Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Designating Critical Habitat for the Central America, Mexico, and Western North Pacific Distinct Population Segments of Humpback Whales, 21082-21157 [2021-08175]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 75 (Wednesday, April 21, 2021)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 21082-21157]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-08175]



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Vol. 86

Wednesday,

No. 75

April 21, 2021

Part V





Department of Commerce





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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration





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50 CFR Parts 223, 224, and 226





Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Designating Critical 
Habitat for the Central America, Mexico, and Western North Pacific 
Distinct Population Segments of Humpback Whales; Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 75 / Wednesday, April 21, 2021 / 
Rules and Regulations

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

50 CFR Parts 223, 224, and 226

[Docket No. 210415-0080]
RIN 0648-BI06


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Designating 
Critical Habitat for the Central America, Mexico, and Western North 
Pacific Distinct Population Segments of Humpback Whales

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the NMFS, issue this final rule to designate critical 
habitat for the endangered Western North Pacific distinct population 
segment (DPS), the endangered Central America DPS, and the threatened 
Mexico DPS of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) pursuant to 
section 4 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Specific areas 
designated as critical habitat for the Western North Pacific DPS of 
humpback whales contain approximately 59,411 square nautical miles 
(nmi\2\) of marine habitat in the North Pacific Ocean, including areas 
within the eastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Specific areas 
designated as critical habitat for the Central America DPS of humpback 
whales contain approximately 48,521 nmi\2\ of marine habitat in the 
North Pacific Ocean within the portions of the California Current 
Ecosystem off the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. 
Specific areas designated as critical habitat for the Mexico DPS of 
humpback whales contain approximately 116,098 nmi\2\ of marine habitat 
in the North Pacific Ocean, including areas within portions of the 
eastern Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and California Current Ecosystem.

DATES: This rule becomes effective on May 21, 2021.

ADDRESSES: This final rule, critical habitat maps, as well as documents 
supporting this final rule are available on our website 
(www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/humpback-whale#conservation-management), or may be obtained by contacting Lisa Manning, Endangered 
Species Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lisa Manning, NMFS, Office of 
Protected Resources, 301-427-8466.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Under the ESA, we are responsible for determining whether certain 
species are threatened or endangered, and, to the maximum extent 
prudent and determinable, designating critical habitat for endangered 
and threatened species at the time of listing (16 U.S.C. 
1533(a)(3)(A)(i)). On September 8, 2016, we published a final rule that 
revised the listing of humpback whales under the ESA by removing the 
original, taxonomic-level species listing, and in its place listing 
four DPSs as endangered and one DPS as threatened (81 FR 62260). We 
also determined that nine additional DPSs did not warrant listing. 
Prior to this revision, the humpback whale had been listed as an 
endangered species in 1970 under the precursor to the ESA (the 
Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969), and then transferred to 
the list of endangered species under the ESA. Although the ESA was 
later amended to require the designation of critical habitat for listed 
species, when humpback whales were originally listed, there was no 
statutory requirement to designate critical habitat for this species. 
Section 4(a)(3)(A)(i) of the ESA now requires that, to the maximum 
extent prudent and determinable, critical habitat be designated at the 
time of listing (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(A)(i)). Pursuant to implementing 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(g), critical habitat is not designated 
within foreign countries or in areas outside the jurisdiction of the 
United States. Thus, the listing of DPSs of humpback whales under the 
ESA in 2016 triggered the requirement to designate critical habitat, to 
the maximum extent prudent and determinable, for those DPSs occurring 
in areas under U.S. jurisdiction--specifically, the Central America 
(CAM), Mexico (MX), and Western North Pacific (WNP) DPSs. The statute 
and our regulations presume that designation is prudent except in 
relatively rare circumstances where a finding that it is not prudent 
may be appropriate (see 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)).
    In the final rule to list five DPSs of humpback whales, we 
concluded that critical habitat was not yet determinable, which had the 
effect of extending by one year the statutory deadline for designating 
critical habitat (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)). On March 15, 2018, the 
Center for Biological Diversity, Turtle Island Restoration Network, and 
the Wishtoyo Foundation filed a complaint seeking court-ordered 
deadlines for the issuance of proposed and final rules to designate 
critical habitat for the CAM, MX, and WNP DPSs of humpback whales. See 
Center for Biological Diversity et al. v. National Marine Fisheries 
Service, et al., No. 3:18-cv-01628-EDL (N.D. Cal.). The parties entered 
into a settlement agreement with the approval and oversight of the 
court, and subsequently amended the dates specified in the original 
order. The amended settlement agreement stipulated that NMFS submit a 
proposed determination concerning the designation of critical habitat 
for these three DPSs to the Federal Register by September 26, 2019. 
This deadline was met and a proposed rule was published on October 9, 
2019 (84 FR 54354). The parties recently agreed to extend the date for 
submission of the final rule to the Federal Register to April 15, 2021.
    In 2018, a critical habitat review team (CHRT), consisting of 
biologists from NMFS and NOS, was convened to assess and evaluate 
information in support of a critical habitat designation for the CAM, 
MX, and WNP DPSs of humpback whales. Based on the Draft Biological 
Report (NMFS 2019a), the Draft Economic Analysis (IEc 2019), and the 
initial Draft Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 2019b), we published a 
proposed rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019) to designate critical 
habitat for all three DPSs. All of the areas proposed for designation 
serve as feeding habitat for the relevant listed DPSs and contain the 
essential biological feature of humpback whale prey. Approximately 
78,690 nmi\2\ of marine habitat within the eastern Bering Sea, around 
the eastern Aleutian Islands, and in the western Gulf of Alaska were 
proposed for designation for the WNP DPS. Approximately 48,459 nmi\2\ 
of marine habitat within portions of the California Current Ecosystem 
(CCE) off the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California were 
proposed for designation for the CAM DPS. Approximately 175,812 nmi\2\ 
of marine habitat within eastern Bering Sea, around the eastern 
Aleutian Islands, in the Gulf of Alaska, and within CCE were proposed 
for the MX DPS. Based on consideration of economic impacts under 
section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, we proposed to exclude approximately 44,119 
nmi\2\ of marine habitat from the designation for the WNP DPS, 
approximately 12,966 nmi\2\ of marine habitat from the designation for 
the CAM DPS, and approximately 30,527 nmi\2\ of marine habitat from the 
designation for the MX DPS. Based on

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consideration of national security impacts under section 4(b)(2) of the 
ESA, we also proposed to exclude approximately 48 nmi\2\ of marine 
habitat from the critical habitat designation for the MX DPS in 
Southeast Alaska and about 1,522 nmi\2\ of marine habitat off the coast 
of Washington from the designations for the CAM and MX DPSs.
    We requested public comment on the proposed designations and 
supporting reports (i.e., Draft Biological Report (NMFS 2019a), Draft 
Economic Analysis (IEc 2019a), and Draft Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 
2019b)) through December 9, 2019, and held five public hearings (84 FR 
55530, October 17, 2019). In response to requests, we extended the 
public comment period through January 31, 2020 (84 FR 65346, November 
27, 2019) and held a sixth public hearing (84 FR 65346, November 27, 
2019). For a complete description of our proposed action, we refer the 
reader to the proposed rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019).
    This final rule describes the critical habitats for the CAM, MX, 
and WNP DPSs of humpback whales and the basis for the designations, 
including a summary of, and responses to, the significant public 
comments received. The following supporting documents provide detailed 
discussions of information and analyses that contributed to the 
conclusions presented in this final rule: Final Biological Report (NMFS 
2020a), Final Economic Analysis (FEA; IEc 2020), and Final Section 
4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 2020b). The Final Biological Report is a 
compilation of the best available scientific information as gathered 
and reviewed by the CHRT, and the FEA is the analysis of probable 
economic impacts associated with the critical habitat areas as 
conducted by economists contracted by NMFS (i.e., Industrial Economics, 
Inc.). These reports, drafts of which were subjected to public and peer 
review, inform the final designation decision we, NMFS, set out here. 
The Final Section 4(b)(2) Report, prepared by NMFS, describes our 
analysis of the eligibility of areas for designation (under section 
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the ESA) as well the analysis of particular areas for 
exclusion from the designations (under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA). 
These supporting documents are referenced throughout this final rule.

Critical Habitat Definition and Process

    Section 3(5)(A) of the ESA defines critical habitat as (i) the 
specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at 
the time it is listed, on which are found those physical or biological 
features (I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) 
which may require special management considerations or protection; and 
(ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination by the Secretary 
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species (16 
U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)). Certain areas owned or controlled by the Department 
of Defense are ineligible for designation (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i). 
Section 3(5)(C) of the ESA provides that, except in those circumstances 
determined by the Secretary, critical habitat shall not include the 
entire geographical area which can be occupied by the threatened or 
endangered species. Under our implementing regulations, we may consider 
designating unoccupied areas that are essential for the conservation of 
the species only where a designation limited to occupied areas would be 
inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species (50 CFR 
424.12(b)(2)).
    ``Conservation'' is defined in section 3(3) of the ESA as the use 
of all methods and procedures which are necessary to bring any 
endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the 
measures provided pursuant to the ESA are no longer necessary (16 
U.S.C. 1532(3)). Therefore, a critical habitat designation is not 
limited to the areas necessary for the survival of the species, but 
rather includes areas necessary for supporting the species' recovery. 
(See Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 
F.3d 1059, 1070 (9th Cir. 2004) (``Clearly, then, the purpose of 
establishing `critical habitat' is for the government to carve out 
territory that is not only necessary for the species' survival but also 
essential for the species' recovery.''), amended on other grounds, 387 
F.3d 968 (9th Cir. 2004); Alaska Oil and Gas Ass'n v. Jewell, 815 F.3d 
544, 555-56 (9th Cir. 2016).)
    The United States Supreme Court has recently held that ``critical 
habitat'' must logically be a subset of the species' ``habitat'' that 
is ``critical.'' Weyerhaeuser Co. v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 
139 S. Ct. 361, 368 (U.S. 2018). That issue arose in the context of a 
critical habitat designation by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 
(USFWS) that included an area that was not currently occupied by the 
species. For areas within the occupied range of the species, such 
questions do not arise, because by definition if an area is occupied by 
the species at the time of listing, then it can be occupied as habitat 
by that species. The criteria in the ESA's definition of occupied 
critical habitat serve to validate that any area meeting that statutory 
definition is in fact habitat.
    In determining whether the essential physical or biological 
features ``may require'' special management considerations or 
protection, it is necessary only to find that there is a possibility 
that the features may require special management considerations or 
protection in the future; it is not necessary to find that such 
management is presently or immediately required. Home Builders Ass'n of 
N. California v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 268 F. Supp. 2d 1197, 
1218 (E.D. Cal. 2003). The relevant management need may be ``in the 
future based on possibility.'' Bear Valley Mut. Water Co. v. Salazar, 
No. SACV 11-01263-JVS, 2012 WL 5353353, at *25 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 17, 
2012). See also Cape Hatteras Access Pres. Alliance v. U.S. Dept. of 
Interior, 731 F. Supp. 2d 15, 24 (D.D.C. 2010) (``The Court explained 
in CHAPA I that `the word ``may'' indicates that the requirement for 
special considerations or protections need not be immediate' but must 
require special consideration or protection `in the future.' '') 
(citing Cape Hatteras Access Pres. Alliance v. U.S. Dept. of Interior, 
344 F. Supp. 2d 108, 123-24 (D.D.C. 2004)).
    Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA requires the Secretary to designate 
critical habitat for threatened and endangered species on the basis of 
the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration 
various impacts of the designation (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)). The first 
sentence of section 4(b)(2) requires the Secretary to take into 
consideration the economic impact, the impact on national security, and 
any other relevant impact, of specifying any particular area as 
critical habitat (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)). Regulations at 50 CFR 
424.19(b) specify that, in carrying out this mandatory consideration, 
the Secretary will consider the ``probable'' impacts of the designation 
at a scale that the Secretary determines to be appropriate, and that 
such impacts may be qualitatively or quantitatively described. The 
Secretary will compare impacts with and without the designation (50 CFR 
424.19(b)). This requires that we assess the incremental impacts 
attributable to the critical habitat designation relative to a baseline 
that reflects regulatory impacts that already exist in the absence of 
the critical habitat due to the protections afforded to the listed 
humpback whales under the ESA and from other statutes.
    The second sentence of section 4(b)(2) describes a further process 
by which the Secretary may go beyond the mandatory consideration of 
impacts and weigh the benefits of excluding any particular area

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(i.e., avoiding the economic, national security, or other relevant 
impacts) against the benefits of designating it (primarily, the 
conservation value of the area). If the Secretary concludes that the 
benefits of excluding particular areas outweigh the benefits of 
designation, he may exclude the particular area(s), so long as he 
concludes on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data 
available that the exclusion will not result in extinction of the 
species (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2); 50 CFR 424.19(c)). NMFS and the USFWS 
have adopted a joint policy setting out non-binding guidance explaining 
generally how we exercise our discretion under section 4(b)(2) (see 
Policy Regarding Implementation of Section 4(b)(2) of the Endangered 
Species Act (``4(b)(2) Policy,'' 81 FR 7226, February 11, 2016)).
    Critical habitat designations must be based on the best scientific 
data available, rather than the best scientific data possible. Bldg. 
Indus. Ass'n. of Superior Cal. v. Norton, 247 F.3d 1241, 1246-47 (D.C. 
Cir. 2001). See also Alaska Oil & Gas Ass'n v. Jewell, 815 F.3d 544, 
555 (9th Cir. 2016) (The ESA ``requires use of the best available 
technology, not perfection.'') Provided that the best available 
information is sufficient to enable us to make a determination as 
required under the ESA, we must rely on it even though there is some 
degree of imperfection or uncertainty. See Alaska v. Lubchenco, 825 F. 
Supp. 2d 209, 223 (D.D.C. 2011) (``[E]ven if plaintiffs can poke some 
holes in the agency's models, that does not necessarily preclude a 
conclusion that these models are the best available science. Some 
degree of predictive error is inherent in the nature of mathematical 
modeling.''); Oceana, Inc. v. Ross, 321 F. Supp. 3d 128, 142 (D.D.C. 
2018) (``[E]ven where data may be inconclusive, an agency must rely on 
the best available scientific information.''). There is no obligation 
to conduct independent studies and tests to acquire the best possible 
data. Ross, 321 F. Supp. 2d at 142 (citations omitted). See also San 
Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Auth. v. Locke, 776 F.3d 971, 995 (9th Cir. 
2014) (holding that the best available science standard ``does not 
require an agency to conduct new tests or make decisions on data that 
does not yet exist.''); Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 999 
(D.C. Cir. 2008); Southwest Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Babbitt, 
215 F.3d 58, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (``The `best available data' 
requirement makes it clear that the Secretary has no obligation to 
conduct independent studies.'')
    Once critical habitat is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the ESA 
requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they authorize, fund, 
or carry out are not likely to destroy or adversely modify that habitat 
(16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2)). This requirement is additional to the section 
7(a)(2) requirement that Federal agencies ensure their actions are not 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of ESA-listed species 
(sometimes referred to as the ``jeopardy'' standard). Specifying the 
geographic location of critical habitat also facilitates implementation 
of section 7(a)(1) of the ESA by identifying areas where Federal 
agencies can focus their conservation programs and use their 
authorities to further the purposes of the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(1)). 
Critical habitat requirements do not apply to citizens engaged in 
actions on private land that do not involve a Federal agency.

Summary of Changes From the Proposed Designations

    We evaluated the comments and information received from the public 
during the public comment period and at public hearings. Based on our 
consideration of these comments and information and our reconsideration 
of issues discussed in the proposed rule, we have made several changes 
from the proposed designations. Below we briefly summarize these 
changes, which are discussed in further detail in the relevant 
responses to comment and other sections of this final rule.
    (1) Revised the essential feature. In response to public comments 
requesting that we add specificity to the regulatory definition of the 
essential feature, we have revised the description of the prey 
essential feature, which as proposed read: ``Prey species, primarily 
euphausiids and small pelagic schooling fishes of sufficient quality, 
abundance, and accessibility within humpback whale feeding areas to 
support feeding and population growth.'' Multiple commenters expressed 
concerns that the proposed prey feature was too broad or vague, and 
requested that additional specificity be added to the description, 
including identifying particular prey species for each DPS as well as 
the relevant age-classes of those prey species. After thorough review 
of the best available scientific information, we have determined that 
it would be most consistent with the purposes of the ESA to add 
specific examples to the descriptions of the prey feature for each DPS. 
This will enable the public to have notice of primary prey species that 
are relied upon by each DPS. We have therefore revised the prey feature 
by including explicit references to certain prey species that have been 
recognized and documented as key prey species within the diet of 
humpback whales and that occur within the specific critical habitat 
areas of the listed DPSs. Because these species occur commonly and 
consistently in the whales' diets, we conclude that they are essential 
to the conservation of the particular DPS. The revised prey essential 
features that we adopt in this final rule are as follows:
    CAM DPS: Prey species, primarily euphausiids (Thysanoessa, 
Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, and Nematoscelis) and small pelagic schooling 
fishes, such as Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy 
(Engraulis mordax), and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), of 
sufficient quality, abundance, and accessibility within humpback whale 
feeding areas to support feeding and population growth.
    WNP DPS: Prey species, primarily euphausiids (Thysanoessa and 
Euphausia) and small pelagic schooling fishes, such as Pacific herring 
(Clupea pallasii), capelin (Mallotus villosus), juvenile walleye 
pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes 
personatus) of sufficient quality, abundance, and accessibility within 
humpback whale feeding areas to support feeding and population growth.
    MX DPS: Prey species, primarily euphausiids (Thysanoessa, 
Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, and Nematoscelis) and small pelagic schooling 
fishes, such as Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy 
(Engraulis mordax), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), capelin 
(Mallotus villosus), juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), 
and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) of sufficient quality, 
abundance, and accessibility within humpback whale feeding areas to 
support feeding and population growth.
    (2) Excluded Unit 1, Bristol Bay Area, from the final designations 
for the WNP DPS. In response to public comments regarding the data that 
were considered in our initial assessment of the relative conservation 
value of specific areas and how we considered those data (e.g., that we 
had considered data that was not specific to the particular DPS), we 
reconvened a CHRT, refined the set of data considered and applied in 
the analysis for each DPS, and conducted a fresh assessment of the 
conservation value of each specific critical habitat area and for all 
three DPSs. In response to public comments, the CHRT placed greater 
emphasis during this reassessment on data regarding the distribution of 
whales from the particular listed DPSs (versus humpback whales 
generally). As a consequence of this additional review of the best

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scientific data available, the CHRT concluded that there is 
insufficient information to evaluate the relative conservation value of 
Unit 1 specifically for the whales in the WNP DPS. The CHRT found that 
the available information for this specific area (which does not 
include any photo-identification or genetic data) is insufficient to 
permit reliable evaluation of the relative proportions of whales from 
the WNP or MX DPSs and the non-listed Hawaii population in Unit 1 or 
the predicted use of this area by WNP DPS whales. Therefore, the CHRT 
concluded that this area is ``data deficient'' with regard to its value 
for the WNP DPS whales. We agree with the conclusion that the available 
data do not permit a determination regarding the extent to which whales 
from the WNP DPS are relying on this particular area, their predicted 
use of this area, or the importance of this area to their conservation. 
Based on our consideration of the benefits of designating this area 
versus the estimated economic impacts associated with designating this 
area pursuant to section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, we conclude that the 
benefits of including this particular area are outweighed by the 
benefits of excluding this area from the designation for the WNP DPS. 
Therefore, Unit 1 is not included in the final critical habitat 
designation for this DPS.
    (3) Excluded Units 1, 4, 6, and 10 from the final designations for 
the MX DPS. As discussed in the preceding paragraph, we received public 
comments expressing concerns regarding the data considered in our 
initial assessment of the relative conservation value of specific areas 
and how we considered that data. We also received extensive public 
comments and supporting information asserting that we had 
underestimated the economic impacts of the proposed designation and 
overestimated the conservation value of specific areas. Many of these 
comments were specific to Alaska, and in particular to Southeast Alaska 
(Unit 10). In response to public comments and new information received, 
we revised the economic analysis (see IEc 2020), and the relative 
conservation value of all specific areas were reassessed for each DPS 
by the CHRT (see NMFS 2020a).
    As previously described, the CHRT's reassessment of the relative 
conservation value of the specific areas placed greater emphasis on the 
relative distribution of the listed whales (versus humpback whales 
generally) within each of the specific areas proposed for designation. 
As a result of this reassessment, and for the same reasons as described 
for the WNP DPS, the CHRT concluded that Unit 1 was ``data deficient;'' 
currently available data are not sufficient to reliably determine the 
relative proportions of humpback whales from different populations in 
Unit 1. In other words, the CHRT could not determine the extent to 
which MX DPS whales rely on this particular area, their predicted use 
of this area, or the importance of this area to the conservation of the 
MX DPS. Based on our consideration of the benefits of designating this 
area versus the estimated economic impacts associated with designating 
this area, we conclude that the benefits of designating this area for 
the MX DPS are outweighed by the benefits of excluding this particular 
area. Therefore, Unit 1 is not included in the final critical habitat 
designation for this DPS.
    Based on the CHRT's reassessment of the relative conservation 
values of several specific areas occupied by the MX DPS, the 
qualitative conservation ratings (i.e., ``very high,'' ``high,'' 
``medium,'' and ``low'') were revised for several specific areas. As 
presented in detail in the Final Biological Report (NMFS 2020a), the 
conservation rating remained the same for eight habitat units, went 
down for seven habitat units, and increased for three habitat units. 
The conservation ratings for Units 4 (Central Peninsula Area), 6 (Cook 
Inlet Area), and 10 (Southeast Alaska) were revised from medium to low 
conservation value. As discussed in the Final Section 4(b)(2) Report 
(NMFS 2020b), based on a weighing of the benefits of designating these 
particular areas against the annualized estimated economic impacts 
resulting from designation for each particular area (which have been 
revised upwards by about $2,000 for Units 4 and 6 and by about $14,000 
for Unit 10; see IEc 2020), we conclude that the benefits of including 
these particular areas in the designation are outweighed by the 
benefits of excluding the particular areas. Thus, Units 4, 6, and 10 
are not included in the final critical habitat designation for the MX 
DPS of humpback whales.
    (4) Reduced the area excluded for the Quinault Range Site. In 
response to public comments expressing opposition to the proposed 
exclusion of the Department of the Navy's (``Navy'') requested 
exclusion of the Quinault Range Site (QRS), a Naval training and 
testing area off the coast of Washington, and a 10-km buffer around the 
QRS, we reviewed and reconsidered the information supporting this 
proposed national security exclusion. Following thorough consideration 
of the public comments and additional information submitted by the Navy 
in support of their requested exclusion, we have reduced the extent of 
the 10-km buffer where the QRS overlaps with the Olympic Coast National 
Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS). As detailed in the Section 4(b)(2) Report 
(NMFS 2020b), the benefits of designating critical habitat for the MX 
and CAM DPSs within this portion of the buffer was not found to be 
outweighed by national security impacts of including that portion. This 
change represents a reduction in the size of the area being excluded 
from critical habitat--from a proposed exclusion of about 1,522 nmi\2\ 
to 1,461 nmi\2\ for the QRS and associated, reduced buffer.
    (5) Added regulatory language to clarify that the critical habitat 
does not include manmade structures (e.g., ferry docks, seaplane 
facilities). In response to a request for clarification of the extent 
of the critical habitat, we have added language to the final regulation 
to clarify that the critical habitat designations do not include 
manmade structures that are within the areas being designated. 
Specifically, we have added the following regulatory text: ``Critical 
habitat does not include manmade structures (e.g., ferry docks, sea 
plane facilities) and the land on which they rest within the critical 
habitat boundaries and that were in existence as of May 21, 2021.''

Summary of Public Comments and Responses

    We requested public comments on the proposed rule to designate 
critical habitat for the Western North Pacific, Central America, and 
Mexico DPSs of humpback whales, and on the supporting documents (i.e., 
the draft Biological Report (NMFS 2019a), draft Economic Analysis (IEc 
2019a), and draft ESA Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 2019b)), which were 
made available on the Federal eRulemaking Portal (www.regulations.gov) 
and the NOAA Fisheries website (www.fisheries.noaa.gov). Public 
comments were received over a 115-day period ending on January 31, 
2020, via standard mail, email, the Federal eRulemaking Portal, and at 
six public hearings. Public comments are posted on the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal (docket number: NOAA-NMFS-2019-0066). All public 
comments and significant new information received through the comment 
and hearings period have been reviewed and fully considered in 
developing the final critical habitat designation.

[[Page 21086]]

    We received over 180 public comment submissions through 
www.regulations.gov and over a dozen comment submissions during the 
public hearings. Comments were received from a range of sources that 
included individual members of the public, a federally recognized 
Indian Tribe and tribal organizations, state and local officials, 
foreign governments, state natural resources agencies, other Federal 
agencies (e.g., the Marine Mammal Commission, NOAA's National Ocean 
Service National Marine Sanctuaries Program), commercial fishing and 
other professional trade associations, seafood companies, the North 
Pacific Fishery Management Council, scientific organizations, and 
environmental organizations. One comment letter included signatures of 
17,675 people in support of the proposed designations, and another 
submission included a spreadsheet with similar written comments from 
16,554 individuals, most of whom expressed concerns regarding 
entanglement and ship strikes and urged us to quickly designate all 
areas considered and add a sound-related essential feature. In general, 
comments expressed support for the designations, requested some changes 
to the proposed designations, or expressed opposition to the 
designation of one or more specific areas. A large majority of the 
comment submissions that expressed concern or opposition to the 
proposed designations pertained to proposed critical habitat areas in 
Alaska.
    Summaries of the substantive public comments received and our 
responses are provided below by topic. Similar comments are combined 
where appropriate. We did not consider, and do not include below, 
comments that were not germane to the proposed critical habitat rule. 
Such unrelated comments addressed issues other than critical habitat 
designation, such as the 2016 revision of the listing of humpback 
whales under the ESA, delisting of humpback whale DPSs, funding for 
humpback whale monitoring, development of recovery plans for the listed 
humpback whale DPSs, and expansion of critical habitat for North 
Pacific right whales.

Economic Impacts of Critical Habitat Designation

    Comment 1: Multiple commenters stated that the 2019 draft economic 
analysis (DEA) underestimated the impacts of the proposed critical 
habitat designation because it only quantifies the incremental 
administrative costs associated with interagency consultations on 
Federal actions pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the ESA (16 U.S.C. 
1536(a)(2)). Several of these commenters also suggested that the 
economic analysis only quantified costs to NMFS and other governmental 
agencies and does not include costs to local residents, stakeholders, 
and governments that undertake activities with a Federal nexus. These 
commenters requested an expanded economic analysis that would take into 
account impacts to small communities, industries, and state/local 
governments. One commenter suggested discussion of qualitative economic 
metrics including indirect costs, risks, and economic vulnerability.
    Response: As described in Section 1.3.3 of the FEA, the economic 
analysis considers multiple potential categories of impacts that may 
result from the critical habitat designation. In addition to 
administrative costs of section 7 consultations, the analysis evaluates 
the potential for costs resulting from additional conservation efforts 
for the humpback whales that may be recommended through consultation, 
as well as the potential for indirect impacts (not related to section 7 
outcomes), such as project delays or regulatory uncertainty. (Note: The 
term ``conservation efforts'' is used throughout the FEA and in this 
final rule as a generic term to refer to efforts that NMFS may identify 
through formal consultation to avoid destruction and adverse 
modification of critical habitat (i.e., reasonable and prudent 
alternatives), measures that NMFS may suggest through formal or 
informal consultation to avoid adverse effects of an action (i.e., 
conservation recommendations), and efforts that action agencies or 
other entities may otherwise undertake to avoid adverse effects of 
projects or activities on the humpback whale and/or its habitat.) As 
summarized in Section 2.2, the economic analysis finds that it is most 
likely that the costs resulting from critical habitat designation will 
be largely limited to the administrative costs of consultation, with 
the potential for some additional costs to result from in-water 
construction and dam-related project delays that may occur following 
designation. However, the best available data provide no basis to 
identify whether and for how long project delays may occur. Therefore, 
the potential for time delays and associated costs are described 
qualitatively in the report.
    The costs of the designation are largely administrative because we 
do not presently anticipate recommending incremental changes to agency 
actions as a result of the designation of critical habitat for the 
majority of forecasted activities. For most of the activities for which 
we can project the likelihood of a consultation, consultation would 
have already been required in order to ensure the action would not 
jeopardize the continued existence of the listed whales, due to the 
presence of the whales, and the newly arising obligation to also 
consider potential destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat is not expected generally to change the outcomes of such 
consultations. For certain activities (e.g., the Coastal Pelagic 
Species (CPS) commercial fishery), previous consultations on the 
activity have not analyzed the impacts of removal of prey species on 
humpback whales due to lack of quantitative tools necessary to assess 
the biomass requirements to support humpback whales and other predators 
under varying ecosystem conditions and specify the indirect impacts of 
removal of biomass of a particular prey species. Future consultations 
on the CPS fisheries are likely to consider potential effects of prey 
removal on humpback whales and their habitat to the extent possible on 
the basis of the best information available at such time. The analysis 
of whether a project or activity is likely to result in adverse 
modification of critical habitat, and the specific recommendations we 
may make through section 7 consultation to avoid destruction or adverse 
modification, are project specific. We cannot speculate about the 
outcome of future consultations, but rather must base both our 
designation and the future consultations on the best available data at 
the time our agency decisions are undertaken. At present, we are not 
able to identify a circumstance under which it is likely that the 
conservation efforts recommended for the humpback whales would be 
greater or different due to the designation of critical habitat.
    The revised economic analysis highlights key areas of uncertainty 
associated with this conclusion and presents that information alongside 
the quantified impacts. In particular, public comments from the State 
of Alaska and other entities identified the potential for project 
delays related to in-water construction and dam relicensing to result 
from the critical habitat designation. Public comments did not identify 
any particular instances of critical habitat designations across the 
region specifically resulting in a project delay, and we were not able 
to find such examples through additional outreach to state agencies 
(e.g., Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Alaska 
Department of Transportation and Public Facilities). We agree with the

[[Page 21087]]

commenters that, if likely to occur, the costs of time delays 
specifically tied to the designation would be considered costs of the 
rule. However, the best available data provide no basis to identify 
whether and for how long project delays may occur. Therefore, we 
conclude that such impacts are not probable impacts of the designation 
(see 50 CFR 424.19(b)). Nevertheless, to the extent possible, the 
potential for time delays and associated costs are described 
qualitatively in the report. We considered both the quantitative 
results and qualitative discussion of potential unquantified impacts 
and the associated uncertainty when weighing the benefits of excluding 
particular areas from the critical habitat designation against the 
benefits of including those areas.
    The administrative costs quantified in the economic analysis are 
not limited to the costs of consultation that would be borne by NMFS 
and other governmental agencies. As shown in Exhibit 1-3 of the FEA, 
the analysis estimates administrative costs for each forecasted 
consultation to NMFS, a hypothetical Federal action agency, and a 
hypothetical third party. A third party having an interest in a section 
7 consultation could be a private company (e.g., an applicant for a 
Federal permit), a local or state government, or some other entity. The 
FEA clarifies that third-party administrative costs are quantified, and 
expands on the potential for other impacts to non-Federal entities as a 
result of critical habitat designation. Based on information provided 
during the public comment period, the FEA includes more detailed 
discussion of concerns related to the potential, unquantified economic 
impacts of the designation in Alaska. Although the FEA finds that the 
quantified costs of designation are limited to the administrative costs 
of section 7 analysis incurred by NMFS, Federal action agencies, and 
third parties, the FEA highlights in Section 2.2 the State of Alaska's 
concerns related to potential unquantified costs, and discusses the 
potential for indirect or unquantified direct impacts related to 
certain activities throughout Chapter 2.
    Comment 2: Multiple commenters expressed concern that the critical 
habitat designation will place a disproportionate burden on rural 
Alaskan communities. One commenter noted that rural Alaskan communities 
already face economic threats including recent ferry reductions, cuts 
to municipal revenues, and reductions in Chinook salmon harvests. 
Several commenters noted that commercial fishing is the most important 
industry in many Alaskan communities and any impacts to fishing would 
have broad effects on the economy. One local government noted that it 
is dependent on fish tax revenue. Another commenter noted that harbor 
construction and hydropower projects are already difficult for small 
communities to afford. Multiple commenters requested that we expand on 
baseline socioeconomic conditions in rural Alaskan communities and 
further assess potential adverse impacts to coastal economies. Multiple 
commenters requested that we exclude Southeast Alaska (Unit 10) due to 
the economic reliance of small coastal communities on the commercial 
fishing industry.
    Response: Given the importance of marine resource-based industries 
to rural Alaskan communities and that alternative economic 
opportunities are more limited in these areas, we agree that these 
communities would be more vulnerable to any additional costs of 
consultation or required conservation efforts resulting from the 
designation of humpback whale critical habitat. In response to this 
comment, the FEA includes additional discussion in Sections 2.3.1 and 
2.6.1 highlighting the value of fisheries and in-water construction and 
port infrastructure to these communities. The FEA highlights that added 
costs to these activities may affect these communities more than other, 
more populated and economically diverse communities. However, as 
described in Sections 2.3.1 and 2.6.1., the analysis finds that the 
only direct incremental costs of the critical habitat designations 
relative to these activities will be administrative costs associated 
with participation in section 7 consultation. This is primarily because 
Federal agency actions in or near the proposed critical habitat areas, 
including federally managed fisheries, predominantly involve activities 
for which consultations under section 7 of the ESA already consider 
effects to listed humpback whales via effects on the whales' prey. 
Additionally, Alaska fisheries that target the primary prey species for 
humpback whales that are not federally managed are not subject to 
section 7 consultation (e.g., the state-managed herring fishery). Thus, 
the critical habitat designation is not expected to change the 
viability or management of development projects of small Alaskan 
communities or commercial fishing activities. The analysis does, 
however, identify the potential for some costs to be incurred as a 
result of delays in in-water construction activities and dam 
relicensing, though the potential for these costs is uncertain. To the 
extent that these costs are incurred, they would be an incremental 
impact of the rule. As noted in response to Comment 1, this impact is 
highlighted as a key uncertainty of the analysis.
    As discussed in more detail later, in response to Comment 43, and 
in the Final Section 4(b)(2) Report, Southeast Alaska (Unit 10) is 
excluded from the final critical habitat designation for the MX DPS. 
This particular area is forecasted to have disproportionately high 
estimated administrative costs relative to other areas and was rated as 
having a low conservation value for the MX DPS whales. Thus, we 
concluded that the benefits of excluding this area outweigh the 
benefits of including this particular area in the designation of 
critical habitat for the MX DPS.
    Comment 3: Multiple commenters stated that the DEA underestimated 
the costs of the proposed critical habitat designation on Alaskan 
fisheries. Commenters requested that the economic analysis assess the 
costs associated with potential changes to fisheries management 
actions, including gear restrictions and time and area closures and 
restrictions, for both commercial and recreational fisheries. 
Commenters requested an analysis of direct costs of such management 
actions (e.g., loss of revenues) as well as broader impacts on coastal 
communities dependent on the seafood industry. Several commenters 
acknowledged that we do not presently anticipate any additional 
conservation efforts as a result of critical habitat designation, but 
noted that if this assumption proves false or changes in the future 
then there could be significant economic impacts in Alaska.
    Response: The economic analysis recognizes the importance of 
fisheries to Alaskan communities and economies. In response to these 
comments, Section 2.3.1 of the FEA includes an expanded description of 
the importance of the fishing industry to Alaska, and to small, rural 
communities in particular, including information on the value of 
fisheries in each of the proposed critical habitat units. It further 
discusses the state's concerns related to the potential for fishery 
management actions to be required through future consultations, such as 
fishery closures or limiting the harvest of humpback whale prey 
species. The FEA quantifies costs of consultations on fishery 
management plans in Alaska, including a total of four anticipated 
consultations on the Fishery Management Plans for the Bering Sea/
Aleutian Island and Gulf of Alaska groundfish fisheries and the Pacific 
halibut fishery over the next ten years.

[[Page 21088]]

However, as described in Section 2.3.1 of the FEA, we do not presently 
anticipate the critical habitat designations for humpback whales will 
require changes to management of these fisheries because humpback whale 
prey species are either not targeted by those fisheries or are not 
taken in significant amounts overall.
    In developing the final economic analysis and in order to respond 
to the comments received, we sought relevant information from the State 
of Alaska to understand how the state-managed herring fishery, which 
does target humpback whale prey, may be affected by the designations. 
Absent a Federal nexus requiring consultation, any conservation efforts 
undertaken to change practices in the state-managed fishery in response 
to the rule would be the state's decision, and communications with the 
state did not indicate that the state expects to take any such actions 
absent a regulatory requirement from NMFS to do so. Because we are not 
proposing any such regulations, the FEA's quantified costs are limited 
to those administrative costs incurred as a result of section 7 
consultation on Federal actions including Federal fishery management 
plans. We conclude that it would be erroneous to quantify costs 
associated with hypothetical management actions that are not 
anticipated outcomes of this critical habitat rule.
    Comment 4: Several commenters based in Alaska noted that prior to 
the designation of critical habitat for Steller sea lions (Eumetopias 
jubatus), NMFS did not predict that changes to fisheries management 
would be required. However, subsequent to the designation, NMFS has 
closed multiple fisheries to protect Steller sea lions. Commenters are 
concerned that we may not anticipate management actions in the short-
term, but closures could occur in the future as happened with Steller 
sea lions.
    Response: In response to public comments received and 
communications with the State of Alaska, Section 2.3.1.3 of the FEA 
includes a discussion of fisheries closures for Steller sea lions and 
their critical habitat, and the potential relevance to the designation 
of critical habitat for humpback whales. As noted in the discussion, we 
do not currently anticipate any restrictions of Federal fisheries for 
humpback whale prey species to result from the critical habitat. In 
addition, the State of Alaska, which manages a fishery for a primary 
prey species for humpback whales in Alaska (Pacific herring), has not 
indicated any intent to limit the geographic extent or level of harvest 
in that fishery as a result of critical habitat designation absent a 
regulatory requirement from NMFS to do so.
    Comment 5: Multiple commenters from Alaska expressed concern that 
the critical habitat designation could result in changes to the 
management of humpback prey species, including herring. One local 
government added that herring fisheries are important to the local 
economy as well as subsistence harvesters and that the impacts of any 
changes to herring fishery management were not adequately considered.
    Response: In response to this comment, the FEA includes a more 
detailed discussion of the economic importance of the herring fishery 
to the state and in particular, to Southeast Alaska. However, there is 
no Federal nexus with the Alaska commercial and subsistence Pacific 
herring fisheries, which are managed by the State of Alaska, and 
therefore there is no requirement for the state to engage in section 7 
consultation with NMFS regarding humpback whale critical habitat. Any 
restriction of these herring fisheries in Alaska would be at the 
state's discretion. This is discussed in Section 2.3.1.3 and Section 
3.2.4 of the FEA. Subsistence harvest for humpback whale prey species 
(e.g., herring and capelin) occurs within some Federal waters off 
Alaska and is regulated through the Federal Subsistence Management 
Program. According to information from the Office of Subsistence 
Management at the USFWS and the Alaska Region of the U.S. Forest 
Service, overall participation is low and harvest levels of humpback 
whale prey species are low across all areas covered in this program, 
especially relative to harvest in the state managed fisheries. Given 
the nature of these activities and the limited harvest, we do not 
anticipate any additional management measures would likely be required 
for these activities as a result of the critical habitat designations.
    Comment 6: Several commenters requested that the economic analysis 
present data on the economic importance of the seafood industry to 
Alaskan communities. Two commenters referenced economic information on 
Alaska's seafood industry available from the Alaska Seafood Marketing 
Institute.
    Response: Section 2.3.1 of the FEA incorporates information 
provided by the commenters on the economic importance of the seafood 
industry to describe employment in the industry and tax contributions 
to the state and local governments made by related businesses. However, 
because we do not anticipate any changes to fisheries management due to 
the critical habitat designations (see responses to previous comments), 
the FEA does not anticipate impacts to the seafood industry.
    Comment 7: Multiple commenters requested that we clarify which 
Alaskan fisheries will be affected by the proposed critical habitat 
designation, including state-managed fisheries and federally managed 
fisheries.
    Response: The FEA provides a discussion of the relevant Federal 
fisheries in Alaska that are subject to the requirements of section 7 
of the ESA and thus could be affected by this rule. NMFS' authority to 
prescribe alternatives to an agency action or to recommend conservation 
efforts to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat as a result of a designation is through section 7 consultation, 
which applies only to fisheries with a Federal nexus. Because prey are 
identified as the essential biological feature for humpback whales, the 
fisheries of greatest relevance to this analysis are those Federal 
fisheries that harvest prey species used by humpback whales such as 
Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), 
capelin (Mallotus villosus), and juvenile pollock (Gadus 
chalcogrammus). Thus, theoretically, fishing activities that adversely 
affect these species would have the greatest potential to result in 
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. However, 
because prey species are also important to ensuring Federal agencies 
avoid jeopardizing the listed whales and to protecting these whales 
under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), NMFS already considers 
how fisheries for the prey species may affect whales and provides 
recommendations via section 7 consultation, even without any critical 
habitat designation. We do not expect particular changes in the 
management of these fisheries to result specifically from the critical 
habitat designation.
    Geographic overlap with the critical habitat designation alone is 
not indicative of the potential for the critical habitat designation to 
affect a fishery. Absent a Federal nexus, incremental impacts of this 
critical habitat rule may also occur if a state elects to change the 
management of its own fisheries as a result of the critical habitat 
designation. As discussed in the FEA, the State of Alaska, which 
manages the fishery for one of the whales' primary prey species in 
Alaska (herring), has not indicated an intent to limit the geographic 
extent or level of harvest in that fishery as a result of critical 
habitat designation absent a regulatory requirement from NMFS to do so.

[[Page 21089]]

    Comment 8: Numerous commenters stressed the need for the economic 
analysis to consider the value of and potential impacts to fisheries 
and associated communities in California, Oregon, and Washington. 
Several commenters noted that closing areas in California to fishing 
would have a substantial impact on communities and families. Another 
commenter added that any restrictions on fishing could harm the 
livelihoods of thousands of fishermen and coastal communities all along 
the U.S. West Coast. This commenter noted that the Dungeness crab 
fishery is particularly economically valuable and requested that we 
exclude all Dungeness crab fishing areas from the designation to avoid 
catastrophic economic impacts. Another commenter noted that the 
critical habitat overlaps with many fisheries in Washington State, 
including Dungeness crab, albacore tuna, whiting/pollock, pink shrimp, 
groundfish, hagfish, and other fin and shellfish. The commenter stated 
that the combined ex-vessel value of these fisheries was over $75 
million in 2019, and that many Washington coastal communities are 
dependent on these fisheries. Another commenter noted that commercial 
fisheries in Oregon landed over $150 million in ex-vessel value in 
2019. This commenter added that any restrictions on Oregon fisheries as 
a result of the critical habitat designations could have a significant 
economic impact on Oregon. Another commenter stated that if NMFS 
anticipates any commercial fisheries closures as a result of critical 
habitat, the costs of those closures must be analyzed.
    Response: The FEA recognizes the economic value of fisheries to 
communities in Washington, Oregon, and California (see Section 2.3.2 of 
the FEA). We note that most of the commercially-harvested species 
referenced in the comments are managed by the states (e.g., Dungeness 
crab) and/or are not humpback whale prey species (e.g., crab, tuna, 
shrimp, hagfish). Therefore, we do not anticipate that any additional 
conservation efforts, including closing areas to fishing, will be 
required as a result of the designations of critical habitat. However, 
as discussed in Section 2.3 of the FEA, the CPS fishery is a federally 
managed fishery that does directly target primary prey species for 
humpback whales. Thus, this particular fishery may affect the 
identified essential feature of the designated critical habitats. The 
FEA discusses and we acknowledge that while additional conservation 
efforts, such as stock assessments or changes in restrictions to the 
annual catch limits in the CPS fishery are theoretically possible, it 
is unlikely that the need to consider adverse modification would 
trigger different conservation efforts than would already result from 
such consultations due to the need to consider the potential for this 
fishery to take or jeopardize the species even without a critical 
habitat designation.
    The Dungeness crab fishery occurs within important humpback whale 
feeding areas for the MX DPS and within the only documented feeding 
habitat for the CAM DPS of humpback whales. Because there are no 
anticipated economic impacts on the Dungeness crab fishery stemming 
from the critical habitat designations, there is no basis to exclude 
this area from the designations.
    Comment 9: One commenter expressed concern about the potential 
impacts of critical habitat designation on the CPS fishery. In 
particular, the commenter was concerned that the prey element of 
critical habitat could lead to lawsuits aimed at imposing additional 
management restrictions on the CPS fishery. Additionally, the commenter 
stated that the economic analysis failed to consider potential negative 
impacts to local fishing communities and families, and did not capture 
the full economic contribution of the CPS fishery, including the role 
of the CPS fishery as live bait for recreational fisheries along the 
entire U.S. West Coast.
    Response: Any new conservation efforts in the CPS fishery resulting 
from the critical habitat designation would have the potential to 
impact the fishing industry and fishing-dependent communities. However, 
as described in Section 2.3.2.1 of the FEA, we do not anticipate that 
any additional conservation efforts, including closing areas to 
fishing, will be required solely as a result of the designation of 
critical habitat, and any further conservation measures that could 
potentially be required in the future for this fishery are not expected 
to differ from those that would already be required to avoid 
jeopardizing the listed whales. Previous consultations on the fishery 
have considered but not included a quantitative analysis of the impacts 
of removal of prey species on humpback whales due to lack of data and 
the necessary analytical tools. Future consultations on the CPS 
fisheries are likely to consider potential effects on humpback whales 
and their habitat to the extent possible on the basis of the best 
information available at such time. However, as previously stated, 
critical habitat is not expected to affect conservation efforts 
recommended as part of these consultations, because of the importance 
of prey availability when considering potential for jeopardy to the 
whales.
    Comment 10: Several commenters expressed concern that critical 
habitat designation could result in added costs for in-water 
construction projects through delays, additional staff time, the hiring 
of consultants and attorneys, and compliance with conditions set forth 
in the Federal permitting process. Commenters noted that construction 
projects are already subject to significant delays and permitting costs 
due to the MMPA, critical habitat for other species (including Steller 
sea lions), and other Federal and state laws. One commenter noted that 
regulatory costs for waterfront projects can already run into the 
hundreds of thousands of dollars without critical habitat in place. As 
a result, the commenter expressed skepticism that the comparatively 
minor administrative costs included in the economic analysis reflect a 
full accounting of the potential costs of critical habitat designation 
on in-water projects.
    Response: Section 2.6.1 of the FEA acknowledges the concern that 
additional regulatory burden introduced through the critical habitat 
designations may generate project delays, and identifies this as an 
uncertain and potential unquantified cost of the rule. The FEA does 
quantify some additional time required to consider adverse modification 
as part of the section 7 consultation process. This additional time, as 
reflected in the incremental administrative costs, is most likely minor 
as it is unlikely that the proposed critical habitat designation will 
result in changes in the outcome of future section 7 consultations on 
in-water construction activities. As indicated in the discussions in 
section 2.6 of the FEA, existing baseline protections for the whales, 
other marine mammals, and water quality, are likely to confer a high 
level of protection for humpback whale prey species and humpback whale 
feeding activity. However, the costs related to permitting and delays 
for in-water construction described in this comment are attributable to 
preexisting protections such as the MMPA or existing critical habitat 
designations for other species and are therefore part of the baseline 
of the economic analysis. That is, they are costs associated with 
species protection that would be incurred regardless of whether 
humpback whale critical habitat is designated and are therefore not 
included as incremental costs of this rule. The fact that requirements 
for in-water construction relative to the MMPA are already in place, 
and that

[[Page 21090]]

these costs are already incurred, supports the FEA finding that 
substantial baseline protections exist for the humpback whales.
    Comment 11: The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public 
Facilities (DOT&PF) noted that as early as May 2020 they could have 
four projects start in-water construction, and that they have six 
planned projects that could enter section 7 consultation this year. 
Alaska DOT&PF expressed concern that critical habitat designation could 
require consultations on these projects to be reinitiated and that in-
water work could be shut down during the reinitiation process. Alaska 
DOT&PF noted that stopping or delaying projects would result in 
significant economic impacts.
    Response: Section 2.6.1 of the FEA discusses the potential costs 
that could be incurred should the critical habitat designation result 
in project delays. Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16(a) require Federal 
agencies that have retained discretionary involvement or control over 
an action, or where such discretionary involvement or control is 
authorized by law, to reinitiate consultation on previously reviewed 
actions in instances where: (1) New information reveals effects of the 
action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner 
or to an extent not previously considered; (2) the identified action is 
subsequently modified in a manner that causes an effect to the listed 
species or critical habitat that was not considered in the biological 
opinion or written concurrence; or (3) a new species is listed or 
critical habitat designated that may be affected by the identified 
action (50 CFR 402.16(a)(2)-(4)). Consequently, some Federal agencies 
may request (or we may recommend) reinitiation of consultation on 
actions for which consultation has been completed, if those actions may 
affect designated critical habitat for the humpback whales. However, we 
do not anticipate that any such projects would experience significant 
delays due to reinitiation of consultation to take into account impacts 
on critical habitat, because adverse effects to prey species for 
humpback whales are generally already considered as part of the 
analysis of the proposed action's impacts to the species as part of the 
jeopardy analysis. Even if consultation is reinitiated for such 
projects, this would not necessarily require in-water work to be shut 
down during consultation, which would need to be assessed in the 
context of each situation and taking into account the requirements of 
section 7(d).
    Comment 12: Numerous comments stated that the DEA did not 
adequately evaluate the potential for economic impacts to hatchery 
operations in Alaska. One commenter expressed concern that critical 
habitat designation could adversely impact operations at existing 
hatcheries and delay or prevent the permitting of new facilities. 
Another commenter added that the guided recreational fishing industry 
in Alaska relies on salmon hatcheries to subsidize wild stocks, thus 
any impacts to hatcheries would also impact the charter fishing 
industry.
    Response: Section 2.8 of the FEA has been expanded to include a 
more specific discussion of salmon hatcheries as an industry with the 
potential to be affected by the critical habitat designation, and notes 
the concerns expressed in the comments regarding potential economic 
impacts. However, as noted in the report, the analysis finds that the 
anticipated costs associated with this industry are minimal. The Alaska 
Region of NMFS has received only infrequent consultation requests 
related to salmon hatchery operations; in certain limited cases, 
informal section 7 consultations have been requested (Letters of 
Concurrence), resulting in some administrative costs, which are 
captured in the analysis. Follow-up conversations with the Alaska 
Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) confirmed that no specific type or 
extent of costs are missing from the analysis as it relates to this 
activity.
    Comment 13: Multiple commenters stated that the DEA did not 
consider the potential impact of critical habitat designation on 
mariculture activities, including the shellfish and seaweed industries, 
in Alaska, particularly Southeast Alaska. Commenters stated that both 
of these industries are expected to grow substantially in the near 
future. One commenter specified that the seaweed industry in Alaska is 
still in its infancy and that any additional impacts due to critical 
habitat could be particularly damaging. The commenter noted that the 
existing state and Federal permitting process already takes upwards of 
two years.
    Response: In response to this comment and based on information 
provided by ADF&G in response to outreach from the contracted economic 
firm (Industrial Economics, Inc.), the FEA estimates 12 consultations 
per year will occur for these federally permitted activities, which 
increases the anticipated economic impacts on this activity from what 
was presented in the DEA. Section 2.8 of the FEA includes an expanded 
discussion of the multiple types of aquaculture activities in Alaska 
that are carried out within the proposed critical habitat, the role of 
the state in managing these activities, and the status of the industry 
and predicted future trajectory. It discusses state-level initiatives 
promoting and seeking to expand the growth of aquaculture in the state, 
resulting in an anticipated increase in activity levels in the future, 
but explains that the state is not able at this time to anticipate the 
future levels of activity. The DEA relied upon the history of 
consultations for these activities in Alaska to estimate the number and 
location of future activities to develop an estimate of the 
administrative costs that would likely result from the designation. 
Prior to 2014, an Aquaculture General Permit issued by the U.S. Army 
Corps of Engineers (Corps) covered most aquatic farm permits, limiting 
the need for individual consultations. This General Permit expired in 
2014. As described in Section 2.8, the expiration of the General Permit 
and the recognition by the Corps of a broader array of potential 
impacts on listed species from these activities is expected to increase 
the number of consultations in the future. These developments have 
resulted in an increased anticipated number of consultations, which is 
now reflected in the FEA.
    Comment 14: One commenter stated that the impacts assessment only 
considers present conditions and expressed concern regarding 
implications for future activities.
    Response: The FEA acknowledges that the level and locations of many 
activities change over time. This fact is particularly relevant in the 
case of emerging activities such as renewable energy development. To 
the extent possible, given available supporting data, the analysis 
relies upon planning documents and information from Federal action and 
state agencies to project the best possible forecast of the future 
rate, location, and types of activities that are likely to be subject 
to section 7 consultation over the next ten years. For example, in the 
case of aquaculture and hatcheries, the State of Alaska informed us 
that they expect the level of activity to increase over the next ten 
years from current levels. In response to this information, the FEA now 
reflects a higher rate of activity (12 consultations per year) in 
Alaska than the level estimated in the DEA.
    Comment 15: The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation 
(ADEC) stated that the economic analysis did not include certain costs 
to state agencies. They stated that the economic analysis did not 
acknowledge that pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA),

[[Page 21091]]

the State of Alaska has had primacy over the Alaska Pollutant Discharge 
Elimination System (APDES) since 2012. ADEC requested that the economic 
analysis include costs to the Alaska state government for consideration 
of critical habitat during consultation on individual and general 
permits under the CWA and provided information on the number and nature 
of these consultations. They also specified that the cost estimates in 
the report for consultations with the Corps on CWA section 404 permits 
should include the cost to ADEC for issuing a Section 401 Certificate 
of Reasonable Assurance (``401 Certification'') confirming that state 
water quality standards are being met. ADEC stated that economic 
impacts are underestimated without including these state permitting 
actions.
    Response: In response to this comment and based on information 
provided by ADEC with their comment and in response to outreach, 
Section 2.12 of the FEA clarifies Alaska's role in National Pollutant 
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting and development of 
water quality standards, including administration of General Permits 
for seafood discharges and cruise ship discharges, through the APDES 
program. It further describes that the state presently devotes 
substantial effort and resources to ensuring that its water quality 
management activities are protective of listed species and their 
habitat, even absent designated critical habitat for humpback whales. 
However, the state agency is not required to consult with NMFS on 
individual discharge permits under section 7 and, according to 
information provided by ADEC, the state agency incurs minimal costs 
during permit development associated with demonstrating a discharge 
will not adversely affect an endangered species. As such, designation 
of critical habitat is unlikely to result in any incremental costs to 
the state outside of the administrative costs that would already be 
associated with regular re-issuance of the two general permits, which 
are reflected in the FEA.
    Comment 16: One local government in Southeast Alaska expressed 
concern that critical habitat designation could add delays and costs to 
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) licensing and 
oversight process for power plants. The commenter also stated that any 
changes to the NPDES discharge permit for a local wastewater treatment 
plant due to the critical habitat designation would negatively affect 
citizen rate payers who fund the operation of the plant.
    Response: The additional time, cost, and effort associated with 
consultations subsequent to critical habitat designation is included in 
the administrative costs captured in the analysis. Specifically, the 
analysis assumes these costs would be incurred for consultations on 
three dam-related activities in Unit 10 (Southeast Alaska) over the 
next 10 years. Delays in FERC dam relicensing resulting from the 
critical habitat designation, to the extent any are likely to occur, 
that are not already captured by those costs would be an incremental 
impact of the rule. Consultations between NMFS and FERC during the past 
10 years on dam-related activities in Southeast Alaska have been 
completed through informal consultations that considered impacts to 
listed humpback whales as well as Steller sea lions. Based on our 
consultation record on such projects in Southeast Alaska, we do not 
anticipate that the additional consideration of impacts to critical 
habitat would affect the outcome of consultations on these projects, 
and thus the potential for delays of these projects that would occur 
due to the critical habitat is low. However, the analysis highlights 
the potential for the critical habitat rule to generate project delays 
as an uncertain impact that is too speculative to quantify.
    In communications with ADEC, the agency confirmed that it does not 
consult with NMFS on individual discharge permits, including for 
activities occurring within critical habitat, and that only minimal 
incremental costs are incurred considering potential effects on 
threatened and endangered species pursuant to state regulations, 
regardless of the critical habitat designation. As a result, it is 
unlikely that additional costs would be incurred related to issuance of 
individual NPDES permits (as the State of Alaska has primacy for 
issuing these permits, the state refers to them as ``APDES permits''). 
(See also the response to Comment 15 above.)
    Comment 17: One commenter stated that the analysis may overlook oil 
and gas activity in state waters in Cook Inlet.
    Response: The analysis presented in the DEA included consideration 
of oil and gas activities in both state and Federal waters, and 
quantified the incremental administrative costs associated with those 
activities. Section 2.4.1 of the FEA includes a more detailed 
description of the extent and geographic distribution of oil and gas 
activities in state waters, including a map of existing oil and gas 
activities in state waters and the state's role in managing those 
activities. The analysis estimates a total of approximately five 
consultations between 2020 and 2029 in this area (Unit 6), and total 
costs of $17,700 costs over the next ten years (Total Present Value, 7 
percent Discount Rate).
    Comment 18: Several commenters requested that the economic analysis 
provide additional information on the economic benefits of humpback 
whale conservation. These commenters cited reports by the International 
Monetary Fund (IMF), the University of Alaska's Center for Economic 
Development, and the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic 
Analysis with information on the value of wildlife viewing to Alaska's 
economy and the ecosystem service value of great whales.
    Response: NMFS appreciates receiving these additional references. 
Additional information regarding benefits of humpback whale 
conservation has been incorporated into Section 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 of the 
FEA as appropriate. In addition, we note here, that the recent IMF 
report (Chami et al. 2019) attempted to quantify the economic value of 
a large whale over its lifetime by considering the value of carbon 
sequestration by a large whale as well as the value of other 
contributions, such as fishery enhancement and ecotourism. While we 
cannot identify the values estimated in this report as specific 
economic benefits resulting directly from this rule, we do agree that, 
as a general matter and as discussed in ecological literature cited in 
the report, certain benefits, including multiple ecosystem services, 
can be derived from conservation of large whales.
    Comment 19: Two commenters stated that the economic analysis 
overestimates the value of whale watching activities in Alaska. One 
commenter stated that the regional expenditure estimates are misleading 
since the bulk of the expenditures are not actually spent within 
Alaska. Another commenter expressed concern that the economic values 
presented are not exclusive to whale watching.
    Response: As described in Section 4.1 of the FEA, the analysis does 
not attempt to quantify the incremental economic benefits resulting 
from critical habitat designation (including those related to whale 
watching) because of the difficulty of isolating the effect of the 
designation on humpback whale populations separately from all other 
ongoing and planned conservation efforts for the species. The studies 
presented in Chapter 4 of the DEA were intended only to provide 
evidence that the public holds a positive value for efforts that either 
increase humpback whale populations, or increase the

[[Page 21092]]

probability of recovery for the species. They are not intended to 
specifically quantify the economic benefit of the critical habitat 
designation.
    The whale watching expenditure statistics presented in Exhibit 4-2 
of the FEA represent both direct spending on whale watching tickets as 
well as estimated spending in the local economy by whale watch 
participants. For example, in Alaska, the $540 million in estimated 
expenditures represents $480 million in whale watching ticket sales and 
$60 million in additional spending in the local economy attributable to 
whale watching participants.
    Comment 20: Multiple commenters stated that administrative costs to 
small entities are underestimated. One local government stated that the 
estimated cost of $4,900 per year to small entities is significantly 
underestimated, as the local government said they already pay more than 
that in direct expenses and delay costs for in-water construction 
projects permitted under the MMPA.
    Response: The costs to small entities identified in the comment 
represent an incremental administrative cost of participation in 
section 7 consultations borne by a third-party engaged in section 7 
consultation (e.g., local governments or private businesses). The 
economic impacts identified in Chapter 3 of the FEA represent the total 
economic impacts that would be anticipated to be incurred as a result 
of designating all specific areas meeting the definition of critical 
habitat (i.e., not factoring in any exclusions of areas). Of those 
costs, only a portion of that total cost would potentially be incurred 
by third parties, and of those third parties, only a portion would be 
considered small entities. Chapter 5 of the FEA identifies the 
potential impacts of critical habitat designation on small entities.
    Chapter 5 begins by identifying the universe of activities in which 
third parties are likely to be party to a section 7 consultation, and 
for which there is more than one consultation anticipated per year 
across all critical habitat areas. ``In-Water Construction'' and 
``Aquaculture'' are identified as the only activities for which it is 
likely that a small entity may be party to a consultation (e.g., as a 
permit applicant), and where more than one consultation is anticipated 
annually across the critical habitat area. Based on the revised 
analysis presented in Chapter 5 of the FEA, we estimate that $5,200 per 
year may be borne by small entities involved with in-water 
construction, while $5,300 per year may be borne by small entities 
engaged in aquaculture. However, as indicated in this chapter, the 
estimated costs for in-water construction activities are based on 
projects occurring in Unit 10. Because Unit 10 is excluded from the 
final designation for the MX DPS, the estimated $5,200 per year for 
small entities would not be incurred. The analysis estimates that 12 
aquaculture consultations per year are distributed across the critical 
habitat units in Alaska, with six occurring in Unit 10, and six 
occurring in southcentral (Units 6-9) and southwestern Alaska (Units 1-
5). Again, because several of these areas are excluded from the final 
designations (Unit 10 in particular), the estimated $5,300 per year 
expected to be borne by small entities is an overestimate, and costs to 
small entities is estimated to be half of that amount.
    The direct expenses and delay costs currently incurred by third 
parties for in-water construction permitted under the MMPA are not 
costs resulting from the critical habitat designation and thus are not 
appropriate to include in the cost estimate for this rule. That the 
existing administrative costs resulting from requirements that predate 
and are unrelated to the critical habitat designation are high does not 
indicate that costs are underestimated for this rule.
    Comment 21: One commenter noted that the IRFA lists the Wrangell-
Petersburg Census Area as a small government jurisdiction adjacent to 
critical habitat that may be involved in future consultations. The 
commenter stated that the Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area no longer 
exists and that it should be replaced in the IRFA with Petersburg 
Borough and the City and Borough of Wrangell.
    Response: NMFS appreciates this comment and has updated Chapter 5 
of the FEA accordingly.
    Comment 22: Several commenters expressed concern about potential 
changes to vessel traffic management in response to the designation of 
critical habitat. Two Alaskan communities noted that they are reliant 
on ship traffic, including commercial and sport fishing fleets and the 
cruise ship industry. One commenter noted that vessel traffic 
regulations in the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) areas of California 
and Washington already result in economic costs to the maritime 
industry, and expressed concern about additional conservation efforts 
in critical habitat. The commenter also noted that ships traveling 
along the West Coast off the United States, including Alaska, follow 
recommended routes developed by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) that 
overlap with the proposed critical habitat. The commenter requested 
that the economic analysis consider potential impacts to vessel traffic 
not just for TSS areas but along the entire coastal area proposed for 
designation.
    Response: As described in Section 2.7 of the FEA, we do not 
anticipate that the critical habitat designation will generate 
additional conservation efforts for humpback whales associated with 
vessel traffic management. As such, the FEA estimates that incremental 
costs will be limited to the additional administrative costs of 
consultation. The FEA assumes that, based on the best available 
information, the past rate of consultation on vessel traffic management 
is reflective of the future rate of consultation. From 2007 to 2017, 
the USCG consulted with NMFS on three projects related to vessel 
traffic management, including one formal consultation regarding a TSS 
modification and two informal consultations related to aids to 
navigation (replacement of existing structures). Current economic costs 
resulting from vessel traffic re-routing and voluntary vessel speed 
restrictions that have already been implemented in the TSS area would 
not be considered incremental impacts of the critical habitat 
designation because they predate and are completely separate from the 
designation and thus are not quantified in the FEA.
    Comment 23: Two commenters stated that scientific research should 
be included in the economic analysis as an activity that may be 
affected by critical habitat designation. The commenters specifically 
referenced field operations within National Marine Sanctuaries and 
basic marine research supported by the National Science Foundation 
(NSF) (e.g., NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative). One commenter 
recommended that we list this category of activity as part of our 
summary of activities that may adversely modify the critical habitat or 
be affected by the designation per section 4(b)(8) of the ESA.
    Response: The DEA previously included scientific research 
activities under the Oil and Gas and Seismic Surveys activity category, 
as the consultation history related to that activity indicated that 
scientific research activities consisted exclusively of seismic 
research. In response to this comment, the FEA has been revised so that 
it now groups scientific research as a separate activity category and 
also considers a more complete suite of scientific research activities 
taking place within the proposed critical habitat (see Section 2.4 of 
the FEA). Both the DEA

[[Page 21093]]

and FEA assume, based on the best available information, that the past 
rate of consultation on scientific research is reflective of the future 
rate of consultation. To further address this comment, we have also 
added research activities to the discussion in this rule regarding 
activities that may adversely affect the critical habitat or be 
affected by the critical habitat designations (see section on 
Activities That May Be Affected).
    Comment 24: Several commenters expressed concerns regarding the 
consideration of in-land activities in the economic impact analysis, 
stating that the regulation appears to overreach by extending to upland 
areas that are not even inhabited by the whales. One commenter also 
stated that references to ``timber'' are not explained in light of the 
recreational, silviculture, habitat restoration, mineral exploration 
and extraction, road construction and maintenance, and many other 
activities that routinely occur on national forest lands.
    Response: The scope of the impact analysis includes Federal actions 
that ``may affect'' the critical habitat and that will therefore 
require section 7 consultation. Thus, the universe of relevant Federal 
actions is not limited to projects and activities located within the 
critical habitat, but also includes actions with effects that may 
extend into and potentially affect the critical habitat. The vast 
majority of Federal actions considered in the FEA would, however, take 
place within the boundaries of the critical habitat. We have made 
revisions to the FEA to separately identify the costs associated with 
U.S. Forest Service activities, and in Section 2.14 of the FEA, we 
explain the nature and type of timber-related activities that have been 
subject to section 7 consultation. Much of the Forest Service-related 
activities described in the comments occur in terrestrial habitat and 
do not pose a threat to humpback whales or their habitat (and as a 
result, would not be subject to section 7 consultation to consider 
effects on the humpback whale or its habitat and therefore would not 
experience any associated costs resulting from the critical habitat 
designation). However, past consultations on Forest Service activities 
do identify a limited number of potential impacts to marine species 
and/or their habitats (particularly from timber activities in Alaska), 
including impacts from the transportation of timber on barging routes 
used for log transport, and impacts on water quality related to log 
transport facilities (LTFs). The FEA quantifies the administrative 
costs to these activities that may result from critical habitat 
designation.
    Comment 25: One commenter stated that the economic analysis was 
arbitrarily truncated at ten years.
    Response: As described in Section 1.3.3.7, for regulations with a 
predetermined duration, the time frame of the economic analysis would 
ideally be based on the time period over which the regulation is 
expected to be in place. However, guidance from the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) indicates that ``if a regulation has no 
predetermined sunset provision, the agency will need to choose the 
endpoint of its analysis on the basis of a judgment about the 
foreseeable future.'' (U.S. Office and Management and Budget, Circular 
A-4). Because critical habitat designation rules have no pre-determined 
sunset, we had to determine the endpoint for the analysis based on a 
judgment as to the ``foreseeable future'' as supported by the best 
available information. The information on which this analysis is based 
includes, but is not limited to, information regarding activities that 
are currently authorized, permitted, or funded, or for which proposed 
plans are currently available to the public. Forecasted impacts are 
based on the planning periods for potentially affected projects and 
look out over a ten-year time horizon. The time frame we have adopted 
is consistent with OMB guidance stating that ``for most agencies, a 
standard time period of analysis is ten to 20 years, and rarely exceeds 
50 years'' (OMB, February 7, 2011, Regulatory Impact Analysis: 
Frequently Asked Questions). The time frame selected in this case is 
consistent with long-standing NMFS practice, Executive Order (E.O.) 
12866, OMB Circular A-4 and the cited implementing guidance.
    Comment 26: One commenter stated that even if NMFS does not 
currently anticipate significant economic consequences of critical 
habitat designation, the designation could lead to lawsuits from 
advocacy groups aimed at imposing additional conservation efforts. As 
an example, the commenter cited recent legal notice from the Wild Fish 
Conservancy that they will sue NMFS if actions are not taken to stop 
recreational and commercial fisheries from intercepting Chinook salmon 
stocks that serve as prey for Southern Resident Killer Whales. Another 
commenter noted that critical habitat would make the permitting process 
less predictable and would open up reviews of infrastructure projects 
to court challenges.
    Response: While the potential exists for third party lawsuits 
involving designated critical habitat, the likelihood, timing, and 
outcome of such lawsuits are uncertain. Data do not exist to reliably 
estimate the potential impacts of such legal actions. Any attempt to 
estimate the number, scope, and timing of potential legal challenges 
would entail significant speculation. Furthermore, such litigation risk 
already exists in light of existing protections already afforded the 
whales under the MMPA and by virtue of their listing under the ESA. In 
response to this comment, Section 2.3.1.3 of the FEA now describes the 
concern and potential for this type of impact; however, it concludes 
that determining the outcomes of such lawsuits would be speculative.

Benefits of Critical Habitat Designation

    Comment 27: Numerous commenters stated that critical habitat is 
crucial to supporting the recovery of humpback whales and will result 
in additional ecological, educational, and economic benefits. 
Commenters specifically noted the significant economic benefits that 
could extend to the whale-watching, outdoor recreation, and tourism 
industries, especially in Alaska, and how these activities can in turn 
provide public education and increased public support for whale 
conservation. Multiple commenters stated that improved conservation of 
the humpback whales and their habitats would have multiple ecosystem 
and environmental benefits, for example through enhancing phytoplankton 
productivity and sequestering carbon, as well as scientific benefits. 
Commenters also noted that protecting humpback whale prey, such as 
krill and herring, through the critical habitat designations will 
benefit the many other marine predators that rely on these species and 
is thus an economically and ecologically sound decision. Some 
commenters stated that with the rapidly changing marine food webs, as 
evidenced by the collapse of multiple fisheries and sea-bird die offs 
in Alaska, critical habitat protection for humpback whales is all the 
more important for the positive benefits it could have on the larger 
ecosystem. Commenters noted that due to their various ecosystem, 
fisheries, and economic contributions, individual large whales have 
recently been valued at $2 million per whale in a recent study released 
by the International Monetary Fund, and that this economic value for 
the larger community should therefore be considered alongside concerns 
about potential economic costs.
    Response: We appreciate these comments and the associated 
references provided by the commenters. We agree

[[Page 21094]]

that the critical habitat designations for the WNP, MX, and CAM DPSs of 
humpback whales can have multiple ancillary and indirect benefits, such 
as those identified by the commenters. Such benefits are discussed in 
Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 2020b), and the additional information 
regarding potential economic benefits has been incorporated as 
appropriate into Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 of the FEA. However, as we 
discuss in the Section 4(b)(2) Report, the existing data are not 
sufficient to allow us to monetize all of these benefits and 
distinguish the extent to which they would be attributable to the 
critical habitat designations (over and above the benefits of 
protections already afforded through the ESA listings and other ongoing 
conservation efforts).
    Comment 28: The ADF&G stated that designating very large areas as 
critical habitat dilutes the conservation benefits of the critical 
habitat and recommended that, as a general matter, the size of the 
critical habitat be considered when determining areas to include in a 
designation. They stated that this `dilution effect' occurs from our 
approach to designations because the evaluation of adverse modification 
under section 7 of the ESA is based on impacts to the whole of the 
designated critical habitat; therefore, the larger the area designated 
as critical habitat, the less likely a proposed activity will result in 
a ``may negatively affect'' (in an informal consultation) or a 
``destruction or adverse modification'' finding (in a formal 
consultation). They stated we need to explain that critical habitat 
provides conservation through examination of impacts to the ``whole'' 
of critical habitat so the public understands the likelihood of a 
conservation action. They provided their analysis of the conservation 
benefits of increasingly large areas to demonstrate this effect. They 
asserted that large critical habitat designations mask negative effects 
in truly essential habitats, undermining the education value of 
critical habitat and by assigning a single value (i.e., ``critical'') 
to all areas, and hiding important heterogeneity in conservation value. 
They concluded that designating very large areas as critical habitat 
results in more complex consultations and more costs without providing 
corresponding conservation benefits. Based on the results of their 
analysis, ADF&G also concluded that the critical habitat designation 
that would provide the greatest conservation value would be one that 
was limited to the existing Biologically Important Areas (BIAs) off the 
west coast of the contiguous states and the northern side of the 
Eastern Aleutians BIA for the MX DPS and limited to the northern side 
of the Eastern Aleutians BIA for the WNP DPS. They therefore 
recommended the final designations for the WNP and MX DPSs be limited 
to those specific areas.
    Response: We reviewed the comments and the State's analysis, but 
did not adopt the particular recommendations for several reasons. 
First, the conceptual approach proposed by the State finds no legal 
basis in the text of the ESA or in caselaw. The ESA directs us to 
designate critical habitat to the maximum extent prudent and 
determinable, and we have implemented that requirement through our 
joint implementing regulations with the USFWS (see 50 CFR 424.12). The 
regulations set out a series of stepwise analytical steps for 
developing a critical habitat designation. The statute, implementing 
regulations, and caselaw guide us in our evaluation of areas that meet 
the definition of critical habitat, and none of these sources provide 
support for the new analytical approach advocated by the commenter. 
Application of the State's proposed approach would seem to require that 
once the cumulative area meeting the definition of critical habitat 
reaches a certain (unspecified) size, then particular areas meeting the 
definition of critical habitat would be automatically excluded from the 
designation on the assumption that the benefit of their designation 
would be presumed to be outweighed by any costs associated with 
designating those areas.
    Under the ESA and our regulations, areas meeting the definition of 
critical habitat are to be designated as critical habitat unless the 
Secretary elects to exercise his discretion to consider exclusion of 
particular areas under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA. Where the Secretary 
enters into such an analysis, he has discretion to exclude particular 
areas from a designation if the benefits of excluding that particular 
area outweigh the benefits of its designation. His discretion is not 
unlimited. He may not exclude an area if failure to include that area 
in the designation will result in extinction of the species. Further, 
the Secretary's analysis must reflect consideration of the specific 
information in the record for each particular area. The statute does 
not mandate exclusions of areas, and individual determinations must be 
made on the basis of the best available information to support each 
particular area that is ultimately excluded.
    Secondly, the State's proposed approach does not appear to account 
for the particular species and its life history needs. Stated 
generally, critical habitat as defined in section 3 of the ESA includes 
areas and habitat features that are essential to or for the 
conservation of the listed species (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)). The term 
``conservation'' is further defined in section 3 of the ESA as using 
and the use of all methods and procedures necessary to bring any 
endangered or threatened species to the point at which their protection 
under the ESA is no longer necessary (16 U.S.C. 1532(3) (defining 
``conserve,'' ``conserving,'' and ``conservation'')). Therefore, 
critical habitat is expressly defined so as to include not just areas 
necessary to support the continued survival of the species, but also 
those that further its recovery and removal from the list of threatened 
and endangered species. See Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Serv., 378 F.3d 1059, 1070 (9th Cir. 2004) (``Clearly, then, 
the purpose of establishing `critical habitat' is for the government to 
carve out territory that is not only necessary for the species' 
survival but also essential for the species' recovery.''); Sierra Club 
v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 245 F.3d 434, 442 (5th Cir. 2001) 
(noting that the ESA's definition of critical habitat ``is grounded in 
the concept of `conservation' ''); Center for Biological Diversity, 
Defenders of Wildlife v. Kelly, 93 F. Supp. 3d 1193, 1201 (D. Idaho 
2015) (noting that critical habitat is ``defined and designated `in 
relation to areas necessary for the conservation of the species, not 
merely to ensure its survival.' '') (quoting Arizona Cattle Growers' 
Ass'n v. Salazar, 606 F.3d 1160, 1166 (9th Cir. 2010)). Thus, courts 
have recognized that the ``whole point behind designating critical 
habitat is to identify those physical and biological features of the 
occupied area and/or those unoccupied areas that are essential to the 
conservation of a species with the aim of arriving at the point where 
the species is recovered, i.e., no longer in need of the measures 
provided for in the ESA.'' Kelly, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 1201.
    A critical habitat designation therefore must be developed based on 
consideration of the type and nature of the habitat needed by the 
particular species to support its recovery. Humpback whales are large, 
highly migratory marine species that use vast areas of oceanic habitat 
to carry out their normal life functions and behaviors. Individual 
humpback whales feed over thousands of square kilometers (e.g., Mate et 
al. 2018, Palacios et al. 2020) and target prey that

[[Page 21095]]

vary spatially and temporally in terms of their distribution, 
availability, and energy content in response to changes in ocean and 
climate conditions (e.g., NOAA 2020). The size of the habitat that is 
essential to support the recovery of the listed humpback whales should, 
and does, reflect these factors. The feeding areas being designated as 
critical habitat for each DPS reflect the life history needs of the 
whales, represent only a portion of their total occupied ranges, and 
represent a fraction of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) where 
humpback whales are known to occur (e.g., roughly 15 percent for the MX 
DPS). Thus, the final critical habitat designations, though large, 
correspond to the needs of the species as reflected in the best 
available science and consistent with the requirements for and the 
purpose of critical habitat under the ESA.
    Third, in asserting that there should be an upper limit on the 
appropriate size for a critical habitat designation, the State's 
analysis presumes that there is a theoretical tipping point at which 
``adverse modification'' outcomes in future section 7 consultations 
would become unlikely. Beyond this point, once a certain amount of 
high-conservation areas are identified for inclusion in the 
designation, the State asserts there is categorically no conservation 
benefit of including additional, relatively lower-value critical 
habitat areas in the designation. Thus, they conclude, these lower-
value areas should be excluded under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, 
because the economic impact of designating these areas should be 
thought of as categorically outweighed by the benefits of designating 
them (which they assert are non-existent or even negative). We 
fundamentally disagree with this conceptual approach to determining the 
appropriate extent of critical habitat designations and how to evaluate 
areas for exclusion under section 4(b)(2). There are several errors in 
the State's approach, including reliance on an assumption that critical 
habitat only provides conservation benefits to the listed species when 
there is an adverse modification outcome of a consultation under 
section 7 of the ESA. This is inconsistent with our experience. Where a 
consultation does not result in a finding that an action would be 
likely to cause destruction or adverse modification of the habitat such 
that major changes would be required to the proposed action, the 
process of consultation can, and often does, lead to conscious 
structuring by Federal agencies of their actions to minimize impacts to 
habitat at the outset. Thus, the benefits of a critical habitat 
designation cannot be measured simply by the number of ``destruction or 
adverse modification'' determinations that may or may not be the 
outcome of future section 7 consultations. Although the State 
acknowledges some of these benefits in their comments, such as project 
design changes and adoption of mitigation and minimization measures 
during informal consultations, these types of positive conservation 
outcomes are not factored into their analysis.
    Further, we disagree with the State's assumption that larger 
critical habitat designations necessarily result in more complex 
section 7 analyses or result in more costs without a conservation 
benefit. The complexity and cost of a consultation are a function of 
the scope and nature of the particular Federal action, as well as the 
number of listed species and designated critical habitats--not the size 
of the overall designations--that are affected by the Federal action. 
The large majority of the consultations completed in Alaska are in fact 
informal consultations (that conclude with a letter of concurrence that 
the action is not likely to adversely affect the habitat rather than 
with a biological opinion), and this pattern is not expected to change 
based on the types of Federal projects that are forecasted to occur 
over the next 10 years in Alaska.
    In their proposed approach, the State stated that the most 
important habitat areas should be prioritized for designation. 
Although, as indicated above, we did not adopt the State's proposed 
method for assessing the conservation value of areas or making 
decisions regarding exclusions under section 4(b)(2), we do agree that 
areas found to have greater importance to the species' conservation on 
the basis of the best available scientific data should receive greater 
weight, relative to less biologically important areas, when comparing 
the benefits and impacts of designating particular areas in a section 
4(b)(2) analysis. As we have done in the course of many previous 
designations, this was achieved in our analysis by assigning relative 
conservation values to specific areas for each DPS and in how we 
weighed these values against the forecasted impacts of designation. 
Through our approach, areas considered to have greater importance to 
the conservation of each DPS were in effect prioritized for designation 
above areas that are considered to be less important. This is 
appropriate under the statute and our regulations because, in the 
4(b)(2) process, we must determine which factors are relevant and how 
much weight to assign each factor (see 50 CFR 424.19(c)). In light of 
the purpose of critical habitat under the ESA (to support the 
conservation, or recovery, of the species) and the statutory mandate to 
designate critical habitat to the maximum extent prudent and 
determinable, it is reasonable to give great weight to the conservation 
value of the habitat, and greatest weight to areas with the highest 
conservation value.
    Lastly, we do not agree that large critical habitat designations 
undermine conservation because they provide a single value, i.e., 
``critical,'' to all areas, hide important heterogeneity in 
conservation value, and mask impacts on truly important habitats. The 
Secretary has the authority to map critical habitats at a scale the 
Secretary deems appropriate (50 CFR 424.12(b)(1)) and, when several 
habitats, each satisfying the requirements for designation as critical 
habitat, are located in proximity to one another, the Secretary has the 
authority to designate an inclusive area as critical habitat (50 CFR 
424.12 (d)). The ESA also establishes and defines the concept of 
``critical habitat,'' without distinction for different degrees of 
``criticalness.'' In implementing the ESA, we must apply the statutory 
definition and regulatory provisions on the basis of the best available 
scientific information. We see no legal basis for recognizing novel 
tiers of habitat not recognized in the ESA, and the State points to 
none; nor is it necessary to do so. Furthermore, section 7 
consultations evaluating impacts of an action on designated critical 
habitat take into consideration the best available data for the given 
species and its habitat, including relevant data regarding habitat 
heterogeneity as well as distribution patterns of the listed species 
across the critical habitat. When evaluating impacts to large critical 
habitats in the context of a consultation, we consider how the 
particular Federal action would affect the relevant area, features, and 
function of the designated habitat and how that in turn affects the 
overall conservation value of the critical habitat for the listed 
species. In other words, designating large areas as critical habitat 
does not remove the requirement that we rely on the best available 
science when conducting section 7 analyses, does not interfere with our 
ability to understand the nature and magnitude of particular impacts on 
the critical habitat, and does not undermine conservation.
    Overall, we find that the analysis provided by the State does not 
support restricting the critical habitat designation to the areas 
suggested by the

[[Page 21096]]

State--i.e., to the northern portion of the BIA in the Aleutian Islands 
Area (Unit 2) and the seven BIAs off the coasts of Washington, Oregon, 
and California. (BIAs, which were discussed in the proposed rule (84 FR 
54354, 54366, October 9, 2019) are discussed in more detail in response 
to other comments specific to the BIAs in the next subsection.) We also 
note that such a designation would eliminate from the critical habitat 
known feeding destinations for WNP DPS and MX DPS whales, and 
particularly for MX DPS whales that breed off the Revillagigedo 
Islands, which preferentially feed in areas off Alaska.
    In the proposed rule, we described the effects of critical habitat 
designations, and consistent with the requirements of section 4(b)(8) 
of the ESA, we provided a brief discussion of those activities (whether 
public or private) that may adversely modify the proposed critical 
habitat or that may be affected by such designation. Such information 
is also provided in this final rule. The regulatory definition of 
``destruction or adverse modification'' has been added to that 
discussion to provide additional information regarding the effect of 
critical habitat designations.
    Comment 29: ADF&G stated that we inappropriately conflated the 
conservation value of specific areas with the incremental benefits a 
critical habitat designation would provide. They stated that the Draft 
Section 4(b)(2) Report inaccurately concludes that it is not possible 
to isolate and quantify the effect that a critical habitat designation 
would have on recovery of a humpback whale DPS. They state that our use 
of a conservation value assessment of specific areas to represent the 
benefit of designation is inappropriate because the evaluation of the 
economic costs already provides considerable assessment on the 
potential benefits of a designation, which could be used to provide a 
qualitative assessment of the benefits of the designation. They also 
state our assessment was inappropriate because the conservation value 
assessment is not likely to be a good predictor of the potential 
benefits of designating a specific area. Instead, they posit that we 
should use a qualitative assessment of the incremental benefit, based 
on whether additional conservation measures from the designation are 
likely in addition to the value of specific areas to the conservation 
of each listed DPS.
    Response: As noted above (in our response to Comment 28), we 
disagree with the assertion that the incremental benefit of a critical 
habitat designation is equal to the number of likely additional 
conservation measures that may result from section 7 consultations. As 
discussed in the proposed rule and Section 4(b)(2) Report, while it is 
true that the primary, regulatory benefit of critical habitat 
designation stems from the ESA section 7(a)(2) requirement that all 
Federal agencies ensure that their actions are not likely to destroy or 
adversely modify the designated habitat, several non-regulatory 
benefits of designation are also recognized. For example, critical 
habitat provides notice to other Federal agencies of areas and features 
important to species conservation; provides information about the types 
of activities that may reduce the conservation value of the habitat; 
and may stimulate research, voluntary conservation actions, and 
outreach and education activities. Although the critical habitat is not 
expected to change NMFS' identification of conservation efforts for 
humpback whales through section 7 consultations, the adverse 
modification analysis conducted as part of section 7 consultations can 
provide useful scientific information to build upon NMFS' and other 
Federal agencies' understanding of the biological needs of, and threats 
to, the humpback whales and their habitat. The draft and final economic 
analyses (Chapter 4, IEc 2019 and 2020) also discuss the use, non-use, 
and ecosystem benefits of conservation of the whales in general (e.g., 
whale-watching, water quality improvements, enhanced habitat conditions 
for other marine and coastal species). Other indicators that critical 
habitat may have benefits that extend beyond the protections of section 
7(a)(a) have been reported in the literature and include findings that 
species with designated critical habitat are more likely to have 
increased and less likely to have declined, are more likely to have a 
revised recovery plan, and are more likely to have these plans 
implemented (Harvey et al. 2002; Lundquist et al. 2002, Taylor et al. 
2005).
    Further, the State's implicit assumption that benefits of 
designation can accurately be assessed only to the extent they are 
quantified or monetized is also unfounded. We agree it would be useful 
and informative if available data allowed us to monetize the benefits 
of critical habitat designation to enable a direct comparison with the 
estimated economic benefits of excluding particular areas from the 
designation. However, as discussed in the Section 4(b)(2) Report and 
proposed rule, data to monetize these benefits are not available and is 
not required. Because the ESA requires designation of critical habitat 
to further the conservation of listed species, an area meeting the 
definition of critical habitat draws inherent but unquantifiable value 
from fulfilling that statutory mandate. In considering potential 
exclusions under section 4(b)(2) and its implementing regulations, 
moreover, the Secretary has discretion to determine the factors to be 
considered and what weight to assign them in comparing the benefits of 
exclusion with the benefits of inclusion (50 CFR 424.19(c)). In 
carrying out our analyses, it is not possible using the best available 
scientific tools to quantify the effect that a critical habitat 
designation would have on recovery of humpback whales over and above 
other separate, preexisting protections, including those that extend 
from listing under the ESA.
    In our analysis, we used the CHRT's relative conservation value 
ratings to represent the relative conservation benefits of designating 
specific areas identified as critical habitat for each DPS. The CHRT's 
ratings of the relative conservation value of the critical habitat were 
based on relevant biological considerations (e.g., distribution of 
whales from the DPS across the areas, prey availability or evidence of 
consistent feeding). This approach relied on the best available 
information and employed a structured, systematic method for applying 
expert judgement. The approach taken in our analysis is consistent with 
the purpose and requirements of the ESA and our implementing 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.19, which provides the Secretary discretion 
to consider any relevant benefits and assign the weight given to those 
benefits. Our approach is also consistent with multiple, other critical 
habitat designations that employed a biological approach to assessing 
the conservation value of particular areas--an approach that has been 
recognized as an appropriate alternative where data are not available 
to monetize the benefits of designation (e.g., loggerhead sea turtles 
(79 FR 39856, July 10, 2014); black abalone (76 FR 66806, October 27, 
2011); green sturgeon (74 FR 52300, October 9, 2009)).
    Comment 30: ADF&G stated that we made substantive mistakes in 
rating the relative conservation value of the specific areas and 
provided a series of specific comments regarding the application of the 
available data. They requested that we re-do the analysis to correct 
various mistakes they state were made by the CHRT and provide a more 
detailed discussion of how data were applied in the assessment.
    In terms of specific assertions regarding misuse of data, ADF&G 
stated that in using data from Wade (2017) regarding predicted movement

[[Page 21097]]

probabilities of humpback whales into the feeding areas, we should have 
taken into account the size of our specific areas and the relative size 
of the areas used in the Wade (2017) analysis. Rather than using the 
estimated movement probabilities, ADF&G stated that the appropriate 
metric to use in our comparisons would have been the estimated density 
of humpback whales of the particular DPS in each specific unit. They 
also suggest that, in delineating our specific areas, it would have 
been appropriate to align the boundaries of our specific areas to those 
used in the Wade (2017) analysis, because those are in turn aligned 
with genetic and spatial breaks in humpback whale distributions. They 
also state that we used the wrong movement probability for the Shumagin 
Islands Area (Unit 3) for both the MX and WNP DPSs.
    ADF&G also stated that we did not indicate that the CHRT recognized 
that the humpback whale density data used in our assessment conflates 
the abundance of various DPSs, and that this density information could 
be misleading. They also expressed concern regarding the use of results 
of the ``SPLASH'' study and stated that our application of these 
sightings data conflated the use of habitat units by other DPSs with 
that of the DPS being assessed. They stated that the SPLASH mark-
resight data could be useful, but that we should include the unmatched 
sightings in the assessment in order to understand population size and 
account for differing survey effort.
    Response: We appreciate the thorough and specific comments 
regarding our assessment of the relative conservation value of each 
specific area to the MX and WNP DPSs. To address and respond to these 
comments, we: Reconvened a CHRT; discussed and agreed to make certain 
modifications to the datasets used to support the CHRT's assessment; 
and then repeated the structured decision-making process to rate the 
relative conservation value of each critical habitat unit for the MX, 
CAM, and WNP DPSs, taking care to account for the limitations of the 
available data noted by the State. While we do not agree that the 
CHRT's analysis or our proposed rule was founded on misuse of the data, 
we do agree after considering the comments that it is more transparent 
and informative to refine our use of the best available scientific 
data. Further explanation is provided here, and a detailed discussion 
of this process, the datasets, and results are also provided the Final 
Biological Report (NMFS 2020).
    A significant and unique challenge in developing these particular 
critical habitat designations is the fact that each of the DPSs of 
interest co-occur with multiple, other DPSs of the same taxonomic 
species in the areas meeting the statutory definition of critical 
habitat. Relevant data available to the CHRT that allow for an 
assessment of the relative use of particular areas by each DPS include 
photo-identification data, genetic data, and to a more limited extent, 
telemetry data. The ocean basin-wide study referred to as the 
``Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance, and Status of 
Humpbacks'' or the ``SPLASH study'' was a significant effort undertaken 
in coordination with 10 countries that involved the collection of both 
photo-identification and genetic data during three breeding seasons 
(2004, 2005, and 2006) and over two feeding seasons (2004, 2005) in 
known breeding and feeding areas. The SPLASH study informs and supports 
much of the current scientific understanding of the structure of 
humpback whale populations in the North Pacific, and the results of 
this study as well as subsequent analyses of data obtained in this 
study (e.g., Calambokidis et al. 2008, Barlow et al. 2011, Baker et al. 
2013, Wade 2017) were critical to informing the CHRT's analysis. We 
address each of the several concerns raised by the State with respect 
to how the CHRT applied these results in their assessment in turn here.
    First, in response to the concern regarding the application of 
results from Wade (2017) regarding predicted movement probabilities of 
humpback whales into the feeding areas, we considered the State's 
suggestion of using densities of whales rather than the predicted 
movement probabilities from the Wade (2017) analysis; however, we did 
not find this to be a useful or appropriate modification. Analytical 
results presented in Wade (2017), which relied on the photo-
identification data from the SPLASH study (Calambokidis et al. 2008, 
Barlow et al. 2011), include estimates of the proportion of whales from 
a breeding area (and hence a given DPS, since the DPSs are described 
based on the breeding area of origin of the member whales) occurring in 
the six major feeding regions. Thus, these estimated movement 
probabilities, which correct for sampling effort, provide an indication 
of the distribution of whales of the particular DPS across the feeding 
regions, and this information was very important to the CHRT's 
assessment of relative value of the specific critical habitat areas to 
each of the DPS. We continue find that this information--i.e., the 
estimated number or proportion of whales from the listed DPS within a 
feeding region--to be an appropriate indicator of the relative value of 
the areas to the DPS and part of the best available data regarding 
habitat use by the listed DPSs. We do not find that the alternative 
metric suggested by ADF&G--i.e., density of whales from the listed DPS 
within a feeding region--is a more appropriate or more informative 
metric. While our critical habitat units are generally aligned with the 
major regional breaks applied in the Wade (2017) analysis, they are not 
fully consistent with all of the boundaries, which were determined 
based on several other factors (e.g., BIA boundaries), and were broken 
into smaller geographic units to facilitate an analysis of habitat 
areas on a smaller spatial scale. Thus, it would not be appropriate to 
calculate densities of whales for our particular habitat units based on 
the estimated probabilities provided in Wade (2017). The suggested 
density metric may also artificially deflate the value of larger 
feeding areas or artificially inflate the value of smaller feeding 
regions, because the delineation of the feeding regions and habitat 
units themselves (and thus their size) is partially a function of the 
particular marine ecosystem and its associated geology and 
oceanography. We find that using the estimated proportion or number of 
whales of a given DPS rather than their density is preferable because 
it avoids this potential bias.
    With respect to how the critical habitat areas were delineated, we 
note that these areas should be identified at a scale determined by the 
Secretary to be appropriate (50 CFR 424.12(b)(1)). Data and information 
applied by the CHRT to systematically delineate boundaries for the 
specific critical habitat areas is discussed in detail in the Final 
Biological Report (NMFS 2020a). However, in response to comments, we 
reviewed the regional boundaries applied in Wade (2017) as well as 
survey effort and locations from the SPLASH study, and made several 
changes to improve or correct the data tables used to inform the CHRT's 
assessment. Specifically, we agree with ADF&G that we applied the 
incorrect movement probability for the Shumagin Islands Area (Unit 3), 
which is more appropriately assigned to the Gulf of Alaska Region as 
delineated in Wade (2017), and we corrected this for the relevant data 
tables (i.e., for the WNP and MX DPSs). We also removed the estimated 
movement probability developed by Wade (2017) from the dataset 
considered in the CHRT's

[[Page 21098]]

assessment of Bristol Bay area (Unit 1), because SPLASH surveys did not 
extend into Unit 1. We concluded that extrapolating the results of Wade 
(2017) into an area that was beyond the SPLASH survey areas was not 
appropriate. The CHRT, however, noted that given the lack of photo-
identification studies and data for Unit 1, and because humpback whales 
currently use and historically occurred in this area, future scientific 
survey effort should be directed at this particular area to better 
evaluate use of this area by humpback whales and by ESA-listed humpback 
whales in particular. Lastly, and without changing the actual data used 
in the tables (provided as Appendix C in the Final Biological Report), 
we modified how the estimated probabilities from Wade (2017) are 
displayed (using merged cells) to help clarify that the CHRT was aware 
that those probabilities do not apply independently to our particular, 
smaller habitat units but apply to broader regions.
    In response to the concerns regarding how photo-identification 
match percentages from the SPLASH study were applied by the CHRT, we 
modified the data tables to avoid the perception that the CHRT had 
conflated the use of habitat units by other DPSs with that of the DPS 
being assessed. In our initial analysis, and as a means of examining 
relative distributions of whales of a given DPS across habitat units, 
we calculated the percent of unique sightings of whales of the given 
DPS out of all matched sightings (for all DPSs) that had occurred in 
that particular area. This column of data was changed to instead show 
the percent unique sightings of whales of the given DPS in the 
particular area out of the total number of matched sightings of whales 
of that same DPS. Thus, match data for whales from other DPSs were 
removed from the calculation, and information to help assess the 
relative distribution of whales of the given DPSs across the habitat 
units was retained. To provide further context for these percentages, 
we also included general information with respect to the SPLASH survey 
effort, including the number of vessel days, whether small boat surveys 
had been conducted in that area, and the total number of unique 
humpback whales sighted in that area. Although this information was not 
detailed or precise enough to be particularly informative, the CHRT 
felt it was relevant and helpful to include as it stimulated and 
facilitated discussions regarding survey effort across the areas.
    In response to the concerns that the CHRT had been biased or 
inappropriately influenced by humpback whale density data that was not 
specific to a particular ESA-listed DPS, we also removed the general 
humpback whale density data from the data tables used by the CHRT. The 
CHRT agreed this was an appropriate simplification for several reasons. 
First, with the exception of the CAM DPS, for which we have a 
consistent set of density estimates for all critical habitat units 
occupied by that DPS, the estimated and observed density data that are 
currently available come from multiple studies with differing 
methodological approaches and for different time periods, and 
consequently, these data had not allowed the CHRT to make strong 
inferences with respect to the habitat units during their initial 
assessment. In addition, and as noted by the commenters, these general 
density data are affected to differing degrees across the habitat units 
by the presence of the non-listed Hawaiian whales. The CHRT had 
acknowledged the multiple limitations with applying these data in their 
original review and discussions, and was aware these issues were more 
acute for Alaska where scientific surveys have been more limited (both 
geographically and temporally) but included them because they comprise 
part of the best available data. Overall, the CHRT decided these data 
could be removed from consideration without limiting or undermining 
their ability to understand the relative conservation value of each 
habitat unit by the listed DPSs.
    Comment 31: With respect to data considered during the assessment 
of the conservation value of particular areas, ADF&G expressed several 
concerns regarding the consideration of the proportion of a habitat 
unit that is covered by a BIA as a metric of conservation value of a 
particular area for a listed DPS. First, they state the size of the 
BIAs is not necessarily indicative of the value of the BIAs to humpback 
whales because the BIAs were drawn mainly as a function of the amount 
and type of data and information available. Secondly, they state that 
using a general humpback whale BIA conflates the use of an area by the 
listed DPS of interest with that of other DPSs. ADF&G stated that we 
should consider the BIAs within the context of the number of whales 
from a listed DPS using each summer foraging region (i.e., the movement 
probabilities).
    Response: As part of their reassessment of the relative 
conservation value of all habitat units, the CHRT discussed the 
concerns expressed by ADF&G regarding how presence and proportional 
size of BIAs were considered in the CHRT's assessment; however, we did 
not made any corresponding changes to how this information was 
considered. Information regarding the BIAs constitutes an important 
part of the best available scientific data, and is just one part of the 
range of information upon which the designations are based. The CHRT 
was aware of the differences in the approaches taken by the two 
separate teams that defined and drew the BIAs in Alaska versus the BIAs 
in the California Current system. This had been discussed and 
acknowledged by the CHRT, who had also discussed the BIAs and their 
development with the primary authors of the respective papers 
describing the BIAs (Ferguson et al. 2015a and 2015c, Calambokidis et 
al. 2015) prior to their initial assessment. We had also purposefully 
displayed those data in the tables in such a way as to clearly 
distinguish between the sources for the BIAs. Thus, all CHRT members 
were aware of the distinction in how the BIAs were created and what 
these data represent. The size of a BIA relative to the particular 
critical habitat unit was considered and discussed by CHRT members in a 
general and non-quantitative sense, and was not used independent of 
other information (e.g., movement probabilities for a given DPS) for 
the particular habitat units. The information regarding the BIAs was 
considered useful and relevant to assessing relative conservation value 
of areas for a given DPS, and was thus retained as information 
considered by the CHRT during their reassessment of the relative 
conservation value of particular areas.
    Comment 32: With respect to data considered during the assessment 
of the conservation value of particular areas, ADF&G also stated that 
consideration of confirmed sightings of whales of the listed DPSs 
within an area is difficult to interpret and should not be used as an 
indication of use of that area by the DPS. They assert such data could 
be misapplied in such a way as to exaggerate the value of an area. They 
state that a more appropriate metric would be multiple confirmed 
sightings that demonstrate regular use by the DPS.
    Response: Information regarding whether confirmed sightings of 
whales of the listed DPSs were documented within each particular 
critical habitat unit was retained in the set of data considered by the 
CHRT during their reassessment of the relative conservation value of 
particular areas. While we agree with ADF&G that this information does 
not provide an indication of relative use of an area or

[[Page 21099]]

relative importance of a particular area to a given DPS, the CHRT 
considered it useful and more transparent to include this information 
to make it clear which areas had no confirmed sightings of whales of a 
given DPS and thus where presence of the DPS has instead been assumed 
given other available data for a larger or less precise geographic 
area. These data still constitute an important part of the best 
available data, which need not be perfect. Moreover, as stated 
previously, individual types or sources of data were not applied 
independently of the other available information for a particular are 
or DPS, which addresses the State's concern that taken alone the data 
could be misleading. To help eliminate the perception that the CHRT 
misinterpreted or misapplied data (see also Comments 30 and 31), we 
expanded the relevant discussions in the Final Biological Report (NMFS 
2020a) to explain the data considered by the CHRT, the purpose of the 
data tables, and the approach used by the CHRT in conducting the 
structured decision-making process. The added discussion helps to 
further clarify that the CHRT did not limit their analysis to any one 
piece of data or the data presented directly in the data tables, but 
that the team also considered the expert knowledge and insights shared 
among team members during the structured decision-making process 
itself. In sum, the CHRT considered all of the available, relevant 
scientific information and appropriately took into account data 
limitations and uncertainty, where they existed, in determining which 
data comprised the best available data upon which to rely for the final 
determination. The determination of what constitutes the ``best 
scientific data available'' belongs to the agency's ``special 
expertise. . . .'' San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority v. Jewell, 
747 F.3d 581, 602 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. 
Natural Resources Def. Council, 462 U.S. 87, 103(1983)).

Size of Critical Habitat and Consideration of Biologically Important 
Areas (BIAs)

    Comment 33: Multiple commenters expressed concern about the 
expansive area proposed for designation in Southeast Alaska. Several of 
the commenters stated that it would not be credible to assert that 
every square mile of this area is essential to the conservation of the 
MX DPS, and multiple commenters requested that critical habitat in 
Southeast Alaska be limited to areas already designated by NMFS as a 
BIA. Another commenter requested that we exclude Southeast Alaska/
Region 10, because it was designated as BIA area based on use of this 
area by the healthy Hawaii DPS of humpback whales.
    Response: As discussed in the draft and final Biological Reports 
(NMFS 2019a, NMFS 2020a), BIAs were considered, along with other 
information, in the delineation of boundaries of our critical habitat 
areas as well as in our assessment of the relative conservation value 
of those areas. BIAs, which have no regulatory effect, were developed 
to supplement the quantitative habitat-density modelling efforts of the 
Cetacean Density and Distribution Mapping (``CetMap'') Working Group 
(https://cetsound.noaa.gov) and assist resource managers by providing 
additional context for marine mammal impact analyses (https://cetsound.noaa.gov/cetsound). BIAs are not synonymous with critical 
habitat under the ESA; and, as explained by the CetMap group, not 
everything identified as critical habitat will meet the BIA criteria 
and vice versa (Ferguson et al. 2015b). In determining which areas 
qualify as critical habitat under the ESA, we are required to apply the 
statutory definition of critical habitat and adhere to the statute's 
requirements and standards for designating critical habitat. Therefore, 
as a general matter, we are not required to restrict the critical 
habitat designations to areas previously recognized by NMFS as BIAs. In 
this particular case, this issue is no longer relevant because 
Southeast Alaska (Unit 10) is excluded from the critical habitat 
designation for the MX DPS (see response to Comment 43).
    Comment 34: Several commenters stated the proposed critical habitat 
is overly broad because it includes areas that are merely ``habitat'' 
(i.e., areas where the animals may be found). The commenters referred 
to the recent Supreme Court ruling in Weyerhaeuser Co. v. U.S. Fish & 
Wildlife Serv., 139 S. Ct. 361, 368 (2018), in which the court stated 
that critical habitat is a subset of habitat, and stated that this 
indicates we cannot designate areas that are merely occupied by the 
species and do not contain elements required for survival. ADF&G stated 
that the proposed designations are inconsistent with Congressional 
intent and a supposed statutory requirement that the smallest possible 
area that contains the habitat with the highest conservation value 
habitat is what should be designated as critical habitat. ADF&G pointed 
to the critical habitat designation for North Pacific right whales as 
an example of a designation that they believe more closely follows the 
regulatory requirements for critical habitat because it was limited to 
specific areas where the available data indicated the presence of the 
essential feature. Commenters also referred to the BIAs and asserted 
that these smaller, specific areas meet the ESA standards for the 
designation of critical habitat or at least indicate that there are 
smaller areas that could qualify as critical habitat. In contrast, a 
large number of other commenters stated they supported the designation 
of all of the proposed areas, and one commenter asserted that the 
proposed critical habitats appear to be the minimum that should be 
considered and that science suggests the areas should be much bigger.
    Response: Neither the statutory definition of critical habitat nor 
our implementing regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that critical 
habitat be designated only within the smallest possible area that meets 
this statutory definition. There is simply no legal basis to support 
that position. We do acknowledge that critical habitat must logically 
be a subset of what more broadly qualifies as ``habitat'' for these 
particular species. See Weyerhaeuser v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 
139 S. Ct. 361 (2018). The best available data here support that the 
areas being designated as critical for each of the DPSs of humpback 
whales at issue (the WNP, CAM, and MX DPSs) meet the elements of the 
definition of ``critical habitat'' and are a subset of the habitats 
they occupy and use, which for each DPS includes large areas outside 
U.S. jurisdiction. Because each of these areas meets the definition of 
occupied ``critical habitat'' under the ESA, the kinds of issues that 
arose in the matter before the Supreme Court in Weyerhaeuser v. U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Serv. (139 S. Ct. 361 (2018)--which involved 
unoccupied habitat--are simply not presented. Areas meeting the 
definition for occupied critical habitat are inherently validated by 
the definition itself as being ``habitat,'' because the species have in 
fact occupied them and they contain the essential feature. Humpback 
whales occur widely throughout the North Pacific Ocean and occur 
throughout their historical range. As discussed in the proposed rule 
and Biological Report (NMFS 2020), humpback whales breed in tropical 
and semi-tropical waters and undertake long distance migrations to 
access highly productive feeding grounds that extend across the rim of 
the North Pacific Ocean, from the coast of Russia (e.g., Sea of Okhotsk 
and Kamchatka Peninsula), to the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, Gulf of 
Alaska, Southeast Alaska, Canada (British

[[Page 21100]]

Columbia), and off the U.S. West Coast to southern California. The 
critical habitat designations thus represent only fractions of the 
total combined ocean habitats used by each humpback whale DPS to 
migrate, breed, calve, and feed.
    Humpback whale feeding areas of the North Pacific have typically 
been divided into five or six general regions based on genetic and 
sightings data that indicate population structuring across these areas. 
NMFS, as well as the International Whaling Commission (IWC) are 
currently investigating stock structure and associated feeding groups 
of humpback whales, which may lead to some adjustments to the currently 
recognized stocks and feeding group boundaries (e.g., Clapham et al. 
2020). For purposes of designating critical habitat, we delineated more 
specific feeding areas relative to the generally recognized, broader, 
feeding regions in order to facilitate an assessment on a more precise 
spatial scale and conduct an analysis under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA 
to examine the benefits of designating or excluding particular areas. 
Specifically, we divided what are typically delineated as five to eight 
feeding regions within U.S. waters, into 19 specific areas or habitat 
``units.'' As described in detail in the Biological Report (NMFS 
2020a), we subsequently used available data, including data regarding 
the distribution of each DPS and quality of the prey feature, to assess 
the relative conservation value of each habitat unit for each 
particular DPS of humpback whales. The areas included in the final 
designations for each DPS are areas that are occupied by the particular 
DPS and contain humpback whale prey species, which are necessary to 
support the energetic needs of the whales as well as population growth 
and recovery of the DPSs.
    As discussed previously in response to Comment 33, BIAs are not 
synonymous with critical habitat under the ESA; not everything 
identified as critical habitat will meet the BIA criteria and vice 
versa (Ferguson et al. 2015b). In determining which areas qualify as 
critical habitat under the ESA, we are required to apply the statutory 
definition of critical habitat, which states that an area qualifies as 
critical habitat if it is occupied by the listed species and contains 
one or more physical or biological feature that is essential to the 
conservation of the species and that may require special management 
considerations or protection. Specific areas are eligible for 
designation as critical habitat if they meet these criteria. Thus, 
while we agree that the BIAs identify important feeding areas for 
humpback whales, we do not find that it is appropriate or consistent 
with the ESA to restrict the critical habitat designations to these 
areas.
    We acknowledge that the critical habitat designations for the WNP 
DPS, and particularly for the CAM and MX DPSs are each larger than the 
two discrete areas designated as critical habitat for the North Pacific 
right whale. However, the humpback whale designations and that for the 
North Pacific right whale are not directly comparable, and it is 
misleading to simply compare their relative sizes without putting them 
in context. The different designations are a reflection of the best 
scientific data available regarding each species and their habitats 
rather than an indication that the humpback whale designations do not 
adhere to the statutory requirements for designation of critical 
habitat. At the time critical habitat for North Pacific right whales 
was designated in 2008 (73 FR 19000, April 8, 2008), abundance of those 
whales in the eastern North Pacific was unknown, but was considered by 
most biologists to be fewer than 100 whales, and sightings were rare. 
The North Pacific right whale species remains extremely rare, with an 
estimated effective population size for the eastern North Pacific of 
11.6 whales (95 percent CI: 2.9-75.0, LeDuc et al. 2012) and an 
estimated population abundance of 31 whales (95 percent CL: 23-54, Wade 
et al. 2011). Critical habitat areas were identified in 2008 for North 
Pacific right whales based on the available sightings data, which were 
used as a proxy indicator for the presence of the identified copepod 
essential feature. Significantly more data are available regarding the 
distributions and habitat uses of humpback whales within the North 
Pacific, and although data specific to each DPS are relatively more 
limited compared to humpback whales generally, the available data 
clearly indicate a broader distribution for humpbacks than what was 
documented for North Pacific right whales.
    Comment 35: Multiple commenters stated that because the BIAs 
identify the most critical feeding areas for humpback whales 
(Calambokidis et al. 2015) and have been determined to be biologically 
important under a separate, thorough scientific review (Ferguson et al. 
2015), it is illogical to expand the critical habitat beyond the BIAs. 
Commenters stated that while the proposed critical habitat areas may be 
habitat for the whales, they are not all critical habitat because they 
do not necessarily contain a sufficient quality or quantity of prey or 
are unlikely to contain the essential prey feature given the large size 
of the proposed critical habitat. Several commenters specifically 
disagreed with the use of habitat modeling results from Becker et al 
(2016) to define critical habitat boundaries, because this model does 
not measure or identify areas where prey may be located, or predict 
presence of prey, and only predicts presence of whales with in a given 
area (as opposed to feeding whales).
    Response: In designating occupied critical habitat, we are required 
to apply the best scientific data available to identify specific areas 
within the geographical area occupied by the species on which are found 
(1) physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the species and (2) which may require special management considerations 
or protection (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)). Specific areas are eligible for 
designation as critical habitat for the humpback whales if they meet 
this definition. Delineation of specific areas is done at a scale 
determined by the Secretary [of Commerce] to be appropriate (50 CFR 
424.12(b)(1) and (2)). Regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(c) also require 
that each critical habitat area be shown on a map. In making decisions 
about the scale and boundaries for the specific areas, we considered 
various factors such as the scales at which biological data are 
available and the availability of standardized geographical data 
necessary to map boundaries. The ESA does not require that we identify 
with specificity the exact locations within each unit where the feature 
occurs. See Alaska Oil and Gas Ass'n v. Jewell, 815 F.3d 544, 555 (9th 
Cir. 2016) (district court erred in holding FWS to ``a standard of 
specificity that the ESA does not require''). Further, our implementing 
regulations allow for flexibility in determining the appropriate scale 
at which specific areas are drawn. Here, we have identified where the 
dynamic prey feature occurs with as much specificity as the best 
available data allows.
    To determine which areas meet the statutory definition of critical 
habitat and delineate biologically appropriate boundaries for the 
specific areas of humpback whale critical habitat, we relied on 
multiple types of data, including humpback whale sightings data, 
habitat modelling, location of BIAs, and prey species distributions 
(NMFS 2020a). Each type of data may have relative strengths and 
limitations as compared to other types of data for particular uses, 
which we identify and discuss in these various responses to comments 
and the Biological Report (NMFS 2020a). Although not perfect or

[[Page 21101]]

free from uncertainty, taken together they form the best available 
scientific data, upon which we must base these designations.
    Habitat model results of Becker et al. (2016), and to a lesser 
extent Becker et al. (2017), which apply only to areas within the CCE, 
were primarily used to determine an appropriate offshore boundary for 
specific critical habitat areas within the CCE (i.e., Units 11-19). 
Commenters are correct that the habitat model results of Becker et al. 
(2016 and 2017) provide information on predicted occurrences of 
humpback whales within the CCE and do not provide information regarding 
predicted occurrences of humpback whale prey species. However, as 
indicated by the ESA definition of occupied critical habitat, both 
types of information are relevant--information on occupancy by the 
listed species and information on presence of the prey feature. 
Furthermore, while these models result were used to help delineate the 
specific critical habitat areas, they were not the exclusive 
determinant of whether the areas qualified as critical habitat.
    Humpback whale prey species are distributed throughout the feeding 
grounds and the specific areas identified as critical habitat. Due to 
the considerable importance of euphausiids and other forage fish 
species to commercial fisheries and to other marine predators, as well 
as their role as ecosystem indicator species, extensive scientific 
surveys have been conducted within all marine ecosystems of the U.S. 
EEZ to monitor abundances, distributions, trends, as well as factors 
that affect these species (e.g., Santora et al. 2018, Sigler et al. 
2012, McGown et al. 2016, Simonsen et al. 2016, Zwolinski et al. 2017; 
See also: www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/population-assessments#fish-stocks and www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov). These surveys 
as well as other targeted research efforts, including studies examining 
humpback whale diet and distributions in association with prey 
availability, were considered when developing the critical habitat 
designations because such studies provide information on distributions 
and abundances of humpback whale prey as well as information about 
variations in prey targeted by the whales across and within regions 
(NMFS 2020). Where available, and as discussed in the Biological Report 
(NMFS 2020a), we also considered observational and satellite-tag 
derived data indicating feeding behavior of humpback whales while on 
the feeding grounds (e.g., Wynne and Witteveen 2013, Kennedy et al. 
2014, Mate et al. 2018). Given the wide distributions of the prey 
species for each DPS, and the spatial and temporal variability in the 
abundances and distributions of these prey species, we relied on 
information regarding the distribution of humpback whales on the 
feeding grounds to determine biologically appropriate boundaries of the 
specific critical habitat areas (e.g., Becker et al. 2016).
    Comment 36: A commenter stated that we inappropriately expanded the 
critical habitat areas beyond the BIAs in part by considering the area-
restricted searching (``ARS'') data reported by Mate et al. (2018). The 
commenter discussed that the relevant Mate et al. (2018) data involves 
tagging results for only seven whales, and that most of those whales 
exhibited ARS in small, discrete areas that largely correspond to the 
existing BIAs. The commenter noted that only one whale was tracked 
across a significantly broader range.
    Response: As discussed in the Biological Report (NMFS 2020a), 
multiple types of information were used to delineate boundaries for the 
occupied critical habitat areas. Each type of data may have relative 
strengths and limitations for particular uses as compared to other 
types of data, which we discuss in these various responses to comments, 
but taken together they form the best available scientific information. 
In addition to habitat modelling results, which predict expected 
distributions of humpback whales in the CCE (Becker et al. 2016 and 
Becker et al. 2017), we considered the location of BIAs, sightings 
data, and to a lesser extent, satellite telemetry data. This latter 
category of data was not a determinant of the boundaries of the 
specific areas but was mainly used as additional support for the 
selection of appropriate boundaries of applicable specific areas 
because it provides very explicit information on where and the areas 
over which humpback whales are feeding. We agree that the available 
telemetry data, and specifically the ARS-mode location data (which is 
indicative of feeding), are limited in terms of the total number of 
humpback whales that have been tagged. However, these data are still 
relevant and important to consider and constitute a part of the best 
available information, and they were not used to expand the specific 
critical habitat areas beyond areas known or predicted to be used by 
humpback whales. We also note that results that have since become 
available from satellite tagging of four additional humpback whales off 
the Oregon coast in 2018 indicate that the whales spent 2.0 to 49.6 
percent of their time (as a percentage of days) within a BIA (Palacios 
et al. 2020), indicating that for more than half of the time they were 
tracked they were outside of a BIA.
    Available sightings and habitat modelling data indicate that 
humpback whales occur more widely throughout the U.S. EEZ and in areas 
outside of the recognized BIAs (e.g., Hamilton et al. 2009, Becker et 
al. 2016). Within the CCE, BIAs were delineated based predominantly on 
coastal (<50 nmi offshore), non-systematic small boat surveys designed 
to maximize whale sightings, and the areas ultimately identified as 
BIAs were restricted to those areas where the highest concentrations of 
sightings were documented in multiple years. As the BIA authors note, 
both sightings and annual habitat model results indicate a high degree 
of variation in some areas of humpback whale concentration across years 
(Calambokidis et al. 2015). Under the statutory definition, an area 
qualifies as critical habitat if it is occupied by the listed species 
and contains one or more physical or biological that is essential to 
the conservation of the species and that may require special management 
considerations or protection. Thus, specific areas are eligible for 
designation as critical habitat if they meet these criteria. Neither 
the ESA definition of critical habitat nor the joint NMFS/USFWS 
implementing regulations (at 50 CFR 424.12) limit critical habitat 
designations to only those areas of greatest concentration of the 
listed species or the most frequently used areas. Thus, while we agree 
that the BIAs identify important feeding areas for humpback whales, we 
do not find that it is appropriate to restrict the critical habitat 
designations to these areas.
    Comment 37: A commenter stated that should the agency insist on 
expanding critical habitat beyond the boundaries of the BIAs, that the 
outer limits for all units other than Unit 1 be drawn along the 1,000 m 
isobath. The commenter noted that, as proposed, the outer limits of 
Unit 2 (Aleutian Islands Area) and Unit 10 (Southeastern Alaska) are 
drawn along the 2,000 m isobath, while the outer limits of other units 
(other than Unit 1, Bristol Bay) are drawn along the 1,000 m isobath. 
The commenter stated that given the coastal nature of humpback whale 
prey species, and understanding of normal dive depths, the 2,000 m 
isobath boundary appears to be excessive.
    Response: When selecting the boundaries for the 19 critical habitat 
units, the CHRT adopted several decision rules to help ensure that the

[[Page 21102]]

areas were drawn in a reasonable and systematic fashion, grounded in 
the best available data, across marine regions and for each of the 
three DPSs. One decision rule was that the existing BIAs would remain 
intact unless there was a compelling reason to change or divide it 
because the BIAs are well described, discrete delineations of habitat 
based on thorough review of existing data that generally fall within 
larger delineations of humpback whale feeding regions. This decision 
rule is what led the CHRT to draw the seaward boundaries for Unit 2 
(Aleutian Islands area) and Unit 10 (Southeast Alaska) along the 2,000m 
isobath. This isobath line corresponds most closely with the seaward 
edge or outermost edge of the respective BIAs in those critical habitat 
units. Adjusting the critical habitat boundaries shoreward to the 
1,000m isobath, as recommended by the commenter, would result in 
removing portions of each of the BIAs from the critical habitat. Thus, 
we decline to make the requested change. (We also note that because 
Unit 10 is excluded from the final critical habitat designation for the 
MX DPS, the requested change to Unit 10 is no longer relevant.)
    The isobath data used to delineate seaward boundary lines on the 
maps correspond to the aerial extent of humpback feeding habitat, which 
is considered to be primarily shelf and shelf-edge habitat. Per our 
implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.18(a)(1), we are required to 
provide maps of critical habitats and provide the coordinates and/or 
plot points on which the map is based available to the public on our 
website, and per additional requirements under 50 CFR 424.12(c), 
ephemeral reference points are not to be used to clarify area 
boundaries. For marine habitats, bathymetry data are often readily 
available and reliable source data from which we can create maps and 
share the underlying spatial data in an electronic format. For the 
humpback whale critical habitat maps, the bathymetry data were thus not 
selected to correspond to humpback whale dive depths but to capture and 
map the seaward extent of the feeding areas.

Requests Regarding Exclusions of Particular Areas

    Comment 38: A large number of commenters requested that no areas be 
excluded from the critical habitat designations. Some commenters noted 
that climate change is causing shifts in prey and may dramatically 
alter humpbacks whales' habitat use and thus the conservation value of 
specific areas as well. Commenters also expressed concerns about the 
ongoing threats of ship strikes and entanglement to humpback whales in 
the excluded areas. A group of commenters specifically stated that NMFS 
should include Units 7 (Kenai Fiords), 8 (Prince William Sound), 9 
(Northeastern Gulf of Alaska), and 19 (California South Coast) in the 
final critical habitat designations or provide an adequate 
justification for these proposed exclusions. The commenters stated we 
did not individually weigh the conservation benefit of designating 
Units 7, 8, and 9 as required under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA. The 
commenters stated that these areas, which we described as ``low 
conservation value,'' still confer direct benefits to the species as 
well as indirect benefits which could outweigh a small economic impact.
    Response: As discussed in the Draft Biological Report (NMFS 2019a) 
and the proposed critical habitat rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019), 
climate change is expected to affect the abundance, quality, and 
distributions of humpback whale prey species. Ocean warming has already 
been documented as having significant effects on prey availability and 
on higher-level predators within North Pacific marine ecosystems (e.g., 
Coyle et al. 2011, Brodeur et al. 2018, Jones et al. 2018, Santora et 
al. 2020), and recent analysis of humpback whales' responses to the 
North Pacific marine heat wave of 2014-2016 also provide clear insights 
into short-term response of the whales within the CCE to marine heat 
waves (Santora et al. 2020), which are predicted to increase in 
frequency and duration. However, the best currently available 
information is insufficient to allow us to determine how diet and 
habitat use of humpback whales may be affected over the longer-term and 
across all of the North Pacific feeding grounds. Thus, although we 
considered this available information, the CHRT's assessment of the 
relative conservation value of the habitat units in critical habitat 
designation was driven more by an understanding of the whales' current 
distributions and habitat use. While we agree it would be informative 
to have specific habitat suitability or risk exposure models to further 
inform this rule, we are required to complete the designations based on 
the best available scientific information. We are not required to 
develop new studies in order to complete the critical habitat 
designations. We also note that we have the authority to revise 
critical habitat designations as appropriate and in light of new 
information, which provides a mechanism for addressing and 
incorporating changing understandings of the species' use of new areas 
over time (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(A)(ii)).
    With respect to critical habitat Unit 7 (Kenai Peninsula Area), 
Unit 8 (Prince William Sound), and Unit 9 (Northeastern Gulf of 
Alaska), we assessed the benefits of including those areas in the 
designation and the benefits of exclusion for each of these particular 
areas with respect to each relevant DPS of humpback whales. As 
discussed in our Final Biological Report (NMFS 2020a) and Final 
Economic Analysis (FEA), these assessments were revised and updated in 
response to public comments and new information received following 
publication of the proposed rule. In both the initial and final 
conservation rating assessments conducted by the CHRT, Units 7, 8 and 9 
were rated as having low conservation value for the WNP DPS. In both 
the initial and final conservation rating assessments, Units 7 and 9 
were rated as having low conservation value for the MX DPS; and Unit 8, 
which was previously rated as having high conservation value, was 
changed to medium conservation value (see NMFS 2020a). The estimated 
annualized economic impact of designating each of these three areas 
increased (by $1,600) based on new information regarding the rate of 
consultations on aquaculture and water quality management related 
activities, an update to 2020 dollars (from 2018 dollars), and an 
update of the timeframe of the analysis to 2020-2029 (previously 2019-
2028). Overall, the updated assessments provided no basis to revise our 
previous conclusions regarding the relative weighing of the economic 
costs of designating these areas against the benefits of designating 
these areas. The benefits of designating the low value areas were still 
found to be outweighed by the associated economic impacts; and, for the 
MX DPS, the benefit of designating the medium value area of Prince 
William Sound was still not outweighed by the associated economic 
impact of designating this particular area. Thus, Units 7, 8, and 9 are 
excluded from the final critical habitat designation for the WNP DPS, 
and Units 7 and 9 are excluded from the final critical habitat 
designation for the MX DPS.
    In conducting the weighing of benefits under section 4(b)(2), we 
assessed the benefits of designation and exclusion for each particular 
area (see NMFS 2020b). Given the relatively low forecasted costs and 
potential economic impacts associated with designating each of the 19 
units under consideration, we determined that the benefits of 
designating medium, high, and very

[[Page 21103]]

high value areas were not outweighed by the economic benefits of 
exclusion. We did, however, conclude for each of the low conservation 
value areas that the limited benefits of designation were outweighed by 
the benefits of avoiding the forecasted costs and potential economic 
impacts of the designation. We also concluded for each of these areas 
that the exclusion from the designation would not result in the 
extinction of the particular DPS. Although the conclusion is the same 
for all low conservation value areas (i.e., to exclude), a separate 
determination was made regarding each exclusion and whether such 
exclusion would result in the extinction of the relevant DPS. We have 
revised the Final Section 4(b)(2) Report to further clarify that the 
exclusion of each particular area was based on an assessment of that 
particular area.
    Finally, we acknowledge that humpback whales face ongoing threats, 
particularly from ship strikes and entanglement, even within the areas 
excluded from the critical habitat designations. However, these 
threats, which directly impact the whales, will continue to be 
addressed under both the ESA and MMPA wherever applicable, regardless 
of whether the particular area has been designated as critical habitat 
under the ESA. In particular, when section 7 consultations are 
undertaken for Federal agency actions that may have impacts in the 
areas where whales or their prey are present, impacts that affect the 
whales will be considered as part of the analysis of whether the action 
is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the listed species.
    Comment 39: Multiple commenters requested that Unit 19 be included 
in the final critical habitat designations. Commenters expressed 
concerns regarding the significant threats of ship strikes and oils 
spills in Unit 19. Commenters also referred to the relative proportions 
of humpback whales as indicated by Steiger et al. (2017), high 
predicted occurrence of humpback whales as indicated by Becker et al. 
(2017), and krill hot spots as indicated by Santora et al. (2011) in 
this area, and stated that Unit 19 is therefore important to the 
conservation of the endangered CAM DPS of humpback whales. These 
commenters stated that exclusion of Unit 19 is not justified unless we 
analyze habitat preferences and distribution of the whales in relation 
to shifting environmental conditions and help identify the spatial and 
temporal dynamics of the species' risk exposure.
    Response: We appreciate the concerns raised by the commenters 
regarding threats to humpback whales within Unit 19, California South 
Coast. However, these threats (e.g., ship strikes, oil spills) do not 
provide sufficient justification for inclusion of this particular area 
in the critical habitat designation for either the CAM or the MX DPs of 
humpback whales. As discussed elsewhere in this final rule, the 
designation of critical habitat in areas within the species' occupied 
range is based on the presence of physical or biological features 
essential to their conservation of the species that may require special 
management considerations or protection. The existence of threats to 
the species, while informative, is not an appropriate basis upon which 
to build a designation of critical habitat under the ESA. Further, NMFS 
does not entirely agree with the characterization by the commenters of 
this particular area based on sightings, modeling, and prey 
distribution data. Unit 19 alone does not contain the highest 90 
percent of the study area abundance predicted by the Becker et al. 
(2017) habitat model as implied by the commenters; rather it was added 
to capture the southernmost portion of the predicted abundances. As 
illustrated in Figure 18B in the Biological Report (NMFS 2020a), the 
highest 90 percent of predicted abundances based on the results of 
Becker et al. (2017) extend over most of Unit 16 and all of Units 17, 
18, and 19. Sightings data reported in Calambokidis et al. (2017, 
Figure 5) and used in the poster by Steiger et al. (2017), which was 
referenced by the commenters, were considered and weighed heavily in 
our assessment of relative conservation value of critical habitat units 
along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California for the CAM and 
MX DPSs. These sightings data indicate that the largest proportions of 
CAM DPS whales do occur off of Southern California, while the largest 
proportions of MX DPS whales occur farther north along the coast. In 
terms of distribution of whales off of Southern California in 
particular, most of the sightings occur from Monterey Bay south to the 
northern Channel Islands and the Santa Barbara Chanel, and relatively 
few sightings occur farther south (J. Calambokidis, Cascadia Research 
Collective, pers. comm., May 12, 2020). This is consistent with the 
predicted abundances from Becker et al. (2016 and 2017), which indicate 
that the waters off southernmost portion of the California coast (i.e., 
Unit 19) have the lowest predicted abundances of humpback whales during 
summer months as well as during cooler months (see Figure 17, Final 
Biological Report). Based on the locations of 10 krill hot spots 
reported in Santora et al. (2011), which we overlaid onto a map of the 
critical habitat units, only one of the 10 hotspots occurs within Unit 
19, and no humpback whale BIA has been identified in Unit 19. Overall, 
we find that the best available data support the rating of Unit 19 as 
having relatively low conservation value for both the CAM and MX DPSs.
    Comment 40: Multiple commenters, including the Washington 
Department of Fish and Wildlife, expressed opposition to the proposed 
exclusions of the Quinault Range Site (QRS) off the coast of Washington 
and the associated 10 km buffer around this area. Several commenters 
stated that the proposed exclusion was overly broad and not adequately 
justified. Several commenters stated that planned activities, such as 
use of sonar and explosives, can impact the whales and their prey and 
additional mitigation measures or restrictions on the Department of the 
Navy's (``Navy'') activities within the QRS should be implemented. One 
commenter noted that the QRS overlaps with the Olympic Coast National 
Marine Sanctuary, an area that requires a higher standard of resource 
protection. Many commenters noted that the QRS area was within a 
critical habitat area rated as having high conservation value for the 
CAM and MX DPS whales. Commenters requested we reconsider the Navy's 
request for this exclusion given the increased numbers of humpback 
whales using and moving through this area.
    Response: As discussed in the Final Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 
2020b), to weigh the national security impacts against conservation 
benefits of a potential critical habitat designation, we considered the 
size of the requested exclusion and the amount of overlap with the 
specific critical habitat area; the relative conservation value of the 
specific area for each particular humpback whale DPS; the likelihood 
that the Navy's activities would destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat; the likelihood that NMFS would require new or additional 
project modifications to reduce or avoid these impacts; and the 
likelihood that other Federal actions may occur in the site that would 
not be subject to the critical habitat provision if the particular area 
were excluded from the designation. In response to the public comments, 
we reconsidered these factors, information provided by the Navy, and 
also requested additional information from the Navy regarding their 
activities in the portion of the QRS

[[Page 21104]]

that also falls within the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary 
(OCNMS).
    In making our decision with respect to this particular area, we did 
so within the framework of our joint NMFS/USFWS policy on 
implementation of Section 4(b)(2) (81 FR 7226, February 11, 2016) 
(``Section 4(b)(2) Policy''). Specifically, when a Department of 
Defense (DOD) agency requests an exclusion the basis of national-
security or homeland security impacts, it must provide a ``reasonably 
specific justification'' of a probable incremental impact on national 
security that would result from the designation of that specific area 
as critical habitat (81 FR at 7231, February 11, 2016). Where the 
request is substantiated with such a reasonably specific justification, 
we give ``great weight'' to those concerns in analyzing the benefits of 
exclusion. Id.
    The proposed exclusion of the QRS and 10-km buffer comprise about 
44 percent of Unit 11 (Coastal Washington), but represents only a very 
small portion of the total critical habitat designations for the CAM 
DPS (about 3 percent) and the MX DPS (about 1 percent). The QRS and 
associated buffer also have a significant degree of overlap with the 
OCNMS, where certain activities are prohibited, including oil, gas, or 
mineral exploration, development, or production; discharging or 
depositing any material or other matter; drilling into, dredging, or 
otherwise altering the seabed, with some exceptions (15 CFR 922.152). 
Because of these prohibitions, the likelihood of other Federal 
activities being proposed in this area of the QRS may be limited.
    In response to public comments, and as described in the Final 
Biological Report, the CHRT completed a reassessment of the relative 
conservation value of each particular area under consideration for 
designation for each DPS. This reassessment was conducted to address 
multiple concerns that were raised in the comments regarding the data 
considered by the CHRT in rating the relative conservation of specific 
areas, and particularly that this initial analysis was confounded by 
data on non-listed humpback whales from the Hawaii breeding population 
(the ``Hawaii DPS''). The primary consideration in the CHRT's re-
analysis of relative conservation value was the degree to which whales 
of a given DPS rely on each particular area for feeding. To evaluate 
this, the CHRT considered the best available data on migratory 
destinations, distribution patterns, and proportions of the DPSs using 
or estimated to use different feeding areas (e.g., Barlow et al. 2011, 
Wade 2017, Calambokidis et al. 2017). Secondary considerations in 
assessing the relative conservation value of particular areas included 
the habitat quality or the consistency with which prey or high quality 
prey are abundant (which can be indicated by, among other data, 
presence of a BIA), and connectivity between feeding areas (generally 
as indicated by photo-identification and/or genetic data). Based on 
this reassessment, Unit 11 is rated as having medium conservation value 
for the CAM and MX DPSs. Available data from satellite-tagged humpback 
whales indicate the highest use areas within Unit 11 occur within the 
BIA as well as within the western edge of the Strait of Juan de Fuca 
(Mate et al. 2018, Palacios et al. 2020), which do not overlap with the 
QRS or associated buffer. Comparisons of the requested exclusion area 
with the predicted humpback whale densities from Becker et al. (2016, 
who modeled predicted densities in approximately 10 km by 10 km grid 
cells) also indicates that the requested exclusion area (meaning the 
QRS and buffer) is largely south of, but overlaps partially with, the 
area where the highest densities of humpback whales are predicted to 
occur within Unit 11.
    In support of their request for exclusion of the QRS and buffer 
area, the Navy pointed to the extensive range of planned activities, 
which are described in their Final Northwest Training and Testing 
(NWTT) Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) published on 
September 18, 2020, and stated that any additional, future 
modifications to these activities to minimize impacts on humpback whale 
critical habitat would impact the Navy's ability to meet mission 
requirements. The Navy pointed to the use of explosives, in particular, 
as being likely to have adverse effects on humpback prey species, 
although not likely at the population level of the prey species. In 
their initial request, dated December 5, 2018, the Navy stated that if 
additional mitigation requirements were to result from a designation of 
critical habitat, they would likely need to halt, reduce in scope, or 
geographically or seasonally constrain testing activities to prevent 
adverse effects to critical habitat, and this would in turn impact 
their ability to test and field new systems and platforms. To avoid 
potential, additional, spatial restrictions on their activities within 
the QRS, the Navy also requested exclusion of an additional 10-km 
buffer around the QRS from the critical habitat designation. The Navy 
determined the size for this buffer using sound attenuation modeling to 
calculate the farthest distance at which fish would be expected to be 
injured from the largest explosive the Navy can reasonably foresee 
testing in the QRS; and, in subsequent communications, the Navy further 
clarified that the size of the buffer also incorporated uncertainty for 
updates in resource-related science, changes in oceanographic 
conditions that could reduce attenuation, and the evolution of military 
technologies that may behave differently in the environment.
    We continue to conclude that the Navy has provided a reasonably 
specific justification to support the requested exclusion of the QRS, 
and consistent with our Section 4(b)(2) Policy, we gave great weight to 
these concerns when analyzing the benefits of exclusion. Our 
consideration of the multiple factors discussed, coupled with the 
potential delay in critical missions in order to complete adverse 
modification analyses, cause us to continue to find that the benefits 
of excluding the QRS due to national security impacts outweigh the 
benefits of designating this portion of Unit 11 as critical habitat for 
the MX and CAM DPSs. However, we are modifying our proposed exclusion 
of the buffer area. Specifically, we are not excluding a portion of the 
10-km buffer area extending from the northeast corner of the QRS where 
it overlaps with the OCNMS. As discussed in the Section 4(b)(2) Report, 
we concluded the benefits of designating critical habitat for the MX 
and CAM DPSs within this portion of the buffer are not outweighed by 
national security impacts of including that portion at this time.
    We acknowledge the concerns raised by the commenters regarding 
potential impacts to the whales and their prey because of certain Navy 
activities, such as sonar and explosives. The Biological and Conference 
Opinion on the Navy's Northwest Training and Testing Activities, issued 
by NMFS on October 19, 2020, addresses activities within the QRS and 
analyzed the effects of the Navy's planned activities on humpback 
whales as well as their prey. As discussed in that consultation, the 
Navy has adopted certain mitigation measures within the QRS, including 
the portion of the QRS that overlaps with the OCNMS, to avoid or 
minimize adverse impacts on marine mammals and other marine resources 
in this area. Exclusion of the QRS area will not impact our ability to 
continue to work closely with the Navy through the section 7 
consultation process to minimize and mitigate impacts to the humpback 
whales as a result of the Navy's testing and training activities.

[[Page 21105]]

    Comment 41: A few commenters expressed opposition to the proposed 
exclusion of the Navy's Southeast Alaska Acoustic Measurement Facility 
within Unit 10 and the Southern California Range Complex within Unit 
19. One commenter stated these proposed exclusions pose too great a 
risk to the whales given the Navy's planned activities within these 
areas which have the potential to increase the risk of vessels strikes, 
disrupt foraging, and affect prey species. One commenter noted that the 
Integrated Natural Resource Management Plan (INRMP) for the Southeast 
Alaska Acoustic Measurement Facility (SEAFAC) had not yet been 
finalized and requested that NMFS revisit its decision to exclude this 
area once the INRMP is completed. The commenter stated we must also 
weigh the conservation benefit of designating this area.
    Response: The SEAFAC is located in the Western Behm Canal near the 
city of Ketchikan and covers an area of 48 nmi\2\ (164 km\2\), which 
equates to 0.22 percent of the total area of Unit 10. We originally 
proposed to exclude SEAFAC under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA on the 
basis of substantiated national security impacts. We did not rely on 
any determination that the area was ineligible for designation under 
section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the ESA, which provides that certain areas 
cannot meet the definition of ``critical habitat'' if they are covered 
by a relevant INRMP that has been determined in writing to provide a 
benefit to the species (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)). SEAFAC lies fully 
within Unit 10, which as discussed in detail in the Final Section 
4(b)(2) Report (see also response to Comment 43), is excluded from the 
final critical habitat designation for the MX DPS under section 4(b)(2) 
of the ESA. (No other listed DPSs of humpback whales occur in this 
Unit). Therefore, because the larger area (Unit 10) is excluded on 
other grounds, it is not necessary for us to specifically exclude 
SEAFAC on either the original grounds or the alternative basis 
suggested in the comment. The status of the INRMP is not relevant to 
this determination.
    The Southern California Range Complex (SOCAL), which is a portion 
of the Navy's Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Study 
Area (HSTT), overlaps with approximately 83 percent of critical habitat 
Unit 19. We agree that the activities that occur in the SOCAL range 
complex (e.g., anti-submarine warfare, torpedo, mine countermeasure, 
gun, missile and rocket, and propulsion testing) have the potential to 
impact humpback whales, their feeding behaviors, and their prey 
species. The degree of any such impact depends upon the nature, timing, 
location, etc. of the particular activity. The Navy has concluded, and 
we agree, that designation of this portion of Unit 19 as critical 
habitat could potentially lead to requirements for additional 
mitigations (avoidance, area or time limitations, etc.) that could 
hinder Navy testing and training activities, and thereby impact 
military readiness and thus national security. Section 4(b)(2) requires 
us to consider impacts to national security, and our Section 4(b)(2) 
Policy directs that we accord great weight to the Navy's concern 
because they have provided a reasonably specific justification 
regarding these potential impacts. (81 FR 7226, February 11, 2016). 
Therefore, we stated in our proposed rule that this area should be 
excluded under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA. No new information was 
provided during the comment period to alter this conclusion, which we 
reaffirm in light of the great weight we assign the national security 
impacts consistent with our policy, and so we here affirm the exclusion 
of this area on the basis of national security impacts. We also note 
that the entire broader area of Unit 19, most of which overlaps with 
the SOCAL range, is excluded from the critical habitat designation 
based on consideration of economic impacts (see Final Section 4(b)(2) 
Report).
    Comment 42: Several commenters expressed concern regarding the 
significant threat of ship strikes to humpback whales and requested 
that shipping lanes not be excluded from the critical habitat 
designation. One commenter noted that humpback whale BIAs overlap the 
San Francisco and Santa Barbara Channel shipping lanes, and stated that 
although ship strikes can be managed under existing mechanisms, ship 
traffic can compromise the benefit of critical habitat through 
disruption of surface availability, potentially resulting in 
physiological impacts to the whales. This commenter requested that the 
final rule acknowledge shipping as a potential impact to habitat 
quality. Another commenter requested that the shipping lanes of San 
Francisco or Long Beach/Los Angeles harbors not be excluded from the 
critical habitat designations given the extensive, cooperative efforts 
to address the threat of ship strikes in and around the traffic 
separation schemes (TSSs).
    Response: We appreciate the concerns expressed by this commenter 
and the continued efforts being made to reduce ship strikes of humpback 
and other large whale species. We are not excluding any particular 
shipping lanes from the critical habitat designations for any of the 
three DPSs of humpback whales. We note, however, that the ports of Los 
Angeles and Long Beach lie within critical habitat Unit 19, which is 
excluded from the critical habitat designations for both the MX and CAM 
DPSs of humpback whales under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA. That 
particular exclusion was based on a conclusion that the relatively low 
conservation value of the particular area for each DPS was outweighed 
by national security and economic impacts and a determination that the 
exclusion will not result in the extinction of either DPS.
    Comment 43: A large number of commenters opposed designation of 
Unit 10 (Southeast Alaska), and requested that NMFS remove this area 
from the critical habitat designation for Mexico DPS. The commenters 
stated that the economic impacts on Southeast Alaska were 
underestimated, while the conservation value was overestimated. 
Multiple commenters stated that economic impacts to the commercial 
fishing and related industry and infrastructure projects would be 
greater than anticipated and would impact the roughly 30 communities 
within this area. Some commenters noted that Southeast Alaska had the 
highest estimated administrative costs among all areas considered for 
designation. Numerous commenters also stated that Unit 10 is peripheral 
habitat for the threatened MX DPS of humpback whales, supporting only 
an estimated 2 to 4 percent of the MX DPS, and that designation of this 
area will provide minimal conservation benefit for this DPS while 
having a disproportionate and significant economic impact on Southeast 
Alaska. Many commenters also noted that most of the whales in this area 
are from the non-listed Hawaii population of humpback whales, and 
stated that Unit 10 should not be considered critical habitat for the 
listed MX DPS simply because it is biologically important feeding 
habitat for another population of humpback whales.
    Response: As discussed previously in responses to comments on the 
economic analysis (see Economic Impacts), the FEA has been revised in 
response to public comments, which reflects increases in the 
anticipated economic impacts over what was presented in the DEA. For 
Unit 10 in particular, the costs have been revised upwards as a result 
of the information we received on the increased rate of consultations 
on aquaculture projects and water-quality management projects that is 
anticipated (as well as adjustments to the dollar-year and the 
timeframe applied in the

[[Page 21106]]

analysis). Specifically, the estimated, annualized, economic impacts to 
Southeast Alaska are estimated to be $26,000-$32,000, whereas the DEA 
had estimated an annualized impact of $12,000-$18,000. The estimated 
annualized cost for Unit 10 is more than double the cost estimate for 
any other particular area, and on average is roughly 10 times greater 
than the cost estimate for other particular areas within Alaska. 
Chapter 2 of the FEA also highlights the State of Alaska's concerns 
related to potential unquantified costs (e.g., project delays) and 
discusses the potential for indirect or unquantified direct impacts 
related to certain activities. This discussion highlights that these 
added costs may affect communities such as those in Southeast Alaska 
more than other, more populated and economically diverse communities. 
Although most of the forecasted consultations for Southeast Alaska are 
expected to be informal consultations, the fact that the number of 
forecasted consultations in this particular area are an order of 
magnitude greater relative to other areas in Alaska indicates the 
potential for such impacts to result is much greater within this 
particular area.
    Also, as discussed previously in response to Comment 30 and in 
further detail in the Final Biological Report, we reassessed the 
relative conservation value of each particular area under consideration 
for designation for each DPS in light of issues and concerns raised in 
public comments, particularly the assertion that our initial analysis 
was confounded by consideration of non-listed humpback whales from the 
Hawaii breeding population. In conducting the reassessment, the CHRT's 
primary consideration when rating the relative conservation value of 
each particular area was the degree to which whales of a specific DPS 
rely on each particular area for feeding. In conducting this analysis, 
the CHRT reviewed the best available scientific data on migratory 
destinations, distribution patterns, and proportions of the DPSs using 
or estimated to use different feeding areas (e.g., Barlow et al. 2011, 
Wade 2017, Calambokidis et al. 2017). The CHRT did not rate the 
relative conservation value of areas based on whether the particular 
areas were important for non-listed humpback whales. In other words, 
whether a particular feeding area serves as important feeding habitat 
for the non-listed Hawaii population of whales was not used by the CHRT 
as a proxy indicator that the area has the same biological importance 
to whales of a listed DPS. Secondary considerations in assessing the 
relative conservation value of particular areas included indicators of 
habitat quality and connectivity between feeding areas that would 
confer conservation value in the face of environmental variability or 
threats (see NMFS 2020a). Based on this reassessment, Unit 10 is rated 
as having low conservation value for the MX DPS.
    Given the results of the economic analysis that indicate Unit 10 is 
projected to experience the greatest probable economic impact, coupled 
with the relative low conservation rating of this particular area, we 
find that the benefits of excluding this particular area outweigh the 
benefits of designating it as critical habitat. We are therefore 
excluding this particular area from the final critical habitat 
designation for the MX DPS pursuant to the authority of section 4(b)(2) 
of the ESA.
    Comment 44: A commenter stated that critical habitat will benefit 
the humpback whales in Southeast Alaska (Unit 10), even though only 6-8 
percent of the whales using this area are known to be from the 
threatened MX DPS, and that the proposed critical habitat should be 
designated. The commenter stated that if the several hundred MX DPS 
whales in this area do not warrant ESA protection, then NMFS should 
state what number of listed whales does merit protection. The commenter 
also stated that the number of whales estimated to use this area is 
likely an underestimate.
    Response: We appreciate the commenter's concern regarding 
designating critical habitat in areas where even a small proportion of 
the listed DPS is known to occur or has been estimated to occur. 
However, we cannot, nor are we required to, specify a threshold number 
of listed whales within a specific area that would warrant or not 
warrant a critical habitat designation. In designating critical 
habitat, we must first identify areas that meet the statutory 
definition of critical habitat based on the best scientific information 
available, and must then consider the economic, national security, and 
other relevant impacts of that designation pursuant to the first 
sentence of section 4(b)(2) of the ESA. When entering into an exclusion 
analysis, under the second sentence of section 4(b)(2), we evaluate 
each particular area on the basis of the set of data relevant to that 
particular area. In this case, after considering the best available 
data regarding the use and value of this area to the conservation of 
the MX DPS and the estimated economic impacts of including Unit 10 in 
the designation of critical habitat for that DPS, we determined that 
the benefits of designating this area are outweighed by the benefits of 
excluding (or, the impacts of designating) this particular area. Thus, 
although we determined that Southeast Alaska (Unit 10) meets the 
definition of critical habitat for the threatened MX DPS of humpback 
whales, as outlined more fully in our response to the previous comment, 
we are excluding this area from the final critical habitat designation 
for the MX DPS under the authority of section 4(b)(2) in order to 
ensure that the areas included in the final designation provide the 
most meaningful benefit to the species while minimizing undue or 
disproportionate costs and other impacts.
    Comment 45: One commenter stated that the proposed critical habitat 
around the Shumagin Islands and the Stepovak Bay area is not needed, 
and that it will hamper local communities that are already under 
extreme pressure from regulatory bodies. The commenter recommend we not 
designate these areas as critical habitat as members of the local 
community very rarely or never have negative contact with the whales.
    Response: The locations referred to by the commenter are within and 
adjacent to a Biologically Important Feeding Area (BIA, Ferguson et al. 
2015c) for humpback whales, and a substantial amount of data from 
scientific surveys indicate that this area consistently serves as an 
important feeding habitat for humpback whales (Witteveen et al. 2004, 
Witteveen and Wynne 2013, Witteveen and Wynne 2016a). This feeding area 
is used by both the MX and WNP DPSs (Witteveen et al. 2004; 
Calambokidis et al. 2008, Barlow et al. 2011), where the whales target 
and consume krill and fish species (Nemoto 1957, 1959; Wynne and 
Witteveen 2013). The estimated economic impacts forecasted to occur in 
the particular area (Unit 3), where the Shumagin Islands and Stepovak 
Bay are located, are among the lowest when compared to the other nine 
critical habitat units in Alaska. Based on the high-end estimates of 
future activity in the unit and associated section 7 consultations, 
fewer than 10 section 7 consultations are forecasted to occur within 
Unit 3 over the next 10-years, and 7.5 of those consultations are 
expected to be informal consultations, which carry fewer costs 
generally (IEc 2020). Unit 3 was assessed by the CHRT as having high 
conservation value for the MX DPS and medium conservation value for the 
WNP DPS. This latter rating was associated with greater uncertainty due 
to almost 40 percent of the CHRT's votes

[[Page 21107]]

being assigned to the high conservation value category.
    The ESA requires that we designate critical habitat for listed 
species to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, and it allows 
the Secretary to exclude particular areas after conducting an exclusion 
analysis if the benefits of including the area in the designation are 
outweighed by the impacts (e.g., economic impacts, national security) 
of including the area in the designation. In this process, we must 
determine which factors are relevant and how much weight to assign each 
factor (50 CFR 424.19(c)). Here, we assign great weight to the 
assessment that the area provides at least medium conservation value 
habitat for the endangered WNP DPS and high conservation value habitat 
for the threatened MX DPS to support the conservation of these species, 
which is a significant and important benefit of including the area in 
the designations. It is reasonable to give great weight to this factor 
in light of the purpose of critical habitat under the Act (to support 
the conservation, or recovery, of the species) and the statutory 
mandate to designate critical habitat to the maximum extent prudent and 
determinable. After thoroughly considering the available information 
regarding the benefits of designation and impacts of designation, we 
find the benefits of including the area in the designations are not 
outweighed by the probable benefits of excluding the area from the 
designations. Thus, the standard for excluding the area under 4(b)(2) 
is not met, and this particular area is not excluded from the final 
designations.
    Comment 46: A commenter requested exclusion of the Prince William 
Sound (Unit 8) and the Northern Gulf of Alaska (Unit 9) habitat units 
from the critical habitat designations. The commenter expressed 
concerns that the economic impacts were underestimated for Prince 
William Sound in particular, stating the economic analysis focused on 
expenses to NMFS and did not fully consider the potential economic 
impacts to local residents, stakeholders, and municipal governments 
from additional expenses and delays associated with additional 
regulatory requirements for hatcheries and port, harbor, and seafood 
processing infrastructure projects as well as direct economic impacts 
on the commercial fishing fleet. The commenter stated that Unit 8 is 
not the most biologically important area for the MX DPS and its 
designation is not necessary to meet the requirements of the ESA.
    Response: Unit 9, which was assessed as having relatively low 
conservation value for both the WNP and MX DPSs was not proposed for 
designation, nor is it included in the final designations for either 
DPS. Unit 8, which was assessed as having low conservation value for 
the WNP DPS whales, was not proposed for designation for that DPS, nor 
is it included in the final designation for that DPS. Thus, we focus 
our response on Unit 8, the Prince William Sound area, which we 
proposed to include in the critical habitat designation for the MX DPS.
    As discussed previously (see response to Comment 1), the costs 
estimated in the analysis are not exclusive to NMFS, and as shown in 
Exhibit 1-3 of the FEA, for each forecasted consultation, the analysis 
estimates administrative costs to NMFS, a Federal action agency, and a 
third party. A third party can be a private company (e.g., an applicant 
for a Federal permit), a local or state government, or some other 
entity. In addition, the analysis also evaluates the potential for 
costs resulting from additional conservation efforts for the humpback 
whales that may be recommended through consultation, as well as the 
potential for indirect impacts (not related to section 7), such as 
project delays or regulatory uncertainty. Under our implementing 
regulations, we must take into account the probable economic, national 
security, and other relevant impacts (50 CFR 424.19(b)). Based on 
information provided during the public comment period, the FEA includes 
more detailed discussion of concerns related to these potential 
economic impacts of the designation in Alaska and discusses the 
likelihood of these materializing. As summarized in Section 2.2 of the 
FEA, the economic analysis indicates that it is most likely that the 
costs resulting from critical habitat designation will be largely 
limited to administrative costs of consultation, with the potential for 
some additional, unquantifiable costs to result from in-water 
construction and dam-related project delays that may occur following 
designation, which are unquantified in the analysis but presented 
qualitatively. Additional discussion regarding in-water construction 
costs is provided in response to Comment 10. Lastly, as described in 
the FEA and as discussed in response to Comment 3, the FEA quantifies 
costs of consultations on fishery management plans in Alaska, including 
a total of four anticipated consultations on the Fishery Management 
Plans for the Bering Sea/Aleutian Island groundfish fishery and Pacific 
halibut fishery over the next ten years. However, as described in 
Section 2.3.1 of the FEA, we do not presently anticipate critical 
habitat designation for humpback whales to generate changes to 
fisheries management in Alaska because the fisheries either do not 
target humpback whale prey species or do not take significant amounts 
of humpback whale prey species overall. Thus, there is no indication 
that the commercial fleet in this region will experience probable 
economic impacts as suggested by the commenter. In response to public 
comments and new information provided, the quantified annualized 
economic impact for Unit 8 was increased from $1,800 to $3,400. 
However, this cost estimate remains among the lowest when compared to 
all critical habitat units under consideration for designation for the 
MX DPS (Exhibit 3-3, FEA).
    The relative conservation value of Unit 8 was reassessed by the 
CHRT in response to public comments and through this reassessment, the 
relative conservation value for Unit 8 was changed from high to medium. 
This rating was largely based on the relative level of use of this area 
by whales from the MX DPS and the presence of a feeding BIA. We also 
considered the recent information indicating that this area likely has 
a strong connection to Kodiak Island (Unit 5), which is considered to 
have very high conservation value for the MX DPS (NMFS 2020a). While we 
agree with the commenter that this is not the most biologically 
important area for the MX DPS, as reflected in the final medium 
conservation value rating for this area, this area meets the ESA's 
definition of critical habitat and is considered important to the 
conservation and recovery of the MX DPS. It is considered more 
important than the areas assessed as having ``low'' conservation value. 
Further, the ESA does not direct that a designation must be limited to 
only the ``most important'' areas. An area that meets the definition of 
``critical habitat'' on the basis of the best available information is 
presumptively included in the designation, subject to the exclusions 
process of section 4(b)(2), which allows for exclusion only in 
particular circumstances.
    Specifically, the second sentence of section 4(b)(2) of the ESA 
provides that the Secretary may exclude particular areas from a 
designation only if the Secretary finds that the benefits of excluding 
that particular area from the designation outweigh the benefits of 
including that particular area in the designation, and failure to 
include the area in the designation will not result in the extinction 
of the species (50 CFR 424.19(c)). As we explained in the

[[Page 21108]]

response to Comment 45, we must determine which factors are relevant 
and how much weight to assign each factor in carrying out the analysis 
(see id.). Here, we assign great weight to the CHRT's assessment that 
area provides a medium level of value to support the conservation of 
the MX DPS, which is a significant and important benefit of including 
the area in the designation. It is reasonable to give great weight to 
this factor in light of the purpose of critical habitat under the ESA 
(to support the conservation, or recovery, of the species) and the 
statutory mandate to designate critical habitat to the maximum extent 
prudent and determinable. After thoroughly considering the available 
information regarding the benefits of designation and impacts of 
designation, we find that the benefits of designating the Prince 
William Sound area as critical habitat are not outweighed by the 
relatively low forecasted, potential economic impacts. Unit 8 will 
therefore not be excluded from the designation for the MX DPS.
    Comment 47: The Aleutians Island East Borough expressed concerns 
regarding how the critical habitat designation for the WNP and MX DPSs 
of humpback whales could inhibit project development, such as proposed 
kelp farms, within their jurisdiction. The comment also expressed 
concerns about restrictions on fishing opportunities, because the 
Borough is dependent upon fish tax revenue to provide important 
services and infrastructure. The Borough requested the exclusion of 
seven municipal areas: Zachary Bay on Unga Island, the city of Sand 
Point, the city of King Cove, the city of False Pass, the city of 
Akutan, and the city of Cold Bay, and waters surrounding the Community 
of Nelson Lagoon.
    Response: In considering this request, we first evaluated the 
degree of spatial overlap of the seven areas identified by the Borough 
with areas proposed for designation as critical habitat using GIS data 
provided by the Borough. King Cove and Nelson Lagoon are located fully 
outside of the critical habitat boundaries and thus are not included in 
the critical habitat designation. Cold Bay and False Pass are almost 
entirely outside the critical habitat boundaries, with areas of overlap 
measuring only 0.79 nmi\2\ (2.70 km\2\) and 0.22 nmi\2\ (0.77 km\2\), 
respectively. The remaining areas, Akutan, Sand Point, and Zachary Bay 
lie within or almost entirely within the proposed critical habitat. 
Sand Point and Zachary Bay lie within Unit 3 of the proposed critical 
habitat, which was rated by the CHRT as having medium conservation 
value to the WNP DPS and high conservation value to the MX DPS. Akutan 
is located within Unit 2 of the proposed critical habitat, which was 
rated as having very high conservation value to both the WNP and MX 
DPSs. In terms of the quantified economic impacts, both Units 2 and 3 
had estimated costs that were among the lowest of the Alaska units as 
well as overall. Based on the number of forecasted section 7 
consultations for these areas, which are relatively low and are largely 
expected to be informal consultations, future impacts on these 
communities as a result of the critical habitat are expected to be 
limited. In addition, and as discussed previously in response to 
Comment 3 and in Section 2.3.1 of the FEA, we do not currently 
anticipate changes to fisheries management because the fisheries either 
do not target humpback whale prey or take significant amounts of 
humpback whale prey species overall. Thus, overall, we conclude that 
impacts on the overlapping communities as a result of the critical 
habitat designation will be limited and do not outweigh the 
conservation benefit of the critical habitat designations. After 
engaging in the consideration of impacts as discussed in the response 
to Comments 45 and 47, we therefore conclude that the standard under 
section 4(b)(2) is not met; the benefits of designating these areas are 
not outweighed by the probable benefits of exclusion of these areas, 
and we decline to exclude them from the final designations.
    Comment 48: A commenter requested that we exclude Unit 12 and 13 
from the designation for the CAM DPS, because presence of CAM DPS 
whales in these areas has merely been inferred, no BIA has been 
identified in Unit 12, and the lack of interchange of humpbacks in 
these units strongly suggests these units do not contain prey in 
sufficient quantities to be considered essential to the conservation of 
the species. The commenter also noted there is a strong basis to 
exclude these areas under section 4(b)(2).
    Response: Unit 12 (Columbia River Area), which is located around 
the Columbia River plume system and extends from the southern 
Washington to northern Oregon coast, and Unit 13 (Coastal Oregon), 
which includes the remainder of the Oregon coast, were rated as having 
medium/low conservation value and medium conservation value, 
respectively, for the CAM DPS through both the initial and final 
assessments conducted by the CHRT. These relative conservation ratings 
were driven largely by the available data showing declining proportions 
of CAM DPS whales within the more northern feeding areas within the CCE 
(Calambokidis et al. 2017). (With the exception of Unit 19, all other 
habitat units to the south were assigned higher conservation values for 
this DPS.) Our understanding of distribution of CAM DPS whales is based 
on extensive photo-identification data as well as available genetic 
data. Analysis of 23,277 identifications of 3,484 humpback whales 
sighted in the CCE (from southern British Columbia to southern 
California) from 1986-2014 indicates that a low proportion of whales 
occurring off the coast of Washington belong to the CAM DPS, and a 
relatively higher proportion of CAM DPS whales occurs off the coast of 
Oregon (Calambokidis et al. 2017). Over 70 percent of the photo-
identified whales from the CAM DPS matched to the Oregon-California 
region (Calambokidis et al. 2017). Consistent with this finding, is the 
very high estimated probability (0.926, Wade 2017) of whales from the 
CAM DPS moving into the larger Oregon-California feeding region, which 
extends into Unit 13 and a significant portion of Unit 12. Photo-
identified CAM DPS whales have also been observed in feeding areas 
adjacent to and directly to the north and south of the area covered by 
Units 12 and 13.
    While two feeding groups of whales are currently recognized along 
this portion of the CCE (i.e., Southern British Columbia/Northern 
Washington and Oregon/California; Carretta et al. 2017 and 2020), 
analysis of available satellite tracks indicates overlap in the 
movements and feeding ranges of whales from Washington and Oregon, and 
from Oregon and California (but not between Washington and California; 
Palacios et al. 2020). Preliminary results from an ongoing, large-scale 
assessment of photo-identification data also suggest potentially 
significant rates of movement of humpback whales between the southern 
British Columbia/Washington and Oregon/northern California regions and 
the Oregon/northern California and southern California regions (Clapham 
et al. 2020). Individual assignment tests have indicated that two 
whales (of nine) sampled in 2016 and 2017 and one (of six) sampled in 
2018 off the coast of Oregon (Unit 13) have the highest likelihood of 
being assigned to the CAM DPS (Mate et al. 2018, Palacios et al. 2020). 
Overall, these available data provide strong support for CAM DPS 
whales' use of both Units 12 and 13 as well as interchange with 
adjacent feeding areas.
    Multiple krill hotspots in association with submarine canyons have 
been

[[Page 21109]]

identified in Units 12 and 13 (Santora et al. 2018), across which 
variable abundances and distributions of northern anchovy, Pacific 
herring, and Pacific sardine have also been documented (e.g., Litz et 
al. 2008, Zwolinski et al. 2012, Hill et al. 2019). The best available 
data indicate that these areas contain sufficient abundances of prey to 
support humpback whale feeding. Area-restricted search data (ARS, 
indicative of feeding behavior) derived from satellite tracks for 19 
humpbacks tagged in 2004-2005 and in 2017 indicate that whales were 
feeding within Units 12 and 13 (Mate et al. 2018). Satellite-monitored 
tracks for 11 humpback whales tagged off the coast of Oregon in 2015-
2018 also indicate that the area off the Columbia River mouth was one 
of the highest use areas (Palacios et al. 2020). In addition, a 
comprehensive analysis of a total of 56 tracks from humpback whales 
tagged during 2004-2018 off California, Oregon, and Washington 
indicates that of two behavioral modes, ``transiting'' or ``ARS,'' 
about 60-75 percent of the location data within the areas of Unit 12 
and 13 were in the ARS behavioral mode, while less than 25 percent of 
the location data were classified as transiting and remaining data 
classified as ``uncertain'' (Palacios et al. 2020).
    The annualized economic impact of designating these areas was 
estimated to be $6,900 for Unit 12 and $9,500 to $10,000 for Unit 13, 
which are not considered particularly high or significant costs. The 
whales in the DPS for which these units would be designated are 
endangered and considered to have relatively low abundance, and we find 
that the habitat in both Units 12 and 13 is important to support the 
recovery of this DPS. After engaging in the consideration of impacts as 
discussed in the response to Comments 45 and 47, we therefore conclude 
that the standard under section 4(b)(2) is not met; the benefits of 
designating these areas is not outweighed by the estimated probable 
economic impacts associated with each of these habitat units. 
Therefore, we are not excluding these specific areas from the final 
critical habitat designation for the CAM DPS.
    Comment 49: A commenter requested we exclude Unit 6 (Cook Inlet 
Area) from the final critical habitat designation for the MX DPS. The 
commenter stated that fewer humpback whales have been observed during 
monitoring surveys in lower Cook Inlet in recent years (Kendall et al. 
2015, Lomac-McNair et al. 2014) than during the SPLASH surveys, and 
asserted that because this area does not contain a BIA, it cannot 
logically contain the essential feature. The commenter also stated that 
whales using lower Cook Inlet have always been considered part of the 
Central North Pacific Stock, which is considered to be part of the non-
listed ``Hawaii DPS.'' Lastly, the commenter asserts that designation 
of Cook Inlet as critical habitat would create a regulatory burden with 
very little conservation value to the listed DPS, and that if Unit 6 is 
considered to contain the essential feature for the MX DPS, NMFS should 
exclude this area from the designation pursuant to section 4(b)(2) of 
the ESA.
    Response: Unit 6, which consist of the lower portion of Cook Inlet 
north to Kalgin Island, was proposed for designation as critical 
habitat for the MX DPS. Humpback whales are routinely sighted in the 
lower portions of the inlet but in fairly low numbers within a given 
year (National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML), unpubl. data, 1994-
2016). Inter-annual movements of whales between lower Cook Inlet, the 
Barren Islands, and waters adjacent to northeast Kodiak Island 
(Witteveen et al. 2011) strongly suggest this is not a discrete feeding 
area. Photo-identification data collected during the SPLASH study 
demonstrates that MX DPS whales occur in this particular area, but the 
level of site fidelity of humpback whales to this feeding area has not 
been established.
    As discussed previously (see response to Comment 33), BIAs, are not 
necessarily synonymous with critical habitat and vice versa, and while 
BIAs were an important consideration in the CHRT's assessments, lack of 
a BIA does not disqualify areas from consideration as critical habitat 
under the ESA. While non-listed humpback whales from the Hawaii 
breeding population are more abundant within the larger Gulf of Alaska 
region relative to whales from the threatened MX DPS, this region is 
part of the occupied range of the MX DPS. Humpback whale ``stocks'' 
identified under the MMPA are not synonymous with DPSs under the ESA, 
and the currently recognized MMPA stocks, which consist of multiple 
DPSs, are currently being reviewed by NMFS (Muto et al. 2020, Carretta 
et al. 2020). Both the estimated proportion of MX DPS whales using Unit 
6 as well as the lack of a BIA in this particular area were among the 
relevant factors considered by the CHRT in assessing the relative 
conservation value of this area.
    Based on the CHRT's reassessment of the relative conservation 
values of all specific areas, the conservation value of Unit 6 to the 
MX DPS was changed from the initial medium rating to low conservation 
value (NMFS 2020a). This rating was largely influenced by the low 
percentage of MX DPS whales identified in this area during the SPLASH 
study (5 of 301 MX DPS whales), the low to moderate predicted movement 
probability of MX DPS whales into the larger Gulf of Alaska region 
(i.e., 0.111; Wade 2017), and the lack of a BIA in this Unit. Available 
sightings data, which indicate that only about 103 humpback whales have 
been observed within Unit 6 during beluga whale aerial surveys 
conducted in 17 summers during 1994-2016 (NMML, unpubl. data, 1994-
2016; Sheldon et al. 2017), suggest that the number of humpback whales 
using this area is low.
    Based on the analysis in the FEA, the estimated annualized economic 
impacts of designating Unit 6 as critical habitat was increased to 
$5,200-$5,600 from the previous estimate in the draft analysis of 
$3,400-$3,700 (IEc 2020). This increase was the result of new 
information regarding the increased rate of consultation on aquaculture 
and hatchery projects in future years per data from ADF&G, the 
increased rate of consultations on water quality management activities 
per data from ADEC, an update to 2020 dollars (from 2018 dollars), and 
an update to the analysis timeframe to 2020-2029 (previously, 2019-
2029). Although the estimated economic impacts are still considered 
relatively low, we conclude that the benefits of excluding Unit 6 
outweigh the relatively low conservation value of including Unit 6 in 
the critical habitat designation for the threatened MX DPS. We also 
conclude that this exclusion will not result in the extinction of the 
MX DPS. Thus, Unit 6 is excluded from the final critical habitat 
designation (NMFS 2020b).
    Comment 50: The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public 
Facilities (DOT&PF) requested that we exclude developed areas from the 
critical habitat designations for the WNP and MX DPSs because such 
areas do not contain high quality habitat. The DOT&PF specifically 
requested exclusion of existing and planned ferry terminals in the 
Alaska Marine Highway System, harbors, seaplane facilities, ports, and 
harbor facilities under the control of local governments. The DOT&PF 
referenced the critical habitat designations for the Southwest Alaska 
DPS of the northern sea otter and Cook Inlet beluga whales as examples 
where similar provisions were included in the critical habitat rules. 
The DOT&PF also requested exclusion of a 500 foot zone around ferry, 
harbor and seaplane facilities or structures because such

[[Page 21110]]

areas receive the most intense use as boats and seaplanes enter and 
exit the facilities, and routine maintenance and facility upgrades 
frequently require large barges and boats to maneuver in and around 
these structures.
    Response: The Southwest Alaska northern sea otter and Cook Inlet 
Beluga whale critical habitat designations (74 FR 51988, October 8, 
2009; 76 FR 20180, April 11, 2011) include regulatory language 
indicating that manmade structures are not included in the critical 
habitat. For instance, the sea otter designation states: Critical 
habitat does not include manmade structures (including, but not limited 
to, docks, seawalls, pipelines, or other structures) and the land on 
which they are located existing within the boundaries on the effective 
date of this rule (50 CFR 17.95(a)(3)). The Cook Inlet beluga whale 
critical habitat regulation contains the following, similar, regulatory 
language: Critical habitat does not include manmade structures and the 
land on which they rest within the designated boundaries that were in 
existence as of May 11, 2011 (50 CFR 226.220). NMFS has also included 
similar regulatory language in other previous critical habitat 
designations (e.g., Northwest Atlantic Ocean DPS of loggerhead sea 
turtle (50 CFR 226.223(c)(2)), Atlantic sturgeon DPSs (50 CFR 
226.225(a)(6)), Hawaiian monk seal (50 CFR 226.201(c)(1))). In these 
previous cases, the rationale for this regulatory language was that the 
manmade structures themselves do not contain or provide the essential 
physical or biological features identified as being essential to the 
listed species. Although we are not required to establish with perfect 
specificity exactly where the essential feature is located within the 
specific areas, we find that here it is also appropriate to denote that 
structures are not included within the designation because they do not, 
by definition, have the essential feature. We therefore agree with the 
commenter that the inclusion of such language in the critical habitat 
designations for the WNP, MX, and CAM DPSs of humpback whales is an 
appropriate clarification. Therefore, we have added regulatory language 
that is applicable to all three of the critical habitat designations 
that indicates that existing manmade structures (e.g., docks, sea plane 
facilities) are not part of the critical habitat because they do not 
contain the essential prey feature for any of the DPSs.
    Similar to previous critical habitat designations, this 
clarification regarding manmade structures will apply only to those 
structures in place by the effective date of this rule. We conclude 
that it would be an unwarranted departure from agency practice and 
inappropriate to include planned or future facilities in this 
clarification. The construction of facilities in the future within the 
critical habitat may pose adverse effects to the physical or biological 
feature or to the area, and there would be a benefit to review of such 
projects through interagency consultation applying the requirements of 
section 7 of the ESA. In such cases, we find it appropriate that those 
construction activities be carried out in a manner that is required to 
consider and avoid adverse destruction or modification of the critical 
habitat. We also note that this clarification in the critical habitat 
regulatory language does not constitute an exclusion to the critical 
habitat designations under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, but rather it is 
a clarification regarding what is considered critical habitat to ensure 
consistency with the standards of the statutory definition.
    However, we note that the commenter appeared to go further than 
previous practice to include harbors and ports in this exclusion 
request. Such areas are not generally excluded from the referenced 
critical habitat designations that the commenter cited in support. 
Rather, the regulatory clarification in both the sea otter and Cook 
Inlet beluga whale critical habitat designations is specific to manmade 
structures. The Cook Inlet beluga whale critical habitat designation's 
exclusion of the Port of Anchorage is inapposite. There, the exclusion 
of the port was not limited to the manmade structures within the port 
and was not for the purpose of mere clarification. Rather, that 
particular port, which is designated by the Department of Defense (DOD) 
as a Strategic Port, was excluded from Cook Inlet beluga whale critical 
habitat under section 4(b)(2) based on consideration of national 
security impacts. No information regarding impacts to national security 
were provided by the commenter, and we have received no such exclusion 
request from DOD. Thus, the ports will not be excluded from this final 
designation.
    Consistent with the critical habitat designations cited by the 
commenter, we are also not excluding an additional 500 foot zone or 
buffer around manmade structures. The justification put forward by the 
commenter to support the requested 500 foot buffer is the high degree 
of vessel and seaplane presence and traffic around the ferry, harbor, 
and seaplane structure and facilities. While it is clear these are 
areas have a relatively high level of routine vessel and plane 
activity, this does not necessarily indicate that there would be 
significant costs from including the area in the designation. There is 
no obvious Federal nexus with many of these identified activities, and 
likely only a small subset of these activities would be subject to the 
requirements of section 7 of the ESA. In addition, the impact of these 
types of activities will largely be direct impacts on the whales 
themselves (e.g., vessel strikes, harassment), potential adverse 
effects that would independently trigger the need for section 7 
consultation to consider impacts to the species. Thus, in the subset of 
cases where there is a Federal nexus--for example, in instances where 
the vessel activity is associated with construction or maintenance of a 
ferry terminal--the requirement to consult under section 7 of the ESA 
would be triggered even in the absence of humpback whale critical 
habitat and would likely be focused on direct impacts to the ESA-listed 
whales. Furthermore, the protections for humpback whales and other 
marine mammals under the MMPA would also apply within this buffer area. 
As indicated in the FEA (IEc 2020), no additional conservation measures 
are likely to result from the forecasted consultations on in-water 
construction activities, largely due to the existing baseline 
protections in place; and, the associated administrative costs for the 
relevant areas of Alaska are relatively low, especially relative to 
Unit 10 (Southeast Alaska). In addition, non-quantified economic 
impacts, such as project delays, are also unlikely (and therefore do 
not constitute probable impacts) because, as confirmed by the State of 
Alaska, there are no specific examples of such in-water construction 
projects having been halted or delayed due to a new critical habitat 
designation and resulting need for reinitiation of an existing 
consultation in Alaska.
    In conclusion, after engaging in the consideration of impacts under 
section 4(b)(2), we find there is no clear basis to establish a 
meaningful benefit from excluding a 500 foot buffer around these 
structures from the critical habitat designations. We therefore 
conclude that the standard under section 4(b)(2) is not met; the 
benefits of including the buffer area in the designation are not 
outweighed by any benefit of exclusion. Therefore, we are not making 
this additional exclusion.
    Comment 51: A commenter requested that we focus the critical 
habitat designation within Southeast Alaska on waters that have been 
routinely shown to be highly important for humpback whale feeding. The 
comment states that it is common knowledge that humpback whales only 
rarely traverse through

[[Page 21111]]

Wrangell Narrows and Duncan Canal, both of which they state contain 
developed areas and do not contain the essential prey feature. Thus, 
the commenter concludes, it is reasonable to exclude these areas from 
the critical designation. Other areas were identified as supporting 
high densities of feeding humpback whales at certain times of year--
specifically Sitka Sound, Seymour Canal, the Petersburg area, and 
Frederick Sound north of Kupreanof Island to Stephens Passage and west 
past Big Creek. The commenter also requested a certain distance buffer 
of communities and other human development in general, or a buffer of 
non-Federal lands to allay concerns of the public.
    Response: We appreciate the commenter providing this information 
regarding seasonal use patterns of humpback whales within Southeast 
Alaska. However, as discussed previously in our response to Comment 43, 
based on our analysis of the benefits of excluding this area as 
compared to the benefits of including the area, Southeast Alaska (Unit 
10) is excluded from the final critical habitat designation for the MX 
DPS. The exclusion of this particular area was based on the finding 
that the economic impacts of designation outweigh the benefits of 
designation, and the conclusion that this exclusion will not result in 
the extinction of the species.

Requests To Designate Particular Areas

    Comment 52: A commenter provided information and results of recent 
studies regarding the abundance, identity, and spatial and temporal use 
patterns of humpback whales in San Francisco Bay. The commenter stated 
that these data indicate a recent influx of humpback whales into the 
bay, where they feed on northern anchovy. The commenter specifically 
noted that peak daily numbers reached 24 whales in the outer strait 
west of the Golden Gate Bridge, and 15 whales inside the bay east of 
the bridge. The commenter stated that whale presence and locations was 
correlated with tidal state, with whales moving inshore with the rising 
tide and offshore with the ebbing tide. Based on a total of 502 photo-
documented sightings, the commenter stated that 61 individual whales 
have been cataloged, of which 18 have visited the bay in multiple 
years, and 44 percent (n=27) of which have been matched to whales on 
the breeding grounds on the West Coast of Mexico. To promote the 
recovery and conservation of the Mexico DPS, the commenter recommended 
that the inshore boundary of Unit 16 within San Francisco Bay be set as 
a northsouth line running from Bluff Point in Marin County through 
Angel Island and Alcatraz Island to San Francisco's Aquatic Park Pier, 
which would extend the current boundary approximately 5.25 km east of 
the Golden Gate Bridge. The commenter stated that whales in the bay 
face increased exposure to the threat of ship strike, harassment 
(through vessel noise), and entanglement, and noted the lack of vessel 
speed restrictions within the bay.
    Response: We appreciate the detailed information provided by this 
commenter. The proposed inshore boundary of Unit 16 was delineated by 
the 15-m isobath except where it was drawn farther inshore into San 
Francisco Bay east to the Golden Gate Bridge. The boundary was extended 
into the mouth of the San Francisco Bay to capture what had recently 
been recognized as important foraging habitat for humpback whales 
(Calambokidis et al. 2017), but only up to where the highest numbers of 
whales had been observed (i.e., near the entrance to San Francisco Bay; 
J. Calambokidis, Cascadia Research Collective, pers. comm., May 23, 
2018). Both sightings and telemetry data indicate that humpback whales 
are concentrated and mainly forage outside the bay on the shelf and 
especially within the area encompassed by the nearby BIA (Calambokidis 
et al. 2015, Mate et al. 2018). Study results provided by the 
commenters support a hypothesis that the whales' presence in the bay is 
tidally-influenced, with the whales following prey into the bay on 
rising tide, and departing on falling tide. Specifically, the results 
provided by the commenter demonstrate the shift in sightings from Point 
Bonita (outside the bay) eastward to and under the Golden Gate Bridge 
over the course of rising tides. Because the majority of these 
sightings did not extend farther into the bay, we find that the 
boundary, as initially proposed, appropriately captures the general 
distribution of humpback whales and the vast majority of whale 
sightings within this portion of their feeding habitat. Therefore, we 
conclude on the basis of the best available scientific data that the 
boundary as proposed remains the appropriate boundary for critical 
habitat for both the CAM and MX DPSs.
    Although we are not extending the critical habitat boundary as 
recommended by this commenter, we will continue to address the threats 
raised by this commenter as being particular concerns in this area. 
Specifically, ``take'' of these listed whales as a result of ship 
strikes, harassment, and entanglement will continue to be addressed as 
appropriate under sections 7, 9, and 10 of the ESA and under the MMPA. 
We also look forward to continued results from this study, including 
information on future trends in humpback whale occurrences within the 
bay and the DPS identity of whales in this area.
    Comment 53: Multiple commenters requested that the critical habitat 
designations be expanded to include the Salish Sea, including areas 
around the San Juan Islands, Admiralty Inlet, and Puget Sound. Several 
of these commenters noted their personal observations of humpback 
whales in Puget Sound. Another commenter referred to the Center for 
Whale Research, Humpbacks of the Salish Sea catalogue, and the Orca 
Network's Whale Sighting Network data and stated that over 400 
individual humpback whales have been documented in the Salish Sea, 
including individuals from both the threatened Mexico DPS and 
endangered Central America DPS. This commenter stated that these waters 
are becoming increasingly important to humpback whales and should be 
designated as critical habitat.
    Response: We agree with these commenters that available data 
clearly indicate humpback whales are increasingly being observed within 
the Salish Sea. However, data referenced by the commenter in support of 
extending critical habitat into the Salish Sea are photographs that are 
not associated with location data (Center for Whale Research catalogue 
and Humpbacks of the Salish Sea catalogue), and public reports of 
humpback whale sightings that cannot be attributed to unique whales 
(Orca Network's database). Sightings data without corresponding 
location data or a means of determining counts of individual whales 
prevents us from applying these data to determine habitat use patterns 
or determine the extent to which the sightings may be biased by areas 
of greater human concentrations.
    Within the Salish Sea, scientific survey data indicate that the 
highest densities of humpback whales occur within the Strait of Juan de 
Fuca up to Port Angeles, especially on the British Columbia side of the 
strait, with only intermittent use of the waters deeper within Puget 
Sound (pers. comm., John Calambokidis, Cascadia Research Collective, 
February 26, 2020). Satellite tagging data for 42 humpback whales that 
were tagged off the coast of Washington and tracked during mid-summer 
and early fall of 2018 and 2019 indicate a consistent habitat use 
pattern, with whales showing a preference for continental shelf and 
shelf-edge habitat

[[Page 21112]]

and use of the western portion of the Salish Sea (Mate et al. 2020, 
Palacios et al. 2020). Within the Salish Sea, whale tracks generally 
extended as far east as Pillar Point; however, three whales travelled 
into Canadian waters off Vancouver Island. No whales were tracked into 
Puget Sound (Mate et al. 2020, Palacios et al. 2020). Overall, we find 
that the proposed boundary at Port Angeles is an appropriate boundary 
and captures the portion of U.S. waters known to be occupied and 
consistently used by whales from the MX and CAM DPSs. Ongoing research 
efforts will continue to provide information regarding trends in 
humpback whale use of the Salish Sea as well information regarding the 
extent to which ESA-listed humpback whales are using this area as 
feeding habitat. We will follow those results as they will inform our 
management efforts under the ESA and could inform future revision to 
the critical habitat designations.
    Comment 54: A group of organizations stated that the critical 
habitat designation should include confirmed breeding areas for the WNP 
DPS. The commenters assert that we overlooked research in the Draft 
Biological Report that shows humpback breeding locations near Guam and 
the Northern Mariana Islands. These commenters stated that we provided 
an inadequate explanation for excluding the WNP breeding areas in the 
Northern Mariana Islands/Guam from critical habitat consideration and 
must correct this error.
    Response: In developing the proposed rule, we considered all 
available data regarding the occupied range of the WNP DPS, including 
the location of confirmed breeding areas. At the time of listing, the 
WNP DPS was described as those humpback whales that that breed or 
winter in the area of Okinawa and the Philippines in the Kuroshio 
Current (as well as unknown breeding grounds in the Western North 
Pacific Ocean), transit the Ogasawara area, or feed in the North 
Pacific Ocean, primarily in the West Bering Sea and off the Russian 
coast and the Aleutian Islands (50 CFR 224.101(h)). WNP DPS humpback 
whales breed in waters around southern Japan from about December to 
June (Darling and Mori 1993), off the Philippines in the Kuroshio 
Current from about November to May (Acebes et al. 2007), and in an 
additional unknown breeding ground in the Western North Pacific 
(Bettridge et al.2015). Both the Draft Biological Report (NMFS 2019a) 
and proposed critical habitat rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019) 
discuss the unresolved breeding range of this DPS as well as ongoing 
research suggesting that some WNP DPS whales may be using areas around 
the Mariana Islands as a breeding ground. As discussed in the Draft 
Biological Report and summarized in the proposed rule, we concluded 
that while this work suggests that an area off Saipan may be part of 
the hypothesized ``missing'' breeding area for the WNP DPS, additional 
data would be needed to fully resolve the extent to which whales from 
the WNP DPS are using areas around the Mariana Islands as a breeding/
calving habitat and to determine the essential physical and/or 
biological features of these areas. Although the results of that 
research have since been published (i.e., Hill et al. 2020), we find 
that it does not resolve the questions we would need to answer in order 
to include this area in the critical habitat designation. We continue 
to find available data insufficient to determine the physical or 
biological features essential to support breeding and that may require 
special management considerations or protection, as required to meet 
the statutory definition of critical habitat within the species' 
occupied range (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)(i)). The commenters did not 
provide any relevant literature or data regarding essential features of 
breeding habitat or the spatial extent of the specific areas containing 
essential features around the Mariana Islands or Guam.
    The commenter points to Figure 2 in the Draft Biological Report to 
support their assertion that the proposed rule overlooked research that 
shows humpback breeding locations near Guam and the Northern Mariana 
Islands. This particular figure was taken from a 2015 IWC report 
(Ivashchenko et al. 2015) regarding the status and pre-exploitation 
abundance of humpback whales in the North Pacific. This IWC report does 
not describe research on breeding areas. The report authors discuss 
how, for purposes of their analysis, they adopted the locations of 
humpback whale breeding and feeding areas that were used during the 
SPLASH study (e.g., Barlow et al. 2011), and they specifically state: 
``Currently four breeding populations have been identified: the Western 
NP (Okinawa and Philippines), Hawai'i, Mexico (mainland and the 
offshore waters of the Revillagigedo Islands), and Central America. 
Relatively low match rates between whales feeding in the Aleutian 
Islands and these four breeding areas indicate the likely existence of 
a fifth breeding population whose location is presently unknown; for 
the purpose of management, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service 
recently lumped this unidentified stock with the Western North 
Pacific'' (Ivashchenko et al. 2015). Therefore, this particular figure 
does not refer to or provide information to support the designation of 
breeding habitat for the WNP DPS of humpback whales.
    Because endangered WNP DPS whales have been documented to occur off 
some of the Mariana Islands, we have assessed the impacts of Federal 
actions in this area on the WNP DPS in relevant ESA section 7 
consultations. Thus, despite the lack of sufficient data to support the 
designation of breeding areas as critical habitat, we will continue to 
address potential impacts from Federal actions on these whales through 
section 7 of the ESA. We will also continue to monitor results of 
humpback whale research being conducted in waters off the Mariana 
Islands and other hypothesized breeding areas (e.g., Northwest Hawaiian 
Islands) to determine the extent to which WNP DPS whales are using 
these areas as breeding habitat and whether and when it may be 
appropriate to revise critical habitat for the WNP DPS.

Essential Features

    Comment 55: Multiple commenters agreed with the identification of 
the single, ``prey'' essential feature but requested that the 
regulatory definition of this feature be modified. A few commenters 
stated that the proposed prey feature is too vague and requested that 
we identify specific species and life stages that fall under the 
definition of prey species. The commenters noted that the proposed rule 
discusses how, in addition to euphausiids, northern anchovy, Pacific 
herring, Pacific sardine, and capelin, humpback whales also consume 
other fish species in Alaska, including Atka mackerel, and juvenile 
walleye pollock, and expressed concern that NMFS may subsequently 
interpret the definition to include these other fish species. The 
commenters stated additional clarification on species and life stages 
of prey is necessary to inform future section 7 consultations. Another 
commenter stated that the essential feature was not defined with the 
required specificity for each unique DPS, and that we must perform an 
assessment of the specific prey features applicable to each of the 
unique DPSs. ADF&G requested that we include the concept of ``regular 
aggregations of prey'' in the definition of the prey feature if that is 
an ``essential'' aspect of the prey feature as was discussed in the 
Draft Biological Report.
    Response: Humpback whales are generalists, consuming a variety of 
prey while foraging. To meet their energetic

[[Page 21113]]

requirements, humpback whales can shift their diet during the feeding 
season to target prey that happens at that time to be of greater 
abundance or higher quality (Witteveen et al. 2012 and 2015, Fleming et 
al. 2016, Moran and Straley 2018). Humpback whale prey species are also 
dynamic in terms of their relative distributions and abundances and are 
influenced by ecological (e.g., spawning seasonality) and environmental 
factors (e.g., ocean conditions, climate change), and potentially by 
anthropogenic factors (e.g., commercial fisheries). As a result of 
these multiple variables, the precise array of prey species targeted 
and consumed by the whales of each DPS varies both spatially and 
temporally. Despite this variability, however, substantial data 
indicate that the humpback whales' diet commonly includes euphausiid 
species (e.g., of genera Euphausia, Thysanoessa, Nyctiphanes, and 
Nematoscelis) and small pelagic fishes, such as northern anchovy 
(Engraulis mordax), Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), Pacific herring 
(Clupea pallasii), sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), juvenile walleye 
pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), and capelin (Mallotus villosus; Nemoto 
1957 and 1959, Rice 1963, Klumov 1965, Krieger and Wing 1984, Baker et 
al. 1985, Kieckhefer 1992, Clapham et al. 1997, Witteveen et al. 2012, 
Neilson et al. 2013).
    The diet of humpback whales has been studied and described using 
multiple techniques, including examination of stomach contents 
(typically for commercially harvested whales), stable isotope analyses, 
and direct observations of feeding whales. The Biological Report (NMFS 
2020) contains a discussion of humpback whale diet information by 
geographic region and includes appended tables listing prey items, 
locations and methods of the study, and associated references. We are 
not aware of any additional diet information not already reviewed in 
the Biological Report that is specific to any DPS (nor was any provided 
by the commenter).
    These diet studies were used to identify the prey species that are 
common or most prevalent in the diet of humpback whales within the 
relevant geographic regions. In response to the public comments, these 
prey (at the genus or species level) have been expressly incorporated 
into the essential feature description for each humpback whale DPS. We 
relied on information regarding the distribution of the prey species as 
well as location of the various diet studies to identify appropriate 
prey items specific to each DPS of humpback whales. Specifically, we 
identified euphausiids from genus Thysanoessa, Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, 
and Nematoscelis), as well as Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), 
northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and Pacific herring (Clupea 
pallasii) as primary prey species for the CAM DPS. We identified 
euphausiids of genus Thysanoessa and Euphuasia, Pacific herring (Clupea 
pallasii), capelin (Mallotus villosus), juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus 
chalcogrammus), and sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) as primary prey 
species for the WNP DPS. Lastly, the primary prey identified for the MX 
DPS include all of the prey identified for the CAM and WNP DPSs, 
because the MX DPS whales feed in areas that overlap with both of the 
other DPSs.
    We also examined the available diet information to identify what 
specific age-classes of prey species consumed by humpback whales have 
been reported. For example, humpback whales have been reported to 
consume all age classes of Pacific herring (Moran and Straley 2018), 
and post-larval euphausiids (Nemoto 1957, 1959). Studies focusing 
around Kodiak Island indicate that humpback whales consume juvenile 
walleye pollock (i.e., age-0, young-of-year, and age-1) and capelin 
age-0 and older (Witteveen et al. 2008 and 2012, Witteveen and Wynne 
2016, Wright et al. 2016). Therefore, in response to the comment 
received, where the available data indicate that only certain age-
classes of fish species are consumed (rather than all age classes), we 
have also provided the relevant age-class information as part of the 
prey feature definition (i.e., juvenile walleye pollock).
    Although many other prey items have been reported as being taken by 
humpback whales, these reports are rare, spatially or temporally 
limited, or are historical observations that have not been further 
substantiated with more recent evidence. For example, copepods were 
often reported by Nemoto (1957, 1959, 1977) in the stomachs of humpback 
whales taken during whaling, but characterized as ``incidental'' given 
their low number in the stomach relative to their abundance in the sea 
and the distribution of the whales relative to the more offshore 
distributions of copepods. Kieckhefer (1992) observed surface-feeding 
humpback whales at Cordell Bank feeding on schooling fish that were 
``tentatively identified'' as juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.). A few 
studies report that salmon were observed near foraging humpback whales 
(e.g., Moran and Straley 2018 in Prince William Sound, and Neilson et 
al. 2013 in southeast Alaska). Other anecdotal reports as well as 
evidence from studies conducted during hatchery release of salmon 
(Chenoweth et al. 2017, Kosma et al. 2019), indicate that humpback 
whales will consume salmon; however, evidence of predation on wild 
salmon is limited, especially given their abundance in the inshore and 
coastal waters of southeast Alaska. Nemoto (1957 and 1959) reported 
Atka mackerel in 58 of 392 humpback whale stomachs examined; however, 
the whales were reported to feed on Atka mackerel in waters west of 
Attu and south of Amchitka, locations that are well west of the 
critical habitat boundaries for the MX and WNP DPSs. Pacific eulachon 
has been reported as a prey item, but results from a stable isotope 
analysis found that in no summer of a three-summer study conducted off 
Kodiak Island were contributions of eulachon significant in the 
humpback whale diet, while both euphausiids and pollock were found to 
be predominant prey sources (Witteveen et al. 2012). Overall, the 
available data regarding occurrence of other potential prey species 
such as these in the humpback whale diet are not sufficient to support 
a conclusion that they are essential components of the humpback whale 
diet such that they should be considered part of the essential 
biological feature within the specific feeding areas identified as 
critical habitat for the listed humpback whale DPSs.
    Because there are limitations to the available studies and data, 
including seasonal, spatial, and temporal limitations that affect the 
resulting diet information, and because changes in ocean conditions can 
alter the relative importance of some prey species within the humpback 
whale diet at a particular point in time, it is not possible to 
identify an exhaustive list of prey species as part of the essential 
feature for each DPS. We therefore applied the best available 
scientific data to identify a non-exhaustive list of the predominant 
prey species for each DPS. We find that this is the level of 
specificity supported by the best available data, which provides 
adequate notice to the public of the species that are most likely to 
constitute prey for each DPS, and is appropriate for defining the 
essential feature. As more data become available regarding the 
particular diets of each DPS, that data should be considered as part of 
the best available scientific and commercial information to inform 
particular section 7 consultations.
    We further find that the essential prey feature may require special 
management considerations or protection either now or in the future. 
Most of the prey

[[Page 21114]]

identified in the revised essential feature are also defined as 
``forage fish'' in several Federal regional Fisheries Management Plans 
(FMPs) as well as state management plans. These FMPs specifically 
acknowledge the importance of the primary prey species we have 
identified as essential for the conservation of humpback whale by 
including an objective of preserving the food web and/or providing 
adequate forage for dependent species along with identifying 
regulations to conserve these essential forage fish species. For 
example, Amendment 36 to the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Groundfish FMP 
and Amendment 39 to the Gulf of Alaska Groundfish FMP enacted by the 
North Pacific Fishery Management Council in 1998 created a forage fish 
species category (50 CFR 679.2) and associated regulations prohibiting 
directed fishing for forage fish at all times, as well as the sale, 
barter, trade and processing of forage fish (50 CFR 679.20). These 
forage fish are noted to be a critical food source for many marine 
mammal, seabird and fish species. These FMPs also set fishery limits on 
herring and walleye pollock and describe essential fish habitat (EFH)--
those waters and substrate necessary for spawning, breeding, feeding or 
maturity--for 5 age-classes of walleye pollock (eggs, larvae, early 
juvenile, late juvenile and adults). This EFH designation ensures 
fishing and non-fishing impacts to these habitats are periodically 
reviewed. The Coastal Pelagic Species (CPS) FMP, enacted by the Pacific 
Fishery Management Council (PFMC), includes similar recognition and 
various restrictions on harvest for important ecosystem component 
species and forage fishes. Most significantly, in 2006, the PFMC 
adopted CPS FMP Amendment 12, which prohibited harvest of all species 
of krill throughout the entire U.S. West Coast EEZ (50 CFR 660.505). 
The PFMC also adopted an EFH designation for all species of krill that 
extends the length of the U.S. West Coast from the shoreline to the 
1,000 fathom isobath and to a depth of 400 meters.
    As we discussed in the proposed rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 
2019), humpback whales within the North Pacific feeding areas are 
usually observed in association with, or specifically targeting, dense 
aggregations of prey (e.g., Bryant et al. 1981, Krieger and Wing 1986, 
Goldbogen et al. 2008, Sigler et al. 2012, Witteveen et al. 2015). 
Threshold levels of prey required to support feeding have been 
investigated for humpback whales, but the best available scientific 
data do not provide a precise understanding of the foraging behavior of 
humpback whales relative to multiple relevant variables such as prey 
densities, patch size, and biomass (Piatt and Methven 1992, Burrows et 
al. 2016, Walder 2018). Humpback whales are also known to use a variety 
of feeding techniques, many of which are intended to aggregate or 
concentrate prey (e.g., herding, bubble net feeding, trap feeding), and 
different techniques are likely used with different prey species, prey 
densities, and prey depth. Thus, although humpback whale prey may not 
be present in ``regular aggregations'' in a particular feeding area, 
they may still support feeding. Overall, we find it more appropriate to 
focus the description of the prey feature on whether prey are available 
in sufficient quality, abundance, and accessibility to support feeding, 
rather than also including the concept of prey aggregations or a 
temporal aspect of ``regular aggregations.'' We can discern, based on 
the best available data regarding humpback whale feeding grounds, that 
these areas host a sufficient quantity, quality, and accessibility of 
prey at various times to support feeding. Lastly, we note that the ESA 
contains ``no statutory command that the Service provide exhaustive 
notice to the public concerning all'' of the essential features. 
Arizona Cattle Growers' Ass'n v. Kempthorne, 534 F.Supp.2d 1013, 1025 
n. 2 (D. Ariz. 2008).
    In conclusion, we find that the essential prey feature as revised 
for each DPS is described at an appropriate level of specificity in 
light of the best available scientific data about the humpback whale 
diet and prey species. We also note that section 7 consultations must 
be based on the best, currently available scientific and commercial 
data at the time of consultation and should address the particular set 
of facts relevant to that consultation (the nature of the project and 
its effects on the critical habitat; the location, timing, and duration 
of the effects, etc.).
    Comment 56: One commenter expressed the belief and concerns that 
the prey feature is overly broad and will result in litigation. They 
requested that NMFS make a definitive statement that existing 
management measures are sufficient. The commenter referred to the 
existing prohibition on krill harvest put in place through the Coastal 
Pelagic Species Fishery Management Plan and noted that NMFS data 
indicate the CAM DPS has increased in abundance in the presence of an 
active CPS fishery.
    Response: As discussed in response to Comment 55, we have added 
additional specificity to the definition of the prey feature for each 
DPS to address comments regarding the vagueness of the proposed 
feature. Our final rule and FEA reiterate statements made in the 
proposed rule and DEA that the existing baseline protections are 
relatively high with respect to humpback whale prey species. We 
decline, however, to make more definitive statements as suggested by 
the commenter with respect to this issue. The directed commercial 
Pacific sardine fishery has been closed for the past three years and 
will remain closed for the upcoming July 1, 2020-June 30, 2021 season. 
NMFS has not completed a section 7 consultation on the effects of the 
anchovy harvest on listed humpback whales, so any statements in this 
rule as to the existence or absence of a need for changes in management 
practice would be predecisional. Rather, each action must be reviewed 
on the basis of the best available scientific and commercial data at 
the time it is undertaken. Therefore, while we continue to find that 
baseline protections are high, we cannot prejudge the outcome of a 
section 7 analysis.
    Comment 57: Numerous commenters requested that a sound or 
soundscape essential feature be included in the critical habitat 
designations to provide for the protection of their habitat from noise 
degradation that would interfere with their use and occupancy of these 
areas, as well as communication and other behaviors. A group of 
commenters provided multiple references on ocean noise and impacts of 
noise on marine mammals, and asserted that we had ignored studies that 
indicate impacts of sound on humpback whales. These commenters stated 
that the ESA requires the agency to view scientific uncertainty in 
favor of conservation of the endangered species, and that we should 
apply the precautionary principle in the face of inadequate or 
conflicting data to treat this feature as essential to support the life 
needs of the species. One commenter stated that if a specific numeric 
standard cannot be determined, we should still include a noise-related 
essential feature in the critical habitat designation and make it clear 
that critical habitat for humpback whales must not contain levels of 
noise that impede or prevent the whales use of this important habitat. 
The commenter noted that such a qualitative sound feature has been 
included in other critical habitat designations for whales, such as the 
Main Hawaiian Islands insular false killer whale. Several other 
commenters, however, agreed with our determination

[[Page 21115]]

not to include a sound-related essential feature. One commenter 
referred to ongoing research being conducted by NOAA, in collaboration 
with several partners, to monitor ``soundscapes'' within national 
marine sanctuaries, and noted this work could be considered in any 
future revisions to critical habitat for humpback whales. The Marine 
Mammal Commission stated that they supported the proposed determination 
based on available information, but stated that we should review and 
reconsider this conclusion periodically as better scientific data 
become available concerning the acoustic ecology of humpback whales.
    Response: As discussed in the Biological Report (NMFS 2020a) and 
proposed critical habitat rule, the CHRT thoroughly considered the best 
available scientific information on humpback whales' use of sound and 
impacts of anthropogenic noise on humpback whales and concluded that 
the best available scientific data do not support identifying a sound-
related essential habitat feature. After considering the comments and 
information received, we continue to find that identification of a 
sound-related habitat feature as an ``essential feature'' for humpback 
whales, whether such feature would be specifically and quantitatively 
described or only generally and qualitatively described, is not 
supported by the best available science. We will, however, consider 
results of ongoing and future studies and will review and reconsider 
this conclusion as our scientific understanding of the acoustic ecology 
of humpback whales advances.
    Although anthropogenic noise was rated as posing a low level threat 
to the humpback whales at the time of listing (Bettridge et al. 2015), 
we acknowledge that noise can have impacts on the whales and that these 
impacts are likely to increase in the future due to increases in 
commercial shipping and other human activities within marine 
environments. Most of the available studies regarding noise impacts on 
humpback and other baleen whales provide evidence of direct responses 
by the whales, such as changes in acoustic communications or changes in 
signaling strategies. Effects of anthropogenic noise that result in 
``take'' or harm to individual whales can be addressed under section 7 
of the ESA (pursuant to the standard for considering whether a proposed 
Federal action would jeopardize the continued existence of the species) 
for listed humpback whales and under the MMPA for all humpback whales. 
If data indicate that anthropogenic noise from a particular Federal 
action is preventing or impeding access to prey or preventing or 
impeding successful feeding within designated critical habitat, then 
such effects would likely constitute an adverse effect on the prey 
essential feature as well as the designated area of critical habitat 
itself and for that reason should likely also be addressed under 
section 7 of the ESA (pursuant to the standard for considering whether 
an action poses destruction or adverse modification to critical 
habitat). Thus, the critical habitat as defined in this rule will 
provide a measure of protection from noise degradation to the extent 
that an action might cause such noise that would interfere with the 
whales' ability to use and successfully feed within the critical 
habitat. Furthermore, and of potentially greater conservation benefit, 
the critical habitat designations as finalized in this rule will result 
in the added requirement that Federal agencies explicitly analyze any 
relevant impacts of noise on humpback whale prey species (which 
previously could only be analyzed as an indirect effect on the listed 
whales).
    It is correct that a qualitatively defined sound feature has been 
included in two previous critical habitat designations for whale 
species, Main Hawaiian Islands insular false killer whales (83 FR 
35062, July 24, 2018) and Cook Inlet beluga whales (76 FR 20180, April 
11, 2011). However, those species differ in material ways from the 
humpback whale. Both of those species are toothed whale species (not 
baleen) and rely on sound to navigate and locate prey and have limited 
ranges or areas of occupancy. The occupied range of insular false 
killer whales is restricted to the waters surrounding the main Hawaiian 
Islands, and like other odontocetes, they rely on their ability to send 
and receive sounds to navigate, communicate, and detect predators and 
prey within their environment. The listed beluga whales have a 
restricted range in the highly turbid waters of Cook Inlet and rely on 
sound rather than sight for many important functions. In contrast, no 
qualitative sound-related feature has been identified for the more 
migratory Southern Resident killer whales (71 FR 69054, November 29, 
2006) or for any baleen whales (i.e., North Atlantic right whales (81 
FR 4838, January 27, 2016) and North Pacific right whales (68 FR 19000, 
April 8, 2008)). Additionally, for Southern Resident killer whales, in 
part due to their more migratory behavior and broader range (unlike 
insular false killer whales and Cook Inlet beluga whales), effects of 
sound on navigation, communication, and foraging of Southern Residents 
are assessed through a prey essential feature similar to humpback 
whales, as well as a passage essential feature.
    We must base our designations of critical habitat on the best 
available science for a particular species. What is considered 
``essential to conservation'' and thus qualifies as an essential 
feature necessarily depends on the particular species' biology and the 
available science regarding that species' habitat needs. Thus, habitat 
features that are considered essential to conservation of one species 
may not necessarily be essential to a different species. Few studies 
have examined the effects of noise, especially ship noise, on habitat 
use and feeding behavior of baleen whales. At this time, given the 
current limited scientific understanding and because humpback whales 
occupy a wide range of soundscapes, use highly diverse and spatially 
broad areas, and demonstrate mixed responses to noise, we do not find 
that identification of a sound-related habitat feature as an 
``essential'' habitat feature is appropriate in this case.
    We disagree with the commenter that the ESA requires that we apply 
a ``precautionary principle'' at the stage of determining critical 
habitat such that we must resolve scientific uncertainty in favor of 
conserving listed species. Although it is appropriate to give the 
species the ``benefit of the doubt'' of significant uncertainty in the 
context of a section 7 consultation, that concept does not generally 
apply to determinations under section 4 of the ESA. Trout Unlimited v. 
Lohn, 645 F. Supp. 2d 929, 946 (D. Or. 2007). There is no basis in the 
statute to require that we identify a noise or sound-related essential 
feature where it is not supported by our review of the best available 
information for these particular species and their habitat. Rather, 
section 4 of the ESA requires that we designate critical habitat on the 
basis of the best scientific data available, and we do not agree that 
``essential features'' must be identified to correspond to every 
possible threat to the listed species. In addition, as discussed 
previously, we will continue to address the effects of noise on 
humpback whales and their habitat under section 7 of the ESA (pursuant 
to the requirement that a proposed action must not be likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species) and under the 
MMPA.
    Comment 58: A group of commenters stated that pollution in 
different forms threatens all three humpback whale DPSs. The commenters 
identified toxic pollution and forms of marine debris,

[[Page 21116]]

including derelict fishing gear, plastic, and any solid material from 
man-made origin, as types of pollution that can degrade humpback whale 
habitat. The commenters requested that, similar to the Main Hawaiian 
Islands insular false killer whale critical habitat, we include an 
essential feature like ``waters free of pollution of a type and amount 
harmful to humpback whales'' and that would also interfere with whales' 
use and occupancy of the habitat. Another group of commenters requested 
that we include a water quality or water free of toxins as an essential 
feature.
    Response: We acknowledge the concerns raised by the commenters and 
the fact that various forms of marine pollution may pose threats to the 
listed humpback whales. However, as noted previously, the ESA does not 
require that we identify all potential threats or issues that may be 
addressed through section 7 consultations as ``essential features'' of 
critical habitat. Rather, the definition and process established under 
the ESA require that we affirmatively identify the physical or 
biological features of the habitat that occur in specific areas and 
that are essential to support the life-history needs of a particular 
species based on the best available scientific information for that 
species. We also note that the concerns raised by the commenters can 
continue to be addressed, as appropriate, through existing protections 
afforded through the listing of the three DPSs of humpback whales under 
the ESA.
    Specifically, entanglement of whales in marine debris, which is a 
direct impact on the whales and constitutes ``take,'' is already 
prohibited under section 9 of the ESA for endangered whales and by the 
rule issued under section 4(d) (50 CFR 223.213) for threatened whales. 
Such impacts can already be addressed through section 7 consultations 
on the listed whales (when relevant). In addition, when pollution in 
the form of plastics is associated with a Federal action and is 
degrading the quality of the prey feature or harming the whales, we 
will address these impacts through section 7 consultations.
    With respect to water contaminants and toxins, which we 
acknowledged is a management concern for the identified prey essential 
feature (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019), we will address this threat 
through consideration of prey ``quality'' during consultations on the 
critical habitat. Humpback whales can bioaccumulate organic 
contaminants, and elevated levels of certain contaminants have been 
observed in humpback whales feeding off southern California (Elfes et 
al. 2010). However, the levels observed are not expected to have a 
significant effect on population growth (Elfes et al. 2010), and this 
was not identified as a significant threat at the time of listing 
(Bettridge et al. 2015). We note that in contrast, bioaccumulation of 
contaminants was identified as a particular concern for certain listed 
Odontocetes (toothed whales; e.g., Southern resident killer whales, 
Main Hawaiian Islands insular false killer whales), which consume 
higher-trophic level fishes and may bioaccumulate significant 
contaminant loads that can impair the whales' health and reproduction. 
In contrast to humpback whales, these other cetacean species also have 
restricted ranges that include nearshore areas adjacent to urban 
centers where contaminant exposure is increased. Given the elevated 
concerns regarding contaminants for those species, we did identify a 
separate water quality feature of the critical habitats.
    Comment 59: Several groups of commenters stated that the critical 
habitat should also provide for safe passage and an ocean freer from 
potential entanglement, which has been on the rise in recent years. The 
commenters specifically pointed to entanglement in trap lines or other 
gear as well as ship strikes as limiting the whales' ability to have 
safe passage between feeding and breeding grounds. Another group of 
commenters stated we overlooked the precedent of the Southern Resident 
killer whale proposed critical habitat revision, which identifies 
passage conditions to allow for migration, resting, and foraging as an 
essential feature in waters off the U.S. West Coast. These commenters 
stated that the final critical habitat rule for humpback whales must 
include migratory corridors and passage free of entanglement as a 
physical or biological feature or provide adequate justification if not 
including it in the final rule. The Marine Mammal Commission, as well 
as several other commenters, stated they supported our proposed 
determination to not include a passage or migration-related feature in 
the critical habitat designations.
    Response: We agree with the commenters that both ship strikes and 
entanglement are significant threats to humpback whales. However, as 
discussed in our responses to Comments 57 and 58, the ESA does not 
require us to identify an essential physical or biological feature of 
critical habitat to correspond to all management concerns or threats to 
the listed species. We did not overlook these management concerns or 
the fact that a ``safe passage'' feature has been included in previous 
critical habitat designations for other listed cetaceans. Rather, we 
carefully considered the available data regarding a potential passage 
feature or migratory corridor for the three DPSs of humpback whales and 
concluded that identification of such a feature was not supported in 
this case on the basis of the best available scientific data. The 
limited, available data do not allow us to spatially identify any 
consistently used or specific migratory corridors or define any 
physical, essential migratory or passage conditions for whales 
transiting between or within habitats used by the humpback whale DPSs. 
Unlike previous critical habitat designations for listed cetaceans that 
include a type of passage or space feature (i.e., Southern resident 
killer whales (71 FR 69054, November 29, 2006), Main Hawaiian Islands 
insular false killer whales (83 FR 35062, July 24, 2018), and Cook 
Inlet beluga whales (76 FR 20180, April 11, 2011)), humpback whales do 
not occupy a geographically constricted area or have a restricted range 
in which blockage of passage from in-water structures or vessels has 
been identified as a significant management concern. Our conclusion in 
this case is more appropriately compared to our previous critical 
habitat designations for other large, migratory species, such as 
Pacific leatherback sea turtles (77 FR 4170, January 26, 2012) and 
North Atlantic right whales (81 FR 4837, January 27, 2016), which do 
not include migratory corridors or passage-related features.
    Entanglements and ship strikes are direct effects on humpback 
whales, and they will continue to be managed to the extent possible 
under the ESA and MMPA. Take of humpback whales in particular by either 
of these threats is prohibited under section 9 of the ESA (as to the 
endangered DPSs) and the rule at 50 CFR 223.213 issued under section 
4(d) (as to threatened DPSs), and when relevant to particular Federal 
actions, they are considered in section 7 consultations on the listed 
whales (under the jeopardy standard). In addition, in cases where a 
Federal action has the potential to obstruct the whales' movement and 
thereby prevent or impede the whales' ability to access prey, we would 
consider that as constituting a negative impact on the area of 
designated habitat itself in addition to the defined prey feature, 
which expressly incorporates consideration of ``accessibility.'' In 
other words, the whales' ability to move freely to access their prey 
while on the feeding grounds is inherent in the prey essential

[[Page 21117]]

feature. Given this and our consideration of the best available data, 
we disagree that the critical habitat designations for the humpback 
whale DPSs must include a physical or biological feature describing 
migratory corridors or passage conditions as a feature essential to the 
conservation of the species. Rather, we find that designations built 
around the prey feature we have identified for each DPS is a more 
appropriate fulfillment of our statutory duty to identify areas that 
contain the essential physical or biological feature to support the 
conservation of each DPS and will result in robust designations of 
habitat that will support the recovery of these humpback whales.

Coordination and Input on the Proposed Rule

    Comment 60: Multiple commenters expressed concerns that NMFS had 
not sought sufficient input from communities or local experts in Alaska 
or from ADF&G. ADF&G expressed concerns about the limited degree of 
communication, coordination, and cooperation with the State by NMFS 
during the rulemaking process. ADF&G as well as other several other 
commenters asserted that NMFS had violated section 6 of the ESA and the 
Revised Policy on Interagency Cooperation by failing to ``cooperate to 
the maximum extent practicable'' with the State of Alaska in the 
development of the proposed rule and by denying ADF&G's request to 
conduct an inter-agency partner review of the Draft Biological Report, 
which they indicated would be similar to reviews they regularly conduct 
for the USFWS. ADEC expressed concerns about the lack of outreach to 
ADEC regarding potential economic impacts despite outreach to agencies 
with similar roles in other states.
    Response: We recognize that State agencies often possess relevant 
scientific data and valuable expertise on endangered and threatened 
species and their habitats, and we often coordinate and consult with 
our state partners when compiling and reviewing scientific data to 
inform a critical habitat rule, particularly when the state has an 
active program for the relevant listed species. The Revised Interagency 
Cooperative Policy Regarding the Role of State Agencies in Endangered 
Species Act Activities Policy discusses such coordination in terms of 
developing the scientific foundation upon which we base our 
determinations for proposed and final critical habitat designations (81 
FR 8663, 8664, February 22, 2016). Consistent with our standard 
practice and this policy, we reached out to ADF&G during July and 
August of 2018 to inquire whether the State could provide relevant 
scientific data on humpback whales and appropriate contacts who could 
assist us. Throughout September and October 2018, our consulting 
economists at IEc also reached out to the State to request appropriate 
contacts and to discuss the potential economic impacts to the State. 
Although the State was not able to provide scientific data on humpback 
whales or their habitat use in Alaska, they provided contact 
information for other researchers within Alaska who could potentially 
assist us. ADF&G also provided information regarding types of economic 
impacts to the State, and this information was considered in the 
development of the DEA (IEc 2019). Additional information regarding 
aquatic farming and hatcheries in Alaska was also provided by ADF&G in 
June 2019. However, given that the proposed rule had already been 
completed and was undergoing internal review and clearance by NMFS, and 
the need to publish the rule by a court-ordered deadline, we were 
unable to incorporate this information into the draft economic report. 
As discussed in the FEA (IEc 2020), additional information provided by 
the State has now been incorporated into the final analysis.
    We did not contact ADEC directly in the course of gathering 
information to inform our economic impact analysis. Based on 
communications with ADF&G, it was our understanding that comments from 
all state agencies would be coordinated and provided through ADF&G. In 
response to this concern and to ensure relevant data and information 
from ADEC were considered in the final economic impact analysis, we had 
subsequent discussions directly with representatives from ADEC (see 
FEA, IEc 2020).
    We understand the concerns expressed by ADF&G regarding 
communication and coordination with respect to the humpback whale 
critical habitat designation and have endeavored to improve 
communications with ADF&G as we have moved forward on other ESA 
actions. However, there is no basis for the assertion that we have 
violated section 6 of the ESA or the terms of the Section 6 Agreement 
with the State of Alaska. Section 6 of the ESA acknowledges the 
important role of States in furthering the purpose of the ESA and 
specifically addresses State programs that have been established for 
the conservation of endangered and threatened species (16 U.S.C. 1535). 
If the State's program meets the criteria set forth in section 6(c) of 
the ESA, then the State and NMFS may enter into a cooperative agreement 
(a ``Section 6 Agreement''). Under Alaska's Section 6 Agreement with 
NMFS, both parties have agreed to ``cooperate for the common purpose of 
planning, developing, and conducting programs to protect, manage, and 
enhance populations of all resident endangered and threatened species'' 
covered by the agreement. Through this agreement, NMFS is also 
authorized to assist in, and provide Federal funding for, 
implementation of the State's conservation program. Since Alaska 
entered into a Section 6 Agreement with NMFS on December 3, 2009, the 
State has received funding from NMFS to support work on Steller sea 
lions, ringed seals, bearded seals, and Cook Inlet beluga whales. The 
designation of critical habitat is not considered a ``program'' under 
section 6 of the ESA or the Section 6 Agreement and is instead a 
rulemaking under section 4 of the ESA, the authority for which is 
specifically delegated to the Secretaries of Commerce and Interior. 
Neither section 6 nor any other section of the ESA provides any basis 
to share decision-making authority with a state entity.
    Section 4(b)(2) requires that critical habitat be designated on the 
basis of the best scientific data available. As is our consistent 
practice, the best available data in support of the critical habitat 
designations for humpback whales was summarized in a draft supporting 
report--the Draft Biological Report (NMFS 2019a). Because the Draft 
Biological Report was developed specifically to inform a rulemaking, it 
was categorized as ``influential scientific information'' (ISI) under 
the Information Quality Act (IQA) (Pub. L. 106-554, Section 515) and 
subject to the peer review requirements outlined in OMB's Final 
Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (``Bulletin,'' December 
16, 2004). Therefore, in accordance with the IQA, the Bulletin, and 
NOAA Information Quality Guidelines (www.noaa.gov/organization/information-technology/information-quality), the Draft Biological 
Report was subjected to peer review in accordance with our peer review 
plan. We invited ADF&G to nominate an appropriate biologist to peer 
review this report. In addition to the State's biologist, the report 
was also independently peer-reviewed by four other scientists with 
relevant expertise and experience with humpback whales. Prior to 
publication of the proposed rule, we reviewed the peer reviewer 
comments and made

[[Page 21118]]

certain revisions to the Draft Biological Report as appropriate in 
response. The peer review plan, charge statement to reviewers, and peer 
review report were also made publicly available (see: www.noaa.gov/organization/information-technology/peer-review-plans). It would not be 
consistent with the guidance on the application of the IQA, and is not 
our practice, to invite peer reviewers to provide advice on policy or 
the application of the standards and requirements of the ESA. See NMFS 
Policy Directive PD 04-108-4, ``OMB Peer Review Bulletin Guidance,'' 
App. A, section II.1 (June 2012). Per the Peer Review Bulletin, with 
the exception of the National Academy of Sciences or other alternative 
procedures approved by OMB, we also do not invite agency-wide reviews 
by external agencies prior to dissemination by NMFS of ISI products.
    In developing the proposed rule, we gathered and reviewed the best 
available scientific literature and reports, and we engaged the 
expertise of a team of scientists and managers from across NOAA as 
members of the CHRT. During the course of compiling data and 
information, we consulted with numerous scientists from Federal, 
academic, and non-academic organizations in Alaska and elsewhere (e.g., 
National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Glacier Bay National Park and 
Preserve, University of Alaska Southeast, University of Alaska 
Fairbanks, Oregon State University, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 
LGL Alaska Research Associates, Cascadia Research Collective) who have 
expertise in humpback whale biology, ecology, behavior, acoustics, or 
genetics. We also reached out to local communities and Alaska native 
organizations before and throughout the public comment period. We 
extended the public comment period from the typical 60 days to 115 
days, and held six public hearings--three of which were in Alaska. 
Through these efforts, we are confident that we have been able to 
compile the best available scientific data and provide for a rigorous 
public comment process.
    Comment 61: The North Pacific Fishery Management Council requested 
that we specify that any additional section 7 consultations following 
designation of critical habitat be conducted in accordance with NOAA 
Fisheries Policy 01-117, which suggests collaboration with the fishery 
management councils. The Council, as well as several other commenters, 
expressed concern about the lack of engagement with the Council prior 
to publication of the proposed rule. They requested that in the future 
we consult with and include the Council in discussions prior to 
publication of a proposed rule to designate critical habitat for ESA 
listed species (e.g., bearded seals, ringed seals), and they requested 
that the NOAA Fisheries Policy 01-117 be revised to include ``section 4 
consultations.''
    Response: The NMFS Alaska Region works closely with the North 
Pacific Fishery Management Council. When ESA section 7 consultation is 
required for fishery management actions, NMFS will keep the Council 
informed regarding the consultation and provide opportunities for 
Council input in accordance with NMFS Policy 01-117, Integration of 
Endangered Species Act Section 7 with Magnuson-Stevens Act Processes.
    Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to 
designate critical habitat on the basis of the best available 
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic, national 
security, and other relevant impacts of the designation. The ESA, 
implementing regulations in 50 CFR part 424, and existing agency policy 
do not establish a consultation process or role for other entities 
(with the exception of federally recognized tribes) in the development 
of regulations under section 4 of the ESA. While we do coordinate with 
other organizations when gathering the best available scientific data 
relevant to a particular rulemaking under section 4 and solicit input 
from other organizations and partners on proposed rules during public 
comment periods, we do not consult on the development of the proposed 
rule itself, as this role is reserved for the Secretary of Commerce and 
his designees. NOAA Fisheries Policy 01-117 applies to ESA section 7 
consultations that are conducted on fishery management activities 
governed by fishery management plans developed by the Councils pursuant 
to the Magnuson-Stevens Act; therefore, this policy is directly 
relevant to Council actions and authorities but does not apply to NMFS' 
decisions to implement section 4 of the ESA. Although we regret that 
the Council feels there was a lack of coordination prior to the 
publication of the proposed critical habitat rule for humpback whales, 
we do not find it appropriate or necessary to revise Policy 01-117 to 
establish a consultation process regarding ESA section 4 rulemaking.

Sufficiency and Application of the Available Data

    Comment 62: Several commenters stated that we inappropriately used 
data that are mainly applicable to the non-listed ``Hawaii DPS'' of 
humpback whales when identifying critical habitat for the listed DPSs. 
The commenters asserted that, as a result, we proposed to designate 
areas that are minimally occupied by and not essential to each of the 
listed DPSs, in particular Southeast Alaska and the Gulf of Alaska, 
where they assert the SPLASH data are almost entirely relevant to the 
``Hawaii DPS.'' One commenter stated that this flaw has resulted in a 
particularly erroneous designation of critical habitat for the Mexico 
DPS, which includes substantial areas in which animals from the Mexico 
DPS have never been observed (and should therefore be deemed unoccupied 
by that DPS) or minimally occupied but lacking features essential to 
this DPS.
    Response: We acknowledge that many of the humpback whales observed 
on the feeding grounds, particularly within Alaska, are from the non-
listed Hawaii breeding population (e.g., Barlow et al. 2011). With an 
estimated abundance of over 11,000 whales (Wade et al. 2017), those 
non-listed whales are far more abundant than whales of the ESA-listed 
DPSs. However, in determining which specific areas are occupied by 
whales of the listed DPSs, the CHRT relied on the best available 
scientific data regarding the distribution of the particular DPS, 
taking into account the relative strengths and limitations of each of 
the different sources of data available. In assessing the relative 
conservation value of each specific area, the CHRT also relied heavily 
on data that is specifically applicable to the particular DPS. During 
both the initial and second assessment, when considering and applying 
data that apply to humpback whales generally (e.g., the BIAs, unmatched 
sightings), the CHRT did so in light of the available data regarding 
the distribution of the particular DPS. During their second assessment, 
in response to comments and as discussed previously, the CHRT placed 
greater emphasis on data that are specific to the particular DPS 
(versus humpback whales generally). We acknowledge that available data 
regarding which feeding areas are used by each listed DPS are limited, 
and for areas in Alaska in particular, are largely limited to the 
SPLASH study, which was conducted in 2004-2006. However, we are 
required to designate critical habitat based on the best scientific 
data available even if those data are not perfect or contain some 
uncertainty (as discussed previously in in section, Critical Habitat 
Definition and Process).
    Comment 63: Several commenters stated that our rule was confusing 
because it applied different data than what NMFS has been using in its 
ESA

[[Page 21119]]

section 7 consultations with respect to the distribution of listed 
humpback whales in U.S. waters. These commenters requested that we make 
consistent use of the best available data. ADF&G stated that NMFS had 
failed to explain or provide clear information that its view of the 
distribution of ESA-listed DPSs had changed dramatically from the 
analysis used in the 2016 status review and listing revision. They 
stated that this appears to be a failure to adequately inform those who 
may wish to comment on the proposed rule as to what NMFS considers the 
best available scientific information and raises questions about 
compliance with the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and the ESA. 
ADF&G also stated that, since neither the 2016 report used to inform 
section 7 consultations nor the subsequent 2017 analysis by Wade (2017) 
is cited in the draft economic report prepared for the proposed rule, 
it is unclear which analysis serves as the basis for the economic 
report.
    Response: Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA requires that critical habitat 
designations be based on the best scientific data available. The 
results presented in Wade (2017), a report submitted to the IWC 
Scientific Committee, presents a corrected analysis of the SPLASH study 
data and provides abundance estimates for humpback whales in the 
sampled areas and estimated movement probabilities between seasonal 
habitats. As stated in that 2017 report, the results presented are an 
update and revision to a previous version of this analysis that was 
presented in an earlier report to the IWC (i.e., Wade et al. 2016). 
Because the ESA requires us to rely on the best available scientific 
data, we considered the Wade (2017) results when evaluating areas and 
making our critical habitat determinations. Because those results are 
updated and revised as compared to the earlier Wade et al. (2016) data, 
we find that they are part of the best available scientific data. 
Therefore, relying on the results presented in Wade (2017) to inform 
certain aspects of our analysis fulfills the requirements in the ESA.
    The results presented in Wade (2017) are significant data that 
informed the biologically based aspects of our critical habitat 
determinations. They were not relevant to, and therefore not used to 
evaluate, the economic impacts of designating critical habitat; thus, 
neither the 2016 nor the 2017 report were cited in the Draft Economic 
Analysis (IEc 2019a). The Wade (2017) report was discussed and cited in 
the proposed rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019) and the Draft 
Biological Report (NMFS 2019a), and was included in the separate list 
of references that was also made publicly available on 
www.regulations.gov and as part of the 2019 Draft Biological Report. 
Thus, the public was given express notice of our consideration of these 
data. To the extent the commenter intends to suggest that we are 
required to notify the public prior to publication of a proposed rule 
that a more recent or a revised scientific paper or report has become 
available, we disagree. We are aware of no such requirement under the 
ESA, the APA, or other law. Scientific understanding is continually 
evolving as new information becomes available, and the ESA requires 
that each agency decision be based on the best information available at 
that time and for that particular purpose.
    The 2017 IWC report was not available at the time the humpback 
whale status review was completed in 2015 (Bettridge et al. 2015) or 
when the humpback whale listing was revised in 2016 (81 FR 62260, 
September 8, 2016). The report was also not available at the time the 
NMFS Alaska Regional Office and the West Coast Regional Office 
developed section 7 guidance in 2016 regarding the distributions of 
listed humpback whale DPSs. Since release of the 2017 report, NMFS has 
been aware that further work was planned that could result in a further 
update of this analysis. As a result, both NMFS Regional Offices 
decided to await those results before updating their related section 7 
guidance documents. However, the additional analysis, which was to be 
completed through an IWC working group, has since been delayed. Because 
of the change in timing of this effort, the regional offices are likely 
to move ahead with updating their consultation guidance to reflect the 
analytical results provided in Wade (2017). In any event, that is a 
separate issue that is beyond the scope of these designations which are 
based on the best scientific information available to us now.
    Comment 64: A few commenters stated that the SPLASH study referred 
to in the supporting documents indicates that less than two percent of 
the Mexican DPS uses the proposed critical habitat in Southeast Alaska 
(Unit 10). One commenter stated that the data used to designate this 
area actually applies to a larger area that extends beyond Unit 10 and 
includes data from Northern Vancouver Island to Yakutat, Alaska. The 
commenters stated that Unit 10 represents only 60 percent of the area 
over which the data were collected, and yet the entire numerical data 
set has been attributed to Unit 10. The commenters stated this is 
misleading and constitutes an improper use of data.
    Response: This comment refers to results presented in a report to 
the IWC by Wade (2017). The report presents an analysis of data 
collected during the SPLASH study and provides estimated probabilities 
of movements of whales from breeding areas into feeding areas, and vice 
versa. The analysis groups the SPLASH data (matches of photo-identified 
humpback whales) by the four breeding (or wintering) areas (i.e., Asia, 
Hawaii, Mexico, and Central America), and by six feeding (or summer) 
areas (Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands/Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, 
Southeast Alaska/Northern British Columbia, Southern British Columbia/
Washington, Oregon/California). The CHRT was aware that these estimated 
movement probabilities apply to the particular geographic units used in 
the analysis (e.g., Southeast Alaska/Northern British Columbia). In 
other words, the CHRT was aware that the 0.020 movement probability 
estimate provided in Wade (2017) represents the probability of a whale 
from the Mexico region moving into the Southeast Alaska/Northern 
British Columbia region. The CHRT discussed both the SPLASH survey 
areas as well as the geographic regions applied in the analysis 
presented in Wade (2017). As mentioned previously (see response to 
Comment 30), to help clarify that these probabilities extend over 
certain regions, the CHRT reformatted the relevant data tables 
presented in the updated Biological Report (see Appendix C, NMFS 
2020a). In addition, we note that Unit 10 (Southeast Alaska) is 
excluded from the final designation for the MX DPS under section 
4(b)(2) of the ESA based on consideration of economic impacts.
    Comment 65: Several commenters stated that the available data are 
too old and requested that additional research be completed before we 
finalize the critical habitat designations. One commenter requested 
that NMFS not complete the final rule until migration tracks and whale 
presence of the three DPS units in Southwest Alaska are gathered using 
satellite and other sophisticated tracking methods. Another stated that 
more research is needed to better understand the health, feeding 
habitats, and migration paths of the humpbacks that spend their summers 
in Alaska before NMFS issues a critical habitat designation. One 
commenter stated that long-term monitoring data are essential in 
understanding and identifying appropriate critical habitat, and another 
commenter stated more data are needed before we designate

[[Page 21120]]

critical habitat because a regime change is taking place in the North 
Pacific Ocean and is affecting prey distributions.
    Response: The ESA generally requires that we designate critical 
habitat for species at the time they are listed on the basis of the 
best scientific data available. Section 4(b)(6)(C)(ii) allowed us to 
extend the statutory deadline for publishing a final critical habitat 
regulation by one year because critical habitat was found to be not 
determinable at the time of listing of the three DPSs. A lawsuit was 
filed in Federal court because we did not meet that statutory deadline, 
and our designation is now governed by court order (as discussed 
previously, see Background). We are not authorized to further delay the 
statutory requirement to designate critical habitat so that additional 
research may be completed.
    Moreover, as explained previously (in section, Critical Habitat 
Definition and Process), the ESA expressly requires that we base our 
critical habitat determination on the best scientific data available, 
not the best scientific data possible. We must proceed with a 
designation where the best available scientific data provides a 
sufficient basis to determine that the ESA's standards are met for the 
specific areas proposed. The standard requires ``not only that data be 
attainable, but that researchers in fact have conducted the tests;'' we 
are not required to conduct new research or studies. Am. Wildlands v. 
Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 999 (D.C. Cir. 2008). See also San Luis & 
Delta-Mendota Water Auth. v. Locke, 776 F.3d 971, 995 (9th Cir. 2014); 
Southwest Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Babbitt, 215 F.3d 58, 60 
(D.C. Cir. 2000); Oceana, Inc. v. Ross, 321 F. Supp. 3d 128, 142 
(D.D.C. 2018). Thus, although we agree that additional research and 
long-term monitoring would be beneficial, in that it would continue to 
contribute to scientific understanding of these whales, there is 
neither a need nor the authority under the ESA to delay the designation 
process to await further data.

General Comments

    Comment 66: ADF&G requested a 6-month extension for completion of 
the final critical habitat rule to allow time for NMFS to redo the 
analyses to rectify what they perceived to be informational and 
analytical flaws. They state that these multiple flaws constitute 
``substantial disagreement regarding the sufficiency or accuracy of the 
available data.''
    Response: The ESA provides that if, after publishing a proposed 
rule to revise a critical habitat designation, we find that there is 
``substantial disagreement regarding the sufficiency or accuracy of the 
available data relevant to the determination,'' we may extend the 
statutory one-year period to develop and publish the final rule (that 
runs from publication of a proposed rule) for 6 months to solicit 
additional data (see 16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(6)(B)(i), referencing proposed 
rules described in 1533(b)(6)(A)(i) only, whereas initial designations 
of critical habitat are described in (b)(6)(A)(ii)). Because we are not 
revising critical habitat in this instance, this particular provision 
of the ESA does not apply. There is also no other provision in the ESA 
that would allow us to further delay this final rule.
    Comment 67: A commenter stated that the critical habitat 
designation was primarily being compelled by crab pot gear entanglement 
and ship strikes and expressed concern regarding the inability to 
attribute the original source of gear entanglements of the whales. The 
commenter pointed out that, in the Southwest Region of Alaska, the pot 
gear fisheries is prosecuted in the late fall and winter months, when 
the whales are not in Alaska.
    Response: The ESA requires we designate critical habitat for 
species at the time of listing. We determine which specific areas 
qualify as critical habitat by applying the best available scientific 
data. The ESA defines occupied critical habitat as the specific areas 
within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is 
listed, on which are found those physical or biological features that 
are essential to the conservation of the species and which may require 
special management considerations or protection. While we acknowledge 
that entanglement and ship strikes are ongoing threats to humpback 
whales, identifying threats to the species is not an appropriate 
approach to identifying areas that meet the statutory standards for 
designation as critical habitat. We have followed the correct procedure 
under the ESA and our regulations, by identifying areas within the 
geographical area occupied by the species that contain the essential 
feature, which we have determined may require special management 
considerations or protection.
    Comment 68: Numerous commenters stated that humpback whales do not 
need critical habitat in Alaska because the whales are already 
flourishing in Alaska. Many of these commenters provided personal 
accounts of having witnessed a steady increase in the number of whales 
observed over decades as commercial fishermen, and some stated that 
current abundances exceed pre-whaling abundance estimates according to 
NMFS's own estimates. Most of these commenters referred to Southeast 
Alaska in particular, and pointed to the return of the whales as well 
as other marine mammals, and the removal of the Southeast Alaskan 
population of humpback whales from the ESA as evidence that existing 
regulations and protections are working well in the absence of critical 
habitat and that this rule is not necessary. Another commenter stated 
that while most of the observed whales seen in Southeast Alaska waters 
are part of the non-listed Hawaiian sub-populations, numbers and 
calving rates of humpback whales in this group have been in a drastic 
decline in recent years, possibly as the result of climate driven 
disruptions of food available in Alaska waters, particularly in the 
years following the strong El Nino event in 2016. The commenter noted 
that many whales observed in the 2016-2018 seasons were in poor body 
condition. The commenter stated that the proposed critical habitat 
designations protect Alaska waters for those populations that are 
already listed as endangered and threatened, and that recent 
fluctuations already documented in the more abundant Hawaii stock will 
affect the listed whales to the same extent, if they are using the same 
resources.
    Response: The abundance of humpback whales in the North Pacific has 
increased over the past several decades, largely as a result of 
prohibitions on commercial whaling but also as a result of conservation 
efforts and protection of the whales under the ESA and MMPA. In part, 
the increased abundance of whales in the ``Hawaii DPS'' led to the 
removal of ESA protections for this population of humpback whales in 
2016 and replacement of the former, global listing with the current DPS 
listings (81 FR 62260, September 8, 2016). The recovery of the Hawaii 
population is particularly apparent in areas of Alaska, especially 
Southeast Alaska, where the majority of humpback whales are from the 
Hawaii population (Barlow et al. 2011, Wade 2017). We also agree that 
this non-listed Hawaii population has experienced significant declines 
in recent years and that a possible contributor to this decline was the 
poor ocean conditions and resulting reduction in prey resources for 
humpback whales during the marine heat wave of 2014-2016 (Cartwright et 
al. 2019, Neilson and Gabriele 2019).
    We are required to designate critical habitat to the maximum extent 
prudent and determinable at the time a species is listed under the ESA. 
The fact that

[[Page 21121]]

another DPS of humpback whales was found to not warrant listing under 
the ESA (i.e., the ``Hawaii DPS''), or that humpback whale stocks in 
Alaska may be increasing (Muto et al. 2020) does not affect the 
requirement under the ESA to designate critical habitat for the listed 
DPSs of humpback whales. Because whales from the endangered WNP DPS and 
the threatened Mexico DPS use areas off the coast of Alaska area as 
feeding habitat, those areas were considered for critical habitat 
designation and several of these areas are included in the critical 
habitat designations with this final rule.
    Comment 69: One commenter expressed concern that more area was 
proposed for exclusion from the proposed critical habitat designation 
for the endangered WNP DPS relative to the area proposed for exclusion 
from the designation for the threatened and much larger MX DPS. The 
commenter suggested that the critical habitat determinations be 
subjected to peer review.
    Response: We acknowledge that a larger area was proposed for 
exclusion from the critical habitat designation for the WNP DPS 
relative the area proposed for exclusion for the MX DPS (44,119 nmi\2\ 
versus 30,527 nmi\2\). However, the total areas proposed for 
designation and proposed for exclusion for each of these DPSs has 
changed in this final rule in response to public comments as reflected 
in the revised section 4(b)(2) analysis. Specifically, the final 
designation for the WNP DPS covers about 59,411 nmi\2\ of marine 
habitat following the decision to exclude about 63,398 nmi\2\ of marine 
habitat under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA. The final designation for the 
MX DPS includes about 116,098 nmi\2\ and excludes a total of about 
91,811 nmi\2\ under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA.
    The smaller size of the critical habitat designation for the WNP 
DPS is largely a reflection of the distribution of these whales, which 
primarily use feeding areas outside of U.S. waters, which cannot be 
included in a designation (50 CFR 424.12(g)). Whales from the MX DPS 
are more broadly distributed within U.S. waters and feed in more 
regions within U.S. waters than whales from the WNP DPS. Therefore, 
more areas met the definition of critical habitat for the MX DPS, and a 
larger total area is included in the critical habitat designation for 
this DPS.
    The Biological Report, which summarizes relevant scientific 
information that informed the identification of critical habitat areas 
and the assessment of the relative conservation value of these areas, 
was subjected to peer review per requirements outlined in OMB's Final 
Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (``Bulletin,'' December 
16, 2004) and NOAA Information Quality Guidelines (www.noaa.gov/organization/information-technology/information-quality). In addition, 
we solicited comment on the proposed rule through a 115-day public 
comment period and at six public hearings. The process applied in this 
rulemaking thus complies with or exceeds the requirements for review by 
the public and scientific peers.
    Comment 70: One commenter stated that ocean commercial fisheries 
are already tightly controlled by the Fishery Management Councils under 
the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 
1801 et seq.) and by various states, and that humpback whales are 
already well protected against adverse fishery impacts under the 
various Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC)-adopted Fishery 
Management Plans (FMPs) for which NMFS provides Biological Opinions to 
the PFMC. The commenter stated that fishery impacts on humpback whales 
are best controlled through the PFMC's existing FMP process by way of 
NMFS Biological Opinions that provide specific and detailed mitigation 
measures to minimize potential impacts on humpback whales from 
fisheries. The commenter recommended that the final critical habitat 
rule state clearly that properly controlled ocean commercial fisheries 
pursued in accordance with the PFMC's FMP as approved by the most 
recent NMFS Biological Opinion are not actions that destroy or 
adversely modify critical habitat in that they do not directly or 
indirectly alter critical habitat such that the value of the critical 
habitat for either the survival or the recovery of humpback whales is 
appreciably diminished.
    Response: We agree with the commenter that the appropriate 
mechanism for addressing impacts of federally managed fisheries on 
humpback whales is through the FMP process and the associated section 7 
consultations under the ESA and that existing management measures 
provide strong protections for humpback whales and their prey. Once the 
humpback whale critical habitat designations becomes effective, any 
future section 7 consultations on relevant FMPs will be required to 
assess the effects of the particular fishery actions on the humpback 
whale critical habitat to ensure that those actions do not adversely 
modify or destroy the humpback whale critical habitat. Because critical 
habitat has not previously been designated for humpback whales, 
completed section 7 consultations do not include such an analysis. 
While we acknowledge that there are strong protections for humpback 
whale prey species through the existing PFMC's Coastal Pelagic Species 
(CPS) FMP and the associated regulations, these existing management 
measures do not remove the requirement to consult under section 7(a)(2) 
of the ESA. We cannot circumvent this responsibility by making 
conclusions in this rule regarding previously completed section 7 
consultation, nor can we prejudge the outcome of potential future 
consultations on the CPS or any other FMP. Therefore, we decline to 
include a statement in this final rule such as the one requested by the 
commenter.
    Comment 71: A commenter requested that we indicate in the final 
rule that the absence of a migratory corridor or passage feature in the 
critical habitat precludes the consideration of fishing activity or the 
use of fishing gear as an adverse modification of the physical 
attributes of the critical habitat. The commenter recommended that the 
proposed rule be amended to explicitly state that fixed-gear fisheries 
will not be considered as actions that destroy or adversely modify 
humpback whale critical habitat.
    Response: Lack of a specific passage or migratory essential feature 
in the critical habitat designations does not preclude consideration of 
effects of fishing gear within or upon the critical habitat. 
Entanglement of humpback whales is a significant and ongoing management 
concern, and we will continue to manage this threat wherever it has 
impacts on individual whales, which may rise to a form of ``take'' of 
the individual whales. Moreover, as we discussed in the proposed rule, 
access to the prey and the whales' ability to move freely to 
successfully feed while on the feeding grounds are inherent in the 
definition of the prey essential feature. Humpback whales feed using a 
variety of behaviors, which requires a high degree of maneuverability. 
Where the use of fishing gear or other physical alterations of the 
critical habitat (e.g., large-scale aquaculture), either independently 
or in combination, prevent or impede the whales' ability to undertake 
their normal feeding behaviors and access their prey, that may 
constitute a negative impact on the defined prey feature. Such 
determination cannot be made in advance, however, as each consultation 
must be based on the best available

[[Page 21122]]

scientific and commercial information for the particular Federal agency 
action.
    Comment 72: The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) noted 
how the marine environment off the U.S. West Coast has been 
experiencing unprecedented changes, affecting both humpback whale prey 
species and humpback whale behaviors--e.g., the timing of migration 
patterns from breeding grounds to the feeding grounds, foraging in 
rarely or never-before used locations, and switching targeted prey 
species. ODFW stated that as a result, information underlying the 
critical habitat designation is likely changing even as it is being 
applied, and may continue to change in new and potentially unexpected 
ways in the decades to come. As a consequence, ODFW urged that during 
implementation of this critical habitat rule, that NMFS allocate 
resources to conduct surveys of humpback whale DPS distributions, 
conduct spatially-explicit stock assessment surveys for finfish forage 
species (e.g., anchovy, sardine, and herring), and review the critical 
habitat location and the assumptions underlying its spatial location on 
a frequent basis.
    Response: We agree with the points and recommendations from ODFW. 
Understanding how changing ocean conditions are affecting humpback 
whale prey species and humpback whales is critical to effectively 
carrying-out our management responsibilities under the ESA and the MMPA 
and to the overall goal of recovering the listed humpback whales. NMFS 
is currently engaged in multiple research efforts, including planning a 
``SPLASH-2'' study, which is a collaborative effort that will take 
advantage of automated photo-identification matching capabilities to 
examine photo-identification data collected since the original SPLASH 
study. Goals of ``SPLASH-2'' include, for example, estimating current 
abundances, estimating growth rates, and examining any changes in 
migration patterns since SPLASH. NMFS has also been involved in the 
development of habitat models and exploring their use in forecasting 
the distributions of humpback whales and other cetaceans (see Becket et 
al. 2019), and NMFS is participating in the comprehensive assessment 
being conducted by the IWC to better understand the effect of whaling 
on current and historical humpback whale populations in the North 
Pacific Ocean. We will continue to engage in and/or support these and 
other efforts to the maximum extent possible in light of available 
annual appropriations. In addition, although we are required to 
designate critical habitat based on the best, currently available, 
scientific data, if additional data become available to support a 
revision to these critical habitat designations, we can consider using 
the authority provided under section 4(a)(3)(A) of the ESA to revise 
the designations.
    Comment 73: A commenter encouraged us to expand our discussion in 
the Biological Report to include more relevant studies about ocean 
acidification, deoxygenation, and both humpback whale and prey movement 
as a result of climate change. The commenter cited multiple references 
regarding changes in the North Pacific as a result of climate changes 
and noted how these changes are likely to affect availability of prey 
species, type of prey targeted by the whales, and the distribution of 
the whales. The commenter stated that we should include climate change 
and environmental variation as part of the special management 
considerations for humpback prey.
    Response: We appreciate the comments and references provided by the 
commenter. We have considered this information and have added some 
additional information to the Biological Report where applicable and 
relevant to this designation. Both the Draft Biological Report and 
proposed rule presented climate change as a special management 
consideration that may affect the identified essential prey feature. 
The information provided by the commenter does not alter our previous 
conclusion that climate change poses a management concern for the prey 
essential features identified in this rule.

Humpback Whale Distribution and Habitat Use in the North Pacific

    Humpback whales breed and calve in tropical and subtropical waters 
in the winter months, typically during January-May in the Northern 
hemisphere. They exhibit a high degree of fidelity to particular 
breeding areas, a pattern which contributed to how DPSs were delineated 
and listed under the ESA (Bettridge et al. 2015). While on their 
breeding grounds, humpback whales rarely feed (Baraff et al. 1991, 
Rasmussen et al. 2012). Around springtime, the whales typically migrate 
to temperate, higher latitude regions to feed and build up fat and 
energy reserves for the return migration, lactation, and breeding. 
Humpback whales primarily feed on euphausiids (krill) and small pelagic 
fishes (Nemoto 1957, 1959; Klumov 1963; Rice 1963; Krieger and Wing 
1984; Baker 1985; Kieckhefer 1992; Clapham et al. 1997).
    In the North Pacific Ocean, humpback whales feed in biologically 
productive waters along the coasts of California, Oregon, Washington, 
and Alaska; British Columbia, Canada; and in waters off of Russia 
(e.g., Kamchatka, Commander Islands). Although these feeding areas are 
broadly distributed and range widely in terms of latitude, they are 
usually over the continental shelf or near the shelf edge at shallow 
(~10 m) to moderate water depths (~50-200 m) and in cooler waters 
(Zerbini et al. 2016, Becker et al. 2016 and 2017). Often, feeding 
areas are associated with oceanographic (e.g., upwelling, fronts), 
bathymetric (e.g., submarine canyons, banks), and/or biological 
features (e.g., spawning areas for fish) that serve to concentrate or 
aggregate prey (e.g., Tynan et al. 2005, Dalla Rosa et al. 2012, 
Thompson et al. 2012, Friday et al. 2013, Chenoweth et al. 2017, 
Straley et al. 2018, Santora et al. 2018). Distributions and abundances 
of prey species are also influenced by other physical oceanographic and 
biological mechanisms that can result in significant variations in prey 
availability on seasonal (e.g., spawning periods), inter-annual (e.g., 
El Ni[ntilde]o), and decadal time-scales (e.g., Pacific Decadal 
Oscillation cycles; Barber and Chavez 1983, McGowan et al. 1998, 2003, 
Chavez et al. 2003, Fleming et al. 2016, Moran and Straley 2018). Given 
the complexity and variability in the multiple physical and biological 
drivers of prey species abundance across the occupied ranges of each 
DPS, and the anticipation of continued climate change-induced changes 
in oceanographic processes and food web dynamics within North Pacific 
marine ecosystems, we concluded it was not possible to pinpoint or 
reliably describe which of these other factors are essential to the 
conservation of the humpback whale DPSs based on the best available 
scientific data.
    Although these feeding areas have an almost continuous distribution 
around the North Pacific basin, multiple studies have indicated fairly 
high levels of fidelity of humpback whales to particular areas and 
limited movements of whales among the broader feeding regions (e.g., 
Waite et al. 1999, Calambokidis et al. 2001, Calambokidis et al. 2008, 
Witteveen et al. 2011, Witteveen and Wynne 2016a, Gabriele et al. 
2017). Our understanding of how humpback whale populations are 
spatially structured while in these feeding areas has been informed by 
numerous studies, and probably most notably by the results of the 
SPLASH study. As noted previously, this study

[[Page 21123]]

was a significant effort undertaken across the North Pacific and 
involved the collection of both photographic and genetic data over 
three breeding seasons (2004, 2005, and 2006) and over two feeding 
seasons (2004, 2005) in known breeding and feeding areas (Calambokidis 
et al. 2008). Through this effort, a total of 7,971 unique whales were 
photo-identified (Calambokidis et al. 2008). For most analyses, photo-
identification data were grouped into six broad feeding regions: 
Kamchatka (Russia), Aleutian Islands/Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, 
Southeast Alaska/Northern British Columbia, Southern British Columbia/
Northern Washington, and California/Oregon (Calambokidis et al. 2008, 
Barlow et al. 2011, Wade et al. 2016). Analysis of the photo-
identification data indicated that both within-season and between-
season movements of whales between these six feeding areas were 
infrequent and any such exchanges were mainly to adjacent areas 
(Calambokidis et al. 2008), which is consistent with previous findings 
from earlier region-wide studies (e.g., Calambokidis et al. 1996, 
Calambokidis et al. 2001).
    Genetic analyses of skin samples collected during the SPLASH study 
provide additional insight into the structuring of humpback whale 
populations across the feeding areas (Baker et al. 2013). Analysis of 
maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 1,010 unique whales 
indicated highly significant differences in mtDNA haplotype frequencies 
among the feeding regions overall (overall FST = 0.121, 
[Phi]ST = 0.178, p <0.0001), and pairwise comparisons were 
also significant (at p <0.05) for 32 of 36 possible comparisons 
(excluding the western Aleutians due to low sample size, Baker et al. 
2013). Comparisons of bi-parentally inherited microsatellite DNA 
indicated very weak but significant differentiation of microsatellite 
allele frequencies among feeding areas, suggesting male-biased gene 
flow (overall FST = 0.0034, p <0.001, Baker et al. 2013). 
The high degree of differentiation in mtDNA among feeding areas 
reflects the influence of maternal fidelity to feeding areas. This 
result is consistent with findings of previous but more spatially-
limited studies (e.g., Baker et al. 1998, Witteveen et al. 2004). This 
effect likely stems from the close dependency of calves on their 
mothers during their first year of life, during which they travel with 
their mothers and thereby inherit information from their mothers about 
feeding destinations (Baker et al. 1987, Pierszalowski et al. 2016).
    Overall, while the available photo-identification data indicate 
varying degrees of mixing of populations across the feeding areas, the 
overall pattern of structuring of populations among the feeding areas, 
as well as the pattern of migratory connections between particular 
feeding areas and breeding areas, contributed to how the various DPSs 
are described in the listing rule (81 FR 62260, September 8, 2016). In 
particular, the threatened MX DPS, which has previously been estimated 
to include about 2,806 whales (CV = 0.055, Wade 2017), is described as 
including whales that feed primarily off California-Oregon, northern 
Washington-southern British Columbia, in the Gulf of Alaska and East 
Bering Sea (50 CFR 223.102). The endangered CAM DPS, which has 
previously been estimated to include about 783 whales (CV = 0.170, Wade 
2017), is described as including whales that feed along the West Coast 
of the United States and southern British Columbia (50 CFR 224.101) and 
thus individuals from that DPS co-occur with MX DPS whales while in 
their feeding areas. The endangered WNP DPS, which has been estimated 
as including about 1,066 whales (CV = 0.079, Wade 2017), is described 
as including whales that feed primarily in the West Bering Sea and off 
the Russian coast and the Aleutian Islands (50 CFR 224.101) and thus 
individuals from this DPS also co-occur with MX DPS whales while in 
their feeding areas. Our understanding of these patterns may change as 
new data become available, and the patterns themselves may changes if 
the whales shift their distributions in response to changing ocean 
conditions, or as the listed DPSs undergo recovery and expand their 
feeding ranges.
    All three of these listed DPSs overlap spatially to varying degrees 
with the ``Hawaii DPS'' of humpback whales, which was found to not 
warrant listing under the ESA in 2016 (81 FR 62260, September 8, 2016). 
The ``Hawaii DPS,'' which has an estimated abundance of about 11,571 
whales (Wade 2017), breeds in waters around the Hawaiian Islands and 
has been observed on most of the known feeding grounds within the North 
Pacific (Bettridge et al. 2015). While these whales are no longer 
protected under the ESA (and critical habitat is not being designated 
for them), they continue to be managed under the MMPA.

Diet and Feeding Behaviors

    Humpback whales are filter feeders, gulping large volumes of prey 
and water during discrete lunges (Goldbogen et al. 2015). In general, 
humpback whales will lunge feed, both towards the surface and at 
depths, and can execute multiple lunges in one dive (Goldbogen et al. 
2008, Simon et al. 2012). Humpback whales are also capable of employing 
multiple techniques to herd or aggregate their prey while feeding, 
including the use of bubble structures, such as bubble nets, columns, 
clouds, and curtains (Jurasz and Jurasz 1979, Hain et al.1982). Other 
techniques include pectoral herding (Kosma et al. 2019), ``blaze 
feeding'' (flashing the white side of pectoral flipper at prey; Tomilin 
1957 cited in Brodie 1977, Sharpe 2001), flick feeding (lashing tail at 
the surface, Jurasz and Jurasz 1979), vertical rise and subsidence 
(creates a reduced pressure zone in the water column, Hays et al. 
1985), ``roiling'' the surface with flippers and flukes (Hain et al. 
1982), and trap-feeding (McMillan et al. 2019). Humpback whales may 
also work cooperatively in groups to herd and capture prey (Jurasz and 
Jurasz 1979, Baker 1985, D'Vincent et al. 1985). Foraging behaviors of 
the whales and use of various feeding strategies may vary depending on 
multiple factors, such as the particular target prey species, prey 
density, prey depth, and whether other whales are present (e.g., Simon 
et al. 2012, Witteveen et al. 2015, Szesciorka 2015, Burrows et al. 
2016, Akiyama et al. 2019).
    Satellite tagging efforts have provided some insights into the 
fine-scale movements of the whales while on the foraging grounds, 
indicating the duration, area, and variability in the areas over which 
the whales feed. For instance, in the summers of 2007 to 2011, Kennedy 
et al. (2014) deployed satellite tags on eight adult humpback whales in 
Unalaska Bay, Alaska, and tracked the whales for an average of 28 days 
(range = 8-67 days). Position data were then analyzed and categorized 
into one of three possible behavioral modes: Transiting; area-
restricted searching (ARS), or unclassified. The slower speeds and 
higher turning angles during ARS behavior are considered to be 
indicative of active foraging (Kennedy et al. 2014, citing Kareiva and 
Odell 1987, Mayo and Marx 1990). Results indicated that whales mainly 
stayed over shelf and slope habitat (1,000 m or shallower) while in ARS 
mode, and all but one whale remained relatively close to Unalaska Bay 
during the tracking period. One whale, however, left Unalaska Bay 3 
days after being tagged, traveling along the Bering Sea shelf towards 
Russia and covering almost 3,000 km in 26 days, indicating that the 
whales may in fact travel long distances during the feeding season 
(Kennedy et

[[Page 21124]]

al. 2014). Satellite tags deployed on whales tagged off central 
California in the summer/fall of 2004-2005 and in summer of 2017 and 
that were tracked for a minimum of 30 days, exhibited feeding behavior 
(as detected by ARS data) over an area that averaged 20,435.6 km\2\ 
(n=8, SE = 7322.8) and 17,684.4 km\2\ (n=7, SE = 13,927.6 km\2\), 
respectively (Mate et al. 2018). In the latter case, this average area 
extended from the Channel Islands in southern California to central 
Oregon. Similar tagging work off the Oregon coast in September/October 
in 2017 indicated the whales actively fed over areas of comparable size 
(average area = 17,215.6 km\2\; n=4; SE = 8,430.6), and for the few 
whales tagged, the feeding area extended from Point Arena, central 
California, to the southwest corner of Vancouver Island, British 
Columbia (Mate et al. 2018). The area over which whales actively feed 
(as indicated by ARS data over a minimum of 30-days) appears to be 
somewhat smaller in Southeast Alaska, where the average ARS area for 
whales tagged in summer of 1997 and in fall of 2014-2015 was 4,904.3 
km\2\ (n=3, SE = 1,728.8) and 2,862.7 km\2\ (n=4, SE = 1,834.2), 
respectively (Mate et al. 2018). Differences in the area over which the 
whales feed between years likely reflects a seasonal shift in target 
prey and prey distributions (Mate et al. 2018, Straley et al. 2018).

Geographical Area Occupied by the Species

    The phrase ``geographical area occupied by the species,'' which 
appears in the statutory definition of critical habitat, is defined by 
regulation as an area that may generally be delineated around species' 
occurrences, as determined by the Secretary (i.e., range) (50 CFR 
424.02). Such areas may include those areas used throughout all or part 
of the species' life cycle, even if not used on a regular basis (e.g., 
migratory corridors, seasonal habitats, and habitats used periodically, 
but not solely by vagrant individuals) (Id.). Below, we summarize 
information regarding the geographical area occupied by each of the 
three DPSs of humpback whales, each of which is a ``species'' as 
defined in the ESA. See 16 U.S.C. 1532(16) (defining ``species'' to 
include any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate 
fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature). Additional details on 
the range of each DPS are provided in the Final Biological Report (NMFS 
2020a).

Central America DPS

    The endangered CAM DPS is described as humpback whales that breed 
in waters off Central America in the North Pacific Ocean and feed along 
the West Coast of the United States and southern British Columbia (50 
CFR 224.101(h)). The breeding range of this DPS includes waters off the 
Pacific coast of Central America, from Panama north to Guatemala, and 
possibly into southern Mexico (Bettridge et al. 2015, Calambokidis et 
al. 2017). Whales from this DPS have been observed within foraging 
grounds along the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington (Barlow 
et al. 2011).
    In terms of distribution across their foraging range, CAM DPS 
whales are significantly more common in waters of southern California 
and occur in progressively decreasing numbers up the coast towards 
Washington and Southern British Columbia (Steiger et al. 1991; 
Rasmussen et al. 2001; Calambokidis et al. 2000, 2008, 2017). Of the 
humpback whales identified off the coast of Central America (n=31) in a 
photo-identification study conducted between 1981 and 1992, 84 percent 
were re-sighted off California (Calambokidis et al. 2000). This 
distribution pattern was also confirmed by the results of the SPLASH 
study, which indicated that out of 29 between-season photo-
identification matches of whales from the Central America breeding 
areas, 26 occurred within the California/Oregon feeding region and 3 
occurred within the northern Washington/southern British Columbia 
region (Barlow et al. 2011). Use of the Salish Sea by this DPS may be 
extremely limited, as suggested by the single re-sighting reported in 
Calambokidis et al. (2017), and no observations of these whales have 
been reported for waters off Alaska or in the Bering Sea.

Mexico DPS

    The threatened MX DPS of humpback whales is defined as humpback 
whales that breed or winter in the area of mainland Mexico and the 
Revillagigedo Islands, transit Baja California, or feed in the North 
Pacific Ocean, primarily off California-Oregon, northern Washington/
southern British Columbia, northern and western Gulf of Alaska, and 
East Bering Sea (50 CFR 223.102(e)). Of the three DPSs addressed in 
this proposed rule, the MX DPS has the broadest distribution within the 
U.S. portion of their range. Through the SPLASH study, photo-identified 
MX DPS whales were matched in all five of the major feeding areas in, 
or partially in, U.S. waters--i.e., California/Oregon (n=105 whales), 
northern Washington/southern British Columbia (n=27 whales), southeast 
Alaska/northern British Columbia (n=35 whales), the Gulf of Alaska 
(n=97 whales), and the Aleutian Islands/Bering Sea (n=27 whales, Barlow 
et al. 2011).
    In terms of their distribution across this range, whales using 
different portions of the MX DPS breeding area appear to target 
different feeding destinations. During SPLASH surveys, whales that had 
been photo-identified along the Pacific coast of mainland Mexico were 
sighted in highest numbers off the coast of California and Oregon (97 
of 164 total matches), suggesting that this is their primary foraging 
destination (Calambokidis et al. 2008, Barlow et al. 2011). Although 
whales sighted off mainland Mexico also travel to the more northern 
latitude feeding areas, the MX DPS whales sighted around the 
Revillagigedo Archipeligo had more matches overall to Alaska feeding 
areas and had higher match rates to the northern Gulf of Alaska feeding 
area in particular (44 of 87 matches; Calambokidis et al. 2008).
    Multiple studies have reported sightings of a small number of 
whales in both the Mexico and Hawaii breeding areas (e.g., n=1, Darling 
and McSweeney 1985; n=5, Calambokidis et al. 2001; n=17, Calambokidis 
et al. 2008). Detections of shared song composition among whales from 
different breeding locations along with presence of whales in mid-ocean 
tropical waters during the breeding season also suggest some form of 
contact between whales from different breeding populations (Darling et 
al. 2019a and 2019b). Overall, interchange among breeding areas appears 
to be rare, and remains poorly understood in terms of its biological 
significance.

Western North Pacific DPS

    Humpback whales of the endangered WNP DPS are listed as humpback 
whales that breed or winter in the area of Okinawa and the Philippines 
in the Kuroshio Current (as well as unknown breeding grounds in the 
Western North Pacific Ocean), transit the Ogasawara area, or feed in 
the North Pacific Ocean, primarily in the West Bering Sea and off the 
Russian coast and the Aleutian Islands (50 CFR 224.101(h)). Whales from 
this DPS have been sighted in foraging areas off the coast of Russia, 
primarily Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands, as well as in the Bering Sea 
and Gulf of Alaska, and off northern and southern British Columbia 
(Darling et al. 1996, Calambokidis et al. 2001, Barlow et al. 2011). 
Although some

[[Page 21125]]

genetic data suggest WNP DPS whales may infrequently occur off the 
coast of Washington (Palacios et al. 2020), this DPS is generally not 
thought to use the feeding areas off Washington, Oregon, and 
California.
    Several studies have reported sightings of a small number of photo-
identified whales in both the Asia (off Japan or the Philippines) and 
Hawaii breeding areas (e.g., n=1, Darling and Cerchio 1993; n=3, Salden 
et al. 1999; n=4, Calambokidis et al. 2001; n=2, Calambokidis et al. 
2008); however, the significance of these movement to either the WNP 
DPS or the non-listed population of humpback whales that breed around 
Hawaii has not been established.
    In terms of their distribution across the U.S. portion of their 
range, whales of the WNP DPS are most likely to be found off the 
Aleutian Islands and in the Bering Sea (Wade et al. 2016, Wade 2017). 
Although very limited in number, photo-identified whales from the 
breeding areas of this DPS have also been sighted in the Kodiak and 
Shumagin Island regions of Alaska (Calambokidis et al. 2001, Witteveen 
et al. 2004, Calambokidis et al. 2008). During the SPLASH study (2004-
2006), photo-identified individuals from this DPS were matched to the 
Gulf of Alaska (n=3), the Aleutian Islands/Bering Sea (n=7), and the 
Russia feeding regions (n=25, Calambokidis et al. 2008). The WNP DPS 
whales had the lowest match rates during the SPLASH study, with less 
than 10 percent of whales from the sampled Asian breeding locations 
observed in a feeding area (Calambokidis et al. 2008). Likely 
explanations for the low proportion of matches of whales from the WNP 
DPS include under-sampling of their feeding destinations (e.g., western 
Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea) and the existence of unknown, unsampled 
breeding grounds (Calambokidis et al. 2008, Barlow et al. 2011).
    The regulatory definition of the WNP DPS reflects that the breeding 
range of the WNP DPS is not yet fully resolved. At the time of listing, 
the breeding range of this DPS was known to include the waters off 
Okinawa and the Philippines in the area of the Babuyan Islands (Barlow 
et al. 2011, Bettridge et al. 2015, Wade et al. 2016), but additional 
breeding areas were suspected due to the very low percentage of matches 
for whales from feeding areas used by this DPS (Calambokidis et al. 
2008). Recent evidence suggests that an additional breeding area for 
the WNP DPS is located off the Mariana Islands. Humpback whale song has 
been detected on passive acoustic recorders within the Mariana 
Archipelago in winter months (December-April; Fulling et al. 2011, 
Oleson et al. 2015). Humpback whales have also been infrequently 
sighted near the Mariana Islands, mainly off of Saipan (Fulling et al. 
2011; Hill et al. 2016, 2017); and, although no humpback whales were 
sighted in this area between 2009-2013 (Fulling et al. 2011, Hill et 
al. 2014, Ligon et al. 2013), a total of 14 mother-calf pairs and 27 
non-calf whales were observed in the southern portion of the 
archipelago during February and March of 2015-2018 (Hill et al. 2020). 
Photo-identification and genetic data for whales sampled off Saipan 
within the Mariana Archipelago in February-March 2015-2018, provide 
evidence that some of these whales belong to the WNP DPS (Hill et al. 
2020). Specifically, comparisons with existing WNP humpback whale 
photo-identification catalogs showed that 11 of 43 (26 percent) whales 
within the Mariana Archipelago humpback whale catalog were previously 
sighted in WNP breeding areas (Japan and Philippines) and/or in a WNP 
feeding area (Commander Islands; Hill et al. 2020). Mitochondrial DNA 
analyses comparing 24 individual humpback whales sampled within the 
Mariana Archipelago to ones sampled in known breeding areas throughout 
the Pacific demonstrated significant differentiation from the 
Philippines, Okinawa, Hawai'i, and Central America (Hill et al. 2020). 
No population structure was demonstrated between the Mariana 
Archipelago and Ogasawara or Mexico breeding areas (Hill et al. 2020). 
Comparisons of samples from the Mariana Archipelago to known foraging 
areas demonstrated significant differentiation from foraging areas in 
Northern British Columbia, the Bering Sea, California/Oregon, Southeast 
Alaska, and the Northern Gulf of Alaska; no population structure was 
demonstrated between the Mariana Archipelago and foraging areas in 
Russia, the Aleutian Islands, Western Gulf of Alaska, and Southern 
British Columbia/Washington (Hill et al. 2020). While the available 
data suggest that the Mariana Archipelago may serve as humpback whale 
breeding habitat, and that at least some of these whales likely belong 
to the endangered WNP DPS, additional data are needed to fully resolve 
the extent to which WNP DPS whales are relying on areas around the 
Mariana Islands as a breeding/calving habitat and the essential 
features of the specific area(s) being used for breeding and calving. 
Thus, at this time, the best available scientific information does not 
support designating these areas as critical habitat for the WNP DPS.

Physical and Biological Features Essential to the Conservation of the 
Species

    The statutory definition of occupied critical habitat refers to 
``physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the 
species,'' but the ESA does not specifically define or further describe 
these features. ESA-implementing regulations, however, define such 
features as the features that occur in specific areas and that are 
essential to support the life-history needs of the species, including 
but not limited to, water characteristics, soil type, geological 
features, sites, prey, vegetation, symbiotic species, or other 
features. A feature may be a single habitat characteristic, or a more 
complex combination of habitat characteristics. Features may include 
habitat characteristics that support ephemeral or dynamic habitat 
conditions. Features may also be expressed in terms relating to 
principles of conservation biology, such as patch size, distribution 
distances, and connectivity (50 CFR 424.02).
    To assess habitat features that may qualify as ``essential to the 
conservation'' of humpback whales, the CHRT discussed physical and 
biological features that are essential to support the life history 
needs of humpback whales within the areas they occupy within U.S. 
waters (see 50 CFR 424.02 (defining ``physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of the species'')). The CHRT considered 
and evaluated various features of humpback whale habitat, such as prey, 
migratory corridors or conditions, and sound/soundscape. Significant 
considerations, CHRT discussions, and conclusions are summarized in the 
proposed rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019) and the Final Biological 
Report. Ultimately, as discussed in the following paragraphs, the CHRT 
identified humpback whale prey as an essential biological feature of 
the occupied critical habitat and found that the best available 
scientific information does not currently support recognizing 
additional essential features. In our responses to comments, above, we 
explained our reasoning in greater detail. In response to public 
comments requesting that additional specificity be added to the 
proposed prey feature, we reviewed and reconsidered the available 
literature regarding humpback whale prey and, as discussed in the 
following section, have revised the single, general prey feature that 
was originally proposed so that a tailored essential feature is 
presented

[[Page 21126]]

separately for each humpback whale DPS to include a non-exhaustive list 
of key prey species for each DPS.

Prey as an Essential Feature

    Although written for the taxonomic species and thus now outdated, 
the 1991 NMFS Recovery Plan for humpback whales identified four major 
recovery objectives, the first of which was, ``maintain and enhance 
habitats used by humpback whales currently or historically'' (NMFS 
1991). As part of that objective, we had identified multiple 
recommended actions to further the species' recovery, including 
``providing adequate nutrition'' and ``monitoring levels of prey 
abundance'' (NMFS 1991). The Recovery Plan stated that adequate 
nutrition is needed for the recovery of the species, and emphasized the 
need to maintain and optimize levels of, and access to, prey (NMFS 
1991). The Recovery Plan also noted that humpback whales require access 
to prey over a sufficiently widespread feeding range to buffer them 
from local fluctuations in productivity or fisheries removals (NMFS 
1991). These considerations regarding adequate nutrition and prey 
abundance and availability are still relevant today for the MX, CAM, 
and WNP DPSs of humpback whales.
    Whales from each of these three DPSs travel to U.S. coastal waters 
specifically to access energy-rich feeding areas, and the high degree 
of loyalty to specific locations indicates the importance of these 
feeding areas. Because humpback whales only rarely feed on breeding 
grounds and during migrations, humpback whales must have access to 
adequate prey resources within their feeding areas to build up their 
fat stores and meet the nutritional and energy demands associated with 
individual survival, growth, reproduction, lactation, seasonal 
migrations, and other normal life functions. Essentially, while on 
feeding grounds, the whales must finance the energetic costs associated 
with migration to breeding areas, reproductive activities, as well as 
the energetic costs associated with their return migration to high-
latitude feeding areas. Fat storage has been linked to reproductive 
efficiency in other species of large, migratory, baleen whales (Lockyer 
2007), and some evidence suggests that variation in prey availability 
during summer is directly connected to variation in annual reproductive 
rates for humpback whales in the following year (Clapham 1993). Calf 
condition has also been significantly correlated with female body 
condition (low calf body condition with lower female condition) for 
humpback whales in Australia (Christiansen et al. 2016), and, of all 
life stages, lactating females have the highest energy demands 
(McMillan 2014). Thus, it is essential that the whales have reliable 
access to quality prey within their feeding areas, and that prey are 
sufficiently abundant to support feeding and ultimately, population 
growth.
    Humpback whales are generalists, consuming a variety of prey while 
foraging and also switching between target prey depending on what is 
most abundant or, potentially, of highest quality in the system 
(Witteveen et al. 2008, Witteveen et al. 2015, Fleming et al. 2016, 
Moran and Straley 2018). Relative abundance and distribution of 
humpback whale prey species are also temporally and spatially dynamic 
on multiple scales due to the influences of various ecological (e.g., 
spawning seasonality), physical (e.g., upwelling), environmental (e.g., 
ocean conditions, climate change), and, potentially, anthropogenic 
factors (e.g., commercial fisheries). Despite these sources of 
variability, substantial data indicate that the humpback whales' diet 
is consistently dominated by euphausiids and small pelagic fishes 
(Nemoto 1957, Nemoto 1959, Klumov 1963, Rice Krieger and Wing 1984, 
Baker 1985, Kieckhefer 1992, Clapham et al. 1997, Witteveen et al. 
2011, Neilson et al. 2015).
    Within CCE, the highly productive coastal system that extends from 
British Columbia, Canada to the southern Baja California Peninsula, 
humpback whales feed on euphausiids (specifically Thysanoessa, 
Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, and Nematoscelis), Pacific sardine (Sardinops 
sagax), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and Pacific herring 
(Clupea pallasii; Rice 1963, Kieckhefer 1992, Clapham et al. 1997; 
Fleming et al. 2016). That these species consistently occur in the 
humpback whale diet and are targeted by humpback whales in this region 
is supported by stomach content analyses, fecal sample analyses, direct 
observations, and stable isotope analyses (NMFS 2020a). Significant 
fluctuations in the abundances of these prey species in the CCE has 
also been reflected in their relative contributions to the humpback 
whale diet over time (e.g., Clapham et al. 1997, Fleming et al. 2016).
    Other diet items reported for humpback whales in the CCE include 
copepods (species not indicated), sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), 
and juvenile rockfish (Sebastes; Kieckhefer 1992). Copepods and squid 
were identified in only a small number of stomachs (12 and 1, 
respectively, out of 287 total), from whales captured off of British 
Columbia, Canada, during 1949- 1965; whereas, euphausiids occurred in 
263 (of 287) stomachs, (Ford et al. 2009). Ford et al. (2009) also 
report observing humpback whales consuming sand lance (along with 
euphausiids, herring, and sardine) during studies conducted off British 
Columbia in 2002-2007, but data are not provided to further evaluate 
this statement. (The researchers also state that their observations and 
prey sampling indicated that euphausiids were the primary prey of the 
humpback whales (Ford et al. 2009).) Information on juvenile rockfish 
as prey is similarly limited. Specifically, Kieckhefer (1992) reported 
that, on one occasion, surface-feeding humpback whales were observed 
feeding on what was tentatively identified as juvenile rockfish 
(Sebastes spp.). Overall, the available data are not sufficient to 
indicate these other species are essential prey for humpback whales, 
especially within the U.S. portion of the CCE.
    In the waters off Alaska, including in the Gulf of Alaska, around 
the eastern Aleutian Islands, and in the eastern Bering Sea, humpback 
whales feed primarily on euphausiids (Thysanoessa and Euphausia) and 
small fishes, including capelin (Mallotus villosus), Pacific herring 
(Clupea pallasii), juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus; 
formerly, Theragra chalcogramma), and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes 
personatus) (e.g., Nemoto 1959, Klumov 1965, Jurasz and Jurasz 1979, 
Kawamura 1980, Krieger and Wing 1984, Witteveen et al. 2008, Witteveen 
et al. 2012, Neilson et al. 2015, Wright et al. 2016, Moran and Straley 
2018). Evidence indicating that these species regularly occur in the 
humpback whale diet comes from stomach content analyses, stable isotope 
analyses, and direct observations coupled with prey sampling (NMFS 
2020a). These species are broadly distributed within the Gulf of Alaska 
and eastern Bering Sea systems (e.g., Simonsen et al. 2016, Ormseth 
2014, Ormseth et al. 2016, Ormseth 2017), and serve as important prey 
for other upper-trophic level predators including sea birds, seals, 
other whales, and commercially valuable fishes.
    Other fish species that have been reported as part of the humpback 
whale diet for the Gulf of Alaska and/or Bering Sea regions but not 
ultimately determined to be significant or essential prey include 
eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), Pacific sandfish (Trichodon 
trichodon), surf smelt (Hypomesus pretious), Atka mackerel 
(Pleurogrammus monopterygius),

[[Page 21127]]

Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis), 
Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), rockfish (Sebastes), juvenile salmon 
(SPP), and myctophids (primarily Stenobrachius leucopsarus; Thompson 
1940, Nemoto 1959, Klumov 1965, Tomilin 1967, Neilson and Gabriele 
2008, Witteveen et al. 2008, Wright et al. 2016, Moran and Straley 
2018). The available data regarding the occurrence of these species in 
the diet are limited however. For instance, most observations of 
humpback whales feeding on salmon are anecdotal or unquantified (Klumov 
1967, Neilson et al. 2013); and where quantitative information is 
available, predation on salmon appears to be rare (Moran and Straley 
2018). Anecdotal observations of humpback whales feeding on hatchery 
released salmon have also been reported, but results of a study at five 
release sites in Southeast Alaska over a 6-year period (2010- 2015), 
indicated that in the majority of instances where humpback whale were 
observed near release sites (100 of 124 sightings), only a single whale 
was sighted (Chenoweth et al. 2017). In many cases, quantitative data 
on consumption of certain fish species, such as eulachon and sand fish, 
are lacking or do not otherwise indicate that the particular species 
are important in the diet. For example, stable isotope analyses for 
samples collected from humpback whales in the Kodiak region during 
summers from 2004- 2013 indicate that sand fish and eulachon were among 
the least important prey sources or made insignificant contributions to 
the diet, which results indicated was mainly comprised of krill, 
capelin, and age-0 pollock (Witteveen et al. 2012, Wright et al. 2016). 
Other data substantiating the importance or prevalence of sandfish and 
eulachon in the humpback whale diet are not available. Based on 
analysis of stomach contents of whales taken by Japanese whaling 
expeditions from 1952-1958, Nemoto (1957, 1959) reported that humpback 
whales preferentially fed on Atka mackerel in waters west of Attu 
Island and south of Amchitka Island, in the western Aleutians and far 
to the west of the areas proposed as critical habitat. We are not aware 
of other data or records of Atka mackerel being taken by humpback 
whales within U.S. waters or in any areas that were proposed for 
designation as critical habitat. Thompson (1940) reported that a high 
percentage of stomachs from whales harvested in 1937 from waters 
southeast of Kodiak contained surf smelt (78 percent, 21 of 27 
stomachs), but occurrence of surf smelt in the diet has not been 
supported by other studies. Possible explanations for the lack of surf 
smelt in more recent diet studies include a dramatic change in relative 
abundance of surf smelt, species misidentification, or inadvertent 
omission of species in the stomach samples examined by Thompson (1940) 
(Witteveen et al. 2006).
    Data are even more limited for other reported diet items, such as 
rockfish, cod species, and various invertebrates (e.g., copepods, 
mysids, amphipods, pteropods, shrimps; NMFS 2020a). Many of these diet 
items were recorded in older studies based on observations or 
evaluation of stomach contents, and in many instances for whales taken 
in Russian waters (e.g., Klumov 1965). In some cases, available 
information suggests that these other species are unimportant in the 
humpback whale diet (NMFS 2020a). For example, copepods were often 
reported by Nemoto (1957, 1959, 1977) in the stomachs of humpback but 
were not considered intentional targets given the distribution of 
humpback whales relative to copepods and their low number in the 
stomachs relative to their abundance (Nemoto 1959). In other cases, the 
prey have very limited or non-quantified occurrence in the diet, so 
conclusions regarding their importance as prey are not possible (e.g., 
cods, Thompson 1940, Nemoto 1957, Klumov 1965). The Final Biological 
Report (NMFS 202a) provides additional information and references for 
other documented and possible prey species of humpback whales in 
different feeding regions. Overall, there is insufficient information 
to clearly establish that each of these previously documented or 
reported prey species is important to the humpback whale diet in U.S. 
waters, and that each of these species can therefore be considered 
essential the conservation of the listed DPSs.
    Humpback whales are not known to limit their selection of prey to 
particular age classes of the majority of their prey species; however, 
humpback whales have been documented to consume fish <=30 cm in length 
(Nemoto 1959). Available data also suggest that humpback whales consume 
age-0, young-of-year, and age-1 walleye pollock (Krieger and Wing 1986, 
Witteveen et al. 2008 and 2012, Wright et al. 2016). Therefore, we have 
specified ``juvenile'' walleye pollock in the revised prey feature 
description for the two DPSs occurring in waters off Alaska where 
walleye pollock occur within the humpback whale diet.
    Based on the best scientific data available, we have now identified 
the following biological features essential to the conservation of each 
particular DPS.
    CAM DPS: Prey species, primarily euphausiids (Thysanoessa, 
Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, and Nematoscelis) and small pelagic schooling 
fishes, such as Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy 
(Engraulis mordax), and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), of 
sufficient quality, abundance, and accessibility within humpback whale 
feeding areas to support feeding and population growth.
    WNP DPS: Prey species, primarily euphausiids (Thysanoessa and 
Euphausia) and small pelagic schooling fishes, such as Pacific herring 
(Clupea pallasii), capelin (Mallotus villosus), juvenile walleye 
pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes 
personatus) of sufficient quality, abundance, and accessibility within 
humpback whale feeding areas to support feeding and population growth.
    MX DPS: Prey species, primarily euphausiids (Thysanoessa, 
Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, and Nematoscelis) and small pelagic schooling 
fishes, such as Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy 
(Engraulis mordax), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), capelin 
(Mallotus villosus), juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), 
and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) of sufficient quality, 
abundance, and accessibility within humpback whale feeding areas to 
support feeding and population growth.
    As generalist predators that may opportunistically switch which 
prey they are targeting, humpback whales will consume other prey in 
addition to those we identify here in the description of the essential 
biological features, and those other prey species may in fact be 
essential to the conservation of the listed humpback whales. However, 
the best available data do not allow us to provide an exhaustive list 
of all prey species that may be essential to the whales' conservation. 
Given the dynamic nature of the prey populations, it is also not 
possible to specify which of the identified common prey species will 
form the majority of the humpback whale diet at a particular location 
or point in time. However, to provide the most possible notice to the 
public of the features that are essential to the conservation of 
humpback whales, we are providing the most detailed description that 
current data allow. The three essential prey features identify those 
prey species that commonly occur within the humpback whale diet and 
that are known to occur within the feeding areas of the listed humpback 
whale DPSs. These species are thus examples of prey that can be 
essential

[[Page 21128]]

to the conservation of the particular DPS within the specific areas of 
U.S. waters where the DPS occurs. Because the feeding ranges and 
primary prey within those feeding ranges are not the same for each of 
the DPSs, a separate prey essential feature is described for each 
humpback whale DPS. We note, however, that there is considerable 
overlap in terms of the prey species identified for each DPS, which is 
a reflection of the fact that the feeding ranges of the DPSs also 
overlap to varying extents. Specifically, both the MX and CAM DPSs feed 
within the CCE on euphausiids, anchovy, sardine, and herring; and 
within feeding areas off of Alaska, both the WNP and MX DPSs feed on 
euphausiids, herring, capelin, juvenile walleye pollock, and sand 
lance. When Federal agency actions undergo section 7 consultation, the 
analysis will be based on the best available scientific and commercial 
data at that time.

Special Management Considerations or Protection

    A specific area within the geographic area occupied by a species 
may only be designated as critical habitat if the areas contains one or 
more essential physical or biological features that ``may require 
special management considerations or protection'' (16 U.S.C. 
1532(5)(A)(ii); 50 CFR 424.12(b)(iv)). ``Special management 
considerations or protection'' is defined as methods or procedures 
useful in protecting the physical or biological features essential to 
the conservation of listed species (50 CFR 424.02). As discussed 
previously, courts have made clear that the ``may require'' standard 
requires that NMFS determine that special management considerations or 
protection of the features might be required either now or in the 
future; such considerations or protection need not be immediately 
required (see Critical Habitat Definition and Process). Four broad 
categories of actions, or threats, were identified as having the 
potential to negatively impact the essential prey features and the 
ability of feeding areas to support the conservation of listed humpback 
whales in the North Pacific: Climate change, direct harvest of the prey 
by fisheries, marine pollution, and underwater noise. Each of these 
threats could independently or in combination result in the need for 
special management or protections of the essential prey feature. The 
``may require'' standard is met or exceeded with respect to management 
of the essential prey feature. We do not speculate as to what specific 
conservation measures might be required in the future through section 7 
consultations on particular proposed Federal actions. However, we can 
point, for example, to our authorities to manage Federal fisheries 
under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 
U.S.C. 1801, et seq.) to demonstrate that management of the prey 
feature is not only possible but is ongoing. We find that many of the 
other threats identified are of a type that could also be ameliorated 
through specific measures now or in the future. We therefore conclude 
that the prey feature may require special management considerations or 
protection. These threat categories are summarized here and discussed 
in more detail in the Final Biological Report.

Climate Change

    Multiple studies have detected changes in the abundance, quality, 
and distribution of species that serve as prey for humpback whales in 
association with climate shifts, particularly with ocean warming. The 
nature and extent of impacts have varied across study areas and 
species; however, in many cases, ocean warming has led to negative 
impacts on humpback whale prey species. For instance, in the CCE, 
during the anomalous warming of the upper ocean and weak upwelling from 
2013--2016, often referred to as the ``blob'' or the ``warm blob,'' 
sharp decreases in euphausiid biomass were observed, as evidenced by 
declines in both abundance and body length (Harvey et al. 2017, 
Peterson et al. 2017). Comparisons of samples collected in the Northern 
California Current region during years of cool (2011, 2012), average 
(2000, 2002), and warm (2015, 2016) conditions, also indicated that 
body condition of northern anchovy, Pacific herring, and Pacific 
sardine were better in cool years compared to warm years, and 
significantly so for anchovy and herring (Brodeur et al. 2018). Climate 
change may also alter the spatial and temporal distributions of 
humpback prey species (Bakun et al. 2015, Auth et al. 2018), which may 
lead to corresponding shifts in marine mammal distributions as well as 
other changes in the ecology of the whales (King et al. 2011, Moore et 
al. 2019).
    Consequences of climate-driven and climate-related reductions in 
the quality and abundance of prey species can cascade upwardly through 
ecosystems by decreasing energy transfers to higher trophic levels and 
potentially causing reproductive failures and die-offs of some 
predators (Coyle et al. 2011, Woodworth-Jefcoats et al. 2017, Zador and 
Yasumiishi 2017 and 2018, Bordeur et al. 2018, Jones et al. 2018). 
Observations of whales with poor body condition, called ``skinny 
whales'' due to their emaciated appearance, have been reported in 
recent years in Prince William Sound and Glacier Bay, Alaska (Straley 
et al. 2018; and see https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/620535). The lowest calving rates on record (since 1985) have also been 
observed in recent years (2016-2018, https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/620535) in Southeast Alaska, and juvenile return rates to 
the area are also low (Gabriele and Neilson 2018; see also Cartwright 
et al. 2019). It is not yet clear whether nutritional stress or some 
other factor (e.g., parasites, disease) is the cause of the poor body 
condition and observed low calving rates of these whales, but some 
researchers hypothesize that reduced prey availability and/or quality 
driven by the marine heat wave of 2013-2016 and other climate factors 
is the likely cause (Gabriele and Neilson 2018).
    Additional discussion on the potential impacts of climate change on 
humpback whale prey, including the related effects of eutrophication, 
harmful algal blooms, and ocean acidification is provided in the Final 
Biological Report (NMFS 2020a).

Direct Harvest

    Within the areas under consideration for designation, a few 
fisheries directly target prey species that form a major part of the 
humpback whale diet (e.g., Pacific herring, Pacific sardine, northern 
anchovy), and other fisheries can incidentally capture important prey 
species. This creates the potential for direct competition between 
humpback whales and certain fisheries (Trites et al. 1997). In fact, 
current management of key forage species like Pacific sardine and 
northern anchovy under their associated Federal fishery management plan 
includes a specific objective of providing adequate forage for 
dependent species, like whales and other higher trophic level species 
(PFMC 2019). Consequences of prey depletion as a result of fishing 
activities are also likely to be exacerbated in years when alternative 
humpback whale prey species are naturally low in abundance due to 
climate or environmental factors. Sufficient depletion of prey on the 
feeding grounds can lead to nutritional stress, which in turn can lead 
to decreases in body condition, size, reproductive output, and survival 
(as in Steller sea lions, Trites and Donnelly 2003; gray whales, 
Bradford et al. 2012; right whales, Seyboth et al. 2016). For humpback 
whales in the Atlantic

[[Page 21129]]

Ocean, there is some evidence that variation in prey availability 
during the summer may be connected to variation in annual reproductive 
rates in the following year (Clapham 1993).

Marine Pollution

    Although pollution was not identified as a significant threat to 
any of the North Pacific DPSs of humpback whales in the recent status 
review (Bettridge et al. 2015), consumption of contaminated or low 
quality prey may negatively affect the health, population growth, and 
ultimately the recovery of listed humpback whales. Humpback whales are 
susceptible to bioaccumulation of lipophilic contaminants because they 
have long lifespans and large fat deposits in their tissues. Some 
contaminants may also be passed to young whales during gestation and 
lactation (as in fin whales, Aguilar and Borrell 1994). In comparisons 
of samples collected from Northern Hemisphere feeding grounds, Elfes et 
al. (2010) reported that concentrations of contaminants within humpback 
whale blubber were high in southern California and in the Northern Gulf 
of Maine. Marine pollution in the form of plastics is also a concern 
for marine systems worldwide, and microplastics in particular have 
entered into marine systems and food webs. Microplastics could be 
consumed via contaminated prey or ingested directly by whales when 
microplastics co-occur in the water column with target prey.
    Marine pollution may also lead to secondary impacts on the whales' 
habitat. For instance, pollution from untreated industrial and domestic 
wastewater may be contributing to the occurrences of algal blooms. 
During some algal blooms, toxins (e.g., saxitoxin, domoic acid) can 
become increasingly concentrated as they move up the food chain. 
Although much of the humpback whales' prey are lower trophic-level 
species, several unusual mortality events have been documented in the 
Atlantic Ocean, indicating that such toxins can pose a concern for 
humpback whales (Geraci et al. 1989, Gulland 2006).

Ocean Noise

    Effects of noise on fish and zooplankton species, which is a topic 
of increasing research attention, may range from health and fitness 
consequences to mortality and reductions in abundance (Popper and 
Hastings 2009, Kight and Swaddle 2011, Radford et al. 2014). For 
instance, there is evidence that marine seismic surveys can result in 
behavioral effects as well as significant injury and mortality of 
fishes and zooplankton (McCauley et al. 2017, Carroll et al. 2017); 
however, such impacts may be relatively short in duration and spatially 
limited (to within the survey footprint and extending out ~15 km) and 
may be minimized by ocean circulation (Richardson et al. 2017). 
Available research also suggests that other noises in the marine 
environment from sources such as impact pile driving and underwater 
explosives may have negative consequences on certain species of fish 
and invertebrates such as trauma or tissue damage, mortality (of 
various life stages), stress, disruptions of schooling, or reduced 
foraging success (Popper and Hastings 2009, Weilgart 2017). Whether and 
how specific humpback whale prey are currently being impacted by 
various noise sources and levels is not yet clear, but the available 
information is sufficient to indicate that ocean noise poses a 
management concern for many fish and invertebrate species such that 
they may require management considerations or protection (Hawkins and 
Popper 2017).

Unoccupied Areas

    Section 3(5)(A)(ii) of the ESA authorizes the designation of 
specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species if 
those areas are determined to be essential for the conservation of the 
species. Implementing regulations require that we first evaluate areas 
occupied by the species and only consider unoccupied areas where a 
critical habitat designation limited to geographical areas occupied 
would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species (50 CFR 
424.12(b)(2)). An occupied area can only be considered essential if 
there is a reasonable certainty both that it contains one or more of 
the essential physical or biological features and that it will in fact 
contribute to the conservation of the species (Id.).
    Although humpback whale abundances were greatly reduced throughout 
their range by commercial whaling (Rice 1978, Rice and Wolman 1982, 
Johnson and Wolman 1984), they still occur in areas where they were 
once targeted by commercial whaling operations (e.g., Zerbini et al. 
2006), and the NMFS 2017 Marine Mammal Stock Assessments for the 
Western and Central North Pacific regions concluded that humpback 
whales are currently found throughout their historical feeding range 
(Muto et al. 2018). As indicated in the proposed rule (84 FR 54354, 
October 9, 2019), we find that a designation limited to geographical 
areas occupied by humpback whales at the time of listing would be 
adequate to conserve the three listed DPSs and that there are no 
unoccupied areas that are essential to the recovery of the listed 
humpback whale DPSs.

Specific Areas Containing the Essential Feature

    To determine what areas qualify as critical habitat within the 
geographical area occupied by the species, we are required to identify 
``specific areas'' that contain the physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of the species (50 CFR 
424.12(b)(1)(iii)). Delineation of the specific areas is done ``at a 
scale determined by the Secretary [of Commerce] to be appropriate'' (50 
CFR 424.12(b)(1)). Regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(c) also require that 
each critical habitat area be shown on a map. To create maps of the 
specific areas meeting the definition of critical habitat for each DPS, 
the CHRT considered, among other things, the scales at which biological 
data are available and the availability of standardized geographical 
data necessary to map boundaries. As noted previously, the ESA 
implementing regulations allow for flexibility in determining the 
appropriate scale at which specific areas are drawn (50 CFR 
424.12(b)(1)).
    Based on a review of the best available data, the CHRT delineated 
specific areas along the coasts of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and 
California that meet the definition of critical habitat for one or more 
of the three DPSs of whales (Figure 1). Specific areas were also 
further delineated into 19 particular areas or units to facilitate 
subsequent analyses for each humpback whale DPS under section 4(b)(2) 
of the ESA (e.g., consideration of economic impacts). See 16 U.S.C. 
1533(b)(2). Each of these areas meets the definition of ``critical 
habitat'' because the best available scientific data indicate that the 
area is occupied by the particular DPS and the essential feature is 
present, as evidenced by documented feeding behavior of the whales in 
these areas, humpback whale sightings data, and/or presence of humpback 
whale prey.
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P

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[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21AP21.066

BILLING CODE 3510-22-C
    In delineating and mapping the specific areas, the CHRT applied 
identified datasets in a systematic way across regions and DPSs to 
ensure consistency in how boundaries were determined. The approach and 
data used by the CHRT, which we summarize here, were described in the 
proposed rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019) and are also discussed in 
further detail in the Final Biological Report (NMFS 2020a), which 
describes their updated assessment in response to public comments.
    Although the humpback whale feeding BIAs as delineated by Ferguson 
et al. (2015a and 2015c) and

[[Page 21131]]

Calambokidis et al. (2015) were not intended to be synonymous with 
critical habitat under the ESA, they were regarded by the CHRT as an 
important source of information and very informative to their review of 
areas that meet the definition of critical habitat for humpback whales. 
In delineating the specific critical habitat areas, the CHRT considered 
the humpback whale BIAs and the underlying sources used to help 
delineate the BIAs. In some instances, BIA boundaries were used to 
determine the boundaries for critical habitat areas. The CHRT also 
decided that the BIAs should remain intact within a given specific 
critical habitat area unless there was a compelling reason to change or 
divide it, because the BIAs are well described, discrete delineations 
of habitat based on thorough review of existing data that generally 
fall within larger delineations of humpback whale feeding regions.
    For U.S. West Coast areas (Washington, Oregon, and California), the 
CHRT applied the results of a habitat model for the CCE that 
incorporated 275 humpback whale sightings from seven systematic line-
transect cetacean surveys conducted in summer and fall (July-December) 
between 1991-2009 (Becker et al. 2016) and a habitat model for southern 
California (i.e., Units 16-19) that incorporated 53 humpback whale 
sightings from 20 surveys conducted between 2005 and 2015 during winter 
and spring (January-April, Becker et al. 2017). Predictions from the 
summer/fall models were made for the entire U.S. West Coast from the 
coast to 300 nmi offshore (the study area was approximately 1,141,800 
km\2\). Predictions from the winter/spring models were made in a subset 
of this region: South of 38[deg] N and east of 125[deg] W (the study 
areas was approximately 385,460 km\2\). The Becker et al. 2016 and 2017 
models summarize expected humpback whale distributions in the CCE over 
a long time-period and incorporate oceanographic variability observed 
during the surveys.
    The Becker et al. (2016 and 2017) models predicted humpback whale 
abundance in approximately 10 by 10 km grid cells. Cells containing the 
highest 90 percent of the predicted study area abundance were used to 
help delineate the offshore extent of the specific areas. (All or 100 
percent of the predicted abundance had a distribution that extended out 
to and even beyond the U.S. EEZ.) The Becker et al. (2016 and 2017) 
predictions also contributed to delineating the north/south boundaries 
between particular habitat units. As no such coast-wide habitat model 
is available for Alaska, the CHRT relied on published surveys and 
available sightings data. Where available, humpback whale sightings 
data were mapped and overlaid with the BIAs to inform selection of 
boundaries between specific areas.
    For applicable habitat units, the CHRT also considered the polygons 
derived from ARS data from satellite-tagged whales (Mate et al. 2018). 
These polygons provided information regarding where and the area over 
which the whales may feed, and thus these data provided additional 
support for the delineation of relevant specific critical habitat 
areas.
    To determine appropriate nearshore boundaries for the specific 
areas, the CHRT used humpback whale sightings data from multiple 
studies (e.g., Calambokidis et al. 2008, Zerbini et al. 2006, Baker et 
al. 2016). Collectively, the sightings datasets represent results of 
different types of sampling efforts (e.g., targeted small boat surveys, 
systematic line-transect surveys), different time-periods (2001-2003, 
2004, 2005), and different study locations. The CHRT generated depth 
frequency histograms from all these sightings in Alaska and for all 
sightings off of Washington, Oregon, and California to delineate the 
shoreward boundary for critical habitat units in each of those 
respective regions. Based on these data, the 1-m depth contour 
(relative to mean lower low water (MLLW)) or a BIA boundary, whichever 
was closer to shore, was selected as the nearshore boundary for the 
habitat units in Alaska. Humpback whales in Alaska have frequently been 
observed feeding extremely close to shore during high tide (J. Moran, 
AFSC, pers. comm., May 23, 2018), which comports with the CHRT's 
selection of the 1-m depth contour (or isobath). Based on the available 
data for the U.S. West Coast, the CHRT selected the 50-m isobaths as 
the shoreward boundary for each specific area except in cases where 
doing so would clip out a portion of a BIA. Cases where this occurred 
(i.e., Units 16 and 17) and how it was addressed are discussed in more 
detail in the descriptions of each specific area below and in the Final 
Biological Report.
    In the following sections, we provide additional details regarding 
the boundaries of each of the 19 specific areas and briefly describe 
humpback whales' use of the specific area. We note that these 
delineations of specific units of habitat do not necessarily represent 
discrete feeding aggregations or populations of humpback whales--
individual whales generally move across many of these boundaries. More 
detailed information regarding whale and prey distributions is provided 
in the Final Biological Report (NMFS 2020a).

Unit 1--Bristol Bay

    This unit is bounded along the northern edge by a line extending 
due west from Egegik (at 58[deg]14' N, 157[deg]28' W) to encompass the 
humpback whale BIA within Bristol Bay. The boundary then extends 
southwest and then southward tangentially along the BIA to the 
coastline at Moffet Point (55[deg]27' N, 162[deg]35' W). The nearshore 
boundary of this unit follows the 1-m isobath (relative to MLLW). This 
unit covers about 19,279 nmi\2\ and includes waters off Bristol Bay and 
Lake and Peninsula Boroughs, and a small portion of Aleutians East 
Borough.
    Unit 1 boundaries were drawn based largely on the location of a 
humpback whale feeding BIA (see Ferguson et al. 2015c), which was in 
turn identified largely based on results of systematic surveys reported 
in Clapham et al. (2012), Friday et al. (2012), and Friday et al. 
(2013). Unit 1 was also extended farther into Bristol Bay relative to 
the BIA to reflect sightings from 1999 aerial surveys of Bristol Bay 
(Friday et al. 2012) and sightings from the 2017 IWC Pacific Ocean 
Whale and Ecosystem Research Program (POWER) survey (Matsuoka et al. 
2018) indicating that humpback whales may also be common in these 
waters. The southern, nearshore boundary was drawn to accommodate the 
nearshore areas (around the 50 m isobath) indicated by sightings 
reported in Friday et al. (2013).
    Surveys conducted during 2004 and 2006-2010 within the eastern 
Bering Sea and that overlapped with a portion of Unit 1, indicated 
widespread and persistent concentrations of euphausiids in the survey 
area (Sigler et al. 2012). Humpback whales may also feed on various 
species of schooling fish, such as juvenile pollock, capelin, herring, 
and sand lance that occur in this region (Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, 
Sigler et al. 2012, Ormseth 2015, Andrews et al. 2016).
    Photo-identification data are not available to validate occurrences 
of particular DPSs within this unit; however, the available data 
suggest this area is a destination for whales from the Hawaii (HI, 
which are not listed), WNP, and MX DPSs (Baker et al. 2013). Five 
marked whales are also documented to have moved between the WNP 
breeding grounds and the broader eastern Bering Sea region (Omura and 
Ohsumi 1964).

[[Page 21132]]

Unit 2--Aleutian Island Area

    This unit includes waters along the northern side of Unimak Island, 
waters around Umnak and Unalaska Islands, and waters within Umnak and 
Unimak Pass. At its eastern edge, the northern boundary of this area 
extends from 55[deg]41' N/162[deg]41' W, tangentially along the 
northern edge of a humpback whale BIA west out to 169[deg]30' W. The 
western boundary extends southward through Samalga Pass to the BIA 
boundary on the south side of the islands, which corresponds closely to 
a line drawn along the 2,000-m isobath. This southern boundary follows 
the edge of the BIA and extends eastward to 164[deg]25' W. The 
nearshore boundary of this unit is the 1-m isobath (relative to MLLW). 
This unit includes waters off the Aleutian East and Aleutian West 
Boroughs. Unit 2 covers about 28,829 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area encompasses a humpback whale feeding BIA, which was drawn 
to include high density sightings of humpback whales as reported in 
Zerbini et al. (2006), Clapham et al. (2012), Friday et al. (2012), and 
Friday et al. (2013; see Ferguson et al. 2015c). Telemetry and 
sightings data indicate that humpback whales use the coastal waters to 
the north and south of the islands as well as within the passes 
(Zerbini et al. 2006, Sigler et al. 2012, Kennedy et al. 2014). The 
western edge of Unit 2, however, does not include the small portion of 
the BIA that extends west of Samalga Pass. This pass coincides with an 
abrupt oceanographic break, west of which the frequency of humpback 
whale sightings have been very low or absent (Zerbini et al. 2006; P. 
Wade, pers. comm., May 23, 2018). The northwestern edge of Unit 2 also 
extends slightly north of the BIA, because available sightings data 
indicate humpback whales use waters north of Unimak Pass and along the 
middle and outer Bering Sea shelf and slope (Calambokidis et al. 2008, 
Friday et al. 2012, Friday et al. 2013, Matsuoka et al. 2018).
    Surveys conducted during 2004 and 2006-2010 within the eastern 
Bering Sea indicated widespread and persistent concentrations of 
euphausiids in this area (Sigler et al. 2012), and general additive 
models using environmental datasets from summers 2008-2010 for the 
Eastern Bering Sea also predict relatively high levels of euphausiid 
biomass occurring within this area (Zerbini et al. 2016). In addition 
to targeting euphausiids, humpback whales may also consume multiple 
fish species occurring in this region such as herring, capelin, and 
juvenile walleye pollock (Nemoto 1959, Nemoto 1970, Andrews et al. 
2016, Ormseth 2015, 2017).
    Photo-identification data indicate this area is a destination for 
whales from the HI, WNP, and MX DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2008).

Unit 3--Shumagin Islands Area

    This area extends from 164[deg]25' W eastward to 158[deg]39' W and 
encompasses the feeding BIA around the Shumagin Islands. The area is 
bounded on its southern (offshore) edge by a line drawn along the 
1,000-m isobath, which also runs along the southern boundary of the 
BIA. The nearshore boundary of this unit follows the 1-m isobath 
(relative to MLLW). This unit is mainly within the Aleutians East 
Borough but includes a small portion of the Lake and Peninsula Borough. 
Unit 3 covers about 13,162 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area was drawn from the boundary of Unit 2 eastward and 
encompasses an identified BIA (Ferguson et al. 2015a). This BIA is 
within the 1,000-m isobath, which was selected as the offshore boundary 
for this unit. As evidenced by acoustic trawl surveys, krill occur in 
high abundance in this area (Simonsen et al. 2016). Surveys conducted 
within this area also indicate that feeding aggregations of humpback 
whales consistently occur in coastal areas south of these islands and 
around the Shumagin Islands (Waite et al. 1999, Witteveen et al. 2004, 
Zerbini et al. 2006, Wynne and Witteveen 2013), where the whales have 
been observed targeting dense schools of krill (Wynne and Witteveen 
2013). During the University of Alaska's Gulf Apex Predator-Prey (GAP) 
Study surveys within this area, conducted across 14 feeding seasons, 
654 individual humpback whales were identified out of 1,437 total 
sightings. Analyses of these sightings indicate a fairly high degree of 
site fidelity to this area, with an average annual rate of return of 37 
percent (SD = 11.8 percent; Witteveen and Wynne 2016a). Surveys 
conducted in 1985 indicated that humpback whales were widely 
distributed throughout this area but were typically observed near 
island complexes, the shelf break, and banks, such as Sanak Bank, 
Shumagin Bank, and an additional unnamed bank, with repeated 
observations of whales at both Shumagin Bank and the unnamed bank 
(Brueggeman et al. 1987).
    Photo-identification data indicate this area is a destination for 
whales from the HI, MX, and WNP DPSs (Witteveen et al. 2004, 
Calambokidis et al. 2008).

Unit 4--Central Peninsula Area

    The western edge of this area extends along 158[deg]39' out to a 
line corresponding to the 1,000-m isobath, which marks the offshore 
boundary. The eastern boundary is at 154[deg]54' W, just east of the 
Shumagin Islands. The nearshore boundary of this unit follows the 1-m 
isobath (relative to MLLW). This unit is within the Lake and Peninsula 
Borough. Unit 4 covers about 15,026 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area captures the waters between two identified feeding BIAs. 
Survey data indicate that humpback whales are consistently found in 
these waters (Brueggeman et al. 1989, Zerbini et al. 2006) and at least 
occasionally transit between the Shumagin Island area and Kodiak Island 
(5 of 171 whales; Witteveen et al. 2004). Results of systematic surveys 
conducted in the summers of 2001, 2002, and 2003, indicate that fin 
whales occurred in high densities in Unit 4, and in particular around 
the Semidi Islands, relative to the adjacent areas (Units 3 and 5); 
while humpback whales had the opposite distribution pattern (Zerbini et 
al. 2006). Brueggeman et al. (1989) report a fairly similar pattern 
based on their aerial and shipboard surveys conducted in 1985 and 1987, 
respectively. Although these two whale species are often sympatric and 
have overlapping diets, previous surveys and isotope analyses have 
provided evidence of trophic niche partitioning between fin and 
humpback whales, with the latter being more piscivorous (Wynne and 
Witteveen 2013, Gavrilchuk et al. 2014, Witteveen et al. 2015, 
Witteveen et al. 2016). Various fish prey species as well as high 
abundances of euphausiids occur in this area (Ormseth 2014, Simonsen et 
al. 2016).
    Photo-identification data demonstrate that this area is a 
destination for whales from the HI and MX DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 
2008). WNP DPSs whales have not been photo-identified in this area but 
their presence has been inferred based on documented occurrences in 
both of the adjacent units (i.e., Units 3 and 5).

Unit 5--Kodiak Island Area

    This area includes the waters around Kodiak Island and the Barren 
Islands. The western boundary runs southward along 154[deg]54' W to a 
line that follows the 1,000-m isobath, and then extends eastward to a 
boundary at 150[deg]40' W. The area also extends northward to the inner 
mouth of Cook Inlet where it is bounded by a line that extends from 
Cape Douglas across the inlet to Cape

[[Page 21133]]

Adam. The nearshore boundary of this unit follows the 1-m isobath 
(relative to MLLW). This unit is within the Kodiak Island Borough but 
includes a small portion of the Kenai Peninsula Borough. Unit 5 covers 
about 17,420 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area was drawn to capture the Kodiak Island BIA, as well as 
documented aggregations of humpback whales around the Barren Islands 
and in waters to the east of Kodiak (Rice and Wolman 1982, Zerbini et 
al. 2006, Ferguson et al. 2015a, Rone et al. 2017). Waters around 
Kodiak Islands have been surveyed extensively since 1999 as part of the 
GAP study. Over 17 years of GAP surveys in this area, 1,187 unique 
humpback whales were identified in the Kodiak region (out of 2,173 
total sightings), with an average annual rate of return of 35 percent 
(SD = 15.2 percent, Witteveen and Wynn 2016), indicating a high degree 
of site fidelity to this area. Some inter-annual movement of whales has 
also been observed between this area and lower Cook Inlet and Prince 
William Sound (Waite et al. 1999, Witteveen et al. 2011). Waite et al. 
(1999) estimated that only 3 to 6 percent of the Kodiak whales also 
visit Prince William Sound, and the two areas have been viewed as 
supporting largely separate feeding groups (Waite et al. 1999, 
Witteveen et al. 2011); however, new, preliminary analyses of photo-
identification data suggest a strong connection between the two areas 
(Moran and Straley 2019). Humpback whales were also historically common 
in this area and were taken in a commercial whale fishery that operated 
out of Port Hobron, off the southeastern coast of Kodiak Island 
(Witteveen et al. 2007). Relative proportions of prey items within the 
humpback diet have been shown to vary between years, but key prey 
targeted by the whales within this unit include krill, capelin, 
juvenile pollock, and sand lance (Witteveen et al. 2012, Wright et al. 
2016), which occur in high abundances in this area (Simonsen et al. 
2016, Ormseth 2014, 2016).
    Photo-identification data demonstrate this area is a destination 
for whales from the HI, MX, and WNP DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2008).

Unit 6--Cook Inlet

    This area extends from the mouth of Cook Inlet where it is bounded 
by a line that extends from Cape Douglas across the inlet to Cape Adam. 
The northern boundary is the 60[deg]20' N latitude line, just south of 
Kalgin Island. The nearshore boundary of this unit is the 1-m isobath 
(relative to MLLW). This area borders the Kenai Peninsula Borough. This 
unit covers about 3,366 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    The southern boundary of this area approximates the ecological 
shift between the Kodiak Island Area (Unit 5) and Cook Inlet. Unit 6 
does not include the upper portions of Cook Inlet, because humpback 
sightings are rare north of Kalgin Island despite extensive, routine 
aerial surveys of this area for Cook Inlet beluga whales (K. Sheldon, 
NMML, pers. comm., August 2, 2018). North of the Forelands, the inlet 
becomes shallow and highly turbid due to deposition of glacial silt. 
With its extreme tidal range and mudflats, the upper inlet does not 
provide suitable feeding habitat for humpback whales despite the 
presence of prey species (e.g., eulachon). Humpback whales are 
routinely sighted in the lower portions of the inlet (NMML, unpubl. 
data, 1994-2018), but given the limited survey data, the density of 
whales and level of site fidelity of humpback whales to this feeding 
area has not been established. Inter-annual movements of humpback 
whales between lower Cook Inlet and the Kodiak Island area (Unit 5) 
have been observed (Witteveen et al. 2011), indicating that the whales 
feeding in this area do not comprise a completely distinct feeding 
aggregation. Based on stable isotope analyses of pooled skin samples 
collected from whales found during the feeding season (May-December) in 
lower Cook Inlet, Kenai Fjords, and Prince William Sound region, 
humpback whales in this area appear to primarily consume fish species 
(Witteveen et al. 2011).
    Photo-identification data demonstrate that HI and MX DPS whales 
occur in this area (Calambokidis et al. 2008). WNP DPS whales have not 
been photo-identified in this specific area; however, their presence in 
this area has been inferred based on available data indicating that 
humpback whales from WNP wintering areas occur in this general region 
of Alaska (NMFS 2020a, Table C5).

Unit 7--Kenai Peninsula Area

    This area extends eastward from 150[deg]40' W at the boundary with 
Unit 5 (Kodiak Island Area) to 148[deg]31' W, and extends offshore to a 
boundary marked by the 1,000-m isobath. The nearshore boundary of this 
unit is the 1-m isobath (relative to MLLW). This unit measures 
approximately 8,496 nmi\2\ and is within the Kenai Peninsula Borough.
    This area captures the region separating the Kodiak Island and 
Prince William Sound BIAs and includes feeding areas around the Kenai 
Fjords. Estimated densities of humpback whales within the shelf portion 
of the Navy Temporary Maritime Activities Area, which overlaps with a 
portion of Unit 7, has ranged from 0.0930 in 2013 (CV = 0.74) to 0.0050 
in 2015 (CV = 0.32, Rone et al. 2017). Based on results reported in 
Witteveen et al. 2011, site fidelity of humpback whales to this area 
can be inferred to be fairly high. Inter-annual movement of whales has 
also been observed between this area and the coastal waters around 
Kodiak Island (Witteveen et al. 2011). As noted previously for Unit 6, 
stable isotope analyses of pooled skin samples collected from whales 
found during the feeding season (May-December) in Kenai Fjords, lower 
Cook Inlet, and Prince William Sound region, suggest that humpback 
whales in this area primarily consume fish species (Witteveen et al. 
2011). High abundance of euphausiids and variable abundances of forage 
fishes, such as capelin and juvenile pollock, occur in this area 
(Simonsen et al. 2016, Ormseth 2014, 2016, McGown et al. 2019).
    Photo-identification data demonstrate this area is a destination 
for whales from the HI and MX DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2008). Limited 
satellite telemetry data also indicate this is a destination for MX DPS 
whales (Lagerquist et al. 2008). WNP DPS whales have not been photo-
identified in this specific area, but presence of WNP DPS whales has 
been inferred based on available data indicating that humpback whales 
from WNP wintering areas occur within the Gulf of Alaska (NMFS 2020a, 
Table C5).

Unit 8--Prince William Sound Area

    This area extends from 148[deg]31' W eastward to 145[deg]27' W, and 
extends offshore to a boundary drawn along the 1,000-m isobath. The 
nearshore boundary of this unit is the 1-m isobath (relative to MLLW). 
This unit is within the Valdez-Cordova Borough and covers about 8,166 
nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area was drawn to encompass the Prince William Sound feeding 
BIA (Ferguson et al. 2015a), which was identified based on studies 
conducted mainly in the western and southern portions of the sound 
(e.g., von Ziegesar et al. 2001, Rice et al. 2011). This unit was drawn 
to include waters beyond the boundaries of the BIA based on the 
additional sightings reported in Witteveen et al. (2011, and as 
detected during SPLASH surveys) and observations reported by von 
Ziegesar (2013) indicating that humpback whales move between the sound 
and the fiords along the coast. Minor aggregations of humpback whales 
(8-13 whales) were also observed near Middleton Island during 
systematic surveys conducted in summer 1980 in the Gulf of Alaska (Rice

[[Page 21134]]

and Wolman 1982). Presence of humpback whales in the sound is strongly 
associated with the seasonal formation of Pacific herring aggregations 
(Rice et al. 2011, Straley et al. 2018, Moran and Straley 2018). 
Results of surveys conducted during fall/winter of 2007-2009 indicated 
that a small percentage of photo-identified whales (under 2 percent, 
n=4) overwintered in the sound (Rice et al. 2011). As noted for Unit 5 
(Kodiak Island Area), the limited inter-annual movements of whales have 
been interpreted to mean the two areas support largely separate feeding 
groups (Waite et al. 1999, Witteveen et al. 2011); however, new, 
preliminary analysis of photo-identification data suggests a strong 
connection between the two areas (Moran and Straley 2019).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the HI and MX DPSs (Baker et al. 1986, Calambokidis et al. 
2008). WNP DPS whales have not been photo-identified in this specific 
area; however, presence has been inferred based on available data 
indicating that humpback whales from WNP wintering areas occur in the 
Gulf of Alaska (NMFS 2020a, Table C5).

Unit 9--Northeastern Gulf of Alaska

    This area extends from 145[deg]27' W to 139[deg]24' W and to an 
offshore drawn along the 1,000-m isobath. The nearshore boundary of 
this unit is the 1-m isobath (relative to MLLW). This unit mainly 
borders Yakutat Borough, but also borders a small portion of Valdez-
Cordova. Unit 9 covers about 9,065 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area was drawn to capture a section of the Gulf of Alaska 
between two feeding BIAs (in Units 8 and 10). Surveys within this unit 
have been relatively limited. Surveys conducted in June-August of 1980 
by Rice and Wolman (1982) indicated that humpback whales were sparsely 
distributed in the Gulf of Alaska (populations were still depleted), 
but they noted minor aggregations of humpback whales in Yakutat Bay (13 
whales). More recently, 21 groups (33 individuals) of humpbacks were 
sighted in this area during an IWC-POWER survey in July/August of 2012 
(Matsuoka et al. 2013). Sightings of humpback whales were also recorded 
in this area by the NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) as 
part of the SPLASH surveys in 2004 and 2005 (Calambokidis et al. 2008; 
see also Witteveen et al. 2011). Based on limited sampling, results of 
stable isotope analyses suggest that whales in this area have a mixed 
diet of fish and zooplankton (Witteveen et al. 2011). Surveys indicate 
high abundances of euphausiids and various forage fish species, such as 
capelin and herring, occur in this area (Simonsen et al. 2016, Ormseth 
2014).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the non-listed HI DPS (Baker et al. 1986, Calambokidis et 
al. 2008; and SPLASH data courtesy of C. Gabriele, NPS), and limited 
satellite telemetry data indicate the presence of MX DPS whales 
(Lagerquist et al. 2008). Photo-identified MX DPS whales have also been 
sighted in both of the adjacent areas (Units 8 and 10). There are no 
reported sightings of photo-identified whales of the WNP DPS in this 
specific area; however, presence of these whales has been inferred 
based on available data suggesting that humpback whales from WNP 
wintering areas occur in this general region (NMFS 2020a, Table C8). 
Given the increased distance of this unit from other confirmed sighting 
of whales from the WNP DPS, there is uncertainty regarding whether WNP 
DPS whales occur in this unit.

Unit 10--Southeastern Alaska

    This area extends from 139[deg]24' W, southeastward to the U.S. 
border with Canada and encompasses a humpback whale BIA. The area also 
extends offshore to a boundary drawn along the 2,000-m isobath, which 
corresponds to the offshore boundary of the BIA. The nearshore boundary 
of this unit also corresponds to the BIA boundary. This unit borders 
unorganized boroughs, but includes water off of Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon, 
Haines, Juneau, Sitka, Petersburg, Wrangell, and Ketchikan Gateway. 
Unit 10 covers approximately 22,152 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area was drawn to encompass well established feeding grounds 
in southeast Alaska and an identified feeding BIA (Andrews 1909, Baker 
et al. 1985, Straley 1990, Dahlheim et al. 2009, Ferguson et al. 
2015a). Humpback whales occur year-round in this unit, with highest 
densities occurring in summer and fall (Baker et al. 1985, 1986). 
Periods of occupancy of over 100 days have been reported for a 
significant portion of the whales using this area (Baker et al. 1985). 
Based on sighting data for summer months during 1985-2014 in Glacier 
Bay and Icy Strait, over 60 percent of the adult whales remained in 
this area to feed for more than 20 days, and average residency time for 
whales seen on more than 1 day within a season was 67 days (SD = 38.3; 
Gabriele et al. 2017). Photo-identification data collected in Southeast 
Alaska from 1979 to 1983 indicate a high degree of site fidelity to 
this area, with 47.2 percent of whales being sighted in more than one 
year (154 whales out of 326 unique individuals; Baker et al. 1986). 
Sightings histories for three female humpback whales in particular 
indicate these whales returned in each of 12 or 13 years during 1977-
1992 (Straley et al. 1994). Evaluation of sighting histories in Glacier 
Bay and portions of Icy Strait from 1985 to 2013 also indicate a high 
degree of site fidelity with 63 percent (244 of 386 total whales 
identified) of non-calves returning to the survey area in more than 1-
year, 17 percent (n=66) returning every year, and an additional 10 
percent (n=39) returning in all but 1 year (Gabriele et al. 2017). 
Humpback whales are known to feed on krill, herring, capelin, sand 
lance, myctophids, and juvenile pollock within Southeast Alaska, but 
dominant prey within the diet vary among the specific locations and 
seasons (Bryant et al. 1981, Straley et al. 2018).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the HI and MX DPSs (Baker et al. 1985, 1986; Calambokidis 
et al. 2008). Although sightings of WNP DPS whales are reported for 
general areas to either side of this unit (Kodiak, Alaska and Vancouver 
Island, British Columbia, e.g., Calambokidis et al. 2001), portions of 
Unit 10 have been surveyed extensively, and those survey data do not 
indicate that the WNP DPS occurs in Unit 10.

Unit 11--Coastal Washington

    This area extends southward from the U.S. EEZ to 46[deg]50' N, just 
north of Willapa Bay, WA. The unit extends offshore to a boundary 
corresponding to the 1,200-m isobath, which also aligns with the 
seaward extent of a BIA. The unit includes waters within the U.S. 
portion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to an eastern boundary line at 
Angeles Point (123[deg]33' W). The 50-m isobath forms the shoreward 
boundary. The unit includes waters off Clallam and Jefferson Counties, 
and a portion of Grays Harbor County. Unit 11 covers about 3,441 nmi\2\ 
of marine habitat.
    This area was drawn to encompass the Northern Washington BIA 
(Calambokidis et al. 2015), located at the northern edge of this unit, 
and cells containing the highest 90 percent of the study area abundance 
predicted by the Becker et al. (2016) habitat model. In addition to the 
habitat model results, clusters of humpback whale sightings just off 
Grays Harbor area (see Calambokidis et al. 2015), movement data 
collected from five humpback whales with LIMPET satellite tags (Schorr 
et al. 2013), and telemetry-

[[Page 21135]]

derived ARS data for whales tagged off of Oregon in 2017 (n=4) and 
Washington (n=9, Palacios et al. 2020) support inclusion of waters 
beyond the BIA in this unit. The unit also includes waters within the 
Strait of Juan de Fuca where whales have been observed foraging in 
recent years (and which falls outside of the area covered by surveys 
used to generate the habitat model predictions) (see also Palacios et 
al. 2020). Although humpback whales have been increasingly observed 
within the Salish Sea (i.e., the waters of the Strait of Georgia, the 
Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and around the San Juan Islands, 
Calambokidis et al. 2017), Unit 11 does not extend beyond the strait 
farther into the Salish Sea. High reporting rates from areas within the 
Salish Sea have likely resulted in a biased understanding of humpback 
whale abundance in these waters; however, hundreds of whales appear to 
be using the strait (J. Calambokidis, CRC, pers. comm., May 23, 2018; 
see also Palacios et al. 2020). The offshore boundary for Unit 11 was 
selected to follow the contour of cells containing the highest 90 
percent of the study area abundance predicted by the Becker et al. 
(2016) habitat model, which generally coincided with the 1,200-m 
isobath. Multiple, persistent, dense aggregations of krill occur near 
the Juan de Fuca canyon in this area, likely due to the canyon feature 
(Santora et al. 2018). Various forage-fish species also occur within 
this unit, with Pacific herring being one of the most prevalent forage 
fish off Washington and Northern Oregon (Brodeur et al. 2005, Zwolinski 
et al. 2012).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the HI, MX, and CAM DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2008).

Unit 12--Columbia River Area

    This area extends southward from 46[deg]50' N to 45[deg]10' N and 
extends out to a seaward boundary corresponding to the 1,200-m isobath. 
The 50-m isobath forms the shoreward boundary. This area includes 
waters off of Pacific County, WA and Clatsop County, OR. This unit 
covers about 3,636 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This unit was drawn to capture the Columbia River plume system, 
which supports foraging by many predators, including concentrations of 
humpback whales. Hotspots with persistent, heightened abundance of 
krill (Santora et al. 2018), and seasonally and annually variable 
assemblages of forage fishes, including anchovy, sardine, and herring, 
occur in this unit (Demer et al. 2012, Zwolinski et al. 2012). The area 
extends out to the 1,200-m isobath to capture the outer edge of cells 
containing the highest 90 percent of the study area abundance predicted 
by the Becker et al. (2016) habitat model. The area also encompasses 
areas over which humpback whales have been observed to feed based on 
ARS data from satellite tagged whales (Mate et al. 2018, Palacios et 
al. 2020). The southern boundary at 45[deg]10' N was drawn to encompass 
the available ARS areas and to reflect where the habitat model 
predictions begin to shift farther offshore.
    Photo-identification data are not available to validate occurrences 
of particular DPSs within this precise unit; however, the available 
photo-identification data do support a conclusion that this area is a 
destination for whales from the MX and CAM DPSs (Green et al. 1992, 
Calambokidis et al. 2000, Calambokidis et al. 2017). Some available 
genetic data also suggest that HI DPS whales may occur in this unit 
(Mate et al. 2018).

Unit 13--Coastal Oregon

    This area extends southward from 45[deg]10' latitude to 42[deg]10', 
and extends offshore to a boundary at the 1,200-m isobath. The 50-m 
isobath forms the shoreward boundary. This area includes the BIA at 
Stonewall and Heceta Bay, and includes waters off of Tillamook, 
Lincoln, Lane, Douglas, Coos, and Curry Counties. Unit 13 covers about 
5,750 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This unit includes the Stonewall and Heceta Bank BIA, which 
supports humpback whale feeding aggregations from May to November 
(Calambokidis et al. 2015). The northern and offshore boundaries of 
this unit correspond to cells containing the highest 90 percent of the 
study area abundance predicted by the Becker et al. (2016) habitat 
model. The southern boundary of this unit was drawn just north of 
another BIA. Based on surveys conducted in spring and summer of 2000 as 
part of the US Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) Northeast 
Pacific program, concentrations of humpback whales on Heceta Bank were 
shown to correspond to high densities of fish (Pacific sardine and 
juvenile salmon) and large, high density patches of krill (Tynan et al. 
2005, Ressler et al. 2005). Within this unit, large, persistent 
aggregations of krill have been observed inshore of Heceta Bank, off 
Cape Blanco, and in association with submarine canyons (Ressler et al. 
2005, Santora et al. 2018).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the MX DPS (Green et al. 1992, Calambokidis et al. 2008). 
Presence of CAM DPS whales in this area is indicated by genetic data as 
well as modelling of sightings data (Wade 2017, Mate et al. 2018).

Unit 14--Southern Oregon/Northern California

    This area is bounded in the north at 42[deg]10' and extends south 
to the Mendocino escarpment at 40[deg]20'. The area extends offshore to 
a boundary drawn along the 2,000-m isobath. The 50-m isobath forms the 
shoreward boundary. The area includes the marine waters off Del Norte 
County, CA, and most of Humboldt County, CA, and borders a small 
portion of Curry County, OR. Unit 14 covers about 3,412 nmi\2\ of 
marine habitat.
    This unit includes the Point St. George BIA, which typically 
supports whale feeding aggregations during July-November (Calambokidis 
et al. 2015). The northern boundary of this unit corresponds to the 
boundary of this BIA. The southern boundary corresponds with the Cape 
Mendocino/the Mendocino escarpment, where the predicted abundance from 
the habitat model shows a somewhat abrupt shift offshore (Becker et al. 
2016). The seaward boundary for this unit extends out to the 2,000-m 
isobath to capture the habitat model predictions. ARS areas derived 
from satellite tracking data (n=26 whales, Mate et al. 2018) indicate 
that feeding behavior occurs throughout this unit, and although some 
ARS data indicate whales feed seaward of the 2,000-m isobath, the 
majority of the ARS behavior is captured within the boundaries of this 
unit. Multiple, recurring, high density aggregations (hotspots) of 
krill occur off of Cape Mendocino and elsewhere in this unit, in 
association with submarine canyons (Santora et al. 2018). Within this 
unit and southward along the coast to Southern California (i.e., Unit 
19), Fleming et al. (2016) collected 259 skin samples from humpback 
whales during 1993-2012 and used stable carbon and nitrogen isotope 
analyses to evaluate the relative contribution of euphausiids versus 
fish to the diet. Shifts over the 20-year study period in isotope 
signatures in whale skin samples observed by Fleming et al. (2016) 
indicate trophic-level shifts in the humpback whale diet, and these 
shifts corresponded to shifts in relative prey abundance (krill versus 
anchovy and sardine) and changing oceanographic conditions within the 
CCE. These results suggest that the dominant prey in humpback whale 
diet switched from krill to fish, and back to krill during the 20-year 
period, depending on the relative abundance of each prey.

[[Page 21136]]

Temporal shifts in diet composition (e.g., from euphausiids and sardine 
in the 1920s to mainly anchovy in the 1950s and 1960s) are also 
reflected in historical whaling data and stomach content data from 
harvested whales (Rice 1963, Clapham et al. 1997).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the MX and CAM DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2008).

Unit 15-California North Coast Area

    This unit is bounded along its northern edge by the Mendocino 
escarpment at approximately 40[deg]20' N and extends southward to 
38[deg]40' N, which corresponds to the approximate southern boundary of 
an identified BIA. The area extends offshore to a boundary drawn at the 
3,000-m isobath. The 50-m isobath forms the shoreward boundary. This 
area includes marine waters off the coasts of Humboldt and Mendocino 
counties, CA, and covers about 4,898 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    The northern boundary of this unit corresponds to the Mendocino 
escarpment and a shift farther offshore in the habitat model 
predictions (Becker et al. 2016). The offshore boundary of this unit 
extends out to the 3,000-m isobath to more closely correspond to cells 
containing the highest 90 percent of the study area abundance predicted 
by the Becker et al. (2016) habitat model. This boundary is also 
supported by ARS data indicating that whales are feeding farther from 
shore in this area (Mate et al. 2018). Encompassed within this unit is 
a BIA that extends from Fort Bragg to Point Arena and that typically 
supports feeding aggregations of humpback whales from July to November 
(Calambokidis et al. 2015). The southern boundary of the unit 
corresponds to the northern boundary of another BIA. High-density, 
persistent aggregations of krill occur off Cape Mendocino and in 
association with canyon features within this unit (Santora et al. 
2018). Krill hotspots, measuring about 216-320 km\2\, have also been 
documented offshore of Point Arena near the 2,000-m isobath (Santora et 
al. 2011, Dorman et al. 2015).
    Photo-identification data are not available to validate occurrences 
of particular DPSs within this unit; however, the available data 
strongly support the conclusion that this area is a destination for 
whales from the MX and CAM DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2000, Calambokidis 
et al. 2017). For example, photo-identification data indicate that the 
percent of humpback whale encounters off northern California that 
correspond to the non-listed ``Hawaii DPS'' is extremely low, compared 
to about 10 and 25 percent, respectively, for the CAM and MX DPSs 
(Calambokidis et al. 2017).

Unit 16--San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area

    This area extends from 38[deg]40' N southward to 36[deg]00' N to 
encompass a BIA. The seaward boundary is drawn along the 3,700-m 
isobath. The inshore boundary is mainly defined by the 15-m isobath, 
but also extends up to the Golden Gate Bridge within San Francisco Bay. 
This area includes waters off of the southern edge of Mendocino County, 
and Sonoma, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, and Monterey 
counties. Unit 16 covers approximately 12,349 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This unit encompasses the Gulf of the Farallones-Monterey Bay BIA 
(Calambokidis et al. 2015) as well as cells containing the highest 90 
percent of the study area abundance predicted by the Becker et al. 
(2016) habitat model. In this unit, the habitat model predictions 
extend farther offshore relative to the more northern west coast units, 
and extend even farther offshore based on modeled whale distributions 
in colder months (January-April, see Becker et al. 2017). Therefore, 
the offshore boundary was placed at the 3,700-m isobath to capture 
areas of higher predicted abundances in both summer and winter. (The 
area covered by the Becker et al. (2017) winter model starts at 
38[deg]00', and we are not aware of any other models based on winter 
distributions for areas north of this unit.) This area also extends 
into the mouth of the San Francisco Bay to capture a recently 
recognized important foraging area for humpback whales (Calambokidis et 
al. 2017) as well as ARS data indicating that whales are feeding in and 
around the mouth of the bay (Mate et al. 2018). The highest densities 
of whales are seen at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, with a few 
extending into the Bay (J. Calambokidis pers. comm., May 23, 2018). 
Based on data from hydroacoustic surveys spanning multiple years 
between 2000-2009, persistent and recurring, high-density aggregations 
of krill ranging in size from about 578 km\2\ to 950 km\2\ have been 
shown to occur in multiple areas within this unit, including Bodega 
Head, Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones, Pescadora, and Monterey Bay 
(Santora et al. 2011, Dorman et al. 2015, Santora et al. 2018).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the MX and CAM DPSs (Baker et al. 1986, Calambokidis et al. 
2008).

Unit 17--Central California Coast Area

    This area extends from 36[deg]00' N to a southern boundary at 
34[deg]30' N, just south of an identified BIA. The nearshore boundary 
is defined by the 30-m isobath, and the seaward boundary is drawn along 
the 3,700-m isobath. This unit includes waters off of southern Monterey 
county, and San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties. Unit 17 covers 
about 6,697 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This unit encompasses a BIA that extends from Morro Bay to Point 
Sal and typically supports high density feeding aggregations of 
humpback whales from April to November (Calambokidis et al. 2015). In 
this area, as with Unit 16, the predicted abundance extends farther 
offshore in the warmer months (July-December) and even more so in 
cooler months (January-April) relative to the northern units (Becker et 
al. 2016 and 2017). Therefore, the offshore boundary was placed at the 
3,700-m isobath to capture areas of higher predicted abundance in both 
summer and winter. The southern boundary for this area was drawn just 
south of the BIA. Based on acoustic survey data collected during 2004-
2009, large krill hotspots, ranging from 700 km\2\ to 2,100 km\2\, 
occur off Big Sur, San Luis Obispo, and Point Sal (Santora et al. 
2011). Hotspots with persistent, heightened abundance of krill were 
also reported in this unit in association with bathymetric submarine 
canyons (Santora et al. 2018).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the MX and CAM DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2008).

Unit 18--Channel Islands Area

    This area extends from a northern boundary at 34[deg]30' N to a 
boundary line that extends from Oxnard, CA seaward to the 3,700-m 
isobath, along which the offshore boundary is drawn. The 50-m isobath 
forms the shoreward boundary. This unit includes waters off of Santa 
Barbara and Ventura counties. This unit covers about 9,799 nmi\2\ of 
marine habitat.
    This unit encompasses the Santa Barbara Channel-San Miguel BIA, 
which supports high density feeding aggregations of humpback whales 
during March through September (Calambokidis et al. 2015). The seaward 
boundary at the 3,700-m isobath encompasses cells containing the 
highest 90 percent of the study area abundance predicted by both the 
summer and winter habitat models (Becker et al. 2016 and 2017). The 
southern boundary of this unit was

[[Page 21137]]

selected to correspond to where the habitat model predictions for both 
models show a clear decline in predicted humpback whale densities. The 
area to the south (i.e., Unit 19) is predicted to have much lower 
summer densities of whales. Based on acoustic survey data collected 
during 2004-2009, a krill hotspot of about 780 km\2\ has been 
documented off Point Conception (Santora et al. 2011). Some additional 
krill hotspots have also been observed in this unit in association with 
bathymetric submarine canyons (Santora et al. 2018).
    Photo-identification data confirm this area is a destination for 
whales from the MX and CAM DPSs (Calambokidis et al. 2008).

Unit 19--California South Coast Area

    The northern boundary for this unit extends southwest from Oxnard, 
CA through the Santa Cruz Basin and out to a seaward boundary along the 
3,700-m isobath. The unit is also bounded in the south by the U.S. EEZ. 
The 50-m isobath forms the shoreward boundary. This unit includes 
waters off of Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties, and covers 
about 12,966 nmi\2\ of marine habitat.
    This area does not contain a BIA but was drawn to capture the 
southern extent of the cells containing the highest 90 percent of 
humpback whale abundance predicted by the Becker et al. (2017) habitat 
model. This area has the lowest predicted humpback whale densities in 
the summer/fall months relative to all other units, but is predicted to 
support higher densities of whales in the winter/spring months relative 
to the summer/fall predictions for this area (Becker et al. 2016, 
Becker et al. 2017). The higher densities of humpback whales in winter/
spring may stem from the fact that some of the whales sighted in this 
area are likely transiting through the area, rather than occupying the 
area as a feeding destination. Within this unit, krill hotspots ranging 
in size from about 210 km\2\-430 km\2\ have been observed off San 
Nicolas and Santa Barbara Islands (Santora et al. 2011), and additional 
hotspots have been observed in association with submarine canyons 
(Santora et al. 2018).
    Photo-identification data are not available to validate occurrences 
of particular DPSs within this unit; however, the available data 
support the conclusion that whales from the MX and CAM DPSs occur in 
this area (Calambokidis et al. 2000, Rasmussen et al. 2012).

Application of ESA Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) (Military Lands)

    Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the ESA precludes designating as critical 
habitat any lands or other geographical areas owned or controlled by 
the Department of Defense (DOD) or designated for its use, that are 
subject to an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) 
prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if the 
Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit to 
the species for which critical habitat is proposed for designation. See 
16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i); 50 CFR 424.12(h). Where these standards are 
met, the relevant area is ineligible for consideration as potential 
critical habitat. The regulations implementing the ESA set forth a 
number of factors to guide consideration of whether this standard is 
met, including the degree to which the plan will protect the habitat of 
the species (50 CFR 424.12(h)(4)). This process is separate and 
distinct from the analysis governed by section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, 
which directs us to consider the economic impact, the impact on 
national security, and any other relevant impact of designation and 
affords the Secretary discretion to exclude particular areas if the 
benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion of such areas. 
See 16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2).
    After we had identified specific areas that would potentially meet 
the definition of critical habitat for humpback whales, but prior to 
publishing the proposed rule, we contacted DOD representatives and 
requested information regarding relevant INRMPs. In response, the U.S. 
Navy (Navy) provided descriptions and locations of four areas adjacent 
to the humpback whale specific areas and that are managed under Sikes 
Act-compliant INRMPs: (1) Pacific Beach Annex, WA; (2) Naval Base 
Ventura County, Point Mugu, CA; (3) Naval Outlying Field, San Nicolas 
Island, CA; and (4) Naval Auxiliary Landing Field, San Clemente Island, 
CA. The Navy also provided information regarding how in their view, 
each of their approved INRMPs provides a conservation benefit to 
humpback whales and their habitat. An additional fifth INRMP, 
associated with the Navy's Southeast Alaska Acoustic Measurement 
Facility, AK (SEAFAC), was also noted as being under development, and 
that a draft was expected to be completed in December 2019. After 
reviewing the information and maps provided, we found that the Pacific 
Beach Annex INRMP addresses an entirely upland property and does not 
overlap with the areas under consideration for designation as critical 
habitat. Therefore, that INRMP was not considered further.
    As described in the proposed rule (84 FR 54354, October 9, 2019), 
following completion of analyses under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA and 
resulting decisions regarding exclusions, only two INRMPs--the Naval 
Outlying Field San Nicolas Island (SNI) and Naval Base Ventura County 
(NBVC), Point Mugu--spatially overlapped with areas under consideration 
for designation as critical habitat and thus warranted further review 
during development of the proposed designations.
    The NBVC Point Mugu INRMP addresses submerged lands and resources 3 
nmi out from Point Mugu (relative to MLLW) and a zone that extends 0.25 
nmi offshore around San Miguel and Prince Islands. This INRMP thus 
includes areas that overlapped with Unit 18 (i.e., the area around San 
Miguel and Prince Islands). Relevant areas within the footprint of the 
SNI INRMP are the waters surrounding SNI and Begg Rock within the 300-
foot (91-m) isobath or 1 nmi from shore, whichever is greater. This 
area around Begg Rock extended into Unit 18. Management efforts 
described within both of these INRMPs, which are discussed in detail in 
the Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 2020b), include actions such as water 
quality monitoring within nearshore waters and storm-water management; 
surveys of intertidal, subtidal, and deep water habitats; and area 
closures to minimize impacts of noise or other disturbances on marine 
mammals. Based on our consideration of the activities listed in the 
INRMPs and their relevance to humpback whales and their habitat, the 
certainty that the relevant management actions would be implemented, 
the frequency of use of the areas by humpback whales, and the extent of 
humpback prey occurrences within the areas, we concluded that the areas 
covered by the applicable INRMPs provide a conservation benefit to 
humpback whales. Thus, we determined during the development of the 
proposed designations that the areas covered by the INRMPs are not 
eligible for designation as critical habitat and removed them from Unit 
18. Consequently, the final designations do not include these areas.

Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA

    We considered the impacts of designating particular areas under 
section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, and weighed the benefits of excluding each 
area against the benefits of including the

[[Page 21138]]

area. While section 3(5) of the ESA defines critical habitat as 
``specific areas,'' section 4(b)(2) requires the agency to consider the 
impacts of designating any ``particular area.'' Depending on the 
biology of the species, the characteristics of its habitat, and the 
nature of the impacts of designation, ``particular'' areas evaluated 
for potential exclusion may be--but need not necessarily be--delineated 
so that they are the same as the already identified ``specific'' areas 
of potential critical habitat. For this designation, we analyzed two 
types of particular areas. When we considered economic impacts, we used 
the same biologically-based ``specific areas'' we had identified under 
section 3(5)(A) (i.e., Units 1-19, Figure 1). This delineation allowed 
us to most effectively compare the biologically-based conservation 
benefits of designation against economic benefits of exclusion, which 
we undertook for this designation, and led us to exclude some units. 
For our consideration of impacts on national security, however, we 
instead delineated particular areas based on DOD control or designated 
use of the area or as otherwise specified by DOD in an exclusion 
request. As discussed below, the consideration of national security 
impacts led to the exclusion of a portion of a larger, specific area 
(Unit 11). Similarly, for our consideration of other relevant impacts, 
such as the impacts designation of a particular area would have on 
Tribes, we considered particular areas that corresponded to tribal 
lands, associated treaty rights, and/or relevant resources.
    Below, we summarize the economic, national security, and other 
relevant impacts of designating the areas identified as meeting the 
definition of critical habitat for the three DPSs of humpback whales. 
Additional detail is provided in the final Economic Analysis (IEc 2020) 
and Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 2020b).

National Security Impacts

    To gather information on potential national security impacts of our 
proposed designation, we contacted representatives from DOD and the 
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) by letter dated October 9, 2018. 
We asked for information regarding impacts of a potential critical 
habitat designation for humpback whales on military operations and 
national security. Under the 4(b)(2) Policy, a requesting agency must 
provide a reasonably specific justification for the assertion that 
there is an incremental impact on national security that would result 
from the designation of that specific area as critical habitat (81 FR 
7226, 7231, February 11, 2016).
    Requests for exclusion due to national security impacts were 
initially received from the both the Navy and the U.S. Air force 
(USAF); however, following subsequent discussions with USAF 
representatives, the USAF withdrew their requests for exclusions. On 
December 5, 2018, the Navy requested exclusion of the following three 
range areas from the humpback whale critical habitat designation:
    (1) Southeast Alaska Acoustic Measurement Facility (SEAFAC), which 
lies within critical habitat Unit 10;
    (2) Quinault Range Site (QRS; a component of the Naval Undersea 
Warfare Center Division Keyport Range Complex), which overlaps with a 
portion of Unit 11; and
    (3) Southern California Range Complex (SOCAL) portion of the 
Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Study Area, which 
overlaps with Unit 19.

The Navy also provided a written assessment of the potential national 
security impacts and detailed descriptions of training and testing 
operations occurring at each of these ranges.
    The area that pertains to the first requested exclusion, SEAFAC, is 
small area, covering 48 nmi\2\ (164 km\2\) in the Western Behm Canal 
near the city of Ketchikan, Alaska, and serves as the Navy's primary 
acoustic engineering measurement facility in the Pacific. Additional 
details regarding this facility, which was proposed for exclusion from 
the critical habitat designation for the MX DPS based on national 
security impacts, are provided in the proposed rule (54 FR 54354, 
October 9, 2019). Because the larger specific area (i.e., Unit 10, 
Southeast Alaska) within which SEAFAC is located is excluded from the 
final critical habitat designation for the MX DPS (see Exclusions Based 
on Economic Impacts), further discussion of SEAFAC is not included 
here.
    The area that pertains to the second requested exclusion, QRS, is a 
defined space off the coast of Washington that encompasses air, surface 
(~5,228 nmi\2\ (6,924 km\2\)) and subsurface space (with variable 
depths up to 1.8 km), as well as a surf zone area off the coast of 
Pacific Beach, Washington. The QRS overlaps with approximately 44 
percent of Unit 11 and also overlaps with the southern portion of the 
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS). The Navy does not own 
or directly control the sea space of QRS, which is largely defined by 
the boundaries of the special use airspace, known as W-237A, above it. 
The Navy has internal control of subareas for scheduling purposes only. 
The Navy issues notices to mariners (NOTMARs) when the Navy engages in 
activities that may be hazardous to vessels engaged in innocent 
passage, and/or recreational and commercial activities. Compliance with 
NOTMARS is voluntary, but helps to protect public safety and prevent 
damage to test equipment. Activities planned in the QRS to the year 
2020 and beyond include activities such as at-sea sonar testing, anti-
submarine warfare testing, acoustic and oceanographic research, 
countermeasure testing, torpedo testing, undersea warfare testing, etc. 
The Navy stated that use of explosives within the QRS is likely to have 
adverse effects on humpback prey species, although in their view these 
would not have effects at the population level. The Navy concluded that 
designation of humpback whale critical habitat would impact the ability 
of the Navy to test and field new systems and platforms and thus impact 
national security if ESA section 7 consultations resulted in additional 
mitigation requirements or restrictions on testing activities in the 
QRS.
    Subsequent to their initial request for exclusion of QRS, the Navy 
conducted further analysis and, in September 2019, submitted additional 
information relative to this particular national security exclusion. 
Specifically, the Navy requested that an additional 5.4-nmi (10-km) 
buffer around QRS be excluded from the designation in order to avoid 
impacts to ongoing and future testing activities that would result in 
the event that Naval Sea Systems Command must halt, reduce in scope, or 
geographically or seasonally constrain testing activities to prevent 
adverse effects or adverse modification of critical habitat. The Navy 
determined that sound and energy levels that may cause injuries to 
humpback whale prey species within critical habitat from the largest 
explosives that could be used on the range could extend beyond the QRS 
boundaries, and that excluding a buffer of 10-km around QRS from the 
critical habitat designation would avoid additional mitigation 
requirements. The Navy indicated that they determined this specific 
buffer distance after taking into account the site specific 
oceanographic conditions and the best available science establishing 
fish injury thresholds (which the Navy cited as Popper et al. 2014).
    The area that pertains to the third requested exclusion, SOCAL, is 
located between Dana Point and San Diego, California, and extends more 
than 600

[[Page 21139]]

nmi (1,111 km) southwest into the Pacific Ocean. Most activities occur 
within the eastern portion of SOCAL, closer to shore. The spatial 
extent of overlap between SOCAL and Unit 19 is 10,731.5 nmi\2\ (36,808 
km\2\), which is approximately 54 percent of the Navy's core training 
area within SOCAL and approximately 83 percent of Unit 19, which 
measures 12,966 nmi\2\ (44,472.1 km\2\). A wide variety of training and 
testing activities occur within the SOCAL range complex on a routine 
and sometimes fairly frequent basis. A few types of Navy testing 
activities in this area are those related to anti-submarine warfare, 
torpedo, mine countermeasure, gun, missile and rocket, and propulsion 
testing. The activities that occur in SOCAL have the potential to 
impact the water surface or water column, with the degree of impact 
depending on the nature of the particular activity. The Navy referred 
to the detailed discussions on particular impacts provided in the 
Navy's 2018 Final Environmental Impact Statement for Hawaii-Southern 
California Training and Testing. Ultimately, the Navy concluded that 
designation of Unit 19 as critical habitat could lead to requirements 
for additional mitigations (avoidance, limitations, etc.) that could 
hinder Navy testing and training activities, and thereby impact 
military readiness and national security. Therefore, Navy requested 
that we exclude Unit 19 from any critical habitat designation.

Economic Impacts

    The primary impact of a critical habitat designation stems from the 
ESA section 7(a)(2) requirement that Federal agencies ensure their 
actions are not likely to result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. Determining the extent of this impact 
in practical terms is complicated by the fact that section 7(a)(2) 
contains the associated but distinct requirement that Federal agencies 
must also ensure their actions are not likely to jeopardize the 
species' continued existence. The incremental economic impacts of a 
critical habitat designation stem from the additional effort to engage 
in consultation regarding potential adverse effects to the critical 
habitat as part of section 7 consultations (often referred to as 
administrative costs), and any conservation measures that may be 
necessary to avoid adverse modification and that would not otherwise be 
implemented (often referred to as project modification costs). Thus, 
the incremental impacts attributable to critical habitat stem from 
conservation efforts that would not already be required due to the need 
to avoid jeopardy to humpback whales or due to other existing 
protections (e.g., for other listed species, other Federal, state, or 
local regulations). Additional economic impacts of designation would 
include any state and local protections that are likely to be triggered 
as a result of designation. However, as discussed in chapter 3 of the 
FEA, we did not identify state or local protections that are likely to 
be triggered by a proposed humpback whale critical habitat designation 
(IEc 2020).
    The analysis methods for estimating the incremental, economic 
impacts stemming from designation of the identified specific critical 
habitat areas for the WNP, MX, and CAM DPSs of humpback whales are 
described in the proposed rule and in detail in the FEA prepared by 
Industrial Economics, Inc. (IEc 2020). The economic analysis was also 
revised based on new information and public comments received on the 
Draft Economic Analysis (IEc 2019a). As detailed in the FEA, 
modifications made to the analysis resulted in an increase in the 
anticipated total present value and annualized costs of the rule, 
especially in Alaska, and in Unit 10 particularly. Increases in the 
anticipated costs of the rule reflect some changes in anticipated 
levels of certain activities (e.g., aquaculture) as well as a shift in 
the timeframe of the analysis and update of the results from 2018 
dollars to 2020 dollars to adjust for inflation.
    The following categories of activities with a Federal nexus were 
identified as having the potential to affect the essential prey feature 
and as being expected to occur within one or more of the specific 
critical habitat areas under consideration: (1) Commercial fishing, (2) 
oil and gas activities (including seismic surveys, and oil spill 
planning and response), (3) alternative energy development, (4) in-
water construction (including dredging and offshore mining), (5) vessel 
traffic (specifically, activities related to establishment of the 
shipping lanes by the USCG, and other USCG activities, including 
maintenance, repair, and replacement of aids to navigation), (6) 
aquaculture and hatcheries, (7) scientific research, (8) water quality 
management and inland activities (e.g., pesticide registration, 
establishment of water quality standards, Clean Water Act (CWA) general 
permits, power plant operations, land management pesticide/herbicide 
application, and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 
(NPDES) permitting), (9) military activities, (10) liquefied natural 
gas (LNG) facilities and activities, (11) space vehicle and missile 
launches, and (12) U.S. Forest Service activities (activities related 
to timber and forest management). These activities have the potential 
to affect the essential feature by altering or reducing the quantity, 
quality, or the accessibility of the prey feature essential to the 
conservation of one or more of the listed DPSs of humpback whales.
    Our regulations recognize that impacts of designation may be 
quantitatively or qualitatively described (50 CFR 424.19(b)). As 
discussed in chapter 2 of the FEA, the costs stemming from critical 
habitat designation will be largely limited to administrative costs of 
consultation, which are the only costs monetized in the analysis (IEc 
2020). No project modifications or additional conservation measures 
were identified as likely to result for the majority of the forecasted 
consultations, largely due to the baseline protections in place. 
Depending on the specific area at issue and the Federal action, 
relevant baseline protections include, for example, protections for co-
occurring listed species such as North Pacific right whales, Southern 
Resident killer whales, salmon, Southern DPS of Pacific eulachon, and 
the Southern DPS of green sturgeon; designated critical habitat for 
listed species; as well as protections for humpback whales under both 
the ESA and the MMPA. The number, location, and/or effects on prey of a 
few forecasted activities, particularly seismic surveys and alternative 
energy activities, cannot be determined at this time and would require 
speculation. Therefore, we did not identify any probable conservation 
efforts that would likely be recommended specifically to avoid adverse 
modification of the humpback whale critical habitat as a result of 
these activities, nor was it possible to estimate the cost of any such 
probable project modifications.
    The FEA indicates that, if all 19 units were designated, the 
critical habitat would increase administrative costs of consultations 
involving humpback whales by an estimated $930,000 to $1,000,000 over 
the next ten years, assuming a seven percent discount rate (IEc 2020). 
This equates to an annualized cost of $110,000 to $120,000 over the 
next ten years (IEc 2020). The largest portion of the projected 
administrative costs are attributed to Unit 10 (25 to 27 percent of 
total costs), followed by Unit 13 (9 percent) and Unit 17 (7 to 8 
percent). Unit 10 is also associated with the greatest level of 
uncertainty and potential for unquantified impacts (IEc 2020). The 
largest portions of the estimated costs are associated with in-water

[[Page 21140]]

construction and dredging activities (25 to 33 percent of the total 
costs), aquaculture activities (27 to 30 percent), and commercial 
fisheries (14 to 15 percent, IEc 2020). Estimated costs for each of the 
19 habitat units and by each of the 12 categories of Federal activities 
can be found in Exhibits 3-3 and 3-5 in the FEA (IEc 2020).
    Parties that may incur the administrative costs estimated in the 
analysis include NMFS, the Federal action agency (e.g., the agency 
undertaking or permitting the activity), and in some cases, a third-
party applicant, which may be a municipality, a private party, etc. 
Because section 7 consultations regarding impacts to species or 
critical habitats under the jurisdiction of NMFS are primarily between 
NMFS and Federal action agencies, the administrative costs of 
consultation are largely borne by NMFS and other Federal agencies and 
not, for example, by private entities or small governmental 
jurisdictions. However, some consultations may include third parties 
(e.g., project proponents or landowners) that may be small entities, 
and in some instances these third parties may bear some portion of the 
administrative consultation costs. Ultimately, the economic analysis 
found that consultations on in-water and coastal construction and 
aquaculture activities may generate costs borne by small entities. All 
other activities are either not expected to involve small entities or 
are associated with no more than one consultation per year spread 
across the entire critical habitat. As described in chapter 5 of the 
FEA, the analysis anticipates approximately eight consultations on in-
water and coastal construction activities per year, six of which are 
concentrated in critical habitat Unit 10 in Alaska. This analysis 
estimates that the small entities involved in these consultations will 
incur $5,200 in annualized administrative costs (IEc 2020). 
Additionally, the analysis projects 12 consultations per year on 
aquaculture activities in Alaska, and estimates that third parties 
involved in these consultations will incur $5,300 in annualized 
administrative costs (IEc 2020). (See ``Initial Regulatory Flexibility 
Act'' section of this document for information regarding impacts on 
small entities.)

Tribal Impacts

    Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA and our regulations also provide for the 
consideration of other relevant impacts associated with the designation 
of critical habitat (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2); 50 CFR 424.19(b)). We 
identified potential impacts on federally recognized tribes and Alaska 
Native corporations as a possible source of other impacts relevant to 
the humpback whale critical habitat designation. A broad array of 
activities that occur on Indian lands may trigger ESA section 7 
consultations. Indian lands are those defined in Secretarial Order 
3206, ``American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust 
Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act'' (June 5, 1997), and 
include: (1) Lands held in trust by the United States for the benefit 
of any Indian tribe; (2) land held in trust by the United States for 
any Indian tribe or individual subject to restrictions by the United 
States against alienation; (3) fee lands, either within or outside the 
reservation boundaries, owned by the tribal government; and (4) fee 
lands within the reservation boundaries owned by individual Indians.
    In developing the proposed rule, we did not find any overlap 
between the areas under consideration as critical habitat and Indian 
lands, and thus preliminarily found that there were no Indian lands 
subject to consideration for possible exclusion. In the proposed rule 
we also indicated that it was not clear whether there may be some 
nearshore areas that could be considered for possible exclusion on the 
basis of tribal impacts, and that we lacked information regarding where 
boundaries of tribal-owned lands lie in relation to shoreward boundary 
of the specific critical habitat areas in Alaska, which are generally 
bounded by the 1-m isobath (relative to MLLW). We indicated that there 
are Indian tribes and Alaska Native corporations that have lands that 
are in close proximity to areas under consideration for designation as 
critical habitat for humpback whales, have usual and accustomed areas 
that overlap with critical habitat areas, or may otherwise be affected 
in coastal Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. Thus, as 
described more fully in the proposed rule, we reached out to 27 tribes 
located in Washington, Oregon, and California, and 149 tribes and 
tribal organizations located within Alaska to offer the opportunity to 
consult on critical habitat for humpback whales and discuss any 
concerns regarding the potential designations. In the proposed rule, we 
requested information regarding tribal impacts as a result of the 
designations (54 FR 54354, October 9, 2019), and following publication 
of the proposed rule, we contacted the potentially affected tribes and 
Native corporations to solicit their input on the proposed 
designations.
    As discussed in the proposed rule, we received requests for 
meetings from two tribes in Washington, the Quinault Indian Nation and 
the Quileute Tribe, in response to our initial outreach efforts. Both 
tribes expressed concern regarding the potential impact of the critical 
habitat designation on tribal fisheries, particularly within usual and 
accustomed fishing areas located in coastal marine waters. We had 
multiple follow-up communications with these tribes; however, neither 
tribe elected to submit formal comment or information regarding impacts 
on tribal resources or treaty rights, nor did they request additional 
meetings or consultation.
    Following publication of the proposed rule, we received several 
comments from tribes and requests for meetings. Specifically, we 
received a letter from the Sun'Aq Tribe of Kodiak, stating that, based 
on the available information, they did not believe the humpback whale 
critical habitat designation would adversely impact the Kodiak 
Archipelago economy. They also stated that if the designations are 
finalized, annual consultations should be conducted to provide 
opportunities to present any new information about subsistence or 
economic impacts. We received separate requests for meetings from the 
Bristol Bay Marine Mammal Council, the Aleut Marine Mammal Commission, 
and the Indigenous People's Council for Marine Mammals, and we 
subsequently participated in meetings with each organization to provide 
an overview of the proposed designations and discuss particular 
concerns regarding potential effects of the designations on subsistence 
as well as commercial fishing. Lastly, we received a letter, dated 
January 13, 202, from Shaan-Seet, Inc., the Alaska Native Village 
Corporation for Craig, Alaska, indicating that they had not been 
directly contacted about the proposed rule, and that they opposed the 
designation of critical habitat in Southeast Alaska. In February 2020, 
we contacted Shaan-Seet, Inc. to correct this oversight, and 
acknowledged that, while the Craig Tribal Association was on our 
contact list, Shaan-Seet, Inc. had been inadvertently omitted from our 
list of contacts and was thus not contacted directly about publication 
of the proposed rule. The Shaan-Seet, Inc. president indicated that we 
should contact the Craig Tribal Association to discuss any potential 
concerns further, which we subsequently did.
    Ultimately, through our additional outreach efforts following 
publication of the proposed rule, we did not identify any specific 
tribal impacts that are likely to result from the designation of 
critical habitat for humpback whales, nor did we receive any 
information

[[Page 21141]]

indicating that the designations were likely to result in impacts to 
tribal interests. Given the outcome of other aspects of our 4(b)(2) 
analysis and the decision to exclude Unit 10 (Southeast Alaska) from 
the final critical habitat designation, the humpback whale critical 
habitat will also not affect tribes or Native corporations in Southeast 
Alaska. Thus, this rule does not contain any exclusions of particular 
areas under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA based on impacts to tribes or 
Alaska Native corporations.

Analysis of the Benefits of Designation

    The primary benefit of critical habitat designation--and the only 
regulatory consequence--stems from the ESA section 7(a)(2) requirement 
that all Federal agencies ensure that their actions are not likely to 
destroy or adversely modify the designated habitat (16 U.S.C. 
1536(a)(2)). This benefit is in addition to the section 7(a)(2) 
requirement that all Federal agencies ensure their actions are not 
likely to jeopardize the species' continued existence. Another benefit 
of designation is that it provides the public, states, and others 
notice of areas and features important to species conservation, and 
information about the types of activities that may reduce the 
conservation value of or otherwise affect the habitat. Critical habitat 
designation may also lead to additional protections under state or 
local regulations.
    In addition to the benefits of critical habitat designation to the 
whales, there may be ancillary benefits. These other benefits may be 
economic in nature, or they may result in improvement of the ecological 
functioning of the designated areas. Chapter 4 of the FEA (IEc 2020) 
discusses other forms of benefits that may be attributed to the 
conservation and recovery of humpback whales (although not specifically 
attributed to the designation of critical habitat), including use 
benefits (e.g., for wildlife viewing), non-use benefits (e.g., 
existence values), and ancillary ecosystem service benefits (e.g., 
water quality improvements and enhanced habitat conditions for other 
marine and coastal species). Humpback whales are also valued in terms 
of the utility gained from whale watching experiences. In Washington, 
Oregon, California, and Alaska, humpback whales are sought by whale 
watchers (IEc 2020). Whale watch participants in these states generate 
tens of millions of dollars in economic activity annually (Pendelton 
2006). Although humpback whales clearly have significant value to 
people nationally and have economic value regionally, we are unable to 
(and are not required to) quantify or monetize associated use and non-
use economic benefits that would be attributable to a critical habitat 
designation. Available literature and data do not permit such precise 
valuation. More information about these types of benefits and values 
may be found in chapter 4 of the FEA (IEc 2020).
    It would be useful and informative if the best available 
information allowed the benefits of designation to be monetized so they 
could be directly compared to the economic benefits of excluding a 
particular area. However, sufficient and relevant data are not 
available to monetize the benefits of designation (e.g., estimates of 
the monetary value of the protecting the feature within areas 
designated as critical habitat, or the monetary value of education and 
outreach benefits). Nor are some of the key values served by a 
designation (fulfilling the statutory mandate, supporting the 
conservation of the species) susceptible to direct quantification. For 
this reason, the ESA regulations recognize that benefits may be 
quantitatively or qualitatively described (50 CFR 424.19(b)). In 
addition, we cannot isolate and quantify the effect that a critical 
habitat designation would have on recovery of humpback whales separate 
from other ongoing or planned conservation actions. It is also not 
possible to accurately predict the future harm to the habitat that 
would otherwise have been realized in the absence of a critical habitat 
designation. Ultimately, given these challenges and lack of sufficient 
information, the associated incremental use and non-use economic 
benefits of designating particular areas of the potential designation 
cannot be quantified. Therefore, we assessed the benefits of 
designation using a biologically-based analysis of the specific areas. 
In this particular case, the CHRT considered relevant humpback whale 
datasets to qualitatively rate the conservation impact or value for the 
DPSs if a particular area is designated as critical habitat. These 
qualitative conservation value ratings were then used to represent the 
benefits of designation. As presented in the Final Biological Report 
(NMFS 2020a), several changes were made to the datasets considered by 
the CHRT in response to public comments, and the CHRT then repeated its 
analysis to systematically assign a qualitative conservation value 
rating to each of the specific habitat units for each DPS.
    In general, the multiple datasets considered by the CHRT provided 
information about the importance of a given area for humpback whale 
feeding and the level of use of the units by whales of each particular 
DPS (see Appendix C, NMFS 2020a). The first dataset contained 
information about the feeding BIAs that have been identified for 
humpback whales (see Ferguson et al. 2015a, c and Calambokidis et al. 
2015). Rather than simply considering presence/absence of a BIA, and to 
make this information more comparable across units, the CHRT considered 
the size of the BIAs relative to the size of the particular critical 
habitat unit. Specifically, the CHRT calculated the percent of total 
area (km\2\) of a unit that was covered by the BIA within that unit 
(Table C4, NMFS 2020a). The CHRT members considered this information in 
light of the underlying data and approaches taken in delineating the 
BIAs in different geographic regions.
    A second dataset addressed the presence of whales from each 
particular DPSs within each critical habitat unit. Several different 
pieces of information were presented in this dataset. First, 
information regarding the level of survey effort (i.e., vessel days and 
whether small boat surveys were conducted) and the total number of 
unique humpback whales sighted during the SPLASH study were presented 
for each habitat unit. Secondly, we calculated the percentage of whales 
identified as belonging to a specific DPS within each specific habitat 
unit, out of the total number of matched sightings of that DPS. 
(Matched sightings are the total number of whales photo-identified in 
both breeding area and the critical habitat unit. Note that most whales 
sighted in feeding areas have not been matched to a particular DPS.) 
Third, we provided the probabilities of whales from a particular DPS 
moving from their winter, breeding area to a feeding area (critical 
habitat unit) as calculated by Wade (2017). These movement 
probabilities were derived from associated SPLASH data. The feeding 
areas from the SPLASH study and from Wade (2017) represent larger 
geographic areas than the critical habitat units, so in many cases a 
given movement probability applied to multiple, adjacent critical 
habitat units. Lastly, we compiled available documentation of whales 
from a specific DPS occurring in each unit (i.e., confirmed presence). 
These data came from both the SPLASH study as well as other references, 
a complete list of which is provided in the Final Biological Report 
(see Table C5).
    These compiled datasets, available literature summarized in the 
Final Biological Report, as well as the CHRT's individual expert 
opinions informed the structured decision-making process that

[[Page 21142]]

the CHRT applied in assessing the relative conservation value of each 
specific area and for each DPS. As discussed in more detail in the 
Final Biological Report, before conducting the updated analysis, the 
CHRT discussed the various datasets to ensure consistent interpretation 
of the data, and discussed other references and studies beyond SPLASH 
that should be brought to bear in their assessment. The CHRT also 
discussed how to prioritize the relevant information, to help ensure 
greater consistency in terms of how each CHRT member weighed the 
various data in their assessment. For example, the primary 
consideration of the CHRT members in determining the relative 
conservation value of a given habitat unit to a given DPS was the 
degree to which whales of that DPS rely on that area for feeding. After 
reviewing the data and process as a group, each member of the CHRT 
independently rated each habitat unit for each relevant DPS by 
distributing four ``points'' across the following four conservation 
value categories for each of the critical habitat units:
    (1) Very high--meaning areas where the available data indicate the 
area is very important to the conservation of the DPS;
    (2) high--meaning areas where the available data indicate the area 
is important to the conservation of the DPS;
    (3) medium--meaning the available data indicate the area is 
moderately important to the conservation of the DPS; and
    (4) low conservation value--meaning the available data suggest the 
DPS does not rely on this area for feeding.
    CHRT members could place all four points for a given habitat unit 
and DPS in one of these qualitative categories or spread those four 
points across any or all of the four categories. The degree to which 
votes were spread across the conservation value categories thus served 
as a measure of uncertainty in the conservation value of a particular 
unit. However, CHRT members were permitted to forego assigning their 
four votes for a specific critical habitat unit if they concluded the 
available data were either too limited or there was too much 
uncertainty associated with the available data to make an assessment of 
the conservation value of a particular area for the given DPS. In these 
instances the CHRT members were allowed to instead categorize the unit 
as ``data deficient.''
    Following an initial round of scoring, the CHRT met to discuss 
their assessments of the data and results. Following that team 
discussion, CHRT members were given the opportunity to independently 
re-evaluate their own point distributions and make any changes (if they 
elected to do so). The results of the CHRT's assessment for each of the 
habitat units are provided in Tables 1-3 of the Final Biological 
Report; complete results are also presented and discussed within the 
Final Biological Report (NMFS 2020).
    We reviewed and agree with the conclusions of the CHRT as presented 
in the Final Biological Report and used their conservation ratings of 
the specific areas to inform our section 4(b)(2) analysis, as described 
in this rule as well as in the Final Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 
2020b).

Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts

    As is clear from the preceding discussion, the conservation 
benefits to the humpback whale DPSs that would result from the 
designation of any particular critical habitat unit, expressed as a 
qualitative rating, are not directly comparable to the economic 
benefits that would result from exclusion of the particular unit from 
designation, which is expressed as a quantified cost. However, to weigh 
the benefits of designation against the economic benefits of exclusion, 
we have to compare these two types of information. As noted previously, 
the Secretary has discretion to determine the weight to assign to the 
relevant factors and may exclude any particular area from the critical 
habitat designation upon a determination that the benefits of such 
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying the particular area as 
part of the critical habitat (50 CFR 424.19(c)). The Secretary, 
however, cannot exclude any particular area if, based on the best 
scientific and commercial data available, the Secretary determines that 
the failure to designate that area as critical habitat will result in 
the extinction of the species concerned (50 CFR 424.19(c)). For this 
analysis, we note that each of the units identified for potential 
designation meet the definition of critical habitat because they are in 
the occupied range of the species and contain the identified physical 
or biological feature for which we have determined that special 
management considerations or protection may be required; however, the 
areas vary as to the level of their conservation value for the species. 
We (exercising the delegated authority of the Secretary) determined 
that the conservation benefits of including areas with medium, high, or 
very high conservation ratings should have significant weight in this 
analysis. It is reasonable to give great weight to the conservation 
value of the habitat, in light of the purpose of critical habitat under 
the Act (to support the conservation, or recovery, of the species) and 
the statutory mandate to designate critical habitat to the maximum 
extent prudent and determinable.
    Overall, the projected economic impacts to Federal agencies and 
non-Federal entities of designating each of the 19 habitat units are 
considered low, with annualized impacts ranging from $1,700-$32,000 per 
habitat unit (IEc 2020). If all 19 units were designated, the total 
annualized impact is estimated to range from $110,000 to $120,000 over 
the next 10 years (IEc 2020).

WNP DPS

    Results of the biological and economic analyses (see Table 1) 
indicate that for the WNP DPS, habitat units rated as having very high 
or medium conservation value are associated with annualized impacts 
ranging from $2,300-$2,700 (Unit 3, Shumagin Islands Area) to $4,600-
$5,400 (Unit 5, Kodiak Island Area). (Note there were no high 
conservation values for the WNP DPS). Specific areas rated as having 
low conservation value for the WNP DPS were associated with annualized 
impacts ranging from $2,600 (Units 7, Kenai Peninsula Area and 9, 
Northeastern Gulf of Alaska) to $5,600 (Unit 6, Cook Inlet Area). After 
reviewing the updated costs and the CHRT's revised conservation values 
for each specific area, we concluded that the economic impacts for the 
habitat units with very high and medium conservation ratings are not 
outweighed by the relatively low costs attributed to any of those 
units. We have confidence in the data-driven process by which the CHRT 
carefully evaluated and then re-evaluated the relative conservation 
value of each critical habitat unit, and we therefore find that areas 
receiving these rating classifications are all of moderate to very high 
importance to the conservation of the WNP DPS. In other words, these 
higher value feeding areas are expected to support the life history 
needs and recovery of these whales. The benefit of designating these 
important feeding areas as critical habitat is not outweighed by the 
relatively low economic impacts projected to occur as a result of their 
designation. For areas rated as having a low conservation value, 
however, we continue to find that the economic impacts, though still 
objectively low, outweigh the benefits of including them in the 
designation. By definition, these low value habitat units, based on the 
CHRT's assessment of the best available data, are areas the WNP

[[Page 21143]]

DPS whales are not expected to rely on as extensively for feeding given 
the very low occurrence or predicted occurrence of WNP DPS whales in 
the area relative to other areas with higher conservation value. Even 
though the estimated annualized impacts only ranged from $2,600-$5,600 
across all of the low conservation value areas for the WNP DPS, we find 
that these costs outweigh the minimal conservation benefits to the WNP 
DPS whales of designating these areas. Because this DPS does not rely 
as extensively on these areas for feeding, or in the case of Unit 1, is 
not known to rely on the area for feeding, we continue to find that 
exclusion of these areas will not result in the extinction of this DPS 
(see Section 4(b)(2) Report). Therefore, consistent with the exclusions 
identified in the proposed rule, the final critical habitat designation 
for the WNP DPS excludes the following areas: Unit 4--Central Peninsula 
Area, Unit 6--Cook Inlet, Unit 7--Kenai Peninsula Area, Unit 8--Prince 
William Sound Area, and Unit 9--Northeastern Gulf of Alaska.
    Based on the CHRT's reassessment of relative conservation values of 
the specific areas for the WNP DPS, Unit 1 (Bristol Bay Area) was rated 
as being ``data deficient.'' This outcome was the result of the careful 
review of the available data and refinement of the underlying dataset 
used during the CHRT's reassessment, which are provided in the Final 
Biological Report (NMFS 2020a; see also response to Comment 30. 
Specifically, the available data regarding predicted movement 
probabilities (i.e., Wade 2017), which were derived from SPLASH data, 
were found to not be applicable to Unit 1. While the available data 
indicate the eastern Bering Sea is part of the occupied range of WNP 
DPS whales, this area was not sampled during the SPLASH study, and no 
other photo-identification data are available to determine relative use 
of this particular area by this DPS (versus other humpback whales). 
Refining the interpretation of data in this way led the CHRT to 
conclude that it was not possible on the basis of the best available 
information to assess the relative conservation value of this area, 
which had previously been assigned a rating of high conservation value 
for the WNP DPS (based largely on the extrapolation of results of Wade 
(2017) to this area and the presence of a BIA). Ultimately, the 
majority of the CHRT concluded that, based on the very limited data, 
the extent to which WNP DPS whales rely on this area for feeding could 
not be reliably assessed. After considering the outcome of the CHRT's 
assessment and the available information regarding the documented 
distribution of WNP DPS whales as summarized in the Final Biological 
Report, we conclude that the conservation benefit of designating Unit 1 
for the WNP DPS is outweighed by the economic impact of designating 
this area, although it is relatively low (annualized impact of $2,300). 
Given the available data indicating that WNP DPS whales primarily use 
other feeding areas, including areas outside U.S. waters, we also 
conclude that exclusion of this particular area will not result in 
extinction of this DPS. Therefore, the final critical habitat 
designation for the WNP DPS does not include Unit 1--Bristol Bay Area.
    We note, however, that historical whaling data as well as more 
recent survey data indicate that humpback whales use this area, which 
may become increasingly important feeding habitat for humpback whales 
as changing ocean conditions alter the distributions and abundances of 
important or quality prey or as the DPSs recover. Because most of this 
area has been poorly surveyed, and because we have an inadequate 
understanding of the importance of this area to ESA-listed humpback 
whales, the CHRT recommended that research efforts should be directed 
towards surveying humpback whales in this particular portion of the 
range.

CAM DPS

    Results of the biological and economic analyses (see Table 2) 
indicate that for the CAM DPS, habitat units rated as having very high, 
high, and medium conservation value are associated with annualized 
impacts ranging from $1,700 (Unit 15, California North Coast) to 
$10,000 (Unit 13, Coastal Oregon). Consistent with our conclusions in 
the proposed rule, we do not find that the relatively low estimated 
economic impacts outweigh the benefits of designating these higher 
conservation value areas for the CAM DPS. These feeding areas are 
expected to contribute to supporting the overall life history and 
conservation of these endangered whales. We do not find that the 
benefits of designating these areas as critical habitat are outweighed 
by the relatively low economic impacts projected to occur as a result 
of their designation. One area was rated as medium/low (Unit 12, 
Columbia River Area) as a result of a tie in the votes from the CHRT 
(i.e., half of the votes were cast for low and the other half were cast 
for medium conservation value), and is associated with an estimated 
annualized cost of $6,900. This medium/low area does not contain a BIA 
and the documented occurrence of whales from the CAM DPS in this area 
is lower relative to habitat units farther south in the CCE. However, 
as discussed previously, the predicted movement probabilities for 
whales of the CAM DPS whales to this general area are high (Wade 2017), 
and recent evidence from satellite-tagged whales indicate this is an 
important feeding area for humpback whales (Palacios et al. 2020). 
Overall, the CHRT concluded that the conservation value of this unit 
for the endangered CAM DPS is not out-weighed by the low estimated 
economic impacts ($6,900, Table 2).
    Consistent with the proposed rule, we continue to find that the 
benefits of designating the habitat unit rated as having low 
conservation value for the CAM DPS (i.e., Unit 19, California South 
Coast), are outweighed by the estimated economic impacts of 
designation, which are estimated to range from $5,500-$5,700 
(annualized). Unit 19 is not recognized as important feeding habitat 
for humpback whales and does not contain a feeding BIA. Waters off the 
southernmost portion of the California coast (i.e., Unit 19) also have 
the lowest predicted abundance of humpback whales during summer months 
as well as during cooler months (Becker et al. 2016 and 2017; see 
Figure 17, NMFS 2020a). Because this area, which comprises 12,966 
nmi\2\ of marine habitat, is small relative to the overall designation, 
which extends over 48,521 nmi\2\ of marine waters off of Washington, 
Oregon, and California, we find that exclusion of this habitat unit 
from the critical habitat designation for the CAM DPS will not result 
in extinction of this DPS.; Therefore, this unit is excluded from the 
final critical habitat designation for the CAM DPS.

MX DPS

    Results of the biological and economic analyses (see Table 3) 
indicate that for the MX DPS, habitat units rated as having very high 
and high conservation value are associated with annualized impacts 
ranging from $1,700 (Unit 15, California North Coast) to $10,000 (Unit 
13, Coastal Oregon). Areas rated as having medium conservation value 
are associated with annualized costs ranging from $3,400 (Unit 8, 
Prince William Sound) to $8,200 (Unit 11, Coastal Washington). In no 
instance were these estimated economic impacts found to outweigh the 
value of these areas to the conservation of the MX DPS. These higher 
conservation value areas, which are located within all of the regions 
known to be used as feeding habitat by the MX DPS (i.e., Aleutian

[[Page 21144]]

Islands/Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, CCE) are expected to play an 
important role in supporting the life history needs and conservation of 
this DPS.
    Areas rated as having low conservation value for the MX DPS also 
occur within all of the regions used by this DPS and are associated 
with estimated annualized impacts ranging from $2,600 (Units 7 and 9) 
to $32,000 (Unit 10). Consistent with the proposed rule and conclusions 
for other DPSs, we find that the benefits of designating the habitat 
units rated as having low conservation value are outweighed by the 
forecasted economic impacts associated with their designation. These 
low conservation value areas are areas that whales of this DPS are not 
expected to rely on as extensively for feeding, as indicated by their 
very low occurrence or predicted occurrence in these areas. Thus, based 
on the currently available information for the MX DPS, these areas 
likely have minimal conservation value for this DPS, which we find is 
outweighed by the projected economic impacts, although they are low. 
For Units 7, 9, and 19, this finding is consistent with our conclusions 
in the proposed rule, which includes addition discussion regarding 
exclusion of these particular areas.
    Based on the results of the CHRT's reassessment of relative 
conservation value, three additional habitat units now fall into this 
low conservation value category for the MX DPS--Unit 4 (Central 
Peninsula Area), Unit 6 (Cook Inlet Area), and Unit 10 (Southeast 
Alaska). Each of these three areas, all of which are located in waters 
off Alaska, were rated as medium conservation value based on the CHRT's 
initial assessment leading to the proposed rule. As noted previously, 
and as presented in detail in the Final Biological Report and Summary 
of Changes (see also response to Comment 30), we revised the datasets 
applied by the CHRT during their reassessment of relative conservation 
value and placed greater emphasis on the degree to which whales of each 
specific DPS are relying on each area for feeding. Each of these three 
areas has low documented occurrences and/or low predicted occurrences 
of MX DPS, and two of these areas (Units 4 and 6) do not include a 
feeding BIA. Unit 10 (Southeast Alaska), however, contains a large BIA 
and supports feeding by a large number of humpback whales, which 
influenced the CHRT's initial assessment. The CHRT's reassessment 
placed less weight on presence of the BIA, and placed greater emphasis 
on the data indicating that the large majority of whales using this BIA 
are from the non-listed Hawaiian population, while only a small 
percentage of MX DPS whales use or are predicted to use this general 
area (Barlow et al. 2011, Wade 2017). In addition, the revised economic 
analysis indicates that the largest portion of the quantified, 
annualized impacts ($26,000-$32,000) as well as the potential, non-
quantified economic impacts (e.g., project delays) are associated with 
this Unit.
    Based on the best available data and the revised analyses, for each 
of these three, additional low conservation value areas (Units 4, 6, 
and 10) and the other three low conservation value areas (Units 7, 9, 
and 19), we conclude that the benefits of designating the area are 
outweighed by the estimated economic impacts associated with their 
designation. Given the large area included in the designation, the 
documented distribution of MX DPS whales, and the current status of 
this threatened DPS, we also conclude that exclusion of the low 
conservation value areas from critical habitat will not result in 
extinction of the MX DPS. Therefore, we are excluding the following six 
areas from the final critical habitat designation for the MX DPS: Unit 
4--Central Peninsula Area, Unit 6--Cook Inlet Area, Unit 7--Kenai 
Peninsula Area, Unit 9--Northeastern Gulf of Alaska, Unit 10--Southeast 
Alaska, and Unit 19--California South Coast.
    Based on the CHRT's reassessment of relative conservation values of 
the specific areas for the MX DPS, Unit 1 (Bristol Bay Area) was rated 
as being ``data deficient.'' As discussed previously for the WNP DPS, 
the basis for this outcome was the revision to the data and approach 
used by the CHRT in their reassessment of the relative conservation 
value of each specific area, which is discussed in more detail in the 
Final Biological Report (NMFS 2020a). In particular, while the 
available data indicate the eastern Bering Sea is part of the occupied 
range of MX DPS whales, this area was not sampled during the SPLASH 
study, and no other photo-identification data are available to 
determine relative use of this particular area by whales from this DPS 
(versus other humpback whales). Although this area had previously been 
assigned a rating of high conservation value for the MX DPS (based 
largely on the extrapolation of results of Wade (2017) to this area and 
the presence of a BIA), ultimately, the majority of the CHRT concluded 
that, based on the very limited data, the extent to which MX DPS whales 
are relying on this area for feeding could not be reliably assessed. 
After considering the outcome of the CHRT's assessment and the 
available information regarding the documented distribution of MX DPS 
whales as summarized in the Final Biological Report, we conclude that 
the conservation benefit of designating Unit 1 for the MX DPS is 
outweighed by the economic impact of designating this area, although 
low (annualized impact of $2,300). Given the available data indicating 
that MX DPS whales primarily use other feeding areas and the status of 
this DPS as threatened rather than endangered, we also conclude that 
exclusion of this particular area will not result in extinction of this 
DPS. Therefore, the final critical habitat designation for the MX DPS 
does not include Unit 1--Bristol Bay Area. As noted previously, the 
CHRT recommended that future research effort be directed at improving 
our understanding of this potentially important habitat for humpback 
whales generally and for ESA-listed humpback whales in particular.

  Table 1--Conservation Ratings and Estimated, Incremental, Annualized
 Economic Impacts Associated With Section 7 Consultations Over the Next
 10 Years for the Specific Areas of Critical Habitat Considered for the
                       WNP DPS of Humpback Whales
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Conservation     Annualized
       Unit No.              Area             rating          impacts
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1....................  Bristol Bay Area  data deficient.          $2,300
2....................  Aleutian Islands  very high......     2,600-4,400
                        Area.
3....................  Shumagin Islands  Medium.........     2,300-2,700
                        Area.
4....................  Central           Low............     2,600-2,800
                        Peninsula Area.
5....................  Kodiak Island     Medium.........     4,600-5,400
                        Area.
6....................  Cook Inlet Area.  Low............     5,200-5,600
7....................  Kenai Peninsula   Low............           2,600
                        Area.

[[Page 21145]]

 
8....................  Prince William    Low............           3,400
                        Sound Area.
9....................  Northeastern      Low............           2,600
                        Gulf of Alaska.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Table 2--Conservation Ratings and Estimated, Incremental, Annualized
 Economic Impacts Associated With Section 7 Consultations Over the Next
 10 Years for the Specific Areas of Critical Habitat Considered for the
                       CAM DPS of Humpback Whales
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Conservation     Annualized
       Unit No.            Unit name          rating          impacts
------------------------------------------------------------------------
11...................  Coastal           Medium.........   $7,500-$8,200
                        Washington.
12...................  Columbia River    medium/low.....           6,900
                        Area.
13...................  Coastal Oregon..  Medium.........    9,500-10,000
14...................  Southern Oregon/  High...........           2,600
                        Northern
                        California.
15...................  California North  High...........           1,700
                        Coast.
16...................  San Francisco/    very high......           3,000
                        Monterey Bay
                        Area.
17...................  California        very high......           7,900
                        Central Coast.
18...................  Channel Islands   very high......           3,900
                        Area.
19...................  California South  Low............     5,500-5,700
                        Coast.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Table 3--Conservation Ratings and Estimated, Incremental, Annualized
 Economic Impacts Associated With Section 7 Consultations Over the Next
 10 Years for the Specific Areas Of Critical Habitat Considered for the
                        MX DPS of Humpback Whales
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Conservation     Annualized
       Unit No.              Area             rating          impacts
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1....................  Bristol Bay Area  data deficient.          $2,300
2....................  Aleutian Islands  very high......     2,600-4,400
                        Area.
3....................  Shumagin Islands  High...........     2,300-2,700
                        Area.
4....................  Central           Low............     2,600-2,800
                        Peninsula Area.
5....................  Kodiak Island     very high......     4,600-5,400
                        Area.
6....................  Cook Inlet Area.  Low............     5,200-5,600
7....................  Kenai Peninsula   Low............           2,600
                        Area.
8....................  Prince William    Medium.........           3,400
                        Sound Area.
9....................  Northeastern      Low............           2,600
                        Gulf of Alaska.
10...................  Southeastern      Low............   26,000-32,000
                        Alaska.
11...................  Coastal           Medium.........     7,500-8,200
                        Washington.
12...................  Columbia River    Medium.........           6,900
                        Area.
13...................  Coastal Oregon..  High...........    9,500-10,000
14...................  Southern Oregon/  High...........           2,600
                        Northern
                        California.
15...................  California North  High...........           1,700
                        Coast.
16...................  San Francisco/    very high......           3,000
                        Monterey Bay
                        Area.
17...................  California        High...........           7,900
                        Central Coast.
18...................  Channel Islands   High...........           3,900
                        Area.
19...................  California South  Low............     5,500-5,700
                        Coast Area.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exclusions Based on National Security Impacts

    Based on the written information provided by the Navy in December 
2018 and information provided through subsequent discussions with Navy 
representatives, we evaluated whether there was a reasonably specific 
justification indicating that designating certain areas as critical 
habitat would have a probable incremental impact on national security. 
In accordance with our 4(b)(2) Policy (81 FR 7226, 7231 February 11, 
2016), in instances where the Navy provided a reasonably specific 
justification, we deferred to their expert judgement as to: (1) Whether 
activities on its lands or waters, or its activities on other lands or 
waters, have national security or homeland-security implications; (2) 
the importance of those implications; and (3) the degree to which the 
cited implications would be adversely affected by the critical habitat 
designation. In conducting a review of these exclusion requests under 
section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, we also gave great weight to the Navy's 
national-security concerns. To weigh the national security impacts 
against conservation benefits of a potential critical habitat 
designation, we also considered the following: (1) The size of the 
requested exclusion and the percentage of the specific critical habitat 
area(s) that overlaps with the Navy area; (2) the relative conservation 
value of the specific area for each particular humpback whale DPS; (3) 
the likelihood that the Navy's activities would destroy or adversely 
modify critical habitat, and the likelihood that NMFS would require 
project modifications to reduce or avoid these impacts; and (4) the 
likelihood that other Federal actions may occur in the

[[Page 21146]]

site that would not be subject to the critical habitat provision if the 
particular area were excluded from the designation.
    After considering the information provided by the Navy regarding 
potential impacts on national security stemming from the designation of 
a portion of Unit 11 as critical habitat, we found that the Navy had 
provided a reasonably specific justification for their requested 
exclusion of the area overlapping with the QRS as well the 10-km buffer 
surrounding the QRS. The requested exclusion comprises about 44 percent 
of the area of Unit 11, which was rated as having a medium conservation 
value for the CAM DPS and a medium conservation value for the MX DPS. 
The requested exclusion comprises a very small portion of the total 
critical habitat designations for the CAM DPS (about 3 percent) and the 
MX DPS (about 1.3 percent). To more precisely gauge the value of the 
specific QRS area (including the buffer) to the whales, we reviewed the 
overlap of the QRS with the location of the BIA and the predicted whale 
densities from Becker et al. (2016), which modeled predicted densities 
in approximately 10 km by 10 km grid cells. Those comparisons indicated 
that the QRS is entirely outside of, and south of, the BIA, and 
overlaps only partially with the area where the highest densities of 
humpback whales are predicted to occur within Unit 11. In other words, 
an exclusion of the QRS and buffer area would remove from the 
designation only a small amount of the comparatively high use locations 
within Unit 11. The Navy also indicated that while they do not control 
access to this area, they do exert significant influence in terms of 
limiting other Federal activities within the QRS. The QRS and 
associated buffer also have a significant degree of overlap with the 
OCNMS, where certain activities are prohibited, including oil, gas, or 
mineral exploration, development, or production; discharging or 
depositing any material or other matter; drilling into, dredging, or 
otherwise altering the seabed, with some exceptions (15 CFR 922.152). 
Because of these prohibitions, we find that the likelihood of other 
Federal activities being proposed in this area of the QRS is low.
    Overall, in light of the Navy's substantial and specific concerns 
regarding the potential impact of a critical habitat designation on 
their unique testing and training activities that occur within the QRS 
and the potential delay in critical missions in order to complete 
adverse modification analyses, we determined that the benefits of 
excluding the QRS due to national security impacts outweighs the 
benefits of designating this portion of Unit 11 as critical habitat for 
the MX and CAM DPSs. Upon further review of the requested buffer 
exclusion, however, and as discussed previously (see response to 
Comment 40), we determined the benefit of excluding this area on the 
basis of a national security impact does not outweigh the benefit of 
designating critical habitat in a portion of the 10-km buffer extending 
from the northeast corner of the QRS where it overlaps with the OCNMS. 
The Navy does not currently use or currently plan to use explosives in 
the northeast corner of the QRS; therefore, potential impacts to the 
humpback whale critical habitat are unlikely to extend into the OCNMS. 
The Navy provided additional information to NMFS clarifying the impact 
to national security should the full 10-km buffer around the QRS not be 
excluded from designation as critical habitat. The Navy noted that the 
current limitation on conducting underwater explosives in this portion 
of the QRS is based on mitigation measures the Navy proposed in its 
NWTT SEIS (September 2020) and associated ESA and MMPA compliance 
documentation, which preclude the use of all underwater explosives for 
training and testing within 50 nmi from shore, with the exception of 
mine countermeasures neutralization activities, which occur in the QRS 
where it does not overlap with the OCNMS. Navy concluded it was 
practicable to implement this restriction; however, all Navy mitigation 
measures allow for deviations (in consultation with NMFS) if driven by 
new and immediate national security requirements. Further, the Navy 
reviews its mitigation measures annually and can modify those 
mitigation measures as driven by evolving military readiness 
requirements, also in consultation with NMFS. The Navy stated that 
because techniques and tactics needed for national security can rapidly 
evolve, it is possible that modifications to current activities and the 
development of new technologies will require testing in areas that may 
not be currently utilized for underwater explosives. Thus, we find 
that, while there are national security impacts as described by the 
Navy, benefits of excluding this area do not outweigh the conservation 
benefits of designating this particular area as critical habitat for 
both the MX and CAM DPSs. Given the small size of this particular area 
relative to the overall designations and the medium conservation value 
of this area for both DPSs, we conclude that excluding this area (i.e., 
QRS with the modified buffer)) from the designations will not result in 
extinction of either the CAM or MX DPS. We note that should the Navy's 
requirements change in such a manner that materially affects how it 
will conduct activities within the QRS, the Navy will provide NMFS with 
an updated explanation of impacts to national security, and we will 
reconsider whether those impacts outweigh the benefits of designating a 
small portion of the 10-km buffer as critical habitat.
    We considered the information provided by the Navy concerning 
potential impacts on national security stemming from the designation of 
Unit 19 as critical habitat, and found that the Navy had provided a 
reasonably specific justification for the requested exclusion. We 
considered the information provided by the Navy regarding the nature 
and types of training and testing activities that occur within SOCAL 
(e.g., anti-submarine warfare, torpedo, mine countermeasure, gun, 
missile and rocket, and propulsion testing) to evaluate their potential 
to affect humpback whale critical habitat. We also reviewed the 
discussions about particular impacts provided in the Navy's 2018 Final 
Environmental Impact Statement for Hawaii-Southern California Training 
and Testing (e.g., impacts to fish and invertebrates). We agree with 
the Navy's assessment that the activities that occur in SOCAL, many of 
which occur with high frequency, have the potential to impact humpback 
whale prey species, with the degree of impact depending on the nature 
of the particular activity. We also considered that Unit 19, about 83 
percent of which overlaps with the SOCAL range complex, had been 
assessed as having low conservation value to both the MX and CAM DPSs 
of humpback whales. Given the low conservation value rating this area 
received for each DPS, we conclude that the benefits of excluding SOCAL 
outweigh the benefits of including it in either designation. Overall, 
we concur with the Navy that designation of this portion of Unit 19 
would likely have national security impacts that outweigh the benefits 
of designating this low conservation value area. Further, as indicated 
previously, we also conclude that exclusion of all of Unit 19 from the 
critical habitat designations will not result in the extinction of 
either the CAM or MX DPS. Thus, even though we have separately 
determined to exclude all of Unit 19 based on economic impacts, we are 
also making an independent determination to exclude

[[Page 21147]]

the subset of this area that the DOD requested be excluded on the basis 
of national security impacts.

Final Critical Habitat Designations

    We find that designation of critical habitat for these DPSs of 
humpback whales is both determinable and prudent. For the reasons 
discussed in our proposed rule and the foregoing sections of this final 
rule, we determine the critical habitat for each DPS on the basis of 
the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration 
the economic impact, the impact on national security, and other 
relevant impacts, as follows:
    For the endangered WNP DPS of humpback whales, we designate 
approximately 59,411 nmi\2\ of marine habitat off the coast of Alaska 
as occupied critical habitat. The designation encompasses Units 2, 3, 
and 5 as shown in Figure 1. The specific areas included in the 
designation are seasonal feeding habitat that is occupied by the WNP 
DPS whales and contain the biological prey feature that is essential to 
their conservation and that we find may require special management 
considerations or protection. We have excluded 6 particular areas from 
this designation pursuant to ESA section 4(b)(2) based on our finding 
that the benefits of exclusion (i.e., avoiding the probable economic 
impacts) outweigh the benefits of specifying these areas as part of the 
critical habitat, and we find on the basis of the best scientific and 
commercial data available that these exclusions will not result in the 
extinction of the species, because the excluded areas are not known to 
serve as important feeding habitat for this DPS. We are not designating 
any unoccupied areas for the WNP DPS.
    For the endangered CAM DPS of humpback whales, we designate 
approximately 48,521 nmi\2\ of marine habitat off the coasts of 
Washington, Oregon, and California as occupied critical habitat. The 
designation encompasses part of Unit 11 and Units 12-18 as shown in 
Figure 1. The areas being designated are seasonal feeding habitat that 
is occupied by the CAM DPS and contain the biological prey feature that 
is essential to their conservation and that may require special 
management considerations or protection. We exclude from the 
designation approximately 12,966 nmi\2\ off the coast of southern 
California (i.e., Unit 19) pursuant to ESA section 4(b)(2) based on our 
finding that the benefits of exclusion (i.e., avoiding the probable 
economic and national security impacts) outweigh the benefits of 
specifying this area as part of the critical habitat, and we exclude 
the QRS and its associated 10-km buffer (which does not extend beyond 
10-km into the OCNMS) off the coast of Washington based on our finding 
that the benefits of exclusion (i.e., avoiding the probable national 
security impacts) outweigh the benefits of specifying this area as part 
of the critical habitat. We find on the basis of the best scientific 
and commercial data available that these exclusions will not result in 
the extinction of this DPS because these areas are small relative to 
the overall designation and current extinction risk for this DPS is 
largely driven by other threats (e.g., ship strikes). The designation 
does not include areas within the footprint of the SNI INRMP (around 
Begg Rock) and of the NBVC Point Mugu INRMP (i.e., waters around San 
Miguel and Prince Islands), as these areas are ineligible for 
designation as critical habitat under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the ESA. 
We are not designating any unoccupied areas for the CAM DPS.
    For the threated MX DPS of humpback whales, we designate 116,098 
nmi\2\ of marine habitat off the coasts of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, 
and California as occupied critical habitat. The designation 
encompasses Units 2, 3, 5, 8, part of Unit 11, and Units 12-18 as shown 
in Figure 1. The areas being designated are seasonal feeding areas that 
are occupied by the MX DPS and contain the biological prey feature that 
is essential to their conservation and that we find may require special 
management considerations or protection. We exclude from the 
designation 6 areas off the coast of Alaska based on our finding that 
the benefits of exclusion (i.e., avoiding the probable economic 
impacts) outweigh the benefits of specifying these areas as part of the 
critical habitat, and we exclude one area off the coast of southern 
California based on our finding that the benefits of exclusion (i.e., 
avoiding both the probable economic and national security impacts) 
outweigh the benefits of specifying this area as part of the critical 
habitat. We also exclude the QRS and its associated 10-km buffer (which 
does not extend beyond 10-km into the OCNMS) off the coast of 
Washington based on our finding that the benefits of exclusion (i.e., 
avoiding the probable national security impacts) outweigh the benefits 
of specifying this area as part of the critical habitat. We find on the 
basis of the best scientific and commercial data available that these 
exclusions will not result in the extinction of this DPS given the 
large area included in the designation, the documented distribution of 
MX DPS whales, and the current status of this threatened DPS. The 
designation does not include areas within the footprint of the SNI 
INRMP (around Begg Rock) and of the NBVC Point Mugu INRMP (i.e., waters 
around San Miguel and Prince Islands), as these areas are ineligible 
for designation as critical habitat under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the 
ESA. We are not designating any unoccupied areas for the MX DPS.
    None of the designations in this rule include manmade structures 
(e.g., ferry docks, sea plane facilities) or the land on which they 
rest and that are in existences as of the effective date of this rule.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designations

    Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requires Federal agencies, including 
NMFS, to ensure that any action authorized, funded or carried out by 
the agency (agency action) is not likely to jeopardize the continued 
existence of any threatened or endangered species or destroy or 
adversely modify designated critical habitat. Federal agencies must 
consult with us on any proposed agency action that may affect the 
listed species or its critical habitat. During interagency 
consultation, we evaluate the agency action to determine whether the 
action may adversely affect listed species or critical habitat and, 
where there is likely to be an adverse effect, we issue our finding in 
a biological opinion. The potential effects of a proposed action may 
depend on, among other factors, the specific timing and location of the 
action relative to seasonal presence of essential features or seasonal 
use of critical habitat by the listed species for essential life 
history functions. While the requirement to consult on an action that 
may affect critical habitat applies regardless of the season, NMFS 
addresses the varying spatial and temporal considerations when 
evaluating the potential impacts of a proposed action during 
consultation using the best available scientific and commercial 
information. If we conclude in the biological opinion that the agency 
action would likely result in the destruction or adverse modification 
of critical habitat, we would also recommend any reasonable and prudent 
alternatives to the action that would avoid destruction or adverse 
modification.
    Reasonable and prudent alternatives are defined in 50 CFR 402.02 as 
alternative actions identified during formal consultation that can be 
implemented in a manner consistent with the intended purpose of the 
action, that are consistent with the scope of the

[[Page 21148]]

Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are 
economically and technologically feasible, and that would avoid the 
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. The Service 
may also provide with the biological opinion a statement containing 
discretionary conservation recommendations. Conservation 
recommendations are advisory and are not intended to carry any binding 
legal force.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies that have 
retained discretionary involvement or control over an action, or where 
such discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law, to 
reinitiate consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances 
where, among other situations: (1) New information reveals effects of 
the action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a 
manner or to an extent not previously considered; (2) the identified 
action is subsequently modified in a manner that causes an effect to 
the listed species or critical habitat that was not considered in the 
biological opinion or written concurrence; or (3) a new species is 
listed or critical habitat designated that may be affected by the 
identified action (50 CFR 402.16(a)(2)-(4)). Consequently, some Federal 
agencies may request reinitiation of consultation with NMFS on actions 
for which formal consultation has been completed, if those actions may 
affect designated critical habitat for the WNP, CAM, or MX DPSs of 
humpback whales.
    Activities subject to the ESA section 7 consultation process 
include activities on Federal lands, as well as activities requiring a 
permit or other authorization from a Federal agency (e.g., a section 
10(a)(1)(B) permit from NMFS), or another Federal action, including 
funding (e.g., Federal Emergency Management Agency funding). ESA 
section 7 consultation would not be required for Federal actions that 
would not affect listed species or critical habitat, and would not be 
required for actions on non-Federal and private lands that are not 
carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency.

Activities That May Be Affected

    ESA section 4(b)(8) requires, to the maximum extent practicable, in 
any final regulation to designate critical habitat, an evaluation and 
brief description of those activities (whether public or private) that 
may adversely modify such habitat or that may be affected by such 
designation. (The term ``destruction or adverse modification'' of 
critical habitat is defined in 50 CFR 402.02, and means a direct or 
indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical 
habitat as a whole for the conservation of a listed species.) A wide 
variety of activities may affect the critical habitats and may be 
subject to the ESA section 7 consultation processes when carried out, 
funded, or authorized by a Federal agency. These include: (1) Federal 
fisheries, (2) oil and gas activities (including seismic surveys, and 
oil spill planning and response), (3) alternative energy development, 
(4) in-water construction (including dredging and offshore mining), (5) 
vessel traffic activities (largely, the establishment of the shipping 
lanes by the USCG, and maintenance and replacement of aids to 
navigation by the USCG), (6) aquaculture and hatcheries, (7) military 
activities, (8) LNG terminal activities, (9) space vehicle and missile 
launches, (10) water quality management and in-land activities 
(including pesticide registration, establishment of water quality 
standards, and Clean Water Act general permits), (11) U.S. Forest 
Service activities (related to timber and forest management), and (12) 
scientific research. Section 7 consultations must be based on the best 
scientific and commercial information available when they are 
undertaken, and outcomes are case-specific. Inclusion (or exclusion) 
from this list, therefore, does not predetermine the occurrence or 
outcome of any consultation.
    Private or non-Federal entities may also be affected by the 
critical habitat designations if there is a Federal nexus in that, for 
example, a Federal permit is required, Federal funding is received, or 
the entity is involved in or receives benefits from a Federal project. 
These activities would need to be evaluated with respect to their 
potential to destroy or adversely modify humpback whale critical 
habitat.
    The critical habitats for humpback whales do not include any 
manmade structures and the land on which they rest within the described 
boundaries that were in existence by the effective date of this rule. 
While these structures/areas would not be directly affected by 
designation, they may be affected if a Federal action associated with 
the structure/area (e.g., a discharge permit from the Environmental 
Protection Agency) may impact the critical habitat.
    For ongoing activities, these designations of critical habitat may 
trigger reinitiation of past consultations. Although we cannot 
predetermine the outcome of section 7 consultations, we do not 
anticipate at this time that the outcome of reinitiated consultations 
would likely require additional conservation measures, because effects 
to habitat and to humpback whale prey species would in most instances 
have been assessed in the original consultation. We are committed to 
working closely with other Federal agencies to conduct any reinitiated 
consultations in an efficient and streamlined manner to the maximum 
extent possible and consistent with our statutory and regulatory 
requirements.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited in this proposed rule can 
be found on our website (www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/humpback-whale; 
click on ``see regulatory actions''), and is available upon request 
from the NMFS Office of Protected Resources (see FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT).

Classifications

National Environmental Policy Act

    We have determined that an environmental analysis as provided for 
under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 for critical 
habitat designations made pursuant to the ESA is not required. See 
Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 
116 S. Ct. 698 (1996).

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996, whenever an agency publishes a notice of rulemaking 
for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for 
public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the 
effects of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small 
organizations, and small government jurisdictions). We have prepared a 
final regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA), which is provided in 
chapter 5 of the FEA (IEc 2020). Responses to comments on this document 
are provided earlier in the preamble to the rule, and any necessary 
changes were made to the FRFA. Results of the FRFA are summarized 
below.
    As discussed previously in this preamble and in our FRFA (see 
chapter 5 of IEc 2020), the designation of critical habitat is required 
under the ESA to the maximum extent prudent and determinable. This 
critical habitat rule does not directly apply to any particular entity, 
small or large. The rule will operate and have regulatory effect only 
in conjunction with ESA section 7(a)(2), which requires that Federal 
agencies ensure, in consultation with NMFS, that any action they 
authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the

[[Page 21149]]

continued existence of listed species or destroy or adversely modify 
designated critical habitat. Consultations may result in economic 
impacts to Federal agencies and proponents of proposed actions (e.g., 
permittees, applicants, grantees). Those economic impacts may be in the 
form of administrative costs of participating in a section 7 
consultation and, if the consultation results in required measures to 
protect critical habitat, project modification costs. As discussed 
previously and as detailed in chapters 2 and 3 of the FEA, incremental 
impacts associated with this rulemaking that can be monetized are 
expected to be limited to administrative costs associated with section 
7 consultations.
    This rule does not duplicate or conflict with any other laws or 
regulations. However, the protection of listed species and designated 
critical habitat may overlap with other sections of the ESA. The 
protections afforded to threatened and endangered species and their 
habitat are described in sections 7, 9, and 10 of the ESA. This final 
determination to designate critical habitat requires Federal agencies 
to consult, pursuant to section 7 of the ESA, with NMFS on any 
activities the Federal agency funds, authorizes, or carries out, 
including permitting, approving, or funding non-Federal activities 
(e.g. approval of state water-quality standards by the EPA under the 
Clean Water Act) that may affect the critical habitat. The requirement 
to consult is to ensure that any Federal action authorized, funded, or 
carried out will not likely jeopardize the continued existence of any 
endangered or threatened species or result in the destruction or 
adverse modification of critical habitat. The incremental impacts 
contemplated in the FRFA are expected to result from the critical 
habitat designation and not from other Federal regulations.
    During consultation under the ESA, there may be communication among 
NMFS, the Federal action agency, and a third party participant applying 
for Federal funding or permitting in an effort to minimize potential 
adverse impacts to the habitat or essential feature. Communication may 
include written letters, phone calls, and/or meetings. Project 
variables such as the type of consultation, the location of the 
activity, impacted essential features, and activity of concern, may in 
turn dictate the complexity of these interactions. Third party costs 
may include administrative work, such as cost of time and materials to 
prepare for letters, calls, or meetings. The cost of analyses related 
to the activity and associated reports may be included in these 
administrative costs. In addition, after the section 7 consultation 
process, as a requirement of the funding or permit received from the 
Federal action agency, entities may be required to monitor progress 
during the activity to ensure that impacts to the habitat and features 
have been minimized. The rule does not directly mandate ``reporting'' 
or ``record keeping'' within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act 
(PRA). The rule does not impose record keeping or reporting 
requirements on small entities.
    With the exception of in-water and coastal construction and 
aquaculture activities (which we discuss in the next paragraph), all 
other categories of Federal activities addressed in the FEA (e.g., 
commercial fishing, oil and gas, alternative energy, aquaculture, LNG 
facilities, water quality management, and scientific research), are 
expected to result in negligible costs to third parties in related 
industries. For each of these other activities, one or fewer 
consultations are anticipated per year spread across all of the 
specific areas that were considered for designation as critical 
habitat. As a result, for each of these activities the annualized 
incremental cost that may be borne by small entities is estimated to be 
less than $1,400. The analysis thus focuses on the costs of 
consultations on in-water and coastal construction activities and 
aquaculture, which occur more frequently within the critical habitat 
areas.
    As described in Chapter 3 of the FEA, approximately eight 
consultations per year are expected to focus on in-water and coastal 
construction activities. The majority of these (six per year) are 
concentrated within critical habitat Unit 10 in Alaska. As such, the 
analysis focused on the small in-water construction businesses and 
government jurisdictions in the region surrounding critical habitat 
Unit 10, which was ultimately excluded from the critical habitat 
designation. Additionally, the analysis estimates that 12 aquaculture 
consultations per year are distributed across the critical habitat 
units in Alaska, with six occurring in Unit 10, and six each occurring 
in southcentral (Units 6-9) and southwestern Alaska (Units 1-5), 
respectively. Because Unit 10 is excluded from the designation, we 
focus the discussion here on the aquaculture activities.
    Small entities that may bear the impacts of this final rule include 
private businesses and small governmental jurisdictions. Relevant 
businesses in North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
most likely engaged in aquaculture activities include Shellfish Farming 
and Other Aquaculture. The FRFA identified 25 small government 
jurisdictions (i.e., jurisdictions with populations of less than 50,000 
people) adjacent to critical habitat units that may be involved in 
future consultations. However, nine of these areas--Juneau City and 
Borough, Sitka City and Borough, Haines Borough, Ketchikan Gateway 
Borough, Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area, Skagway Municipality, 
Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Wrangell City and Borough, and Petersburg 
Borough--are adjacent to the excluded Unit 10.
    The FRFA estimates that up to 12 small aquaculture businesses per 
year may bear costs associated with participation in consultations 
regarding humpback whale critical habitat. The total annualized 
administrative costs that may be borne by these small entities engaged 
in aquaculture activities is $5,300 (discounted at seven percent), half 
of which would be incurred in Unit 10. This estimate represents the 
third-party applicant costs associated with 12 informal consultations. 
The Alaska Mariculture Development Plan states that sales across all 
aquatic farm operations totaled $1.23 million in 2016. These revenues 
were spread across 29 different operations, for an average annual 
revenue of $42,000 per aquatic farm. If the annualized administrative 
costs of consultation were spread across 12 unique businesses ($440 per 
business), the costs to each business would represent approximately one 
percent of average annual revenues. Given available data, the analysis 
finds there is potential for a substantial number of businesses to be 
significantly impacted by this rule if all areas under consideration 
were designated. However, as discussed in chapter 5 of the FEA, the 
estimate of annual revenues used in the analysis is highly uncertain 
and likely substantially understated. As a result, and given the 
exclusion of Unit 10 from the final designation, this outcome is 
unlikely.
    The RFA, as amended by SBREFA, requires us to consider alternatives 
to the proposed regulation that will reduce the impacts to small 
entities. We considered two alternatives. First, we considered 
proposing to designate all areas meeting the ESA section 3 definition 
of critical habitat. However, following our consideration of probable 
national security, economic, and other relevant impacts of designating 
all the specific areas, we rejected this alternative because we elected 
to exclude multiple areas based on a determination that the benefits of

[[Page 21150]]

designating them were outweighed by the benefits of excluding them. A 
second alternative of designating a subset of the specific areas 
meeting statutory definition of critical habitat was considered and is 
the preferred alternative. As stated previously, under section 4(b)(2) 
of the ESA, we have the discretion to exclude a particular area from 
designation as critical habitat even though it meets the definition of 
``critical habitat'' if the benefits of exclusion (i.e., the impacts 
that would be avoided if an area were excluded from the designation) 
outweigh the benefits of designation (i.e., the conservation benefits 
to the humpback whale if an area were designated), so long as exclusion 
of the area will not result in extinction of the species. Exclusion 
under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA of one or more of the areas considered 
for designation would reduce the total impacts of designation. This 
alternative--which is the approach taken in the final rule--results in 
a critical habitat designation that provides for the conservation of 
the species while reducing the economic, national security, and other 
relevant impacts on affected entities.

Coastal Zone Management Act

    Under section 307(c)(1)(A) of the Coastal Zone Management Act 
(CZMA) (16 U.S.C. 1456(c)(1)(A)) and its implementing regulations, each 
Federal activity within or outside the coastal zone that has reasonably 
foreseeable effects on any land or water use or natural resource of the 
coastal zone shall be carried out in a manner which is consistent to 
the maximum extent practicable with the enforceable policies of 
approved State coastal management programs. We have determined that the 
designation of critical habitat designation for the CAM and MX DPSs of 
humpback whales is consistent to the maximum extent practicable with 
the enforceable policies of the approved Coastal Zone Management 
Programs of Washington, Oregon, and California. This determination was 
submitted to the responsible agencies in the aforementioned states for 
review, and we subsequently received concurrence from each of the three 
state agencies.
    By operation of Alaska State law, the federally approved Alaska 
Coastal Management Program expired on July 1, 2011, resulting in a 
withdrawal from participation in the CZMA's National Coastal Management 
Program (76 FR 39857, July 7, 2011). The CZMA Federal consistency 
provision, section 307, no longer applies in Alaska.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    The purpose of the Paperwork Reduction Act is to minimize the 
paperwork burden for individuals, small businesses, educational and 
nonprofit institutions, and other persons resulting from the collection 
of information by or for the Federal government. This rule does not 
contain any new or revised collection of information. This rule does 
not impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or local 
governments, individuals, businesses, or organizations.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    The designation of critical habitat does not impose an 
``enforceable duty'' on state, local, tribal governments, or the 
private sector and therefore does not qualify as a Federal mandate. In 
general, a Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or 
regulation that would impose an ``enforceable duty'' upon non-Federal 
governments, or the private sector and includes both ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.''
    This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. The designation of 
critical habitat does not impose an enforceable or legally-binding duty 
on non-Federal government entities or private parties. The only 
regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must ensure that their 
actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat under 
section 7 of the ESA. Non-Federal entities that receive Federal 
funding, assistance, permits or otherwise require approval or 
authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be indirectly 
impacted by the designation of critical habitat, but the Federal agency 
has the legally binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. We do not find that this rule will 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments because it is not 
likely to produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any 
year; that is, it is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the 
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. In addition, the designation of critical 
habitat imposes no obligations on local, state or tribal governments. 
Therefore, a Small Government Agency Plan is not required.

Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal 
Governments

    The longstanding and distinctive relationship between the Federal 
and tribal governments is defined by treaties, statutes, executive 
orders, judicial decisions, and co-management agreements, which 
differentiate tribal governments from the other entities that deal 
with, or are affected by, the Federal Government. This relationship has 
given rise to a special Federal trust responsibility involving the 
legal responsibilities and obligations of the United States toward 
Indian tribes and the application of fiduciary standards of due care 
with respect to Indian lands, tribal trust resources, and the exercise 
of tribal rights. Executive Order 13175 on Consultation and 
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments outlines the 
responsibilities of the Federal Government in matters affecting tribal 
interests. Section 161 of Public Law 108-199 (188 Stat. 452), as 
amended by section 518 of Public Law 108-447 (118 Stat. 3267), directs 
all Federal agencies to consult with Alaska Native corporations on the 
same basis as Indian tribes under E.O. 13175.
    None of the critical habitats were identified as occurring on 
Indian lands. However, the critical habitats overlap with areas used by 
Indian tribes and Alaska Natives for subsistence, cultural, usual and 
accustomed fishing, or other purposes. The designations of critical 
habitat for humpback whales has the potential to affect tribal trust 
resources, particularly in relation to harvest of fish species that 
have been identified as important humpback whale prey (e.g., sardine, 
anchovy, herring). Based on the findings of our analyses as presented 
in the Final Economic Analysis (IEc 2020) and the Final Section 4(b)(2) 
Report (NMFS 2020b), while it is possible that the critical habitat 
designations could result in recommendations for changes in Federal 
fisheries management, we consider this unlikely at this time given the 
existing requirement to consider the effect of harvesting prey on the 
listed humpback whales and given existing Federal fisheries management 
measures (e.g., prohibitions on krill fishing). Therefore, based on the 
currently available information, including information received through 
the outreach described in the preamble, we do not anticipate impacts on 
tribal fisheries or subsistence harvest as a result of these critical 
habitat designations and therefore find that this rule will not have 
tribal implications. Should it be necessary to alter or reduce any 
tribal fisheries harvest in the future as a consequence of this rule, 
any reduction would occur in consultation with the affected tribes and 
consistent with existing Secretarial Orders.

Executive Order 12630, Takings

    Under E.O. 12630, Federal agencies must consider the effects of 
their actions on constitutionally protected private

[[Page 21151]]

property rights and avoid unnecessary takings of property. A taking of 
property includes actions that result in physical invasion or occupancy 
of private property that substantially affect its value or use. In 
accordance with E.O. 12630, this rule does not have significant takings 
implications. The designation of critical habitat affects only Federal 
agency actions. Further, no areas of private property exist within the 
proposed critical habitat and therefore none would be affected by this 
action. Therefore, a takings implication assessment is not required.

Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review

    OMB has determined that this rule is significant for purposes of 
E.O. 12866 review. An economic analysis (the FEA, IEc 2020) and Final 
ESA Section 4(b)(2) Report (NMFS 2020b) have been prepared to support 
the exclusion process under section 4(b)(2) of the ESA and our 
consideration of alternatives to this rulemaking as required under E.O. 
12866. To view these documents, see the ADDRESSES section above.
    Based on the FEA, the total estimated present value of the 
quantifiable incremental impacts of the critical habitat designations 
at a 7 percent discount rate are approximately $640,000-$680,000 over 
the next 10 years (2020-2029) and $740,000-$780,000 at a 3 percent 
discount rate. Assuming a 7 percent discount rate on an annualized 
basis, the impacts are estimated to be $73,000-$78,000 per year or 
$84,000-$89,000 per year at a 3 percent discount rate. These total 
impacts include the additional administrative efforts necessary to 
consider critical habitat in section 7 consultations. Overall, economic 
impacts are expected to be small and to be largely associated with the 
administrative costs borne by Federal agencies.
    Beyond the potential for critical habitat to trigger additional 
conservation efforts as part of section 7 consultations, critical 
habitat may indirectly affect conservation behaviors in ways that 
generate both opportunity costs and conservation benefits. For example, 
critical habitat provides notice to other Federal agencies of areas and 
features important to species conservation; provides information about 
the types of activities that may reduce the conservation value of the 
habitat; and may stimulate research, voluntary conservation actions, 
and outreach and education activities. To the extent that this 
information causes agencies, organizations, or individuals to change 
their behavior for the benefit of humpback whales, these changes would 
be beneficial to the whales and would be considered benefits of this 
rulemaking. These changes in behavior could also trigger opportunity 
costs, for example due to the time or money spent to reduce the risk of 
negatively affecting the species or its habitat. Insufficient data are 
available to monetize these impacts (see the FEA, IEc 2020).
    Based on the FEA, the total estimated present value of the 
quantified incremental impacts of the critical habitat designation for 
the WNP DPS are approximately $186,000-$213,000 over the next 10 years. 
Assuming a 7 percent discount rate on an annualized basis, the impacts 
are estimated to be $21,200-$24,300 per year. These total impacts 
include the additional administrative efforts necessary to consider 
critical habitat in section 7 consultations. These impacts are also not 
additive with those associated with the MX DPS, as the areas designated 
for the WNP DPS are entirely overlapping with areas being designated 
for the MX DPS. Overall, economic impacts are expected to be small and 
to be largely associated with the administrative costs borne by Federal 
agencies. While there are expected beneficial economic impacts of 
designating critical habitat for the WNP DPS, insufficient data are 
available to monetize those impacts (see Analysis of the Benefits of 
Designation section).
    Based on the FEA, the total estimated present value of the 
quantified incremental impacts of the critical habitat designation for 
the CAM DPS are approximately $416,000-$430,000 over the next 10 years. 
Assuming a 7 percent discount rate on an annualized basis, the impacts 
are estimated to be $47,500-$48,500 per year. These total impacts 
include the additional administrative efforts necessary to consider 
critical habitat in section 7 consultations. These impacts are also not 
additive with those associated with the MX DPS, as the areas designated 
for the CAM DPS are entirely overlapping with areas being designated 
for the MX DPS. Overall, economic impacts are expected to be small and 
to be largely associated with the administrative costs borne by Federal 
agencies. While there are expected beneficial economic impacts of 
designating critical habitat for the CAM DPS, insufficient data are 
available to monetize those impacts (see Analysis of the Benefits of 
Designation section).
    Based on the FEA, the total estimated present value of the 
quantified incremental impacts of the critical habitat designation for 
the MX DPS are approximately $642,000-$683,000 over the next 10 years. 
Assuming a 7 percent discount rate on an annualized basis, the impacts 
are estimated to be $73,300-$77,400 per year. These total impacts 
include the additional administrative efforts necessary to consider 
critical habitat in section 7 consultations. Overall, economic impacts 
are expected to be small and to be largely associated with the 
administrative costs borne by Federal agencies. These impacts are also 
not additive with those associated with the WNP and CAM DPSs, as the 
areas designated for the MX DPS are almost entirely overlapping with 
areas being designated for another DPS. Because the designation for the 
MX DPS extends over all other areas being designated as critical 
habitat for the other two DPSs, the estimated economic impacts 
associated with the designation for the MX DPS represent the total 
estimated impacts across all DPSs. As with the other DPSs, there are 
expected beneficial economic impacts of designating critical habitat 
for the MX DPS; however, insufficient data are available to monetize 
those impacts (see Analysis of the Benefits of Designation section).

Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 requires agencies to take into account any 
federalism impacts of regulations under development. It includes 
specific consultation directives for situations in which a regulation 
may preempt state law or impose substantial direct compliance costs on 
state and local governments (unless required by statute). Pursuant to 
E.O. 13132, we determined that this rule does not have significant 
federalism effects and that a federalism assessment is not required. 
The designation of critical habitat directly affects only the 
responsibilities of Federal agencies. As a result, this rule does not 
have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship 
between the National Government and the States, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, 
as specified in the order.
    State or local governments may be indirectly affected by the 
critical habitat designations if they require Federal funds or formal 
approval or authorization from a Federal agency as a prerequisite to 
conducting an action. In these cases, the State or local government 
agency may participate in the section 7 consultation as a third party. 
One of the key conclusions of the economic impacts analysis is that the 
incremental impacts of the designations will likely be limited to 
additional administrative costs to NMFS, Federal agencies, and to third 
parties stemming from the need to consider impacts to

[[Page 21152]]

critical habitat as part of the forecasted section 7 consultations. 
Most of these costs are expected to be borne by Federal agencies. 
Therefore, the designation of critical habitat is also not expected to 
have substantial indirect impacts on State or local governments.

Executive Order 13211, Energy Supply, Distribution, and Use

    E.O. 13211 requires agencies to prepare a Statement of Energy 
Effects when undertaking a significant energy action. Under E.O. 13211, 
a significant energy action means any action by an agency that is 
expected to lead to the promulgation of a final rule or regulation that 
is a significant regulatory action under E.O. 12866 and is likely to 
have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use 
of energy. We have considered the potential impacts of this action on 
the supply, distribution, or use of energy and find that the 
designations of critical habitat for humpback whales are not likely to 
have impacts that exceed the thresholds identified in OMB's memorandum 
M-01-27, Guidance for Implementing E.O. 13211. Thus, these designations 
are unlikely to have a significant adverse effect within the meaning of 
the executive order. The energy impacts analysis is presented in 
chapter 5 of the FEA (IEc 2020).

List of Subjects

50 CFR Part 223

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, 
Transportation.

50 CFR Part 224

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, 
Transportation.

50 CFR Part 226

    Endangered and threatened species.

    Dated: April 15, 2021.
Samuel D. Rauch III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.

    For the reasons set out in the preamble, 50 CFR parts 223, 224, and 
226 are amended as follows:

PART 223--THREATENED MARINE AND ANADROMOUS SPECIES

0
1. The authority citation for part 223 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1531 1543; subpart B, Sec.  223.201-202 
also issued under 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.; 16 U.S.C. 5503(d) for 
Sec.  223.206(d)(9).


0
2. In Sec.  223.102, in the table in paragraph (e), revise the entry 
for ``Whale, humpback (Mexico DPS)'' under Marine Mammals to read as 
follows:


Sec.  223.102  Enumeration of threatened marine and anadromous species.

* * * * *
    (e) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Species \1\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Citation(s) for listing     Critical        ESA rules
             Common name                    Scientific name       Description of listed entity      determination(s)          habitat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Marine Mammals
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Whale, humpback (Mexico DPS).........  Megaptera novaeangliae..  Humpback whales that breed or  81 FR 62260, Sept. 8,            226.227         223.213
                                                                  winter in the area of          2016.
                                                                  mainland Mexico and the
                                                                  Revillagigedo Islands,
                                                                  transit Baja California, or
                                                                  feed in the North Pacific
                                                                  Ocean, primarily off
                                                                  California-Oregon, northern
                                                                  Washington-southern British
                                                                  Columbia, northern and
                                                                  western Gulf of Alaska and
                                                                  East Bering Sea.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Species includes taxonomic species, subspecies, distinct population segments (DPSs) (for a policy statement, see 61 FR 4722; February 7, 1996), and
  evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) (for a policy statement, see 56 FR 58612; November 20, 1991).

* * * * *

PART 224--ENDANGERED MARINE AND ANADROMOUS SPECIES

0
3. The authority citation for part 224 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543 and 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.


0
4. In Sec.  224.101, in the table in paragraph (h), revise the entries 
for ``Whale, humpback (Central America DPS)'' and ``Whale, humpback 
(Western North Pacific DPS)'' under Marine Mammals to read as follows:


Sec.  224.101  Enumeration of endangered marine and anadromous species.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Species \1\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Citation(s) for listing     Critical        ESA rules
             Common name                    Scientific name       Description of listed entity      determination(s)          habitat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Marine Mammals
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Whale, humpback (Central America DPS)  Megaptera novaeangliae..  Humpback whales that breed in  81 FR 62260, Sept. 8,            226.227
                                                                  waters off Central America     2016.
                                                                  in the North Pacific Ocean
                                                                  and feed along the West
                                                                  Coast of the United States
                                                                  and southern British
                                                                  Columbia.

[[Page 21153]]

 
Whale, humpback (Western North         Megaptera novaeangliae..  Humpback whales that breed or  81 FR 62260, Sept. 8,            226.227
 Pacific DPS).                                                    winter in the area of          2016.
                                                                  Okinawa and the Philippines
                                                                  in the Kuroshio Current (as
                                                                  well as unknown breeding
                                                                  grounds in the Western North
                                                                  Pacific Ocean), transit the
                                                                  Ogasawara area, or feed in
                                                                  the North Pacific Ocean,
                                                                  primarily in the West Bering
                                                                  Sea and off the Russian
                                                                  coast and the Aleutian
                                                                  Islands.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Species includes taxonomic species, subspecies, distinct population segments (DPSs) (for a policy statement, see 61 FR 4722, February 7, 1996), and
  evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) (for a policy statement, see 56 FR 58612, November 20, 1991).

* * * * *

PART 226--DESIGNATED CRITICAL HABITAT

0
5. The authority citation of part 226 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1533.


0
6. Add Sec.  226.227 to read as follows:


Sec.  226.227  Critical habitat for the Central America, Mexico, and 
Western North Pacific distinct population segments (DPSs) of humpback 
whales (Megaptera novaeangliae).

    Critical habitat is designated for the Central America, Mexico, and 
Western North Pacific humpback whale DPSs as described in this section. 
The maps in paragraph (h) of this section, and as clarified by the 
textual descriptions in this section, are the definitive sources for 
determining the critical habitat boundaries.
    (a) List of states and counties. Critical habitat is designated in 
waters off the coasts of the following states and counties for the 
listed humpback whale DPSs:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          DPS                                                State-counties
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Central America...................................  (i) WA--Clallam, Jefferson, Grays Harbor, Pacific.
                                                        (ii) OR--Clatsop, Tillamook, Lincoln, Lane, Douglas,
                                                         Coos, and Curry.
                                                        (iii) CA--Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, Marin,
                                                         San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San
                                                         Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura.
(2) Mexico............................................  (i) AK--Lake and Peninsula, Aleutians East, Aleutian
                                                         West, Kodiak Island, Kenai Peninsula, and Valdez-
                                                         Cordova.
                                                        (ii) WA--Clallam, Jefferson, Grays Harbor, Pacific.
                                                        (iii) OR--Clatsop, Tillamook, Lincoln, Lane, Douglas,
                                                         Coos, and Curry.
                                                        (iv) CA--Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, Marin,
                                                         San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San
                                                         Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura.
(3) Western North Pacific.............................  AK--Lake and Peninsula, Aleutians East, Aleutian West,
                                                         Kodiak Island, Kenai Peninsula.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (b) Critical habitat boundaries for the Central America DPS. 
Critical habitat for the Central America DPS includes all marine waters 
within the designated areas as shown by the maps in paragraph (h) of 
this section and those prepared and made available by the National 
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) pursuant to 50 CFR 424.18.
    (1) Washington. The nearshore boundary is defined by the 50-meter 
(m) isobath, and the offshore boundary is defined by the 1,200-m 
isobath relative to mean lower low water (MLLW). Critical habitat also 
includes waters within the U.S. portion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca 
to an eastern boundary line at Angeles Point at 123[deg] 33' W.
    (2) Oregon. The nearshore boundary is defined by the 50-m isobath. 
The offshore boundary is defined by the 1,200-m isobath relative to 
MLLW; except, in areas off Oregon south of 42[deg] 10', the offshore 
boundary is defined by the 2,000-m isobath.
    (3) California. The nearshore boundary is defined by the 50-m 
isobath relative to MLLW except, from 38[deg] 40' N to 36[deg] 00' N, 
the nearshore boundary is defined by the 15-m isobath relative to MLLW; 
and from 36[deg] 00' N to 34[deg] 30' N, the nearshore boundary is 
defined by the 30-m isobath relative to MLLW. North of 40[deg] 20' N, 
the offshore boundary of the critical habitat is defined by a line 
corresponding to the 2,000-m isobath, and from 40[deg] 20' N to 38[deg] 
40' N, the offshore boundary is defined by the 3,000-m isobath. From 
38[deg] 40' N southward, the remaining areas have an offshore boundary 
defined by a line corresponding to the 3,700-m isobath.
    (c) Critical habitat boundaries for Mexico DPS. Critical habitat 
for the Mexico DPS of humpback whales includes all marine waters within 
the designated areas as shown by the maps in paragraph (h) of this 
section and those prepared and made available by NMFS pursuant to 50 
CFR 424.18.
    (1) Alaska. The nearshore boundaries are generally defined by the 
1-m isobath relative to MLLW. On the north side of the Aleutian 
Islands, the seaward boundary of the critical habitat is defined by a 
line extending from 55[deg] 41 N, 162[deg] 41' W west to 55[deg] 41' N, 
169[deg] 30' W, then southward through Samalga Pass to a boundary drawn 
along the 2,000-m isobath on the south side of the islands. This 
isobath forms the southern boundary of the critical habitat, eastward 
to 164[deg] 25' W. From this point, the 1,000-m isobath forms the 
offshore boundary, which extends eastward to 158[deg] 39' W. Critical 
habitat also includes the waters around Kodiak Island and the Barren 
Islands. The western boundary for this area runs southward along 
154[deg] 54' W to the 1,000-m depth contour, and then extends eastward 
to a boundary at 150[deg] 40' W. The area also extends northward to the 
mouth of Cook Inlet where it is bounded by a line that extends from 
Cape Douglas across the inlet to Cape Adam. Critical habitat also 
includes the Prince William Sound area and associated waters defined by 
an eastern boundary at 148[deg] 31' W, a western boundary at 145[deg] 
27' W, and a seaward boundary drawn along the 1,000-m isobath.
    (2) Washington. The nearshore boundary is defined by the 50-m 
isobath, and the offshore boundary is defined by the 1,200-m isobath 
relative

[[Page 21154]]

to MLLW. Critical habitat also includes waters within the U.S. portion 
of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to an eastern boundary line at Angeles 
Point at 123[deg] 33' W.
    (3) Oregon. The nearshore boundary is defined by the 50-m isobath. 
The offshore boundary is defined by the 1,200-m isobath relative to 
MLLW; except, in areas off Oregon south of 42[deg] 10', the offshore 
boundary is defined by the 2,000-m isobath.
    (4) California. The nearshore boundary is defined by the 50-m 
isobath relative to MLLW except, from 38[deg] 40' N to 36[deg] 00' N, 
the nearshore boundary is defined by the 15-m isobath relative to MLLW; 
and from 36[deg] 00' N to 34[deg] 30' N, the nearshore boundary is 
defined by the 30-m isobath relative to MLLW. North of 40[deg] 20' N, 
the offshore boundary of the critical habitat is defined by a line 
corresponding to the 2,000-m isobath, and from 40[deg] 20' N to 38[deg] 
40' N, the offshore boundary is defined by the 3,000-m isobath. From 
38[deg] 40' N southward, the remaining areas have an offshore boundary 
defined by a line corresponding to the 3,700-m isobath.
    (d) Critical habitat boundaries for Western North Pacific DPS. 
Critical habitat for the Western North Pacific DPS of humpback whales 
includes all marine waters within the designated areas as shown by the 
maps in paragraph (h) of this section and those prepared and made 
available by NMFS pursuant to 50 CFR 424.18.
    (1) Alaska. The nearshore boundaries are generally defined by the 
1-m isobath relative to MLLW. On the north side of the Aleutian 
Islands, the seaward boundary of the critical habitat is defined by a 
line extending due west from 55[deg] 41' N, 162[deg] 41' W to 55[deg] 
41' N, 169[deg] 30' W, then southward through Samalga Pass to a 
boundary drawn along the 2,000-m isobath on the south side of the 
islands. This isobath forms the southern boundary of the critical 
habitat, eastward to 164[deg] 25' W. From this point, the 1,000-m 
isobath forms the offshore boundary, which extends eastward to 158[deg] 
39' W. Critical habitat also includes the waters around Kodiak Island 
and the Barren Islands. The western boundary for this area runs 
southward along 154[deg] 54' W to the 1,000-m depth contour, and then 
extends eastward to a boundary at 150[deg] 40' W. The area also extends 
northward to the mouth of Cook Inlet where it is bounded by a line that 
extends from Cape Douglas across the inlet to Cape Adam.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (e) Manmade structures. Critical habitat does not include manmade 
structures (e.g., ferry docks, sea plane facilities) and the land on 
which they rest within the critical habitat boundaries as described in 
paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section and that were in existence 
as of May 21, 2021.
    (f) Essential features. The following features were identified as 
essential to the conservation of the particular DPS.
    (1) Central America DPS. Prey species, primarily euphausiids 
(Thysanoessa, Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, and Nematoscelis) and small 
pelagic schooling fishes, such as Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), 
northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and Pacific herring (Clupea 
pallasii), of sufficient quality, abundance, and accessibility within 
humpback whale feeding areas to support feeding and population growth.
    (2) Mexico DPS. Prey species, primarily euphausiids (Thysanoessa, 
Euphausia, Nyctiphanes, and Nematoscelis) and small pelagic schooling 
fishes, such as Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy 
(Engraulis mordax), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), capelin 
(Mallotus villosus), juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), 
and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) of sufficient quality, 
abundance, and accessibility within humpback whale feeding areas to 
support feeding and population growth.
    (3) Western North Pacific DPS. Prey species, primarily euphausiids 
(Thysanoessa and Euphuasia) and small pelagic schooling fishes, such as 
Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), capelin (Mallotus villosus), 
juvenile walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), and Pacific sand lance 
(Ammodytes personatus) of sufficient quality, abundance, and 
accessibility within humpback whale feeding areas to support feeding 
and population growth.
    (g) Sites owned or controlled by the Department of Defense. 
Critical habitat does not include the following particular areas owned 
or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its use, 
where they overlap with the areas described in paragraph (b) of this 
section:
    (1) Pursuant to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 
4(a)(3)(B), all areas subject to the Naval Base Ventura County, Point 
Mugu, CA, and the Naval Outlying Field, San Nicolas Island, CA, 
approved Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans (INRMPs); and
    (2) Pursuant to ESA section 4(b)(2), the Quinault Range Site (QRS) 
with an additional 10-km buffer that extends along the southern edge of 
the QRS and along the northern edge of the QRS except in areas past 10-
km into the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.
    (h) Maps of humpback whale critical habitat. (1) Spatial data for 
these critical habitats and mapping tools are maintained on our website 
and are available for public use (www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/critical-habitat).
    (2) Overview map of critical habitat for the Central America DPS of 
humpback whales:
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P

[[Page 21155]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21AP21.067

    (3) Overview map of critical habitat for the Mexico DPS of humpback 
whales:

[[Page 21156]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21AP21.068

    (4) Overview map of critical habitat for the Western North Pacific 
DPS of humpback whales:

[[Page 21157]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21AP21.069

[FR Doc. 2021-08175 Filed 4-20-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-C