Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Foreign Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions, 43470-43490 [2021-16943]

Agencies

• Fish and Wildlife Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 150 (Monday, August 9, 2021)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 43470-43490]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-16943]


=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-HQ-ES-2020-0146; FF09E22000 FXES11180900000 212]


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Foreign 
Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; 
Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notification of review.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: In this candidate notice of review (CNOR), we, the U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service (Service), present an updated list of foreign 
plant and animal species that we regard as candidates for or have 
proposed for addition to the Lists of Endangered and Threatened

[[Page 43471]]

Wildlife and Plants (Lists) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, 
as amended. This document also includes our findings on resubmitted 
petitions and describes our progress in revising the Lists during the 
period October 1, 2018, through September 30, 2020. Combined with other 
decisions for individual species that were published separately from 
this CNOR in the past 2 years, the current number of foreign species 
that are candidates for listing is 19. Identification of candidate 
species can assist environmental planning efforts by providing advance 
notice of potential listings, and by allowing landowners, resource 
managers, range countries, and other stakeholders to take actions to 
alleviate threats and thereby possibly remove the need to list species 
as endangered or threatened. Even if we subsequently list a candidate 
species, the early notification provided here could result in more 
options for species management and recovery by prompting earlier 
candidate conservation measures to alleviate threats to the species.

DATES: We will accept information on any of the species in this 
document at any time.

ADDRESSES: This document is available on the internet at https://www.regulations.gov and https://www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/cnor.html.
    Species assessment forms with information and references on a 
particular candidate species' range, status, habitat needs, and listing 
priority assignment are available for review at the office listed below 
in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, or on our website (https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/candidate-species). Please submit any new 
information, materials, comments, or questions of a general nature on 
this document or pertaining to a particular species to the address 
listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. Species-specific 
information and materials we receive will be available on the internet 
at https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-HQ-ES-2020-0146.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Elizabeth Maclin, Chief, Branch of 
Delisting and Foreign Species, Ecological Services Program, U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service, MS: ES, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 
22041-3803 (telephone 703-358-2171). Persons who use a 
telecommunications device for the deaf may call the Federal Relay 
Service at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act; 16 U.S.C. 1531 
et seq.), requires that we identify species of wildlife and plants that 
are endangered or threatened based solely on the best scientific and 
commercial data available. As defined in section 3 of the Act, an 
endangered species is any species that is in danger of extinction 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range, and a threatened 
species is any species that is likely to become an endangered species 
within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion 
of its range. Through the Federal rulemaking process, we add species 
that meet these definitions to the List of Endangered and Threatened 
Wildlife in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at Sec.  
17.11 (50 CFR 17.11) or the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants at 
50 CFR 17.12. As part of this program, we maintain a list of species 
that we regard as candidates for listing. A candidate species is one 
for which we have on file sufficient information on biological 
vulnerability and threats to support a proposal for listing as 
endangered or threatened, but for which preparation and publication of 
a proposal is precluded by higher priority listing actions. We may 
identify a species as a candidate for listing after we have conducted 
an evaluation of its status--either on our own initiative, or in 
response to a petition we have received. If we have made a finding on a 
petition to list a species, and have found that listing is warranted, 
but precluded by other higher priority listing actions, we will add the 
species to our list of candidates.
    We maintain this list of candidates for a variety of reasons: (1) 
To notify the public that these species are facing threats to their 
survival; (2) to provide advance knowledge of potential listings that 
could affect decisions of environmental planners and developers; (3) to 
provide information that may stimulate and guide conservation efforts 
that will remove or reduce threats to these species and possibly make 
listing unnecessary; (4) to request input from interested parties to 
help us identify those candidate species that may not require 
protection under the Act, as well as additional species that may 
require the Act's protections; and (5) to request necessary information 
for setting priorities for preparing listing proposals. We encourage 
collaborative conservation efforts for candidate species and offer 
technical and financial assistance to facilitate such efforts. For 
additional information regarding such assistance, please contact the 
person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above.

Previous CNORs

    We have been publishing CNORs since 1975. The most recent CNOR that 
included foreign species was published on October 10, 2019 (84 FR 
54732), and covered the period October 1, 2016, through September 30, 
2018. CNORs published since 1994 are available on our website at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/cnor.html. For copies of CNORs 
published prior to 1994, please contact the person listed under FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above.
    On September 21, 1983, we published guidance for assigning a 
listing priority number (LPN) for each candidate species (48 FR 43098). 
Using this guidance, we assign each candidate an LPN of 1 to 12, 
depending on the magnitude of threats, immediacy of threats, and 
taxonomic status; the lower the LPN, the higher the listing priority 
(that is, a species with an LPN of 1 would have the highest listing 
priority). Section 4(h)(3) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(h)(3)) requires 
the Secretary to establish guidelines for such a priority-ranking 
system. As explained below, in using this system, we first categorize 
based on the magnitude of the threat(s), then by the immediacy of the 
threat(s), and finally by taxonomic status.
    Under this priority-ranking system, magnitude of threat can be 
either ``high'' or ``moderate to low.'' This criterion helps ensure 
that the species facing the greatest threats to their continued 
existence receive the highest listing priority. All candidate species 
face threats to their continued existence, so the magnitude of threats 
is in relative terms. For all candidate species, the threats are of 
sufficiently high magnitude to put them in danger of extinction or make 
them likely to become in danger of extinction in the foreseeable 
future. However, for species with higher magnitude threats, the threats 
have a greater likelihood of bringing about extinction or are expected 
to bring about extinction on a shorter timescale (once the threats are 
imminent) than for species with lower-magnitude threats. Because we do 
not routinely quantify how likely or how soon extinction would be 
expected to occur absent listing, we must evaluate factors that 
contribute to the likelihood and time scale for extinction. We 
therefore consider information such as: (1) The number of populations 
or extent of range of the species affected by the threat(s), or both; 
(2) the biological significance of the affected population(s), taking 
into consideration the life-history characteristics of the species and 
its current abundance and

[[Page 43472]]

distribution; (3) whether the threats affect the species in only a 
portion of its range, and, if so, the likelihood of persistence of the 
species in the unaffected portions; (4) the severity of the effects and 
the rapidity with which they have caused or are likely to cause 
mortality to individuals and accompanying declines in population 
levels; (5) whether the effects are likely to be permanent; and (6) the 
extent to which any ongoing conservation efforts reduce the severity of 
the threat(s).
    As used in our priority-ranking system, immediacy of threat is 
categorized as either ``imminent'' or ``nonimminent,'' and is based on 
when the threats will begin. If a threat is currently occurring or 
likely to occur in the very near future, we classify the threat as 
imminent. Determining the immediacy of threats helps ensure that 
species facing actual, identifiable threats are given priority for 
listing proposals over species for which threats are only potential or 
species that are intrinsically vulnerable to certain types of threats 
but are not known to be presently facing such threats.
    Our priority-ranking system has three categories for taxonomic 
status: Species that are the sole members of a genus; full species (in 
genera that have more than one species); and subspecies and distinct 
population segments of vertebrate species (DPS).
    The result of the ranking system is that we assign each candidate 
an LPN of 1 to 12. For example, if the threats are of high magnitude, 
with immediacy classified as imminent, the listable entity is assigned 
an LPN of 1, 2, or 3 based on its taxonomic status (i.e., a species 
that is the only member of its genus would be assigned to the LPN 1 
category, a full species to LPN 2, and a subspecies or DPS would be 
assigned to LPN 3). In summary, the LPN ranking system provides a basis 
for making decisions about the relative priority for preparing a 
proposed rule to list a given species. No matter which LPN we assign to 
a species, each species included in this document as a candidate is one 
for which we have concluded that we have sufficient information to 
prepare a proposed rule for listing because it is in danger of 
extinction or likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
    For more information on the process and standards used in assigning 
LPNs, a copy of the 1983 guidance is available on our website at: 
https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/48fr43098-43105.pdf. 
Information on the LPN assigned to a particular species is summarized 
in this CNOR, and the species assessment for each candidate contains 
the LPN chart and a more-detailed explanation--including citations to, 
and more-detailed analyses of, the best scientific and commercial data 
available--for our determination of the magnitude and immediacy of 
threat(s) and assignment of the LPN.

Summary of This CNOR

    Since publication of the last CNOR that included foreign species on 
October 10, 2019 (84 FR 54732), we reviewed the available information 
on candidate species to ensure that a proposed listing is justified for 
each species, and reevaluated the relative LPN assigned to each 
species. We also evaluated the need to emergency list any of these 
species, particularly species with higher priorities (i.e., species 
with LPNs of 1, 2, or 3). This review and reevaluation ensures that we 
focus conservation efforts on those species at greatest risk.
    We are not identifying any new candidates or removing any 
candidates through this document. However, we are changing the listing 
priority number for one existing candidate.
    In addition to reviewing candidate species since publication of the 
last CNOR that included foreign species, we have worked on findings in 
response to petitions to list species, on proposed rules to list 
species under the Act, and on final listing determinations. Some of 
these findings and determinations have been completed and published in 
the Federal Register, while work on others is still under way (see 
Preclusion and Expeditious Progress, below, for details).
    Combined with other findings and determinations published 
separately from this CNOR, 19 foreign species are candidates awaiting 
preparation of a proposed listing rule or ``not-warranted'' finding. 
Table 4 identifies these 19 species.

Petition Findings

    The Act provides two mechanisms for considering species for 
listing. One method allows the Secretary, on the Secretary's own 
initiative, to identify species for listing under the standards of 
section 4(a)(1). The second method provides a mechanism for the public 
to petition us to add a species to the Lists. As described further in 
the paragraphs that follow, the CNOR serves several purposes as part of 
the petition process: (1) In some instances (in particular, for 
petitions to list species that the Service has already identified as 
candidates on its own initiative), it serves as the initial petition 
finding; (2) for candidate species for which the Service has made a 
warranted-but-precluded petition finding, it serves as a 
``resubmitted'' petition finding that the Act requires the Service to 
make each year; and (3) it documents the Service's compliance with the 
statutory requirement to monitor the status of species for which 
listing is warranted but precluded, and to ascertain if they need 
emergency listing.
    First, the CNOR serves as an initial petition finding in some 
instances. Under section 4(b)(3)(A) of the Act, when we receive a 
petition to list a species, we must determine within 90 days, to the 
maximum extent practicable, whether the petition presents substantial 
information indicating that listing may be warranted (a ``90-day 
finding''). If we make a positive 90-day finding, we must promptly 
commence a status review of the species under section 4(b)(3)(A); we 
must then make, within 12 months of the receipt of the petition, one of 
the following three possible findings (a ``12-month finding''):
    (1) The petitioned action is not warranted, in which case we must 
promptly publish the finding in the Federal Register;
    (2) The petitioned action is warranted (in which case we are 
required to promptly publish a proposed regulation to implement the 
petitioned action; once we publish a proposed rule for a species, 
sections 4(b)(5) and 4(b)(6) of the Act govern further procedures, 
regardless of whether or not we issued the proposal in response to a 
petition); or
    (3) The petitioned action is warranted, but (a) the immediate 
proposal of a regulation and final promulgation of a regulation 
implementing the petitioned action is precluded by pending proposals to 
determine whether any species is endangered or threatened, and (b) 
expeditious progress is being made to add qualified species to the 
Lists. We refer to this third option as a ``warranted-but-precluded 
finding,'' and after making such a finding, we must promptly publish it 
in the Federal Register.
    We define ``candidate species'' to mean those species for which the 
Service has on file sufficient information on biological vulnerability 
and threats to support issuance of a proposed rule to list, but for 
which issuance of the proposed rule is precluded (61 FR 64481; December 
5, 1996). The standard for making a species a candidate through our own 
initiative is identical to the standard for making a warranted-but-
precluded 12-month petition finding on a petition to list, and we add 
all petitioned species for which we have made a warranted-

[[Page 43473]]

but-precluded 12-month finding to the candidate list.
    Therefore, all candidate species identified through our own 
initiative already have received the equivalent of substantial 90-day 
and warranted-but-precluded 12-month findings. Nevertheless, if we 
receive a petition to list a species that we have already identified as 
a candidate, we review the status of the newly petitioned candidate 
species and through this CNOR publish specific section 4(b)(3) findings 
(i.e., substantial 90-day and warranted-but-precluded 12-month 
findings) in response to the petitions to list these candidate species. 
We publish these findings as part of the first CNOR following receipt 
of the petition. We have identified the candidate species for which we 
received petitions and made a continued warranted-but-precluded finding 
on a resubmitted petition by the code ``C*'' in the category column on 
the left side of Table 4, below.
    Second, the CNOR serves as a ``resubmitted'' petition finding. 
Section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act requires that when we make a 
warranted-but-precluded finding on a petition, we treat the petition as 
one that is resubmitted on the date of the finding. Thus, we must make 
a 12-month petition finding for each such species at least once a year 
in compliance with section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act, until we publish a 
proposal to list the species or make a final not-warranted finding. We 
make these annual resubmitted petition findings through the CNOR. To 
the extent these annual findings differ from the initial 12-month 
warranted-but-precluded finding or any of the resubmitted petition 
findings in previous CNORs, they supersede the earlier findings, 
although all previous findings are part of the administrative record 
for the new finding, and in the new finding, we may rely upon them or 
incorporate them by reference as appropriate, in addition to explaining 
why the finding has changed.
    Third, through undertaking the analysis required to complete the 
CNOR, the Service determines if any candidate species needs emergency 
listing. Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act requires us to implement a 
system to monitor effectively the status of all species for which we 
have made a warranted-but-precluded 12-month finding, and to make 
prompt use of the emergency listing authority under section 4(b)(7) of 
the Act to prevent a significant risk to the well being of any such 
species. The CNOR plays a crucial role in the monitoring system that we 
have implemented for all candidate species by providing notice that we 
are actively seeking information regarding the status of those species. 
We review all new information on candidate species as it becomes 
available, prepare an annual species assessment form that reflects 
monitoring results and other new information, and identify any species 
for which emergency listing may be appropriate. If we determine that 
emergency listing is appropriate for any candidate, we will make prompt 
use of the emergency listing authority under section 4(b)(7) of the 
Act. For example, on August 10, 2011, we emergency listed the Miami 
blue butterfly (76 FR 49542). We have been reviewing and will continue 
to review, at least annually, the status of every candidate, whether or 
not we have received a petition to list it. Thus, the CNOR and 
accompanying species assessment forms constitute the Service's system 
for monitoring and making annual findings on the status of petitioned 
species under sections 4(b)(3)(C)(i) and 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act.
    A number of court decisions have elaborated on the nature and 
specificity of information that we must consider in making and 
describing the petition findings in the CNOR. The CNOR that published 
on November 9, 2009 (74 FR 57804), describes these court decisions in 
further detail. As with previous CNORs, we continue to incorporate 
information of the nature and specificity required by the courts. For 
example, we include a description of the reasons why the listing of 
every petitioned candidate species is both warranted and precluded at 
this time. We make our determinations of preclusion on a nationwide 
basis to ensure that the species most in need of listing will be 
addressed first and also because we allocate our listing budget on a 
nationwide basis (see below). Our preclusion determinations are further 
based upon our budget for listing activities for unlisted species only, 
and we explain the priority system and why the work we have 
accomplished has precluded action on listing candidate species.
    In preparing this CNOR, we reviewed the current status of, and 
threats to, the 19 foreign species candidates for which we have 
received a petition to list. We find that the immediate issuance of a 
proposed rule and timely promulgation of a final rule for each of these 
species has been, for the preceding months, and continues to be, 
precluded by higher priority listing actions. Additional information 
that is the basis for this finding is found in the species assessments 
and our administrative record for each species.
    The immediate publication of proposed rules to list these species 
was precluded by our work on higher priority listing actions, listed 
below, during the period from October 1, 2018, through September 30, 
2020. Below we describe the actions that continue to preclude the 
immediate proposal and final promulgation of a regulation implementing 
each of the petitioned actions for which we have made a warranted-but-
precluded finding, and we describe the expeditious progress we are 
making to add qualified species to, and remove species from, the Lists. 
We will continue to monitor the status of all candidate species, 
including petitioned species, as new information becomes available to 
determine if a change in status is warranted, including the need to 
emergency list a species under section 4(b)(7) of the Act. As described 
above, under section 4 of the Act, we identify and propose species for 
listing based on the factors identified in section 4(a)(1)--either on 
our own initiative or through the mechanism that section 4 provides for 
the public to petition us to add species to the Lists of Endangered or 
Threatened Wildlife and Plants.

Preclusion and Expeditious Progress

    To make a finding that a particular action is warranted but 
precluded, the Service must make two determinations: (1) That the 
immediate proposal and timely promulgation of a final regulation is 
precluded by pending proposals to determine whether any species is 
endangered or threatened; and (2) that expeditious progress is being 
made to add qualified species to either of the Lists and to remove 
species from the Lists (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(3)(B)(iii)).

Preclusion

    A listing proposal is precluded if the Service does not have 
sufficient resources available to complete the proposal, because there 
are competing demands for those resources, and the relative priority of 
those competing demands is higher. Thus, in any given fiscal year (FY), 
multiple factors dictate whether it will be possible to undertake work 
on a proposed listing regulation or whether promulgation of such a 
proposal is precluded by higher priority listing actions--(1) the 
amount of resources available for completing the listing function, (2) 
the estimated cost of completing the proposed listing regulation, and 
(3) the Service's workload, along with the Service's prioritization of 
the proposed listing regulation, in relation to other actions in its 
workload.

[[Page 43474]]

Available Resources
    The resources available for listing actions are determined through 
the annual Congressional appropriations process. In FY 1998 and for 
each fiscal year since then, Congress has placed a statutory cap on 
funds that may be expended for the Listing Program (spending cap). This 
spending cap was designed to prevent the listing function from 
depleting funds needed for other functions under the Act (for example, 
recovery functions, such as removing species from the Lists), or for 
other Service programs (see House Report 105-163, 105th Congress, 1st 
Session, July 1, 1997). The funds within the spending cap are available 
to support work involving the following listing actions: Proposed and 
final rules to add species to the Lists or to change the status of 
species from threatened to endangered; 90-day and 12-month findings on 
petitions to add species to the Lists or to change the status of a 
species from threatened to endangered; annual ``resubmitted'' petition 
findings on prior warranted-but-precluded petition findings as required 
under section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act; critical habitat petition 
findings; proposed rules designating critical habitat or final critical 
habitat determinations; and litigation-related, administrative, and 
program-management functions (including preparing and allocating 
budgets, responding to Congressional and public inquiries, and 
conducting public outreach regarding listing and critical habitat).
    For more than two decades, the size and cost of the workload in 
these categories of actions have far exceeded the amount of funding 
available to the Service under the spending cap for completing listing 
and critical habitat actions under the Act. Since we cannot exceed the 
spending cap without violating the Anti-Deficiency Act (31 U.S.C. 
1341(a)(1)(A)), each year we have been compelled to determine that work 
on at least some actions was precluded by work on higher-priority 
actions. We make our determinations of preclusion on a nationwide basis 
to ensure that the species most in need of listing will be addressed 
first, and because we allocate our listing budget on a nationwide 
basis. Through the listing cap and the amount of funds needed to 
complete court-mandated actions within the cap, Congress and the courts 
have in effect determined the amount of money remaining (after 
completing court-mandated actions) for listing activities nationwide. 
Therefore, the funds that remain within the listing cap--after paying 
for work needed to comply with court orders or court-approved 
settlement agreements--set the framework within which we make our 
determinations of preclusion and expeditious progress.
    In FY 2019, through the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2019 
(Pub. L. 116-6, February 15, 2019), Congress appropriated the Service 
$18,318,000 under a consolidated cap for all domestic and foreign 
listing work, including status assessments, listing determinations, 
domestic critical habitat designations, and related activities. In FY 
2020, through the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Pub. 
L. 116-94, December 20, 2019), Congress appropriated $20,318,000 for 
all domestic and foreign listing work. The amount of funding Congress 
will appropriate in future years is uncertain.
Costs of Listing Actions
    The work involved in preparing various listing documents can be 
extensive, and may include, but is not limited to: Gathering and 
assessing the best scientific and commercial data available and 
conducting analyses used as the basis for our decisions; writing and 
publishing documents; and obtaining, reviewing, and evaluating public 
comments and peer-review comments on proposed rules and incorporating 
relevant information from those comments into final rules. The number 
of listing actions that we can undertake in a given year also is 
influenced by the complexity of those listing actions; that is, more 
complex actions generally are more costly. The Service has developed 
several ways to determine the relative priorities of the actions within 
its workload to identify the work it can complete with the funding it 
has available under the spending cap for listing and critical habitat 
actions each year.
Prioritizing Listing Actions
    The Service's Listing Program workload is broadly composed of four 
types of actions, which the Service prioritizes as follows: (1) 
Compliance with court orders and court-approved settlement agreements 
requiring that petition findings or listing determinations or critical 
habitat designations be completed by a specific date; (2) essential 
litigation-related, administrative, and listing program-management 
functions; (3) section 4 (of the Act) listing and critical habitat 
actions with absolute statutory deadlines; and (4) section 4 listing 
actions that do not have absolute statutory deadlines.
    In previous years, the Service received many new petitions, 
including multiple petitions to list numerous species--in one example, 
a single petition sought to list 404 domestic species. The emphasis 
that petitioners placed on seeking listing for hundreds of species at a 
time through the petition process significantly increased the number of 
actions within the third category of our workload--actions that have 
absolute statutory deadlines for making findings on those petitions. In 
addition, the necessity of dedicating all of the Listing Program 
funding towards determining the status of 251 candidate species and 
complying with other court-ordered requirements between 2011 and 2016 
added to the number of petition findings awaiting action. Because we 
are not able to work on all of these at once, the Service's most recent 
effort to prioritize its workload focuses on addressing the backlog in 
petition findings that has resulted from the influx of large multi-
species petitions and the 5-year period in which the Service was 
compelled to suspend making 12-month findings for most of those 
petitions. The number of petitions that are awaiting status reviews and 
accompanying 12-month findings illustrates the considerable extent of 
this backlog. As a result of the outstanding petitions to list hundreds 
of species, and our efforts to make initial petition findings within 90 
days of receiving the petition to the maximum extent practicable, at 
the beginning of FY 2020, we had 36 12-month petition findings for 
foreign species yet to be initiated and completed and 422 12-month 
petition findings for domestic species yet to be initiated and 
completed.
    To determine the relative priorities of the outstanding 12-month 
petition findings, the Service developed a prioritization methodology 
(methodology) (81 FR 49248; July 27, 2016) after providing the public 
with notice and an opportunity to comment on the draft methodology (81 
FR 2229; January 15, 2016). Under the methodology, we assign 
outstanding 12-month petition findings to one of five priority bins. 
(1) The species is critically imperiled; (2) strong data are already 
available about the status of the species; (3) new science is underway 
that would inform key uncertainties about the status of the species; 
(4) conservation efforts are in development or underway and likely to 
address the status of the species; or (5) the available data on the 
species are limited. As a general matter, 12-month findings with a 
lower bin number have a higher priority than, and are scheduled before, 
12-month findings with a higher bin number. However, we make some 
limited exceptions--for

[[Page 43475]]

example, we may schedule a lower-priority finding earlier if batching 
it with a higher-priority finding would generate efficiencies. We may 
also consider where there are any special circumstances whereby an 
action should be moved up (or down) in scheduling. Since before 
Congress first established the spending cap for the Listing Program in 
1998, the Listing Program workload has required considerably more 
resources than the amount of funds Congress has allowed for the Listing 
Program. Therefore, it is important that we be as efficient as possible 
in our listing process.
    Consistent with our methodology, within the five priority bins we 
determine the relative timing of foreign species actions using sub-
ranking considerations, i.e., as tie-breakers for determining relative 
timing within each of the five bins. We consider the extent to which 
the protections of the Act would be able to improve conditions for that 
species and its habitat relative to the other species within the same 
bin, and in doing so, we give weight to the following considerations, 
in order from greater weight to lesser weight.
    1. FWS Office of Law Enforcement (OLE) enforcement capacity--We 
prioritize species actions where OLE currently has the expertise and 
workforce capacity to identify taxa (e.g., some invertebrates require 
time-intensive inspection and expertise to differentiate listed from 
non-listed species). The capacity to identify taxa to effectively 
enforce a listing greatly increases the impact of the listing.
    2. Species in trade to and/or from the United States--We prioritize 
actions for these species over those that are neither imported to nor 
exported from the United States because we can regulate import, export, 
and other activities with these species through permitting and 
incentivizing activities--including requirement of an enhancement 
finding or for scientific purposes--that benefit the conservation of 
the species, and by deterring and prohibiting activities that do not. 
In addition, the Lacey Act, in part, makes it illegal to import, 
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase species taken, 
possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, 
or regulation. Thus, violations of the Act and its implementing 
regulations can be one component of a Lacey Act violation, further 
adding to the impact of the Act's listing.
    3. Species in trade through U.S. ports (i.e., in-transit or 
transshipment)--We prioritize timing of actions for these species over 
those in trade outside of the United States because the capacity to 
track, regulate, and enforce this activity is greater than for species 
in trade outside the United States.
    4. Within the United States, interstate trade--We prioritize timing 
of actions for species traded between States within the United States 
(interstate activity) over those not traded between States within the 
United States (intrastate activity). The Act prohibits certain 
activities with listed species in interstate commerce. FWS regulation 
of this interstate activity can result in incentivizing and permitting 
activities--including requirement of an enhancement finding or for 
scientific purposes--that benefit the conservation of the species, and 
deterring and prohibiting activities that do not. As noted above, such 
violations of the Act can also be one component of a Lacey Act 
violation.
    5. CITES status--We use Convention on International Trade in 
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) status to prioritize 
timing of listing actions under the Act for species as follows: 
Appendix II (highest priority for listing actions under the Act 
relative to other CITES-listed species) > Appendix III > Appendix I 
(lowest priority for listing actions under the Act relative to other 
CITES-listed species).
     Appendix I species: Appendix I includes species threatened 
with extinction that are or may be affected by trade, and trade in 
Appendix-I specimens may take place only in exceptional circumstances. 
With narrow exceptions, CITES does not allow primarily commercial 
international trade in Appendix-I species, and commercial use of 
Appendix-I specimens is also prohibited after import. Allowed 
international trade in these species is subject to a dual permitting 
process that requires both importing and exporting countries to find 
that the trade will not be detrimental to the species' survival. Thus, 
a listing under the Act would generally provide comparatively less 
additional conservation of these species than for CITES species that 
are not subject to this level of regulation.
     Appendix II species: Appendix II includes species that may 
become threatened with extinction if their trade is not regulated or 
because they need to be regulated so that trade in certain other 
Appendix-I or -II species may be effectively controlled. CITES allows 
international trade in Appendix-II species for primarily commercial 
purposes, and does not require the dual-permitting process established 
for Appendix-I species. Listing under the Act is more likely to improve 
conservation capacity for Appendix-II species than for the Appendix-I 
species that are comparatively more tightly controlled under CITES.
     Appendix III species: Appendix III includes species listed 
unilaterally by a range country to obtain international cooperation in 
controlling trade. International trade in Appendix-III species exported 
from a country that has included the species in Appendix III requires 
an export permit, while other exports and re-exports require 
documentation. Appendix-III species have fewer substantive conservation 
controls for trade than for Appendix-I or -II species. However, we 
generally prioritize the timing for Appendix-II species over Appendix-
III species because the CITES Parties having collectively identified 
Appendix-II species as requiring trade regulation to avoid threatening 
their survival.
    6. IUCN Red List status--We prioritize timing of actions for 
species considered at greater risk by the International Union for 
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) over those that are 
considered at lesser risk. Per IUCN categories, Critically endangered 
(highest priority) > Endangered > Vulnerable > Near-threatened > Least 
concern > Data deficient > Not assessed > Extinct (lowest priority). We 
use this criterion to identify species for which listing would likely 
have greater positive impacts on their conservation because they are 
more likely in greater need of conservation. Although IUCN's rating 
system is not directly comparable to the definitions for an endangered 
species and threatened species under the Act (which is why this is 
considered low in our prioritization scheme), and does not establish 
any legal status, IUCN's Red List provides a readily-accessible, 
expert-validated assessment of conservation threat.
    We applied the methodology and tie-breakers described above to 
develop a multi-year Foreign Species Workplan (Workplan) for completing 
the outstanding status assessments and accompanying 12-month findings. 
The purpose of the Workplan is to provide transparency and 
predictability to the public about when the Service anticipates 
completing specific 12-month findings while allowing for flexibility to 
update the Workplan when new information changes the priorities. In 
June 2020, the Service released its Foreign Species Workplan for 
addressing the Act's foreign listing decisions over the subsequent 5 
years. The Workplan identified the Service's schedule for addressing 
all foreign species on the candidate list and 45 status reviews and 
accompanying 12-

[[Page 43476]]

month findings, and identified which 12-month findings we would 
complete by FY 2025 for foreign species that have been petitioned for 
Federal protections under the Act. As we implement our Workplan and 
work on proposed rules for the highest-priority species, we increase 
efficiency by preparing multi-species proposals when appropriate, and 
these may include species with lower priority if they overlap 
geographically or have the same threats as one of the highest-priority 
species. The Foreign Species Workplan is available online at: https://www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/foreign-listing-workplan.html.
    As noted above, an additional way in which we determine relative 
priorities of outstanding actions in the section 4 program is 
application of the listing priority guidelines (48 FR 43098; September 
21, 1983). Under those guidelines, which apply primarily to candidate 
species, we assign each candidate an LPN of 1 to 12, depending on the 
magnitude of threats (high or moderate to low), immediacy of threats 
(imminent or nonimminent), and taxonomic status of the species (in 
order of priority: monotypic genus (a species that is the sole member 
of a genus), a species, or a part of a species (subspecies or distinct 
population segment)). The lower the LPN, the higher the listing 
priority (that is, a species with an LPN of 1 would have the highest 
listing priority). A species with a higher LPN would generally be 
precluded from listing by species with lower LPNs, unless work on a 
proposed rule for the species with the higher LPN can be combined for 
efficiency with work on a proposed rule for other high-priority 
species.
    Finally, proposed rules for reclassification of threatened species 
status to endangered species status (``uplistings'') are generally 
lower in priority because, as listed species, they are already afforded 
the protections of the Act and implementing regulations. However, for 
efficiency reasons, we may choose to work on a proposed rule to 
reclassify a species to endangered species status if we can combine 
this with higher-priority work.
Listing Program Workload
    The Foreign Species Workplan that the Service released in 2020 
outlined work for foreign species over the period from FY 2020 to FY 
2025. Tables 1 and 2 under Expeditious Progress, below, identify the 
higher-priority listing actions that we completed through the end of FY 
2020 (September 30, 2020), as well as those we have been working on in 
FY 2020 but have not yet completed. For FY 2020, our Foreign Species 
Workplan includes nine 12-month findings or proposed listing actions 
that are at various stages of completion at the time of this finding. 
In addition to the actions scheduled in the Foreign Species Workplan, 
the overall Listing Program workload also includes the National Listing 
Workplan that includes 74 12-month findings or proposed listing 
actions, development and revision of regulations required by new court 
orders or settlement agreements to address the repercussions of any new 
court decisions, and proposed and final critical habitat designations 
or revisions for species that have already been listed. The Service's 
highest priorities for spending its funding in FY 2019 and FY 2020 were 
actions included in the Workplan and actions required to address court 
decisions.

Expeditious Progress

    As explained above, a determination that listing is warranted but 
precluded must also demonstrate that expeditious progress is being made 
to add and remove qualified species to and from the Lists. Please note 
that in the Code of Federal Regulations, the ``Lists'' are grouped as 
one list of endangered and threatened wildlife (50 CFR 17.11(h)) and 
one list of endangered and threatened plants (50 CFR 17.12(h)). 
However, the ``Lists'' referred to in the Act mean one list of 
endangered species (wildlife and plants) and one list of threatened 
species (wildlife and plants). For the purposes of evaluating our 
expeditious progress, when we refer to the ``Lists,'' we mean this 
latter grouping of one list of endangered species and one list of 
threatened species.
    As with our ``precluded'' finding, the evaluation of whether 
expeditious progress is being made is a function of the resources 
available and the competing demands for those funds. As discussed 
earlier, the FY 2020 appropriations law included a spending cap of 
$20,318,000 for listing activities, and the FY 2019 appropriations law 
included a spending cap of $18,318,000 for listing activities.
    As discussed below, given the limited resources available for 
listing, the competing demands for those funds, and the completed work 
catalogued in the tables below, we find that we are making expeditious 
progress in adding qualified species to the Lists.
    The work of the Service's foreign listing program in FY 2019 and FY 
2020 (as of September 30, 2020) includes all three of the steps 
necessary for adding species to the Lists: (1) Identifying species that 
may warrant listing (90-day petition findings); (2) undertaking an 
evaluation of the best available scientific data about those species 
and the threats they face to determine whether or not listing is 
warranted (a status review and accompanying 12-month finding); and (3) 
adding qualified species to the Lists (by publishing proposed and final 
listing rules). We explain in more detail how we are making expeditious 
progress in all three of the steps necessary for adding qualified 
species to the Lists (identifying, evaluating, and adding species). 
Subsequent to discussing our expeditious progress in adding qualified 
species to the Lists, we explain our expeditious progress in removing 
from the Lists species that no longer require the protections of the 
Act.
    Generally, we first make expeditious progress in identifying 
species that may warrant listing. In FY 2019 and FY 2020 (as of 
September 30, 2020), we completed 90-day findings on petitions to list 
14 species. However, for foreign species, we have not received 
petitions to list species in FY 2019 or FY 2020 (as of September 30, 
2020).
    Second, we are making expeditious progress in evaluating the best 
scientific and commercial data available about species and threats they 
face (status reviews) to determine whether or not listing is warranted. 
In FY 2019 and FY 2020 (as of September 30, 2020), we completed 12-
month findings for 69 domestic species. In addition, we funded and 
worked on the development of 12-month findings for 34 domestic species 
and proposed listing determinations for 9 candidates, and we initiated 
12-month findings for nine foreign species. Although we did not 
complete those actions during FY 2019 or FY 2020 (as of September 30, 
2020), we made expeditious progress towards doing so by initiating and 
making progress on the status reviews to determine whether adding the 
species to the Lists is warranted.
    Third, we are making expeditious progress in adding qualified 
species to the Lists. In FY 2019 and FY 2020 (as of September 30, 
2020), we published a final listing rule for 1 foreign species and 7 
domestic species, including final critical habitat designations for 1 
of those domestic species and final protective regulations under the 
Act's section 4(d) for 2 of those domestic species. In addition, we 
published proposed rules to list an additional 20 domestic species 
(including concurrent proposed critical habitat designations for 13 
species and concurrent protective regulations under the Act's section 
4(d) for 14 species).

[[Page 43477]]

    The Act also requires that we make expeditious progress in removing 
species from the Lists that no longer require the protections of the 
Act. Specifically, we are making expeditious progress in removing 
(delisting) species, as well as reclassifying endangered species to 
threatened species status (downlisting). Delisting and downlisting 
actions are funded through the recovery line item in the budget of the 
Endangered Species Program. Thus, delisting and downlisting actions do 
not factor into our assessment of preclusion; that is, work on recovery 
actions does not preclude the availability of resources for completing 
new listing work. However, work on recovery actions does count towards 
our assessment of making expeditious progress because the Act states 
that expeditious progress includes both adding qualified species to, 
and removing qualified species from, the Lists of Endangered and 
Threatened Wildlife and Plants. In FY 2019 and FY 2020 (as of September 
30, 2020), we finalized downlisting of 2 species (one of which is a 
foreign species), finalized delisting rules for 7 domestic species, 
proposed downlisting for 7 domestic species, and proposed delisting of 
11 domestic species. The rate at which the Service has completed 
delisting and downlisting actions in FY 2019 and FY 2020 (as of 
September 30, 2020) is higher than any point in the history of the Act, 
which underscores the expeditious progress we are making.
    The tables below catalog the Service's progress in FY 2019 and FY 
2020 (as of September 30, 2020) as it pertains to our evaluation of 
making expeditious progress. Table 1 includes completed and published 
foreign listing actions; Table 2 includes foreign listing actions 
funded and initiated in previous fiscal years and in FY 2020 that are 
not yet complete as of September 30, 2020; and Table 3 includes 
completed and published proposed and final downlisting and delisting 
actions for foreign species.

                    Table 1--Listing Actions Completed by the Service in FY 2019 and FY 2020
                                           [As of September 30, 2020]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Publication date                 Title                  Action(s)            Federal Register citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10/9/2018...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listing--      83 FR 50574-50582
                               Status for Coastal       Threatened with
                               Distinct Population      Section 4(d) Rule and
                               Segment of the Pacific   12-Month Petition
                               Marten.                  Finding.
10/9/2018...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listing--      83 FR 50560-50574
                               Status for Black-        Threatened with
                               Capped Petrel With a     Section 4(d) Rule and
                               Section 4(d) Rule.       12-Month Petition
                                                        Finding.
10/9/2018...................  12-Month Petition        Proposed Listing--      83 FR 50610-50630
                               Finding and Threatened   Threatened with
                               Species Status for       Section 4(d) Rule and
                               Eastern Black Rail       12-Month Petition
                               With a Section 4(d)      Finding.
                               Rule.
10/9/2018...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listing--      83 FR 50582-50610
                               Status With Section      Threatened with
                               4(d) Rule and Critical   Section 4(d) Rule and
                               Habitat Designation      Critical Habitat and
                               for Slenderclaw          12-Month Finding.
                               Crayfish.
10/11/2018..................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listing--      83 FR 51570-51609
                               Status With Section      Threatened with
                               4(d) Rule and Critical   Section 4(d) Rule and
                               Habitat Designation      Critical Habitat and
                               for Atlantic Pigtoe.     12-Month Finding.
11/21/2018..................  Endangered Species       Final Listing--         83 FR 58747-58754
                               Status for the Candy     Endangered.
                               Darter.
12/19/2018..................  12-Month Findings on     12-Month Petition       83 FR 65127-65134
                               Petitions to List 13     Findings.
                               Species as Endangered
                               or Threatened Species.
12/28/2018..................  Threatened Species       Final Listing--         83 FR 67131-67140
                               Status for Trispot       Threatened.
                               Darter.
2/26/2019...................  Listing the Scarlet      Final Listing--         84 FR 6278-6311
                               Macaw.                   Endangered northern
                                                        subspecies;
                                                        Threatened northern
                                                        DPS of southern
                                                        subspecies; and
                                                        Threatened status for
                                                        southern DPS and
                                                        subspecies crosses
                                                        based on similarity
                                                        of appearance.
4/4/2019....................  12-Month Findings on     12-Month Petition
                               Petitions to List        Findings.
                               Eight Species as
                               Endangered or
                               Threatened Species.
4/4/2019....................  12-Month Petition        Proposed Listing--
                               Finding and Endangered   Endangered and 12-
                               Species Status for the   Month Petition
                               Missouri Distinct        Finding.
                               Population Segment of
                               Eastern Hellbender.
4/26/2019...................  90-Day Findings for      90-Day Petition
                               Four Species (3          Findings.
                               domestic species and 1
                               foreign species) *.
5/22/2019...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listings--
                               Status with Section      Threatened Status
                               4(d) Rule for Neuse      with Section 4(d)
                               River Waterdog and       Rule with Critical
                               Endangered Species       Habitat; Endangered
                               Status for Carolina      Status with Critical
                               Madtom and Proposed      Habitat and 12-Month
                               Designations of          Petition Findings.
                               Critical Habitat.
8/13/2019...................  Endangered Species       Proposed Listing--
                               Status for Franklin's    Endangered and 12-
                               Bumble Bee.              Month Petition
                                                        Finding.
8/15/2019...................  12-Month Findings on     12-Month Petition
                               Petitions to List        Findings.
                               Eight Species as
                               Endangered or
                               Threatened Species.
8/15/2019...................  90-Day Findings for      90-Day Petition
                               Three Species.           Findings.
9/6/2019....................  90-Day Findings for      90-Day Petition
                               Three Species.           Findings.
10/07/2019..................  Twelve Species Not       12-Month Petition
                               Warranted for Listing    Findings.
                               as Endangered or
                               Threatened Species.
10/21/2019..................  Endangered Species       Final Listing--
                               Status for Barrens       Endangered.
                               Topminnow.
11/08/2019..................  12-Month Finding for     12-Month Petition
                               the California Spotted   Finding.
                               Owl.
11/21/2019..................  Threatened Species       Final Listing--
                               Status for Meltwater     Threatened with
                               Lednian Stonefly and     Section 4(d) Rule.
                               Western Glacier
                               Stonefly With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.

[[Page 43478]]

 
12/06/2019..................  Endangered Species       Proposed Listings--
                               Status for Beardless     Endangered with
                               Chinchweed With          Critical Habitat;
                               Designation of           Threatened with
                               Critical Habitat, and    Section 4(d) Rule and
                               Threatened Species       12-Month Petition
                               Status for Bartram's     Findings.
                               Stonecrop With Section
                               4(d) Rule.
12/19/2019..................  Five Species Not         12-Month Petition
                               Warranted for Listing    Findings.
                               as Endangered or
                               Threatened Species.
12/19/2019..................  90-Day Findings for Two  90-Day Petition
                               Species.                 Findings.
01/08/2020..................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listing--
                               Status for the Hermes    Threatened with
                               Copper Butterfly With    Section 4(d) Rule and
                               4(d) Rule and            Critical Habitat.
                               Designation of
                               Critical Habitat.
01/08/2020..................  Endangered Status for    Proposed Listing--
                               the Sierra Nevada        Endangered.
                               Distinct Population
                               Segment of the Sierra
                               Nevada Red Fox.
05/05/2020..................  Endangered Status for    Final Listing--
                               the Island Marble        Endangered with
                               Butterfly and            Critical Habitat.
                               Designation of
                               Critical Habitat.
05/15/2020..................  Endangered Species       Final Listing--
                               Status for Southern      Endangered.
                               Sierra Nevada Distinct
                               Population Segment of
                               Fisher.
7/16/2020...................  90-Day Finding for the   90-Day Petition
                               Dunes Sagebrush Lizard.  Finding.
7/22/2020...................  90-Day Findings for Two  90-Day Petition
                               Species.                 Findings.
7/23/2020...................  Four Species Not         12-Month Petition
                               Warranted for Listing    Findings.
                               as Endangered or
                               Threatened Species.
8/26/2020...................  Endangered Species       Proposed Listing-
                               Status for Marron        Endangered with
                               Bacora and Designation   Critical Habitat and
                               of Critical Habitat.     12-Month Petition
                                                        Finding.
9/1/2020....................  Two Species Not          12-Month Petition
                               Warranted for Listing    Findings.
                               as Endangered or
                               Threatened Species.
9/16/2020...................  Findings on a Petition   12-Month Petition
                               To Delist the Distinct   Finding.
                               Population Segment of
                               the Western Yellow-
                               Billed Cuckoo and a
                               Petition To List the
                               U.S. Population of
                               Northwestern Moose **.
9/17/2020...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listing-
                               Status for Chapin Mesa   Threatened With
                               milkvetch and Section    Section 4(d) Rule and
                               4(d) Rule with           Critical Habitat.
                               Designation of
                               Critical Habitat.
9/17/2020...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listings-
                               Status for Big Creek     Threatened With
                               crayfish and St.         Section 4(d) Rule and
                               Francis River Crayfish   Critical Habitat.
                               and With Section 4(d)
                               Rule with Designation
                               of Critical Habitat.
9/29/2020...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listings-
                               Status for longsolid     Threatened With
                               and round hickorynut     Section 4(d) Rule and
                               mussel and Section       Critical Habitat; 12-
                               4(d) Rule With           Month Petition
                               Designation of           Findings.
                               Critical Habitat, Not
                               Warranted 12-Month
                               Finding for purple
                               Lilliput.
9/29/2020...................  Threatened Species       Proposed Listing-
                               Status for Wright's      Threatened With
                               Marsh Thistle and        Section (4) Rule and
                               Section 4(d) Rule With   Critical Habitat.
                               Designation of
                               Critical Habitat.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Table 2--Listing Actions Funded and Initiated by the Service in Previous
   FYs and in FY 2020 That Were Not Complete as of September 30, 2020
     [Species denoted with an asterisk were subsequently completed.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Species                               Action
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canadian caribou--Dolphin/Union caribou  12-month finding.
Canadian caribou--Peary Island caribou.  12-month finding.
Yangtze sturgeon *.....................  Final listing determination.
Egyptian tortoise......................  12-month finding.
Amur sturgeon..........................  12-month finding.
Emperor penguin........................  12-month finding.
Russian sturgeon.......................  12-month finding.
Stellate sturgeon......................  12-month finding.
Ship sturgeon..........................  12-month finding.
Persian sturgeon.......................  12-month finding.
northern spotted owl...................  12-month finding.
false spike............................  12-month finding.
Guadalupe fatmucket....................  12-month finding.
Guadalupe orb..........................  12-month finding.
Texas fatmucket........................  Proposed listing determination
                                          or not warranted finding.
Texas fawnsfoot........................  Proposed listing determination
                                          or not warranted finding.
Texas pimpleback.......................  Proposed listing determination
                                          or not warranted finding.
South Llano Springs moss...............  12-month finding.

[[Page 43479]]

 
peppered chub *........................  12-month finding.
whitebark pine *.......................  Proposed listing determination
                                          or not warranted finding.
Key ringneck snake.....................  12-month finding.
Rimrock crowned snake..................  12-month finding.
Euphilotes ancilla cryptica............  12-month finding.
Euphilotes ancilla purpura.............  12-month finding.
Hamlin Valley pyrg *...................  12-month finding.
longitudinal gland pyrg................  12-month finding.
sub-globose snake pyrg *...............  12-month finding.
Louisiana pigtoe.......................  12-month finding.
Texas heelsplitter.....................  12-month finding.
triangle pigtoe........................  12-month finding.
prostrate milkweed.....................  12-month finding.
alligator snapping turtle..............  12-month finding.
Black Creek crayfish...................  12-month finding.
bracted twistflower....................  Proposed listing determination
                                          or not warranted finding.
Canoe Creek clubshell *................  12-month finding.
Clear Lake hitch *.....................  12-month finding.
Doll's daisy *.........................  12-month finding.
frecklebelly madtom *..................  12-month finding.
longfin smelt (San Francisco Bay-Delta   Proposed listing determination
 DPS).                                    or not warranted finding.
magnificent Ramshorn...................  Proposed listing determination
                                          or not warranted finding.
Mt. Rainier white-tailed ptarmigan.....  12-month finding.
Ocmulgee skullcap......................  12-month finding.
Penasco least chipmunk.................  Proposed listing determination
                                          or not warranted finding.
Puerto Rico harlequin butterfly *......  Proposed listing determination.
Puget oregonian snail *................  12-month finding.
relict dace *..........................  12-month finding.
Rocky Mountain monkeyflower *..........  12-month finding.
sickle darter *........................  12-month finding.
southern elktoe........................  12-month finding.
southern white-tailed ptarmigan *......  12-month finding.
tidewater amphipod *...................  12-month finding.
tufted puffin *........................  12-month finding.
western spadefoot......................  12-month finding.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


 Table 3--Completed Domestic and Foreign Recovery Actions (Proposed and Final Downlistings and Delistings) in FY
                                                2019 and FY 2020
                                           [As of September 30, 2020]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Publication date                 Title                  Action(s)            Federal Register citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10/18/2018..................  Removing Deseret         Final Rule--Delisting.  83 FR 52775-52786
                               Milkvetch (Astragalus
                               desereticus) From the
                               Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
02/26/2019..................  Removing the Borax Lake  Proposed Rule--         84 FR 6110-6126
                               Chub From the List of    Delisting.
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
03/15/2019..................  Removing the Gray Wolf   Proposed Rule--         84 FR 9648-9687
                               (Canis lupus) From the   Delisting.
                               List of Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
05/03/2019..................  Reclassifying the        Proposed Rule--         84 FR 19013-19029
                               American Burying         Downlisting.
                               Beetle From Endangered
                               to Threatened on the
                               Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife
                               With a 4(d) Rule.
08/27/2019..................  Removing Trifolium       Proposed Rule--         84 FR 44832-44841
                               stoloniferum (Running    Delisting.
                               Buffalo Clover) From
                               the Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
09/13/2019..................  Removing the Foskett     Final Rule--Delisting.  84 FR 48290-48308
                               Speckled Dace From the
                               List of Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
10/03/2019..................  Removal of the Monito    Final Rule--Delisting.  84 FR 52791-52800
                               Gecko (Sphaerodactylus
                               micropithecus) From
                               the Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
10/07/2019..................  Removal of Howellia      Proposed Rule--         84 FR 53380-53397
                               aquatilis (Water         Delisting.
                               Howellia) From the
                               List of Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
10/09/2019..................  Removing the Kirtland's  Final Rule--Delisting.  84 FR 54436-54463
                               Warbler From the
                               Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.

[[Page 43480]]

 
10/24/2019..................  Removal of the Interior  Proposed Rule--         84 FR 56977-56991
                               Least Tern From the      Delisting.
                               Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
11/05/2019..................  Removing Oenothera       Final Rule--Delisting.  84 FR 59570-59588
                               coloradensis (Colorado
                               Butterfly Plant) From
                               the Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
11/26/2019..................  Removing Bradshaw's      Proposed Rule--         84 FR 65067-65080
                               Lomatium From the        Delisting.
                               Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
11/26/2019..................  Removal of the           Proposed Rule--         84 FR 65098-65112
                               Nashville Crayfish       Delisting.
                               From the Federal List
                               of Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
11/26/2019..................  Reclassification of the  Proposed Rule--         84 FR 65080-65098
                               Endangered June Sucker   Downlisting.
                               to Threatened With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.
12/19/2019..................  Reclassifying the        Final Rule--            84 FR 69918-69947
                               Hawaiian Goose From      Downlisting.
                               Endangered to
                               Threatened With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.
01/02/2020..................  Removing the Hawaiian    Final Rule--Delisting.  85 FR 164-189
                               Hawk From the Federal
                               List of Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
01/06/2020..................  Removing the Kanab       Proposed Rule--         85 FR 487-492
                               Ambersnail From the      Delisting.
                               List of Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
01/22/2020..................  Reclassification of the  Proposed Rule--         85 FR 3586-3601
                               Humpback Chub From       Downlisting.
                               Endangered to
                               Threatened With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.
03/10/2020..................  Removing Lepanthes       Proposed Rule--         85 FR 13844-13856
                               eltoroensis From the     Delisting.
                               Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
4/23/2020...................  Reclassifying the        Final Downlisting--     85 FR 22653-22663
                               Golden Conure from       Threatened with
                               Endangered to            Section 4(d) Rule.
                               Threatened With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.
04/27/2020..................  Removing Arenaria        Proposed Rule--         85 FR 23302-23315
                               cumberlandensis          Delisting.
                               (Cumberland Sandwort)
                               From the Federal List
                               of Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
06/01/2020..................  Removing San Benito      Proposed Rule--         85 FR 33060-33078
                               Evening-Primrose         Delisting.
                               (Camissonia
                               benitensis) From the
                               Federal List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Plants.
06/11/2020..................  Removing the Borax Lake  Final Rule--Delisting.  85 FR 35574-35594
                               Chub From the List of
                               Endangered and
                               Threatened Wildlife.
7/24/2020...................  Reclassification of      Proposed Rule--         85 FR 44821-44835
                               Morro Shoulderband       Downlisting.
                               Snail (Helminthoglypta
                               walkeriana) From
                               Endangered to
                               Threatened With a 4(d)
                               Rule.
8/19/2020...................  Reclassification of      Proposed Rule--         85 FR 50991-51006
                               Stephens' Kangaroo Rat   Downlisting.
                               From Endangered To
                               Threatened With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.
9/30/2020...................  Reclassification of      Proposed Rule--
                               Virgin Islands Tree      Downlisting.
                               Boa From Endangered To
                               Threatened With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.
9/30/2020...................  Reclassficiation of      Proposed Rule--
                               beach layia (Layia       Downlisting.
                               carnosa) From
                               Endangered To
                               Threatened With a
                               Section 4(d) Rule.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When a petitioned action is found to be warranted but precluded, 
the Service is required by the Act to treat the petition as resubmitted 
on an annual basis until a proposal or withdrawal is published. If the 
petitioned species is not already listed under the Act, the species 
becomes a ``candidate'' and is reviewed annually in the CNOR.
    Another way that we have been expeditious in making progress in 
adding and removing qualified species to and from the Lists is that we 
have made our actions as efficient and timely as possible, given the 
requirements of the Act and regulations and constraints relating to 
workload and personnel. We are continually seeking ways to streamline 
processes or achieve economies of scale, such as batching related 
actions together for publication. Given our limited budget for 
implementing section 4 of the Act, these efforts also contribute toward 
our expeditious progress in adding and removing qualified species to 
and from the Lists.

Listing Priority Changes in Candidates

    We reviewed the LPNs for all foreign candidate species and are 
changing the LPN for the Bras[iacute]lia tapaculo (Scytalopus 
novacapitalis).

Bras[iacute]lia Tapaculo

    Bras[iacute]lia tapaculo is a small, shy, ground-dwelling bird with 
limited flight ability. The tapaculo is found in dense, swampy, 
gallery-forest habitat that is a smaller habitat component occurring 
within the wider tropical savanna or Cerrado of the Central Goia's 
Plateau of Brazil. Gallery forests are narrow fringes of thick 
streamside vegetation that occur on the edges of rivers and streams at 
elevations of approximately 800-1,000 meters (m) (2,625-3,281 feet 
(ft)).
    The Bras[iacute]lia tapaculo is described as rare, but the 
population size is unknown. Despite a lack of data on population 
trends, the population is

[[Page 43481]]

assumed to be declining because of the continued decline of the 
tapaculo's gallery-forest habitat. The species is currently known to 
occur in six protected areas and has been found on private land next to 
protected areas. These protected areas are limited in extent and size, 
with few larger than 25,000 hectares (ha) (61,776 acres (ac)). In the 
early 2000s, only 1.2 percent of the Cerrado was in protected areas; 
however, more recent estimates are 6.5 percent.
    The primary threat to the species is ongoing habitat loss and 
fragmentation. The Cerrado is the largest, most diverse, and possibly 
most threatened tropical savanna in the world. Land in the Cerrado is 
currently being converted for intensive grazing and mechanized 
agriculture, including soybean and rice plantations. The tapaculo's 
gallery-forest habitat has been less affected by clearing for 
agriculture than the surrounding Cerrado. However, effects to gallery 
forest arise from wetland drainage and the diversion of water for 
irrigation and from annual burning of adjacent grasslands for 
agricultural space. Effects from climate change may also be negatively 
altering the Cerrado and the tapaculo's specialized gallery-forest 
habitat within the Cerrado by reducing the amount of available habitat 
for the species.
    The IUCN recently changed the status of the species from near 
threatened to endangered, identifying the species' small and fragmented 
range as justification for the change in status. The Brazilian Red List 
assessed the species as endangered, noting severe fragmentation and 
continuing decline in area and quality of habitat. International trade 
is not a significant threat to the species, and the species is not 
included in the Appendices to CITES.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, we assigned the Bras[iacute]lia 
tapaculo an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the available information, we 
have determined that a change to an LPN of 2 is warranted at this time. 
The Bras[iacute]lia tapaculo does not represent a monotypic genus. 
Threats to the species are high in magnitude and are imminent. Habitat 
destruction and fragmentation and conversion of the Cerrado, mainly for 
agriculture and livestock, is ongoing and affects the small geographic 
range of the species. The species only occurs in a handful of small 
protected areas, and even in these areas the species is reported as 
rare. Therefore, an LPN of 2 is valid for this species to reflect 
imminent threats of high magnitude.

Findings for Petitioned Candidate Species

    For all 19 candidates, we continue to find that listing is 
warranted but precluded as of the date of publication of this document. 
In the course of preparing proposed listing rules or not-warranted 
petition findings in the future, we continue to monitor new information 
about these species' status so that we can make prompt use of our 
authority under section 4(b)(7) of the Act in the case of an emergency 
posing a significant risk to any of these species.
    Below are updated summaries for 18 petitioned candidates that we 
did not change the LPN, for which we published findings under section 
4(b)(3)(B) of the Act. In accordance with section 4(b)(3)(C)(i), we 
treat any petitions for which we made warranted-but-precluded 12-month 
findings within the past year as having been resubmitted on the date of 
the warranted-but-precluded finding. We are making continued warranted-
but-precluded 12-month findings on the petitions for these species.

Birds

Sira Curassow
    The Sira curassow (Pauxi koepckeae) is a large game bird that is 
known only from the Cerros del Sira region of Peru. Size and coloration 
are similar to the southern helmeted curassow, but their ranges are 
separated by approximately 2,000 kilometers (1,243 miles), and the Sira 
curassow has a shorter and rounder pale-blue casque (a horn-like bony 
appendage above the bill) that is flattened against the head.
    The Sira curassow inhabits cloud-forest habitat (a type of 
rainforest that occurs on high mountains in the tropics) at elevations 
from 1,100-1,450 m (3,609-4,757 ft) and above.
    Historical population data are lacking, but the population is 
currently estimated at fewer than 250 mature individuals and is 
declining. The primary cause of the decline is ongoing hunting by local 
indigenous communities. Additionally, the Sira curassow's range within 
the Cerros del Sira region is limited (550 square kilometers (212 
square miles)) and declining. Its habitat is being degraded by 
subsistence agriculture, forest clearing, road building, and associated 
rural development. Although the Sira curassow is legally protected in a 
large portion of its range in El Sira Communal Reserve, illegal hunting 
still occurs. A majority of the deforestation occurs outside of the El 
Sira Communal Reserve.
    The species is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red 
List. The species is not known to be in international trade, and the 
species is not included in the Appendices to CITES. The species is also 
not included in the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Sira curassow was assigned an 
LPN of 2. After reevaluating the threats to the species, we have 
determined that no change in the LPN is warranted. The Sira curassow 
does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces threats that are high in 
magnitude based on its very small estimated population and limited 
range. The few locations where it exists continue to face pressure from 
hunting and habitat loss. The best scientific and commercial data 
available indicate that the population decline will continue in the 
future. Because the species is experiencing significant population 
declines due to both hunting and habitat loss and degradation, we have 
made no change to the LPN of 2, which reflects imminent threats of high 
magnitude.
Southern Helmeted Curassow
    The southern helmeted curassow (Pauxi unicornis) is a game bird 
with a distinctive pale-blue, horn-like appendage (or casque) above its 
bill. The southern helmeted curassow is known only from central Bolivia 
on the eastern slope of the Andes, where large portions of its habitat 
are in national parks. The species inhabits dense, humid, foothill and 
lower montane forest and adjacent evergreen forest at altitudes between 
450 and 1,500 m (1,476 and 4,921 ft).
    The total population of southern helmeted curassow is estimated to 
be between 1,500 and 7,500 individuals and is declining. Hunting the 
species is estimated to be the primary threat to the species, followed 
by habitat loss and degradation. Although the national parks have been 
important for the preservation of the species, financial and human 
resources needed to protect park resources are limited. Within the 
parks, there are human settlements and ongoing encroachment, including 
illegal logging operations and forest clearing for farming. Rural 
development and road building limit the species' ability to disperse. 
Range reductions due to effects from climate change are also predicted 
for the southern helmeted curassow, when warming temperatures may cause 
the species to shift its distribution upslope and outside of protected 
national parks.
    The southern helmeted curassow is classified as critically 
endangered on the IUCN Red List. Trade has not been

[[Page 43482]]

noted internationally, and the species is not included in the 
Appendices to CITES. In 1997, the species was listed in Annex B of the 
European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations as part of a genus-level 
listing of all species in the genus Pauxi. The European Union Wildlife 
Trade Regulations are directly applicable in all European Union Member 
States; species listed on Annex B require a permit for import. In 2008, 
the species was moved from Annex B to Annex D (a lower level of 
protection) because it was one of the species that are not subject to 
levels of international trade that might be incompatible with their 
survival, but warrant monitoring of trade levels. The species continues 
to be listed on Annex D; species listed on Annex D require an import 
notification form completed by the importer for import.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the southern helmeted curassow was 
assigned an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the threats to the species, we 
have determined that no change in the LPN is warranted because the 
threats are of high magnitude and are imminent. The southern helmeted 
curassow does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces threats that 
are high in magnitude based on its small, limited range. The few 
locations where it exists continue to face pressure from hunting and 
from habitat loss and destruction, and the population will likely 
continue to decline. Because the species is experiencing ongoing 
population declines and habitat loss, an LPN of 2 remains valid for 
this species, which reflects imminent threats of high magnitude.
Lord Howe Island Pied Currawong
    Lord Howe Island pied currawong (Strepera graculina crissalis) is a 
fairly large, crow-like bird, endemic to Lord Howe Island, New South 
Wales, Australia. Lord Howe Island is a small island northeast of 
Sydney, Australia, with 28 smaller islets and rocks. The Lord Howe 
Island pied currawong occurs throughout the island but is most numerous 
in the mountainous areas on the southern end. It has also been recorded 
to a limited extent on the Admiralty Islands, located 1 kilometer (0.6 
mile) north of Lord Howe Island. The Lord Howe Island pied currawong 
breeds in rainforests and palm forests, particularly along streams. 
Approximately 75 percent of Lord Howe Island, plus all outlying islets 
and rocks within the Lord Howe Island group, is protected under the 
Permanent Park Preserve, which has similar status to that of a national 
park.
    The best current population estimate indicates that there are 
approximately 200 individuals. Researchers have determined that most, 
if not all, available habitat on Lord Howe Island is occupied based on 
the estimate of 200 individuals and estimates of the extent of 
available breeding habitat.
    The potential for the introduction of other nonnative rodents to 
this island ecosystem has also been identified as an issue for this 
subspecies, although the subspecies has persisted among invasive black 
rats. Because the Lord Howe Island pied currawong often preys on small 
rodents, it may be subject to nontarget poisoning during ongoing rat-
baiting programs. In June 2019, the Lord Howe Island Rodent Eradication 
Project began by placing poison bait traps around the island. To ensure 
the currawong's safety, project evaluators determined that 
approximately 50-60 percent of the wild population would need to be 
held in captive management during the eradication effort. The 
subspecies is known to sometimes eat rodents and feed them to their 
offspring. It is unlikely currawong targets the poison bait directly. A 
study is underway focusing on the effects of this project. In addition 
to its small population size, direct persecution (via shootings) by 
humans in retaliation for predation on domestic and endemic birds has 
been documented. The incidence of shootings has declined since the 
1970s, when conservation efforts on Lord Howe Island began, but 
occasional shootings were still occurring as recently as 2006. Another 
potential threat to the currawong is rising global temperatures 
associated with climate change that may affect the cloud layer on the 
island's mountaintops--resulting in drying of the forest where the 
currawong gets about half of its food, possibly creating a food 
shortage for the subspecies.
    The New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act of 1995 
lists the Lord Howe Island pied currawong as vulnerable due to its 
extremely limited range and its small population size, as does 
Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 
List of Threatened Fauna. The subspecies is not listed on the IUCN Red 
List, is not included in the Appendices to CITES, and this subspecies 
is not known to be in international trade.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Lord Howe Island pied currawong 
was assigned an LPN of 6. After reevaluating the threats to the Lord 
Howe Island pied currawong, we have determined that no change in the 
LPN for the subspecies is warranted. The Lord Howe Island pied 
currawong does not represent a monotypic genus or a full species. It 
faces threats that are high in magnitude due to a combination of 
factors including its small population size and risks from nontarget 
poisoning from rodent control. Aspects of the rodent-eradication 
program carry some risk, such as those associated with trapping and 
holding the birds, and the effects of a missed breeding cycle. If the 
rodent-eradication program is successful, effects from nontarget 
poisoning and any predation by rodents on currawong eggs will cease to 
be stressors for the currawong. However, because significant 
conservation efforts for the currawong have been implemented, and the 
subspecies is being closely managed and monitored, we find that the 
threats are nonimminent. Therefore, based on the best information 
available, an LPN of 6 remains valid to reflect nonimminent threats of 
high magnitude.
Chatham Oystercatcher
    Chatham oystercatcher (Haematopus chathamensis) is the rarest 
oystercatcher in the world, with a recent population estimate of 300 to 
320 individuals. It is native to the Chatham Island group located 860 
kilometers (534 miles) east of mainland New Zealand. The species breeds 
along the coastline of four islands in the chain: Chatham, Pitt, South 
East, and Mangere. The Chatham oystercatcher is found mainly along 
rocky shores, including wide volcanic rock platforms and occasionally 
on sandy or gravelly beaches.
    Predation of eggs and chicks, and to a lesser extent of adults, is 
thought to be the main threat to the Chatham oystercatcher population. 
Although the Mangere and South East nature reserves are free of all 
mammalian predators, nonnative mammalian predators inhabit Chatham and 
Pitt Islands. Feral cats are the most common predator of eggs. Other 
documented predators include gulls (Larus spp.), the native brown skua 
(Catharacta antarctica), weka (Gallirallus australis hectori), and 
domestic dogs. Nest destruction and disturbance by humans and livestock 
are also noted threats. Habitat loss and degradation has occurred from 
introductions of nonnative marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) in the 
early 1900s to revegetate destabilized dunes. The dense marram grass is 
unsuitable for Chatham oystercatcher nesting. Consequently, the Chatham 
oystercatcher is forced to nest closer to shore, where nests are 
vulnerable to tides and storm surges; up to 50 percent of eggs are lost 
in some years. Rising sea levels associated with climate change will 
likely affect future nesting success.

[[Page 43483]]

Additionally, the Chatham oystercatcher may be at risk from loss of 
genetic diversity given its small population size.
    The species has experienced a three-fold increase in its population 
since the first reliable census was conducted in 1987. Most of this 
increase occurred during a period of intensive management, especially 
predator control, from 1998 through 2004. The Chatham oystercatcher is 
listed as nationally critical by the NZDOC and it is protected under 
New Zealand's Wildlife Act. It is classified as endangered on the IUCN 
Red List, and the species is not included in the Appendices to CITES.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Chatham oystercatcher was 
assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the threats to this species, 
we have determined no change in the LPN for the species is warranted. 
The Chatham oystercatcher does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
current population estimate is very small, and the species has a 
limited range. The NZDOC has taken measures to recover and maintain the 
species, and the population appears to have stabilized. However, the 
species continues to face moderate threats from predation, trampling, 
nest disturbance, storm surges, and habitat loss due to nonnative 
marram grass that are affecting nesting success and survival. These 
threats are ongoing and imminent. The LPN remains an 8 to reflect 
imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Orange-Fronted Parakeet
    Orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi) is considered the 
rarest parakeet in New Zealand. It is distributed on the South Island 
of mainland New Zealand and a few offshore islands. The three remaining 
naturally occurring populations are all within a 30-kilometer (18.6-
mile) radius of one another in fragmented beech tree forests 
(Nothofagus spp.) of the upland valleys. Orange-fronted parakeets have 
also been captive-bred and released onto four predator-free islands 
where breeding has been confirmed.
    The species' range contracted when its population was severely 
reduced in the late 1800s and early 1900s for unknown reasons. From 
1999 to 2000, the mainland population crashed from perhaps 500 to 700 
birds to a rough estimate of 100 to 200 birds as a result of ship rat 
or black rat (Rattus rattus) eruptions. Information on the current 
population status is mixed. In 2013, the total population was estimated 
between 290 and 690 individuals (130 to 270 on the mainland, and 160 to 
420 on the islands). More recently, there are indications that both the 
offshore and mainland populations have declined to around 100 and 250 
birds, respectively, but these are rough estimates. In 2019, the 
orange-fronted parakeet had one of its best breeding seasons in decades 
with more than three times as many nests compared to previous years and 
produced at least 150 wild-born chicks, potentially doubling the 
population.
    The most prominent factors affecting the species on the mainland 
are predation by nonnative mammals such as weasels and rats (Rattus 
spp.), as well as habitat destruction. Trade of this species is not 
known to be a threat. Habitat loss and degradation has historically 
affected large areas of native forest on the mainland. The species' 
habitat is also degraded by introduced herbivores that alter forest 
structure in a way that reduces the available feeding habitat for the 
parakeet. Additionally, silviculture (care and cultivation) of beech 
forests has removed mature trees with nest cavities needed by the 
species. The parakeet competes with two other native parakeets for nest 
sites and food and with nonnative wasps and finches for food. Lastly, 
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus is a potential threat to this 
species. The disease was discovered in wild native birds (e.g., the 
red-fronted parakeet, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand in 
2008. Infected birds generally follow one of three paths: They develop 
immunity, die within a couple of weeks, or become chronically infected. 
Chronic infections result in feather loss and deformities of beak and 
feathers. However, the disease has not been documented in the orange-
fronted parakeet.
    The species was uplisted from nationally endangered to nationally 
critical by the NZDOC, it is protected under New Zealand's Wildlife 
Act, and is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN's Red List. The 
orange-fronted parakeet is included in Appendix II to CITES.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the orange-fronted parakeet was 
assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the factors affecting the 
species, we have determined that no change in the LPN is warranted 
because NZDOC is actively managing for the species including monitoring 
known populations, successfully captive-breeding and releasing birds 
into the wild, and implementing predator control programs. The orange-
fronted parakeet does not represent a monotypic genus. Although the 
species' available suitable nesting habitat in beech forests is 
limited, there appears to have been some success with predator control, 
captive-breeding, and translocations to offshore islands. The species 
faces threats (e.g., predation, habitat degradation, and competition 
for food and suitable nesting habitat) that are moderate in magnitude 
because the NZDOC continues to take measures to aid the recovery of the 
species. We find that the threats to this species are ongoing and 
imminent. Therefore, an LPN of 8 remains valid for this species to 
reflect imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Bogot[aacute] Rail
    The Bogot[aacute] rail (Rallus semiplumbeus) is a medium-sized 
nonmigratory bird. The species is found in the East Andes of Colombia, 
South America, and is largely restricted to areas at elevation from 
2,500-4,000 m (8,202-13,123 ft) in and surrounding Bogot[aacute], 
Colombia, on the Ubat[eacute]-Bogot[aacute] Plateau. This region 
formerly supported vast marshes and swamps, but few lakes with suitable 
habitat for the rail remain. The species is secretive, and wetland 
habitats most frequently used by rail are fringed by dense vegetation-
rich shallows.
    The current population size of the Bogot[aacute] rail is estimated 
between 1,000 and 2,500 mature individuals and is thought to be 
declining. The primary threat to the rail is habitat loss and 
degradation of wetlands. Approximately 8 million people live in the 
City of Bogot[aacute], and 11 million in the larger metro area. The 
wetlands have experienced a 97 percent loss in historical extent with 
few suitably vegetated marshes remaining. Additionally, road building 
may result in further habitat loss and human interference, including 
introduction of nonnative species in previously stable wetland 
environments. The Bogot[aacute] rail is listed as endangered by IUCN. 
The species is not known to be in international trade, and is not 
included in the Appendices to CITES.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Bogot[aacute] rail was assigned 
an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the threats to this species, we have 
determined that no change in the LPN for the species is needed. The 
Bogot[aacute] rail does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces 
threats that are high in magnitude due to the pressures on the species' 
habitat. Its range is very small and is rapidly contracting because of 
widespread habitat loss and degradation of wetlands. Although portions 
of the Bogot[aacute] rail's range occur in protected areas, most of the 
savanna wetlands are unprotected. The population is small and is 
estimated to be declining. The factors affecting the species are 
ongoing

[[Page 43484]]

and imminent. Thus, the LPN remains at 2 to reflect imminent threats of 
high magnitude.
Takah[emacr]
    The takah[emacr] (Porphyrio hochstetteri) is the largest extant 
rail in the world. It is flightless. The takah[emacr] was once 
widespread in the forest and grassland ecosystems on the South Island 
of New Zealand. It was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered 
in the Murchison Mountains on the South Island in 1948, inhabiting 
approximately 650 square kilometers (251 square miles). In addition to 
its native range on the mainland, the takah[emacr] has been introduced 
to offshore islands and mainland sanctuaries. When rediscovered in 
1948, it was estimated that the population consisted of 100 to 300 
birds, and the minimum total population now rests at 306 individuals.
    Several factors have historically led to the species' decline, 
including hunting, competition from introduced herbivores (animals that 
feed on plants), and predators such as weasels and the weka, a 
flightless woodhen that is endemic to New Zealand. Currently, weasel 
predation appears to be the most significant of these threats. Weasel 
trapping is an effective tool at slowly increasing survival and 
reproductive output of takah[emacr]; however, control efforts do not 
completely eliminate the threat.
    Takah[emacr] is a long-lived bird, potentially living between 14 
and 20 years, and has a low reproductive rate, with clutches consisting 
of one to three eggs. Severe weather in the Murchison Mountains (cold 
winters and high snowfall) may also be a limiting factor to the 
takah[emacr]. The population of takah[emacr] remains very small and has 
low genetic diversity relative to other species. The New Zealand 
Department of Conservation (NZDOC) is currently attempting to manage 
further loss of genetic diversity through translocations. Additionally, 
NZDOC has implemented a captive-breeding and release program to 
supplement the mainland population and has established several reserve 
populations on islands and fenced mainland sites; these actions are 
having a positive effect on population growth. New Zealand considers 
the takah[emacr] a nationally vulnerable species and it is protected 
under New Zealand's Wildlife Act. The takah[emacr] is listed as 
endangered on the IUCN Red List. The species is not known to be in 
international trade, and the species is not included in the Appendices 
to CITES.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the takah[emacr] was assigned an LPN 
of 8. After reevaluating the threats to the takah[emacr], we have 
determined that no change in the classification of the magnitude and 
imminence of threats to the species is warranted at this time. The 
takah[emacr] does not represent a monotypic genus. Limited suitable 
habitat and the threat of predation, combined with the takah[emacr]'s 
small population size and naturally low reproductive rate, are threats 
to this species that are moderate in magnitude. Although it has a small 
population, has limited suitable habitat, and may experience inbreeding 
depression, because the NZDOC is actively involved in measures to aid 
the recovery of the species, we find the threats are moderate in 
magnitude. Despite the conservation efforts, the threats are ongoing 
and imminent. Therefore, the LPN remains at 8 to reflect imminent 
threats of moderate magnitude.
Black-Backed Tanager
    Black-backed tanager (Tangara peruviana) is a small bird endemic to 
the coastal Atlantic Forest region of southeastern Brazil. It is 
currently found in the coastal states of Espirito Santo, Rio de 
Janeiro, S[atilde]o Paulo, Paran[aacute], Santa Catarina, and Rio 
Grande do Sul. The species is generally restricted to the sand-forest 
restinga habitat, which is a coastal component habitat of the greater 
Atlantic Forest complex. Restingas are herbaceous, shrubby, coastal 
sand-dune habitats. The black-backed tanager is primarily found in 
undisturbed vegetated habitat but has also been observed in secondary-
growth forests. It has also been observed visiting gardens and orchards 
of houses close to forested areas. The black-backed tanager is one of 
just a few tanagers known to migrate seasonally. Within suitable 
habitat, the black-backed tanager is generally not considered rare. The 
population estimate is between 2,500 to 10,000 mature individuals. 
Populations currently appear to be small, fragmented, and declining. 
The estimated extent of the resident and breeding range in 2015 was 
9,400 square kilometers (3,629 square miles). However, estimates have 
since increased to 316,000 square kilometers (122,008 square miles) 
because of updated information in the reported range in coastal areas 
south of Rio de Janeiro beyond Florianopolis and into the northeast 
corner of Rio Grande do Sul.
    The primary factor affecting the species is rapid and widespread 
loss and fragmentation of habitat because of urban expansion and 
beachfront development. The black-backed tanager's remaining suitable 
habitat in the areas of Rio de Janeiro and Paran[aacute] have largely 
been destroyed, and habitat loss and degradation will likely increase 
in the future. Additional habitat loss from sea-level rise associated 
with global climate change may compound an increased demand by humans 
to develop the remaining land. Small portions of this species' range 
occur in six protected areas, but intact lowland forest, restinga, and 
mangrove habitats used by resident black-backed tanagers on the 
northern part of Santa Catarina Island is unprotected.
    The black-backed tanager is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. 
The species is also listed as vulnerable in Brazil. It is not included 
in the Appendices to CITES, although it has infrequently been illegally 
sold in the pet trade.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the black-backed tanager was 
assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the available information, we 
have determined that no change in the LPN for this species is warranted 
at this time. The black-backed tanager does not represent a monotypic 
genus. We find that the threat from habitat loss is moderate in 
magnitude due to the species' fairly large range, its existence in 
protected areas, and an indication of some flexibility in its diet and 
habitat suitability. Threats are imminent because the species is at 
risk due to ongoing and widespread loss of habitat due to beachfront 
and related development. Therefore, an LPN of 8 remains valid for this 
species to reflect imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Yellow-Browed Toucanet
    Yellow-browed toucanet (Aulacorhynchus huallagae) is a rare bird in 
the toucan family. The species has a small range on the eastern slope 
of the Andes of north-central Peru, at elevations of 2,000-2,600 m 
(6,562-8,530 ft). The yellow-browed toucanet occurs in humid montane 
forests and occupies four known locations within its small range. Part 
of the species' range is within national parks. The population status 
is not well known because of the inaccessibility of its habitat, but is 
estimated at 600 to 1,500 mature individuals.
    Deforestation for livestock, agriculture, timber, and gold mining 
appears to be the primary threat. Habitat loss and destruction from 
deforestation for agriculture have been widespread in the region. The 
yellow-browed toucanet is described as scarce wherever found, and 
ongoing population and habitat declines resulting from habitat loss are 
assumed.
    The yellow-browed toucanet is classified as endangered on the IUCN

[[Page 43485]]

Red List, as well as by the Peruvian government. The species is not 
included in the Appendices to CITES.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the yellow-browed toucanet was 
assigned an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the available information, we 
find that no change in the LPN is warranted at this time. The yellow-
browed toucanet does not represent a monotypic genus. The estimated 
population is small with just three known locations within a restricted 
range. The magnitude of threats to the habitat remains high, and its 
population is likely declining. Therefore, an LPN of 2 remains valied 
for this species to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.
Gizo White-Eye
    Gizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris) is a small passerine 
(perching) bird described as warbler-like. It is endemic to the small 
island of Ghizo in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east 
of Papua New Guinea. The total range of the species is estimated to be 
less than 35 square kilometers (13.5 square miles), of which less than 
1 square kilometer (0.39 square mile) is the old-growth forest that the 
species seems to prefer. Little information is available about this 
species and its habitat. It is locally common in old-growth forest 
patches and less common elsewhere. The species has been observed in a 
variety of habitats on the island, but it is unknown whether 
sustainable populations can exist outside of forested habitats. The 
population is estimated to be between 250 and 1,000 mature individuals 
and is suspected to be declining.
    Habitat loss appears to be the main threat. The loss of old-growth 
forested areas and less suitable secondary growth forests because of 
logging, conversion to agricultural areas, and local resource 
extraction for firewood affect the species. Forested areas around 
Gizo--a town on Ghizo Island and the capital of Solomon Islands Western 
Province--that previously supported the species were degraded by the 
2007 tsunami and were found less likely to support the species even 5 
years later in 2012. The dense human population of the Solomon Islands 
may also be adversely affecting the Gizo white-eye and its habitat. 
There has been prolific growth in human settlement on Ghizo Island, 
mainly in the form of temporary housing. Small populations of the Gizo 
white-eye are likely subject to both demographic and unpredictable 
environmental events that can contribute to extirpations.
    The IUCN Red List classifies this species as endangered. It is not 
included in the Appendices to CITES, and this species is not known to 
be in international trade.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Gizo white-eye was assigned an 
LPN of 2. After reevaluating the available information, we find that no 
change in the LPN is warranted. The Gizo white-eye does not represent a 
monotypic genus. It faces threats that are high in magnitude due to 
declining suitable habitat and its small, declining population size. 
The best information available indicates that forest clearing is 
occurring at a pace that is rapidly denuding its habitat; secondary-
growth forest continues to be converted to agricultural purposes. 
Additionally, the human population on the small island is likely 
contributing to the reduction in old-growth forest for local uses such 
as timber and clearing for gardens. These threats to the species are 
ongoing, high in magnitude, and imminent. Therefore, an LPN of 2 
remains valid for this species to reflect imminent threats of high 
magnitude.
Helmeted Woodpecker
    Helmeted woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus) is a fairly small 
woodpecker native to regions of southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and 
northeastern Argentina. The helmeted woodpecker is nonmigratory, 
occurring in subpopulations in suitable habitat within its range. 
Characteristic habitat is large tracts of well-preserved southern 
Atlantic Forest in both lowland and montane areas from sea level up to 
elevations of 1,000 m (3,280 ft). The species prefers mature (old-
growth) trees in tropical and subtropical semi-deciduous forests as 
well as in mixed deciduous coniferous forests.
    The helmeted woodpecker is one of the rarest woodpeckers in the 
Americas. Its population declined sharply between 1945 and 2000, in 
conjunction with the clearing of mature forest habitat, and is 
currently estimated at 400-8,900 individuals. The principal threat to 
the helmeted woodpecker is loss, degradation, and fragmentation of its 
Atlantic Forest habitat. Forest clearing has recently slowed, and the 
species occurs in at least 17 protected areas throughout its range. 
However, habitat degradation continues, and the population is likely 
declining. Competition for nest cavities is also likely a limiting 
factor. The helmeted woodpecker is listed as endangered in Brazil and 
as vulnerable by the IUCN. It is not included in the Appendices to 
CITES.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the helmeted woodpecker was assigned 
an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the available information, we find that 
no change in the LPN for the helmeted woodpecker is warranted. The 
helmeted woodpecker does not represent a monotypic genus. The magnitude 
of threats to the species is moderate because the species' range is 
fairly large. The threats are imminent because the forest habitat upon 
which the species depends is still being altered and degraded. 
Therefore, an LPN of 8 continues to be valid for this species to 
reflect imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Okinawa Woodpecker
    Okinawa woodpecker (Dendrocopos noguchii syn. Sapheopipo noguchii) 
is a relatively large woodpecker found on Okinawa Island, Japan, and 
one of the world's rarest woodpeckers. The species prefers subtropical 
evergreen broadleaf forests that are undisturbed and mature. It 
currently occurs within the forested areas in the northern part of the 
island, generally in the Yambaru forest, and in some undisturbed forest 
in coastal areas. Most of the older forests that support the species 
are within the Jungle Warfare Training Center (formerly known as the 
Northern Training Area or Camp Gonsalves), part of the U.S. Marine 
Corps installation on Okinawa Island.
    Deforestation in the Yambaru region has been cited as the main 
cause of the Okinawa woodpecker's reduced habitat and population. As of 
the mid 1990s, only 40 square kilometers (15 square miles) of suitable 
habitat was available for this species. While most of the activities 
associated with habitat loss appear to have ceased, the Okinawa 
woodpecker still suffers from limited suitable habitat and a small 
population size. This situation makes it vulnerable to extinction from 
disease and natural disasters such as typhoons. Additionally, the 
species is vulnerable to introduced predators such as feral dogs and 
cats, Javan mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), and Japanese weasel 
(Mustela itatsi).
    In 2016, the Japanese Government designated Yambaru National Park 
and nominated the northern part of Okinawa Island (including Yambaru 
National Park) as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 
Organization World Heritage Centre. The species is listed as critically 
endangered in the Red List of Threatened Birds in Japan and protected 
from acquisition and transfer under Japan's wildlife protection system. 
Okinawa woodpecker is not included in the Appendices to CITES, and is 
not known to be in international trade.

[[Page 43486]]

    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Okinawa woodpecker was assigned 
an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the available information, we find that 
no change in the LPN is warranted. The Okinawa woodpecker does not 
represent a monotypic genus. Threats to the species are high in 
magnitude due to the scarcity of its old-growth habitat. The population 
is very small and is likely declining. Although new protected areas 
have been established that will likely benefit the Okinawa woodpecker, 
it is not yet clear that these areas will be fully protected from 
logging and other anthropogenic development and nonnative predators. 
Even though threats from logging have been reduced, it will take many 
years for secondary and clear-cut forest habitat to mature such that it 
is suitable for the woodpecker. The threats to the species are ongoing, 
imminent, and high in magnitude due to its restricted range, small 
population size, past habitat loss, and endemism. Therefore, an LPN of 
2 remains valid for this species to reflect imminent threats of high 
magnitude.

Invertebrates

Colorado Delta Clam
    Colorado delta clam (Mulinia modesta) is a relatively large, 
estuarine bivalve that was once very abundant at the head of the Gulf 
of California in the Colorado River estuary in Mexico prior to the 
construction of dams on the Colorado River. Recognizing that the clam 
is M. modesta, we now also recognize that the clam has a broader 
distribution into the northern and central portions of the Gulf of 
California. Therefore, the species is more widespread and found in the 
upper, northern, and central portions of the Gulf of California, and is 
capable of living in salinities ranging from brackish (mixture of salt 
and fresh water) to full seawater.
    Information regarding abundance of the Colorado delta clam in the 
Gulf of California is limited. The minimum average standing population 
of the Colorado delta clam in the upper Gulf was estimated to be at 
least 5 billion individuals over the past 1,000 years to account for 
the shells accumulated in ridges, with the delta clam accounting for 
84-95 percent of all bivalve mollusks in the upper Gulf. However, after 
decades of dam building on the Colorado River and its tributaries, the 
Colorado delta clam is estimated to be 6 percent as abundant in the 
upper Gulf as it was before dam construction began. While it is clear 
the clam has declined dramatically in the upper Gulf where it was most 
abundant before Colorado River dams were built, we are not aware of 
total population estimates covering its full range because benthic 
surveys of the near-coastal invertebrate macrofauna in central and 
southern Gulf are lacking.
    The species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. It is not 
commercially harvested or known to be in international trade, and is 
not included in the Appendices to CITES.
    Although the specific causes for the dramatic decline of the clam 
in the Colorado delta and upper Gulf of California region have not 
definitively been identified, several researchers have indicated that 
it was a consequence of decrease in the Colorado River's inflow to the 
estuary since completion of the dams. Environmental changes to the 
estuary associated with the decrease in river inflow include increased 
salinity, decreased sediment load, decreased input of naturally derived 
nutrients, and elimination of the spring/summer flood. Dams and 
diversions along the Colorado River have greatly affected the estuarine 
environment of the Colorado delta and have likely caused the localized 
decline in abundance of the clam in this region. However, the best 
available information does not indicate that dams and diversions are a 
stressor for the Colorado delta clam elsewhere within its range in the 
northern and central portions of the Gulf of California. Additionally, 
stressors for the clam throughout its range may arise from other 
natural or manmade factors affecting the clam's continued existence, 
such as pollution-related problems and effects from climate change, 
which are likely to increase in the future.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Colorado delta clam was assigned 
an LPN of 8. With the confirmation that the clam is Mulinia modesta, we 
recognize that it has a broader distribution into the northern and 
central portions of the Gulf of California and is capable of living in 
full seawater. However, we lack information about the distribution and 
viability of populations of the clam outside of the Colorado delta 
region. Despite the conservation measures in place (primarily portions 
of the species' range occurring within two large protected areas), the 
species continues to face habitat loss and degradation in the Colorado 
delta region due to dams and diversions on the Colorado River, along 
with other changes associated with decrease in river inflow and 
pollution. Because this threat appears to be affecting the clam in 
upper Gulf of California, and not in the remainder of its range, it is 
moderate in magnitude. The threat of habitat loss and degradation in 
the Colorado delta region is ongoing and imminent. Therefore, an LPN of 
8 remains valid for this species to reflect imminent threats of 
moderate magnitude.
Fluminense Swallowtail
    Fluminense swallowtail (Parides ascanius) is a black, white, and 
red swallowtail butterfly. The species may be confused with the Harris' 
mimic swallowtail, but the Harris' mimic has a red streak on the 
underside of its wing. The fluminense swallowtail also inhabits the 
restinga (sand forest) habitats of the coastal Atlantic Forest of 
Brazil within the State of Rio de Janeiro. There are at least eight 
confirmed subpopulations of fluminense swallowtail, and several other 
small, likely ephemeral, subpopulations are currently being studied 
(i.e., 8-12 estimated subpopulations). The overall number of 
subpopulations reported for the species has declined from fewer than 20 
colonies in 1994, to 8 to 12 in 2017. The butterfly is described as 
seasonally common, with sightings of up to 50 individuals at one colony 
in a single morning. A study at Biological Reserve of Po[ccedil]o das 
Antas estimated that the subpopulation ranged from 10 to 50 
individuals. The best available information does not provide estimates 
for butterfly numbers in the remaining subpopulations. The best 
available information indicates that there is a decline of 
subpopulations as well as a decrease in the numbers of individuals 
within each subpopulation. An estimate of the total area occupied by 
this species is less than 500 square kilometers (193 square miles).
    Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation are the primary 
threats to this species. The species occupies highly specialized 
habitat and requires large areas to maintain a viable colony. Based on 
a number of estimates, 88 to 95 percent of the area historically 
covered by tropical forests within the Atlantic Forest biome has been 
converted or severely degraded as a result of human activities. Habitat 
loss and destruction is caused primarily by road and building 
construction, drainage of swamps, and vegetation suppression, and the 
remaining tracts are severely fragmented. Fire, either wildfire or 
human-caused, has the potential to destroy the few remaining occupied 
habitats. This coastal butterfly may also be affected by habitat loss 
from sea-level rise, which may be compounded by human use of the 
remaining land for infrastructure and housing. The species' life 
history also contributes to its scarcity. Fluminense swallowtails, 
whose larvae feed only on a single plant species, tend to be more 
affected by habitat degradation than

[[Page 43487]]

species with multiple food sources. Illegal collection of the 
fluminense swallowtail is likely occurring and ongoing. The species is 
located near urban areas and is easy to capture. Recently, multiple 
specimens of fluminense swallowtail have been advertised online with 
costs ranging from $220 to $700 USD. The impact of illegal collection 
to the fluminense swallowtail is difficult to assess, but removal of 
individuals from the remaining small and fragmented populations could, 
in combination with other stressors, contribute to local extirpations.
    Only one of the subpopulations is presently found within a large 
protected area (Po[ccedil]o das Antas Biological Reserve), and the 
majority of the remaining populations are on smaller, fragmented 
parcels with limited or no protections and are vulnerable to 
extirpation. The fluminense swallowtail was the first invertebrate to 
be officially noted on the list of Brazilian animals threatened with 
extinction in 1973. The species is currently categorized by Brazil as 
endangered. It has been classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List 
since 1983, and it is not included in the Appendices to CITES. However, 
the European Commission listed the species on Annex B of the European 
Union Wildlife Trade Regulations; species listed on Annex B require a 
permit for import.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the fluminense swallowtail was 
assigned an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the stressors to this species, 
we have determined that no change to the LPN is warranted. The 
fluminense swallowtail does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
overall number of subpopulations recorded for the species has declined 
from previous records of fewer than 20 colonies to approximately 8 to 
12, and the species continues to decline. Threats are high in magnitude 
and imminent because of ongong habitat loss and fragmentation, 
catastrophic events of wildfire, and illegal collection. Only one of 
the known subpopulations is presently found within a large protected 
area. The majority of the remaining subpopulations are on small, 
fragmented parcels with limited or no protections and are vulnerable to 
extirpation. Despite the conservation measures in place, the species 
continues to face stressors (e.g., habitat loss and destruction, and 
illegal collection and trade). Therefore, an LPN of 2 remains valid for 
this species to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.
Hahnel's Amazonian Swallowtail
    Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail (Parides hahneli) is a large black 
and yellow butterfly endemic to Brazil. It is known from three remote 
locations along the tributaries of the middle and lower Amazon River 
basin in the states of Amazonas and Par[aacute]. Its preferred habitat 
is on old sand strips (stranded beaches) that are overgrown with dense 
scrub vegetation or forest. Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail is described 
as very scarce and extremely localized in association with its 
specialized habitat and its larval host plant. Population size and 
trends are not known for this species.
    Loss of habitat from deforestation is the primary threat to the 
species. Brazil reported the greatest loss of primary forest from 1990 
to 2015, and the states of Par[aacute] and Amazonas experienced high 
rates of deforestation in the last decade. Habitat loss and destruction 
will likely continue in the future. Additionally, habitat alteration 
and destruction for dam construction, agriculture, and cattle grazing, 
as well as crop transportation, are ongoing in Par[aacute] and 
Amazonas. Collection is also a potential threat for Hahnel's Amazonian 
swallowtail. The species has been collected for commercial trade and 
also may be reared for trade. Locations in the wild have been kept 
secret given the high value of this butterfly to collectors. Multiple 
specimens of Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail were noted for sale or sold 
from locations in the United States for $70 to $500 USD and from 
Germany (approximately $166 USD).
    Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail is classified as data deficient on 
the IUCN Red List. The species is listed as endangered on the State of 
Par[aacute]'s list of threatened species, but it is not listed by the 
State of Amazonas or by Brazil. Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail is not 
included in the Appendices to CITES. It is listed on Annex B of the 
European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations; species listed on Annex B 
require a permit for import.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail 
was assigned an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the threats to the 
Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail, we have determined that no change in 
the LPN is warranted. This swallowtail does not represent a monotypic 
genus. It faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent due to 
its small endemic population and the limited and decreasing 
availability of its highly specialized habitat. Habitat alteration and 
destruction are ongoing in Par[aacute] and Amazonas where the butterfly 
is found and are likely to continue. Potential impacts from collection 
are unknown but could, in combination with other stressors, contribute 
to local extirpations. Therefore, an LPN of 2 remains valid for this 
species to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.
Harris' Mimic Swallowtail
    Harris' mimic swallowtail (Mimoides lysithous harrisianus) is a 
medium-sized black, white, and red swallowtail butterfly that inhabits 
the mixed dense and open scrubby restinga (sand forest) habitats within 
the coastal Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Harris' mimic swallowtail 
butterfly mimics three butterfly species in the Parides genus, 
primarily the Flumenense swallowtail (Parides ascanius). The 
butterflies it mimics sequester toxins from host plants, rendering them 
toxic to most predators. The subspecies historically occurred in 
southern Esp[iacute]rito Santo State and along the coast of the State 
of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Records indicated that there are a total of 
five sites occupied by the butterfly in the State of Rio de Janeiro. 
Two areas are within protected national parks, and the other sites 
appear to be under municipal conservation with uncertain protected 
status, including sites in the City of Rio de Janeiro that are located 
in small patches of vegetation and are possibly at risk of extirpation. 
The best-studied site at Barra de S[atilde]o Jo[atilde]o has maintained 
a stable and viable size for nearly two decades, but there is limited 
information on its status since 2004. The best available data do not 
indicate recent population numbers in any of the other colonies or 
locations.
    Habitat destruction has been the main threat and is ongoing. Based 
on a number of estimates, 88 to 95 percent of the area historically 
covered by tropical forests within the Atlantic Forest biome has been 
converted or severely degraded as the result of human activities. In 
addition to the overall loss and degradation of its habitat, the 
remaining tracts of its habitat are severely fragmented. Fire, either 
wildfire or human-caused, is a stressor for Harris' mimic swallowtail 
due to its potential to destroy the few remaining occupied habitats. 
Sea-level rise may result in habitat loss, and this loss from sea-level 
rise may be compounded by an increased demand by humans to use 
remaining land for housing and infrastructure. Collection may also 
affect this butterfly. Although Harris' mimic swallowtail is 
categorized as endangered on the list of Brazilian fauna threatened 
with extinction, and collection and trade of the subspecies is 
prohibited, it has been offered for sale

[[Page 43488]]

on the internet. Specimens of Harris' mimic swallowtail are routinely 
advertised online ranging from $1,000 to $2,200 U.S. dollars (USD), 
indicating that illegal collection and trade may be occurring and 
demand for this butterfly is high. Harris' mimic swallowtail is not 
currently on the IUCN Red list, although it was identified as a 
threatened or extinct subspecies in the family Papilionidae in the 1994 
IUCN Red List. The subspecies is not included in the Appendices to 
CITES. It is also not regulated on the annexes to European Union 
Wildlife Trade Regulations.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, Harris' mimic swallowtail was 
assigned an LPN of 3. After reevaluating the threats to this 
subspecies, we have determined that no change in the LPN is warranted. 
Harris' mimic swallowtail is a subspecies that is not within a 
monotypic genus. Threats are high in magnitude and imminent because the 
butterfly only occurs in a few small, fragmented colonies, habitat loss 
and degradation is ongoing, and the potential for catastrophic events 
such as fire remains. Additionally, although the subspecies is 
protected by Brazilian law and several of the colonies are located 
within protected areas, the high price advertised online for specimens 
indicates that there is demand for the subspecies, likely from illegal 
collection. Despite the conservation measures in place, the species 
continues to face stressors (e.g., habitat loss and destruction, and 
illegal collection and trade). Therefore, an LPN of 3 remains valid for 
this subspecies to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.
Jamaican Kite Swallowtail
    Jamaican kite swallowtail (Protographium marcellinus, syn. 
Eurytides marcellinus) is a small blue-green and black butterfly 
endemic to Jamaica. This butterfly is regarded as Jamaica's most 
endangered butterfly. The species occurs in three limestone forest 
habitats containing dense stands of its only known larval host plant, 
Oxandra lanceolata, known as black lancewood or West Indian lancewood, 
and these stands are rare. There are five known sites that support 
colonies of the Jamaican kite swallowtail, although there is no known 
estimate of population size. Two of the sites may be recently 
extirpated, one is thought to be tenuous, and two are viable with 
strong numbers in some years.
    Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation are considered the 
primary factors affecting the Jamaican kite swallowtail. Historical 
habitat loss and destruction occurred when forests were cleared for 
agriculture and timber extraction. Only 8 percent of the total land 
area of Jamaica is natural forest with minimal human disturbance. More 
recent habitat destruction is occurring primarily from sapling cutting 
for yam sticks, fish pots, or charcoal. Charcoal-making also carries 
the risk of fire, which may destroy pupae in the leaf litter. 
Additionally, mining for limestone that is used for roadbuilding and 
bauxite production that is an important economic activity pose threats 
to remaining forested tracts. The two strongest subpopulations occur in 
protected areas, although habitat destruction within these areas 
continues. Additionally, Jamaica's Forest Act of 1996 and Forest 
Regulations Act of 2001 have increased the power of Jamaican 
authorities to protect the species' habitat; the Jamaican kite 
swallowtail is included in Jamaica's National Strategy and Action Plan 
on Biological Diversity. This strategy established specific plans for 
protecting sites that support two subpopulations of the swallowtail, 
but, to date, they have not been initiated due to funding and capacity 
constraints.
    Illegal collection and trade of the species may be occurring. Three 
specimens of the Jamaican kite swallowtail were noted for sale on the 
internet as recently as 2017, for as much as $120 USD, and one specimen 
sold in 2015 for $178 USD. Specimens of the Homerus swallowtail 
(Papilio homerus, another rare Jamaican butterfly) have also been 
illegally traded, indicating that there is a market for Jamaican 
butterflies despite heavy fines under the Jamaican Wildlife Protection 
Act. Predation from native predators, including spiders, the Jamaican 
tody (Todus todus), and praying mantis (Mantis religiosa), may be 
adversely affecting the Jamaican kite swallowtail, especially in the 
smaller subpopulations. In years where large numbers of spiders were 
observed, very few Jamaican kite swallowtail larvae survived. 
Additionally, this species may be at greater risk of extinction due to 
natural events such as hurricanes, and small fragmented subpopulations 
are generally at greater risk of extinction from habitat loss, 
predation, and stochastic environmental events.
    Since 1985, the Jamaican kite swallowtail has been categorized on 
IUCN's Red List as vulnerable, but the assessment is marked as needs 
updating. This species is not included in the Appendices to CITES or 
the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations, although some level of 
illegal trade is likely occurring.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Jamaican kite swallowtail was 
assigned an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the factors affecting the 
Jamaican kite swallowtail, we have determined that no change in LPN is 
warranted because the threats are high in magnitude and imminent. The 
Jamaican kite swallowtail does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
Jamaican kite swallowtail is known from only five small subpopulations, 
and as few as two of these subpopulations may presently be viable. 
Although Jamaica has taken regulatory steps to preserve native 
swallowtail habitat, plans for conservation of vital areas for the 
butterfly have not been implemented. Thus, an LPN of 2 remains valid 
for this species to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.
Kaiser-i-Hind Swallowtail
    Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail (Teinopalpus imperialis) is a green, 
black, and orange swallowtail butterfly that is large, ornate, and 
native to the Himalayan regions of Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, 
Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. The species occurs in the foothills of 
the Himalayan Mountains and other mountainous regions at altitudes of 
1,500-3,050 m (4,921-10,000 ft) above sea level, in undisturbed 
(primary) broad-leaved evergreen forests or montane deciduous forests. 
Although it has a relatively large range, it is restricted to higher 
elevations and occurs only locally within this range, and populations 
are described as being very local and never abundant. Even early 
accounts of the species described it as being a very rare occurrence. 
Larval host plants are limited to Magnolia and Daphne species, and in 
some regions the Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail is strictly monophagous, 
only using a single species of Magnolia as a host plant.
    Habitat destruction negatively affects this species, which prefers 
undisturbed, high-altitude forests. In China and India, the Kaiser-i-
Hind swallowtail populations are affected by habitat modification and 
destruction due to commercial and illegal logging, as well as clearing 
for agriculture in India. In Nepal, the species is affected by habitat 
disturbance and destruction resulting from mining, wood collection for 
use as fuel, deforestation, collection of fodders and fiber plants, 
forest fires, invasion of bamboo species into the oak forests, 
agriculture, and grazing animals. In Vietnam, the forest habitat is 
reportedly declining. Comprehensive information on the rate of 
degradation of Himalayan forests containing the Kaiser-i-Hind 
swallowtail is not available, but habitat loss is consistently reported 
as one of the primary ongoing threats to the

[[Page 43489]]

species. Collection for commercial trade is also regarded as a threat 
to the species. The Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail is highly valued and has 
been collected and traded despite various prohibitions. Although it is 
difficult to assess the potential impacts from collection, it is 
possible that collection in combination with other stressors contribute 
to local extirpations.
    In China, the species is protected by the Law of the People's 
Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife. In India, the Kaiser-
i-Hind swallowtail is listed on Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife 
Protection Act. In Thailand, all butterflies in the genus Teinopalpus, 
including the Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail, are listed under Thailand's 
Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act. In Vietnam, the species is 
listed as ``Vulnerable'' in the 2007 Vietnam Red Data Book and is 
reported to be the most valuable of all butterflies in Vietnam. In 
2006, the species was listed on Vietnam's Schedule IIB of Decree No. 32 
on management of endangered, precious, and rare forest plants and 
animals. Since 1996, the Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail has been categorized 
on the IUCN Red List as lower risk/near threatened, but IUCN indicates 
that this assessment needs updating. The Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail has 
been included in CITES Appendix II since 1987. Additionally, the 
Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail is listed on Annex B of the European Union 
Wildlife Trade Regulations; species listed on Annex B require an import 
permit.
    In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail was 
assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the threats to this species, 
we have determined that no change in its LPN of 8 is warranted because 
threats to the species are moderate in magnitude and imminent. The 
Kaiser-i-Hind swallowtail does not represent a monotypic genus. Threats 
from habitat destruction and illegal collection are moderate in 
magnitude due to the species' wide distribution and to various 
protections in place within each country. The threats are imminent due 
to ongoing habitat destruction and high market value for specimens. 
Therefore, an LPN of 8 remains valid for this species to reflect 
imminent threats of moderate magnitude.

Current CNOR

    We gather data on plants and animals foreign to the United States 
that appear to merit consideration for addition to the Lists of 
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (Lists). This document 
identifies those species that we currently regard as candidates for 
addition to the Lists. These candidates include species and subspecies 
of fish, wildlife, or plants, and DPSs of vertebrate animals. This 
compilation relies on information from status surveys and information 
from foreign countries, other Federal agencies, knowledgeable 
scientists, public and private natural resource interests, and comments 
received in response to previous CNORs.
    Table 4, below, list animals arranged alphabetically by common 
names under the major group headings. Animals are grouped by class or 
order. Useful synonyms and subgeneric scientific names appear in 
parentheses with the synonyms preceded by an ``equals'' sign. We 
incorporate standardized common names in these CNORs as they become 
available.
    Table 4 lists all candidate species, plus species currently 
proposed for listing under the Act. We emphasize that in this document 
we are not proposing to list any of the candidate species; rather, we 
will develop and publish proposed listing rules for these species in 
the future. We encourage foreign countries where a candidate species 
occurs, other Federal agencies, and other parties to consider these 
species in environmental planning.
    In Table 4, the ``Category'' column on the left side of the table 
identifies the status of each species according to the following codes:
    PE--Species proposed for listing as endangered. This category does 
not include species for which we have withdrawn or finalized the 
proposed rule.
    C--Candidates: Species for which we have on file sufficient 
information on biological vulnerability and threats to support 
proposals to list them as endangered or threatened. Issuance of 
proposed rules for these species is precluded at present by other 
higher priority listing actions. This category includes species for 
which we made a 12-month warranted-but-precluded finding on a petition 
to list. Our analysis for this document included making new findings on 
all petitions for which we previously made ``warranted-but-precluded'' 
findings. We identify the species for which we made a continued 
warranted-but-precluded finding on a resubmitted petition by the code 
``C*'' in the category column (see Findings for Petitioned Candidate 
Species, above, for additional information).
    The ``Priority'' column indicates the LPN for each candidate 
species, which we use to determine the most appropriate use of our 
available resources. The lowest numbers have the highest priority. We 
assign LPNs based on the immediacy and magnitude of threats, as well as 
on taxonomic status. We published a complete description of our listing 
priority system in the Federal Register (48 FR 43098; September 21, 
1983).
    Following the scientific name (third column) and the family 
designation (fourth column) is the common name (fifth column). The 
sixth column provides the known historical range for the species or 
vertebrate population (for vertebrate populations, this is the 
historical range for the entire species or subspecies and not just the 
historical range for the DPS), indicated by country. Many species no 
longer occur in all of the areas indicated in the historical range 
column.

Request for Information

    We request additional status information that may be available for 
any of the candidate species identified in this CNOR. We will consider 
this information to monitor changes in the status or LPN of candidate 
species and to manage candidates as we prepare listing documents and 
future revisions to the CNOR. We also request information on additional 
species to consider including as candidates as we prepare future 
updates of this CNOR.
    We request you submit any further information on the species named 
in this document as soon as possible or whenever it becomes available. 
We are particularly interested in information:
    (1) Indicating that we should add a species to the list of 
candidate species;
    (2) Indicating that we should remove a species from candidate 
status;
    (3) Documenting threats to any of the included species;
    (4) Describing the immediacy or magnitude of threats facing 
candidate species;
    (5) Pointing out taxonomic or nomenclature changes for any of the 
species;
    (6) Suggesting appropriate common names; and
    (7) Noting any mistakes, such as errors in the indicated historical 
ranges.
    We will consider all information provided in response to this CNOR 
in deciding whether to propose species for listing and when to 
undertake necessary listing actions (including whether emergency 
listing under section 4(b)(7) of the Act is appropriate).
    Submit information, materials, or comments regarding foreign 
species to the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, 
above. We will maintain information we receive for each candidate 
species mentioned in the submission, and information and comments we 
receive will become part

[[Page 43490]]

of the administrative record for the species.

Public Availability of Comments

    Before including your address, phone number, email address, or 
other personal identifying information in your submission, be advised 
that your entire submission--including your personal identifying 
information--may be made publicly available at any time. Although you 
can ask us in your submission to withhold from public review your 
personal identifying information, we cannot guarantee that we will be 
able to do so.

Signing Authority

    The Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, approved this 
document and authorized the undersigned to sign and submit the document 
to the Office of the Federal Register for publication electronically as 
an official document of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Martha 
Williams, Principal Deputy Director Exercising the Delegated Authority 
of the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, approved this document 
on August 4, 2021, for publication.

Authority

    This document is published under the authority of the Endangered 
Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).

Madonna Baucum,
Regulations and Policy Chief, Division of Policy, Economics, Risk 
Management, and Analytics, Joint Administrative Operations, U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service.

                              Table 4--Candidate Notice of Review (Foreign Species)
         [Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Status
--------------------------    Scientific name           Family            Common name         Historical range
   Category      Priority
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      BIRDS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C *...........          2  Scytalopus             Rhinocryptidae...  Tapaculo, Brasilia...  Brazil.
                            novacapitalis.
C *...........          2  Pauxi koepckeae......  Cracidae.........  Curassow, Sira.......  Peru.
C *...........          2  Pauxi unicornis......  Cracidae.........  Curassow, southern     Bolivia.
                                                                      helmeted.
C *...........          6  Strepera graculina     Cracticidae......  Currawong, Lord Howe   Lord Howe Island,
                            crissalis.                                Island pied.           New South Wales.
C *...........          8  Haematopus             Haematopodidae...  Oystercatcher,         Chatham Islands, New
                            chathamensis.                             Chatham.               Zealand.
C *...........          8  Cyanoramphus malherbi  Psittacidae......  Parakeet, orange-      New Zealand.
                                                                      fronted.
C *...........          2  Rallus semiplumbeus..  Rallidae.........  Rail, Bogot[aacute]..  Colombia.
C *...........          8  Porphyrio              Rallidae.........  Takah[emacr].........  New Zealand.
                            hochstetteri.
C *...........          8  Tangara peruviana....  Thraupidae.......  Tanager, black-backed  Brazil.
C *...........          2  Aulacorhynchus         Ramphastidae.....  Toucanet, yellow-      Peru.
                            huallagae.                                browed.
C *...........          2  Zosterops              Zosteropidae.....  White-eye, Gizo......  Solomon Islands.
                            luteirostris.
C *...........          8  Dryocopus galeatus...  Picidae..........  Woodpecker, helmeted.  Argentina, Brazil,
                                                                                             Paraguay.
C *...........          2  Dendrocopos noguchii.  Picidae..........  Woodpecker, Okinawa..  Okinawa Island,
                                                                                             Japan.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     FISHES
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PE............  .........  Acipenser dabryanus..  Acipenseridae....  Sturgeon, Yangtze....  China.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      CLAMS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C *...........          8  Mulinia modesta......  Mactridae........  Clam, Colorado delta.  Mexico.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     INSECTS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C *...........          2  Parides ascanius.....  Papilionidae.....  Swallowtail,           Brazil.
                                                                      fluminense.
C *...........          2  Parides hahneli......  Papilionidae.....  Swallowtail, Hahnel's  Brazil.
                                                                      Amazonian.
C *...........          3  Mimoides (=Eurytides   Papilionidae.....  Swallowtail, Harris'   Brazil.
                            or Graphium)                              mimic.
                            lysithous
                            harrisianus.
C *...........          2  Protographium          Papilionidae.....  Swallowtail, Jamaican  Jamaica.
                            (=Eurytides or                            kite.
                            Graphium or
                            Neographium or
                            Protesilaus)
                            marcellinus.
C *...........          8  Teinopalpus            Papilionidae.....  Swallowtail, Kaiser-i- Bhutan, China,
                            imperialis.                               Hind.                  India, Laos,
                                                                                             Myanmar, Nepal,
                                                                                             Thailand, Vietnam.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[FR Doc. 2021-16943 Filed 8-6-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P