Role of Supervisory Guidance, 9261-9269 [2021-01524]

Agencies

• BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION

[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 28 (Friday, February 12, 2021)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 9261-9269]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-01524]


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BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION

12 CFR Part 1074

[Docket No. CFPB-2020-0033]
RIN 3710-AB02


Role of Supervisory Guidance

AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) is 
adopting a final rule that codifies the Interagency Statement 
Clarifying the Role of Supervisory Guidance, issued by the Office of 
the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Board of Governors of the 
Federal Reserve System (Board), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 
(FDIC), National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), and the Bureau 
(collectively, the agencies) on September 11, 2018 (2018 Statement). By 
codifying the 2018 Statement, with amendments, the final rule confirms 
that the Bureau will continue to follow and respect the limits of 
administrative law in carrying out its supervisory responsibilities. 
The 2018 Statement reiterated well-established law by stating that, 
unlike a law or regulation, supervisory guidance does not have the 
force and effect of law. As such, supervisory guidance does not create 
binding legal obligations for the public. Because it is incorporated 
into the final rule, the 2018 Statement, as amended, is binding on the 
Bureau. The final rule adopts the rule as proposed without substantive 
change.

DATES: This final rule is effective on March 15, 2021.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Bradley Lipton or Christopher Shelton, 
Senior Counsels, Legal Division, (202) 435-7700. If you require this 
document in an alternative electronic format, please contact 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

    The Bureau recognizes the important distinction between issuances 
that serve to implement acts of Congress (known as ``regulations'' or 
legislative rules'') and non-binding supervisory guidance documents.\1\ 
Regulations create binding legal obligations. Supervisory guidance is 
issued by an agency to ``advise the public prospectively of the manner 
in which the agency proposes to exercise a discretionary power'' and 
does not create binding legal obligations.\2\
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    \1\ Regulations are commonly referred to as legislative rules 
because regulations have the ``force and effect of law.'' Perez v. 
Mortgage Bankers Association, 575 U.S. 92, 96 (2015).
    \2\ See Chrysler v. Brown, 441 U.S. 281, 302 (1979) (quoting the 
Attorney General's Manual on the Administrative Procedure Act at 30 
n.3 (1947) (Attorney General's Manual) and discussing the 
distinctions between regulations and general statements of policy, 
of which supervisory guidance is one form).
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    In recognition of the important distinction between rules and 
guidance, on September 11, 2018, the agencies issued the Interagency 
Statement Clarifying the Role of Supervisory Guidance (2018 Statement) 
to explain the role of supervisory guidance and describe the agencies' 
approach to supervisory guidance.\3\ As noted in the 2018 Statement, 
the agencies issue various types of supervisory guidance to their 
respective supervised institutions, including, but not limited to, 
interagency statements, advisories, bulletins, policy statements, 
questions and answers, and frequently asked questions. Supervisory 
guidance outlines the agencies' supervisory expectations or priorities 
and articulates the agencies' general views regarding practices for a 
given subject area. Supervisory guidance often provides examples of 
practices that mitigate risks, or that the agencies generally consider 
to be consistent with safety-and-soundness standards or other 
applicable laws and regulations, including those designed to protect 
consumers.\4\ The agencies noted in the 2018 Statement that supervised 
institutions at times request supervisory guidance and that guidance is 
important to provide clarity

[[Page 9262]]

to these institutions, as well as supervisory staff, in a transparent 
way that helps to ensure consistency in the supervisory approach.\5\
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    \3\ See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/agencies-issue-statement-reaffirming-role-supervisory-guidance/.
    \4\ While supervisory guidance offers guidance to the public on 
the agencies' approach to supervision under statutes and regulations 
and safe and sound practices, the issuance of guidance is 
discretionary and is not a prerequisite to an agency's exercise of 
its statutory and regulatory authorities. This point reflects the 
fact that statutes and legislative rules, not statements of policy, 
set legal requirements.
    \5\ The Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) 
has recognized the important role of guidance documents and has 
stated that guidance can ``make agency decision-making more 
predictable and uniform and shield regulated parties from unequal 
treatment, unnecessary costs, and unnecessary risk, while promoting 
compliance with the law.'' ACUS, Recommendation 2017-5, Agency 
Guidance Through Policy Statements, 82 FR 61728, 61734 (Dec. 29, 
2017). ACUS also suggests that ``policy statements are generally 
better [than legislative rules] for dealing with conditions of 
uncertainty and often for making agency policy accessible.'' Id. 
ACUS's reference to ``policy statements'' refers to the statutory 
text of the APA, which provides that notice and comment is not 
required for ``general statements of policy.'' The phrase ``general 
statements of policy'' has commonly been viewed by courts, agencies, 
and administrative law commentators as including a wide range of 
agency issuances, including guidance documents.
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    The 2018 Statement restated existing law and reaffirmed the 
agencies' understanding that supervisory guidance does not create 
binding, enforceable legal obligations. The 2018 Statement reaffirmed 
that the agencies do not issue supervisory criticisms for 
``violations'' of supervisory guidance and described the appropriate 
use of supervisory guidance by the agencies. In the 2018 Statement, the 
agencies also expressed their intention to (1) limit the use of 
numerical thresholds in guidance; (2) reduce the issuance of multiple 
supervisory guidance documents on the same topic; (3) continue efforts 
to make the role of supervisory guidance clear in communications to 
examiners and supervised institutions; and (4) encourage supervised 
institutions to discuss their concerns about supervisory guidance with 
their agency contact.
    On November 5, 2018, the OCC, Board, FDIC, and Bureau each received 
a petition for a rulemaking (Petition), as permitted under the 
Administrative Procedure Act (APA),\6\ requesting that the agencies 
codify the 2018 Statement.\7\ The Petition argued that a rule on 
guidance is necessary to bind future agency leadership and staff to the 
2018 Statement's terms. The Petition also suggested there are 
ambiguities in the 2018 Statement concerning how supervisory guidance 
is used in connection with matters requiring attention, matters 
requiring immediate attention (collectively, MRAs), as well as in 
connection with other supervisory actions that should be clarified 
through a rulemaking. Finally, the Petition called for the rulemaking 
to implement changes in the agencies' standards for issuing MRAs. 
Specifically, the Petition requested that the agencies limit the role 
of MRAs to addressing circumstances in which there is a violation of a 
statute, regulation, or order, or demonstrably unsafe or unsound 
practices.
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    \6\ 5 U.S.C. 553(e).
    \7\ See Petition for Rulemaking on the Role of Supervisory 
Guidance, available at https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/petitions-rulemaking/bpi-aba-petition/. The Petitioners did not 
submit a petition to the NCUA, which has no supervisory authority 
over the financial institutions that are represented by Petitioners. 
The NCUA chose to join the Proposed Rule on its own initiative. 
References in the preamble to ``agencies'' therefore include the 
NCUA.
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II. The Proposed Rule

    On November 5, 2020, the agencies issued a proposed rule (Proposed 
Rule or Proposal) that would have codified the 2018 Statement, with 
clarifying changes, as an appendix to proposed rule text.\8\ The 
Proposed Rule would have superseded the 2018 Statement. The rule text 
would have provided that an amended version of the 2018 Statement is 
binding on each respective agency.
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    \8\ 85 FR 70512 (Nov. 5, 2020).
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    The Petition expressed support for the 2018 Statement and 
acknowledged that it addresses many issues of concern for the 
Petitioners relating to the use of supervisory guidance. The Petition 
expressed concern, however, that the 2018 Statement's reference to not 
basing ``criticisms'' on violations of supervisory guidance has led to 
confusion about whether MRAs are covered by the 2018 Statement. 
Accordingly, the agencies proposed to clarify in the Proposed Rule that 
the term ``criticize'' includes the issuance of MRAs and other 
supervisory criticisms, including those communicated through matters 
requiring board attention, documents of resolution, and supervisory 
recommendations (collectively, supervisory criticisms).\9\ As such, the 
agencies reiterated that examiners will not base supervisory criticisms 
on a ``violation'' of or ``non-compliance with'' supervisory guidance. 
The agencies noted that, in some situations, examiners may reference 
(including in writing) supervisory guidance to provide examples of safe 
and sound conduct, appropriate consumer protection and risk management 
practices, and other actions for addressing compliance with laws or 
regulations. The agencies also reiterated that they will not issue an 
enforcement action on the basis of a ``violation'' of or ``non-
compliance'' with supervisory guidance. The Proposed Rule reflected 
these clarifications.\10\
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    \9\ The agencies use different terms to refer to supervisory 
actions that are similar to MRAs and Matters Requiring Immediate 
Attention (MRIAs), including matters requiring board attention, 
documents of resolution, and supervisory recommendations.
    \10\ The 2018 Statement contains the following sentence: 
``Examiners will not criticize a supervised financial institution 
for a ``violation'' of supervisory guidance.'' 2018 Statement at 2. 
As revised in the Proposed Rule, this sentence read as follows: 
``Examiners will not criticize (including through the issuance of 
matters requiring attention, matters requiring immediate attention, 
matters requiring board attention, documents of resolution, and 
supervisory recommendations) a supervised financial institution for, 
and agencies will not issue an enforcement action on the basis of, a 
``violation'' of or ``non-compliance'' with supervisory guidance.'' 
Proposed Rule (emphasis added). As discussed infra in footnote 11, 
the Proposed Rule also removed the sentences in the 2018 Statement 
that referred to ``citation,'' which the Petition suggested had been 
confusing. These sentences were also removed to clarify that the 
focus of the Proposed Rule related to the use of guidance, not the 
standards for MRAs.
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    The Petition requested further that these supervisory criticisms 
should not include ``generic'' or ``conclusory'' references to safety 
and soundness. The agencies agreed that supervisory criticisms should 
continue to be specific as to practices, operations, financial 
conditions, or other matters that could have a negative effect on the 
safety and soundness of the financial institution, could cause consumer 
harm, or could cause violations of laws, regulations, final agency 
orders, or other legally enforceable conditions. Accordingly, the 
agencies included language reflecting this practice in the Proposed 
Rule.
    The Petition also suggested that MRAs, as well as memoranda of 
understanding, examination downgrades, and any other formal examination 
mandate or sanction, should be based only on a violation of a statute, 
regulation, or order, including a ``demonstrably unsafe or unsound 
practice.'' As noted in the Proposed Rule, examiners all take steps to 
identify deficient practices before they rise to violations of law or 
regulation or before they constitute unsafe or unsound banking 
practices. The agencies stated that they continue to believe that early 
identification of deficient practices serves the interest of the public 
and of supervised institutions. Early identification protects the 
safety and soundness of banks, promotes consumer protection, and 
reduces the costs and risk of deterioration of financial condition from 
deficient practices resulting in violations of laws or regulations, 
unsafe or unsound conditions, or unsafe or unsound banking practices. 
The Proposed Rule also noted that the agencies have different 
supervisory processes, including for issuing supervisory criticisms. 
For these reasons, the

[[Page 9263]]

agencies did not propose revisions to their respective supervisory 
practices relating to supervisory criticisms.
    The agencies also noted that the 2018 Statement was intended to 
focus on the appropriate use of supervisory guidance in the supervisory 
process, rather than the standards for supervisory criticisms. To 
address any confusion concerning the scope of the 2018 Statement, the 
Proposed Rule removed two sentences from the 2018 Statement concerning 
grounds for ``citations'' and the handling of deficiencies that do not 
constitute violations of law.\11\
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    \11\ The following sentences from the 2018 Statement were not 
present in the Proposed Rule: ``Rather, any citations will be for 
violations of law, regulation, or non-compliance with enforcement 
orders or other enforceable conditions. During examinations and 
other supervisory activities, examiners may identify unsafe or 
unsound practices or other deficiencies in risk management, 
including compliance risk management, or other areas that do not 
constitute violations of law or regulation.'' 2018 Statement at 2. 
The agencies did not intend these deletions to indicate a change in 
supervisory policy.
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III. Comments on the Proposed Rule

A. Overview

    The five agencies received approximately thirty unique comments 
concerning the Proposed Rule.\12\ The Bureau discusses below those 
comments that are potentially relevant to the Bureau, rather than those 
comments that are only potentially relevant to other agencies. As one 
example, the Bureau notes that the Federal banking agencies (the OCC, 
Board, and FDIC) received a comment regarding their supervisory 
authorities, but the Bureau did not. Accordingly, the Bureau does not 
discuss that subject here.
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    \12\ Of the comments received, some comments were not submitted 
to all agencies, and some comments were identical. Note that this 
total excludes comments that were directed at an unrelated 
rulemaking by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the 
Department of the Treasury (FinCEN).
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    Commenters representing trade associations for banking institutions 
and other businesses, State bankers' associations, individual financial 
institutions, and one member of Congress expressed general support for 
the Proposed Rule. These commenters supported codification of the 2018 
Statement and the reiteration by the agencies that guidance does not 
have the force of law and cannot give rise to binding, enforceable 
legal obligations. One of these commenters stated that the Proposal 
would serve the interests of consumers and competition by clarifying 
the law for institutions and potentially removing ambiguities that 
could deter the development of innovative products that serve consumers 
and business clients, without uncertainty regarding potential 
regulatory consequences. These commenters expressed strong support as 
well for the clarification in the Proposed Rule that the agencies will 
not criticize, including through the issuance of ``matters requiring 
attention,'' a supervised financial institution for a ``violation'' of, 
or ``non-compliance'' with, supervisory guidance.
    One commenter agreed with the agencies that supervisory criticisms 
should not be limited to violation of statutes, regulations, or orders 
and that supervisory guidance remains a beneficial tool to communicate 
supervisory expectations to the industry. The commenter stated that the 
proactive identification of supervisory criticism or deficiencies that 
do not constitute violations of law facilitates forward-looking 
supervision, which helps address problems before they warrant a formal 
enforcement action. The commenter noted as well that supervisory 
guidance provides important insight to industry and ensures consistency 
in the supervisory approach and that supervised institutions frequently 
request supervisory guidance. The commenter observed that the COVID-19 
pandemic has amplified the requests for supervisory guidance and 
interpretation, and that it is apparent institutions want clarity and 
guidance from regulators.
    Two commenters, both public interest advocacy groups, opposed the 
Proposed Rule, suggesting that codifying the 2018 Statement may 
undermine the important role that supervisory guidance can play by 
informing supervisory criticism, rather than merely clarifying that it 
will not serve as the basis for enforcement actions. One commenter 
stated that it is essential for agencies to have the prophylactic 
authority to base criticisms on imprudent bank practices that may not 
yet have ripened into violations of law or significant safety and 
soundness concerns. The commenter stated that this is particularly 
important with respect to large banks, where delay in addressing 
concerns could lead to a broader crisis. One commenter stated that the 
agencies have not explained the benefits that would result from the 
rule or demonstrated how the rule will promote safety and soundness or 
consumer protection. The commenter argued that supervision is different 
from other forms of regulation and requires supervisory discretion, 
which could be constrained by the rule. One of these commenters argued 
that the Proposal would send a signal that banking institutions have 
wider discretion to ignore supervisory guidance.
    In a comment that was specifically addressed to the Bureau, a 
veterans advocacy group expressed concern that the Bureau's 
participation in the interagency rule would bind the hands of a future 
administration.

B. Scope of Rule

    Several industry commenters requested that the Proposed Rule cover 
interpretive rules and clarify that interpretive rules do not have the 
force and effect of law. One commenter stated that the agencies should 
clarify whether they believe that interpretive rules can be binding. 
The commenter argued that, under established legal principles, 
interpretive rules can be binding on the agency that issues but not on 
the public. Some commenters suggested that the agencies follow 
Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) recommendations 
for issuing interpretive rules and that the agencies should clarify 
when particular guidance documents are (or are not) interpretive rules 
and allow the public to petition to change an interpretation. A number 
of commenters requested that the agencies expand the statement to 
address the standards that apply to MRAs and other supervisory 
criticisms, a suggestion made in the Petition.
    One comment that specifically pertained to the Bureau, which was 
submitted by an association of community banks, recommended that the 
category of supervisory guidance be expanded to include the ``small 
entity compliance guides'' that the Bureau provides for small entities, 
which the commenter described as extremely helpful. Another comment, 
from an association in the debt-collection industry, generally 
encouraged the Bureau to issue small entity compliance guides, 
frequently asked questions, and advisory opinions to explain compliance 
expectations.

C. Role of Guidance Documents

    Several commenters recommended that the agencies clarify that the 
practices described in supervisory guidance are merely examples of 
conduct that may be consistent with statutory and regulations, not 
expectations that may form the basis for supervisory criticism. One 
commenter suggested that the agencies state that when supervisory 
guidance or interpretive rules offers examples of safe and sound 
conduct, compliance with consumer protection standards, appropriate 
risk management practices, or acceptable practices through supervisory 
guidance, the agencies will

[[Page 9264]]

treat adherence to that supervisory guidance or interpretive rule as 
providing a safe harbor. One commenter also requested that the agencies 
make clear that guidance that goes through public comment, as well as 
any examples used in guidance, are not binding.\13\
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    \13\ This commenter also requested that the agencies affirm that 
they will apply statutory factors while processing applications. The 
Bureau construes this comment, in context, as referring to the 
application processes that are common at the Federal banking 
agencies; to the extent it may refer to applications to the Bureau, 
the Bureau considers it outside the scope of the Bureau's 
rulemaking.
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    One comment that was specifically addressed to the Bureau, from an 
association of credit unions, stated that the Bureau should refrain 
from issuing supervisory guidance that adds requirements not explicitly 
stated in the statute or regulation.
    One commenter argued that guidance provides valuable information to 
supervisors about how their discretion should be exercised and 
therefore plays an important role in supervision.

D. Supervisory Criticisms

    Several commenters addressed supervisory criticisms and how they 
relate to guidance. Some commenters suggested that supervisory 
criticisms should be specific as to practices, operations, financial 
conditions, or other matters that could have a negative effect. These 
commenters suggested that MRAs, memoranda of understanding and any 
other formal written mandates or sanctions should be based only on a 
violation of a statute or regulation. Similarly, these commenters 
argued that there should be no references to guidance in written formal 
actions and that banking institutions should be reassured that they 
will not be criticized or cited for a violation of guidance when no law 
or regulation is cited. One commenter suggested that it would instead 
be appropriate to discuss supervisory guidance privately, rather than 
publicly, potentially during the pre-exam meetings or during 
examination exit meetings. Another commenter suggested that, while 
referencing guidance in supervisory criticism may be useful at times, 
agencies should provide safeguards to prevent such references from 
becoming the de facto basis for supervisory criticisms. One commenter 
stated that examiners also should not criticize community banks in 
their final written examination reports for not complying with ``best 
practices'' unless the criticism involves a violation of bank policy or 
regulation. The commenter added that industry best practices should be 
transparent enough and sufficiently known throughout the industry 
before being cited in an examination report. One commenter requested 
that examiners should not apply large bank practices to community banks 
that have a different, less complex and more conservative business 
model.
    Commenters that opposed the Proposal did not support restricting 
supervisory criticism or sanctions to explicit violations of law or 
regulation. One commenter expressed concern that requiring supervisors 
to wait for an explicit violation of law before issuing criticism would 
effectively erase the line between supervision and enforcement. 
According to the commenter, it would eliminate the space for 
supervision as an intermediate practice of oversight and cooperative 
problem-solving between banks and the regulators who support and manage 
the banking system. One commenter emphasized the importance of bank 
supervisors basing their criticisms on imprudent bank practices that 
may not yet have ripened into violations of laws or rules but which if 
left unaddressed could pose harm to consumers.
    One commenter argued that the agencies should state clearly that 
guidance can and will be used by supervisors to inform their 
assessments of banks' practices and that it may be cited as, and serve 
as the basis for, criticisms. According to the commenter, even under 
the legal principles described in the Proposal, it is permissible for 
guidance to be used as a set of standards that may inform a criticism, 
provided that application of the guidance is used for corrective 
purposes, if not to support an enforcement action.
    According to one commenter, the Proposal makes fine conceptual 
distinctions between, for example, issuing supervisory criticisms ``on 
the basis of'' guidance and issuing supervisory criticisms that make 
``reference'' to supervisory guidance. The commenter suggested that is 
a distinction that it may be difficult for regulated entities to parse 
in practice. According to the commenter, a rule that makes such a 
distinction is likely to have a chilling effect on supervisors 
attempting to implement policy in the field. According to another 
commenter, the language allowing examiners to reference supervisory 
guidance to provide examples is too vague and threatens to marginalize 
the role of guidance and significantly reduce its usefulness in the 
process of issuing criticisms designed to correct deficient bank 
practices.

E. Issuance and Management of Supervisory Guidance

    Several commenters made suggestions about how the agencies should 
issue and manage supervisory guidance. Some commenters suggested that 
the agencies should delineate clearly between regulations and 
supervisory guidance. Commenters encouraged the agencies to regularly 
review, update, and potentially rescind outstanding guidance. One 
commenter suggested that the agencies rescind outstanding guidance that 
functions as rule but has not gone through notice and comment. One 
commenter suggested that the agencies memorialize their intent to 
revisit and potentially rescind existing guidance, as well as limit 
multiple guidance documents on the same topic. Commenters suggested 
that supervisory guidance should be easy to find, readily available, 
online, and in a format that is user-friendly and searchable.
    One commenter encouraged the agencies to issue principles-based 
guidance that avoids the kind of granularity that could be misconstrued 
as binding expectations. According to this commenter, the agencies can 
issue separate frequently asked questions with more detailed 
information but should clearly identify these as non-binding 
illustrations. This commenter also encouraged the agencies to publish 
proposed guidance for comment when circumstances allow. Another 
commenter requested that the agencies issue all ``rules'' as defined by 
the Administrative Procedure Act through the notice-and-comment 
process.
    One commenter expressed concern that the agencies will aim to 
reduce the issuance of multiple supervisory guidance documents and will 
thereby reduce the availability of guidance in circumstances where 
guidance would be valuable.

F. Responses to Comments

    As stated in the Proposed Rule, the 2018 Statement was intended to 
focus on the appropriate use of supervisory guidance in the supervisory 
process, rather than the standards for supervisory criticisms. The 
standards for issuing MRAs and other supervisory actions were, 
therefore, outside the scope of this rulemaking. For this reason, and 
for reasons discussed earlier, the final rule does not address the 
standards for MRAs or other supervisory actions.
    With respect to the comments on coverage of interpretive rules, the 
Bureau agrees with the commenter that interpretive rules do not, alone, 
``have the force and effect of law'' and must be

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rooted in, and derived from, a statute or regulation.\14\ While 
interpretive rules and supervisory guidance are similar in lacking the 
force and effect of law, interpretive rules and supervisory guidance 
are distinct under the APA and its jurisprudence and are generally 
issued for different purposes.\15\ Interpretive rules are typically 
issued by an agency to advise the public of the agency's construction 
of the statutes and rules that it administers,\16\ whereas general 
statements of policy, such as supervisory guidance, advise the public 
of how an agency intends to exercise its discretionary powers.\17\ To 
this end, guidance generally reflects an agency's policy views, for 
example, on risk management practices. On the other hand, interpretive 
rules generally resolve ambiguities regarding requirements imposed by 
statutes and regulations. Because supervisory guidance and interpretive 
rules have different characteristics and serve different purposes, the 
Bureau has decided that the final rule will continue to cover 
supervisory guidance only.
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    \14\ See Mortgage Bankers Association, 575 U.S. at 96.
    \15\ Questions concerning the legal and supervisory nature of 
interpretive rules are case-specific and have engendered debate 
among courts and administrative law commentators. The Bureau takes 
no position in this rulemaking on those specific debates. See, e.g., 
R. Levin, Rulemaking and the Guidance Exemption, 70 Admin. L. Rev. 
263 (2018) (discussing the doctrinal differences concerning the 
status of interpretive rules under the APA); see also Nicholas R. 
Parillo, Federal Agency Guidance and the Powder to Bind: An 
Empirical Study of Agencies and Industries, 36 Yale J. Reg 165, 168 
n.6 (2019) (``Whether interpretive rules are supposed to be 
nonbinding is a question subject to much confusion that is not fully 
settled.''); see also ACUS, Recommendation 2019-1: Agency Guidance 
Through Interpretive Rules, 84 FR 38927 (Aug. 8, 2019) (noting that 
courts and commentators have different views on whether interpretive 
rules bind an agency and effectively bind the public through the 
deference given to agencies' interpretations of their own rules 
under Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997)).
    \16\ Mortgage Bankers Association, 575 U.S. at 97 (citing 
Shalala v. Guernsey Memorial Hospital, 514 U.S. 87, 99 (1995)); 
accord Attorney General's Manual at 30 n.3.
    \17\ See Chrysler v. Brown, 441 U.S. at 302 n.31 (quoting 
Attorney General's Manual at 30 n.3); see also, e.g., American 
Mining Congress v. Mine Safety & Health Administration, 995 F.2d 
1106, 1112 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (outlining tests in the D.C. Circuit for 
assessing whether an agency issuance is an interpretive rule).
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    With respect to the question of whether to adopt ACUS's procedures 
for allowing the public to request reconsideration or revision of an 
interpretive rule, this rulemaking, again, does not address 
interpretive rules. As such, the Bureau is not adding procedures for 
challenges to interpretive rules through this rulemaking.
    The Bureau is also not adopting the comment from an association of 
community banks that the category of supervisory guidance be expanded 
to include the ``small entity compliance guides'' that the Bureau 
provides for small entities, which the commenter described as extremely 
helpful. The Bureau normally designates its small entity compliance 
guides as ``compliance aids,'' pursuant to the its Policy Statement on 
Compliance Aids.\18\ Compliance aids do not rise to the level of 
supervisory guidance, because they are not general statements of policy 
and they do not concern the Bureau's supervisory powers--neither do 
they rise to the level of interpretive rules, because they are not 
interpretive.\19\ Instead, the Policy Statement on Compliance Aids 
outlines how compliance aids simply present the requirements of rules 
and statutes in a manner that is useful for compliance professionals, 
other industry stakeholders, and the public; compliance aids also 
sometimes include practical suggestions for how entities might choose 
to go about complying with those rules and statutes.\20\ Interested 
parties can consult the Policy Statement on Compliance Aids for a 
comprehensive explanation of how the Bureau views its compliance aids.
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    \18\ Policy Statement on Compliance Aids, 85 FR 4579 (Jan. 27, 
2020).
    \19\ Id. at 4579 n.4 (explaining that Bureau compliance aids 
that satisfy the policy statement do not rise to the level of 
``rules'' as defined by the Administrative Procedure Act and that 
general statements of policy and interpretive rules are examples of 
``rules'').
    \20\ Id. at 4579.
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    The Bureau also notes the comment from an association in the debt-
collection industry that encouraged the Bureau to issue small entity 
compliance guides, frequently asked questions, and advisory opinions to 
explain compliance expectations. The Bureau observes that these 
particular materials are outside the scope of this particular 
rulemaking. This is because the Bureau's small entity compliance guides 
and frequently asked questions are generally designated as compliance 
aids and not supervisory guidance under the Policy Statement on 
Compliance Aids,\21\ while the Bureau's advisory opinions are 
classified as interpretive rules under the Bureau's Advisory Opinion 
Policy.\22\ However, the Bureau agrees that the appropriate Bureau use 
of compliance aids and advisory opinions, like supervisory guidance, is 
useful for helping entities in the debt-collection and other industries 
to fully comply with Federal consumer financial laws.
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    \21\ Id.
    \22\ Advisory Opinions Policy, 85 FR 77987, 77988 (Dec. 3, 2020) 
(explaining that Bureau advisory opinions are interpretive rules 
under the Administrative Procedure Act and explaining limitations on 
advisory opinions).
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    In response to the comment that the agencies should treat examples 
in guidance as ``safe harbors,'' the Bureau agrees that examples 
offered in supervisory guidance can provide insight about practices 
that, in general, may lead to compliance with regulations and statutes. 
The examples in guidance, however, are generalized. When an institution 
chooses to implement such examples, examiners must consider the facts 
and circumstances of that institution in assessing the application of 
those examples. In addition, the underlying legal principle of 
supervisory guidance is that it does not created binding legal 
obligation for either the public or an agency. As such, the Bureau does 
not deem examples in supervisory guidance to categorically establish 
safe harbors.
    The Bureau has also considered the comment that was specifically 
directed to the Bureau, from an association of credit unions, which 
stated that the Bureau should refrain from issuing supervisory guidance 
that adds requirements not explicitly stated in the statute or 
regulation. Although the Bureau does not agree that it would be 
appropriate to limit the Bureau's efforts to assist entities in 
complying with their legal obligations to situations where the law is 
already explicit, the Bureau fully agrees that it is not the role of 
supervisory guidance to create legal requirements. Those must be 
located in a statute or regulation.
    In response to the comments that the Proposal may undermine the 
important role that supervisory guidance can play in informing 
supervisory criticism and in serving to address conditions before those 
conditions lead to enforcement actions, the Bureau agrees that the 
appropriate use of supervisory guidance generates a more collaborative 
and constructive regulatory process that supports compliance by 
institutions, thereby diminishing the need for enforcement actions. As 
noted by ACUS, guidance can make agency decision-making more 
predictable and uniform and shield regulated parties from unequal 
treatment, unnecessary costs, and unnecessary risk, while promoting 
compliance with the law. The Bureau does not view the final rule as 
weakening the role of guidance in the supervisory process and the 
Bureau will continue to use guidance in a robust way to promote 
compliance by its supervised institutions.
    Further, the Bureau does not agree with one commenter's assertion 
that the Proposal made an unclear distinction between, on the one hand, 
inappropriate

[[Page 9266]]

supervisory criticism for a ``violation'' of or ``non-compliance'' with 
supervisory guidance, and, on the other hand, Bureau examiners' 
entirely appropriate use of supervisory guidance to reference examples 
of appropriate consumer protection and risk management practices and 
other actions for addressing compliance with laws or regulations. This 
approach appropriately implements the principle that institutions are 
not required to follow supervisory guidance in itself but may find such 
guidance useful. The Bureau disagrees with the commenter that 
institutions and examiners are incapable of understanding this 
important distinction.
    As one example, Bureau examiners regularly examine the compliance 
management systems (CMS) at supervised institutions. Where examiners 
identify a deficiency in an institution's CMS, examiners may provide a 
supervisory recommendation or other supervisory criticism to the 
institution to correct the deficiency at that institution. It is also 
appropriate for Bureau examiners to refer to relevant supervisory 
guidance as an example of appropriate CMS, if the examiners believe 
that an institution would find such guidance informative.
    In response to the comments regarding the role of public comment 
for supervisory guidance, the Bureau notes that it has made clear 
through the 2018 Statement and in this final rule that supervisory 
guidance (including guidance that goes through public comment) does not 
create binding, enforceable legal obligations. Rather, the Bureau may 
issue supervisory guidance for comment in order to improve its 
understanding of an issue, gather information, or seek ways to achieve 
a supervisory objective most effectively. Similarly, examples that are 
included in supervisory guidance (including guidance that goes through 
public comment) are not binding on institutions. Rather, these examples 
are intended to be illustrative of ways a supervised institution may 
implement appropriate consumer protection, prudent risk management, or 
other actions in furtherance of compliance with laws or regulations. 
Relatedly, the Bureau does not agree with one comment that it should 
use notice-and-comment procedures, without exception, to issue all 
``rules'' as defined by the APA, which would include supervisory 
guidance. Congress has established longstanding exceptions in the APA 
from the notice-and-comment process for certain rules, including for 
general statements of policy like supervisory guidance and for 
interpretive rules. As one court has explained, Congress intended to 
``accommodate situations where the policies promoted by public 
participation in rulemaking are outweighed by the countervailing 
considerations of effectiveness, efficiency, expedition and reduction 
in expense.'' \23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Am. Hosp. Ass'n v. Bowen, 834 F.2d 1037, 1045 (D.C. Cir. 
1987). The specific contours of these exceptions are the subject of 
an extensive body of case law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the question raised by some commenters concerning 
potential confusion between supervisory guidance and interpretive 
rules, the Bureau notes that interpretive rules are outside the scope 
of the rulemaking. In addition, as stated earlier, interpretative rules 
do not, alone, ``have the force and effect of law'' and must be rooted 
in, and derived from, the statutes and regulations those rules 
interpret. While interpretive rules and supervisory guidance are 
similar in lacking the force and effect of law, interpretive rules and 
supervisory guidance are distinct under the APA and its jurisprudence 
and are generally issued for different purposes. The Bureau believes 
that when it issues an interpretive rule, the fact that it is an 
interpretive rule is generally clear. In addition, these comments 
relate to clarity in drafting, rather than a matter that seems suitable 
for rulemaking.
    In response to the two public interest advocacy groups opposing the 
Proposal, the Bureau does not believe that this final rule would 
undermine any of the Bureau's authorities. Indeed, the final rule is 
designed to support the Bureau's ability to supervise. In addition, the 
Bureau notes the question of the role of guidance has been one of 
interest to regulated parties and other stakeholders over the past few 
years. The Petition and the numerous comments on the Proposal are a 
sign of this interest. As such, the Bureau believes it will serve the 
public interest to reaffirm the appropriate role of supervisory 
guidance. There are inherent benefits to the supervisory process 
whenever institutions and examiners have a clear understanding of their 
roles, including how supervisory guidance can be used effectively 
within legal limits. And in response to the concern from the veterans 
advocacy group that the Bureau's participation in the interagency 
Proposed Rule would bind the hands of a future administration, the 
Bureau notes that it is the nature of binding regulations that they 
bind an agency over time across multiple administrations. Most 
importantly, it does not believe that there is anything in the final 
rule that would prevent the Bureau from continuing to vigorously carry 
out its statutory supervisory functions in the interests of consumers, 
while respecting legal limits. Therefore, the Bureau is proceeding with 
the rule as proposed.
    In response to the commenter expressing concern that language in 
the Statement on reducing multiple supervisory guidance documents on 
the same topic will limit the Bureau's ability to provide valuable 
guidance, the Bureau assures the commenter that this language will not 
inhibit the Bureau from issuing new supervisory guidance when 
appropriate.
    Finally, the Bureau appreciates the other comments related to other 
aspects of guidance or the supervisory process, but the Bureau does not 
believe that they are best addressed in this rulemaking.

IV. The Final Rule

    For the reasons discussed above, the final rule adopts the Proposed 
Rule without substantive change.
    However, the Bureau has decided to issue a final rule that is 
specifically addressed to the Bureau and Bureau-supervised 
institutions, rather than the joint version that the five agencies 
included in their joint Proposal. Although many of the comments were 
applicable to all of the agencies, some comments were specific to 
particular agencies or to groups of agencies. Having separate final 
rules has enabled agencies to better focus on explaining any agency-
specific issues to their respective audiences of supervised 
institutions and agency employees.
    Relatedly, the Bureau has omitted from the final rule those 
specific phrases that are inapplicable to the Bureau, because they 
pertain to the safety-and-soundness responsibilities of the Federal 
banking agencies and the NCUA. The Bureau believes that this will 
provide greater clarity about how the rule applies to the Bureau's 
supervisory functions.

V. Administrative Law Matters

A. Dodd-Frank Act

    The Bureau issues this final rule based on the Bureau's authorities 
under sections 1012(a)(1) and 1022(b)(1) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street 
Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act).\24\ Section 
1012(a)(1) authorizes the Bureau to establish rules for conducting the 
general business of the Bureau, in a manner not inconsistent with title 
X of the Dodd-Frank Act.\25\ Section

[[Page 9267]]

1022(b)(1) authorizes the Bureau to issue rules as may be necessary or 
appropriate to enable the Bureau to administer and carry out the 
purposes and objectives of the Federal consumer financial laws.\26\ The 
Bureau determines that the additional clarity regarding the status of 
supervisory guidance provided by the final rule will enable the Bureau 
to carry out its supervisory responsibilities under Federal consumer 
financial law more effectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010).
    \25\ 12 U.S.C. 5492(a)(1).
    \26\ 12 U.S.C. 5512(b)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with section 1022(b)(2)(B) of the Dodd-Frank Act, in 
developing the final rule, the Bureau has consulted, or offered to 
consult with, the prudential regulators and the Federal Trade 
Commission, including regarding consistency with any prudential, 
market, or systemic objectives administered by those agencies.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ 12 U.S.C. 5512(b)(2)(B). The prudential regulators are the 
OCC, Board, FDIC, and NCUA. See 12 U.S.C. 5481(24) (defining 
``prudential regulators'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, consistent with section 1022(b)(2)(A) of the Dodd-
Frank Act, the Bureau has considered the potential benefits, costs, and 
impacts of the final rule.\28\ The Bureau requested comment on the 
preliminary analysis presented in the proposal as well as submissions 
of additional data that could inform the Bureau's analysis of the 
benefits, costs, and impacts. Such comments as the Bureau received on 
this subject are discussed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ Section 1022(b)(2)(A) of the Dodd-Frank Act, 12 U.S.C. 
5512(b)(2)(A), requires the Bureau to consider the potential 
benefits and costs of the regulation to consumers and covered 
persons, including the potential reduction of access by consumers to 
consumer financial products or services; the impact of the proposed 
rule on insured depository institutions and credit unions with no 
more than $10 billion in total assets as described in section 1026 
of the Dodd-Frank Act, 12 U.S.C. 5516; and the impact on consumers 
in rural areas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Institutions Affected by the Final Rule. The Bureau's final rule 
applies to supervisory guidance issued by the Bureau, which is 
addressed to those institutions that are subject to the Bureau's 
supervisory authority. Accordingly, the final rule may affect those 
nondepository institutions that are subject to the Bureau's supervisory 
authority under section 1024 of the Dodd-Frank Act.\29\ It may also 
affect those insured depository institutions and insured credit unions 
that have more than $10 billion in total assets, together with their 
affiliates, which are subject to the Bureau's supervisory authority 
under section 1025 of the Dodd-Frank Act.\30\ The final rule may 
additionally affect service providers that are subject to the Bureau's 
supervisory authority.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ 12 U.S.C. 5514.
    \30\ 12 U.S.C. 5515.
    \31\ 12 U.S.C. 5514(e), 5515(d), 5516(e).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Potential Benefits and Costs to Consumers and Covered Persons. The 
final rule reiterates the Interagency Statement Clarifying the Role of 
Supervisory Guidance (2018 Statement), which is already the policy of 
the Bureau, and makes it binding on the Bureau. The Bureau evaluates 
the final rule against a baseline in which no such rule is adopted, and 
the Bureau is therefore less definitively bound to implement the 2018 
Statement in all supervisory activities. Accordingly, the final rule 
provides the relevant institutions with additional assurance that the 
Bureau's implementation of current and future supervisory guidance will 
follow the 2018 Statement.
    The final rule should provide the relevant institutions with 
greater certainty about legal obligations that are addressed in 
supervisory guidance. This in turn may reduce compliance costs. It is 
not feasible, however, to quantify or monetize this benefit. The Bureau 
can only speculate on the greater certainty about legal obligations and 
the reduction in compliance costs due to the final rule. Further, the 
benefit from the greater certainty about legal obligations pertains to 
future as well as current supervisory guidance. The Bureau can only 
speculate on the frequency of future supervisory guidance. Supervisory 
guidance is issued from time to time as the need arises, and the Bureau 
cannot forecast the volume and nature of future supervisory guidance 
with sufficient precision to quantify or monetize this benefit.
    The final rule may also indirectly benefit those consumers that are 
customers of the relevant institutions, if reduced compliance costs 
translate into better terms or availability of consumer financial 
products and services. For the reasons given above, this benefit cannot 
be quantified or monetized.
    A commenter criticized the benefits discussed above and in the 
Proposal, deeming them implausible and speculative, and argued that 
there is no link between reduced compliance costs and consumer welfare. 
The Bureau disagrees with this assessment. While the Bureau does not 
have data to quantify or monetize the benefit of increased clarity, as 
a matter of logic and economic theory increased legal clarity can 
reduce compliance costs of regulated entities. Where there is 
uncertainty as to the requirements of the law, firms subject to the 
Bureau's supervisory authority may undertake excess costs to ensure 
compliance. To the extent that the 2018 Statement has prompted 
financial institutions to avoid unnecessary compliance costs in cases 
that comply with applicable laws and regulations and do not harm 
consumers, but technically contravene the Bureau's supervisory 
guidance, the final rule will further lower those costs by reducing the 
uncertainty. With respect to the criticism that compliance costs are 
not necessarily linked to consumer welfare, the Bureau notes that its 
burden under section 1022(b)(2)(A) is to consider costs and benefits to 
covered persons as well as to consumers. Moreover, as noted above, a 
reduction in unnecessary compliance costs can be passed through to 
consumers in the form of lower costs of credit.
    Finally, the final rule does not impose any new obligations on 
institutions. Thus, the final rule should have no costs for 
institutions. A consumer advocate commenter asserted that the rule 
would impose costs on consumers by reducing the effectiveness of the 
agencies' supervision operations, leading to potential consumer harm. 
The commenter argued that ambiguities in the Proposed Rule and the 
accompanying Statement would make it difficult for supervision staff at 
the agencies to determine when to issue supervisory criticisms, to the 
detriment of consumers who may be affected by practices that would 
otherwise be subject to a supervisor's criticism. However, the Bureau 
notes that the 2018 Statement is already the policy of the Bureau. 
Moreover, the rule is intended to clarify at least some aspects of the 
2018 Statement. To the extent that the ambiguities the commenter 
identifies exist and affect the Bureau's supervision operations, they 
already exist under the baseline. Thus, as noted in the Proposal, the 
effects of the rule, as described above, impose no clear costs on any 
consumers.
    Impact on Depository Institutions and Credit Unions With No More 
Than $10 Billion in Assets. Under section 1026 of the Dodd-Frank Act, 
the Bureau has only limited supervisory authority with respect to those 
insured depository institutions and insured credit unions that have no 
more than $10 billion in total assets,\32\ and so the Bureau does not 
normally address supervisory guidance to these institutions. 
Accordingly, the Bureau does not expect there to be any appreciable 
impact on these institutions from the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ 12 U.S.C. 5516.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Impact on Access to Credit. The Bureau does not expect the final 
rule to affect consumers' access to credit,

[[Page 9268]]

except to the extent that reduced compliance costs and additional 
assurance, relative to the baseline, that the Bureau will follow the 
2018 Statement in the future might indirectly make some credit more 
available, as discussed above.
    Impact on Consumers in Rural Areas. The Bureau does not believe 
that the final rule would have any unique impact on consumers in rural 
areas, and so the impact on these consumers should be similar to 
consumers generally.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency 
to conduct an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) and a 
final regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) of any rule subject to 
notice-and-comment rulemaking requirements, unless the head of the 
agency certifies that the rule will not, if promulgated, have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities.\33\ The Bureau also is subject to certain additional 
procedures under the RFA involving the convening of a panel to consult 
with small business representatives prior to proposing a rule for which 
an IRFA is required.\34\ In the Proposal, the Bureau determined that an 
IRFA and small business review panel was not required because the 
Director of the Bureau certified the Proposed Rule, if adopted, would 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. The Bureau explained that the Proposed Rule would not impose 
any obligations on regulated entities, and regulated entities would not 
need to take any action in response to this Proposed Rule. The Bureau 
did not receive comments on its analysis of the impact of the Proposal 
on small entities. Accordingly, the Director of the Bureau certifies 
that the final rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ 5 U.S.C. 601-612.
    \34\ 5 U.S.C. 609.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Bureau has determined that this final rule does not impose any 
new or revise any existing recordkeeping, reporting, or disclosure 
requirements on covered entities or members of the public that would be 
collections of information requiring approval by the Office of 
Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Congressional Review Act

    Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act \36\ the Bureau will 
submit a report containing this rule and other required information to 
the United States Senate, the United States House of Representatives, 
and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to the rule 
taking effect. The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) 
has designated this rule as not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 
804(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Signing Authority

    The Director of the Bureau, Kathleen L. Kraninger, having reviewed 
and approved this document, is delegating the authority to 
electronically sign this document to Grace Feola, a Bureau Federal 
Register Liaison, for purposes of publication in the Federal Register.

List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 1074

    Administrative practice and procedure.

Authority and Issuance

    For the reasons set forth above, the Bureau amends 12 CFR part 1074 
as set forth below:

PART 1074--RULEMAKING AND GUIDANCE

0
1. The authority citation for part 1074 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 5492(a)(1), 5512(b).


0
2. The heading to part 1074 is revised as set forth above.

0
3. Add a heading for new subpart A to read as follows:

Subpart A--Procedure for Issuance of Bureau Rules


Sec.  1074.1   [Designated as Subpart A]

0
4. Designate Sec.  1074.1 as new subpart A.
0
5. Add subpart B, consisting of Sec. Sec.  1074.2 and 1074.3, to read 
as follows:

Subpart B--Use of Supervisory Guidance

Sec.
1074.2 Purpose.
1074.3 Implementation of the Statement Clarifying the Role of 
Supervisory Guidance.


Sec.  1074.2   Purpose.

    The Bureau issues regulations and guidance as part of its 
supervisory function. This subpart reiterates the distinctions between 
regulations and guidance, as stated in the Statement Clarifying the 
Role of Supervisory Guidance (appendix A to this part) (Statement), and 
provides that the Statement is binding on the Bureau.


Sec.  1074.3   Implementation of the Statement Clarifying the Role of 
Supervisory Guidance.

    The Statement describes the official policy of the Bureau with 
respect to the use of supervisory guidance in the supervisory process. 
The Statement is binding on the Bureau.

0
6. Appendix A to part 1074 is added to read as follows:

Appendix A to Part 1074--Statement Clarifying the Role of Supervisory 
Guidance

Statement Clarifying the Role of Supervisory Guidance

    The Bureau is issuing this statement to explain the role of 
supervisory guidance and to describe the Bureau's approach to 
supervisory guidance.

Difference Between Supervisory Guidance and Laws or Regulations

    Supervisory agencies like the Bureau issue various types of 
supervisory guidance, including interagency statements, advisories, 
bulletins, policy statements, questions and answers, or frequently 
asked questions, to their respective supervised institutions. A law 
or regulation has the force and effect of law.\1\ Unlike a law or 
regulation, supervisory guidance does not have the force and effect 
of law, and the Bureau does not take enforcement actions based on 
supervisory guidance. Rather, supervisory guidance outlines the 
Bureau's supervisory expectations or priorities and articulates the 
Bureau's general views regarding appropriate practices for a given 
subject area. Supervisory guidance often provides examples of 
practices that the Bureau generally considers consistent with 
applicable laws and regulations, including those designed to protect 
consumers. Supervised institutions at times request supervisory 
guidance, and such guidance is important to provide insight to 
industry, as well as supervisory staff, in a transparent way that 
helps to ensure consistency in the supervisory approach.

Ongoing Efforts To Clarify the Role of Supervisory Guidance

    The Bureau is clarifying the following policies and practices 
related to supervisory guidance:
     The Bureau intends to limit the use of numerical 
thresholds or other ``bright-lines'' in describing expectations in 
supervisory guidance. Where numerical thresholds are used, the 
Bureau intends to clarify that the thresholds are exemplary only and 
not suggestive of requirements. The Bureau will continue to use 
numerical thresholds to tailor, and otherwise make clear, the 
applicability of supervisory guidance or programs to supervised 
institutions, and as required by statute.
     Examiners will not criticize (through the issuance of 
matters requiring attention, matters requiring immediate attention,

[[Page 9269]]

matters requiring board attention, documents of resolution, and 
supervisory recommendations) a supervised financial institution for, 
and the Bureau will not issue an enforcement action on the basis of, 
a ``violation'' of or ``non-compliance'' with supervisory guidance. 
In some situations, examiners may reference (including in writing) 
supervisory guidance to provide examples of appropriate consumer 
protection and risk management practices and other actions for 
addressing compliance with laws or regulations.
     Supervisory criticisms should continue to be specific 
as to practices, operations or other matters that could cause 
consumer harm or could cause violations of laws, regulations, final 
agency orders, or other legally enforceable conditions.
     The Bureau may decide to seek public comment on 
supervisory guidance. Seeking public comment on supervisory guidance 
does not mean that the guidance is intended to be a regulation or 
have the force and effect of law. The comment process helps the 
Bureau to improve its understanding of an issue, to gather 
information on institutions' risk management practices, or to seek 
ways to achieve a supervisory objective most effectively and with 
the least burden on institutions.
     The Bureau will aim to reduce the issuance of multiple 
supervisory guidance documents on the same topic and will generally 
limit such multiple issuances going forward.
     The Bureau will continue efforts to make the role of 
supervisory guidance clear in communications to examiners and to 
supervised financial institutions and encourages supervised 
institutions with questions about this statement or any applicable 
supervisory guidance to discuss the questions with their appropriate 
agency contact.

    Dated: January 19, 2021.
Grace Feola,
Federal Register Liaison, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.
[FR Doc. 2021-01524 Filed 2-11-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4810-AM-P