Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Nine Specific Fentanyl-Related Substances in Schedule I, 22391-22399 [2023-07576]
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Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 71 / Thursday, April 13, 2023 / Proposed Rules
(iv) 1-hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole
(JWH-019);
(v) 1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1naphthoyl)indole (JWH-200);
(vi) 1-pentyl-3-(2methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (JWH-250);
(vii) 1-pentyl-3-[1-(4methoxynaphthoyl)]indole (JWH-081);
(viii) 1-pentyl-3-(4-methyl-1naphthoyl)indole (JWH-122);
(ix) 1-pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1naphthoyl)indole (JWH-398);
(x) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2iodobenzoyl)indole (AM694);
(xi) 1-pentyl-3-[(4-methoxy)benzoyl]indole (SR-19 and RCS-4);
(xii) 1-cyclohexylethyl-3-(2methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (SR-18 and
RCS-8);
(xiii) 1-pentyl-3-(2chlorophenylacetyl)indole (JWH-203);
(xiv) (1-((1-methylpiperidin-2yl)methyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1yl)methanone (AM-1220);
(xv) (2-iodophenyl)(1-((1methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-indol3-yl)methanone (AM-2233);
(xvi) (4-ethylnaphthalen-1-yl)(1-(5fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone
(EAM-2201);
(xvii) (4-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)(2methyl-1-pentyl-1H-indol-3yl)methanone (JWH-098);
(xviii) 3-((4-methylnaphthalen-1yl)methyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole (JWH184);
(xix) (4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)(1-(2morpholinoethyl)-1H-indol-3yl)methanone (JWH-193);
(xx) (4-ethylnaphthalen-1-yl)(1pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (JWH210);
(xxi) (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3yl)(4-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)methanone
(MAM-2201);
(xxii) (2-methyl-1-pentyl-1H-indol-3yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (JWH007);
(xxiii) naphthalen-1-yl(1-(pent-4-en-1yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-022);
(xxiv) (1-hexyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (JWH147);
(xxv) 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-one (JWH302);
(xxvi) (5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-pentyl1H-pyrrol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1yl)methanone (JWH-307);
(xxvii) (4-fluoronaphthalen-1-yl)(1pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (JWH412);
(xxviii) (5-methyl-3(morpholinomethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indol-6yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (WIN
55,212-2);
(xxix) 2-(5-hydroxy-2-(3hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl)-5-(2methyloctan-2-yl)phenol (CP-55,940);
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(xxx) 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)-5-(2methylheptan-2-yl)phenol (CP-47,497
C6 homolog); and
(xxxi) 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)-5-(2methyldecan-2-yl)phenol (CP-47,497 C9
homolog).
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Signing Authority
This document of the Drug
Enforcement Administration was signed
on March 29, 2023, by Administrator
Anne Milgram. That document with the
original signature and date is
maintained by DEA. For administrative
purposes only, and in compliance with
requirements of the Office of the Federal
Register, the undersigned DEA Federal
Register Liaison Officer has been
authorized to sign and submit the
document in electronic format for
publication, as an official document of
DEA. This administrative process in no
way alters the legal effect of this
document upon publication in the
Federal Register.
Scott Brinks,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, Drug
Enforcement Administration.
[FR Doc. 2023–07578 Filed 4–12–23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410–09–P
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Drug Enforcement Administration
21 CFR Part 1308
[Docket No. DEA–1036]
Schedules of Controlled Substances:
Placement of Nine Specific FentanylRelated Substances in Schedule I
Drug Enforcement
Administration, Department of Justice.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
AGENCY:
The Drug Enforcement
Administration proposes placing nine
substances, as identified in this
proposed rule, in schedule I of the
Controlled Substances Act. These nine
substances fall within the definition of
fentanyl-related substances set forth in
the February 6, 2018, temporary
scheduling order. Through the
Temporary Reauthorization and Study
of Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl
Analogues Act, which became law on
February 6, 2020, Congress extended the
temporary control of fentanyl-related
substances until May 6, 2021. This
temporary order was subsequently
extended multiple times, most recently
on December 29, 2022, through the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023,
which extended the order until
SUMMARY:
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December 31, 2024. If finalized, this
action would make permanent the
existing regulatory controls and
administrative, civil, and criminal
sanctions applicable to schedule I
controlled substances on persons who
handle (manufacture, distribute, import,
export, engage in research, conduct
instructional activities or chemical
analysis, or possess), or propose to
handle these nine specific controlled
substances.
Comments must be submitted
electronically or postmarked on or
before May 15, 2023.
Interested persons may file a request
for a hearing or waiver of hearing
pursuant to 21 CFR 1308.44 and in
accordance with 21 CFR 1316.47 and/or
1316.49, as applicable. Requests for a
hearing, and waivers of an opportunity
for a hearing or to participate in a
hearing, must be received on or before
May 15, 2023.
ADDRESSES: Interested persons may file
written comments on this proposal in
accordance with 21 CFR 1308.43(g). The
electronic Federal Docket Management
System will not accept comments after
11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the last day
of the comment period. To ensure
proper handling of comments, please
reference ‘‘Docket No. DEA–1036’’ on
all electronic and written
correspondence, including any
attachments.
• Electronic comments: The Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA)
encourages commenters to submit all
comments electronically through the
Federal eRulemaking Portal which
provides the ability to type short
comments directly into the comment
field on the web page or to attach a file
for lengthier comments. Please go to
https://www.regulations.gov and follow
the online instructions at that site for
submitting comments. Upon completion
of your submission you will receive a
Comment Tracking Number for your
comment. Submitted comments are not
instantaneously available for public
view on Regulations.gov. If you have
received a Comment Tracking Number,
your comment has been successfully
submitted and there is no need to
resubmit the same comment.
• Paper comments: Paper comments
that duplicate electronic submissions
are not necessary. Should you wish to
mail a paper comment in lieu of an
electronic comment, it should be sent
via regular or express mail to: Drug
Enforcement Administration, Attn: DEA
Federal Register Representative/DPW,
8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield,
Virginia 22152.
DATES:
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Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 71 / Thursday, April 13, 2023 / Proposed Rules
• Hearing requests: All requests for a
hearing and waivers of participation,
together with a written statement of
position on the matters of fact and law
asserted in the hearing, must be filed
with the DEA Administrator, who will
make the determination of whether a
hearing will be needed to address such
matters of fact and law in the
rulemaking. Such requests must be sent
to: Drug Enforcement Administration,
Attn: Administrator, 8701 Morrissette
Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152. For
informational purposes, a courtesy copy
of requests for hearing and waivers of
participation should also be sent to: (1)
Drug Enforcement Administration, Attn:
Hearing Clerk/OALJ, 8701 Morrissette
Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152; and
(2) Drug Enforcement Administration,
Attn: DEA Federal Register
Representative/DPW, 8701 Morrissette
Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr.
Terrence L. Boos, Drug and Chemical
Evaluation Section, Diversion Control
Division, Drug Enforcement
Administration; Telephone: (571) 362–
3249.
In this
proposed rule, the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) proposes to
permanently schedule the following
nine controlled substances in schedule
I of the Controlled Substances Act
(CSA), including their isomers, esters,
ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters,
and ethers whenever the existence of
such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is
possible within the specific chemical
designation:
• meta-fluorofentanyl (N-(3fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin4-yl)propionamide),
• meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (N(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide),
• para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl (N(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2carboxamide),
• 3-furanyl fentanyl (N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-Nphenylfuran-3-carboxamide),
• 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl (N-(1-(2,5dimethoxyphenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-Nphenylpropionamide),
• isovaleryl fentanyl (3-methyl-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-Nphenylbutanamide),
• ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl (N-(2fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide),
• alpha′-methyl butyryl fentanyl (2methyl-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)N-phenylbutanamide),
• and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl (N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(1-
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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
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phenethylpiperidin-4yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide).
Posting of Public Comments
All comments received in response to
this docket are considered part of the
public record. DEA will make comments
available for public inspection online at
https://www.regulations.gov, unless
reasonable cause is given. Such
information includes personal
identifying information (such as your
name, address, etc.) voluntarily
submitted by the commenter. The
Freedom of Information Act applies to
all comments received. If you want to
submit personal identifying information
(such as your name, address, etc.) as
part of your comment, but do not want
DEA to make it publicly available, you
must include the phrase ‘‘PERSONAL
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION’’ in the
first paragraph of your comment. You
must also place all of the personal
identifying information you do not want
made publicly available in the first
paragraph of your comment and identify
what information you want redacted.
If you want to submit confidential
business information as part of your
comment, but do not want DEA to make
it publicly available, you must include
the phrase ‘‘CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS
INFORMATION’’ in the first paragraph
of your comment. You must also
prominently identify confidential
business information to be redacted
within the comment.
DEA will generally make publicly
available in redacted from comments
containing personal identifying
information and confidential business
information identified as directed
above. If a comment has so much
confidential business information or
personal identifying information that
DEA cannot redact it effectively, DEA
may not make all or part of that
comment publicly available. Comments
posted to https://www.regulations.gov
may include any personal identifying
information (such as name, address, and
phone number) included in the text of
your electronic submission that is not
identified as confidential as directed
above.
An electronic copy of this document
and supplemental information to this
proposed rule are available at https://
www.regulations.gov for easy reference.
Request for Hearing or Appearance;
Waiver
Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(a), this
action is a formal rulemaking ‘‘on the
record after opportunity for a hearing.’’
Such proceedings are conducted
pursuant to the provisions of the
Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5
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U.S.C. 551–559. 21 CFR 1308.41–
1308.45; 21 CFR part 1316, subpart D.
Interested persons, as defined in 21 CFR
1300.01(b), may file requests for a
hearing in conformity with the
requirements of 21 CFR 1308.44(a) and
1316.47(a), and such requests must:
(1) state with particularity the interest
of the person in the proceeding;
(2) state with particularity the
objections or issues concerning which
the person desires to be heard; and
(3) state briefly the position of the
person with regarding to the objections
or issues.
Any interested person may file a
waiver of an opportunity for a hearing
or to participate in a hearing in
conformity with the requirements of 21
CFR 1308.44(c), together with a written
statement of position on the matters of
fact and law involved in any hearing. 21
CFR 1316.49.
All requests for a hearing and waivers
of participation, together with a written
statement of position on the matters of
fact and law involved in such hearing,
must be sent to DEA using the address
information provided above. The
decision whether a hearing will be
needed to address such matters of fact
and law in the rulemaking will be made
by the Administrator. If a hearing is
needed, DEA will publish a notice of
hearing on the proposed rulemaking in
the Federal Register. 21 CFR 1308.44(b),
1316.53. Further, once the
Administrator determines a hearing is
needed to address such matters of fact
and law in rulemaking, she will then
designate an Administrative Law Judge
(ALJ) to preside over the hearing. The
ALJ’s functions shall only commence
upon designation, as provided in 21
CFR 1316.52.
In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811 and
812, the purpose of a hearing would be
to determine whether metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and/or paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl meet the
statutory criteria for placement in
schedule I.
Legal Authority
The CSA provides that proceedings
for the issuance, amendment, or repeal
of the scheduling of any drug or other
substance may be initiated by the
Attorney General (delegated to the
Administrator of DEA pursuant to 28
CFR 0.100) on his own motion.1 This
proposed action is supported by a
1 21
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U.S.C. 811(a).
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recommendation from the Assistant
Secretary for Health of the Department
of Health and Human Services
(Assistant Secretary for HHS or
Assistant Secretary) and an evaluation
of all other relevant data by DEA. If
finalized, this action would make
permanent the existing temporary
regulatory controls and administrative,
civil, and criminal sanctions of schedule
I controlled substances on any person
who handles or proposes to handle
these nine substances.
Background
On February 6, 2018, pursuant to 21
U.S.C. 811(h)(1), DEA published an
order in the Federal Register (83 FR
5188) temporarily placing fentanylrelated substances, as defined in that
order, in schedule I of the CSA based
upon a finding that these substances
pose an imminent hazard to the public
safety. As discussed below in Factor 3,
the nine substances named in this
proposed rule meet the existing
definition of fentanyl-related substances
as they are not otherwise controlled in
any other schedule (i.e., not included
under another DEA Controlled
Substance Code Number) and are
structurally related to fentanyl by one or
more of the five modifications listed
under the definition. That temporary
order was effective upon the date of
publication. Pursuant to 21 U.S.C.
811(h)(2), the temporary control of
fentanyl-related substances, a class of
substances as defined in the order, as
well as the nine specific substances
already covered by that order, was set to
expire on February 6, 2020. However,
on February 6, 2020, as explained in
DEA’s April 10, 2020, correcting
amendment (85 FR 20155), Congress
extended that expiration date until May
6, 2021, by enacting the Temporary
Reauthorization and Study of the
Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl
Analogues Act (Pub. L. 116–114, sec. 2,
134 Stat. 103). This temporary order was
subsequently extended multiple times,
most recently on December 29, 2022,
through the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023,2 which
extended the order until December 31,
2024. Consequently, the temporary
control of these nine substances will
remain in effect until December 31,
2024, unless DEA permanently places
them in schedule I prior to that date.
Therefore, the Administrator, on her
own motion pursuant to 21 U.S.C.
811(a), is initiating proceedings to
permanently schedule metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
2 Public Law 117–328, Division O, Title VI, Sec.
601.
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fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl. DEA
gathered and reviewed the available
information regarding the
pharmacology, chemistry, trafficking,
actual abuse, pattern of abuse, and the
relative potential for abuse for these
substances. On October 12, 2021, in
accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(b), the
Administrator submitted a request to the
Assistant Secretary to provide DEA with
a scientific and medical evaluation of
available information and a scheduling
recommendation for these nine
substances.
On May 16, 2022, the Assistant
Secretary submitted HHS’s scientific
and medical evaluation and scheduling
recommendation for metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl and their
salts to the Administrator. In accordance
with 21 U.S.C. 811(c), upon receipt of
the scientific and medical evaluation
and scheduling recommendation from
HHS, DEA reviewed the documents and
all other relevant data, and conducted
its own eight-factor analysis of the abuse
potential of these nine substances.
Proposed Determination To
Permanently Schedule Nine Specific
Fentanyl-Related Substances
As discussed in the background
section, the Administrator is initiating
proceedings, pursuant to 21 U.S.C.
811(a), to permanently add metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl to schedule
I. DEA reviewed the scientific and
medical evaluation, scheduling
recommendation received from HHS,
and all other relevant data and
conducted its own eight-factor analysis
of the abuse potential of these nine
substances pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(c).
Included below is a brief summary of
each factor as analyzed by HHS and
DEA, and as considered by DEA in its
proposed scheduling action. Please note
that both DEA and HHS analyses are
available in their entirety under
‘‘Supporting Documents’’ of the public
docket for this proposed rule at https://
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22393
www.regulations.gov under Docket
Number ‘‘DEA–1036.’’
1. The Drug’s Actual or Relative
Potential for Abuse
The term ‘‘abuse’’ is not defined in
the CSA. However, the legislative
history of the CSA 3 suggests that DEA
consider the following criteria when
determining whether a particular drug
or substance has a potential for abuse:
(a) There is evidence that individuals
are taking the drug or drugs containing
such a substance in amounts sufficient
to create a hazard to their health or to
the safety of other individuals or to the
community; or
(b) There is significant diversion of
the drug or drugs containing such a
substance from legitimate drug
channels; or
(c) Individuals are taking the drug or
drugs containing such a substance on
their own initiative rather than on the
basis of medical advice from a
practitioner licensed by law to
administer such drugs in the course of
his professional practice; or
(d) The drug or drugs containing such
a substance are new drugs so related in
their action to a drug or drugs already
listed as having a potential for abuse to
make it likely that the drug will have the
same potentiality for abuse as such
drugs, thus making it reasonable to
assume that there may be significant
diversions from legitimate channels,
significant use contrary to or without
medical advice, or that it has a
substantial capability of creating
hazards to the health of the user or to
the safety of the community.
The abuse potential of metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl is
associated with their pharmacological
similarity to other schedule I and II muopioid receptor agonist substances
which have a high potential for abuse.
Similar to schedule II substances
morphine and fentanyl and several
schedule I opioid substances that are
structurally related to fentanyl, these
nine substances have been shown to
bind and act as mu-opioid receptor
agonists.
meta-Fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
3 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and
Control Act of 1970, H.R. Rep. No. 91–1444, 91st
Cong., Sess. 1 (1970); reprinted in 1970
U.S.C.C.A.N. 4566, 4603.
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fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl have no approved medical use
in the United States and have been
encountered on the illicit drug market.
Because these nine substances are not
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)approved drug products, a practitioner
may not legally prescribe them and
these substances cannot be dispensed to
an individual. Accordingly, the use of
these nine substances without medical
advice leads to the conclusion that they
are abused for their opioid-like
properties. There are no legitimate
channels for these nine substances to be
marketed as FDA-approved drug
products, but they are available for
purchase from legitimate chemical
companies to be used in scientific
research. However, despite the limited
legitimate use of these substances,
reports from public health and law
enforcement indicate that metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl are being
abused and taken in amounts sufficient
to create a hazard to an individual’s
health. Data from forensic databases can
be used as an indicator of illicit activity
with drugs and abuse 4 within the
United States. According to drug seizure
data from 2016 to 2021 from the
National Forensic Laboratory
Information System (NFLIS),5 seven of
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4 While law enforcement data is not direct
evidence of abuse, it can lead to an inference that
a drug has been diverted and abused. See 76 FR
77330, 77332, Dec. 12, 2011.
5 NFLIS is a DEA program and a national forensic
laboratory reporting system that systematically
collects results from drug chemistry analyses
conducted by state and local forensic laboratories
in the United States. The NFLIS database also
contains Federal data from U.S. Customs and
Border Protection (CBP). NFLIS only includes drug
chemistry results from completed analyses. NFLIS
data were queried July 18, 2022. NFLIS is still
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the substances (meta-fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, orthofluorofuranyl fentanyl, and alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl) are being
encountered in the United States. Two
substances (2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl and
para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl) were
not listed in the NFLIS database,
however, reporting from NMS labs 6 in
2019 show that 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
have been positively identified in drugs
seized by the Department of Homeland
Security. Consequently, the positive
identification of the nine substances in
law enforcement encounters indicates
that these substances are being abused,
and thus pose safety hazards to the
health of users.
2. Scientific Evidence of the Drug’s
Pharmacological Effects, if Known
meta-Fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl are pharmacologically similar
to other schedule I and schedule II muopioid receptor agonist substances. Nonclinical and clinical studies conducted
on abuse potential of mu-opioid
receptor agonists such as morphine and
fentanyl indicate that these substances
share discriminative stimulus effects
and have reinforcing properties. Similar
to schedule I and II opioid analgesics,
these nine substances bind to and
activate the mu-opioid receptor.
Additionally, behavioral studies in
animals demonstrate that metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
reporting data from 2021 due to normal lag time in
reporting.
6 NMS Labs is an independent provider of
professional laboratory testing services, specializing
in clinical toxicology and forensic science.
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ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl produce
analgesic effects similar to fentanyl and
morphine. Further, pre-treatment with
naltrexone, an opioid antagonist,
attenuated analgesic effects of these
nine substances as well as morphine.
Thus, it is concluded from in vitro and
in vivo pharmacological studies that the
effects of these nine substances are
similar to that of fentanyl and morphine
and mediated by mu-opioid receptor
agonism.
3. The State of Current Scientific
Knowledge Regarding the Drug or Other
Substance
meta-Fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl are synthetic opioids in the 4anilidopiperidine structural class which
includes fentanyl. As defined in the
February 6, 2018, temporary order,
fentanyl-related substances include any
substance not otherwise controlled in
any schedule (i.e., not included under
any other Administration Controlled
Substance Code Number) that is
structurally related to fentanyl by one or
more of the following modifications:
(A) Replacement of the phenyl
portion of the phenethyl group by any
monocycle, whether or not further
substituted in or on the monocycle;
(B) substitution in or on the phenethyl
group with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyl,
hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino or
nitro groups;
(C) substitution in or on the
piperidine ring with alkyl, alkenyl,
alkoxyl, ester, ether, hydroxyl, halo,
haloalkyl, amino or nitro groups;
(D) replacement of the aniline ring
with any aromatic monocycle whether
or not further substituted in or on the
aromatic monocycle; and/or
(E) replacement of the N-propionyl
group by another acyl group.
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13APP1
According to the February 6, 2018,
temporary scheduling order, the
existence of a substance with any one,
or any combination, of above-mentioned
modifications (see Figure 1) would meet
the structural requirements of the
definition of fentanyl-related
substances. The present nine substances
fall within the definition of fentanylrelated substances by the following
modifications:
1. meta-fluorofentanyl: substitution
on the aniline ring (meets definition for
modification D);
2. meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl:
substitution on the aniline ring and
replacement of the N-propionyl group
with another acyl group (meets
definition for modifications D and E);
3. para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl:
substitution on the aniline ring and
replacement of the N-propionyl group
with another acyl group (meets
definition for modifications D and E);
4. 3-furanyl fentanyl: replacement of
the N-propionyl group with another acyl
group (meets definition for modification
E);
5. 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl:
substitution on the phenethyl group
with alkoxyl groups (meets definition
for modification B);
6. isovaleryl fentanyl: replacement of
the N-propionyl group with another acyl
group (meets definition for modification
E);
7. ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl:
substitution on the aniline ring and
replacement of the N-propionyl group
with another acyl group (meets
definition for modifications D and E);
8. alpha′-methyl butyryl fentanyl:
replacement of the N-propionyl group
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with another acyl group (meets
definition for modification E);
9. para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl:
substitution on the aniline ring and
replacement of the N-propionyl group
with another acyl group (meets
definition for modifications D and E);
No study has been undertaken to
evaluate the efficacy, toxicology, and
safety of the nine substances in humans.
It can be inferred from data obtained
from animal studies that these nine
substances have sufficient distribution
to the brain to produce depressant
effects similar to that of mu opioid
receptor agonists.
There are no FDA-approved
marketing applications for drug
products containing metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl for any
therapeutic indication in the United
States. Moreover, there are no clinical
studies or petitioners which have
claimed an accepted medical use in the
United States for these substances.
4. Its History and Current Pattern of
Abuse
Evidence suggests that the pattern of
abuse of meta-Fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl parallels that of prescription
opioid analgesics. Currently, the United
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States is in the midst of an illicit opioid
abuse epidemic. There has been a
marked increase in the encounters of
synthetic opioids that are structurally
related to fentanyl that parallels to an
increase in deaths related to synthetic
opioids. Thus, the recreational abuse of
fentanyl-like substances continues to be
a significant concern. These substances
are distributed to users, often with
unpredictable outcomes. According to
HHS, the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) reported there
were over 68,000 deaths in 2020
associated with the use of opioids other
than methadone, but including fentanyl
and fentanyl-related substances (HHS,
2022).
Law enforcement encountered these
nine substances in the United States.
According to the NFLIS 7 database, 49
reports were registered containing seven
of the substances (meta-fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, orthofluorofuranyl fentanyl, or alpha′-methyl
butyryl fentanyl) from state or local
forensic laboratories from 2016 to 2021.
Two substances (2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl) were not
listed in the NFLIS database, however,
reporting from NMS labs in 2019 show
that 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl have been
positively identified in seized drugs
encountered by the Department of
Homeland Security.
7 NFLIS data were queried July 18, 2022. NFLIS
data reporting is still pending for 2021 due to
normal lag time.
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5. The Scope, Duration, and
Significance of Abuse
Similar to other substances
structurally related to fentanyl, metaFluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl are often
used as recreational drugs. The
recreational use of these nine substances
and other fentanyl-related substances
continues to be of significant concern in
the United States. These substances are
distributed to users often with
unpredictable outcomes.
DEA notes that the data from
pharmacological testing of metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl are
consistent with those of other opioids
such as fentanyl and other related
opioid agonists. Thus, it can be inferred
the abuse potential of these substances
is similar to mu opioid receptor agonists
such as fentanyl and morphine.
6. What, if Any, Risk There Is to the
Public Health
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The abuse of meta-fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl leads to the same qualitative
public health risks as heroin, fentanyl,
and other opioid analgesic substances.
Further, abusers of these substances
may not know the origin, identity, or
purity of these substances. This
unknown information poses significant
adverse health risks when compared to
abuse of pharmaceutical preparations of
opioid analgesics, such as morphine and
oxycodone. Taken together, evidence
suggests that individuals experimenting
with substances with unknown potency
are at high risk of adverse health
outcomes.
7. Its Psychic or Physiological
Dependence Liability
There are no pre-clinical or clinical
studies that have evaluated the psychic
or physiologic dependence of metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
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ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl. Several
studies have shown that due to
fentanyl’s short duration of action, more
frequent dosing is often required which
can lead to a fast induction of tolerance,
dependence, and opiate withdrawal
syndrome. Opioid withdrawal includes
nausea and vomiting, depression,
agitation, anxiety, craving, sweats,
hypertension, diarrhea, and fever. These
nine substances act as agonists at the
mu opioid receptors and exhibit a full
and dose-dependent substitution for the
discriminative stimulus effects
produced by morphine. Thus, the
pharmacological similarity and pattern
of abuse of these nine substances to
fentanyl are indicative of their potential
to possess a psychic and physiological
dependence liability similar to that of
other mu opioid receptor agonist
substances, such as heroin and fentanyl.
8. Whether the Substance Is an
Immediate Precursor of a Substance
Already Controlled Under the CSA
meta-Fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl are not immediate precursors of
any controlled substance of the CSA as
defined by 21 U.S.C. 802(23).
Conclusion: Based on consideration of
the scientific and medical evaluation
and accompanying recommendation of
HHS, and on DEA’s own eight-factor
analysis, DEA finds that these facts and
all relevant data constitute substantial
evidence of potential for abuse of metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl. As such,
DEA proposes to permanently schedule
these nine substances as controlled
substances under the CSA.
Proposed Determination of Appropriate
Schedule
The CSA establishes five schedules of
controlled substances known as
schedules I, II, III, IV, and V. The CSA
also outlines the findings required to
place a drug or other substance in any
particular schedule, per 21 U.S.C.
812(b). After consideration of the
analysis and recommendation of the
Assistant Secretary for HHS and review
of all other available data, the
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Administrator of DEA, pursuant to 21
U.S.C. 812(b)(1), finds that:
(1) meta-Fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
have a high potential for abuse.
According to HHS, these nine
substances are mu-opioid receptor
agonists. These substances have
analgesic effects, and these effects are
mediated by mu-opioid receptor
agonism. HHS states that substances
that produce mu-opioid receptor agonist
effects in the central nervous system
(e.g., morphine and fentanyl) are
considered as having a high potential
for abuse. Data obtained from drug
discrimination studies indicate that
these nine substances fully substituted
for the discriminative stimulus effects of
morphine.
(2) FDA has not approved a marketing
application for a drug product
containing meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
for any therapeutic indication. In
addition, DEA and HHS know of no
clinical studies or petitioners claiming
an accepted medical use in the United
States. Therefore, these nine substances
have no currently accepted medical use
in the United States.8
(3) There is a lack of accepted safety
for use of meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
8 Although there is no evidence suggesting that
meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl have a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States, it bears noting that a drug cannot be found
to have such medical use unless DEA concludes
that it satisfies a five-part test. Specifically, with
respect to a drug that has not been approved by
FDA, to have a currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the United States, all of the following
must be demonstrated:
i. The drug’s chemistry must be known and
reproducible;
ii. there must be adequate safety studies;
iii. there must be adequate and well-controlled
studies proving efficacy;
iv. the drug must be accepted by qualified
experts; and
v. the scientific evidence must be widely
available.
57 FR 10499 (1992), pet. for rev. denied, Alliance
for Cannabis Therapeutics v. DEA, 15 F.3d 1131,
1135 (D.C. Cir. 1994).
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fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
under medical supervision. Because
these nine substances have no FDAapproved medical use and have not
been investigated as new drugs, their
safety for use under medical supervision
is has not been determined. Therefore,
there is a lack of accepted safety for use
of these nine substances under medical
supervision.
Based on these findings, the
Administrator of DEA concludes that
meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl, including their isomers, esters,
ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters,
and ethers whenever the existence of
such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is
possible within the specific chemical
designation, warrant continued control
in schedule I of the CSA.9
Requirements for Handling metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl
As discussed above, these nine
fentanyl-related substances are currently
subject to a temporary scheduling order
adding them to schedule I. If this rule
is finalized as proposed, metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl would be
subject, on a permanent basis, to the
CSA’s schedule I regulatory controls
and administrative, civil, and criminal
sanctions applicable to the manufacture,
distribution, dispensing, importing,
exporting, research, and conduct of
instructional activities, including the
following:
1. Registration. Any person who
handles (manufactures, distributes,
dispenses, imports, exports, engages in
research, or conducts instructional
activities or chemical analysis with, or
possesses) meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
9 21
U.S.C. 812(b)(1).
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isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl must be registered with DEA to
conduct such activities pursuant to 21
U.S.C. 822, 823, 957, and 958, and in
accordance with 21 CFR parts 1301 and
1312.
2. Security. meta-Fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl are subject to schedule I
security requirements and must be
handled and stored pursuant to 21
U.S.C. 821, 823, and in accordance with
21 CFR 1301.71–1301.76. Nonpractitioners handling these nine
substances also must comply with the
screening requirements of 21 CFR
1301.90–1301.93.
3. Labeling and Packaging. All labels
and labeling for commercial containers
of meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl must comply with 21 U.S.C.
825, and be in accordance with 21 CFR
part 1302.
4. Quota. Only registered
manufacturers are permitted to
manufacture meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl in accordance with a quota
assigned pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 826 and
in accordance with 21 CFR part 1303.
5. Inventory. Any person registered
with DEA to handle metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl must have
an initial inventory of all stocks of
controlled substances (including these
substances) on hand on the date the
registrant first engages in the handling
of controlled substances pursuant to 21
U.S.C. 827, and in accordance with 21
CFR 1304.03, 1304.04, and 1304.11.
After the initial inventory, every DEA
registrant must take a new inventory of
all stocks of controlled substances
(including meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
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methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl) on hand every two years
pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 827 and in
accordance with 21 CFR 1304.03,
1304.04, and 1304.11.
6. Records and Reports. Every DEA
registrant must maintain records and
submit reports with respect to metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl, pursuant to
21 U.S.C. 827 and 832(a), and in
accordance with 21 CFR 1301.74(b) and
(c) and 1301.76(b) and parts 1304, 1312,
and 1317.
7. Order Forms. Every DEA registrant
who distributes meta-fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl must comply with the order
form requirements, pursuant to 21
U.S.C. 828 and 21 CFR part 1305.
8. Importation and Exportation. All
importation and exportation of metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl must be in
compliance with 21 U.S.C. 952, 953,
957, and 958, and in accordance with 21
CFR part 1312.
9. Liability. Any activity involving
meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl not authorized by, or in
violation of, the CSA or its
implementing regulations is unlawful,
and may subject the person to
administrative, civil, and/or criminal
sanctions.
Regulatory Analyses
Executive Orders 12866 and 13563,
Regulatory Planning and Review, and
Improving Regulation and Regulatory
Review
In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(a),
this proposed scheduling action is
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subject to formal rulemaking procedures
done ‘‘on the record after opportunity
for a hearing,’’ which are conducted
pursuant to the provisions of 5 U.S.C.
556 and 557. The CSA sets forth the
criteria for scheduling a drug or other
substance. Such actions are exempt
from review by the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB)
pursuant to section 3(d)(1) of Executive
Order (E.O.) 12866 and the principles
reaffirmed in E.O. 13563.
Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice
Reform
This proposed regulation meets the
applicable standards set forth in
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of E.O. 12988
to eliminate drafting errors and
ambiguity, minimize litigation, provide
a clear legal standard for affected
conduct, and promote simplification
and burden reduction.
Executive Order 13132, Federalism
This proposed rulemaking does not
have federalism implications warranting
the application of E.O. 13132. The
proposed rule does not have substantial
direct effects on the States, on the
relationship between the National
Government and the States, or the
distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various
levels of government.
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Executive Order 13175, Consultation
and Coordination With Indian Tribal
Governments
This proposed rule does not have
tribal implications warranting the
application of E.O. 13175. It does not
have substantial direct effects on one or
more Indian tribes, on the relationship
between the Federal Government and
Indian tribes, or on the distribution of
power and responsibilities between the
Federal Government and Indian tribes.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Administrator, in accordance
with the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5
U.S.C. 601–612, has reviewed this rule
and by approving it, certifies that it will
not have a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small
entities. On February 6, 2018, DEA
published an order to temporarily place
fentanyl-related substances, as defined
in the order, in schedule I of the CSA
pursuant to the temporary scheduling
provisions of 21 U.S.C. 811(h).
However, as explained in DEA’s April
10, 2020, correcting amendment (85 FR
20155), Congress extended that
expiration date until May 6, 2021, by
enacting the Temporary Reauthorization
and Study of the Emergency Scheduling
of Fentanyl Analogues Act (Pub. L. 116–
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114, sec. 2, 134 Stat. 103) (Feb. 6, 2020).
This temporary order was subsequently
extended multiple times, most recently
on December 29, 2022, through the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
(Pub. L. 117–328, Division O, Title VI,
Sec. 601), which extended the order
until December 31, 2024. DEA estimates
that all entities handling or planning to
handle meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl have already established and
implemented systems and processes
required to handle these substances
which meet the definition of fentanylrelated substances.
There are currently 108 registrations
authorized to specifically handle the
fentanyl-related substances as a class,
which include one or more of the
following substances: metafluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl,
3-furanyl fentanyl, 2′,5′dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl,
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha′methyl butyryl fentanyl, and paramethylcyclopropyl fentanyl as well as a
number of registered analytical labs that
are authorized to handle schedule I
controlled substances generally. Some
of these entities are likely to be large
entities. However, since DEA does not
have information of registrant size and
the majority of DEA registrants are small
entities, DEA estimates a maximum of
95 are small entities. Therefore, DEA
conservatively estimates as many as 95
small entities are affected by this
proposed rule.
A review of the 108 registrations
indicates that all entities that currently
handle meta-fluorofentanyl, metafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, paramethoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2′,5′-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, alpha′-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl also handle other schedule I
controlled substances and have
established and implemented (or
maintained) systems and processes
required to handle these substances.
Therefore, DEA anticipates this
proposed rule will impose minimal or
no economic impact on any affected
entities; and thus, will not have a
significant economic impact on any of
the 95 affected small entities. Therefore,
DEA has concluded that this proposed
rule will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities.
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Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
In accordance with the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) of 1995,
2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq., DEA has
determined and certifies that this action
would not result in any Federal
mandate that may result ‘‘in the
expenditure by State, local, and tribal
governments, in the aggregate, or by the
private sector, of $100,000,000 or more
(adjusted annually for inflation) in any
1 year * * *.’’ Therefore, neither a
Small Government Agency Plan nor any
other action is required under UMRA of
1995.
List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 1308
Administrative practice and
procedure, Drug traffic control,
Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
For the reasons set out above, DEA
proposes to amend 21 CFR part 1308 as
follows:
PART 1308—SCHEDULES OF
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
1. The authority citation for 21 CFR
part 1308 continues to read as follows:
■
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 811, 812, 871(b),
956(b), unless otherwise noted.
2. In § 1308.11:
a. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(73)
through (92) as paragraphs (b)(82)
through (101);
■ b. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(65)
through (b)(72) as paragraphs (b)(72)
through (79);
■ c. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(50)
through (64) as paragraphs (b)(56)
through (70);
■ d. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(47)
through (49) as paragraphs (b)(51)
through (53);
■ e. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(43)
through (46) as paragraphs (b)(46)
through (49);
■ f. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(33)
through (42) as paragraphs (b)(35)
through (44);
■ g. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(10)
through (32) as paragraphs (b)(11)
through (33); and
■ h. Add new paragraphs (b)(10), (34),
(45), (50), (54), (55), (71), (80), and (81).
The additions read as follows:
■
■
§ 1308.11
*
Schedule I.
*
*
(b) * * *
*
*
(10) alpha′-Methyl butyryl fentanyl
(2-methyl-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-Nphenylbutanamide) ......................
E:\FR\FM\13APP1.SGM
13APP1
9864
Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 71 / Thursday, April 13, 2023 / Proposed Rules
*
*
*
*
(34) 2′,5′-Dimethoxyfentanyl (N-(1(2,5dimethoxyphenethyl)piperidin-4yl)-N-phenylpropionamide) .........
*
*
*
*
(45) 3-Furanyl fentanyl (N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-Nphenylfuran-3-carboxamide) .......
*
*
*
*
(50) Isovaleryl fentanyl (3-methylN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-Nphenylbutanamide) ......................
*
*
*
*
(54) meta-Fluorofentanyl (N-(3fluorophenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4yl)propionamide) .........................
(55) meta-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl
(N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4yl)isobutyramide). ........................
*
*
*
*
(71) ortho-Fluorofuranyl fentanyl
(N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2carboxamide) ................................
*
*
*
*
(80) para-Methoxyfuranyl fentanyl
(N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2carboxamide .................................
(81)
para-Methylcyclopropyl
fentanyl (N-(4-methylphenyl)-N(1-phenethylpiperidin-4yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide) .....
*
*
*
*
*
40 CFR Part 302
9861
*
9860
*
9862
*
9857
9858
*
9863
*
9859
9865
Signing Authority
lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with PROPOSALS1
This document of the Drug
Enforcement Administration was signed
on April 3, 2023, by Administrator
Anne Milgram. That document with the
original signature and date is
maintained by DEA. For administrative
purposes only, and in compliance with
requirements of the Office of the Federal
Register, the undersigned DEA Federal
Register Liaison Officer has been
authorized to sign and submit the
document in electronic format for
publication, as an official document of
DEA. This administrative process in no
way alters the legal effect of this
document upon publication in the
Federal Register.
[FR Doc. 2023–07576 Filed 4–12–23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410–09–P
VerDate Sep<11>2014
17:22 Apr 12, 2023
Jkt 259001
[EPA–HQ–OLEM–2022–0922; FRL–9064–
01–OLEM]
RIN 2050–AH25
*
Scott Brinks,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, Drug
Enforcement Administration.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
Addressing PFAS in the Environment
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Advance notice of proposed
rulemaking (ANPRM).
AGENCY:
The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA or the Agency) is seeking
public input and data to assist in the
consideration of potential development
of future regulations pertaining to perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA or Superfund). The Agency is
seeking input and data regarding
potential future hazardous substance
designation under CERCLA of: Seven
PFAS, besides perfluorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic
acid (PFOS), and their salts and
structural isomers, or some subset
thereof; precursors (a precursor is a
chemical that is transformed into
another compound through the course
of a degradation process) to PFOA,
PFOS, and seven other PFAS; and/or
categories of PFAS.
DATES: Comments must be received on
or before June 12, 2023. Under the
Paperwork Reduction Act, comments on
the information collection provisions
are best assured of consideration if the
Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) receives a copy of your
comments on or before May 15, 2023.
ADDRESSES: You may send comments,
identified by Docket ID No. EPA–HQ–
OLEM–2022–0922, by any of the
following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal:
https://www.regulations.gov (our
preferred method). Follow the online
instructions for submitting comments.
• Mail: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA Docket Center,
OLEM Docket, Mail Code 28221T, 1200
Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20460.
• Hand Delivery or Courier: EPA
Docket Center, WJC West Building,
Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue
NW, Washington, DC 20004. The Docket
Center’s hours of operations are 8:30
a.m.–4:30 p.m., Monday–Friday (except
Federal Holidays).
Instructions: All submissions received
must include the Docket ID No. for this
SUMMARY:
PO 00000
Frm 00017
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
22399
rulemaking. Comments received may be
posted without change to https://
www.regulations.gov/, including any
personal information provided. For
detailed instructions on sending
comments and additional information
on the rulemaking process, see the
‘‘Public Participation’’ heading of the
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of
this document. For further information
on EPA Docket Center services and the
current status, please visit us online at
https://www.epa.gov/dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Michelle Schutz, Office of Superfund
Remediation and Technology
Innovation (5201T), Environmental
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460;
telephone number 703–346–9536; email
address: schutz.michelle@epa.gov or
Linda Strauss, Office of Superfund
Remediation and Technology
Innovation (5201T), Environmental
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460;
telephone number 202–564–0797; email
address: strauss.linda@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Acronyms and abbreviations. We use
multiple acronyms and terms in this
preamble. While this list may not be
exhaustive, to ease the reading of this
ANPRM and for reference purposes, the
EPA defines the following terms and
acronyms here:
AFFF Aqueous film forming foam
ANPRM Advance Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry
CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service
Registry Numbers
CDC Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
DSSTox Distributed Structure-Searchable
Toxicity
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
GenX Trade name for technology platform
that uses HFPO–DA and its ammonium salt
as a polymerization aid in the production
of fluoropolymers
HFPO Hexafluoropropylene oxide
HFPO–DA Hexafluoropropylene oxide
dimer acid
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
LCPFAC Long-chain perfluoroalkyl
carboxylate
NPL National Priorities List
NPRM Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PBI Proprietary Business Information
PFAS Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PFBA Perfluorobutanoic acid
PFBS Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid
PFDA Perfluorodecanoic acid
PFHxA Perfluorohexanoic acid
PFHxS Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid
PFNA Perfluorononanoic acid
E:\FR\FM\13APP1.SGM
13APP1
Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 71 (Thursday, April 13, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 22391-22399]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-07576]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Drug Enforcement Administration
21 CFR Part 1308
[Docket No. DEA-1036]
Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Nine Specific
Fentanyl-Related Substances in Schedule I
AGENCY: Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The Drug Enforcement Administration proposes placing nine
substances, as identified in this proposed rule, in schedule I of the
Controlled Substances Act. These nine substances fall within the
definition of fentanyl-related substances set forth in the February 6,
2018, temporary scheduling order. Through the Temporary Reauthorization
and Study of Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl Analogues Act, which
became law on February 6, 2020, Congress extended the temporary control
of fentanyl-related substances until May 6, 2021. This temporary order
was subsequently extended multiple times, most recently on December 29,
2022, through the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which extended
the order until December 31, 2024. If finalized, this action would make
permanent the existing regulatory controls and administrative, civil,
and criminal sanctions applicable to schedule I controlled substances
on persons who handle (manufacture, distribute, import, export, engage
in research, conduct instructional activities or chemical analysis, or
possess), or propose to handle these nine specific controlled
substances.
DATES: Comments must be submitted electronically or postmarked on or
before May 15, 2023.
Interested persons may file a request for a hearing or waiver of
hearing pursuant to 21 CFR 1308.44 and in accordance with 21 CFR
1316.47 and/or 1316.49, as applicable. Requests for a hearing, and
waivers of an opportunity for a hearing or to participate in a hearing,
must be received on or before May 15, 2023.
ADDRESSES: Interested persons may file written comments on this
proposal in accordance with 21 CFR 1308.43(g). The electronic Federal
Docket Management System will not accept comments after 11:59 p.m.
Eastern Time on the last day of the comment period. To ensure proper
handling of comments, please reference ``Docket No. DEA-1036'' on all
electronic and written correspondence, including any attachments.
Electronic comments: The Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) encourages commenters to submit all comments electronically
through the Federal eRulemaking Portal which provides the ability to
type short comments directly into the comment field on the web page or
to attach a file for lengthier comments. Please go to https://www.regulations.gov and follow the online instructions at that site for
submitting comments. Upon completion of your submission you will
receive a Comment Tracking Number for your comment. Submitted comments
are not instantaneously available for public view on Regulations.gov.
If you have received a Comment Tracking Number, your comment has been
successfully submitted and there is no need to resubmit the same
comment.
Paper comments: Paper comments that duplicate electronic
submissions are not necessary. Should you wish to mail a paper comment
in lieu of an electronic comment, it should be sent via regular or
express mail to: Drug Enforcement Administration, Attn: DEA Federal
Register Representative/DPW, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield,
Virginia 22152.
[[Page 22392]]
Hearing requests: All requests for a hearing and waivers
of participation, together with a written statement of position on the
matters of fact and law asserted in the hearing, must be filed with the
DEA Administrator, who will make the determination of whether a hearing
will be needed to address such matters of fact and law in the
rulemaking. Such requests must be sent to: Drug Enforcement
Administration, Attn: Administrator, 8701 Morrissette Drive,
Springfield, Virginia 22152. For informational purposes, a courtesy
copy of requests for hearing and waivers of participation should also
be sent to: (1) Drug Enforcement Administration, Attn: Hearing Clerk/
OALJ, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152; and (2) Drug
Enforcement Administration, Attn: DEA Federal Register Representative/
DPW, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Terrence L. Boos, Drug and
Chemical Evaluation Section, Diversion Control Division, Drug
Enforcement Administration; Telephone: (571) 362-3249.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In this proposed rule, the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) proposes to permanently schedule the following
nine controlled substances in schedule I of the Controlled Substances
Act (CSA), including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of
isomers, esters, and ethers whenever the existence of such isomers,
esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical
designation:
meta-fluorofentanyl (N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide),
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide),
para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl (N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide),
3-furanyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-
phenylfuran-3-carboxamide),
2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl (N-(1-(2,5-
dimethoxyphenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpropionamide),
isovaleryl fentanyl (3-methyl-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-
yl)-N-phenylbutanamide),
ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl (N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide),
alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl (2-methyl-N-(1-
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbutanamide),
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl (N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-
(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide).
Posting of Public Comments
All comments received in response to this docket are considered
part of the public record. DEA will make comments available for public
inspection online at https://www.regulations.gov, unless reasonable
cause is given. Such information includes personal identifying
information (such as your name, address, etc.) voluntarily submitted by
the commenter. The Freedom of Information Act applies to all comments
received. If you want to submit personal identifying information (such
as your name, address, etc.) as part of your comment, but do not want
DEA to make it publicly available, you must include the phrase
``PERSONAL IDENTIFYING INFORMATION'' in the first paragraph of your
comment. You must also place all of the personal identifying
information you do not want made publicly available in the first
paragraph of your comment and identify what information you want
redacted.
If you want to submit confidential business information as part of
your comment, but do not want DEA to make it publicly available, you
must include the phrase ``CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION'' in the
first paragraph of your comment. You must also prominently identify
confidential business information to be redacted within the comment.
DEA will generally make publicly available in redacted from
comments containing personal identifying information and confidential
business information identified as directed above. If a comment has so
much confidential business information or personal identifying
information that DEA cannot redact it effectively, DEA may not make all
or part of that comment publicly available. Comments posted to https://www.regulations.gov may include any personal identifying information
(such as name, address, and phone number) included in the text of your
electronic submission that is not identified as confidential as
directed above.
An electronic copy of this document and supplemental information to
this proposed rule are available at https://www.regulations.gov for
easy reference.
Request for Hearing or Appearance; Waiver
Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(a), this action is a formal rulemaking
``on the record after opportunity for a hearing.'' Such proceedings are
conducted pursuant to the provisions of the Administrative Procedure
Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. 551-559. 21 CFR 1308.41-1308.45; 21 CFR part 1316,
subpart D. Interested persons, as defined in 21 CFR 1300.01(b), may
file requests for a hearing in conformity with the requirements of 21
CFR 1308.44(a) and 1316.47(a), and such requests must:
(1) state with particularity the interest of the person in the
proceeding;
(2) state with particularity the objections or issues concerning
which the person desires to be heard; and
(3) state briefly the position of the person with regarding to the
objections or issues.
Any interested person may file a waiver of an opportunity for a
hearing or to participate in a hearing in conformity with the
requirements of 21 CFR 1308.44(c), together with a written statement of
position on the matters of fact and law involved in any hearing. 21 CFR
1316.49.
All requests for a hearing and waivers of participation, together
with a written statement of position on the matters of fact and law
involved in such hearing, must be sent to DEA using the address
information provided above. The decision whether a hearing will be
needed to address such matters of fact and law in the rulemaking will
be made by the Administrator. If a hearing is needed, DEA will publish
a notice of hearing on the proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register.
21 CFR 1308.44(b), 1316.53. Further, once the Administrator determines
a hearing is needed to address such matters of fact and law in
rulemaking, she will then designate an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ)
to preside over the hearing. The ALJ's functions shall only commence
upon designation, as provided in 21 CFR 1316.52.
In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811 and 812, the purpose of a hearing
would be to determine whether meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-
fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and/or para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl meet the statutory criteria for placement in
schedule I.
Legal Authority
The CSA provides that proceedings for the issuance, amendment, or
repeal of the scheduling of any drug or other substance may be
initiated by the Attorney General (delegated to the Administrator of
DEA pursuant to 28 CFR 0.100) on his own motion.\1\ This proposed
action is supported by a
[[Page 22393]]
recommendation from the Assistant Secretary for Health of the
Department of Health and Human Services (Assistant Secretary for HHS or
Assistant Secretary) and an evaluation of all other relevant data by
DEA. If finalized, this action would make permanent the existing
temporary regulatory controls and administrative, civil, and criminal
sanctions of schedule I controlled substances on any person who handles
or proposes to handle these nine substances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ 21 U.S.C. 811(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Background
On February 6, 2018, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1), DEA published
an order in the Federal Register (83 FR 5188) temporarily placing
fentanyl-related substances, as defined in that order, in schedule I of
the CSA based upon a finding that these substances pose an imminent
hazard to the public safety. As discussed below in Factor 3, the nine
substances named in this proposed rule meet the existing definition of
fentanyl-related substances as they are not otherwise controlled in any
other schedule (i.e., not included under another DEA Controlled
Substance Code Number) and are structurally related to fentanyl by one
or more of the five modifications listed under the definition. That
temporary order was effective upon the date of publication. Pursuant to
21 U.S.C. 811(h)(2), the temporary control of fentanyl-related
substances, a class of substances as defined in the order, as well as
the nine specific substances already covered by that order, was set to
expire on February 6, 2020. However, on February 6, 2020, as explained
in DEA's April 10, 2020, correcting amendment (85 FR 20155), Congress
extended that expiration date until May 6, 2021, by enacting the
Temporary Reauthorization and Study of the Emergency Scheduling of
Fentanyl Analogues Act (Pub. L. 116-114, sec. 2, 134 Stat. 103). This
temporary order was subsequently extended multiple times, most recently
on December 29, 2022, through the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2023,\2\ which extended the order until December 31, 2024.
Consequently, the temporary control of these nine substances will
remain in effect until December 31, 2024, unless DEA permanently places
them in schedule I prior to that date.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ Public Law 117-328, Division O, Title VI, Sec. 601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Therefore, the Administrator, on her own motion pursuant to 21
U.S.C. 811(a), is initiating proceedings to permanently schedule meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl. DEA gathered and reviewed the
available information regarding the pharmacology, chemistry,
trafficking, actual abuse, pattern of abuse, and the relative potential
for abuse for these substances. On October 12, 2021, in accordance with
21 U.S.C. 811(b), the Administrator submitted a request to the
Assistant Secretary to provide DEA with a scientific and medical
evaluation of available information and a scheduling recommendation for
these nine substances.
On May 16, 2022, the Assistant Secretary submitted HHS's scientific
and medical evaluation and scheduling recommendation for meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl and their salts to the
Administrator. In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(c), upon receipt of the
scientific and medical evaluation and scheduling recommendation from
HHS, DEA reviewed the documents and all other relevant data, and
conducted its own eight-factor analysis of the abuse potential of these
nine substances.
Proposed Determination To Permanently Schedule Nine Specific Fentanyl-
Related Substances
As discussed in the background section, the Administrator is
initiating proceedings, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(a), to permanently
add meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl to schedule I.
DEA reviewed the scientific and medical evaluation, scheduling
recommendation received from HHS, and all other relevant data and
conducted its own eight-factor analysis of the abuse potential of these
nine substances pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(c). Included below is a brief
summary of each factor as analyzed by HHS and DEA, and as considered by
DEA in its proposed scheduling action. Please note that both DEA and
HHS analyses are available in their entirety under ``Supporting
Documents'' of the public docket for this proposed rule at https://www.regulations.gov under Docket Number ``DEA-1036.''
1. The Drug's Actual or Relative Potential for Abuse
The term ``abuse'' is not defined in the CSA. However, the
legislative history of the CSA \3\ suggests that DEA consider the
following criteria when determining whether a particular drug or
substance has a potential for abuse:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970,
H.R. Rep. No. 91-1444, 91st Cong., Sess. 1 (1970); reprinted in 1970
U.S.C.C.A.N. 4566, 4603.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) There is evidence that individuals are taking the drug or drugs
containing such a substance in amounts sufficient to create a hazard to
their health or to the safety of other individuals or to the community;
or
(b) There is significant diversion of the drug or drugs containing
such a substance from legitimate drug channels; or
(c) Individuals are taking the drug or drugs containing such a
substance on their own initiative rather than on the basis of medical
advice from a practitioner licensed by law to administer such drugs in
the course of his professional practice; or
(d) The drug or drugs containing such a substance are new drugs so
related in their action to a drug or drugs already listed as having a
potential for abuse to make it likely that the drug will have the same
potentiality for abuse as such drugs, thus making it reasonable to
assume that there may be significant diversions from legitimate
channels, significant use contrary to or without medical advice, or
that it has a substantial capability of creating hazards to the health
of the user or to the safety of the community.
The abuse potential of meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl,
alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl is
associated with their pharmacological similarity to other schedule I
and II mu-opioid receptor agonist substances which have a high
potential for abuse. Similar to schedule II substances morphine and
fentanyl and several schedule I opioid substances that are structurally
related to fentanyl, these nine substances have been shown to bind and
act as mu-opioid receptor agonists.
meta-Fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
[[Page 22394]]
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl have no approved medical use in the United
States and have been encountered on the illicit drug market. Because
these nine substances are not Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-
approved drug products, a practitioner may not legally prescribe them
and these substances cannot be dispensed to an individual. Accordingly,
the use of these nine substances without medical advice leads to the
conclusion that they are abused for their opioid-like properties. There
are no legitimate channels for these nine substances to be marketed as
FDA-approved drug products, but they are available for purchase from
legitimate chemical companies to be used in scientific research.
However, despite the limited legitimate use of these substances,
reports from public health and law enforcement indicate that meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl are being abused and taken in
amounts sufficient to create a hazard to an individual's health. Data
from forensic databases can be used as an indicator of illicit activity
with drugs and abuse \4\ within the United States. According to drug
seizure data from 2016 to 2021 from the National Forensic Laboratory
Information System (NFLIS),\5\ seven of the substances (meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl
fentanyl, and alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl) are being encountered in
the United States. Two substances (2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl) were not listed in the NFLIS database,
however, reporting from NMS labs \6\ in 2019 show that 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl have been
positively identified in drugs seized by the Department of Homeland
Security. Consequently, the positive identification of the nine
substances in law enforcement encounters indicates that these
substances are being abused, and thus pose safety hazards to the health
of users.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ While law enforcement data is not direct evidence of abuse,
it can lead to an inference that a drug has been diverted and
abused. See 76 FR 77330, 77332, Dec. 12, 2011.
\5\ NFLIS is a DEA program and a national forensic laboratory
reporting system that systematically collects results from drug
chemistry analyses conducted by state and local forensic
laboratories in the United States. The NFLIS database also contains
Federal data from U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). NFLIS
only includes drug chemistry results from completed analyses. NFLIS
data were queried July 18, 2022. NFLIS is still reporting data from
2021 due to normal lag time in reporting.
\6\ NMS Labs is an independent provider of professional
laboratory testing services, specializing in clinical toxicology and
forensic science.
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2. Scientific Evidence of the Drug's Pharmacological Effects, if Known
meta-Fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl are
pharmacologically similar to other schedule I and schedule II mu-opioid
receptor agonist substances. Non-clinical and clinical studies
conducted on abuse potential of mu-opioid receptor agonists such as
morphine and fentanyl indicate that these substances share
discriminative stimulus effects and have reinforcing properties.
Similar to schedule I and II opioid analgesics, these nine substances
bind to and activate the mu-opioid receptor. Additionally, behavioral
studies in animals demonstrate that meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-
fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl produce analgesic effects similar to
fentanyl and morphine. Further, pre-treatment with naltrexone, an
opioid antagonist, attenuated analgesic effects of these nine
substances as well as morphine. Thus, it is concluded from in vitro and
in vivo pharmacological studies that the effects of these nine
substances are similar to that of fentanyl and morphine and mediated by
mu-opioid receptor agonism.
3. The State of Current Scientific Knowledge Regarding the Drug or
Other Substance
meta-Fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl are synthetic
opioids in the 4-anilidopiperidine structural class which includes
fentanyl. As defined in the February 6, 2018, temporary order,
fentanyl-related substances include any substance not otherwise
controlled in any schedule (i.e., not included under any other
Administration Controlled Substance Code Number) that is structurally
related to fentanyl by one or more of the following modifications:
(A) Replacement of the phenyl portion of the phenethyl group by any
monocycle, whether or not further substituted in or on the monocycle;
(B) substitution in or on the phenethyl group with alkyl, alkenyl,
alkoxyl, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino or nitro groups;
(C) substitution in or on the piperidine ring with alkyl, alkenyl,
alkoxyl, ester, ether, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino or nitro
groups;
(D) replacement of the aniline ring with any aromatic monocycle
whether or not further substituted in or on the aromatic monocycle;
and/or
(E) replacement of the N-propionyl group by another acyl group.
[[Page 22395]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AP23.114
According to the February 6, 2018, temporary scheduling order, the
existence of a substance with any one, or any combination, of above-
mentioned modifications (see Figure 1) would meet the structural
requirements of the definition of fentanyl-related substances. The
present nine substances fall within the definition of fentanyl-related
substances by the following modifications:
1. meta-fluorofentanyl: substitution on the aniline ring (meets
definition for modification D);
2. meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl: substitution on the aniline ring
and replacement of the N-propionyl group with another acyl group (meets
definition for modifications D and E);
3. para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl: substitution on the aniline ring
and replacement of the N-propionyl group with another acyl group (meets
definition for modifications D and E);
4. 3-furanyl fentanyl: replacement of the N-propionyl group with
another acyl group (meets definition for modification E);
5. 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl: substitution on the phenethyl group
with alkoxyl groups (meets definition for modification B);
6. isovaleryl fentanyl: replacement of the N-propionyl group with
another acyl group (meets definition for modification E);
7. ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl: substitution on the aniline ring
and replacement of the N-propionyl group with another acyl group (meets
definition for modifications D and E);
8. alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl: replacement of the N-propionyl
group with another acyl group (meets definition for modification E);
9. para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl: substitution on the aniline
ring and replacement of the N-propionyl group with another acyl group
(meets definition for modifications D and E);
No study has been undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, toxicology,
and safety of the nine substances in humans. It can be inferred from
data obtained from animal studies that these nine substances have
sufficient distribution to the brain to produce depressant effects
similar to that of mu opioid receptor agonists.
There are no FDA-approved marketing applications for drug products
containing meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl for any
therapeutic indication in the United States. Moreover, there are no
clinical studies or petitioners which have claimed an accepted medical
use in the United States for these substances.
4. Its History and Current Pattern of Abuse
Evidence suggests that the pattern of abuse of meta-Fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl parallels that of prescription opioid
analgesics. Currently, the United States is in the midst of an illicit
opioid abuse epidemic. There has been a marked increase in the
encounters of synthetic opioids that are structurally related to
fentanyl that parallels to an increase in deaths related to synthetic
opioids. Thus, the recreational abuse of fentanyl-like substances
continues to be a significant concern. These substances are distributed
to users, often with unpredictable outcomes. According to HHS, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported there were
over 68,000 deaths in 2020 associated with the use of opioids other
than methadone, but including fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances
(HHS, 2022).
Law enforcement encountered these nine substances in the United
States. According to the NFLIS \7\ database, 49 reports were registered
containing seven of the substances (meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-
fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, or alpha'-
methyl butyryl fentanyl) from state or local forensic laboratories from
2016 to 2021. Two substances (2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl) were not listed in the NFLIS database,
however, reporting from NMS labs in 2019 show that 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl have been
positively identified in seized drugs encountered by the Department of
Homeland Security.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ NFLIS data were queried July 18, 2022. NFLIS data reporting
is still pending for 2021 due to normal lag time.
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[[Page 22396]]
5. The Scope, Duration, and Significance of Abuse
Similar to other substances structurally related to fentanyl, meta-
Fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl are often used as recreational
drugs. The recreational use of these nine substances and other
fentanyl-related substances continues to be of significant concern in
the United States. These substances are distributed to users often with
unpredictable outcomes.
DEA notes that the data from pharmacological testing of meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl are consistent with those of other
opioids such as fentanyl and other related opioid agonists. Thus, it
can be inferred the abuse potential of these substances is similar to
mu opioid receptor agonists such as fentanyl and morphine.
6. What, if Any, Risk There Is to the Public Health
The abuse of meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl,
para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl,
alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
leads to the same qualitative public health risks as heroin, fentanyl,
and other opioid analgesic substances. Further, abusers of these
substances may not know the origin, identity, or purity of these
substances. This unknown information poses significant adverse health
risks when compared to abuse of pharmaceutical preparations of opioid
analgesics, such as morphine and oxycodone. Taken together, evidence
suggests that individuals experimenting with substances with unknown
potency are at high risk of adverse health outcomes.
7. Its Psychic or Physiological Dependence Liability
There are no pre-clinical or clinical studies that have evaluated
the psychic or physiologic dependence of meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-
fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl. Several studies have shown that due to
fentanyl's short duration of action, more frequent dosing is often
required which can lead to a fast induction of tolerance, dependence,
and opiate withdrawal syndrome. Opioid withdrawal includes nausea and
vomiting, depression, agitation, anxiety, craving, sweats,
hypertension, diarrhea, and fever. These nine substances act as
agonists at the mu opioid receptors and exhibit a full and dose-
dependent substitution for the discriminative stimulus effects produced
by morphine. Thus, the pharmacological similarity and pattern of abuse
of these nine substances to fentanyl are indicative of their potential
to possess a psychic and physiological dependence liability similar to
that of other mu opioid receptor agonist substances, such as heroin and
fentanyl.
8. Whether the Substance Is an Immediate Precursor of a Substance
Already Controlled Under the CSA
meta-Fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl are not immediate
precursors of any controlled substance of the CSA as defined by 21
U.S.C. 802(23).
Conclusion: Based on consideration of the scientific and medical
evaluation and accompanying recommendation of HHS, and on DEA's own
eight-factor analysis, DEA finds that these facts and all relevant data
constitute substantial evidence of potential for abuse of meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl. As such, DEA proposes to
permanently schedule these nine substances as controlled substances
under the CSA.
Proposed Determination of Appropriate Schedule
The CSA establishes five schedules of controlled substances known
as schedules I, II, III, IV, and V. The CSA also outlines the findings
required to place a drug or other substance in any particular schedule,
per 21 U.S.C. 812(b). After consideration of the analysis and
recommendation of the Assistant Secretary for HHS and review of all
other available data, the Administrator of DEA, pursuant to 21 U.S.C.
812(b)(1), finds that:
(1) meta-Fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl have a high
potential for abuse. According to HHS, these nine substances are mu-
opioid receptor agonists. These substances have analgesic effects, and
these effects are mediated by mu-opioid receptor agonism. HHS states
that substances that produce mu-opioid receptor agonist effects in the
central nervous system (e.g., morphine and fentanyl) are considered as
having a high potential for abuse. Data obtained from drug
discrimination studies indicate that these nine substances fully
substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine.
(2) FDA has not approved a marketing application for a drug product
containing meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl for any
therapeutic indication. In addition, DEA and HHS know of no clinical
studies or petitioners claiming an accepted medical use in the United
States. Therefore, these nine substances have no currently accepted
medical use in the United States.\8\
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\8\ Although there is no evidence suggesting that meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl
fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl have a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, it bears
noting that a drug cannot be found to have such medical use unless
DEA concludes that it satisfies a five-part test. Specifically, with
respect to a drug that has not been approved by FDA, to have a
currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States,
all of the following must be demonstrated:
i. The drug's chemistry must be known and reproducible;
ii. there must be adequate safety studies;
iii. there must be adequate and well-controlled studies proving
efficacy;
iv. the drug must be accepted by qualified experts; and
v. the scientific evidence must be widely available.
57 FR 10499 (1992), pet. for rev. denied, Alliance for Cannabis
Therapeutics v. DEA, 15 F.3d 1131, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 1994).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl
[[Page 22397]]
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl under medical supervision. Because these
nine substances have no FDA-approved medical use and have not been
investigated as new drugs, their safety for use under medical
supervision is has not been determined. Therefore, there is a lack of
accepted safety for use of these nine substances under medical
supervision.
Based on these findings, the Administrator of DEA concludes that
meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl, including their
isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and
ethers whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and
salts is possible within the specific chemical designation, warrant
continued control in schedule I of the CSA.\9\
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\9\ 21 U.S.C. 812(b)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Requirements for Handling meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl
fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl,
alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
As discussed above, these nine fentanyl-related substances are
currently subject to a temporary scheduling order adding them to
schedule I. If this rule is finalized as proposed, meta-fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl would be subject, on a permanent basis, to
the CSA's schedule I regulatory controls and administrative, civil, and
criminal sanctions applicable to the manufacture, distribution,
dispensing, importing, exporting, research, and conduct of
instructional activities, including the following:
1. Registration. Any person who handles (manufactures, distributes,
dispenses, imports, exports, engages in research, or conducts
instructional activities or chemical analysis with, or possesses) meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl must be registered with DEA to
conduct such activities pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 822, 823, 957, and 958,
and in accordance with 21 CFR parts 1301 and 1312.
2. Security. meta-Fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl,
para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl,
alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl are
subject to schedule I security requirements and must be handled and
stored pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 821, 823, and in accordance with 21 CFR
1301.71-1301.76. Non-practitioners handling these nine substances also
must comply with the screening requirements of 21 CFR 1301.90-1301.93.
3. Labeling and Packaging. All labels and labeling for commercial
containers of meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl,
para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl,
alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
must comply with 21 U.S.C. 825, and be in accordance with 21 CFR part
1302.
4. Quota. Only registered manufacturers are permitted to
manufacture meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl in accordance
with a quota assigned pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 826 and in accordance with
21 CFR part 1303.
5. Inventory. Any person registered with DEA to handle meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl must have an initial inventory of
all stocks of controlled substances (including these substances) on
hand on the date the registrant first engages in the handling of
controlled substances pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 827, and in accordance with
21 CFR 1304.03, 1304.04, and 1304.11.
After the initial inventory, every DEA registrant must take a new
inventory of all stocks of controlled substances (including meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl) on hand every two years pursuant
to 21 U.S.C. 827 and in accordance with 21 CFR 1304.03, 1304.04, and
1304.11.
6. Records and Reports. Every DEA registrant must maintain records
and submit reports with respect to meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-
fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 827 and 832(a), and
in accordance with 21 CFR 1301.74(b) and (c) and 1301.76(b) and parts
1304, 1312, and 1317.
7. Order Forms. Every DEA registrant who distributes meta-
fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl
fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl
fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl,
and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl must comply with the order form
requirements, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 828 and 21 CFR part 1305.
8. Importation and Exportation. All importation and exportation of
meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-
methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl,
isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl
butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl must be in
compliance with 21 U.S.C. 952, 953, 957, and 958, and in accordance
with 21 CFR part 1312.
9. Liability. Any activity involving meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-
fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl not authorized by, or in violation of, the
CSA or its implementing regulations is unlawful, and may subject the
person to administrative, civil, and/or criminal sanctions.
Regulatory Analyses
Executive Orders 12866 and 13563, Regulatory Planning and Review, and
Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(a), this proposed scheduling
action is
[[Page 22398]]
subject to formal rulemaking procedures done ``on the record after
opportunity for a hearing,'' which are conducted pursuant to the
provisions of 5 U.S.C. 556 and 557. The CSA sets forth the criteria for
scheduling a drug or other substance. Such actions are exempt from
review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) pursuant to section
3(d)(1) of Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 and the principles reaffirmed
in E.O. 13563.
Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform
This proposed regulation meets the applicable standards set forth
in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of E.O. 12988 to eliminate drafting errors
and ambiguity, minimize litigation, provide a clear legal standard for
affected conduct, and promote simplification and burden reduction.
Executive Order 13132, Federalism
This proposed rulemaking does not have federalism implications
warranting the application of E.O. 13132. The proposed rule does not
have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship
between the National Government and the States, or the distribution of
power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal
Governments
This proposed rule does not have tribal implications warranting the
application of E.O. 13175. It does not have substantial direct effects
on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal
Government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and
responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian tribes.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Administrator, in accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility
Act, 5 U.S.C. 601-612, has reviewed this rule and by approving it,
certifies that it will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. On February 6, 2018, DEA
published an order to temporarily place fentanyl-related substances, as
defined in the order, in schedule I of the CSA pursuant to the
temporary scheduling provisions of 21 U.S.C. 811(h). However, as
explained in DEA's April 10, 2020, correcting amendment (85 FR 20155),
Congress extended that expiration date until May 6, 2021, by enacting
the Temporary Reauthorization and Study of the Emergency Scheduling of
Fentanyl Analogues Act (Pub. L. 116-114, sec. 2, 134 Stat. 103) (Feb.
6, 2020). This temporary order was subsequently extended multiple
times, most recently on December 29, 2022, through the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2023 (Pub. L. 117-328, Division O, Title VI, Sec.
601), which extended the order until December 31, 2024. DEA estimates
that all entities handling or planning to handle meta-fluorofentanyl,
meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl have already established and implemented
systems and processes required to handle these substances which meet
the definition of fentanyl-related substances.
There are currently 108 registrations authorized to specifically
handle the fentanyl-related substances as a class, which include one or
more of the following substances: meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-
fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl
fentanyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-
fluorofuranyl fentanyl, alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-
methylcyclopropyl fentanyl as well as a number of registered analytical
labs that are authorized to handle schedule I controlled substances
generally. Some of these entities are likely to be large entities.
However, since DEA does not have information of registrant size and the
majority of DEA registrants are small entities, DEA estimates a maximum
of 95 are small entities. Therefore, DEA conservatively estimates as
many as 95 small entities are affected by this proposed rule.
A review of the 108 registrations indicates that all entities that
currently handle meta-fluorofentanyl, meta-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl,
para-methoxyfuranyl fentanyl, 3-furanyl fentanyl, 2',5'-
dimethoxyfentanyl, isovaleryl fentanyl, ortho-fluorofuranyl fentanyl,
alpha'-methyl butyryl fentanyl, and para-methylcyclopropyl fentanyl
also handle other schedule I controlled substances and have established
and implemented (or maintained) systems and processes required to
handle these substances. Therefore, DEA anticipates this proposed rule
will impose minimal or no economic impact on any affected entities; and
thus, will not have a significant economic impact on any of the 95
affected small entities. Therefore, DEA has concluded that this
proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) of 1995,
2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq., DEA has determined and certifies that this
action would not result in any Federal mandate that may result ``in the
expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate,
or by the private sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually
for inflation) in any 1 year * * *.'' Therefore, neither a Small
Government Agency Plan nor any other action is required under UMRA of
1995.
List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 1308
Administrative practice and procedure, Drug traffic control,
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
For the reasons set out above, DEA proposes to amend 21 CFR part
1308 as follows:
PART 1308--SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
0
1. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 1308 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 811, 812, 871(b), 956(b), unless otherwise
noted.
0
2. In Sec. 1308.11:
0
a. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(73) through (92) as paragraphs (b)(82)
through (101);
0
b. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(65) through (b)(72) as paragraphs (b)(72)
through (79);
0
c. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(50) through (64) as paragraphs (b)(56)
through (70);
0
d. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(47) through (49) as paragraphs (b)(51)
through (53);
0
e. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(43) through (46) as paragraphs (b)(46)
through (49);
0
f. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(33) through (42) as paragraphs (b)(35)
through (44);
0
g. Redesignate paragraphs (b)(10) through (32) as paragraphs (b)(11)
through (33); and
0
h. Add new paragraphs (b)(10), (34), (45), (50), (54), (55), (71),
(80), and (81).
The additions read as follows:
Sec. 1308.11 Schedule I.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(10) alpha'-Methyl butyryl fentanyl (2-methyl-N-(1- 9864
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbutanamide)..................
[[Page 22399]]
* * * * *
(34) 2',5'-Dimethoxyfentanyl (N-(1-(2,5- 9861
dimethoxyphenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpropionamide)......
* * * * *
(45) 3-Furanyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N- 9860
phenylfuran-3-carboxamide)....................................
* * * * *
(50) Isovaleryl fentanyl (3-methyl-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4- 9862
yl)-N-phenylbutanamide).......................................
* * * * *
(54) meta-Fluorofentanyl (N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1- 9857
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide).........................
(55) meta-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(1- 9858
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide)........................
* * * * *
(71) ortho-Fluorofuranyl fentanyl (N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1- 9863
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide)..................
* * * * *
(80) para-Methoxyfuranyl fentanyl (N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1- 9859
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide...................
(81) para-Methylcyclopropyl fentanyl (N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(1- 9865
phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide)..............
* * * * *
Signing Authority
This document of the Drug Enforcement Administration was signed on
April 3, 2023, by Administrator Anne Milgram. That document with the
original signature and date is maintained by DEA. For administrative
purposes only, and in compliance with requirements of the Office of the
Federal Register, the undersigned DEA Federal Register Liaison Officer
has been authorized to sign and submit the document in electronic
format for publication, as an official document of DEA. This
administrative process in no way alters the legal effect of this
document upon publication in the Federal Register.
Scott Brinks,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, Drug Enforcement Administration.
[FR Doc. 2023-07576 Filed 4-12-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-09-P