiceps.
                              White-eared           Basilinna leucotis.
                               Hummingbird.
                              Xantus's Hummingbird  Basilinna xantusii.
Ibis........................  Glossy Ibis.........  Plegadis
                                                     falcinellus.
                              Scarlet Ibis........  Eudocimus ruber.
                              White Ibis..........  Eudocimus albus.
                              White-faced Ibis....  Plegadis chihi.
`I`iwi......................  `I`iwi..............  Drepanis coccinea.
Imperial-Pigeon.............  Pacific Imperial-     Ducula pacifica.
                               Pigeon.
Jabiru......................  Jabiru..............  Jabiru mycteria.

[[Page 49323]]

 
Jacana......................  Northern Jacana.....  Jacana spinosa.
Jackdaw.....................  Eurasian Jackdaw....  Corvus monedula.
Jaeger......................  Long-tailed Jaeger..  Stercorarius
                                                     longicaudus.
                              Parasitic Jaeger....  Stercorarius
                                                     parasiticus.
                              Pomarine Jaeger.....  Stercorarius
                                                     pomarinus.
Jay.........................  Blue Jay............  Cyanocitta cristata.
                              Brown Jay...........  Psilorhinus morio.
                              Canada Jay..........  Perisoreus
                                                     canadensis.
                              Green Jay...........  Cyanocorax yncas.
                              Mexican Jay.........  Aphelocoma
                                                     wollweberi.
                              Pinyon Jay..........  Gymnorhinus
                                                     cyanocephalus.
                              Steller's Jay.......  Cyanocitta stelleri.
Junco.......................  Dark-eyed Junco.....  Junco hyemalis.
                              Yellow-eyed Junco...  Junco phaeonotus.
K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie.......  K[amacr]k[amacr]wahi  Paroreomyza flammea.
                               e.
K[amacr]ma`o................  K[amacr]ma`o........  Myadestes
                                                     myadestinus.
Kestrel.....................  American Kestrel....  Falco sparverius.
                              Eurasian Kestrel....  Falco tinnunculus.
Killdeer....................  Killdeer............  Charadrius
                                                     vociferus.
Kingbird....................  Cassin's Kingbird...  Tyrannus vociferans.
                              Couch's Kingbird....  Tyrannus couchii.
                              Eastern Kingbird....  Tyrannus tyrannus.
                              Gray Kingbird.......  Tyrannus
                                                     dominicensis.
                              Loggerhead Kingbird.  Tyrannus
                                                     caudifasciatus.
                              Thick-billed          Tyrannus
                               Kingbird.             crassirostris.
                              Tropical Kingbird...  Tyrannus
                                                     melancholicus.
                              Western Kingbird....  Tyrannus verticalis.
Kingfisher..................  Amazon Kingfisher...  Chloroceryle
                                                     amazona.
                              Belted Kingfisher...  Megaceryle alcyon.
                              Common Kingfisher...  Alcedo atthis.
                              Green Kingfisher....  Chloroceryle
                                                     americana.
                              Guam Kingfisher.....  Todiramphus
                                                     cinnamominus.
                              Mariana Kingfisher..  Todiramphus
                                                     albicilla.
                              Pacific Kingfisher..  Todiramphus sacer.
                              Ringed Kingfisher...  Megaceryle torquata.
Kinglet.....................  Golden-crowned        Regulus satrapa.
                               Kinglet.
                              Ruby-crowned Kinglet  Corthylio calendula.
Kiskadee....................  Great Kiskadee......  Pitangus
                                                     sulphuratus.
Kite........................  Black Kite..........  Milvus migrans.
                              Double-toothed Kite.  Harpagus bidentatus.
                              Hook-billed Kite....  Chondrohierax
                                                     uncinatus.
                              Mississippi Kite....  Ictinia
                                                     mississippiensis.
                              Snail Kite..........  Rostrhamus
                                                     sociabilis.
                              Swallow-tailed Kite.  Elanoides
                                                     forficatus.
                              White-tailed Kite...  Elanus leucurus.
Kittiwake...................  Black-legged          Rissa tridactyla.
                               Kittiwake.
                              Red-legged Kittiwake  Rissa brevirostris.
Knot........................  Great Knot..........  Calidris
                                                     tenuirostris.
                              Red Knot............  Calidris canutus.
Koel........................  Long-tailed Koel....  Urodynamis
                                                     taitensis.
Lapwing.....................  Northern Lapwing....  Vanellus vanellus.
Lark........................  Horned Lark.........  Eremophila
                                                     alpestris.
Limpkin.....................  Limpkin.............  Aramus guarauna.
Lizard-Cuckoo...............  Puerto Rican Lizard-  Coccyzus vieilloti.
                               Cuckoo.
Longspur....................  Chestnut-collared     Calcarius ornatus.
                               Longspur.
                              Lapland Longspur....  Calcarius
                                                     lapponicus.
                              Smith's Longspur....  Calcarius pictus.
                              Thick-billed          Rhynchophanes
                               Longspur.             mccownii.
Loon........................  Arctic Loon.........  Gavia arctica.
                              Common Loon.........  Gavia immer.
                              Pacific Loon........  Gavia pacifica.
                              Red-throated Loon...  Gavia stellata.
                              Yellow-billed Loon..  Gavia adamsii.
Magpie......................  Black-billed Magpie.  Pica hudsonia.
                              Yellow-billed Magpie  Pica nuttalli.
Mallard.....................  Mallard.............  Anas platyrhynchos.
Mango.......................  Puerto Rican Mango..  Anthracothorax
                                                     aurulentus.
                              Green Mango.........  Anthracothorax
                                                     viridis.
                              Green-breasted Mango  Anthracothorax
                                                     prevostii.
Marsh-Harrier...............  Eastern Marsh-        Circus spilonotus.
                               Harrier.
Martin......................  Brown-chested Martin  Progne tapera.

[[Page 49324]]

 
                              Caribbean Martin....  Progne dominicensis.
                              Cuban Martin........  Progne cryptoleuca.
                              Gray-breasted Martin  Progne chalybea.
                              Purple Martin.......  Progne subis.
                              Southern Martin.....  Progne elegans.
Meadowlark..................  Chihuahuan            Sturnella lilianae.
                               Meadowlark.
                              Eastern Meadowlark..  Sturnella magna.
                              Western Meadowlark..  Sturnella neglecta.
Merganser...................  Common Merganser....  Mergus merganser.
                              Hooded Merganser....  Lophodytes
                                                     cucullatus.
                              Red-breasted          Mergus serrator.
                               Merganser.
Merlin......................  Merlin..............  Falco columbarius.
Millerbird..................  Millerbird..........  Acrocephalus
                                                     familiaris.
Mockingbird.................  Bahama Mockingbird..  Mimus gundlachii.
                              Blue Mockingbird....  Melanotis
                                                     caerulescens.
                              Northern Mockingbird  Mimus polyglottos.
Moorhen.....................  Eurasian Moorhen....  Gallinula chloropus.
Mountain-gem................  Amethyst-throated     Lampornis
                               Mountain-gem.         amethystinus.
                              Blue-throated         Lampornis
                               Mountain-gem.         clemenciae.
Murre.......................  Common Murre........  Uria aalge.
                              Thick-billed Murre..  Uria lomvia.
Murrelet....................  Ancient Murrelet....  Synthliboramphus
                                                     antiquus.
                              Craveri's Murrelet..  Synthliboramphus
                                                     craveri.
                              Guadalupe Murrelet..  Synthliboramphus
                                                     hypoleucus.
                              Kittlitz's Murrelet.  Brachyramphus
                                                     brevirostris.
                              Long-billed Murrelet  Brachyramphus
                                                     perdix.
                              Marbled Murrelet....  Brachyramphus
                                                     marmoratus.
                              Scripps's Murrelet..  Synthliboramphus
                                                     scrippsi.
Needletail..................  White-throated        Hirundapus
                               Needletail.           caudacutus.
Nighthawk...................  Antillean Nighthawk.  Chordeiles
                                                     gundlachii.
                              Common Nighthawk....  Chordeiles minor.
                              Lesser Nighthawk....  Chordeiles
                                                     acutipennis.
Night-Heron.................  Black-crowned Night-  Nycticorax
                               Heron.                nycticorax.
                              Japanese Night-Heron  Gorsachius goisagi.
                              Malayan Night-Heron.  Gorsachius
                                                     melanolophus.
                              Nankeen Night-Heron.  Nycticorax
                                                     caledonicus.
                              Yellow-crowned Night- Nyctanassa violacea.
                               Heron.
Nightingale-Thrush..........  Black-headed          Catharus mexicanus.
                               Nightingale-Thrush.
                              Orange-billed         Catharus
                               Nightingale-Thrush.   aurantiirostris.
Nightjar....................  Buff-collared         Antrostomus
                               Nightjar.             ridgwayi.
                              Gray Nightjar.......  Caprimulgus jotaka.
                              Puerto Rican          Antrostomus
                               Nightjar.             noctitherus.
                              White-tailed          Hydropsalis
                               Nightjar.             cayennensis.
Noddy.......................  Black Noddy.........  Anous minutus.
                              Blue-gray Noddy.....  Anous ceruleus.
                              Brown Noddy.........  Anous stolidus.
Nukupu`u....................  Kauai Nukupu`u......  Hemignathus
                                                     hanapepe.
                              Maui Nukupu`u.......  Hemignathus affinis.
                              O`ahu Nukupu`u......  Hemignathus lucidus.
Nutcracker..................  Clark's Nutcracker..  Nucifraga
                                                     columbiana.
Nuthatch....................  Brown-headed          Sitta pusilla.
                               Nuthatch.
                              Pygmy Nuthatch......  Sitta pygmaea.
                              Red-breasted          Sitta canadensis.
                               Nuthatch.
                              White-breasted        Sitta carolinensis.
                               Nuthatch.
Oloma`o.....................  Oloma`o.............  Myadestes
                                                     lanaiensis.
`[Omacr]ma'o................  `[Omacr]ma'o........  Myadestes obscurus.
Oriole......................  Altamira Oriole.....  Icterus gularis.
                              Audubon's Oriole....  Icterus graduacauda.
                              Baltimore Oriole....  Icterus galbula.
                              Black-backed Oriole.  Icterus abeillei.
                              Black-vented Oriole.  Icterus wagleri.
                              Bullock's Oriole....  Icterus bullockii.
                              Hooded Oriole.......  Icterus cucullatus.
                              Orchard Oriole......  Icterus spurius.
                              Puerto Rican Oriole.  Icterus
                                                     portoricensis.
                              Scott's Oriole......  Icterus parisorum.
                              Streak-backed Oriole  Icterus pustulatus.
Osprey......................  Osprey..............  Pandion haliaetus.
`[Omacr]`[umacr]............  `[Omacr]`[umacr]....  Psittirostra
                                                     psittacea.
Ovenbird....................  Ovenbird............  Seiurus aurocapilla.
Owl.........................  Barn Owl............  Tyto alba.

[[Page 49325]]

 
                              Barred Owl..........  Strix varia.
                              Boreal Owl..........  Aegolius funereus.
                              Burrowing Owl.......  Athene cunicularia.
                              Elf Owl.............  Micrathene whitneyi.
                              Flammulated Owl.....  Psiloscops
                                                     flammeolus.
                              Great Gray Owl......  Strix nebulosa.
                              Great Horned Owl....  Bubo virginianus.
                              Long-eared Owl......  Asio otus.
                              Mottled Owl.........  Strix virgata.
                              Northern Hawk Owl...  Surnia ulula.
                              Northern Saw-whet     Aegolius acadicus.
                               Owl.
                              Puerto Rican Owl....  Gymnasio nudipes.
                              Short-eared Owl.....  Asio flammeus.
                              Snowy Owl...........  Bubo scandiacus.
                              Spotted Owl.........  Strix occidentalis.
                              Stygian Owl.........  Asio stygius.
Oystercatcher...............  American              Haematopus
                               Oystercatcher.        palliatus.
                              Black Oystercatcher.  Haematopus bachmani.
                              Eurasian              Haematopus
                               Oystercatcher.        ostralegus.
Palila......................  Palila..............  Loxioides bailleui.
Palm-Swift..................  Antillean Palm-Swift  Tachornis
                                                     phoenicobia.
Parrotbill..................  Maui Parrotbill.....  Pseudonestor
                                                     xanthophrys.
Parula......................  Northern Parula.....  Setophaga americana.
                              Tropical Parula.....  Setophaga pitiayumi.
Pauraque....................  Common Pauraque.....  Nyctidromus
                                                     albicollis.
Pelican.....................  American White        Pelecanus
                               Pelican.              erythrorhynchos.
                              Brown Pelican.......  Pelecanus
                                                     occidentalis.
Petrel......................  Bermuda Petrel......  Pterodroma cahow.
                              Black-capped Petrel.  Pterodroma hasitata.
                              Black-winged Petrel.  Pterodroma
                                                     nigripennis.
                              Bonin Petrel........  Pterodroma
                                                     hypoleuca.
                              Bulwer's Petrel.....  Bulweria bulwerii.
                              Cook's Petrel.......  Pterodroma cookii.
                              Fea's Petrel........  Pterodroma feae.
                              Gould's Petrel......  Pterodroma
                                                     leucoptera.
                              Gray-faced Petrel...  Pterodroma gouldi.
                              Hawaiian Petrel.....  Pterodroma
                                                     sandwichensis.
                              Herald Petrel.......  Pterodroma
                                                     heraldica.
                              Jouanin's Petrel....  Bulweria fallax.
                              Juan Fernandez        Pterodroma externa.
                               Petrel.
                              Kermadec Petrel.....  Pterodroma neglecta.
                              Mottled Petrel......  Pterodroma
                                                     inexpectata.
                              Murphy's Petrel.....  Pterodroma ultima.
                              Parkinson's Petrel..  Procellaria
                                                     parkinsoni.
                              Phoenix Petrel......  Pterodroma alba.
                              Providence Petrel...  Pterodroma solandri.
                              Stejneger's Petrel..  Pterodroma
                                                     longirostris.
                              Tahiti Petrel.......  Pseudobulweria
                                                     rostrata.
                              Trindade Petrel.....  Pterodroma
                                                     arminjoniana.
                              White-chinned Petrel  Procellaria
                                                     aequinoctialis.
                              White-necked Petrel.  Pterodroma
                                                     cervicalis.
                              Zino's Petrel.......  Pterodroma madeira.
Pewee.......................  Cuban Pewee.........  Contopus caribaeus.
                              Greater Pewee.......  Contopus pertinax.
                              Hispaniolan Pewee...  Contopus
                                                     hispaniolensis.
                              Lesser Antillean      Contopus
                               Pewee.                latirostris.
Phainopepla.................  Phainopepla.........  Phainopepla nitens.
Phalarope...................  Red Phalarope.......  Phalaropus
                                                     fulicarius.
                              Red-necked Phalarope  Phalaropus lobatus.
                              Wilson's Phalarope..  Phalaropus tricolor.
Phoebe......................  Black Phoebe........  Sayornis nigricans.
                              Eastern Phoebe......  Sayornis phoebe.
                              Say's Phoebe........  Sayornis saya.
Pigeon......................  Band-tailed Pigeon..  Patagioenas
                                                     fasciata.
                              Plain Pigeon........  Patagioenas
                                                     inornata.
                              Red-billed Pigeon...  Patagioenas
                                                     flavirostris.
                              Scaly-naped Pigeon..  Patagioenas
                                                     squamosa.
                              White-crowned Pigeon  Patagioenas
                                                     leucocephala.
Pintail.....................  Northern Pintail....  Anas acuta.
                              White-cheeked         Anas bahamensis.
                               Pintail.
Pipit.......................  American Pipit......  Anthus rubescens.

[[Page 49326]]

 
                              Olive-backed Pipit..  Anthus hodgsoni.
                              Pechora Pipit.......  Anthus gustavi.
                              Red-throated Pipit..  Anthus cervinus.
                              Sprague's Pipit.....  Anthus spragueii.
                              Tree Pipit..........  Anthus trivialis.
Plover......................  Black-bellied Plover  Pluvialis
                                                     squatarola.
                              Collared Plover.....  Charadrius collaris.
                              Common Ringed Plover  Charadrius
                                                     hiaticula.
                              Kentish Plover......  Charadrius
                                                     alexandrinus.
                              Little Ringed Plover  Charadrius dubius.
                              Mountain Plover.....  Charadrius montanus.
                              Piping Plover.......  Charadrius melodus.
                              Semipalmated Plover.  Charadrius
                                                     semipalmatus.
                              Snowy Plover........  Charadrius nivosus.
                              Wilson's Plover.....  Charadrius wilsonia.
Pochard.....................  Baer's Pochard......  Aythya baeri.
                              Common Pochard......  Aythya ferina.
Pond-Heron..................  Chinese Pond-Heron..  Ardeola bacchus.
Poorwill....................  Common Poorwill.....  Phalaenoptilus
                                                     nuttallii.
Po`ouli.....................  Po`ouli.............  Melamprosops
                                                     phaeosoma.
Puaiohi.....................  Puaiohi.............  Myadestes palmeri.
Puffin......................  Atlantic Puffin.....  Fratercula arctica.
                              Horned Puffin.......  Fratercula
                                                     corniculata.
                              Tufted Puffin.......  Fratercula cirrhata.
Pygmy-Owl...................  Ferruginous Pygmy-    Glaucidium
                               Owl.                  brasilianum.
                              Northern Pygmy-Owl..  Glaucidium gnoma.
Pyrrhuloxia.................  Pyrrhuloxia.........  Cardinalis sinuatus.
Quail-Dove..................  Bridled Quail-Dove..  Geotrygon mystacea.
                              Key West Quail-Dove.  Geotrygon chrysia.
                              Ruddy Quail-Dove....  Geotrygon montana.
Quetzal.....................  Eared Quetzal.......  Euptilotis neoxenus.
Rail........................  Black Rail..........  Laterallus
                                                     jamaicensis.
                              Buff-banded Rail....  Gallirallus
                                                     philippensis.
                              Clapper Rail........  Rallus crepitans.
                              Guam Rail...........  Gallirallus owstoni.
                              King Rail...........  Rallus elegans.
                              Ridgway's Rail......  Rallus obsoletus.
                              Spotted Rail........  Pardirallus
                                                     maculatus.
                              Virginia Rail.......  Rallus limicola.
                              Yellow Rail.........  Coturnicops
                                                     noveboracensis.
Raven.......................  Chihuahuan Raven....  Corvus cryptoleucus.
                              Common Raven........  Corvus corax.
Razorbill...................  Razorbill...........  Alca torda.
Redhead.....................  Redhead.............  Aythya americana.
Redpoll.....................  Common Redpoll......  Acanthis flammea.
                              Hoary Redpoll.......  Acanthis hornemanni.
Redshank....................  Common Redshank.....  Tringa totanus.
                              Spotted Redshank....  Tringa erythropus.
Redstart....................  American Redstart...  Setophaga ruticilla.
                              Common Redstart.....  Phoenicurus
                                                     phoenicurus.
                              Painted Redstart....  Myioborus pictus.
                              Slate-throated        Myioborus miniatus.
                               Redstart.
Redwing.....................  Redwing.............  Turdus iliacus.
Reef-Heron..................  Pacific Reef-Heron..  Egretta sacra.
                              Western Reef-Heron..  Egretta gularis.
Roadrunner..................  Greater Roadrunner..  Geococcyx
                                                     californianus.
Robin.......................  American Robin......  Turdus migratorius.
                              European Robin......  Erithacus rubecula.
                              Rufous-backed Robin.  Turdus
                                                     rufopalliatus.
                              Rufous-tailed Robin.  Larvivora sibilans.
                              Siberian Blue Robin.  Larvivora cyane.
Rock-Thrush.................  Blue Rock-Thrush....  Monticola
                                                     solitarius.
Rosefinch...................  Common Rosefinch....  Carpodacus
                                                     erythrinus.
                              Pallas's Rosefinch..  Carpodacus roseus.
Rosy-Finch..................  Asian Rosy-Finch....  Leucosticte arctoa.
                              Black Rosy-Finch....  Leucosticte atrata.
                              Brown-capped Rosy-    Leucosticte
                               Finch.                australis.
                              Gray-crowned Rosy-    Leucosticte
                               Finch.                tephrocotis.
Rubythroat..................  Siberian Rubythroat.  Calliope calliope.
Ruff........................  Ruff................  Calidris pugnax.
Sanderling..................  Sanderling..........  Calidris alba.

[[Page 49327]]

 
Sandpiper...................  Baird's Sandpiper...  Calidris bairdii.
                              Broad-billed          Calidris
                               Sandpiper.            falcinellus.
                              Buff-breasted         Calidris
                               Sandpiper.            subruficollis.
                              Common Sandpiper....  Actitis hypoleucos.
                              Curlew Sandpiper....  Calidris ferruginea.
                              Green Sandpiper.....  Tringa ochropus.
                              Least Sandpiper.....  Calidris minutilla.
                              Marsh Sandpiper.....  Tringa stagnatilis.
                              Pectoral Sandpiper..  Calidris melanotos.
                              Purple Sandpiper....  Calidris maritima.
                              Rock Sandpiper......  Calidris
                                                     ptilocnemis.
                              Semipalmated          Calidris pusilla.
                               Sandpiper.
                              Sharp-tailed          Calidris acuminata.
                               Sandpiper.
                              Solitary Sandpiper..  Tringa solitaria.
                              Spoon-billed          Calidris pygmea.
                               Sandpiper.
                              Spotted Sandpiper...  Actitis macularius.
                              Stilt Sandpiper.....  Calidris himantopus.
                              Terek Sandpiper.....  Xenus cinereus.
                              Upland Sandpiper....  Bartramia
                                                     longicauda.
                              Western Sandpiper...  Calidris mauri.
                              White-rumped          Calidris
                               Sandpiper.            fuscicollis.
                              Wood Sandpiper......  Tringa glareola.
Sand-Plover.................  Greater Sand-Plover.  Charadrius
                                                     leschenaultii.
                              Lesser Sand-Plover..  Charadrius mongolus.
Sapsucker...................  Red-breasted          Sphyrapicus ruber.
                               Sapsucker.
                              Red-naped Sapsucker.  Sphyrapicus
                                                     nuchalis.
                              Williamson's          Sphyrapicus
                               Sapsucker.            thyroideus.
                              Yellow-bellied        Sphyrapicus varius.
                               Sapsucker.
Scaup.......................  Greater Scaup.......  Aythya marila.
                              Lesser Scaup........  Aythya affinis.
Scops-Owl...................  Oriental Scops-Owl..  Otus sunia.
Scoter......................  Black Scoter........  Melanitta americana.
                              Common Scoter.......  Melanitta nigra.
                              Stejneger's Scoter..  Melanitta stejneger.
                              Surf Scoter.........  Melanitta
                                                     perspicillata.
                              White-winged Scoter.  Melanitta deglandi.
Screech-Owl.................  Eastern Screech-Owl.  Megascops asio.
                              Western Screech-Owl.  Megascops
                                                     kennicottii.
                              Whiskered Screech-    Megascops
                               Owl.                  trichopsis.
Scrub-Jay...................  California Scrub-Jay  Aphelocoma
                                                     californica.
                              Florida Scrub-Jay...  Aphelocoma
                                                     coerulescens.
                              Island Scrub-Jay....  Aphelocoma
                                                     insularis.
                              Woodhouse's Scrub-    Aphelocoma
                               Jay.                  woodhouseii.
Sea-Eagle...................  Steller's Sea-Eagle.  Haliaeetus
                                                     pelagicus.
Seedeater...................  Morelet's Seedeater.  Sporophila
                                                     morelleti.
Shearwater..................  Audubon's Shearwater  Puffinus
                                                     lherminieri.
                              Barolo Shearwater...  Puffinus baroli.
                              Black-vented          Puffinus
                               Shearwater.           opisthomelas.
                              Bryan's Shearwater..  Puffinus bryani.
                              Buller's Shearwater.  Ardenna bulleri.
                              Cape Verde            Calonectris
                               Shearwater.           edwardsii.
                              Christmas Shearwater  Puffinus
                                                     nativitatis.
                              Cory's Shearwater...  Calonectris
                                                     diomedea.
                              Flesh-footed          Ardenna carneipes.
                               Shearwater.
                              Great Shearwater....  Ardenna gravis.
                              Manx Shearwater.....  Puffinus puffinus.
                              Newell's Shearwater.  Puffinus newelli.
                              Pink-footed           Ardenna creatopus.
                               Shearwater.
                              Short-tailed          Ardenna
                               Shearwater.           tenuirostris.
                              Sooty Shearwater....  Ardenna grisea.
                              Streaked Shearwater.  Calonectris
                                                     leucomelas.
                              Wedge-tailed          Ardenna pacifica.
                               Shearwater.
Shoveler....................  Northern Shoveler...  Spatula clypeata.
Shrike......................  Brown Shrike........  Lanius cristatus.
                              Loggerhead Shrike...  Lanius ludovicianus.
                              Northern Shrike.....  Lanius borealis.
Silky-Flycatcher............  Gray Silky-           Ptiliogonys
                               Flycatcher.           cinereus.
Siskin......................  Eurasian Siskin.....  Spinus spinus.
                              Pine Siskin.........  Spinus pinus.
Skimmer.....................  Black Skimmer.......  Rynchops niger.
Skua........................  Great Skua..........  Stercorarius skua.

[[Page 49328]]

 
                              South Polar Skua....  Stercorarius
                                                     maccormicki.
Skylark.....................  Eurasian Skylark....  Alauda arvensis.
Smew........................  Smew................  Mergellus albellus.
Snipe.......................  Common Snipe........  Gallinago gallinago.
                              Jack Snipe..........  Lymnocryptes
                                                     minimus.
                              Pin-tailed Snipe....  Gallinago stenura.
                              Solitary Snipe......  Gallinago solitaria.
                              Swinhoe's Snipe.....  Gallinago megala.
                              Wilson's Snipe......  Gallinago delicata.
Solitaire...................  Brown-backed          Myadestes
                               Solitaire.            occidentalis.
                              Townsend's Solitaire  Myadestes townsendi.
Sora........................  Sora................  Porzana carolina.
Sparrow.....................  American Tree         Spizelloides
                               Sparrow.              arborea.
                              Bachman's Sparrow...  Peucaea aestivalis.
                              Baird's Sparrow.....  Centronyx bairdii.
                              Bell's Sparrow......  Artemisiospiza
                                                     belli.
                              Black-chinned         Spizella
                               Sparrow.              atrogularis.
                              Black-throated        Amphispiza
                               Sparrow.              bilineata.
                              Botteri's Sparrow...  Peucaea botterii.
                              Brewer's Sparrow....  Spizella breweri.
                              Cassin's Sparrow....  Peucaea cassinii.
                              Chipping Sparrow....  Spizella passerina.
                              Clay-colored Sparrow  Spizella pallida.
                              Field Sparrow.......  Spizella pusilla.
                              Five-striped Sparrow  Amphispizopsis
                                                     quinquestriata.
                              Fox Sparrow.........  Passerella iliaca.
                              Golden-crowned        Zonotrichia
                               Sparrow.              atricapilla.
                              Grasshopper Sparrow.  Ammodramus
                                                     savannarum.
                              Harris's Sparrow....  Zonotrichia querula.
                              Henslow's Sparrow...  Centronyx henslowii.
                              Lark Sparrow........  Chondestes
                                                     grammacus.
                              LeConte's Sparrow...  Ammospiza leconteii.
                              Lincoln's Sparrow...  Melospiza lincolnii.
                              Nelson's Sparrow....  Ammospiza nelsoni.
                              Olive Sparrow.......  Arremonops
                                                     rufivirgatus.
                              Rufous-crowned        Aimophila ruficeps.
                               Sparrow.
                              Rufous-winged         Peucaea carpalis.
                               Sparrow.
                              Sagebrush Sparrow...  Artemisiospiza
                                                     nevadensis.
                              Saltmarsh Sparrow...  Ammospiza caudacuta.
                              Savannah Sparrow....  Passerculus
                                                     sandwichensis.
                              Seaside Sparrow.....  Ammospiza maritima.
                              Song Sparrow........  Melospiza melodia.
                              Swamp Sparrow.......  Melospiza georgiana.
                              Vesper Sparrow......  Pooecetes gramineus.
                              White-crowned         Zonotrichia
                               Sparrow.              leucophrys.
                              White-throated        Zonotrichia
                               Sparrow.              albicollis.
                              Worthen's Sparrow...  Spizella wortheni.
Sparrowhawk.................  Chinese Sparrowhawk.  Accipiter soloensis.
                              Japanese Sparrowhawk  Accipiter gularis.
Spindalis...................  Puerto Rican          Spindalis
                               Spindalis.            portoricensis.
                              Western Spindalis...  Spindalis zena.
Spoonbill...................  Roseate Spoonbill...  Platalea ajaja.
Starling....................  Chestnut-cheeked      Agropsar
                               Starling.             philippensis.
                              White-cheeked         Spodiopsar
                               Starling.             cineraceus.
Starthroat..................  Plain-capped          Heliomaster
                               Starthroat.           constantii.
Stilt.......................  Black-necked Stilt..  Himantopus
                                                     mexicanus.
                              Black-winged Stilt..  Himantopus
                                                     himantopus.
Stint.......................  Little Stint........  Calidris minuta.
                              Long-toed Stint.....  Calidris subminuta.
                              Red-necked Stint....  Calidris ruficollis.
                              Temminck's Stint....  Calidris temminckii.
Stonechat...................  Asian Stonechat.....  Saxicola maurus.
Stork.......................  Wood Stork..........  Mycteria americana.
Storm-Petrel................  Ashy Storm-Petrel...  Hydrobates
                                                     homochroa.
                              Band-rumped Storm-    Hydrobates castro.
                               Petrel.
                              Black Storm-Petrel..  Hydrobates melania.
                              Black-bellied Storm-  Fregetta tropica.
                               Petrel.
                              European Storm-       Hydrobates
                               Petrel.               pelagicus.
                              Fork-tailed Storm-    Hydrobates furcatus.
                               Petrel.
                              Leach's Storm-Petrel  Hydrobates
                                                     leucorhous.
                              Least Storm-Petrel..  Hydrobates
                                                     microsoma.

[[Page 49329]]

 
                              Matsudaira's Storm-   Hydrobates
                               Petrel.               matsudairae.
                              Polynesian Storm-     Nesofregetta
                               Petrel.               fuliginosa.
                              Ringed Storm-Petrel.  Hydrobates hornbyi.
                              Swinhoe's Storm-      Hydrobates monorhis.
                               Petrel.
                              Townsend's Storm-     Hydrobates
                               Petrel.               socorroensis.
                              Tristram's Storm-     Hydrobates
                               Petrel.               tristrami.
                              Wedge-rumped Storm-   Hydrobates tethys.
                               Petrel.
                              White-bellied Storm-  Fregetta grallaria.
                               Petrel.
                              White-faced Storm-    Pelagodroma marina.
                               Petrel.
                              Wilson's Storm-       Oceanites oceanicus.
                               Petrel.
Surfbird....................  Surfbird............  Calidris virgata.
Swallow.....................  Bahama Swallow......  Tachycineta
                                                     cyaneoviridis.
                              Bank Swallow........  Riparia riparia.
                              Barn Swallow........  Hirundo rustica.
                              Blue-and-white        Pygochelidon
                               Swallow.              cyanoleuca.
                              Cave Swallow........  Petrochelidon fulva.
                              Cliff Swallow.......  Petrochelidon
                                                     pyrrhonota.
                              Mangrove Swallow....  Tachycineta
                                                     albilinea.
                              Northern Rough-       Stelgidopteryx
                               winged Swallow.       serripennis.
                              Tree Swallow........  Tachycineta bicolor.
                              Violet-green Swallow  Tachycineta
                                                     thalassina.
Swamphen....................  Purple Swamphen.....  Porphyrio porphyrio.
Swan........................  Trumpeter Swan......  Cygnus buccinator.
                              Tundra Swan.........  Cygnus columbianus.
                              Whooper Swan........  Cygnus cygnus.
Swift.......................  Alpine Swift........  Apus melba.
                              Black Swift.........  Cypseloides niger.
                              Chimney Swift.......  Chaetura pelagica.
                              Common Swift........  Apus apus.
                              Fork-tailed Swift...  Apus pacificus.
                              Short-tailed Swift..  Chaetura brachyura.
                              Vaux's Swift........  Chaetura vauxi.
                              White-collared Swift  Streptoprocne
                                                     zonaris.
                              White-throated Swift  Aeronautes
                                                     saxatalis.
Swiftlet....................  Mariana Swiftlet....  Aerodramus bartschi.
                              White-rumped          Aerodramus
                               Swiftlet.             spodiopygius.
Tanager.....................  Flame-colored         Piranga bidentata.
                               Tanager.
                              Hepatic Tanager.....  Piranga flava.
                              Puerto Rican Tanager  Nesospingus
                                                     speculiferus.
                              Scarlet Tanager.....  Piranga olivacea.
                              Summer Tanager......  Piranga rubra.
                              Western Tanager.....  Piranga ludoviciana.
Tattler.....................  Gray-tailed Tattler.  Tringa brevipes.
                              Wandering Tattler...  Tringa incana.
Teal........................  Baikal Teal.........  Sibirionetta
                                                     formosa.
                              Blue-winged Teal....  Spatula discors.
                              Cinnamon Teal.......  Spatula cyanoptera.
                              Green-winged Teal...  Anas crecca.
Tern........................  Aleutian Tern.......  Onychoprion
                                                     aleuticus.
                              Arctic Tern.........  Sterna paradisaea.
                              Black Tern..........  Chlidonias niger.
                              Black-naped Tern....  Sterna sumatrana.
                              Bridled Tern........  Onychoprion
                                                     anaethetus.
                              Caspian Tern........  Hydroprogne caspia.
                              Common Tern.........  Sterna hirundo.
                              Elegant Tern........  Thalasseus elegans.
                              Forster's Tern......  Sterna forsteri.
                              Gray-backed Tern....  Onychoprion lunatus.
                              Great Crested Tern..  Thalasseus bergii.
                              Gull-billed Tern....  Gelochelidon
                                                     nilotica.
                              Inca Tern...........  Larosterna inca.
                              Large-billed Tern...  Phaetusa simplex.
                              Least Tern..........  Sternula antillarum.
                              Little Tern.........  Sternula albifrons.
                              Roseate Tern........  Sterna dougallii.
                              Royal Tern..........  Thalasseus maximus.
                              Sandwich Tern.......  Thalasseus
                                                     sandvicensis.
                              Sooty Tern..........  Onychoprion
                                                     fuscatus.
                              Whiskered Tern......  Chlidonias hybrida.
                              White Tern..........  Gygis alba.
                              White-winged Tern...  Chlidonias
                                                     leucopterus.

[[Page 49330]]

 
Thrasher....................  Bendire's Thrasher..  Toxostoma bendirei.
                              Brown Thrasher......  Toxostoma rufum.
                              California Thrasher.  Toxostoma redivivum.
                              Crissal Thrasher....  Toxostoma crissale.
                              Curve-billed          Toxostoma
                               Thrasher.             curvirostre.
                              LeConte's Thrasher..  Toxostoma lecontei.
                              Long-billed Thrasher  Toxostoma
                                                     longirostre.
                              Pearly-eyed Thrasher  Margarops fuscatus.
                              Sage Thrasher.......  Oreoscoptes
                                                     montanus.
Thrush......................  Aztec Thrush........  Ridgwayia pinicola.
                              Bicknell's Thrush...  Catharus bicknelli.
                              Clay-colored Thrush.  Turdus grayi.
                              Dusky Thrush........  Turdus eunomus.
                              Eyebrowed Thrush....  Turdus obscurus.
                              Gray-cheeked Thrush.  Catharus minimus.
                              Hermit Thrush.......  Catharus guttatus.
                              Naumann's Thrush....  Turdus naumanni.
                              Red-legged Thrush...  Turdus plumbeus.
                              Swainson's Thrush...  Catharus ustulatus.
                              Varied Thrush.......  Ixoreus naevius.
                              White-throated        Turdus assimilis.
                               Thrush.
                              Wood Thrush.........  Hylocichla
                                                     mustelina.
Tiger-Heron.................  Bare-throated Tiger-  Tigrisoma mexicanum.
                               Heron.
Titmouse....................  Black-crested         Baeolophus
                               Titmouse.             atricristatus.
                              Bridled Titmouse....  Baeolophus
                                                     wollweberi.
                              Juniper Titmouse....  Baeolophus ridgwayi.
                              Oak Titmouse........  Baeolophus
                                                     inornatus.
                              Tufted Titmouse.....  Baeolophus bicolor.
Tityra......................  Masked Tityra.......  Tityra semifasciata.
Towhee......................  Abert's Towhee......  Melozone aberti.
                              California Towhee...  Melozone crissalis.
                              Canyon Towhee.......  Melozone fusca.
                              Eastern Towhee......  Pipilo
                                                     erythrophthalmus.
                              Green-tailed Towhee.  Pipilo chlorurus.
                              Spotted Towhee......  Pipilo maculatus.
Trogon......................  Elegant Trogon......  Trogon elegans.
Tropicbird..................  Red-billed            Phaethon aethereus.
                               Tropicbird.
                              Red-tailed            Phaethon rubricauda.
                               Tropicbird.
                              White-tailed          Phaethon lepturus.
                               Tropicbird.
Turnstone...................  Black Turnstone.....  Arenaria
                                                     melanocephala.
                              Ruddy Turnstone.....  Arenaria interpres.
Turtle-Dove.................  Oriental Turtle-Dove  Streptopelia
                                                     orientalis.
Veery.......................  Veery...............  Catharus fuscescens.
Verdin......................  Verdin..............  Auriparus flaviceps.
Violetear...................  Mexican Violetear...  Colibri thalassinus.
Vireo.......................  Bell's Vireo........  Vireo bellii.
                              Black-capped Vireo..  Vireo atricapilla.
                              Black-whiskered       Vireo altiloquus.
                               Vireo.
                              Blue-headed Vireo...  Vireo solitarius.
                              Cassin's Vireo......  Vireo cassinii.
                              Cuban Vireo.........  Vireo gundlachii.
                              Gray Vireo..........  Vireo vicinior.
                              Hutton's Vireo......  Vireo huttoni.
                              Philadelphia Vireo..  Vireo
                                                     philadelphicus.
                              Plumbeous Vireo.....  Vireo plumbeus.
                              Puerto Rican Vireo..  Vireo latimeri.
                              Red-eyed Vireo......  Vireo olivaceus.
                              Thick-billed Vireo..  Vireo crassirostris.
                              Warbling Vireo......  Vireo gilvus.
                              White-eyed Vireo....  Vireo griseus.
                              Yellow-green Vireo..  Vireo flavoviridis.
                              Yellow-throated       Vireo flavifrons.
                               Vireo.
                              Yucatan Vireo.......  Vireo magister.
Vulture.....................  Black Vulture.......  Coragyps atratus.
                              Turkey Vulture......  Cathartes aura.
Wagtail.....................  Citrine Wagtail.....  Motacilla citreola.
                              Eastern Yellow        Motacilla
                               Wagtail.              tschutschensis.
                              Gray Wagtail........  Motacilla cinerea.
                              White Wagtail.......  Motacilla alba.
Warbler.....................  Adelaide's Warbler..  Setophaga adelaidae.
                              Aguiguan Reed         Acrocephalus nijoi.
                               Warbler.

[[Page 49331]]

 
                              Arctic Warbler......  Phylloscopus
                                                     borealis.
                              Bachman's Warbler...  Vermivora bachmanii.
                              Bay-breasted Warbler  Setophaga castanea.
                              Black-and-white       Mniotilta varia.
                               Warbler.
                              Blackburnian Warbler  Setophaga fusca.
                              Blackpoll Warbler...  Setophaga striata.
                              Black-throated Blue   Setophaga
                               Warbler.              caerulescens.
                              Black-throated Gray   Setophaga
                               Warbler.              nigrescens.
                              Black-throated Green  Setophaga virens.
                               Warbler.
                              Blue-winged Warbler.  Vermivora
                                                     cyanoptera.
                              Blyth's Reed Warbler  Acrocephalus
                                                     dumetorum.
                              Canada Warbler......  Cardellina
                                                     canadensis.
                              Cape May Warbler....  Setophaga tigrina.
                              Cerulean Warbler....  Setophaga cerulea.
                              Chestnut-sided        Setophaga
                               Warbler.              pensylvanica.
                              Colima Warbler......  Leiothlypis
                                                     crissalis.
                              Connecticut Warbler.  Oporornis agilis.
                              Crescent-chested      Oreothlypis
                               Warbler.              superciliosa.
                              Dusky Warbler.......  Phylloscopus
                                                     fuscatus.
                              Elfin-woods Warbler.  Setophaga angelae.
                              Fan-tailed Warbler..  Basileuterus
                                                     lachrymosus.
                              Golden-cheeked        Setophaga
                               Warbler.              chrysoparia.
                              Golden-crowned        Basileuterus
                               Warbler.              culicivorus.
                              Golden-winged         Vermivora
                               Warbler.              chrysoptera.
                              Grace's Warbler.....  Setophaga graciae.
                              Hermit Warbler......  Setophaga
                                                     occidentalis.
                              Hooded Warbler......  Setophaga citrina.
                              Kamchatka Leaf        Phylloscopus
                               Warbler.              examinandus.
                              Kentucky Warbler....  Geothlypis formosa.
                              Kirtland's Warbler..  Setophaga
                                                     kirtlandii.
                              Lanceolated Warbler.  Locustella
                                                     lanceolata.
                              Lucy's Warbler......  Leiothlypis luciae.
                              MacGillivray's        Geothlypis tolmiei.
                               Warbler.
                              Magnolia Warbler....  Setophaga magnolia.
                              Middendorff's         Helopsaltes
                               Grasshopper Warbler.  ochotensis.
                              Mourning Warbler....  Geothlypis
                                                     philadelphia.
                              Nashville Warbler...  Leiothlypis
                                                     ruficapilla.
                              Nightingale Reed      Acrocephalus
                               Warbler.              luscinius.
                              Olive Warbler.......  Peucedramus
                                                     taeniatus.
                              Orange-crowned        Leiothlypis celata.
                               Warbler.
                              Pagan Reed Warbler..  Acrocephalus
                                                     yamashinae.
                              Pallas's Grasshopper  Helopsaltes
                               Warbler.              certhiola.
                              Pallas's Leaf         Phylloscopus
                               Warbler.              proregulus.
                              Palm Warbler........  Setophaga palmarum.
                              Pine Warbler........  Setophaga pinus.
                              Prairie Warbler.....  Setophaga discolor.
                              Prothonotary Warbler  Protonotaria citrea.
                              Red-faced Warbler...  Cardellina
                                                     rubrifrons.
                              River Warbler.......  Locustella
                                                     fluviatilis.
                              Rufous-capped         Basileuterus
                               Warbler.              rufifrons.
                              Saipan Reed Warbler.  Acrocephalus hiwae.
                              Sedge Warbler.......  Acrocephalus
                                                     schoenobaenus.
                              Swainson's Warbler..  Limnothlypis
                                                     swainsonii.
                              Tennessee Warbler...  Leiothlypis
                                                     peregrina.
                              Thick-billed Warbler  Arundinax aedon.
                              Townsend's Warbler..  Setophaga townsendi.
                              Virginia's Warbler..  Leiothlypis
                                                     virginiae.
                              Willow Warbler......  Phylloscopus
                                                     trochilus.
                              Wilson's Warbler....  Cardellina pusilla.
                              Wood Warbler........  Phylloscopus
                                                     sibilatrix.
                              Worm-eating Warbler.  Helmitheros
                                                     vermivorum.
                              Yellow Warbler......  Setophaga petechia.
                              Yellow-browed         Phylloscopus
                               Warbler.              inornatus.
                              Yellow-rumped         Setophaga coronata.
                               Warbler.
                              Yellow-throated       Setophaga dominica.
                               Warbler.
Waterthrush.................  Louisiana             Parkesia motacilla.
                               Waterthrush.
                              Northern Waterthrush  Parkesia
                                                     noveboracensis.
Waxwing.....................  Bohemian Waxwing....  Bombycilla garrulus.
                              Cedar Waxwing.......  Bombycilla cedrorum.
Wheatear....................  Northern Wheatear...  Oenanthe oenanthe.
                              Pied Wheatear.......  Oenanthe pleschanka.

[[Page 49332]]

 
Whimbrel....................  Whimbrel............  Numenius phaeopus.
Whip-poor-will..............  Eastern Whip-poor-    Antrostomus
                               will.                 vociferus.
                              Mexican Whip-poor-    Antrostomus
                               will.                 arizonae.
Whistling-Duck..............  Black-bellied         Dendrocygna
                               Whistling-Duck.       autumnalis.
                              Fulvous Whistling-    Dendrocygna bicolor.
                               Duck.
                              West Indian           Dendrocygna arborea.
                               Whistling-Duck.
Whitethroat.................  Lesser Whitethroat..  Sylvia curruca.
Wigeon......................  American Wigeon.....  Mareca americana.
                              Eurasian Wigeon.....  Mareca penelope.
Willet......................  Willet..............  Tringa semipalmata.
Woodcock....................  American Woodcock...  Scolopax minor.
                              Eurasian Woodcock...  Scolopax rusticola.
Woodpecker..................  Acorn Woodpecker....  Melanerpes
                                                     formicivorus.
                              American Three-toed   Picoides dorsalis.
                               Woodpecker.
                              Arizona Woodpecker..  Dryobates arizonae.
                              Black-backed          Picoides arcticus.
                               Woodpecker.
                              Downy Woodpecker....  Dryobates pubescens.
                              Gila Woodpecker.....  Melanerpes
                                                     uropygialis.
                              Golden-fronted        Melanerpes
                               Woodpecker.           aurifrons.
                              Great Spotted         Dendrocopos major.
                               Woodpecker.
                              Hairy Woodpecker....  Dryobates villosus.
                              Ivory-billed          Campephilus
                               Woodpecker.           principalis.
                              Ladder-backed         Dryobates scalaris.
                               Woodpecker.
                              Lewis's Woodpecker..  Melanerpes lewis.
                              Nuttall's Woodpecker  Dryobates nuttallii.
                              Pileated Woodpecker.  Dryocopus pileatus.
                              Puerto Rican          Melanerpes
                               Woodpecker.           portoricensis.
                              Red-bellied           Melanerpes
                               Woodpecker.           carolinus.
                              Red-cockaded          Dryobates borealis.
                               Woodpecker.
                              Red-headed            Melanerpes
                               Woodpecker.           erythrocephalus.
                              White-headed          Dryobates
                               Woodpecker.           albolarvatus.
Wood-Pewee..................  Eastern Wood-Pewee..  Contopus virens.
                              Western Wood-Pewee..  Contopus sordidulus.
Wood-Rail...................  Rufous-necked Wood-   Aramides axillaris.
                               Rail.
Woodstar....................  Bahama Woodstar.....  Nesophlox evelynae.
Wren........................  Bewick's Wren.......  Thryomanes bewickii.
                              Cactus Wren.........  Campylorhynchus
                                                     brunneicapillus.
                              Canyon Wren.........  Catherpes mexicanus.
                              Carolina Wren.......  Thryothorus
                                                     ludovicianus.
                              House Wren..........  Troglodytes aedon.
                              Marsh Wren..........  Cistothorus
                                                     palustris.
                              Pacific Wren........  Troglodytes
                                                     pacificus.
                              Rock Wren...........  Salpinctes
                                                     obsoletus.
                              Sedge Wren..........  Cistothorus
                                                     stellaris.
                              Sinaloa Wren........  Thryophilus sinaloa.
                              Winter Wren.........  Troglodytes
                                                     hiemalis.
Wrentit.....................  Wrentit.............  Chamaea fasciata.
Wryneck.....................  Eurasian Wryneck....  Jynx torquilla.
Yellowlegs..................  Greater Yellowlegs..  Tringa melanoleuca.
                              Lesser Yellowlegs...  Tringa flavipes.
Yellowthroat................  Common Yellowthroat.  Geothlypis trichas.
                              Gray-crowned          Geothlypis
                               Yellowthroat.         poliocephala.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (2) Taxonomic listing. The table lists species in phylogenetic 
sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following 
the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also 
provide the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and 
Subfamily.

[[Page 49333]]



Table 2 to Paragraph (c)(2)--Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the
                        Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Species scientific name                Species common name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (i) Order Anseriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Family Anatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      (1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dendrocygna autumnalis.................  Black-bellied Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna arborea....................  West Indian Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna bicolor....................  Fulvous Whistling-Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (2) Subfamily Anserinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anser canagicus........................  Emperor Goose.
Anser caerulescens.....................  Snow Goose.
Anser rossii...........................  Ross's Goose.
Anser albifrons........................  Greater White-fronted Goose.
Anser erythropus.......................  Lesser White-fronted Goose.
Anser fabalis..........................  Taiga Bean-Goose.
Anser serrirostris.....................  Tundra Bean-Goose.
Anser brachyrhynchus...................  Pink-footed Goose.
Branta bernicla........................  Brant.
Branta leucopsis.......................  Barnacle Goose.
Branta hutchinsii......................  Cackling Goose.
Branta canadensis......................  Canada Goose.
Branta sandvicensis....................  Hawaiian Goose.
Cygnus buccinator......................  Trumpeter Swan.
Cygnus columbianus.....................  Tundra Swan.
Cygnus cygnus..........................  Whooper Swan.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (3) Subfamily Anatinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cairina moschata.......................  Muscovy Duck.
Aix sponsa.............................  Wood Duck.
Sibirionetta formosa...................  Baikal Teal.
Spatula querquedula....................  Garganey.
Spatula discors........................  Blue-winged Teal.
Spatula cyanoptera.....................  Cinnamon Teal.
Spatula clypeata.......................  Northern Shoveler.
Mareca strepera........................  Gadwall.
Mareca falcata.........................  Falcated Duck.
Mareca penelope........................  Eurasian Wigeon.
Mareca americana.......................  American Wigeon.
Anas laysanensis.......................  Laysan Duck
Anas wyvilliana........................  Hawaiian Duck.
Anas zonorhyncha.......................  Eastern Spot-billed Duck.
Anas platyrhynchos.....................  Mallard.
Anas diazi.............................  Mexican Duck.
Anas rubripes..........................  American Black Duck.
Anas fulvigula.........................  Mottled Duck.
Anas superciliosa......................  Pacific Black Duck.
Anas bahamensis........................  White-cheeked Pintail.
Anas acuta.............................  Northern Pintail.
Anas crecca............................  Green-winged Teal.
Aythya valisineria.....................  Canvasback.
Aythya americana.......................  Redhead.
Aythya ferina..........................  Common Pochard.
Aythya baeri...........................  Baer's Pochard.
Aythya collaris........................  Ring-necked Duck.
Aythya fuligula........................  Tufted Duck.
Aythya marila..........................  Greater Scaup.
Aythya affinis.........................  Lesser Scaup.
Polysticta stelleri....................  Steller's Eider.
Somateria fischeri.....................  Spectacled Eider.
Somateria spectabilis..................  King Eider.
Somateria mollissima...................  Common Eider.
Histrionicus histrionicus..............  Harlequin Duck.
Melanitta perspicillata................  Surf Scoter.
Melanitta deglandi.....................  White-winged Scoter.
Melanitta stejneger....................  Stejneger's Scoter.
Melanitta nigra........................  Common Scoter.
Melanitta americana....................  Black Scoter.
Clangula hyemalis......................  Long-tailed Duck.

[[Page 49334]]

 
Bucephala albeola......................  Bufflehead.
Bucephala clangula.....................  Common Goldeneye.
Bucephala islandica....................  Barrow's Goldeneye.
Mergellus albellus.....................  Smew.
Lophodytes cucullatus..................  Hooded Merganser.
Mergus merganser.......................  Common Merganser.
Mergus serrator........................  Red-breasted Merganser.
Nomonyx dominicus......................  Masked Duck.
Oxyura jamaicensis.....................  Ruddy Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     (ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Family Phoenicopteridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenicopterus ruber...................  American Flamingo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      (iii) Order Podicipediformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Family Podicipedidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tachybaptus dominicus..................  Least Grebe.
Podilymbus podiceps....................  Pied-billed Grebe.
Podiceps auritus.......................  Horned Grebe.
Podiceps grisegena.....................  Red-necked Grebe.
Podiceps nigricollis...................  Eared Grebe.
Aechmophorus occidentalis..............  Western Grebe.
Aechmophorus clarkii...................  Clark's Grebe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (iv) Order Columbiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Family Columbidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Patagioenas squamosa...................  Scaly-naped Pigeon.
Patagioenas leucocephala...............  White-crowned Pigeon.
Patagioenas flavirostris...............  Red-billed Pigeon.
Patagioenas inornata...................  Plain Pigeon.
Patagioenas fasciata...................  Band-tailed Pigeon.
Streptopelia orientalis................  Oriental Turtle-Dove.
Alopecoenas stairi.....................  Shy Ground Dove.
Alopecoenas xanthonurus................  White-throated Ground Dove.
Columbina inca.........................  Inca Dove.
Columbina passerina....................  Common Ground Dove.
Columbina talpacoti....................  Ruddy Ground Dove.
Geotrygon montana......................  Ruddy Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon chrysia......................  Key West Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon mystacea.....................  Bridled Quail-Dove.
Leptotila verreauxi....................  White-tipped Dove.
Zenaida asiatica.......................  White-winged Dove.
Zenaida aurita.........................  Zenaida Dove.
Zenaida macroura.......................  Mourning Dove.
Ptilinopus perousii....................  Many-colored Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus................  Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus roseicapilla................  Mariana Fruit-Dove.
Ducula pacifica........................  Pacific Imperial-Pigeon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (v) Order Cuculiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Family Cuculidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (1) Subfamily Crotophaginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crotophaga ani.........................  Smooth-billed Ani.
Crotophaga sulcirostris................  Groove-billed Ani.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (2) Subfamily Neomorphinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geococcyx californianus................  Greater Roadrunner.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (3) Subfamily Cuculinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Urodynamis taitensis...................  Long-tailed Koel.
Hierococcyx nisicolor..................  Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo.

[[Page 49335]]

 
Cuculus canorus........................  Common Cuckoo.
Cuculus optatus........................  Oriental Cuckoo.
Clamator coromandus....................  Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.
Coccyzus melacoryphus..................  Dark-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus americanus....................  Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus minor.........................  Mangrove Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus...............  Black-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus vieilloti.....................  Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (vi) Order Caprimulgiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Family Caprimulgidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (1) Subfamily Chordeilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chordeiles acutipennis.................  Lesser Nighthawk.
Chordeiles minor.......................  Common Nighthawk.
Chordeiles gundlachii..................  Antillean Nighthawk.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (2) Subfamily Caprimulginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nyctidromus albicollis.................  Common Pauraque.
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii...............  Common Poorwill.
Antrostomus carolinensis...............  Chuck-will's-widow.
Antrostomus ridgwayi...................  Buff-collared Nightjar.
Antrostomus vociferus..................  Eastern Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus arizonae...................  Mexican Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus noctitherus................  Puerto Rican Nightjar.
Hydropsalis cayennensis................  White-tailed Nightjar.
Caprimulgus jotaka.....................  Gray Nightjar.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (vii) Order Apodiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (A) Family Apodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cypseloides niger......................  Black Swift.
Streptoprocne zonaris..................  White-collared Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Chaeturinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chaetura pelagica......................  Chimney Swift.
Chaetura vauxi.........................  Vaux's Swift.
Chaetura brachyura.....................  Short-tailed Swift.
Hirundapus caudacutus..................  White-throated Needletail.
Aerodramus spodiopygius................  White-rumped Swiftlet.
Aerodramus bartschi....................  Mariana Swiftlet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (3) Subfamily Apodinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apus apus..............................  Common Swift.
Apus pacificus.........................  Fork-tailed Swift.
Apus melba.............................  Alpine Swift.
Aeronautes saxatalis...................  White-throated Swift.
Tachornis phoenicobia..................  Antillean Palm-Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (B) Family Trochilidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Subfamily Trochilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colibri thalassinus....................  Mexican Violetear.
Anthracothorax prevostii...............  Green-breasted Mango.
Anthracothorax aurulentus..............  Puerto Rican Mango.
Anthracothorax viridis.................  Green Mango.
Eulampis jugularis.....................  Purple-throated Carib.
Eulampis holosericeus..................  Green-throated Carib.
Eugenes fulgens........................  Rivoli's Hummingbird.
Heliomaster constantii.................  Plain-capped Starthroat.
Lampornis amethystinus.................  Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem.
Lampornis clemenciae...................  Blue-throated Mountain-gem.
Calothorax lucifer.....................  Lucifer Hummingbird.

[[Page 49336]]

 
Archilochus colubris...................  Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Archilochus alexandri..................  Black-chinned Hummingbird.
Mellisuga minima.......................  Vervain Hummingbird.
Nesophlox evelynae.....................  Bahama Woodstar.
Calypte anna...........................  Anna's Hummingbird.
Calypte costae.........................  Costa's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus calliope...................  Calliope Hummingbird.
Selasphorus rufus......................  Rufous Hummingbird.
Selasphorus sasin......................  Allen's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus platycercus................  Broad-tailed Hummingbird.
Selasphorus heloisa....................  Bumblebee Hummingbird.
Riccordia maugaeus.....................  Puerto Rican Emerald.
Cynanthus latirostris..................  Broad-billed Hummingbird.
Basilinna leucotis.....................  White-eared Hummingbird.
Basilinna xantusii.....................  Xantus's Hummingbird.
Orthorhyncus cristatus.................  Antillean Crested Hummingbird.
Ramosomyia violiceps...................  Violet-crowned Hummingbird.
Saucerottia beryllina..................  Berylline Hummingbird.
Amazilia rutila........................  Cinnamon Hummingbird.
Amazilia yucatanensis..................  Buff-bellied Hummingbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (viii) Order Gruiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (A) Family Rallidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gallirallus philippensis...............  Buff-banded Rail.
Gallirallus owstoni....................  Guam Rail.
Neocrex erythrops......................  Paint-billed Crake.
Pardirallus maculatus..................  Spotted Rail.
Aramides axillaris.....................  Rufous-necked Wood-Rail.
Rallus obsoletus.......................  Ridgway's Rail.
Rallus elegans.........................  King Rail.
Rallus crepitans.......................  Clapper Rail.
Rallus limicola........................  Virginia Rail.
Crex crex..............................  Corn Crake.
Porzana carolina.......................  Sora.
Gallinula galeata......................  Common Gallinule.
Gallinula chloropus....................  Eurasian Moorhen.
Fulica atra............................  Eurasian Coot.
Fulica alai............................  Hawaiian Coot.
Fulica americana.......................  American Coot.
Porphyrio martinicus...................  Purple Gallinule.
Porphyrio flavirostris.................  Azure Gallinule.
Porphyrio porphyrio....................  Purple Swamphen.
Porzana tabuensis......................  Spotless Crake.
Coturnicops noveboracensis.............  Yellow Rail.
Hapalocrex flaviventer.................  Yellow-breasted Crake.
Laterallus jamaicensis.................  Black Rail.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (B) Family Aramidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aramus guarauna........................  Limpkin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (C) Family Gruidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Subfamily Gruinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antigone canadensis....................  Sandhill Crane.
Grus grus..............................  Common Crane.
Grus monacha...........................  Hooded Crane.
Grus americana.........................  Whooping Crane.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (ix) Order Charadriiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (A) Family Recurvirostridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Himantopus himantopus..................  Black-winged Stilt.
Himantopus mexicanus...................  Black-necked Stilt.
Recurvirostra americana................  American Avocet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 49337]]

 
                        (B) Family Haematopodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haematopus ostralegus..................  Eurasian Oystercatcher.
Haematopus palliatus...................  American Oystercatcher.
Haematopus bachmani....................  Black Oystercatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (C) Family Charadriidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (1) Subfamily Vanellinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vanellus vanellus......................  Northern Lapwing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (2) Subfamily Charadriinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pluvialis squatarola...................  Black-bellied Plover.
Pluvialis apricaria....................  European Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis dominica.....................  American Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis fulva........................  Pacific Golden-Plover.
Charadrius morinellus..................  Eurasian Dotterel.
Charadrius vociferus...................  Killdeer.
Charadrius hiaticula...................  Common Ringed Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus................  Semipalmated Plover.
Charadrius melodus.....................  Piping Plover.
Charadrius dubius......................  Little Ringed Plover.
Charadrius mongolus....................  Lesser Sand-Plover.
Charadrius leschenaultii...............  Greater Sand-Plover.
Charadrius wilsonia....................  Wilson's Plover.
Charadrius collaris....................  Collared Plover.
Charadrius alexandrinus................  Kentish Plover.
Charadrius montanus....................  Mountain Plover.
Charadrius nivosus.....................  Snowy Plover.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (D) Family Jacanidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jacana spinosa.........................  Northern Jacana.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (E) Family Scolopacidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (1) Subfamily Numeniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bartramia longicauda...................  Upland Sandpiper.
Numenius tahitiensis...................  Bristle-thighed Curlew.
Numenius phaeopus......................  Whimbrel.
Numenius minutus.......................  Little Curlew.
Numenius borealis......................  Eskimo Curlew.
Numenius americanus....................  Long-billed Curlew.
Numenius madagascariensis..............  Far Eastern Curlew.
Numenius arquata.......................  Eurasian Curlew.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (2) Subfamily Limosinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limosa lapponica.......................  Bar-tailed Godwit.
Limosa limosa..........................  Black-tailed Godwit.
Limosa haemastica......................  Hudsonian Godwit.
Limosa fedoa...........................  Marbled Godwit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (3) Subfamily Arenariinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arenaria interpres.....................  Ruddy Turnstone.
Arenaria melanocephala.................  Black Turnstone.
Calidris tenuirostris..................  Great Knot.
Calidris canutus.......................  Red Knot.
Calidris virgata.......................  Surfbird.
Calidris pugnax........................  Ruff.
Calidris falcinellus...................  Broad-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris acuminata.....................  Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
Calidris himantopus....................  Stilt Sandpiper.
Calidris ferruginea....................  Curlew Sandpiper.
Calidris temminckii....................  Temminck's Stint.
Calidris subminuta.....................  Long-toed Stint.
Calidris pygmea........................  Spoon-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris ruficollis....................  Red-necked Stint.

[[Page 49338]]

 
Calidris alba..........................  Sanderling.
Calidris alpina........................  Dunlin.
Calidris ptilocnemis...................  Rock Sandpiper.
Calidris maritima......................  Purple Sandpiper.
Calidris bairdii.......................  Baird's Sandpiper.
Calidris minuta........................  Little Stint.
Calidris minutilla.....................  Least Sandpiper.
Calidris fuscicollis...................  White-rumped Sandpiper.
Calidris subruficollis.................  Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Calidris melanotos.....................  Pectoral Sandpiper.
Calidris pusilla.......................  Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Calidris mauri.........................  Western Sandpiper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (4) Subfamily Scolopacinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limnodromus griseus....................  Short-billed Dowitcher.
Limnodromus scolopaceus................  Long-billed Dowitcher.
Lymnocryptes minimus...................  Jack Snipe.
Scolopax rusticola.....................  Eurasian Woodcock.
Scolopax minor.........................  American Woodcock.
Gallinago solitaria....................  Solitary Snipe.
Gallinago stenura......................  Pin-tailed Snipe.
Gallinago megala.......................  Swinhoe's Snipe.
Gallinago gallinago....................  Common Snipe.
Gallinago delicata.....................  Wilson's Snipe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (5) Subfamily Tringinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xenus cinereus.........................  Terek Sandpiper.
Actitis hypoleucos.....................  Common Sandpiper.
Actitis macularius.....................  Spotted Sandpiper.
Tringa ochropus........................  Green Sandpiper.
Tringa solitaria.......................  Solitary Sandpiper.
Tringa brevipes........................  Gray-tailed Tattler.
Tringa incana..........................  Wandering Tattler.
Tringa flavipes........................  Lesser Yellowlegs.
Tringa semipalmata.....................  Willet.
Tringa erythropus......................  Spotted Redshank.
Tringa nebularia.......................  Common Greenshank.
Tringa guttifer........................  Nordmann's Greenshank.
Tringa melanoleuca.....................  Greater Yellowlegs.
Tringa totanus.........................  Common Redshank.
Tringa glareola........................  Wood Sandpiper.
Tringa stagnatilis.....................  Marsh Sandpiper.
Phalaropus tricolor....................  Wilson's Phalarope.
Phalaropus lobatus.....................  Red-necked Phalarope.
Phalaropus fulicarius..................  Red Phalarope.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (F) Family Stercorariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stercorarius skua......................  Great Skua.
Stercorarius maccormicki...............  South Polar Skua.
Stercorarius pomarinus.................  Pomarine Jaeger.
Stercorarius parasiticus...............  Parasitic Jaeger.
Stercorarius longicaudus...............  Long-tailed Jaeger.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (G) Family Alcidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alle alle..............................  Dovekie.
Uria aalge.............................  Common Murre.
Uria lomvia............................  Thick-billed Murre.
Alca torda.............................  Razorbill.
Cepphus grylle.........................  Black Guillemot.
Cepphus columba........................  Pigeon Guillemot.
Brachyramphus perdix...................  Long-billed Murrelet.
Brachyramphus marmoratus...............  Marbled Murrelet
Brachyramphus brevirostris.............  Kittlitz's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus scrippsi..............  Scripps's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus............  Guadalupe Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus craveri...............  Craveri's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus antiquus..............  Ancient Murrelet.

[[Page 49339]]

 
Ptychoramphus aleuticus................  Cassin's Auklet.
Aethia psittacula......................  Parakeet Auklet.
Aethia pusilla.........................  Least Auklet.
Aethia pygmaea.........................  Whiskered Auklet.
Aethia cristatella.....................  Crested Auklet.
Cerorhinca monocerata..................  Rhinoceros Auklet.
Fratercula arctica.....................  Atlantic Puffin.
Fratercula corniculata.................  Horned Puffin.
Fratercula cirrhata....................  Tufted Puffin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (H) Family Laridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (1) Subfamily Larinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Creagrus furcatus......................  Swallow-tailed Gull.
Rissa tridactyla.......................  Black-legged Kittiwake.
Rissa brevirostris.....................  Red-legged Kittiwake.
Pagophila eburnea......................  Ivory Gull.
Xema sabini............................  Sabine's Gull.
Chroicocephalus philadelphia...........  Bonaparte's Gull.
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus..........  Gray-hooded Gull.
Chroicocephalus ridibundus.............  Black-headed Gull.
Hydrocoloeus minutus...................  Little Gull.
Rhodostethia rosea.....................  Ross's Gull.
Leucophaeus atricilla..................  Laughing Gull.
Leucophaeus pipixcan...................  Franklin's Gull.
Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus................  Pallas's Gull.
Larus belcheri.........................  Belcher's Gull.
Larus crassirostris....................  Black-tailed Gull.
Larus heermanni........................  Heermann's Gull.
Larus canus............................  Common Gull.
Larus brachyrhynchus...................  Short-billed Gull.
Larus delawarensis.....................  Ring-billed Gull.
Larus occidentalis.....................  Western Gull.
Larus livens...........................  Yellow-footed Gull.
Larus californicus.....................  California Gull.
Larus argentatus.......................  Herring Gull.
Larus michahellis......................  Yellow-legged Gull.
Larus glaucoides.......................  Iceland Gull.
Larus fuscus...........................  Lesser Black-backed Gull.
Larus schistisagus.....................  Slaty-backed Gull.
Larus glaucescens......................  Glaucous-winged Gull.
Larus hyperboreus......................  Glaucous Gull.
Larus marinus..........................  Great Black-backed Gull.
Larus dominicanus......................  Kelp Gull.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (2) Subfamily Sterninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anous stolidus.........................  Brown Noddy.
Anous minutus..........................  Black Noddy.
Anous ceruleus.........................  Blue-gray Noddy.
Gygis alba.............................  White Tern.
Onychoprion fuscatus...................  Sooty Tern.
Onychoprion lunatus....................  Gray-backed Tern.
Onychoprion anaethetus.................  Bridled Tern.
Onychoprion aleuticus..................  Aleutian Tern.
Sternula albifrons.....................  Little Tern.
Sternula antillarum....................  Least Tern.
Phaetusa simplex.......................  Large-billed Tern.
Gelochelidon nilotica..................  Gull-billed Tern.
Hydroprogne caspia.....................  Caspian Tern.
Larosterna inca........................  Inca Tern.
Chlidonias niger.......................  Black Tern.
Chlidonias leucopterus.................  White-winged Tern.
Chlidonias hybrida.....................  Whiskered Tern.
Sterna dougallii.......................  Roseate Tern.
Sterna sumatrana.......................  Black-naped Tern.
Sterna hirundo.........................  Common Tern.
Sterna paradisaea......................  Arctic Tern.
Sterna forsteri........................  Forster's Tern.
Thalasseus maximus.....................  Royal Tern.

[[Page 49340]]

 
Thalasseus bergii......................  Great Crested Tern.
Thalasseus sandvicensis................  Sandwich Tern.
Thalasseus elegans.....................  Elegant Tern.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (3) Subfamily Rynchopinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rynchops niger.........................  Black Skimmer.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (x) Order Phaethontiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Family Phaethontidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phaethon lepturus......................  White-tailed Tropicbird.
Phaethon aethereus.....................  Red-billed Tropicbird.
Phaethon rubricauda....................  Red-tailed Tropicbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (xi) Order Gaviiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Family Gaviidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gavia stellata.........................  Red-throated Loon.
Gavia arctica..........................  Arctic Loon.
Gavia pacifica.........................  Pacific Loon.
Gavia immer............................  Common Loon.
Gavia adamsii..........................  Yellow-billed Loon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      (xii) Order Procellariiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (A) Family Diomedeidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thalassarche chlororhynchos............  Yellow-nosed Albatross.
Thalassarche cauta.....................  White-capped Albatross.
Thalassarche eremita...................  Chatham Albatross.
Thalassarche salvini...................  Salvin's Albatross.
Thalassarche melanophris...............  Black-browed Albatross.
Phoebetria palpebrata..................  Light-mantled Albatross.
Diomedea exulans.......................  Wandering Albatross.
Phoebastria immutabilis................  Laysan Albatross.
Phoebastria nigripes...................  Black-footed Albatross.
Phoebastria albatrus...................  Short-tailed Albatross.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (B) Family Oceanitidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Family Phaethontidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oceanites oceanicus....................  Wilson's Storm-Petrel.
Pelagodroma marina.....................  White-faced Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta grallaria.....................  White-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta tropica.......................  Black-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Nesofregetta fuliginosa................  Polynesian Storm-Petrel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (C) Family Hydrobatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hydrobates pelagicus...................  European Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates furcatus....................  Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates hornbyi.....................  Ringed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates monorhis....................  Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates leucorhous..................  Leach's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates socorroensis................  Townsend's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates homochroa...................  Ashy Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates castro......................  Band-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tethys......................  Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates melania.....................  Black Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates matsudairae.................  Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tristrami...................  Tristram's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates microsoma...................  Least Storm-Petrel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (D) Family Procellariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Macronectes halli......................  Northern Giant-Petrel.
Fulmarus glacialis.....................  Northern Fulmar.
Pterodroma gouldi......................  Gray-faced Petrel.

[[Page 49341]]

 
Pterodroma solandri....................  Providence Petrel.
Pterodroma neglecta....................  Kermadec Petrel.
Pterodroma arminjoniana................  Trindade Petrel.
Pterodroma heraldica...................  Herald Petrel.
Pterodroma ultima......................  Murphy's Petrel.
Pterodroma inexpectata.................  Mottled Petrel.
Pterodroma cahow.......................  Bermuda Petrel.
Pterodroma hasitata....................  Black-capped Petrel.
Pterodroma externa.....................  Juan Fernandez Petrel.
Pterodroma sandwichensis...............  Hawaiian Petrel.
Pterodroma cervicalis..................  White-necked Petrel.
Pterodroma hypoleuca...................  Bonin Petrel.
Pterodroma nigripennis.................  Black-winged Petrel.
Pterodroma feae........................  Fea's Petrel.
Pterodroma madeira.....................  Zino's Petrel.
Pterodroma cookii......................  Cook's Petrel.
Pterodroma leucoptera..................  Gould's Petrel.
Pterodroma longirostris................  Stejneger's Petrel.
Pterodroma alba........................  Phoenix Petrel.
Pseudobulweria rostrata................  Tahiti Petrel.
Bulweria bulwerii......................  Bulwer's Petrel.
Bulweria fallax........................  Jouanin's Petrel.
Procellaria aequinoctialis.............  White-chinned Petrel.
Procellaria parkinsoni.................  Parkinson's Petrel.
Calonectris leucomelas.................  Streaked Shearwater.
Calonectris diomedea...................  Cory's Shearwater.
Calonectris edwardsii..................  Cape Verde Shearwater.
Ardenna pacifica.......................  Wedge-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna bulleri........................  Buller's Shearwater.
Ardenna tenuirostris...................  Short-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna grisea.........................  Sooty Shearwater.
Ardenna gravis.........................  Great Shearwater.
Ardenna creatopus......................  Pink-footed Shearwater.
Ardenna carneipes......................  Flesh-footed Shearwater.
Puffinus nativitatis...................  Christmas Shearwater.
Puffinus puffinus......................  Manx Shearwater.
Puffinus newelli.......................  Newell's Shearwater.
Puffinus bryani........................  Bryan's Shearwater.
Puffinus opisthomelas..................  Black-vented Shearwater.
Puffinus lherminieri...................  Audubon's Shearwater.
Puffinus baroli........................  Barolo Shearwater.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (xiii) Order Ciconiiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Family Ciconiidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jabiru mycteria........................  Jabiru.
Mycteria americana.....................  Wood Stork.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (xiv) Order Suliformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (A) Family Fregatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fregata ariel..........................  Lesser Frigatebird.
Fregata magnificens....................  Magnificent Frigatebird.
Fregata minor..........................  Great Frigatebird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (B) Family Sulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sula dactylatra........................  Masked Booby.
Sula granti............................  Nazca Booby.
Sula nebouxii..........................  Blue-footed Booby.
Sula leucogaster.......................  Brown Booby.
Sula sula..............................  Red-footed Booby.
Papasula abbotti.......................  Abbott's Booby.
Morus bassanus.........................  Northern Gannet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (C) Family Anhingidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anhinga anhinga........................  Anhinga.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 49342]]

 
                      (D) Family Phalacrocoracidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Microcarbo melanoleucos................  Little Pied Cormorant.
Urile penicillatus.....................  Brandt's Cormorant.
Urile urile............................  Red-faced Cormorant.
Urile pelagicus........................  Pelagic Cormorant.
Phalacrocorax carbo....................  Great Cormorant.
Nannopterum auritum....................  Double-crested Cormorant.
Nannopterum brasilianum................  Neotropic Cormorant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (xv) Order Pelecaniformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (A) Family Pelecanidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos..............  American White Pelican.
Pelecanus occidentalis.................  Brown Pelican.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (B) Family Ardeidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Botaurus lentiginosus..................  American Bittern.
Ixobrychus sinensis....................  Yellow Bittern.
Ixobrychus exilis......................  Least Bittern.
Ixobrychus eurhythmus..................  Schrenck's Bittern.
Ixobrychus flavicollis.................  Black Bittern.
Tigrisoma mexicanum....................  Bare-throated Tiger-Heron.
Ardea herodias.........................  Great Blue Heron.
Ardea cinerea..........................  Gray Heron.
Ardea alba.............................  Great Egret.
Ardea intermedia.......................  Intermediate Egret.
Egretta eulophotes.....................  Chinese Egret.
Egretta garzetta.......................  Little Egret.
Egretta sacra..........................  Pacific Reef-Heron.
Egretta gularis........................  Western Reef-Heron.
Egretta thula..........................  Snowy Egret.
Egretta caerulea.......................  Little Blue Heron.
Egretta tricolor.......................  Tricolored Heron.
Egretta rufescens......................  Reddish Egret.
Bubulcus ibis..........................  Cattle Egret.
Ardeola bacchus........................  Chinese Pond-Heron.
Butorides virescens....................  Green Heron.
Nycticorax nycticorax..................  Black-crowned Night-Heron.
Nycticorax caledonicus.................  Nankeen Night-Heron.
Nyctanassa violacea....................  Yellow-crowned Night-Heron.
Gorsachius goisagi.....................  Japanese Night-Heron.
Gorsachius melanolophus................  Malayan Night-Heron.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      (C) Family Threskiornithidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     (1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eudocimus albus........................  White Ibis.
Eudocimus ruber........................  Scarlet Ibis.
Plegadis falcinellus...................  Glossy Ibis.
Plegadis chihi.........................  White-faced Ibis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Plataleinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platalea ajaja.........................  Roseate Spoonbill.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (xvi) Order Carthartiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Family Cathartidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gymnogyps californianus................  California Condor.
Coragyps atratus.......................  Black Vulture.
Cathartes aura.........................  Turkey Vulture.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 49343]]

 
                      (xvii) Order Accipitriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (A) Family Pandionidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pandion haliaetus......................  Osprey.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (B) Family Accipitridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (1) Subfamily Elaninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elanus leucurus........................  White-tailed Kite.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Gypaetinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chondrohierax uncinatus................  Hook-billed Kite.
Elanoides forficatus...................  Swallow-tailed Kite.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (3) Subfamily Accipitrinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aquila chrysaetos......................  Golden Eagle.
Harpagus bidentatus....................  Double-toothed Kite.
Circus hudsonius.......................  Northern Harrier.
Circus spilonotus......................  Eastern Marsh-Harrier.
Accipiter soloensis....................  Chinese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter gularis......................  Japanese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter striatus.....................  Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Accipiter cooperii.....................  Cooper's Hawk.
Accipiter gentilis.....................  Northern Goshawk.
Milvus migrans.........................  Black Kite.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus...............  Bald Eagle.
Haliaeetus albicilla...................  White-tailed Eagle.
Haliaeetus pelagicus...................  Steller's Sea-Eagle.
Ictinia mississippiensis...............  Mississippi Kite.
Butastur indicus.......................  Gray-faced Buzzard.
Geranospiza caerulescens...............  Crane Hawk.
Rostrhamus sociabilis..................  Snail Kite.
Buteogallus anthracinus................  Common Black Hawk.
Buteogallus urubitinga.................  Great Black Hawk.
Rupornis magnirostris..................  Roadside Hawk.
Parabuteo unicinctus...................  Harris's Hawk.
Geranoaetus albicaudatus...............  White-tailed Hawk.
Buteo plagiatus........................  Gray Hawk.
Buteo lineatus.........................  Red-shouldered Hawk.
Buteo platypterus......................  Broad-winged Hawk.
Buteo solitarius.......................  Hawaiian Hawk.
Buteo brachyurus.......................  Short-tailed Hawk.
Buteo swainsoni........................  Swainson's Hawk.
Buteo albonotatus......................  Zone-tailed Hawk.
Buteo jamaicensis......................  Red-tailed Hawk.
Buteo lagopus..........................  Rough-legged Hawk.
Buteo regalis..........................  Ferruginous Hawk.
Buteo rufinus..........................  Long-legged Buzzard.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (xviii) Order Strigiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (A) Family Tytonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tyto alba..............................  Barn Owl.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (B) Family Strigidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Otus sunia.............................  Oriental Scops-Owl.
Psiloscops flammeolus..................  Flammulated Owl.
Gymnasio nudipes.......................  Puerto Rican Owl.
Megascops trichopsis...................  Whiskered Screech-Owl.
Megascops kennicottii..................  Western Screech-Owl.
Megascops asio.........................  Eastern Screech-Owl.
Bubo virginianus.......................  Great Horned Owl.
Bubo scandiacus........................  Snowy Owl.
Surnia ulula...........................  Northern Hawk Owl.
Glaucidium gnoma.......................  Northern Pygmy-Owl.
Glaucidium brasilianum.................  Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl.

[[Page 49344]]

 
Micrathene whitneyi....................  Elf Owl.
Athene cunicularia.....................  Burrowing Owl.
Strix occidentalis.....................  Spotted Owl.
Strix varia............................  Barred Owl.
Strix virgata..........................  Mottled Owl.
Strix nebulosa.........................  Great Gray Owl.
Asio otus..............................  Long-eared Owl.
Asio stygius...........................  Stygian Owl.
Asio flammeus..........................  Short-eared Owl.
Aegolius funereus......................  Boreal Owl.
Aegolius acadicus......................  Northern Saw-whet Owl.
Ninox japonica.........................  Northern Boobook.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (xix) Order Trogoniformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Family Trogonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Subfamily Trogoninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trogon elegans.........................  Elegant Trogon.
Euptilotis neoxenus....................  Eared Quetzal.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (xx) Order Upupiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Family Upupidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upupa epops............................  Eurasian Hoopoe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (xxi) Order Coraciiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Family Alcedinidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (1) Subfamily Alcedininae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alcedo atthis..........................  Common Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Halcyoninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Todiramphus sacer......................  Pacific Kingfisher.
Todiramphus cinnamominus...............  Guam Kingfisher.
Todiramphus albicilla..................  Mariana Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (3) Subfamily Cerylinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Megaceryle torquata....................  Ringed Kingfisher.
Megaceryle alcyon......................  Belted Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle amazona...................  Amazon Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle americana.................  Green Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (xxii) Order Piciformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Family Picidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (1) Subfamily Jynginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jynx torquilla.........................  Eurasian Wryneck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (2) Subfamily Picinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melanerpes lewis.......................  Lewis's Woodpecker.
Melanerpes portoricensis...............  Puerto Rican Woodpecker.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus.............  Red-headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpes formicivorus................  Acorn Woodpecker.
Melanerpes uropygialis.................  Gila Woodpecker.
Melanerpes aurifrons...................  Golden-fronted Woodpecker.
Melanerpes carolinus...................  Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus.................  Williamson's Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus varius.....................  Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus nuchalis...................  Red-naped Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus ruber......................  Red-breasted Sapsucker.
Picoides dorsalis......................  American Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides arcticus......................  Black-backed Woodpecker.

[[Page 49345]]

 
Dendrocopos major......................  Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Dryobates pubescens....................  Downy Woodpecker.
Dryobates nuttallii....................  Nuttall's Woodpecker.
Dryobates scalaris.....................  Ladder-backed Woodpecker.
Dryobates borealis.....................  Red-cockaded Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus.....................  Hairy Woodpecker.
Dryobates albolarvatus.................  White-headed Woodpecker.
Dryobates arizonae.....................  Arizona Woodpecker.
Colaptes auratus.......................  Northern Flicker.
Colaptes chrysoides....................  Gilded Flicker.
Dryocopus pileatus.....................  Pileated Woodpecker.
Campephilus principalis................  Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (xxiii) Order Falconiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Family Falconidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      (1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Micrastur semitorquatus................  Collared Forest-Falcon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Falconinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caracara plancus.......................  Crested Caracara.
Falco tinnunculus......................  Eurasian Kestrel.
Falco sparverius.......................  American Kestrel.
Falco vespertinus......................  Red-footed Falcon.
Falco amurensis........................  Amur Falcon.
Falco columbarius......................  Merlin.
Falco subbuteo.........................  Eurasian Hobby.
Falco femoralis........................  Aplomado Falcon.
Falco rusticolus.......................  Gyrfalcon.
Falco peregrinus.......................  Peregrine Falcon.
Falco mexicanus........................  Prairie Falcon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (xxiv) Order Passeriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (A) Family Tityridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tityra semifasciata....................  Masked Tityra.
Pachyramphus major.....................  Gray-collared Becard.
Pachyramphus aglaiae...................  Rose-throated Becard.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (B) Family Tyrannidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (1) Subfamily Elaeniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Camptostoma imberbe....................  Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet.
Myiopagis viridicata...................  Greenish Elaenia.
Elaenia martinica......................  Caribbean Elaenia.
Elaenia albiceps.......................  White-crested Elaenia.
Elaenia parvirostris...................  Small-billed Elaenia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Tyranninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myiarchus tuberculifer.................  Dusky-capped Flycatcher.
Myiarchus cinerascens..................  Ash-throated Flycatcher.
Myiarchus nuttingi.....................  Nutting's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus crinitus.....................  Great Crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus tyrannulus...................  Brown-crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus sagrae.......................  La Sagra's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus antillarum...................  Puerto Rican Flycatcher.
Pitangus sulphuratus...................  Great Kiskadee.
Myiozetetes similis....................  Social Flycatcher.
Myiodynastes luteiventris..............  Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.
Legatus leucophaius....................  Piratic Flycatcher.
Empidonomus varius.....................  Variegated Flycatcher.
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus......  Crowned Slaty Flycatcher.
Tyrannus melancholicus.................  Tropical Kingbird.
Tyrannus couchii.......................  Couch's Kingbird.
Tyrannus vociferans....................  Cassin's Kingbird.
Tyrannus crassirostris.................  Thick-billed Kingbird.

[[Page 49346]]

 
Tyrannus verticalis....................  Western Kingbird.
Tyrannus tyrannus......................  Eastern Kingbird.
Tyrannus dominicensis..................  Gray Kingbird.
Tyrannus caudifasciatus................  Loggerhead Kingbird.
Tyrannus forficatus....................  Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
Tyrannus savana........................  Fork-tailed Flycatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mitrephanes phaeocercus................  Tufted Flycatcher.
Contopus cooperi.......................  Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Contopus pertinax......................  Greater Pewee.
Contopus sordidulus....................  Western Wood-Pewee.
Contopus virens........................  Eastern Wood-Pewee.
Contopus caribaeus.....................  Cuban Pewee.
Contopus hispaniolensis................  Hispaniolan Pewee.
Contopus latirostris...................  Lesser Antillean Pewee.
Empidonax flaviventris.................  Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Empidonax virescens....................  Acadian Flycatcher.
Empidonax alnorum......................  Alder Flycatcher.
Empidonax traillii.....................  Willow Flycatcher.
Empidonax minimus......................  Least Flycatcher.
Empidonax hammondii....................  Hammond's Flycatcher.
Empidonax wrightii.....................  Gray Flycatcher.
Empidonax oberholseri..................  Dusky Flycatcher.
Empidonax affinis......................  Pine Flycatcher.
Empidonax difficilis...................  Pacific-slope Flycatcher.
Empidonax occidentalis.................  Cordilleran Flycatcher.
Empidonax fulvifrons...................  Buff-breasted Flycatcher.
Sayornis nigricans.....................  Black Phoebe.
Sayornis phoebe........................  Eastern Phoebe.
Sayornis saya..........................  Say's Phoebe.
Pyrocephalus rubinus...................  Vermilion Flycatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (C) Family Vireonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vireo atricapilla......................  Black-capped Vireo.
Vireo griseus..........................  White-eyed Vireo.
Vireo crassirostris....................  Thick-billed Vireo.
Vireo gundlachii.......................  Cuban Vireo.
Vireo latimeri.........................  Puerto Rican Vireo.
Vireo bellii...........................  Bell's Vireo.
Vireo vicinior.........................  Gray Vireo.
Vireo huttoni..........................  Hutton's Vireo.
Vireo flavifrons.......................  Yellow-throated Vireo.
Vireo cassinii.........................  Cassin's Vireo.
Vireo solitarius.......................  Blue-headed Vireo.
Vireo plumbeus.........................  Plumbeous Vireo.
Vireo philadelphicus...................  Philadelphia Vireo.
Vireo gilvus...........................  Warbling Vireo.
Vireo olivaceus........................  Red-eyed Vireo.
Vireo flavoviridis.....................  Yellow-green Vireo.
Vireo altiloquus.......................  Black-whiskered Vireo.
Vireo magister.........................  Yucatan Vireo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (D) Family Laniidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanius cristatus.......................  Brown Shrike.
Lanius ludovicianus....................  Loggerhead Shrike.
Lanius borealis........................  Northern Shrike.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (E) Family Corvidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Perisoreus canadensis..................  Canada Jay.
Psilorhinus morio......................  Brown Jay.
Cyanocorax yncas.......................  Green Jay.
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus..............  Pinyon Jay.
Cyanocitta stelleri....................  Steller's Jay.
Cyanocitta cristata....................  Blue Jay.
Aphelocoma coerulescens................  Florida Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma insularis...................  Island Scrub-Jay.

[[Page 49347]]

 
Aphelocoma californica.................  California Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma woodhouseii.................  Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma wollweberi..................  Mexican Jay.
Nucifraga columbiana...................  Clark's Nutcracker.
Pica hudsonia..........................  Black-billed Magpie.
Pica nuttalli..........................  Yellow-billed Magpie.
Corvus monedula........................  Eurasian Jackdaw.
Corvus kubaryi.........................  Mariana Crow.
Corvus brachyrhynchos..................  American Crow.
Corvus leucognaphalus..................  White-necked Crow.
Corvus imparatus.......................  Tamaulipas Crow.
Corvus ossifragus......................  Fish Crow.
Corvus hawaiiensis.....................  Hawaiian Crow.
Corvus cryptoleucus....................  Chihuahuan Raven.
Corvus corax...........................  Common Raven.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (F) Family Remizidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Auriparus flaviceps....................  Verdin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (G) Family Paridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Poecile carolinensis...................  Carolina Chickadee.
Poecile atricapillus...................  Black-capped Chickadee.
Poecile gambeli........................  Mountain Chickadee.
Poecile sclateri.......................  Mexican Chickadee.
Poecile rufescens......................  Chestnut-backed Chickadee.
Poecile hudsonicus.....................  Boreal Chickadee.
Poecile cinctus........................  Gray-headed Chickadee.
Baeolophus wollweberi..................  Bridled Titmouse.
Baeolophus inornatus...................  Oak Titmouse.
Baeolophus ridgwayi....................  Juniper Titmouse.
Baeolophus bicolor.....................  Tufted Titmouse.
Baeolophus atricristatus...............  Black-crested Titmouse.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (H) Family Alaudidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alauda arvensis........................  Eurasian Skylark.
Eremophila alpestris...................  Horned Lark.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (I) Family Acrocephalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arundinax aedon........................  Thick-billed Warbler.
Acrocephalus luscinius.................  Nightingale Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus hiwae.....................  Saipan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus nijoi.....................  Aguiguan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus yamashinae................  Pagan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus familiaris................  Millerbird.
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus.............  Sedge Warbler.
Acrocephalus dumetorum.................  Blyth's Reed Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (J) Family Locustellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Helopsaltes certhiola..................  Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler.
Helopsaltes ochotensis.................  Middendorff's Grasshopper
                                          Warbler.
Locustella lanceolata..................  Lanceolated Warbler.
Locustella fluviatilis.................  River Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (K) Family Hirundinidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Subfamily Hirundininae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riparia riparia........................  Bank Swallow.
Tachycineta bicolor....................  Tree Swallow.
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis..............  Bahama Swallow.
Tachycineta thalassina.................  Violet-green Swallow.
Tachycineta albilinea..................  Mangrove Swallow.
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca................  Blue-and-white Swallow.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis.............  Northern Rough-winged Swallow.
Progne tapera..........................  Brown-chested Martin.
Progne subis...........................  Purple Martin.
Progne elegans.........................  Southern Martin.

[[Page 49348]]

 
Progne chalybea........................  Gray-breasted Martin.
Progne cryptoleuca.....................  Cuban Martin.
Progne dominicensis....................  Caribbean Martin.
Hirundo rustica........................  Barn Swallow.
Delichon urbicum.......................  Common House-Martin.
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota...............  Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon fulva....................  Cave Swallow.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (L) Family Aegithalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psaltriparus minimus...................  Bushtit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (M) Family Phylloscopidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phylloscopus trochilus.................  Willow Warbler.
Phylloscopus collybita.................  Common Chiffchaff.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix................  Wood Warbler.
Phylloscopus fuscatus..................  Dusky Warbler.
Phylloscopus proregulus................  Pallas's Leaf Warbler.
Phylloscopus inornatus.................  Yellow-browed Warbler.
Phylloscopus borealis..................  Arctic Warbler.
Phylloscopus examinandus...............  Kamchatka Leaf Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (N) Family Sylviidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sylvia curruca.........................  Lesser Whitethroat.
Chamaea fasciata.......................  Wrentit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (O) Family Regulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corthylio calendula....................  Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Regulus satrapa........................  Golden-crowned Kinglet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (P) Family Bombycillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bombycilla garrulus....................  Bohemian Waxwing.
Bombycilla cedrorum....................  Cedar Waxwing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ptiliogonys cinereus...................  Gray Silky-flycatcher.
Phainopepla nitens.....................  Phainopepla.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (R) Family Sittidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Subfamily Sittinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sitta canadensis.......................  Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta carolinensis.....................  White-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta pygmaea..........................  Pygmy Nuthatch.
Sitta pusilla..........................  Brown-headed Nuthatch.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (S) Family Certhiidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Subfamily Certhiinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Certhia americana......................  Brown Creeper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (T) Family Polioptilidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Polioptila caerulea....................  Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila melanura....................  Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila californica.................  California Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila nigriceps...................  Black-capped Gnatcatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (U) Family Troglodytidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salpinctes obsoletus...................  Rock Wren.
Catherpes mexicanus....................  Canyon Wren.
Thryophilus sinaloa....................  Sinaloa Wren.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus........  Cactus Wren.
Thryomanes bewickii....................  Bewick's Wren.

[[Page 49349]]

 
Thryothorus ludovicianus...............  Carolina Wren.
Troglodytes aedon......................  House Wren.
Troglodytes pacificus..................  Pacific Wren.
Troglodytes hiemalis...................  Winter Wren.
Cistothorus stellaris..................  Sedge Wren.
Cistothorus palustris..................  Marsh Wren.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (V) Family Mimidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melanotis caerulescens.................  Blue Mockingbird.
Melanoptila glabrirostris..............  Black Catbird.
Dumetella carolinensis.................  Gray Catbird.
Margarops fuscatus.....................  Pearly-eyed Thrasher.
Toxostoma curvirostre..................  Curve-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma rufum........................  Brown Thrasher.
Toxostoma longirostre..................  Long-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma bendirei.....................  Bendire's Thrasher.
Toxostoma redivivum....................  California Thrasher.
Toxostoma lecontei.....................  LeConte's Thrasher.
Toxostoma crissale.....................  Crissal Thrasher.
Oreoscoptes montanus...................  Sage Thrasher.
Mimus gundlachii.......................  Bahama Mockingbird.
Mimus polyglottos......................  Northern Mockingbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (W) Family Sturnidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agropsar philippensis..................  Chestnut-cheeked Starling.
Spodiopsar cineraceus..................  White-cheeked Starling.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (X) Family Cinclidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cinclus mexicanus......................  American Dipper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           (Y) Family Turdidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sialia sialis..........................  Eastern Bluebird.
Sialia mexicana........................  Western Bluebird.
Sialia currucoides.....................  Mountain Bluebird.
Myadestes townsendi....................  Townsend's Solitaire.
Myadestes occidentalis.................  Brown-backed Solitaire.
Myadestes myadestinus..................  K[amacr]ma[revaps]o.
Myadestes lanaiensis...................  Oloma[revaps]o.
Myadestes obscurus.....................  `[Omacr]ma'o.
Myadestes palmeri......................  Puaiohi.
Catharus aurantiirostris...............  Orange-billed Nightingale-
                                          Thrush.
Catharus mexicanus.....................  Black-headed Nightingale-
                                          Thrush.
Catharus fuscescens....................  Veery.
Catharus minimus.......................  Gray-cheeked Thrush.
Catharus bicknelli.....................  Bicknell's Thrush.
Catharus ustulatus.....................  Swainson's Thrush.
Catharus guttatus......................  Hermit Thrush.
Hylocichla mustelina...................  Wood Thrush.
Turdus obscurus........................  Eyebrowed Thrush.
Turdus eunomus.........................  Dusky Thrush.
Turdus naumanni........................  Naumann's Thrush.
Turdus pilaris.........................  Fieldfare.
Turdus iliacus.........................  Redwing.
Turdus grayi...........................  Clay-colored Thrush.
Turdus assimilis.......................  White-throated Thrush.
Turdus rufopalliatus...................  Rufous-backed Robin.
Turdus migratorius.....................  American Robin.
Turdus plumbeus........................  Red-legged Thrush.
Ixoreus naevius........................  Varied Thrush.
Ridgwayia pinicola.....................  Aztec Thrush.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (Z) Family Muscicapidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Muscicapa griseisticta.................  Gray-streaked Flycatcher.
Muscicapa dauurica.....................  Asian Brown Flycatcher.
Muscicapa striata......................  Spotted Flycatcher.
Muscicapa sibirica.....................  Dark-sided Flycatcher.

[[Page 49350]]

 
Erithacus rubecula.....................  European Robin.
Larvivora cyane........................  Siberian Blue Robin.
Larvivora sibilans.....................  Rufous-tailed Robin.
Cyanecula svecica......................  Bluethroat.
Calliope calliope......................  Siberian Rubythroat.
Tarsiger cyanurus......................  Red-flanked Bluetail.
Ficedula narcissina....................  Narcissus Flycatcher.
Ficedula mugimaki......................  Mugimaki Flycatcher.
Ficedula albicilla.....................  Taiga Flycatcher.
Phoenicurus phoenicurus................  Common Redstart.
Saxicola maurus........................  Asian Stonechat.
Oenanthe oenanthe......................  Northern Wheatear.
Oenanthe pleschanka....................  Pied Wheatear.
Monticola solitarius...................  Blue Rock-Thrush.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (AA) Family Peucedramidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peucedramus taeniatus..................  Olive Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (BB) Family Prunellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prunella montanella....................  Siberian Accentor.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (CC) Family Motacillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Motacilla tschutschensis...............  Eastern Yellow Wagtail.
Motacilla citreola.....................  Citrine Wagtail.
Motacilla cinerea......................  Gray Wagtail.
Motacilla alba.........................  White Wagtail.
Anthus trivialis.......................  Tree Pipit.
Anthus hodgsoni........................  Olive-backed Pipit.
Anthus gustavi.........................  Pechora Pipit.
Anthus cervinus........................  Red-throated Pipit.
Anthus rubescens.......................  American Pipit.
Anthus spragueii.......................  Sprague's Pipit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (DD) Family Fringillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (1) Subfamily Fringillinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fringilla coelebs......................  Common Chaffinch.
Fringilla montifringilla...............  Brambling.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Euphoniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chlorophonia musica....................  Antillean Euphonia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (3) Subfamily Carduelinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coccothraustes vespertinus.............  Evening Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes coccothraustes..........  Hawfinch.
Carpodacus erythrinus..................  Common Rosefinch.
Carpodacus roseus......................  Pallas's Rosefinch.
Melamprosops phaeosoma.................  Po[revaps]ouli.
Oreomystis bairdi......................  [revaps]Akikiki.
Paroreomyza maculata...................  O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Alauahio.
Paroreomyza flammea....................  K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie.
Paroreomyza montana....................  Maui 'Alauahio.
Loxioides bailleui.....................  Palila.
Telespiza cantans......................  Laysan Finch.
Telespiza ultima.......................  Nihoa Finch.
Palmeria dolei.........................  [revaps]Akohekohe.
Himatione fraithii.....................  Laysan Honeycreeper.
Himatione sanguinea....................  [revaps]Apapane.
Drepanis coccinea......................  [revaps]I[revaps]iwi.
Psittirostra psittacea.................  [revaps][Omacr][revaps][umacr].
Pseudonestor xanthophrys...............  Maui Parrotbill.
Hemignathus hanapepe...................  Kauai Nukupu[revaps]u.
Hemignathus lucidus....................  O[revaps]ahu Nukupu[revaps]u.
Hemignathus affinis....................  Maui Nukupu[revaps]u.
Hemignathus wilsoni....................  [revaps]Akiapola[revaps]au.
Akialoa stejnegeri.....................  Kauai [revaps]Akialoa.

[[Page 49351]]

 
Akialoa ellisiana......................  O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akialoa.
Akialoa lanaiensis.....................  Maui Nui 'Akialoa.
Magumma parva..........................  [revaps]Anianiau.
Chlorodrepanis virens..................  Hawaii [revaps]Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis flava...................  O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri..............  Kaua[revaps]i [revaps]Amakihi.
Loxops mana............................  Hawaii Creeper.
Loxops caeruleirostris.................  [revaps]Akeke[revaps]e.
Loxops wolstenholmei...................  O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akepa.
Loxops ochraceus.......................  Maui [revaps]Akepa.
Loxops coccineus.......................  Hawaii [revaps]Akepa.
Pinicola enucleator....................  Pine Grosbeak.
Pyrrhula pyrrhula......................  Eurasian Bullfinch.
Leucosticte arctoa.....................  Asian Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte tephrocotis................  Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte atrata.....................  Black Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte australis..................  Brown-capped Rosy-Finch.
Haemorhous mexicanus...................  House Finch.
Haemorhous purpureus...................  Purple Finch.
Haemorhous cassinii....................  Cassin's Finch.
Chloris sinica.........................  Oriental Greenfinch.
Acanthis flammea.......................  Common Redpoll.
Acanthis hornemanni....................  Hoary Redpoll.
Loxia curvirostra......................  Red Crossbill.
Loxia sinesciuris......................  Cassia Crossbill.
Loxia leucoptera.......................  White-winged Crossbill.
Spinus spinus..........................  Eurasian Siskin.
Spinus pinus...........................  Pine Siskin.
Spinus psaltria........................  Lesser Goldfinch.
Spinus lawrencei.......................  Lawrence's Goldfinch.
Spinus tristis.........................  American Goldfinch.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (EE) Family Calcariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calcarius lapponicus...................  Lapland Longspur.
Calcarius ornatus......................  Chestnut-collared Longspur.
Calcarius pictus.......................  Smith's Longspur.
Rhynchophanes mccownii.................  Thick-billed Longspur.
Plectrophenax nivalis..................  Snow Bunting.
Plectrophenax hyperboreus..............  McKay's Bunting.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (FF) Family Emberizidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emberiza leucocephalos.................  Pine Bunting.
Emberiza chrysophrys...................  Yellow-browed Bunting.
Emberiza pusilla.......................  Little Bunting.
Emberiza rustica.......................  Rustic Bunting.
Emberiza elegans.......................  Yellow-throated Bunting.
Emberiza aureola.......................  Yellow-breasted Bunting.
Emberiza variabilis....................  Gray Bunting.
Emberiza pallasi.......................  Pallas's Bunting.
Emberiza schoeniclus...................  Reed Bunting.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (GG) Family Passerellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peucaea carpalis.......................  Rufous-winged Sparrow.
Peucaea botterii.......................  Botteri's Sparrow.
Peucaea cassinii.......................  Cassin's Sparrow.
Peucaea aestivalis.....................  Bachman's Sparrow.
Ammodramus savannarum..................  Grasshopper Sparrow.
Arremonops rufivirgatus................  Olive Sparrow.
Amphispizopsis quinquestriata..........  Five-striped Sparrow.
Amphispiza bilineata...................  Black-throated Sparrow.
Chondestes grammacus...................  Lark Sparrow.
Calamospiza melanocorys................  Lark Bunting.
Spizella passerina.....................  Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella pallida.......................  Clay-colored Sparrow.
Spizella atrogularis...................  Black-chinned Sparrow.
Spizella pusilla.......................  Field Sparrow.
Spizella breweri.......................  Brewer's Sparrow.
Spizella wortheni......................  Worthen's Sparrow.

[[Page 49352]]

 
Passerella iliaca......................  Fox Sparrow.
Spizelloides arborea...................  American Tree Sparrow.
Junco hyemalis.........................  Dark-eyed Junco.
Junco phaeonotus.......................  Yellow-eyed Junco.
Zonotrichia leucophrys.................  White-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia atricapilla................  Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia querula....................  Harris's Sparrow.
Zonotrichia albicollis.................  White-throated Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza nevadensis..............  Sagebrush Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza belli...................  Bell's Sparrow.
Pooecetes gramineus....................  Vesper Sparrow.
Ammospiza leconteii....................  LeConte's Sparrow.
Ammospiza maritima.....................  Seaside Sparrow.
Ammospiza nelsoni......................  Nelson's Sparrow.
Ammospiza caudacuta....................  Saltmarsh Sparrow.
Centronyx bairdii......................  Baird's Sparrow.
Centronyx henslowii....................  Henslow's Sparrow.
Passerculus sandwichensis..............  Savannah Sparrow.
Melospiza melodia......................  Song Sparrow.
Melospiza lincolnii....................  Lincoln's Sparrow.
Melospiza georgiana....................  Swamp Sparrow.
Melozone fusca.........................  Canyon Towhee.
Melozone aberti........................  Abert's Towhee.
Melozone crissalis.....................  California Towhee.
Aimophila ruficeps.....................  Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
Pipilo chlorurus.......................  Green-tailed Towhee.
Pipilo maculatus.......................  Spotted Towhee.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus................  Eastern Towhee.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (HH) Family Nesospingidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nesospingus speculiferus...............  Puerto Rican Tanager.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (II) Family Spindalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spindalis zena.........................  Western Spindalis.
Spindalis portoricensis................  Puerto Rican Spindalis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (JJ) Family Icteridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Icteria virens.........................  Yellow-breasted Chat.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     (1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus..........  Yellow-headed Blackbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      (2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dolichonyx oryzivorus..................  Bobolink.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (3) Subfamily Sturnellinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sturnella lilianae.....................  Chihuahuan Meadowlark.
Sturnella magna........................  Eastern Meadowlark.
Sturnella neglecta.....................  Western Meadowlark.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (4) Subfamily Icterinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Icterus portoricensis..................  Puerto Rican Oriole.
Icterus wagleri........................  Black-vented Oriole.
Icterus spurius........................  Orchard Oriole.
Icterus cucullatus.....................  Hooded Oriole.
Icterus pustulatus.....................  Streak-backed Oriole.
Icterus bullockii......................  Bullock's Oriole.
Icterus gularis........................  Altamira Oriole.
Icterus graduacauda....................  Audubon's Oriole.
Icterus galbula........................  Baltimore Oriole.
Icterus abeillei.......................  Black-backed Oriole.
Icterus parisorum......................  Scott's Oriole.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 49353]]

 
                        (5) Subfamily Agelaiinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agelaius phoeniceus....................  Red-winged Blackbird.
Agelaius tricolor......................  Tricolored Blackbird.
Agelaius humeralis.....................  Tawny-shouldered Blackbird.
Agelaius xanthomus.....................  Yellow-shouldered Blackbird.
Molothrus bonariensis..................  Shiny Cowbird.
Molothrus aeneus.......................  Bronzed Cowbird.
Molothrus ater.........................  Brown-headed Cowbird.
Euphagus carolinus.....................  Rusty Blackbird.
Euphagus cyanocephalus.................  Brewer's Blackbird.
Quiscalus quiscula.....................  Common Grackle.
Quiscalus major........................  Boat-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus mexicanus....................  Great-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus niger........................  Greater Antillean Grackle.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          (KK) Family Parulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seiurus aurocapilla....................  Ovenbird.
Helmitheros vermivorum.................  Worm-eating Warbler.
Parkesia motacilla.....................  Louisiana Waterthrush.
Parkesia noveboracensis................  Northern Waterthrush.
Vermivora bachmanii....................  Bachman's Warbler.
Vermivora chrysoptera..................  Golden-winged Warbler.
Vermivora cyanoptera...................  Blue-winged Warbler.
Mniotilta varia........................  Black-and-white Warbler.
Protonotaria citrea....................  Prothonotary Warbler.
Limnothlypis swainsonii................  Swainson's Warbler.
Oreothlypis superciliosa...............  Crescent-chested Warbler.
Leiothlypis peregrina..................  Tennessee Warbler.
Leiothlypis celata.....................  Orange-crowned Warbler.
Leiothlypis crissalis..................  Colima Warbler.
Leiothlypis luciae.....................  Lucy's Warbler.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla................  Nashville Warbler.
Leiothlypis virginiae..................  Virginia's Warbler.
Oporornis agilis.......................  Connecticut Warbler.
Geothlypis poliocephala................  Gray-crowned Yellowthroat.
Geothlypis tolmiei.....................  MacGillivray's Warbler.
Geothlypis philadelphia................  Mourning Warbler.
Geothlypis formosa.....................  Kentucky Warbler.
Geothlypis trichas.....................  Common Yellowthroat.
Setophaga angelae......................  Elfin-woods Warbler.
Setophaga citrina......................  Hooded Warbler.
Setophaga ruticilla....................  American Redstart.
Setophaga kirtlandii...................  Kirtland's Warbler.
Setophaga tigrina......................  Cape May Warbler.
Setophaga cerulea......................  Cerulean Warbler.
Setophaga americana....................  Northern Parula.
Setophaga pitiayumi....................  Tropical Parula.
Setophaga magnolia.....................  Magnolia Warbler.
Setophaga castanea.....................  Bay-breasted Warbler.
Setophaga fusca........................  Blackburnian Warbler.
Setophaga petechia.....................  Yellow Warbler.
Setophaga pensylvanica.................  Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Setophaga striata......................  Blackpoll Warbler.
Setophaga caerulescens.................  Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Setophaga palmarum.....................  Palm Warbler.
Setophaga pinus........................  Pine Warbler.
Setophaga coronata.....................  Yellow-rumped Warbler.
Setophaga dominica.....................  Yellow-throated Warbler.
Setophaga discolor.....................  Prairie Warbler.
Setophaga adelaidae....................  Adelaide's Warbler.
Setophaga graciae......................  Grace's Warbler.
Setophaga nigrescens...................  Black-throated Gray Warbler.
Setophaga townsendi....................  Townsend's Warbler.
Setophaga occidentalis.................  Hermit Warbler.
Setophaga chrysoparia..................  Golden-cheeked Warbler.
Setophaga virens.......................  Black-throated Green Warbler.
Basileuterus lachrymosus...............  Fan-tailed Warbler.
Basileuterus rufifrons.................  Rufous-capped Warbler.
Basileuterus culicivorus...............  Golden-crowned Warbler.

[[Page 49354]]

 
Cardellina canadensis..................  Canada Warbler.
Cardellina pusilla.....................  Wilson's Warbler.
Cardellina rubrifrons..................  Red-faced Warbler.
Myioborus pictus.......................  Painted Redstart.
Myioborus miniatus.....................  Slate-throated Redstart.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (LL) Family Cardinalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Piranga flava..........................  Hepatic Tanager.
Piranga rubra..........................  Summer Tanager.
Piranga olivacea.......................  Scarlet Tanager.
Piranga ludoviciana....................  Western Tanager.
Piranga bidentata......................  Flame-colored Tanager.
Rhodothraupis celaeno..................  Crimson-collared Grosbeak.
Cardinalis cardinalis..................  Northern Cardinal.
Cardinalis sinuatus....................  Pyrrhuloxia.
Pheucticus chrysopeplus................  Yellow Grosbeak.
Pheucticus ludovicianus................  Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Pheucticus melanocephalus..............  Black-headed Grosbeak.
Cyanocompsa parellina..................  Blue Bunting.
Passerina caerulea.....................  Blue Grosbeak.
Passerina amoena.......................  Lazuli Bunting.
Passerina cyanea.......................  Indigo Bunting.
Passerina versicolor...................  Varied Bunting.
Passerina ciris........................  Painted Bunting.
Spiza americana........................  Dickcissel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (MM) Family Thraupidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         (1) Subfamily Dacninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanerpes cyaneus......................  Red-legged Honeycreeper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        (2) Subfamily Coerebinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coereba flaveola.......................  Bananaquit.
Tiaris olivaceus.......................  Yellow-faced Grassquit.
Melopyrrha portoricensis...............  Puerto Rican Bullfinch.
Melanospiza bicolor....................  Black-faced Grassquit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (3) Subfamily Sporophilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sporophila morelleti...................  Morelet's Seedeater.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART 17--ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS

0
3. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; and 4201-4245, unless 
otherwise noted.

0
4. Amend Sec.  17.11, in paragraph (h), the List of Endangered and 
Threatened Wildlife, under BIRDS, by:
0
a. Revising the entries for ``Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL 
DPS]'', ``Crane, Mississippi sandhill'', ``Nightjar, Puerto Rican'', 
and ``Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain'';
0
b. Removing the entries for ``Rail, California clapper'' and ``Rail, 
light-footed clapper'';
0
c. Adding, in alphabetical order, entries for ``Rail, California 
Ridgway's'' and ``Rail, light-footed Ridgway's''; and
0
d. Revising the entries for ``Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside'', ``Tern, 
California least'', and ``Towhee, Inyo California''.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  17.11  Endangered and threatened wildlife.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Listing citations
          Common name              Scientific name          Where listed            Status       and applicable
                                                                                                     rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
                                                      BIRDS
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Caracara, crested, (Audubon's)   Caracara plancus    U.S.A. (FL)...............  T             52 FR 25229, 7/6/
 [FL DPS].                        audubonii.                                                    1987.
 

[[Page 49355]]

 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Crane, Mississippi sandhill....  Antigone            Wherever found............  E             38 FR 14678, 6/4/
                                  canadensis pulla.                                             1973;
                                                                                               50 CFR
                                                                                                17.95(b).\CH\
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Nightjar, Puerto Rican.........  Antrostomus         Wherever found............  E             38 FR 14678, 6/4/
                                  noctitherus.                                                  1973.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain.....  Patagioenas         Wherever found............  E             35 FR 16047, 10/
                                  inornata wetmorei.                                            13/1970.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Rail, California Ridgway's.....  Rallus obsoletus    Wherever found............  E             35 FR 16047, 10/
                                  obsoletus.                                                    13/1970.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Rail, light-footed Ridgway's...  Rallus obsoletus    U.S.A. only...............  E             34 FR 5034, 3/8/
                                  levipes.                                                      1969;
                                                                                               35 FR 16047, 10/
                                                                                                13/1970.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside....  Ammospiza maritima  Wherever found............  E             32 FR 4001, 3/11/
                                  mirabilis.                                                    1967;
                                                                                               50 CFR
                                                                                                17.95(b).\CH\
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Tern, California least.........  Sternula            Wherever found............  E             35 FR 16047, 10/
                                  antillarum browni.                                            13/1970;
                                                                                               35 FR 8491, 6/2/
                                                                                                1970.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Towhee, Inyo California........  Melozone crissalis  Wherever found............  T             52 FR 28780, 8/3/
                                  eremophilus.                                                  1987;
                                                                                               50 CFR
                                                                                                17.95(b).\CH\
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


0
5. Amend Sec.  17.95, in paragraph (b), by
0
a. Revising the headings for ``Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus 
canadensis pulla)'' and ``Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus 
maritimus mirabilis)''; and
0
b. Removing the heading ``Inyo Brown Towhee (Pipilo fuscus 
eremophilus)'' and adding in its place a heading for ``Inyo California 
Towhee (Melozone crissalis eremophilus)''.
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  17.95  Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.

    (b) * * *

MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANE (Antigone canadensis pulla)
* * * * *
CAPE SABLE SEASIDE SPARROW (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis)
* * * * *
INYO CALIFORNIA TOWHEE (Melozone crissalis eremophilus)
* * * * *

PART 21--MIGRATORY BIRD PERMITS

0
6. The authority citation for part 21 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 703-712.


Sec.  21.123  [Amended]

0
7. Amend Sec.  21.123, in the introductory text of paragraph (a), by 
removing the words ``(Phalacrocorax auritus)'' and adding in their 
place the words ``(Nannopterum auritum)''.

Shannon A. Estenoz,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2023-15551 Filed 7-28-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P