Modifying Copayments for Veterans at High Risk for Suicide, 418-421 [2021-28049]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 3 (Wednesday, January 5, 2022)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 418-421]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-28049]



[[Page 418]]

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DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

38 CFR Part 17

RIN 2900-AQ30


Modifying Copayments for Veterans at High Risk for Suicide

AGENCY: Department of Veterans Affairs.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) proposes to amend its 
medical regulations that govern copayments for VA outpatient medical 
care and medications (to include outpatient medical care and 
medications provided by VA directly or community care obtained by VA 
through contracts, provider agreements or sharing agreements) by 
effectively eliminating the copayment for outpatient care and reducing 
the copayment for medications dispensed to veterans identified by VA as 
being at high risk for suicide. These copayment changes would be 
applied until VA determines that the veteran is no longer at high risk 
for suicide.

DATES: Comments must be received by VA on or before March 7, 2022.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be submitted through www.Regulations.gov. 
Comments received will be available at regulations.gov for public 
viewing, inspection or copies.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David Carroll, Ph.D., Executive 
Director, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention (11MHSP), 
Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, 810 
Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20420; (202) 461-4058. (This is not a 
toll-free number.)

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

    Under 38 U.S.C. 1710(g), VA is required to set the copayment amount 
for outpatient medical care provided to veterans who are eligible for 
such care by reason of 38 U.S.C. 1710(a)(3). In general, this applies 
to veterans enrolled in priority groups 7 and 8, which includes 
veterans with no compensable service-connected disability and veterans 
who have an annual income exceeding the applicable threshold. 38 CFR 
17.36. VA regulates the copayment amount for outpatient medical care in 
38 CFR 17.108(c). Under existing regulations, VA charges certain 
veterans $15.00 for each primary care outpatient visit and $50.00 for 
each specialty care outpatient visit. 38 CFR 17.108(c)(2). Across the 
broad continuum of mental health services, mental health care may be 
classified for billing purposes as primary care, such as an outpatient 
general mental health appointment, or as specialty care, such as a 
neuropsychological assessment.
    Section 1722A(a)(1) of title 38 of the U.S. Code states that the 
Secretary shall require a veteran to pay the United States $2 for each 
30-day supply of medication furnished to such veteran under this 
chapter on an outpatient basis for the treatment of a non-service-
connected disability or condition. In general, this applies to veterans 
enrolled in priority groups 2 through 8 (38 CFR 17.36) and excludes 
veterans with a service-connected disability rated 50 percent or more, 
veterans who are former prisoners of war, veterans whose annual income 
does not exceed the applicable threshold, and veterans awarded the 
medal of honor. VA regulates the copayment amount for medications in 38 
CFR 17.110(c). Section 1722A(a)(1) also states that if the amount 
supplied is less than a 30-day supply, VA may not reduce the copayment 
amount. While VA is not permitted to require a veteran to pay an amount 
in excess of the cost to VA, 38 U.S.C. 1722A(b) authorizes the 
Secretary to increase the copayment amount in effect under subsection 
(a) to cover the agency's costs for medications by regulation. However, 
the Secretary is not authorized to reduce the medication copayment 
below $2 for each 30-day supply.
    VA regulations set forth the categories of veterans who are exempt 
from copayment requirements as required by law for inpatient and 
outpatient medical care (38 CFR 17.108(d)-(f)), as well as medication 
(38 CFR 17.110(c)).

II. Need for the Proposed Rule

    VA has identified suicide prevention as a top clinical priority. 
Implementation of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines is one 
strategy VA has embraced to improve mental health care and access to 
suicide prevention resources available to veterans by reducing 
variation in practice and systematizing best practices. Jointly issued 
by VA and the Department of Defense (DoD), the VA/DoD Clinical Practice 
Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Patients at Risk for 
Suicide (2019) (CPG) recommends health care professionals increase the 
frequency of outpatient mental health encounters to provide more 
intense care and preventive services for veterans who are determined to 
be at high risk for suicide, as these evidence-based enhancements have 
shown to reduce the risk of suicide. See, e.g., CPG pp. 23-25. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/srb/VADoDSuicideRiskFullCPGFinal5088212019.pdf.
    However, VA understands that the increase in outpatient visits may 
be a financial burden and a detriment to certain veterans who must pay 
a copayment, as an increase in outpatient visits results in increased 
numbers of copayments. Healthcare research has provided extensive 
evidence that copayments can be barriers to healthcare for vulnerable 
patients. For example, as summarized in the CPG, scientific and 
clinical literature supports the principle that copayment rates can be 
barriers to medication adherence and access to clinical services. See, 
e.g., (No author listed). Impact of Copays in Vulnerable Populations, 
American Journal of Managed Care, Vol. 12 No. 13 Nov. 2006, S359-363; 
and, Simon GE, VonKorff M, Durham ML. Predictors of outpatient mental 
health utilization by primary care patients in a health maintenance 
organization, American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 151 No. 6 Jun. 1994, 
908-913. Currently, there is no exemption from outpatient care 
copayments for veterans who are at risk for suicide, and such veterans 
have to pay a $15.00 or $50.00 copayment for each outpatient visit 
(depending on whether the visit qualifies as primary care or specialty 
care).
    In addition, VA internal reporting documents, such as issue briefs, 
have revealed that there are substantial numbers of suicides and 
suicide attempts among veterans that result from overdoses of 
medications that are prescribed by VA providers on an outpatient basis. 
The CPG includes a strong recommendation to prescribe medication in 
less than 30-day supplies for veterans at high risk of suicide in order 
to prevent fatal or medically serious overdoses. See CPG p. 24. The 
clinical necessity to prescribe medication in less than 30-day supplies 
for veterans who are at high risk for suicide would likely arise, for 
medications that are potentially dangerous or lethal in the event of 
overdose, either by themselves or in combination with other medications 
being used by a veteran. VA understands that providing less than a 30-
day supply would necessarily require more prescriptions, which may 
cause an economic burden to veterans who must pay a copayment for each 
prescription. In order to address both the necessity of prescribing 
medication in less than 30-day supplies for veterans at high risk of 
suicide and the consequent financial burden of issuing

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multiple prescriptions, each with fewer doses, for the same 30-day 
period, VA believes that current 38 CFR 17.110 should be amended to 
allow for lesser copayment amounts for medications prescribed for a 
veteran at high risk of suicide.

III. Provisions of the Proposed Rule

    VA seeks to revise two sections of our medical regulations, Sec.  
17.108 regarding copayments for inpatient hospital care and outpatient 
medical care and Sec.  17.110 regarding copayments for medication to 
modify copayments for veterans who are determined by VA to be at high 
risk of suicide. As Sec. Sec.  17.108 and 17.110 apply to care and 
medication obtained by VA through contracts, providers agreements, and 
sharing agreements, not just care and medication provided directly by 
VA, the proposed revisions below would apply to outpatient care and 
medication provided directly by VA as well as outpatient care and 
medication provided by community providers. The determination of 
whether a veteran is at high risk of suicide is a clinical decision 
made by VA clinicians that is based upon the following essential 
features: (1) A recent suicide attempt or preparatory behaviors, (2) 
suicidal ideation with intent to die resulting in inpatient 
hospitalization, or (3) active threats to harm oneself, seeking access 
to means, or talking or writing about death, dying, or suicide when the 
actions are out of character for the person.
    In general, electronic flags and triggers are used in the 
electronic health record to alert a provider to a variety of clinical 
needs and prevention opportunities. VA restricts the use of the alert 
to address immediate clinical safety issues. VA has implemented such 
tools in several areas, including alerting VA providers through patient 
record flags to a veteran's suicide risk. For purposes of readability, 
we will use the term ``alert'' in this document rather than referring 
to an electronic flag or trigger. The CPG at Sidebar 2a. Essential 
Features from Risk Stratification Table--Acute Risk (p. 23) lists 
essential features for a high acute risk of suicide as: Suicidal 
ideation with intent to die by suicide; and an inability to maintain 
safety, independent of external support/help. The CPG lists common 
warning signs such as: A plan for suicide; recent attempt and/or 
ongoing preparatory Behaviors; acute major mental illness (e.g., major 
depressive episode, acute mania, acute psychosis, recent/current drug 
relapse); and, exacerbation of a personality disorder (e.g., increased 
borderline symptomatology). In addition, various psychosocial factors 
are associated with risk for suicide and suicide attempts. These 
include recent life events such as losses (especially employment, 
careers, finances, housing, marital relationships, physical health, and 
a sense of a future), and chronic or long-term problems such as 
relationship difficulties, unemployment, and ongoing or pending legal 
issues.
    In addition, there are warning signs that empirically have been 
shown to be temporally related to the acute onset of suicidal behaviors 
(e.g., within hours to a few days). These signs should warn the 
clinician of acute risk for the expression of suicidal behaviors, 
especially in those individuals with other risk factors. See, e.g., 
Rudd MD, Berman AL, Joiner TE, et al. Warning signs for suicide: 
Theory, research and clinical applications. Suicide and Life 
Threatening Behavior; Volume 36 Issue 3, 255-62 (2006). Three of these 
warning signs carry the highest likelihood of short-term onset of 
suicidal behaviors and require immediate attention, evaluation, 
referral, or consideration of hospitalization. These warning signs are: 
(1) Threatening to hurt or kill self; (2) looking for ways to kill 
self; seeking access to pills, weapons or other means; and, (3) talking 
or writing about death, dying or suicide. See VA Suicide Risk 
Assessment Guide. https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/suicide_risk_assessment_reference_guide.pdf.
    Once a veteran is determined to be at high risk for suicide by a VA 
clinician, VA suicide prevention staff, as a matter of VA policy, 
places an alert in the veteran's electronic health record indicating 
that the veteran is at high risk for suicide. VA suicide prevention 
staff then conducts a periodic review in all cases where a high-risk of 
suicide alert has been added to the electronic health record to 
determine whether the alert will remain active or be discontinued.
    We note that community care providers do not have direct access to 
the veteran's electronic health record, which is maintained by VA, and 
therefore cannot add an alert into that record. VA intends to engage 
community care providers and urge them to communicate to VA any finding 
that a veteran patient is believed to be at high risk of suicide so 
that VA can determine if a veteran is at high risk of suicide, as 
appropriate.

A. Sec.  17.108 Copayments for Inpatient Hospital Care and Outpatient 
Medical Care

    Section 17.108 establishes the copayment amounts for inpatient 
hospital care and outpatient medical care. Paragraph (c) of that 
section lists the copayments for outpatient care. We propose to add a 
new paragraph (c)(5), which would reduce to zero the outpatient 
copayment amount for veterans that VA determines to be at high risk for 
suicide.
    We propose that this copayment level would align with the use of 
the high risk of suicide alert in the veteran's electronic health 
record. Therefore, it would begin once the veteran is determined to be 
at high risk for suicide by a VA clinician and an alert is placed in 
the veteran's electronic health record. This copayment level would 
remain in place until the veteran is no longer at high risk for 
suicide. VA would no longer consider a veteran to be at high risk for 
suicide when an alert in the veteran's electronic health record 
indicating that the veteran is at high risk for suicide has been 
inactivated or removed by VA suicide prevention staff.
    VA has interpreted 38 U.S.C. 1710(g)(1) to mean that VA has the 
discretion to establish the applicable outpatient visit copayment 
amount by regulation, even if such amount is zero. 77 FR 13195, 13196. 
Therefore, if finalized as proposed, VA would effectively eliminate the 
outpatient visit copayment for veterans when veterans are at high risk 
for suicide by establishing the outpatient visit copayment amount as 
zero. This copayment level would begin once the veteran is determined 
to be at high risk for suicide and would remain in place until the 
veteran is no longer at high risk for suicide. By proposing elimination 
of copayments for all outpatient care it is VA's intent to remove any 
financial deterrents or barriers that a veteran may have against 
agreeing to an increase in the frequency of outpatient care when they 
are at high risk of suicide. VA believes this proposed change will 
assist VA in preventing suicide among veterans who are at high risk for 
suicide by providing a CPG-informed intervention without introducing 
new barriers to care, such as financial burdens. See, e.g., National 
Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine. Reducing Suicide: A National 
Imperative (2002).
    The proposed copayment reduction would be for all outpatient care, 
and not just limited to mental health care, for these veterans who are 
at high risk of suicide. VA believes that active and increased 
engagement in all medical care, not just mental health care, is a 
protective factor against suicide. See Department of Veterans Affairs, 
Veterans Health Administration. National Veteran Suicide Prevention 
Annual Report (2002); National

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Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine. Reducing Suicide: A National 
Imperative (2002). Mental health care is integrated into health care 
provided across the full range of VA medical services, and mental 
health care cannot reasonably and accurately be parsed out by provider 
type (e.g., some oncologists, who ordinarily screen for and treat 
cancer, also screen for depression and suicide risk) or setting type 
(e.g., some patients receive the bulk of their mental health care, 
including risk assessments and medication adjustments, in primary care 
settings). VA believes that eliminating copayments for all outpatient 
care supports provision of ongoing mental health screenings in clinical 
settings by various VA health care professionals.
    In addition, we propose revising paragraph (c)(1) by adding a 
reference to new proposed paragraph (c)(5). Current paragraph (c)(1) 
states that ``[e]xcept as provided in paragraphs (d), (e), or (f) of 
this section, a veteran, as a condition for receiving outpatient 
medical care provided by VA (provided either directly by VA or obtained 
by VA by contract, provider agreement, or sharing agreement), must 
agree to pay VA (and is obligated to pay VA) a copayment as set forth 
in paragraph (c)(2) or (c)(4) of this section.'' We would revise this 
paragraph to instead refer to ``a copayment as set forth in paragraph 
(c)(2), (c)(4) or (c)(5) of this section.''

B. Sec.  17.110 Copayments for Medication

    Section 17.110 establishes the copayment amounts for medications. 
Under this proposed rule, a veteran would pay the copayment amount of 
only $2 for a 30-day or less supply of medication while such veteran is 
determined to be at high risk for suicide. We propose to add a new 
paragraph (b)(6) to Section 17.110 to state that veterans who VA 
determines to be at high risk for suicide will pay a $2 medication 
copayment for all medications for each 30-day or less supply of a 
medication. We also propose that the initiation and duration of this 
medication copayment level would be the same as that established for 
outpatient copayments in proposed Sec.  17.108(c)(5). In other words, 
this copayment level would begin when the veteran is determined to be 
at high risk for suicide and would remain in place until the veteran is 
no longer considered to be at high risk for suicide. Also, VA would no 
longer consider a veteran to be at high risk for suicide when the alert 
in the veteran's electronic health record indicating that the veteran 
is at high risk for suicide is inactivated or removed.
    VA has three classes of medications, identified as Tier 1, Tier 2, 
and Tier 3. Copayment amounts are fixed and vary depending upon the 
class of medication as follows: $5 for a 30-day or less supply of a 
Tier 1 medication, $8 for a 30-day or less supply of a Tier 2 
medication, and $11 for a 30-day or less supply of a Tier 3 medication. 
Currently, there is no exemption from medication copayments for 
veterans who are at high risk for suicide, and such veterans would have 
to pay a much higher amount in copayments if they are being prescribed 
medication more frequently but with less supply (e.g., in increments of 
two weeks or less) and still paying a full copayment for each 
prescription filled. However, VA has consistently interpreted 38 U.S.C. 
1722A(a) to mean that VA has discretion to determine the appropriate 
copayment amount for medication furnished on an outpatient basis, as 
long as that amount is at least $2. See, e.g., 74 FR 69283 (December 
31, 2009); 75 FR 32668 (June 9, 2010); 81 FR 88117 (December 7, 2016).
    Under this proposed regulation, if VA were to prescribe a veteran 
medication on, for example, a weekly basis, the veteran would pay a $2 
copayment every week and would ultimately pay a total of $8 in 
copayments for a month's supply of medication regardless of tier. By 
contrast, under the current regulations and in the same scenario, for a 
Tier 1 medication (pursuant to 38 CFR 17.110(b)(1)), the veteran would 
pay $5 in copayment every week and would ultimately pay a total of $20 
in copayments for a month's supply of medication, or $44 for a Tier 3 
medication.
    Under the proposed rule, VA would adjust the copayment for 
medications once the veteran is determined to be at high risk for 
suicide and would remain in place until the veteran is no longer at 
high risk for suicide. The copayment reduction would be for all 
medications, regardless of tier, for these veterans who are at high 
risk of suicide. This is because many medications, psychiatric or non-
psychiatric, may be non-lethal when taken alone, but lethal when 
combined with other medication in an overdose. Also, it would be 
impractical for VA to identify every potentially dangerous medication 
combination for purposes of this copayment reduction.
    VA believes that establishing a flat $2 medication copayment, 
regardless of tier, for veterans determined to be at high risk for 
suicide serves several purposes. Applying a flat copayment amount to 
all prescribed medications means that there is no financial 
disincentive to the veteran continuing with medications that are 
prescribed to treat medical conditions other than for mental health, 
such as ongoing chronic medical conditions. In addition, veterans 
sometimes request that a clinician prescribe a Tier 1 or 2 medication 
to treat a diagnosed condition rather than a Tier 3 medication 
recommended by the clinician in order to decrease medication 
copayments. Adopting a flat medication copayment regime ensures that 
therapeutic options are not limited by concerns for medication 
copayment amounts for these veterans determined to be at high risk of 
suicide. Finally, as noted, a flat medication copayment of $2 helps 
ensure that veterans determined to be at high risk for suicide are not 
financially penalized because medications are prescribed in less than 
30-day increments.
    Therefore, if finalized as proposed, VA would reduce the copayment 
amount for medications for veterans at a high risk for suicide as a way 
to remove any deterrents or barriers that a veteran may have to 
agreeing to an increased number of prescriptions when providers find it 
clinically necessary to reduce the amount of certain medications 
prescribed at one time (i.e., from a 30-day supply to a less than 30-
day supply). This will better enable VA to reduce lethality of 
medications at hand and reduce the risk of medication-related suicide 
attempts among veterans who are at high risk for suicide.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    This proposed rule contains no provisions constituting a collection 
of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 
3501-3521).

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Secretary hereby certifies that this proposed rule would not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities as they are defined in the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 
U.S.C. 601-612). This proposed rule would only affect individual 
veterans who receive VA health care. The proposed rule focuses on the 
copayment amount that must be paid by a veteran who has been determined 
to be at high risk of suicide. It does not impact payments made to non-
VA entities or health care providers, and does not create any 
administrative or transition burdens for third parties that might 
qualify as a small entity under the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Billing 
for copayment amounts is administered solely by VA. Therefore, pursuant 
to 5 U.S.C. 605(b), the initial and final regulatory flexibility

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analysis requirements of 5 U.S.C. 603 and 604 do not apply.

Executive Orders 12866 and 13563

    Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess the 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, when 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public 
health and safety effects, and other advantages; distributive impacts; 
and equity). Executive Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory 
Review) emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and 
benefits, reducing costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility. 
The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs has determined that 
this rule is a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 
12866. The Regulatory Impact Analysis associated with this rulemaking 
can be found as a supporting document at www.regulations.gov.

Unfunded Mandates

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 requires, at 2 U.S.C. 
1532, that agencies prepare an assessment of anticipated costs and 
benefits before issuing any rule that may result in the expenditure by 
State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the 
private sector, of $100 million or more (adjusted annually for 
inflation) in any one year. This proposed rule would have no such 
effect on State, local, and tribal governments, or on the private 
sector.

Assistance Listing

    The Assistance Listing program numbers and titles for this proposed 
rule are as follows: 64.009, Veterans Medical Care Benefits; 64.012, 
Veterans Prescription Service; 64.019, Veterans Rehabilitation Alcohol 
and Drug Dependence; 64.041, VHA Outpatient Specialty Care; 64.045, VHA 
Outpatient Ancillary Services; 64.047, VHA Primary Care; 64.048, VHA 
Mental Health Clinics.

List of Subjects in 38 CFR Part 17

    Administrative practice and procedure, Alcohol abuse, Alcoholism, 
Claims, Day care, Dental health, Drug abuse, Government contracts, 
Grant programs--health, Grant programs--veterans, Health care, Health 
facilities, Health professions, Health records, Homeless, Medical and 
Dental schools, Medical devices, Medical research, Mental health 
programs, Nursing homes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, 
Travel and transportation expenses, Veterans.

Signing Authority

    Denis McDonough, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, approved this 
document on June 8, 2021, and authorized the undersigned to sign and 
submit the document to the Office of the Federal Register for 
publication electronically as an official document of the Department of 
Veterans Affairs.

Consuela Benjamin,
Regulation Development Coordinator, Office of Regulation Policy & 
Management, Office of General Counsel, Department of Veterans Affairs.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Department of Veterans 
Affairs proposes to amend 38 CFR part 17 as set forth below:

PART 17--MEDICAL

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  38 U.S.C. 501, and as noted in specific sections.
* * * * *
0
2. Amend Sec.  17.108 by revising paragraph (c)(1) and adding paragraph 
(c)(5) to read as follows:


Sec.  17.108  Copayments for inpatient hospital care and outpatient 
medical care.

* * * * *
    (c)(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (d), (e), or (f) of this 
section, a veteran, as a condition for receiving outpatient medical 
care provided by VA (provided either directly by VA or obtained by VA 
by contract, provider agreement, or sharing agreement), must agree to 
pay VA (and is obligated to pay VA) a copayment as set forth in 
paragraph (c)(2), (c)(4) or (c)(5) of this section.
* * * * *
    (5) The copayment for outpatient medical care furnished to a 
veteran who VA determines to be at high risk for suicide is zero 
dollars ($0). This copayment level will begin once the veteran is 
determined to be at high risk for suicide and will remain in place 
until the veteran is no longer at high risk for suicide.
* * * * *
0
3. Amend Sec.  17.110 by adding paragraph (b)(6) to read as follows:


Sec.  17.110  Copayments for medication.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (6) Veterans at high risk for suicide. Veterans who VA determines 
to be at high risk for suicide will be charged a $2 medication 
copayment amount for all medications for each 30-day or shorter supply 
of a medication. The initiation and duration of this medication 
copayment level are the same as those established for outpatient 
copayments in Sec.  17.108(c)(5).
* * * * *
[FR Doc. 2021-28049 Filed 1-4-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8320-01-P