Treatment of Payments to Charitable Entities in Return for Consideration, 48467-48474 [2020-17393]
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Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 155 / Tuesday, August 11, 2020 / Rules and Regulations
(h) Inspections and Corrective Actions
(1) For any airplane that is in storage on
or after the effective date of this AD, and any
airplane that, as of the effective date of this
AD, has been operated for 10 or fewer flight
cycles since returning to service from the
most recent period of storage: Before further
flight, do the inspections specified in
paragraphs (h)(1)(i) and (ii) of this AD on the
engine bleed air 5th stage check valve on
each engine. If any engine bleed air 5th stage
check valve fails any inspection, replace that
engine bleed air 5th stage check valve before
further flight. For each engine bleed air 5th
stage check valve that passes both
inspections specified in paragraphs (h)(1)(i)
and (ii) of this AD, do the actions specified
in paragraph (h)(2) of this AD on that engine
bleed air 5th stage check valve before further
flight.
(i) Rotate the flapper plates by hand at least
3 times. If the flapper plate moves smoothly,
without signs of binding or sticking, from the
fully closed position to the stop tube using
gravity force alone, the engine bleed air 5th
stage check valve has passed this inspection.
(ii) Measure the clearance between the
flapper bushings at both locations on each
engine bleed air 5th stage check valve. If the
clearance between the flapper bushings is a
minimum of 0.004 inch (0.102 mm) at both
locations, the engine bleed air 5th stage
check valve at that location has passed this
inspection.
(2) For each engine bleed air 5th stage
check valve that passes the inspections
specified in paragraphs (h)(1)(i) and (ii) of
this AD, do the inspections specified in
paragraphs (h)(2)(i) through (iii) of this AD
before further flight on the engine bleed air
5th stage check valve on each engine. If any
engine bleed air 5th stage check valve fails
any of the inspections specified in
paragraphs (h)(2)(i) through (iii) of this AD,
replace that engine bleed air 5th stage check
valve before further flight.
(i) Do a general visual inspection of the
flapper bushings for signs of cracks, fractures,
and missing bushing heads. If the flapper
bushings do not show any signs of cracks,
fractures, or missing bushing heads, the
engine bleed air 5th stage check valve has
passed this inspection. Signs of corrosion are
not a cause for replacing the engine bleed air
5th stage check valve if the engine bleed air
5th stage check valve did not fail any of the
inspections specified in paragraph (h)(1) of
this AD.
(ii) Using only hand pressure, try to rotate
the flapper bushings in the flapper plates. If
the bushings do not rotate in the flapper
plate, the engine bleed air 5th stage check
valve has passed this inspection.
(iii) Do a general visual inspection of the
check valve for signs of the flappers rubbing
against the valve body. If the flappers do not
show any signs of rubbing against the valve
body, the engine bleed air 5th stage check
valve has passed this inspection.
(i) Minimum Equipment List Relief for
Certain Airplanes
For airplanes that have operated 10 or
fewer flight cycles since the most recent
period of storage prior to the effective date
of this AD, as an alternative to compliance
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with paragraph (h): If allowed by the
operator’s FAA-approved Minimum
Equipment List, the airplane may be
dispatched with one engine’s engine bleed
air high stage valve locked closed. Thereafter,
within 5 additional flight cycles, inspect the
engine bleed air 5th stage check valve on
both engines as required by paragraph (h) of
this AD.
(j) Special Flight Permit
Special flight permits may be issued in
accordance with 14 CFR 21.197 and 21.199
to operate the airplane to a location where
the airplane can be inspected, provided one
engine’s engine bleed air high stage valve has
been locked closed. This option is only
available if the operator’s FAA-approved
Minimum Equipment List allows dispatching
the airplane with one engine’s engine bleed
air high stage valve locked closed.
(k) Alternative Methods of Compliance
(AMOCs)
(1) For Boeing Model 737–300, –400, and
–500 series airplanes, the Manager, Los
Angeles ACO Branch, FAA, has the authority
to approve AMOCs for this AD, if requested
using the procedures found in 14 CFR 39.19.
In accordance with 14 CFR 39.19, send your
request to your principal inspector or local
Flight Standards District Office, as
appropriate. If sending information directly
to the manager of the certification office,
send it to the attention of the person
identified in paragraph (l)(1) of this AD.
Information may be emailed to: 9-ANMLAACO-AMOC-Requests@faa.gov.
(2) For Boeing Model 737–600, –700,
–700C, –800, –900, and –900ER series
airplanes, the Manager, Seattle ACO Branch,
FAA, has the authority to approve AMOCs
for this AD, if requested using the procedures
found in 14 CFR 39.19. In accordance with
14 CFR 39.19, send your request to your
principal inspector or local Flight Standards
District Office, as appropriate. If sending
information directly to the manager of the
certification office, send it to the attention of
the person identified in paragraph (l)(2) of
this AD. Information may be emailed to: 9ANM-Seattle-ACO-AMOC-Requests@faa.gov.
(3) Before using any approved AMOC,
notify your appropriate principal inspector,
or lacking a principal inspector, the manager
of the local flight standards district office/
certificate holding district office.
(4) An AMOC that provides an acceptable
level of safety may be used for any repair,
modification, or alteration required by this
AD if it is approved by The Boeing Company
Organization Designation Authorization
(ODA) that has been authorized by the
Manager, Seattle ACO Branch, FAA, to make
those findings. To be approved, the repair
method, modification deviation, or alteration
deviation must meet the certification basis of
the airplane, and the approval must
specifically refer to this AD.
(l) Related Information
(1) For Boeing Model 737–300, –400, and
–500 series airplanes, for further information
about this AD, contact Serj Harutunian,
Aerospace Engineer, Propulsion Section,
FAA, Los Angeles ACO Branch, 3960
Paramount Boulevard, Lakewood, CA 90712–
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48467
4137; phone: 562–627–5254; fax: 562–627–
5210; email: serj.harutunian@faa.gov.
(2) For Boeing Model 737–600, –700,
–700C, –800, –900, and –900ER series
airplanes, for further information about this
AD, contact Rajendran Mohanraj, Aerospace
Engineer, Propulsion Section, FAA, Seattle
ACO Branch, 2200 South 216th St., Des
Moines, WA 98198; phone and fax: 206–231–
3621; email: rajendran.mohanraj@faa.gov.
(m) Material Incorporated by Reference
None.
Issued on July 30, 2020.
Lance T. Gant,
Director, Compliance & Airworthiness
Division, Aircraft Certification Service.
[FR Doc. 2020–17469 Filed 8–10–20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910–13–P
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Internal Revenue Service
26 CFR Part 1
[TD 9907]
RIN 1545–BP40
Treatment of Payments to Charitable
Entities in Return for Consideration
Internal Revenue Service (IRS),
Treasury.
ACTION: Final regulations.
AGENCY:
This document contains final
regulations under sections 162, 164, and
170 of the Internal Revenue Code
(Code). First, the final regulations
update the regulations under section
162 to reflect current law regarding the
application of section 162 to taxpayers
that make payments or transfers for
business purposes to entities described
in section 170(c). Second, the final
regulations provide safe harbors under
section 162 to provide certainty with
respect to the treatment of payments
made by business entities to entities
described in section 170(c). Third, the
final regulations provide a safe harbor
under section 164 for payments made to
an entity described in section 170(c) by
individuals who itemize deductions and
receive or expect to receive a State or
local tax credit in return. Fourth, the
final regulations update the regulations
under section 170 to reflect past
guidance and case law regarding the
application of the quid pro quo
principle under section 170 to a donor
who receives or expects to receive
benefits from a third party. These
regulations affect taxpayers who make
transfers to entities described in section
170(c) for business purposes, and
taxpayers who receive State or local tax
credits in exchange for transfers to such
SUMMARY:
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Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 155 / Tuesday, August 11, 2020 / Rules and Regulations
entities or who receive other third-party
benefits in exchange for transfers to
such entities.
DATES:
Effective date: These regulations are
effective August 11, 2020.
Applicability dates: For dates of
applicability, see §§ 1.162–15(a)(4),
1.164–3(j)(7), and 1.170A–1(h)(4)(iii).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Sarah Daya or Stephen Rothandler at
(202) 317–4059 (not a toll-free number).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Section 170(a)(1) generally allows an
itemized deduction for any ‘‘charitable
contribution’’ paid within the taxable
year. Section 170(c) defines ‘‘charitable
contribution’’ as a ‘‘contribution or gift
to or for the use of’’ any entity described
in that section. Under section 170(c)(1),
such an entity includes a State, a
possession of the United States, or any
political subdivision of the foregoing, or
the District of Columbia. Entities
described in section 170(c)(2) include
certain corporations, trusts, or
community chests, funds, or
foundations, organized and operated
exclusively for religious, charitable,
scientific, literary, or educational
purposes, or to foster national or
international amateur sports
competition, or for the prevention of
cruelty to children or animals. Section
1.170A–1(c)(5) of the Income Tax
Regulations provides that transfers of
property to an organization described in
section 170(c) that bear a direct
relationship to the taxpayer’s trade or
business and that are made with a
reasonable expectation of financial
return commensurate with the amount
of the transfer may constitute allowable
deductions as trade or business
expenses rather than as charitable
contributions.
Section 162(a) allows a deduction for
all the ordinary and necessary expenses
paid or incurred during the taxable year
in carrying on any trade or business.
Section 162(b) provides that no
deduction shall be allowed under
section 162(a) for any contribution or
gift that would be allowable as a
deduction under section 170 were it not
for the percentage limitations, the dollar
limitations, or the requirements as to the
time of payment set forth in that section.
Section 1.162–15(a) applies to
contributions to entities described in
section 170(c). Prior to amendment by
this final regulation, § 1.162–15(a)(1)
provided that no deduction is allowable
under section 162(a) for a contribution
or gift by an individual or a corporation
if any part thereof is deductible under
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section 170. For example, if a taxpayer
makes a contribution of $5,000 and only
$4,000 of this amount is deductible
under section 170(a) (whether because
of the percentage limitation under either
section 170(b)(1) or (2), the requirement
as to time of payment, or both), no
deduction is allowable under section
162(a) for the remaining $1,000. Section
1.162–15(a)(2) clarified that the
limitations provided in section 162(b)
and § 1.162–15(a)(1) applied only to
payments that are in fact contributions
or gifts to organizations described in
section 170. For example, payments by
a transit company to a local hospital
(which is a charitable organization
within the meaning of section 170) in
consideration of a binding obligation on
the part of the hospital to provide
hospital services and facilities for the
company’s employees are not
contributions or gifts within the
meaning of section 170 and may be
deductible under section 162(a) if the
requirements of section 162(a) are
otherwise satisfied.
Section 164(a) allows a deduction for
the payment of certain taxes, including:
(1) State and local, and foreign, real
property taxes; (2) State and local
personal property taxes; and (3) State
and local, and foreign, income, war
profits, and excess profits taxes. In
addition, section 164 allows a deduction
for taxes not described in the preceding
sentence that are paid or accrued within
the taxable year in carrying on a trade
or business or an activity described in
section 212. Moreover, under section
164(b)(5), taxpayers may elect to deduct
State and local general sales taxes in
lieu of State and local income taxes.
Section 164(b)(6), as added by section
11042(a) of Public Law 115–97,
commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts
and Jobs Act (TCJA), 131 Stat. 2054,
2085 (2017), provides, in the case of an
individual, that deductions for foreign
real property taxes are not allowable
under section 164(a)(1), and that the
deduction for the aggregate amount of
the following State and local taxes paid
during the calendar year is limited to
$10,000 ($5,000 in the case of a married
individual filing a separate return): (1)
Real property taxes; (2) personal
property taxes; (3) income, war profits,
and excess profits taxes; and (4) general
sales taxes. This limitation applies to
taxable years beginning after December
31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026,
and does not apply to foreign taxes
described in section 164(a)(3) or to any
taxes described in section 164(a)(1) and
(2) that are paid or accrued in carrying
on a trade or business or an activity
described in section 212. In response to
the limitation in section 164(b)(6), some
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taxpayers have considered tax planning
strategies to avoid or mitigate its effects.
Some of these strategies rely on State
and local tax credit programs under
which states provide tax credits in
return for contributions by taxpayers to
entities described in section 170(c), and
some State and local governments have
created new programs intended to
facilitate use of these strategies.
On June 11, 2018, the Department of
the Treasury (Treasury Department) and
the IRS announced their intention to
propose regulations addressing the
proper application of sections 164 and
170 to taxpayers who make
contributions under State and local tax
credit programs to entities described in
section 170(c). See Notice 2018–54,
2018–24 I.R.B. 750. On August 27, 2018,
proposed regulations (REG–112176–18)
under sections 170 and 642(c) were
published in the Federal Register (83
FR 43563) (2018 proposed regulations).
The 2018 proposed regulations
proposed amending § 1.170A–1(h)(3) to
provide, in general, that if a taxpayer
makes a payment or transfers property
to or for the use of an entity described
in section 170(c), and the taxpayer
receives or expects to receive a State or
local tax credit in return for such
payment or transfer, the tax credit
constitutes a return benefit to the
taxpayer and reduces the taxpayer’s
charitable contribution deduction. The
2018 proposed regulations also
proposed amending regulations under
section 642(c) to provide a similar rule
for payments made by a trust or
decedent’s estate.
In response to the 2018 proposed
regulations, commenters raised
concerns regarding the treatment of
business entity payments to entities
described in section 170(c). The
Treasury Department and the IRS
considered these concerns and issued
Rev. Proc. 2019–12, 2019–04 I.R.B. 401,
on December 28, 2018, providing a safe
harbor under section 162 for payments
made by a C corporation or specified
passthrough entity to or for the use of
an organization described in section
170(c) if the C corporation or specified
passthrough entity receives or expects to
receive State or local tax credits in
return. Commenters also raised a
concern regarding the treatment of
payments by individuals who itemize
deductions for Federal income tax
purposes and who have total State and
local tax liabilities that are less than or
equal to the section 164(b)(6) limitation.
The Treasury Department and the IRS
addressed this concern by issuing
Notice 2019–12, 2019–27 I.R.B. 57, on
June 11, 2019, providing a safe harbor
under section 164 for individuals who
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make payments to section 170(c) entities
in return for State or local tax credits.
On June 13, 2019, the Treasury
Department and the IRS published final
regulations in the Federal Register (T.D.
9864, 84 FR 27513) (2019 final
regulations) addressing the proper
application of sections 164 and 170 to
taxpayers who make contributions
under State and local tax credit
programs to entities described in section
170(c). The 2019 final regulations
provided the general rule that, if a
taxpayer makes a payment or transfers
property to or for the use of an entity
described in section 170(c), and the
taxpayer receives or expects to receive
a State or local tax credit in return for
such transfer, the tax credit constitutes
a return benefit to the taxpayer, or quid
pro quo, reducing the taxpayer’s
charitable contribution deduction. See
§ 1.170A–1(h)(3). The 2019 final
regulations also amended regulations
under section 642(c) to provide a similar
rule for payments made by a trust or
decedent’s estate.
On December 17, 2019, the Treasury
Department and the IRS issued
proposed regulations under sections
162, 164, and 170 (REG–107431–19, 84
FR 68833) to include the safe harbors
provided under Rev. Proc. 2019–12 and
Notice 2019–12, to update regulations
under section 162 to reflect current law
regarding the application of section 162
to a taxpayer that makes a payment or
transfer to an entity described in section
170(c) for a business purpose, and to
clarify the application of the quid pro
quo principle under section 170 to
benefits received or expected to be
received from third parties.
The Treasury Department and the IRS
received over 40 comments responding
to the proposed regulations and five
requests to speak at the public hearing,
which was held on February 20, 2020.
Copies of written comments received
and the list of speakers at the public
hearing are available for public
inspection at www.regulations.gov or
upon request.
Explanation of Provisions and
Summary of Comments
Explanation of Provisions
The Treasury Department and the IRS
adopt the proposed regulations with
clarifications in response to the written
comments received and testimony
provided. First, the final regulations
retain the proposed amendments to
§ 1.162–15(a). The final regulations
continue to clarify that a taxpayer’s
payment or transfer to a section 170(c)
entity may constitute an allowable
deduction as a trade or business
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expense under section 162, rather than
a charitable contribution under section
170. The final regulations also retain the
examples demonstrating the application
of this rule with minor clarifying
changes.
Second, the final regulations retain
the safe harbors under section 162 to
provide certainty with respect to the
treatment of payments made by business
entities to an entity described in section
170(c). The final regulations provide
safe harbors under section 162 for
payments made by a business entity that
is a C corporation or specified
passthrough entity to or for the use of
an organization described in section
170(c) if the C corporation or specified
passthrough entity receives or expects to
receive State or local tax credits in
return. To the extent that a C
corporation or specified passthrough
entity receives or expects to receive a
State or local tax credit in return for a
payment to an organization described in
section 170(c), it is reasonable to
conclude that there is a direct benefit
and a reasonable expectation of
commensurate financial return to the C
corporation’s or specified passthrough
entity’s business in the form of a
reduction in the State or local taxes that
the entity would otherwise be required
to pay. Thus, the final regulations
provide safe harbors that allow a C
corporation or specified passthrough
entity engaged in a trade or business to
treat the portion of the payment that is
equal to the amount of the credit
received or expected to be received as
meeting the requirements of an ordinary
and necessary business expense under
section 162. The safe harbors for C
corporations and specified passthrough
entities apply only to payments of cash
and cash equivalents. The safe harbor
for specified passthrough entities does
not apply if the credit received or
expected to be received reduces a State
or local income tax.
Third, the final regulations retain the
safe harbor under section 164 for
payments made to an entity described in
section 170(c) by individuals who
itemize deductions and receive or
expect to receive a State or local tax
credit in return. The final regulations
provide that an individual who itemizes
deductions and who makes a payment
to a section 170(c) entity in exchange for
a State or local tax credit may treat as
a payment of State or local tax for
purposes of section 164 the portion of
such payment for which a charitable
contribution deduction under section
170 is or will be disallowed under
§ 1.170A–1(h)(3). This treatment is
allowed in the taxable year in which the
payment is made, but only to the extent
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48469
that the resulting credit is applied
pursuant to applicable State or local law
to offset the individual’s State or local
tax liability for such taxable year or the
preceding taxable year. Any unused
credit permitted to be carried forward
may be treated as a payment of State or
local tax under section 164 in the
taxable year or years for which the
carryover credit is applied in
accordance with State or local law. The
safe harbor for individuals applies only
to payments of cash and cash
equivalents.
The final regulations are not intended
to permit a taxpayer to avoid the
limitation of section 164(b)(6).
Therefore, the final regulations provide
that any payment treated as a State or
local tax under section 164, pursuant to
the safe harbor provided in § 1.164–3(j)
of the final regulations, is subject to the
limitation on deductions in section
164(b)(6). Furthermore, the final
regulations are not intended to permit
deductions of the same payments under
more than one provision. Thus, the final
regulations provide that an individual
who relies on the safe harbor in § 1.164–
3(j) to deduct qualifying payments
under section 164 may not also deduct
the same payments under any other
section of the Code.
Lastly, the final regulations retain the
amendments to the regulations under
section 170 to reflect past guidance and
case law regarding the application of the
quid pro quo principle under section
170 to a donor who receives or expects
to receive benefits from a third party.
The final regulations clarify that the
quid pro quo principle applies
regardless of whether the party
providing the quid pro quo is the donee
or a third party. To reflect existing law,
the final regulations amend the rules in
§ 1.170A–1(h) that address a donor’s
payments in exchange for consideration.
Specifically, the final regulations revise
§ 1.170A–1(h)(4) to provide definitions
of ‘‘in consideration for’’ and ‘‘goods
and services’’ for purposes of applying
the rules in § 1.170A–1(h). Under the
final regulations, a taxpayer will be
treated as receiving goods and services
in consideration for a taxpayer’s
payment or transfer to an entity
described in section 170(c) if, at the
time the taxpayer makes the payment or
transfer, the taxpayer receives or expects
to receive goods or services in return.
For additional clarity, the final
regulations amend the language in
§ 1.170A–1(h)(2)(i)(B) to state that the
fair market value of goods and services
includes the value of goods and services
provided by parties other than the
donee. Also, the final regulations add a
definition of ‘‘goods and services’’ that
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is the same as the definition in
§ 1.170A–13(f)(5). Finally, the final
regulations revise the cross-references
defining ‘‘in consideration for’’ and
‘‘goods and services’’ in § 1.170A–
1(h)(1) and (h)(3)(iii) to be consistent
with the definitions provided in
paragraph § 1.170A–1(h)(4).
Summary of Comments
1. General Comments
As discussed previously in this
preamble, the Treasury Department and
the IRS received over 40 comments
responding to the proposed regulations
and five requests to speak at the public
hearing. Approximately half of the
commenters expressed support for the
proposed regulations and recommended
that the Treasury Department and the
IRS finalize the proposed regulations.
Many of these commenters expressed
support for the clarification of the
regulations under section 162 regarding
business payments to section 170(c)
entities and the incorporation of safe
harbors previously provided in Rev.
Proc. 2019–12 and Notice 2019–12.
However, some of these commenters
expressed concerns about the impact of
the 2019 final regulations on State and
local programs granting tax credits for
contributions by individuals and
businesses to scholarship granting
organizations (SGOs). SGOs are entities
described in section 170(c) that receive
contributions from individuals and
businesses and then disburse these
funds as scholarships to enable eligible
students to attend qualified private
schools. Additional commenters were
concerned that, even with the
clarifications in the proposed
regulations, the 2019 final regulations
have resulted in and will continue to
result in decreased contributions to
SGOs and other section 170(c) entities.
2. Payments by Business Entities in
Exchange for State or Local Tax Credits
Multiple commenters expressed
concern that passthrough entity owners
may circumvent the section 164(b)(6)
limitation by recharacterizing the
portion of the payment that is not
deductible under section 170 as a
business expense deductible under
section 162. One commenter requested
clarification regarding whether a
business entity may deduct payments to
SGOs under section 162 as ordinary and
necessary business expenses incurred in
carrying on a trade or business. A few
commenters expressed concern that the
regulations may incentivize payments to
education programs that discriminate
against students with disabilities or that
divert tax dollars from public schools to
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private schools. One commenter opined
that State and local programs providing
tax credits to businesses that donate to
certain charitable organizations run
counter to the concept of charity
because donors should expect nothing
in return for a donation.
Several commenters suggested
revising Example 2 in § 1.162–
15(a)(2)(ii) to clarify that individuals are
not allowed to generate partnership tax
deductions under section 162 in
addition to State or local tax credits that
flow through to partners. Some
commenters asserted that Example 2 is
inconsistent with the safe harbor
provided for passthrough entities in
§ 1.162–15(a)(3), which expressly
excludes situations in which
passthrough entities receive State or
local income tax credits. A commenter
suggested including a general rule
stating that in any case where a State or
local tax credit has the effect of reducing
an otherwise nondeductible State or
local tax liability, the payment giving
rise to the State or local tax credit
cannot itself be deductible.
While the Treasury Department and
the IRS acknowledge these concerns, the
regulations retain the clarifications to
§ 1.162–15(a)(1) and (a)(2) regarding
section 162 deductions for business
payments to section 170(c) entities, as
well as examples illustrating the rule.
Section 1.162–15(a)(1) mirrors the
language of § 1.170A–1(c)(5), which has
been in effect since 1970. Section
1.170A–1(c)(5) provided that if the
taxpayer’s payment or transfer bears a
direct relationship to its trade or
business, and the payment is made with
a reasonable expectation of
commensurate financial return, the
payment or transfer may constitute an
allowable deduction as a trade or
business expense under section 162,
rather than a charitable contribution
under section 170. See also Marquis v.
Commissioner, 49 T.C. 695 (1968).
Section 1.162–15(a)(1) applies the same
standard. Thus, a passthrough entity
may deduct a payment under § 1.162–
15(a)(1) only if the entity can
demonstrate that the payment satisfies
these requirements, which limits the
possibility of abuse.
Moreover, the revisions to § 1.162–
15(a)(1) are not inconsistent with the
safe harbor provided for passthrough
entities under § 1.162–15(a)(3), which
expressly excludes situations in which
passthrough entities receive State or
local income tax credits. The scope of
§ 1.162–15(a)(3) is more limited because
it provides safe harbor relief for
taxpayers that receive a State or local
tax credit in return for a payment to
charity, rather than an application of the
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law. As a safe harbor, this section sets
forth a simplified analysis of a
passthrough entity’s expenditure—
requiring merely the receipt or
expectation of receipt of a State or local
business tax credit. In contrast, § 1.162–
15(a)(1) reiterates the current law,
which requires more than the receipt of
a credit against a business-related tax.
Section 1.162–15(a)(1) requires a direct
business relationship to the trade or
business and a reasonable expectation of
commensurate financial return. If a
passthrough entity meets these
requirements, then the payment or
transfer to the section 170(c) entity may
be properly treated as a business
expense under section 162.
Another commenter also expressed
concern that the examples under
§ 1.162–15(a)(2) create confusion about
deductions for institutional or ‘‘good
will’’ advertising under § 1.162–20(a)(2)
because both examples contain facts
that could describe advertising
addressed in § 1.162–20(a)(2). The
commenter suggested that the examples
be moved from § 1.162–15(a)(2) to
§ 1.162–20(a)(2). In addition, the
commenter suggested that the Treasury
Department and the IRS revise the
examples to clarify the relationship
between § 1.162–15(a)(2) and § 1.162–
20(a)(2) and address the requirement
under § 1.162–20(a)(2) that deductible
institutional and good will advertising
expenditures must relate to patronage
that the taxpayer might reasonably
expect in the future. This commenter
also requested that the cross-reference to
§ 1.162–20 in § 1.162–15(d) of the
existing regulations be modified to
provide additional explanation.
The Treasury Department and the IRS
considered these comments but have
determined that changes to § 1.162–
15(a)(1) and (2) to clarify the
distinctions between § 1.162–15 and
§ 1.162–20 are beyond the scope of these
final regulations. Section 1.162–20(a)(2)
provides rules for deducting
expenditures for institutional or good
will advertising that keeps the
taxpayer’s name before the public,
including by encouraging actions or
presenting views on various subjects.
For example, § 1.162–20(a)(2) refers to
the costs of advertising that encourages
contributions to organizations such as
the Red Cross, encourages the purchase
of savings bonds, encourages
participation in similar causes, or
presents views on subjects of a general
nature.
In contrast, § 1.162–15(a) addresses
only payments made to entities
described in section 170(c). Section
1.162–15(a)(1) provides that payments
to section 170(c) entities may be
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deducted under section 162 if they bear
a direct relationship to the taxpayer’s
trade or business and are made with a
reasonable expectation of financial
return commensurate with the amount
paid. The examples in § 1.162–15(a)(2)
of the final regulations are not intended
to demonstrate the application of
§ 1.162–20(a)(2), which serves a
different purpose.
The final regulations revise Example
1 under § 1.162–15(a)(2)(i) to refer to
‘‘supporters,’’ rather than ‘‘sponsors,’’ to
avoid any potential confusion with the
rules governing qualified sponsorship
payments under section 513. In
addition, the final regulations revise the
cross-reference in § 1.162–15(d) to
specify that the deductibility of
expenditures for institutional and good
will advertising is addressed in § 1.162–
20(a)(2).
3. Quid Pro Quo Provided by a Third
Party
Some commenters expressed a belief
that under current law a quid pro quo
received or expected to be received by
a taxpayer does not reduce the
taxpayer’s charitable contribution
deduction if the quid pro quo comes
from a party that is not the donee. The
commenters emphasized that the use of
State or local tax credits in exchange for
donations to SGOs is not intended to
subvert federal tax law. These
commenters concluded that a tax credit
from a State or local government should
not reduce the charitable contribution
deduction for a payment to a section
170(c)(2) entity. The commenters
suggested that the quid pro quo
principle should be applied only to
contributions to entities described in
section 170(c)(1). One commenter
recommended that if a contribution is
made to section 170(c)(2) entities in
exchange for a State or local tax credit,
the credit should be treated as income
to the donor.
The Treasury Department and the IRS
considered these comments, but did not
adopt the suggested changes because the
established tax law does not support
them. As discussed in the preamble to
the proposed regulations, both the
courts and the IRS have concluded that
the quid pro quo principle is equally
applicable, regardless of whether the
donor expects to receive the benefit
from the donee or from a third party.
See, e.g., Singer v. United States, 449
F.2d 413 (Ct. Cl. 1971) (rejecting the
taxpayer’s argument that an expected
benefit should be ignored because it
would be received from a third party);
Rev. Rul. 67–246, 1967–2 C.B. 104
(concluding that the donor’s charitable
contribution deduction must be reduced
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by the value of a transistor radio
provided by a local store). Moreover, the
courts have concluded that a taxpayer’s
expectation of a substantial benefit in
return, from any source, reflects a lack
of requisite charitable intent on the part
of the donor. See, e.g., Ottawa Silica Co.
v. United States, 699 F.2d 1124 (Fed.
Cir. 1983) (denying a charitable
contribution deduction for the value of
land donated for the construction of a
school, where the taxpayer had reason
to believe such construction would
ultimately increase the value of its
land). Thus, the source of the
consideration is immaterial in
determining whether a donor has
received or expects to receive a return
benefit that reduces its charitable
contribution deduction.
4. Concerns About Reduced Charitable
Giving
Several commenters expressed
concerns about the impact of the
regulations on donations to SGOs and
other section 170(c)(2) entities that
provide education opportunities for
impoverished and special needs
children in grades K–12. These
commenters expressed concern that the
2019 final regulations have resulted in
a decrease in donations to SGOs.
Several commenters noted that these
organizations improve the lives of
students and criticized the proposed
regulations as undermining the policy
goals of school choice.
Some commenters stated that
individual taxpayers should be able to
claim a charitable contribution
deduction for all payments made
pursuant to a charitable State tax credit
program. Other commenters suggested
exempting payments and transfers to
charitable entities if the payments and
transfers are made pursuant to tax credit
programs that were established before
the enactment of the TCJA. Many
commenters suggested providing an
exception for State or local tax credits
provided in exchange for payments to
only non-governmental entities
described under section 170(c). A few
commenters suggested revoking the
2019 final regulations or developing a
more narrowly targeted approach.
As noted in the preamble to the 2019
final regulations, the Treasury
Department and the IRS recognize the
importance of the federal charitable
contribution deduction, as well as State
and local tax credit programs, in
encouraging charitable giving. However,
the concerns expressed by these
commenters relate more directly to the
2019 final regulations, and the statutory
limitation on individuals’ deductions of
State and local taxes under section 164,
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than to the amendments that are the
subject of this rulemaking. The 2019
final regulations continue to allow a
charitable contribution deduction for
the portion of a taxpayer’s contribution
that is a gratuitous transfer, and do not
affect the ability of states or localities to
provide State or local tax incentives. In
addition, the final regulations provide
additional clarity to businesses that
make payments or transfers to or for the
use of SGOs and other entities described
in section 170(c). Similarly, the safe
harbor provided under § 1.164–3(j) of
the final regulations for individuals who
itemize deductions will ensure
equitable treatment for taxpayers whose
deductions for State and local tax
payments would not have exceeded the
section 164(b)(6) limitation.
In addition, for the reasons cited in
the preamble to the 2019 final
regulations, those regulations do not
distinguish between taxpayers who
make payments or transfers to State and
local tax credit programs established
after enactment of the TCJA and those
who make payments or transfers to
credit programs established prior to the
enactment of the TCJA. Similarly, these
final regulations apply the quid pro quo
principle under section 170 equally to
all State and local tax credit programs,
and the final regulations do not adopt
commenter recommendations to create
exceptions for various types of State tax
credit programs.
Applicability Dates
The amendments to § 1.162–15 apply
to payments or transfers made on or
after December 17, 2019. However,
taxpayers may choose to apply the
amendments to payments or transfers
made on or after January 1, 2018.
Section 1.164–3(j) applies to
payments made to section 170(c)
entities on or after June 11, 2019.
However, taxpayers may choose to
apply paragraph (j) to payments made to
section 170(c) entities after August 27,
2018.
The definitions provided in § 1.170A–
1(h)(4) are applicable to amounts paid
or property transferred on or after
December 17, 2019.
Special Analyses
Executive Orders 13563 and 12866
direct agencies to assess costs and
benefits of available regulatory
alternatives and, if regulation is
necessary, to select regulatory
approaches that maximize net benefits
(including potential economic,
environmental, public health and safety
effects, distributive impacts, and
equity). Executive Order 13563
emphasizes the importance of
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quantifying both costs and benefits, of
reducing costs, of harmonizing rules,
and of promoting flexibility. The
Administrator of the Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs
(OIRA), Office of Management and
Budget, has waived review of this rule
in accordance with section 6(a)(3)(A) of
Executive Order 12866.
Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility
Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6), it is hereby
certified that this rule will not have a
significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
Although data are not readily available
for the IRS and the Treasury Department
to assess the number of small entities
that are likely to be directly affected by
the regulations, the economic impact is
unlikely to be significant.
As discussed elsewhere in this
preamble, the rule largely updates the
regulations to reflect existing law and
policy. The amendments update the
section 162 and section 170 regulations
to reflect current law. In addition, the
amendments add to the regulations safe
harbors under section 162 and section
164, regarding deductions when
payments are made to entities described
in section 170(c) and the donor receives
or expects to receive a State or local tax
credit in return; these safe harbors were
provided previously in Internal Revenue
Bulletin guidance. These regulations are
expected to provide some additional
certainty to taxpayers but are not
expected to result in any noticeable
change in taxpayer behavior. The
increased certainty, and in particular
the provision of safe harbors, is
expected to reduce compliance burdens.
Accordingly, the Treasury Department
and the IRS certify that the rule will not
have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code,
the notice of proposed rulemaking
preceding this regulation was submitted
to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the
Small Business Administration for
comment on its impact on small
business, and no comments were
received.
Statement of Availability of IRS
Documents
IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue
Rulings, Notices, and other guidance
cited in this document are published in
the Internal Revenue Bulletin (or
Cumulative Bulletin) and are available
from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Publishing Office,
Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting
the IRS website at https://www.irs.gov.
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Drafting Information
The principal author of these
regulations is the Office of the Associate
Chief Counsel (Income Tax and
Accounting). However, other personnel
from the IRS and the Treasury
Department participated in their
development.
List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1
Income taxes, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Adoption of Amendments to the
Regulations
Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is
amended as follows:
PART 1—INCOME TAXES
Paragraph 1. The authority citation
for part 1 continues to read in part as
follows:
■
Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *
Par. 2. Section 1.162–15 is amended
by revising paragraphs (a) and (d) to
read as follows:
■
§ 1.162–15
Contributions, dues, etc.
(a) Payments and transfers to entities
described in section 170(c)—(1) In
general. A payment or transfer to or for
the use of an entity described in section
170(c) that bears a direct relationship to
the taxpayer’s trade or business and that
is made with a reasonable expectation of
financial return commensurate with the
amount of the payment or transfer may
constitute an allowable deduction as a
trade or business expense rather than a
charitable contribution deduction under
section 170. For payments or transfers
in excess of the amount deductible
under section 162(a), see § 1.170A–1(h).
(2) Examples. The following examples
illustrate the rules of paragraph (a)(1) of
this section:
(i) Example 1. A, an individual, is a
sole proprietor who manufactures
musical instruments and sells them
through a website. A makes a $1,000
payment to a local church (which is a
charitable organization described in
section 170(c)) for a half-page
advertisement in the church’s program
for a concert. In the program, the church
thanks its concert supporters, including
A. A’s advertisement includes the URL
for the website through which A sells its
instruments. A reasonably expects that
the advertisement will attract new
customers to A’s website and will help
A to sell more musical instruments. A
may treat the $1,000 payment as an
expense of carrying on a trade or
business under section 162.
(ii) Example 2. P, a partnership,
operates a chain of supermarkets, some
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of which are located in State N. P
operates a promotional program in
which it sets aside the proceeds from
one percent of its sales each year, which
it pays to one or more charities
described in section 170(c). The funds
are earmarked for use in projects that
improve conditions in State N. P makes
the final determination on which
charities receive payments. P advertises
the program. P reasonably believes the
program will generate a significant
degree of name recognition and
goodwill in the communities where it
operates and thereby increase its
revenue. As part of the program, P
makes a $1,000 payment to a charity
described in section 170(c). P may treat
the $1,000 payment as an expense of
carrying on a trade or business under
section 162. This result is unchanged if,
under State N’s tax credit program, P
expects to receive a $1,000 income tax
credit on account of P’s payment, and
under State N law, the credit can be
passed through to P’s partners.
(3) Safe harbors for C corporations
and specified passthrough entities
making payments in exchange for State
or local tax credits—(i) Safe harbor for
C corporations. If a C corporation makes
a payment to or for the use of an entity
described in section 170(c) and receives
or expects to receive in return a State or
local tax credit that reduces a State or
local tax imposed on the C corporation,
the C corporation may treat such
payment as meeting the requirements of
an ordinary and necessary business
expense for purposes of section 162(a)
to the extent of the amount of the credit
received or expected to be received.
(ii) Safe harbor for specified
passthrough entities—(A) Definition of
specified passthrough entity. For
purposes of this paragraph (a)(3)(ii), an
entity is a specified passthrough entity
if each of the following requirements is
satisfied—
(1) The entity is a business entity
other than a C corporation and is
regarded for all Federal income tax
purposes as separate from its owners
under § 301.7701–3 of this chapter;
(2) The entity operates a trade or
business within the meaning of section
162;
(3) The entity is subject to a State or
local tax incurred in carrying on its
trade or business that is imposed
directly on the entity; and
(4) In return for a payment to an entity
described in section 170(c), the entity
described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A)(1) of
this section receives or expects to
receive a State or local tax credit that
the entity applies or expects to apply to
offset a State or local tax described in
paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A)(3) of this section.
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(B) Safe harbor. Except as provided in
paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(C) of this section, if
a specified passthrough entity makes a
payment to or for the use of an entity
described in section 170(c), and receives
or expects to receive in return a State or
local tax credit that reduces a State or
local tax described in paragraph
(a)(3)(ii)(A)(3) of this section, the
specified passthrough entity may treat
such payment as an ordinary and
necessary business expense for purposes
of section 162(a) to the extent of the
amount of credit received or expected to
be received.
(C) Exception. The safe harbor
described in this paragraph (a)(3)(ii)
does not apply if the credit received or
expected to be received reduces a State
or local income tax.
(iii) Definition of payment. For
purposes of this paragraph (a)(3),
payment is defined as a payment of cash
or cash equivalent.
(iv) Examples. The following
examples illustrate the rules of
paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(A) Example 1. C corporation that
receives or expects to receive dollar-fordollar State or local tax credit. A, a C
corporation engaged in a trade or
business, makes a payment of $1,000 to
an entity described in section 170(c). In
return for the payment, A expects to
receive a dollar-for-dollar State tax
credit to be applied to A’s State
corporate income tax liability. Under
paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, A may
treat the $1,000 payment as an expense
of carrying on a trade or business under
section 162.
(B) Example 2. C corporation that
receives or expects to receive
percentage-based State or local tax
credit. B, a C corporation engaged in a
trade or business, makes a payment of
$1,000 to an entity described in section
170(c). In return for the payment, B
expects to receive a local tax credit
equal to 80 percent of the amount of this
payment ($800) to be applied to B’s
local real property tax liability. Under
paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, B may
treat $800 as an expense of carrying on
a trade or business under section 162.
The treatment of the remaining $200
will depend upon the facts and
circumstances and is not affected by
paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section.
(C) Example 3. Partnership that
receives or expects to receive dollar-fordollar State or local tax credit. P is a
limited liability company classified as a
partnership for Federal income tax
purposes under § 301.7701–3 of this
chapter. P is engaged in a trade or
business and makes a payment of $1,000
to an entity described in section 170(c).
In return for the payment, P expects to
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receive a dollar-for-dollar State tax
credit to be applied to P’s State excise
tax liability incurred by P in carrying on
its trade or business. Under applicable
State law, the State’s excise tax is
imposed at the entity level (not the
owner level). Under paragraph (a)(3)(ii)
of this section, P may treat the $1,000
as an expense of carrying on a trade or
business under section 162.
(D) Example 4. S corporation that
receives or expects to receive
percentage-based State or local tax
credit. S is an S corporation engaged in
a trade or business and is owned by
individuals C and D. S makes a payment
of $1,000 to an entity described in
section 170(c). In return for the
payment, S expects to receive a local tax
credit equal to 80 percent of the amount
of this payment ($800) to be applied to
S’s local real property tax liability
incurred by S in carrying on its trade or
business. Under applicable local law,
the real property tax is imposed at the
entity level (not the owner level). Under
paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section, S
may treat $800 of the payment as an
expense of carrying on a trade or
business under section 162. The
treatment of the remaining $200 will
depend upon the facts and
circumstances and is not affected by
paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section.
(v) Applicability of section 170 to
payments in exchange for State or local
tax benefits. For rules regarding the
availability of a charitable contribution
deduction under section 170 where a
taxpayer makes a payment or transfers
property to or for the use of an entity
described in section 170(c) and receives
or expects to receive a State or local tax
benefit in return for such payment, see
§ 1.170A–1(h)(3).
(4) Applicability dates. Paragraphs
(a)(1) and (2) of this section, regarding
the application of section 162 to
taxpayers making payments or transfers
to entities described in section 170(c),
apply to payments or transfers made on
or after December 17, 2019. Section
1.162–15(a), as it appeared in the April
1, 2020 edition of 26 CFR part 1,
generally applies to payments or
transfers made prior to December 17,
2019. However, taxpayers may choose to
apply paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this
section to payments and transfers made
on or after January 1, 2018. Paragraph
(a)(3) of this section, regarding the safe
harbors for C corporations and specified
passthrough entities making payments
to section 170(c) entities in exchange for
State or local tax credits, applies to
payments made by these entities on or
after December 17, 2019. However,
taxpayers may choose to apply the safe
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harbors of paragraph (a)(3) to payments
made on or after January 1, 2018.
*
*
*
*
*
(d) Cross reference.—For provisions
dealing with expenditures for
institutional or ‘‘good will’’ advertising,
see § 1.162–20(a)(2).
■ Par. 3. Section 1.164–3 is amended by
adding paragraph (j) to read as follows:
§ 1.164–3
Definitions and special rules.
*
*
*
*
*
(j) Safe harbor for payments made by
individuals in exchange for State or
local tax credits—(1) In general. An
individual who itemizes deductions and
who makes a payment to or for the use
of an entity described in section 170(c)
in consideration for a State or local tax
credit may treat as a payment of State
or local tax for purposes of section 164
the portion of such payment for which
a charitable contribution deduction
under section 170 is disallowed under
§ 1.170A–1(h)(3). This treatment as
payment of a State or local tax is
allowed in the taxable year in which the
payment is made to the extent that the
resulting credit is applied, consistent
with applicable State or local law, to
offset the individual’s State or local tax
liability for such taxable year or the
preceding taxable year.
(2) Credits carried forward. To the
extent that a State or local tax credit
described in paragraph (j)(1) of this
section is not applied to offset the
individual’s applicable State or local tax
liability for the taxable year of the
payment or the preceding taxable year,
any excess State or local tax credit
permitted to be carried forward may be
treated as a payment of State or local tax
under section 164(a) in the taxable year
or years for which the carryover credit
is applied in accordance with State or
local law.
(3) Limitation on individual
deductions. Nothing in this paragraph
(j) may be construed as permitting a
taxpayer who applies this safe harbor to
avoid the limitation of section 164(b)(6)
for any amount paid as a tax or treated
under this paragraph (j) as a payment of
tax.
(4) No safe harbor for transfers of
property. The safe harbor provided in
this paragraph (j) applies only to a
payment of cash or cash equivalent.
(5) Coordination with other
deductions. An individual who deducts
a payment under section 164 may not
also deduct the same payment under
any other Code section.
(6) Examples. In the following
examples, the taxpayer is an individual
who itemizes deductions for Federal
income tax purposes.
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(i) Example 1. In year 1, Taxpayer A
makes a payment of $500 to an entity
described in section 170(c). In return for
the payment, A receives a dollar-fordollar State income tax credit. Prior to
application of the credit, A’s State
income tax liability for year 1 was more
than $500. A applies the $500 credit to
A’s year 1 State income tax liability.
Under paragraph (j)(1) of this section, A
treats the $500 payment as a payment of
State income tax in year 1. To determine
A’s deduction amount, A must apply the
provisions of section 164 applicable to
payments of State and local taxes,
including the limitation in section
164(b)(6). See paragraph (j)(3) of this
section.
(ii) Example 2. In year 1, Taxpayer B
makes a payment of $7,000 to an entity
described in section 170(c). In return for
the payment, B receives a dollar-fordollar State income tax credit, which
under State law may be carried forward
for three taxable years. Prior to
application of the credit, B’s State
income tax liability for year 1 was
$5,000; B applies $5,000 of the $7,000
credit to B’s year 1 State income tax
liability. Under paragraph (j)(1) of this
section, B treats $5,000 of the $7,000
payment as a payment of State income
tax in year 1. Prior to application of the
remaining credit, B’s State income tax
liability for year 2 exceeds $2,000. B
applies the excess credit of $2,000 to B’s
year 2 State income tax liability. For
year 2, under paragraph (j)(2) of this
section, B treats the $2,000 as a payment
of State income tax under section 164.
To determine B’s deduction amounts in
years 1 and 2, B must apply the
provisions of section 164 applicable to
payments of State and local taxes,
including the limitation under section
164(b)(6). See paragraph (j)(3) of this
section.
(iii) Example 3. In year 1, Taxpayer C
makes a payment of $7,000 to an entity
described in section 170(c). In return for
the payment, C receives a local real
property tax credit equal to 25 percent
of the amount of this payment ($1,750).
Prior to application of the credit, C’s
local real property tax liability in year
1 was more than $1,750. C applies the
$1,750 credit to C’s year 1 local real
property tax liability. Under paragraph
(j)(1) of this section, for year 1, C treats
$1,750 of the $7,000 payment as a
payment of local real property tax for
purposes of section 164. To determine
C’s deduction amount, C must apply the
provisions of section 164 applicable to
payments of State and local taxes,
including the limitation under section
164(b)(6). See paragraph (j)(3) of this
section.
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(7) Applicability date. This paragraph
(j) applies to payments made to section
170(c) entities on or after June 11, 2019.
However, a taxpayer may choose to
apply this paragraph (j) to payments
made to section 170(c) entities after
August 27, 2018.
■ Par. 4. Section 1.170A–1 is amended
as follows:
■ 1. Paragraph (c)(5) is revised.
■ 2. In paragraph (h)(1) introductory
text, remove the cross-references to
‘‘§ 1.170A–13(f)(6)’’ and ‘‘§ 1.170A–
13(f)(5)’’ and add in their places
‘‘paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section’’ and
‘‘paragraph (h)(4)(ii) of this section’’,
respectively.
■ 3. Paragraphs (h)(2)(i)(B) and (h)(3)(iii)
are revised.
■ 4. Paragraph (h)(3)(viii) is
redesignated as paragraph (h)(3)(x).
■ 5. New paragraph (h)(3)(viii) and
paragraph (h)(3)(ix) are added.
■ 6. Paragraphs (h)(4) through (6) are
redesignated as paragraphs (h)(5)
through (7).
■ 7. New paragraph (h)(4) is added.
The revisions and additions read as
follows:
§ 1.170A–1 Charitable, etc., contributions
and gifts; allowance of deduction.
*
*
*
*
*
(c) * * *
(5) For payments or transfers to an
entity described in section 170(c) by a
taxpayer carrying on a trade or business,
see § 1.162–15(a).
*
*
*
*
*
(h) * * *
(2) * * *
(i) * * *
(B) The fair market value of the goods
or services received or expected to be
received in return.
*
*
*
*
*
(3) * * *
(iii) In consideration for. For purposes
of paragraph (h) of this section, the term
in consideration for has the meaning set
forth in paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this
section.
*
*
*
*
*
(viii) Safe harbor for payments by C
corporations and specified passthrough
entities. For payments by a C
corporation or by a specified
passthrough entity to an entity
described in section 170(c), where the C
corporation or specified passthrough
entity receives or expects to receive a
State or local tax credit that reduces the
charitable contribution deduction for
such payments under paragraph (h)(3)
of this section, see § 1.162–15(a)(3)
(providing safe harbors under section
162(a) to the extent of that reduction).
(ix) Safe harbor for individuals. Under
certain circumstances, an individual
PO 00000
Frm 00010
Fmt 4700
Sfmt 4700
who itemizes deductions and makes a
payment to an entity described in
section 170(c) in consideration for a
State or local tax credit may treat the
portion of such payment for which a
charitable contribution deduction is
disallowed under paragraph (h)(3) of
this section as a payment of State or
local taxes under section 164. See
§ 1.164–3(j), providing a safe harbor for
certain payments by individuals in
exchange for State or local tax credits.
*
*
*
*
*
(4) Definitions. For purposes of this
paragraph (h), the following definitions
apply:
(i) In consideration for. A taxpayer
receives goods or services in
consideration for a taxpayer’s payment
or transfer to an entity described in
section 170(c) if, at the time the
taxpayer makes the payment to such
entity, the taxpayer receives or expects
to receive goods or services from that
entity or any other party in return.
(ii) Goods or services. Goods or
services means cash, property, services,
benefits, and privileges.
(iii) Applicability date. The
definitions provided in this paragraph
(h)(4) are applicable to amounts paid or
property transferred on or after
December 17, 2019.
*
*
*
*
*
§ 1.170A–13
[Amended]
Par. 5.Section 1.170A–13 is amended
in paragraph (f)(7) by removing the
cross-reference ‘‘§ 1.170A–1(h)(5)’’ and
adding in its place ‘‘§ 1.170A–1(h)(6)’’.
■
Sunita Lough,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and
Enforcement.
Approved: July 27, 2020.
David J. Kautter,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax
Policy).
[FR Doc. 2020–17393 Filed 8–7–20; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 4830–01–P
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Office of Foreign Assets Control
31 CFR Part 501
Adjustment of Applicable Schedule
Amount
Office of Foreign Assets
Control, Treasury.
ACTION: Final rule.
AGENCY:
The Department of the
Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets
Control (OFAC) is issuing this final rule
to make technical amendments to the
SUMMARY:
E:\FR\FM\11AUR1.SGM
11AUR1
Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 155 (Tuesday, August 11, 2020)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 48467-48474]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-17393]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Internal Revenue Service
26 CFR Part 1
[TD 9907]
RIN 1545-BP40
Treatment of Payments to Charitable Entities in Return for
Consideration
AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.
ACTION: Final regulations.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: This document contains final regulations under sections 162,
164, and 170 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code). First, the final
regulations update the regulations under section 162 to reflect current
law regarding the application of section 162 to taxpayers that make
payments or transfers for business purposes to entities described in
section 170(c). Second, the final regulations provide safe harbors
under section 162 to provide certainty with respect to the treatment of
payments made by business entities to entities described in section
170(c). Third, the final regulations provide a safe harbor under
section 164 for payments made to an entity described in section 170(c)
by individuals who itemize deductions and receive or expect to receive
a State or local tax credit in return. Fourth, the final regulations
update the regulations under section 170 to reflect past guidance and
case law regarding the application of the quid pro quo principle under
section 170 to a donor who receives or expects to receive benefits from
a third party. These regulations affect taxpayers who make transfers to
entities described in section 170(c) for business purposes, and
taxpayers who receive State or local tax credits in exchange for
transfers to such
[[Page 48468]]
entities or who receive other third-party benefits in exchange for
transfers to such entities.
DATES:
Effective date: These regulations are effective August 11, 2020.
Applicability dates: For dates of applicability, see Sec. Sec.
1.162-15(a)(4), 1.164-3(j)(7), and 1.170A-1(h)(4)(iii).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Sarah Daya or Stephen Rothandler at
(202) 317-4059 (not a toll-free number).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Section 170(a)(1) generally allows an itemized deduction for any
``charitable contribution'' paid within the taxable year. Section
170(c) defines ``charitable contribution'' as a ``contribution or gift
to or for the use of'' any entity described in that section. Under
section 170(c)(1), such an entity includes a State, a possession of the
United States, or any political subdivision of the foregoing, or the
District of Columbia. Entities described in section 170(c)(2) include
certain corporations, trusts, or community chests, funds, or
foundations, organized and operated exclusively for religious,
charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or to foster
national or international amateur sports competition, or for the
prevention of cruelty to children or animals. Section 1.170A-1(c)(5) of
the Income Tax Regulations provides that transfers of property to an
organization described in section 170(c) that bear a direct
relationship to the taxpayer's trade or business and that are made with
a reasonable expectation of financial return commensurate with the
amount of the transfer may constitute allowable deductions as trade or
business expenses rather than as charitable contributions.
Section 162(a) allows a deduction for all the ordinary and
necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying
on any trade or business. Section 162(b) provides that no deduction
shall be allowed under section 162(a) for any contribution or gift that
would be allowable as a deduction under section 170 were it not for the
percentage limitations, the dollar limitations, or the requirements as
to the time of payment set forth in that section.
Section 1.162-15(a) applies to contributions to entities described
in section 170(c). Prior to amendment by this final regulation, Sec.
1.162-15(a)(1) provided that no deduction is allowable under section
162(a) for a contribution or gift by an individual or a corporation if
any part thereof is deductible under section 170. For example, if a
taxpayer makes a contribution of $5,000 and only $4,000 of this amount
is deductible under section 170(a) (whether because of the percentage
limitation under either section 170(b)(1) or (2), the requirement as to
time of payment, or both), no deduction is allowable under section
162(a) for the remaining $1,000. Section 1.162-15(a)(2) clarified that
the limitations provided in section 162(b) and Sec. 1.162-15(a)(1)
applied only to payments that are in fact contributions or gifts to
organizations described in section 170. For example, payments by a
transit company to a local hospital (which is a charitable organization
within the meaning of section 170) in consideration of a binding
obligation on the part of the hospital to provide hospital services and
facilities for the company's employees are not contributions or gifts
within the meaning of section 170 and may be deductible under section
162(a) if the requirements of section 162(a) are otherwise satisfied.
Section 164(a) allows a deduction for the payment of certain taxes,
including: (1) State and local, and foreign, real property taxes; (2)
State and local personal property taxes; and (3) State and local, and
foreign, income, war profits, and excess profits taxes. In addition,
section 164 allows a deduction for taxes not described in the preceding
sentence that are paid or accrued within the taxable year in carrying
on a trade or business or an activity described in section 212.
Moreover, under section 164(b)(5), taxpayers may elect to deduct State
and local general sales taxes in lieu of State and local income taxes.
Section 164(b)(6), as added by section 11042(a) of Public Law 115-
97, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), 131 Stat.
2054, 2085 (2017), provides, in the case of an individual, that
deductions for foreign real property taxes are not allowable under
section 164(a)(1), and that the deduction for the aggregate amount of
the following State and local taxes paid during the calendar year is
limited to $10,000 ($5,000 in the case of a married individual filing a
separate return): (1) Real property taxes; (2) personal property taxes;
(3) income, war profits, and excess profits taxes; and (4) general
sales taxes. This limitation applies to taxable years beginning after
December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026, and does not apply to
foreign taxes described in section 164(a)(3) or to any taxes described
in section 164(a)(1) and (2) that are paid or accrued in carrying on a
trade or business or an activity described in section 212. In response
to the limitation in section 164(b)(6), some taxpayers have considered
tax planning strategies to avoid or mitigate its effects. Some of these
strategies rely on State and local tax credit programs under which
states provide tax credits in return for contributions by taxpayers to
entities described in section 170(c), and some State and local
governments have created new programs intended to facilitate use of
these strategies.
On June 11, 2018, the Department of the Treasury (Treasury
Department) and the IRS announced their intention to propose
regulations addressing the proper application of sections 164 and 170
to taxpayers who make contributions under State and local tax credit
programs to entities described in section 170(c). See Notice 2018-54,
2018-24 I.R.B. 750. On August 27, 2018, proposed regulations (REG-
112176-18) under sections 170 and 642(c) were published in the Federal
Register (83 FR 43563) (2018 proposed regulations). The 2018 proposed
regulations proposed amending Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(3) to provide, in
general, that if a taxpayer makes a payment or transfers property to or
for the use of an entity described in section 170(c), and the taxpayer
receives or expects to receive a State or local tax credit in return
for such payment or transfer, the tax credit constitutes a return
benefit to the taxpayer and reduces the taxpayer's charitable
contribution deduction. The 2018 proposed regulations also proposed
amending regulations under section 642(c) to provide a similar rule for
payments made by a trust or decedent's estate.
In response to the 2018 proposed regulations, commenters raised
concerns regarding the treatment of business entity payments to
entities described in section 170(c). The Treasury Department and the
IRS considered these concerns and issued Rev. Proc. 2019-12, 2019-04
I.R.B. 401, on December 28, 2018, providing a safe harbor under section
162 for payments made by a C corporation or specified passthrough
entity to or for the use of an organization described in section 170(c)
if the C corporation or specified passthrough entity receives or
expects to receive State or local tax credits in return. Commenters
also raised a concern regarding the treatment of payments by
individuals who itemize deductions for Federal income tax purposes and
who have total State and local tax liabilities that are less than or
equal to the section 164(b)(6) limitation. The Treasury Department and
the IRS addressed this concern by issuing Notice 2019-12, 2019-27
I.R.B. 57, on June 11, 2019, providing a safe harbor under section 164
for individuals who
[[Page 48469]]
make payments to section 170(c) entities in return for State or local
tax credits.
On June 13, 2019, the Treasury Department and the IRS published
final regulations in the Federal Register (T.D. 9864, 84 FR 27513)
(2019 final regulations) addressing the proper application of sections
164 and 170 to taxpayers who make contributions under State and local
tax credit programs to entities described in section 170(c). The 2019
final regulations provided the general rule that, if a taxpayer makes a
payment or transfers property to or for the use of an entity described
in section 170(c), and the taxpayer receives or expects to receive a
State or local tax credit in return for such transfer, the tax credit
constitutes a return benefit to the taxpayer, or quid pro quo, reducing
the taxpayer's charitable contribution deduction. See Sec. 1.170A-
1(h)(3). The 2019 final regulations also amended regulations under
section 642(c) to provide a similar rule for payments made by a trust
or decedent's estate.
On December 17, 2019, the Treasury Department and the IRS issued
proposed regulations under sections 162, 164, and 170 (REG-107431-19,
84 FR 68833) to include the safe harbors provided under Rev. Proc.
2019-12 and Notice 2019-12, to update regulations under section 162 to
reflect current law regarding the application of section 162 to a
taxpayer that makes a payment or transfer to an entity described in
section 170(c) for a business purpose, and to clarify the application
of the quid pro quo principle under section 170 to benefits received or
expected to be received from third parties.
The Treasury Department and the IRS received over 40 comments
responding to the proposed regulations and five requests to speak at
the public hearing, which was held on February 20, 2020. Copies of
written comments received and the list of speakers at the public
hearing are available for public inspection at www.regulations.gov or
upon request.
Explanation of Provisions and Summary of Comments
Explanation of Provisions
The Treasury Department and the IRS adopt the proposed regulations
with clarifications in response to the written comments received and
testimony provided. First, the final regulations retain the proposed
amendments to Sec. 1.162-15(a). The final regulations continue to
clarify that a taxpayer's payment or transfer to a section 170(c)
entity may constitute an allowable deduction as a trade or business
expense under section 162, rather than a charitable contribution under
section 170. The final regulations also retain the examples
demonstrating the application of this rule with minor clarifying
changes.
Second, the final regulations retain the safe harbors under section
162 to provide certainty with respect to the treatment of payments made
by business entities to an entity described in section 170(c). The
final regulations provide safe harbors under section 162 for payments
made by a business entity that is a C corporation or specified
passthrough entity to or for the use of an organization described in
section 170(c) if the C corporation or specified passthrough entity
receives or expects to receive State or local tax credits in return. To
the extent that a C corporation or specified passthrough entity
receives or expects to receive a State or local tax credit in return
for a payment to an organization described in section 170(c), it is
reasonable to conclude that there is a direct benefit and a reasonable
expectation of commensurate financial return to the C corporation's or
specified passthrough entity's business in the form of a reduction in
the State or local taxes that the entity would otherwise be required to
pay. Thus, the final regulations provide safe harbors that allow a C
corporation or specified passthrough entity engaged in a trade or
business to treat the portion of the payment that is equal to the
amount of the credit received or expected to be received as meeting the
requirements of an ordinary and necessary business expense under
section 162. The safe harbors for C corporations and specified
passthrough entities apply only to payments of cash and cash
equivalents. The safe harbor for specified passthrough entities does
not apply if the credit received or expected to be received reduces a
State or local income tax.
Third, the final regulations retain the safe harbor under section
164 for payments made to an entity described in section 170(c) by
individuals who itemize deductions and receive or expect to receive a
State or local tax credit in return. The final regulations provide that
an individual who itemizes deductions and who makes a payment to a
section 170(c) entity in exchange for a State or local tax credit may
treat as a payment of State or local tax for purposes of section 164
the portion of such payment for which a charitable contribution
deduction under section 170 is or will be disallowed under Sec.
1.170A-1(h)(3). This treatment is allowed in the taxable year in which
the payment is made, but only to the extent that the resulting credit
is applied pursuant to applicable State or local law to offset the
individual's State or local tax liability for such taxable year or the
preceding taxable year. Any unused credit permitted to be carried
forward may be treated as a payment of State or local tax under section
164 in the taxable year or years for which the carryover credit is
applied in accordance with State or local law. The safe harbor for
individuals applies only to payments of cash and cash equivalents.
The final regulations are not intended to permit a taxpayer to
avoid the limitation of section 164(b)(6). Therefore, the final
regulations provide that any payment treated as a State or local tax
under section 164, pursuant to the safe harbor provided in Sec. 1.164-
3(j) of the final regulations, is subject to the limitation on
deductions in section 164(b)(6). Furthermore, the final regulations are
not intended to permit deductions of the same payments under more than
one provision. Thus, the final regulations provide that an individual
who relies on the safe harbor in Sec. 1.164-3(j) to deduct qualifying
payments under section 164 may not also deduct the same payments under
any other section of the Code.
Lastly, the final regulations retain the amendments to the
regulations under section 170 to reflect past guidance and case law
regarding the application of the quid pro quo principle under section
170 to a donor who receives or expects to receive benefits from a third
party. The final regulations clarify that the quid pro quo principle
applies regardless of whether the party providing the quid pro quo is
the donee or a third party. To reflect existing law, the final
regulations amend the rules in Sec. 1.170A-1(h) that address a donor's
payments in exchange for consideration. Specifically, the final
regulations revise Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(4) to provide definitions of ``in
consideration for'' and ``goods and services'' for purposes of applying
the rules in Sec. 1.170A-1(h). Under the final regulations, a taxpayer
will be treated as receiving goods and services in consideration for a
taxpayer's payment or transfer to an entity described in section 170(c)
if, at the time the taxpayer makes the payment or transfer, the
taxpayer receives or expects to receive goods or services in return.
For additional clarity, the final regulations amend the language in
Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(2)(i)(B) to state that the fair market value of goods
and services includes the value of goods and services provided by
parties other than the donee. Also, the final regulations add a
definition of ``goods and services'' that
[[Page 48470]]
is the same as the definition in Sec. 1.170A-13(f)(5). Finally, the
final regulations revise the cross-references defining ``in
consideration for'' and ``goods and services'' in Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(1)
and (h)(3)(iii) to be consistent with the definitions provided in
paragraph Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(4).
Summary of Comments
1. General Comments
As discussed previously in this preamble, the Treasury Department
and the IRS received over 40 comments responding to the proposed
regulations and five requests to speak at the public hearing.
Approximately half of the commenters expressed support for the proposed
regulations and recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS
finalize the proposed regulations. Many of these commenters expressed
support for the clarification of the regulations under section 162
regarding business payments to section 170(c) entities and the
incorporation of safe harbors previously provided in Rev. Proc. 2019-12
and Notice 2019-12. However, some of these commenters expressed
concerns about the impact of the 2019 final regulations on State and
local programs granting tax credits for contributions by individuals
and businesses to scholarship granting organizations (SGOs). SGOs are
entities described in section 170(c) that receive contributions from
individuals and businesses and then disburse these funds as
scholarships to enable eligible students to attend qualified private
schools. Additional commenters were concerned that, even with the
clarifications in the proposed regulations, the 2019 final regulations
have resulted in and will continue to result in decreased contributions
to SGOs and other section 170(c) entities.
2. Payments by Business Entities in Exchange for State or Local Tax
Credits
Multiple commenters expressed concern that passthrough entity
owners may circumvent the section 164(b)(6) limitation by
recharacterizing the portion of the payment that is not deductible
under section 170 as a business expense deductible under section 162.
One commenter requested clarification regarding whether a business
entity may deduct payments to SGOs under section 162 as ordinary and
necessary business expenses incurred in carrying on a trade or
business. A few commenters expressed concern that the regulations may
incentivize payments to education programs that discriminate against
students with disabilities or that divert tax dollars from public
schools to private schools. One commenter opined that State and local
programs providing tax credits to businesses that donate to certain
charitable organizations run counter to the concept of charity because
donors should expect nothing in return for a donation.
Several commenters suggested revising Example 2 in Sec. 1.162-
15(a)(2)(ii) to clarify that individuals are not allowed to generate
partnership tax deductions under section 162 in addition to State or
local tax credits that flow through to partners. Some commenters
asserted that Example 2 is inconsistent with the safe harbor provided
for passthrough entities in Sec. 1.162-15(a)(3), which expressly
excludes situations in which passthrough entities receive State or
local income tax credits. A commenter suggested including a general
rule stating that in any case where a State or local tax credit has the
effect of reducing an otherwise nondeductible State or local tax
liability, the payment giving rise to the State or local tax credit
cannot itself be deductible.
While the Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge these
concerns, the regulations retain the clarifications to Sec. 1.162-
15(a)(1) and (a)(2) regarding section 162 deductions for business
payments to section 170(c) entities, as well as examples illustrating
the rule. Section 1.162-15(a)(1) mirrors the language of Sec. 1.170A-
1(c)(5), which has been in effect since 1970. Section 1.170A-1(c)(5)
provided that if the taxpayer's payment or transfer bears a direct
relationship to its trade or business, and the payment is made with a
reasonable expectation of commensurate financial return, the payment or
transfer may constitute an allowable deduction as a trade or business
expense under section 162, rather than a charitable contribution under
section 170. See also Marquis v. Commissioner, 49 T.C. 695 (1968).
Section 1.162-15(a)(1) applies the same standard. Thus, a passthrough
entity may deduct a payment under Sec. 1.162-15(a)(1) only if the
entity can demonstrate that the payment satisfies these requirements,
which limits the possibility of abuse.
Moreover, the revisions to Sec. 1.162-15(a)(1) are not
inconsistent with the safe harbor provided for passthrough entities
under Sec. 1.162-15(a)(3), which expressly excludes situations in
which passthrough entities receive State or local income tax credits.
The scope of Sec. 1.162-15(a)(3) is more limited because it provides
safe harbor relief for taxpayers that receive a State or local tax
credit in return for a payment to charity, rather than an application
of the law. As a safe harbor, this section sets forth a simplified
analysis of a passthrough entity's expenditure--requiring merely the
receipt or expectation of receipt of a State or local business tax
credit. In contrast, Sec. 1.162-15(a)(1) reiterates the current law,
which requires more than the receipt of a credit against a business-
related tax. Section 1.162-15(a)(1) requires a direct business
relationship to the trade or business and a reasonable expectation of
commensurate financial return. If a passthrough entity meets these
requirements, then the payment or transfer to the section 170(c) entity
may be properly treated as a business expense under section 162.
Another commenter also expressed concern that the examples under
Sec. 1.162-15(a)(2) create confusion about deductions for
institutional or ``good will'' advertising under Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2)
because both examples contain facts that could describe advertising
addressed in Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2). The commenter suggested that the
examples be moved from Sec. 1.162-15(a)(2) to Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2). In
addition, the commenter suggested that the Treasury Department and the
IRS revise the examples to clarify the relationship between Sec.
1.162-15(a)(2) and Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2) and address the requirement
under Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2) that deductible institutional and good will
advertising expenditures must relate to patronage that the taxpayer
might reasonably expect in the future. This commenter also requested
that the cross-reference to Sec. 1.162-20 in Sec. 1.162-15(d) of the
existing regulations be modified to provide additional explanation.
The Treasury Department and the IRS considered these comments but
have determined that changes to Sec. 1.162-15(a)(1) and (2) to clarify
the distinctions between Sec. 1.162-15 and Sec. 1.162-20 are beyond
the scope of these final regulations. Section 1.162-20(a)(2) provides
rules for deducting expenditures for institutional or good will
advertising that keeps the taxpayer's name before the public, including
by encouraging actions or presenting views on various subjects. For
example, Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2) refers to the costs of advertising that
encourages contributions to organizations such as the Red Cross,
encourages the purchase of savings bonds, encourages participation in
similar causes, or presents views on subjects of a general nature.
In contrast, Sec. 1.162-15(a) addresses only payments made to
entities described in section 170(c). Section 1.162-15(a)(1) provides
that payments to section 170(c) entities may be
[[Page 48471]]
deducted under section 162 if they bear a direct relationship to the
taxpayer's trade or business and are made with a reasonable expectation
of financial return commensurate with the amount paid. The examples in
Sec. 1.162-15(a)(2) of the final regulations are not intended to
demonstrate the application of Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2), which serves a
different purpose.
The final regulations revise Example 1 under Sec. 1.162-
15(a)(2)(i) to refer to ``supporters,'' rather than ``sponsors,'' to
avoid any potential confusion with the rules governing qualified
sponsorship payments under section 513. In addition, the final
regulations revise the cross-reference in Sec. 1.162-15(d) to specify
that the deductibility of expenditures for institutional and good will
advertising is addressed in Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2).
3. Quid Pro Quo Provided by a Third Party
Some commenters expressed a belief that under current law a quid
pro quo received or expected to be received by a taxpayer does not
reduce the taxpayer's charitable contribution deduction if the quid pro
quo comes from a party that is not the donee. The commenters emphasized
that the use of State or local tax credits in exchange for donations to
SGOs is not intended to subvert federal tax law. These commenters
concluded that a tax credit from a State or local government should not
reduce the charitable contribution deduction for a payment to a section
170(c)(2) entity. The commenters suggested that the quid pro quo
principle should be applied only to contributions to entities described
in section 170(c)(1). One commenter recommended that if a contribution
is made to section 170(c)(2) entities in exchange for a State or local
tax credit, the credit should be treated as income to the donor.
The Treasury Department and the IRS considered these comments, but
did not adopt the suggested changes because the established tax law
does not support them. As discussed in the preamble to the proposed
regulations, both the courts and the IRS have concluded that the quid
pro quo principle is equally applicable, regardless of whether the
donor expects to receive the benefit from the donee or from a third
party. See, e.g., Singer v. United States, 449 F.2d 413 (Ct. Cl. 1971)
(rejecting the taxpayer's argument that an expected benefit should be
ignored because it would be received from a third party); Rev. Rul. 67-
246, 1967-2 C.B. 104 (concluding that the donor's charitable
contribution deduction must be reduced by the value of a transistor
radio provided by a local store). Moreover, the courts have concluded
that a taxpayer's expectation of a substantial benefit in return, from
any source, reflects a lack of requisite charitable intent on the part
of the donor. See, e.g., Ottawa Silica Co. v. United States, 699 F.2d
1124 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (denying a charitable contribution deduction for
the value of land donated for the construction of a school, where the
taxpayer had reason to believe such construction would ultimately
increase the value of its land). Thus, the source of the consideration
is immaterial in determining whether a donor has received or expects to
receive a return benefit that reduces its charitable contribution
deduction.
4. Concerns About Reduced Charitable Giving
Several commenters expressed concerns about the impact of the
regulations on donations to SGOs and other section 170(c)(2) entities
that provide education opportunities for impoverished and special needs
children in grades K-12. These commenters expressed concern that the
2019 final regulations have resulted in a decrease in donations to
SGOs. Several commenters noted that these organizations improve the
lives of students and criticized the proposed regulations as
undermining the policy goals of school choice.
Some commenters stated that individual taxpayers should be able to
claim a charitable contribution deduction for all payments made
pursuant to a charitable State tax credit program. Other commenters
suggested exempting payments and transfers to charitable entities if
the payments and transfers are made pursuant to tax credit programs
that were established before the enactment of the TCJA. Many commenters
suggested providing an exception for State or local tax credits
provided in exchange for payments to only non-governmental entities
described under section 170(c). A few commenters suggested revoking the
2019 final regulations or developing a more narrowly targeted approach.
As noted in the preamble to the 2019 final regulations, the
Treasury Department and the IRS recognize the importance of the federal
charitable contribution deduction, as well as State and local tax
credit programs, in encouraging charitable giving. However, the
concerns expressed by these commenters relate more directly to the 2019
final regulations, and the statutory limitation on individuals'
deductions of State and local taxes under section 164, than to the
amendments that are the subject of this rulemaking. The 2019 final
regulations continue to allow a charitable contribution deduction for
the portion of a taxpayer's contribution that is a gratuitous transfer,
and do not affect the ability of states or localities to provide State
or local tax incentives. In addition, the final regulations provide
additional clarity to businesses that make payments or transfers to or
for the use of SGOs and other entities described in section 170(c).
Similarly, the safe harbor provided under Sec. 1.164-3(j) of the final
regulations for individuals who itemize deductions will ensure
equitable treatment for taxpayers whose deductions for State and local
tax payments would not have exceeded the section 164(b)(6) limitation.
In addition, for the reasons cited in the preamble to the 2019
final regulations, those regulations do not distinguish between
taxpayers who make payments or transfers to State and local tax credit
programs established after enactment of the TCJA and those who make
payments or transfers to credit programs established prior to the
enactment of the TCJA. Similarly, these final regulations apply the
quid pro quo principle under section 170 equally to all State and local
tax credit programs, and the final regulations do not adopt commenter
recommendations to create exceptions for various types of State tax
credit programs.
Applicability Dates
The amendments to Sec. 1.162-15 apply to payments or transfers
made on or after December 17, 2019. However, taxpayers may choose to
apply the amendments to payments or transfers made on or after January
1, 2018.
Section 1.164-3(j) applies to payments made to section 170(c)
entities on or after June 11, 2019. However, taxpayers may choose to
apply paragraph (j) to payments made to section 170(c) entities after
August 27, 2018.
The definitions provided in Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(4) are applicable to
amounts paid or property transferred on or after December 17, 2019.
Special Analyses
Executive Orders 13563 and 12866 direct agencies to assess costs
and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is
necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits
(including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety
effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive Order 13563
emphasizes the importance of
[[Page 48472]]
quantifying both costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing
rules, and of promoting flexibility. The Administrator of the Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), Office of Management and
Budget, has waived review of this rule in accordance with section
6(a)(3)(A) of Executive Order 12866.
Pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6), it
is hereby certified that this rule will not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities. Although data are not
readily available for the IRS and the Treasury Department to assess the
number of small entities that are likely to be directly affected by the
regulations, the economic impact is unlikely to be significant.
As discussed elsewhere in this preamble, the rule largely updates
the regulations to reflect existing law and policy. The amendments
update the section 162 and section 170 regulations to reflect current
law. In addition, the amendments add to the regulations safe harbors
under section 162 and section 164, regarding deductions when payments
are made to entities described in section 170(c) and the donor receives
or expects to receive a State or local tax credit in return; these safe
harbors were provided previously in Internal Revenue Bulletin guidance.
These regulations are expected to provide some additional certainty to
taxpayers but are not expected to result in any noticeable change in
taxpayer behavior. The increased certainty, and in particular the
provision of safe harbors, is expected to reduce compliance burdens.
Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS certify that the rule
will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities. Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, the notice of
proposed rulemaking preceding this regulation was submitted to the
Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for
comment on its impact on small business, and no comments were received.
Statement of Availability of IRS Documents
IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue Rulings, Notices, and other
guidance cited in this document are published in the Internal Revenue
Bulletin (or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office,
Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the IRS website at https://www.irs.gov.
Drafting Information
The principal author of these regulations is the Office of the
Associate Chief Counsel (Income Tax and Accounting). However, other
personnel from the IRS and the Treasury Department participated in
their development.
List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1
Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Adoption of Amendments to the Regulations
Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is amended as follows:
PART 1--INCOME TAXES
0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read in
part as follows:
Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *
0
Par. 2. Section 1.162-15 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (d)
to read as follows:
Sec. 1.162-15 Contributions, dues, etc.
(a) Payments and transfers to entities described in section
170(c)--(1) In general. A payment or transfer to or for the use of an
entity described in section 170(c) that bears a direct relationship to
the taxpayer's trade or business and that is made with a reasonable
expectation of financial return commensurate with the amount of the
payment or transfer may constitute an allowable deduction as a trade or
business expense rather than a charitable contribution deduction under
section 170. For payments or transfers in excess of the amount
deductible under section 162(a), see Sec. 1.170A-1(h).
(2) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of
paragraph (a)(1) of this section:
(i) Example 1. A, an individual, is a sole proprietor who
manufactures musical instruments and sells them through a website. A
makes a $1,000 payment to a local church (which is a charitable
organization described in section 170(c)) for a half-page advertisement
in the church's program for a concert. In the program, the church
thanks its concert supporters, including A. A's advertisement includes
the URL for the website through which A sells its instruments. A
reasonably expects that the advertisement will attract new customers to
A's website and will help A to sell more musical instruments. A may
treat the $1,000 payment as an expense of carrying on a trade or
business under section 162.
(ii) Example 2. P, a partnership, operates a chain of supermarkets,
some of which are located in State N. P operates a promotional program
in which it sets aside the proceeds from one percent of its sales each
year, which it pays to one or more charities described in section
170(c). The funds are earmarked for use in projects that improve
conditions in State N. P makes the final determination on which
charities receive payments. P advertises the program. P reasonably
believes the program will generate a significant degree of name
recognition and goodwill in the communities where it operates and
thereby increase its revenue. As part of the program, P makes a $1,000
payment to a charity described in section 170(c). P may treat the
$1,000 payment as an expense of carrying on a trade or business under
section 162. This result is unchanged if, under State N's tax credit
program, P expects to receive a $1,000 income tax credit on account of
P's payment, and under State N law, the credit can be passed through to
P's partners.
(3) Safe harbors for C corporations and specified passthrough
entities making payments in exchange for State or local tax credits--
(i) Safe harbor for C corporations. If a C corporation makes a payment
to or for the use of an entity described in section 170(c) and receives
or expects to receive in return a State or local tax credit that
reduces a State or local tax imposed on the C corporation, the C
corporation may treat such payment as meeting the requirements of an
ordinary and necessary business expense for purposes of section 162(a)
to the extent of the amount of the credit received or expected to be
received.
(ii) Safe harbor for specified passthrough entities--(A) Definition
of specified passthrough entity. For purposes of this paragraph
(a)(3)(ii), an entity is a specified passthrough entity if each of the
following requirements is satisfied--
(1) The entity is a business entity other than a C corporation and
is regarded for all Federal income tax purposes as separate from its
owners under Sec. 301.7701-3 of this chapter;
(2) The entity operates a trade or business within the meaning of
section 162;
(3) The entity is subject to a State or local tax incurred in
carrying on its trade or business that is imposed directly on the
entity; and
(4) In return for a payment to an entity described in section
170(c), the entity described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A)(1) of this
section receives or expects to receive a State or local tax credit that
the entity applies or expects to apply to offset a State or local tax
described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A)(3) of this section.
[[Page 48473]]
(B) Safe harbor. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(C) of
this section, if a specified passthrough entity makes a payment to or
for the use of an entity described in section 170(c), and receives or
expects to receive in return a State or local tax credit that reduces a
State or local tax described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A)(3) of this
section, the specified passthrough entity may treat such payment as an
ordinary and necessary business expense for purposes of section 162(a)
to the extent of the amount of credit received or expected to be
received.
(C) Exception. The safe harbor described in this paragraph
(a)(3)(ii) does not apply if the credit received or expected to be
received reduces a State or local income tax.
(iii) Definition of payment. For purposes of this paragraph (a)(3),
payment is defined as a payment of cash or cash equivalent.
(iv) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of
paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(A) Example 1. C corporation that receives or expects to receive
dollar-for-dollar State or local tax credit. A, a C corporation engaged
in a trade or business, makes a payment of $1,000 to an entity
described in section 170(c). In return for the payment, A expects to
receive a dollar-for-dollar State tax credit to be applied to A's State
corporate income tax liability. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this
section, A may treat the $1,000 payment as an expense of carrying on a
trade or business under section 162.
(B) Example 2. C corporation that receives or expects to receive
percentage-based State or local tax credit. B, a C corporation engaged
in a trade or business, makes a payment of $1,000 to an entity
described in section 170(c). In return for the payment, B expects to
receive a local tax credit equal to 80 percent of the amount of this
payment ($800) to be applied to B's local real property tax liability.
Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, B may treat $800 as an
expense of carrying on a trade or business under section 162. The
treatment of the remaining $200 will depend upon the facts and
circumstances and is not affected by paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this
section.
(C) Example 3. Partnership that receives or expects to receive
dollar-for-dollar State or local tax credit. P is a limited liability
company classified as a partnership for Federal income tax purposes
under Sec. 301.7701-3 of this chapter. P is engaged in a trade or
business and makes a payment of $1,000 to an entity described in
section 170(c). In return for the payment, P expects to receive a
dollar-for-dollar State tax credit to be applied to P's State excise
tax liability incurred by P in carrying on its trade or business. Under
applicable State law, the State's excise tax is imposed at the entity
level (not the owner level). Under paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this
section, P may treat the $1,000 as an expense of carrying on a trade or
business under section 162.
(D) Example 4. S corporation that receives or expects to receive
percentage-based State or local tax credit. S is an S corporation
engaged in a trade or business and is owned by individuals C and D. S
makes a payment of $1,000 to an entity described in section 170(c). In
return for the payment, S expects to receive a local tax credit equal
to 80 percent of the amount of this payment ($800) to be applied to S's
local real property tax liability incurred by S in carrying on its
trade or business. Under applicable local law, the real property tax is
imposed at the entity level (not the owner level). Under paragraph
(a)(3)(ii) of this section, S may treat $800 of the payment as an
expense of carrying on a trade or business under section 162. The
treatment of the remaining $200 will depend upon the facts and
circumstances and is not affected by paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this
section.
(v) Applicability of section 170 to payments in exchange for State
or local tax benefits. For rules regarding the availability of a
charitable contribution deduction under section 170 where a taxpayer
makes a payment or transfers property to or for the use of an entity
described in section 170(c) and receives or expects to receive a State
or local tax benefit in return for such payment, see Sec. 1.170A-
1(h)(3).
(4) Applicability dates. Paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section,
regarding the application of section 162 to taxpayers making payments
or transfers to entities described in section 170(c), apply to payments
or transfers made on or after December 17, 2019. Section 1.162-15(a),
as it appeared in the April 1, 2020 edition of 26 CFR part 1, generally
applies to payments or transfers made prior to December 17, 2019.
However, taxpayers may choose to apply paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of
this section to payments and transfers made on or after January 1,
2018. Paragraph (a)(3) of this section, regarding the safe harbors for
C corporations and specified passthrough entities making payments to
section 170(c) entities in exchange for State or local tax credits,
applies to payments made by these entities on or after December 17,
2019. However, taxpayers may choose to apply the safe harbors of
paragraph (a)(3) to payments made on or after January 1, 2018.
* * * * *
(d) Cross reference.--For provisions dealing with expenditures for
institutional or ``good will'' advertising, see Sec. 1.162-20(a)(2).
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Par. 3. Section 1.164-3 is amended by adding paragraph (j) to read as
follows:
Sec. 1.164-3 Definitions and special rules.
* * * * *
(j) Safe harbor for payments made by individuals in exchange for
State or local tax credits--(1) In general. An individual who itemizes
deductions and who makes a payment to or for the use of an entity
described in section 170(c) in consideration for a State or local tax
credit may treat as a payment of State or local tax for purposes of
section 164 the portion of such payment for which a charitable
contribution deduction under section 170 is disallowed under Sec.
1.170A-1(h)(3). This treatment as payment of a State or local tax is
allowed in the taxable year in which the payment is made to the extent
that the resulting credit is applied, consistent with applicable State
or local law, to offset the individual's State or local tax liability
for such taxable year or the preceding taxable year.
(2) Credits carried forward. To the extent that a State or local
tax credit described in paragraph (j)(1) of this section is not applied
to offset the individual's applicable State or local tax liability for
the taxable year of the payment or the preceding taxable year, any
excess State or local tax credit permitted to be carried forward may be
treated as a payment of State or local tax under section 164(a) in the
taxable year or years for which the carryover credit is applied in
accordance with State or local law.
(3) Limitation on individual deductions. Nothing in this paragraph
(j) may be construed as permitting a taxpayer who applies this safe
harbor to avoid the limitation of section 164(b)(6) for any amount paid
as a tax or treated under this paragraph (j) as a payment of tax.
(4) No safe harbor for transfers of property. The safe harbor
provided in this paragraph (j) applies only to a payment of cash or
cash equivalent.
(5) Coordination with other deductions. An individual who deducts a
payment under section 164 may not also deduct the same payment under
any other Code section.
(6) Examples. In the following examples, the taxpayer is an
individual who itemizes deductions for Federal income tax purposes.
[[Page 48474]]
(i) Example 1. In year 1, Taxpayer A makes a payment of $500 to an
entity described in section 170(c). In return for the payment, A
receives a dollar-for-dollar State income tax credit. Prior to
application of the credit, A's State income tax liability for year 1
was more than $500. A applies the $500 credit to A's year 1 State
income tax liability. Under paragraph (j)(1) of this section, A treats
the $500 payment as a payment of State income tax in year 1. To
determine A's deduction amount, A must apply the provisions of section
164 applicable to payments of State and local taxes, including the
limitation in section 164(b)(6). See paragraph (j)(3) of this section.
(ii) Example 2. In year 1, Taxpayer B makes a payment of $7,000 to
an entity described in section 170(c). In return for the payment, B
receives a dollar-for-dollar State income tax credit, which under State
law may be carried forward for three taxable years. Prior to
application of the credit, B's State income tax liability for year 1
was $5,000; B applies $5,000 of the $7,000 credit to B's year 1 State
income tax liability. Under paragraph (j)(1) of this section, B treats
$5,000 of the $7,000 payment as a payment of State income tax in year
1. Prior to application of the remaining credit, B's State income tax
liability for year 2 exceeds $2,000. B applies the excess credit of
$2,000 to B's year 2 State income tax liability. For year 2, under
paragraph (j)(2) of this section, B treats the $2,000 as a payment of
State income tax under section 164. To determine B's deduction amounts
in years 1 and 2, B must apply the provisions of section 164 applicable
to payments of State and local taxes, including the limitation under
section 164(b)(6). See paragraph (j)(3) of this section.
(iii) Example 3. In year 1, Taxpayer C makes a payment of $7,000 to
an entity described in section 170(c). In return for the payment, C
receives a local real property tax credit equal to 25 percent of the
amount of this payment ($1,750). Prior to application of the credit,
C's local real property tax liability in year 1 was more than $1,750. C
applies the $1,750 credit to C's year 1 local real property tax
liability. Under paragraph (j)(1) of this section, for year 1, C treats
$1,750 of the $7,000 payment as a payment of local real property tax
for purposes of section 164. To determine C's deduction amount, C must
apply the provisions of section 164 applicable to payments of State and
local taxes, including the limitation under section 164(b)(6). See
paragraph (j)(3) of this section.
(7) Applicability date. This paragraph (j) applies to payments made
to section 170(c) entities on or after June 11, 2019. However, a
taxpayer may choose to apply this paragraph (j) to payments made to
section 170(c) entities after August 27, 2018.
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Par. 4. Section 1.170A-1 is amended as follows:
0
1. Paragraph (c)(5) is revised.
0
2. In paragraph (h)(1) introductory text, remove the cross-references
to ``Sec. 1.170A-13(f)(6)'' and ``Sec. 1.170A-13(f)(5)'' and add in
their places ``paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section'' and ``paragraph
(h)(4)(ii) of this section'', respectively.
0
3. Paragraphs (h)(2)(i)(B) and (h)(3)(iii) are revised.
0
4. Paragraph (h)(3)(viii) is redesignated as paragraph (h)(3)(x).
0
5. New paragraph (h)(3)(viii) and paragraph (h)(3)(ix) are added.
0
6. Paragraphs (h)(4) through (6) are redesignated as paragraphs (h)(5)
through (7).
0
7. New paragraph (h)(4) is added.
The revisions and additions read as follows:
Sec. 1.170A-1 Charitable, etc., contributions and gifts; allowance
of deduction.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(5) For payments or transfers to an entity described in section
170(c) by a taxpayer carrying on a trade or business, see Sec. 1.162-
15(a).
* * * * *
(h) * * *
(2) * * *
(i) * * *
(B) The fair market value of the goods or services received or
expected to be received in return.
* * * * *
(3) * * *
(iii) In consideration for. For purposes of paragraph (h) of this
section, the term in consideration for has the meaning set forth in
paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section.
* * * * *
(viii) Safe harbor for payments by C corporations and specified
passthrough entities. For payments by a C corporation or by a specified
passthrough entity to an entity described in section 170(c), where the
C corporation or specified passthrough entity receives or expects to
receive a State or local tax credit that reduces the charitable
contribution deduction for such payments under paragraph (h)(3) of this
section, see Sec. 1.162-15(a)(3) (providing safe harbors under section
162(a) to the extent of that reduction).
(ix) Safe harbor for individuals. Under certain circumstances, an
individual who itemizes deductions and makes a payment to an entity
described in section 170(c) in consideration for a State or local tax
credit may treat the portion of such payment for which a charitable
contribution deduction is disallowed under paragraph (h)(3) of this
section as a payment of State or local taxes under section 164. See
Sec. 1.164-3(j), providing a safe harbor for certain payments by
individuals in exchange for State or local tax credits.
* * * * *
(4) Definitions. For purposes of this paragraph (h), the following
definitions apply:
(i) In consideration for. A taxpayer receives goods or services in
consideration for a taxpayer's payment or transfer to an entity
described in section 170(c) if, at the time the taxpayer makes the
payment to such entity, the taxpayer receives or expects to receive
goods or services from that entity or any other party in return.
(ii) Goods or services. Goods or services means cash, property,
services, benefits, and privileges.
(iii) Applicability date. The definitions provided in this
paragraph (h)(4) are applicable to amounts paid or property transferred
on or after December 17, 2019.
* * * * *
Sec. 1.170A-13 [Amended]
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Par. 5.Section 1.170A-13 is amended in paragraph (f)(7) by removing the
cross-reference ``Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(5)'' and adding in its place
``Sec. 1.170A-1(h)(6)''.
Sunita Lough,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
Approved: July 27, 2020.
David J. Kautter,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2020-17393 Filed 8-7-20; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P