Electronic Trading Risk Principles, 42761-42782 [2020-14381]

Download as PDF Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules response that will meaningfully address such risks. In a market environment where the vast majority of trading is now electronic and automated, inaction is a luxury that we can ill-afford. Although the Proposed Rule may be characterized as a ‘‘principles-based’’ approach, in fact the Risk Principles are not a new approach to the regulation of risks from electronic trading. The current regulation establishing requirements on DCMs to impose risk controls—Regulation 38.255—is principles-based. Regulation 38.255 states: ‘‘The designated contract market must establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and market disruptions, including, but not limited to, market restrictions that pause or halt trading in market conditions prescribed by the designated contract market.’’ One might ask, therefore, why do we need another principles-based regulation when we already have a principles-based regulation? The preamble to the Proposed Rule notes the ‘‘overlap’’ between Regulation 38.255 and the proposed Risk Principles, and states ‘‘it is beneficial to provide further clarity to DCMs about their obligations to address certain situations associated with electronic trading.’’ In other words, the principles-based regulations previously adopted by the Commission are not prescriptive enough to address the risks currently posed by electronic trading. I fully agree. Although I am voting today to put out this proposal for public comment, I am not yet convinced— and I look forward to public comment on whether—the principles-based regulations proposed today are in fact sufficiently detailed or comprehensive to effectively address those risks. I thank the staff of the Division of Market Oversight for their work on the Proposed Rule and for their patience as the Commission worked through multiple iterations of this proposal. I also thank the Chairman for his engagement and effort to build consensus. I believe that the Proposed Rule is a much better regulatory outcome because of the extensive dialogue and giveand-take that led to the rule before us today. [FR Doc. 2020–14383 Filed 7–14–20; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6351–01–P COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION 17 CFR Part 38 RIN 3038–AF04 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Electronic Trading Risk Principles Commodity Futures Trading Commission. ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking. AGENCY: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (‘‘CFTC’’ or ‘‘Commission’’) is proposing amendments to its regulations to address the potential risk of a designated contract market’s (‘‘DCM’’) SUMMARY: VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 trading platform experiencing a disruption or system anomaly due to electronic trading. The proposed regulations consist of three principles applicable to DCMs concerning: The implementation of exchange rules applicable to market participants to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading; the implementation of exchange-based pretrade risk controls for all electronic orders; and the prompt notification of the Commission by DCMs of any significant disruptions to their electronic trading platforms. The proposed regulations are accompanied by proposed acceptable practices (‘‘Acceptable Practices’’), which provide that a DCM can comply with these principles by adopting and implementing rules and risk controls that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. DATES: Comments must be received on or before August 24, 2020. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by RIN 3038–AF04, by any of the following methods: • CFTC Comments Portal: https:// comments.cftc.gov. Select the ‘‘Submit Comments’’ link for this rulemaking and follow the instructions on the Public Comment Form. • Mail: Send to Christopher Kirkpatrick, Secretary of the Commission, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three Lafayette Centre, 1155 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20581. • Hand Delivery/Courier: Follow the same instructions as for Mail, above. Please submit your comments using only one of these methods. Submissions through the CFTC Comments Portal are encouraged. All comments must be submitted in English or, if not, accompanied by an English translation. Comments will be posted as received to https:// comments.cftc.gov. You should submit only information that you wish to make available publicly. If you wish the Commission to consider information that you believe is exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act (‘‘FOIA’’), a petition for confidential treatment of the exempt information may be submitted according to the procedures established in 17 CFR 145.9. The Commission reserves the right, but shall have no obligation, to review, pre-screen, filter, redact, refuse, or remove any or all of your submission from https://comments.cftc.gov that it PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42761 may deem to be inappropriate for publication, such as obscene language. All submissions that have been redacted or removed that contain comments on the merits of the rulemaking will be retained in the public comment file and will be considered as required under the Administrative Procedure Act and other applicable laws, and may be accessible under FOIA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Marilee Dahlman, Special Counsel, mdahlman@cftc.gov or 202–418–5264; Joseph Otchin, Special Counsel, jotchin@cftc.gov or 202–418–5623, Division of Market Oversight; Esen Onur,eonur@cftc.gov or 202–418–6146, Office of the Chief Economist; in each case at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three Lafayette Centre, 1155 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20581. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents I. Introduction A. Purpose of Electronic Trading Risk Principles B. Basic Structure of Electronic Trading Risk Principles II. Regulatory Approaches To Addressing Market Disruptions and System Anomalies Associated With Electronic Trading Activities A. Examples of DCM Responses to Disruptions and Anomalies Associated With Electronic Trading Activities B. NFA Efforts To Prevent Market Disruptions and System Anomalies C. CFTC Regulations Governing DCM Operations and Risk Controls D. Prior Commission Proposals and Requests for Comments on Electronic Trading E. Market Participants’ Discussions of Best Practices III. Risk Principles A. Electronic Trading, Electronic Orders, Market Disruption, and System Anomalies B. Proposed Regulation 38.251(e)—Risk Principle 1 C. Proposed Regulation 38.251(f)—Risk Principle 2 D. Proposed Regulation 38.251(g)—Risk Principle 3 IV. Related Matters A. Regulatory Flexibility Act B. Paperwork Reduction Act 1. OMB Collection 3038–0093— Provisions Common to Registered Entities 2. OMB Collection 3038–0052—Core Principles and Other Requirements for DCMs C. Cost-Benefit Considerations 1. Introduction 2. Summary of Proposal 3. Costs 4. Benefits 5. 15(a) Factors D. Antitrust Considerations E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42762 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS I. Introduction A. Purpose of Electronic Trading Risk Principles The Commission is proposing a set of principles for DCMs to address the prevention, detection, and mitigation of market disruptions and system anomalies associated with the entry of electronic orders and messages into DCMs’ electronic trading platforms (‘‘Risk Principles’’). Such disruptions or anomalies may negatively impact the proper functioning of the trading platforms and/or the ability of other market participants to trade and manage their own risk. These disruptions and anomalies can arise from, among other things, excessive messaging caused by malfunctioning systems, ‘‘fat finger’’ orders or erroneous messages manually entered that result in unintentionally large or off-price orders, and loss of connection between an order management system and the trading platform. The Commission, DCMs, and market participants have an interest in the effective prevention, detection, and mitigation of market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading activities. The Commission believes that DCMs are addressing most, if not all, of the electronic trading risks currently presented to their trading platforms. DCMs have developed pre-trade risk controls, including messaging throttles, order size maximums, and ‘‘heartbeat’’ messages confirming connectivity, to address an array of risks posed by electronic trading. DCMs also conduct due diligence and testing requirements before participants can utilize certain connectivity methods that could present risks for market disruptions and system anomalies. DCMs have developed many of these risk mitigation measures in response to real-world events, including actual or potential disruptions to their markets, as well as in response to existing rules, such as those promulgated pursuant to DCM Core Principle 4 and codified in part 38 of the Commission’s regulations. As discussed more fully below in Sections I.B and II.C, in some areas, these proposed Risk Principles are covered by existing Commission regulations, including regulations related to the prevention of market disruptions and financial risk controls. The Commission believes that because DCMs have developed robust and effective processes for identifying and managing risks, both because of their incentives to maintain markets with integrity as well as for purposes of compliance with existing Commission VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 regulations, the Risk Principles may not necessitate the adoption of additional measures by DCMs. The Commission further believes that the proposed Risk Principles will help ensure that DCMs continue to monitor these risks as they evolve along with the markets, and make reasonable modifications as appropriate. The Commission emphasizes that the proposed Risk Principles reflect a flexible framework under which DCMs can adapt to evolving technology and markets. B. Basic Structure of Electronic Trading Risk Principles The Commission proposes the Risk Principles to set forth its expectation that DCMs will adopt rules and implement adequate risk controls designed to address the potential threat of market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. In recent years, electronic trading has become increasingly prevalent on DCM markets. The Commission’s Office of the Chief Economist (‘‘OCE’’) has found that over 96 percent of all on-exchange futures trading occurred on DCMs’ electronic trading platforms.1 Of the trading on electronic trading platforms, the CFTC’s Market Intelligence Branch (‘‘MIB’’) in the Division of Market Oversight (‘‘DMO’’) found a consistent increase in the percentage of trading that was identified as ‘‘automated’’ relative to ‘‘manual.’’ 2 At the same time, DCM electronic trading platforms have been faced with actual and potential disruptions unintentionally caused by market participants electronically accessing those systems. Such instances highlight the risks that DCMs face from the interaction of their own systems with those of market participants. As discussed below, DCMs have implemented a variety of controls and procedures to mitigate the market disruptions and system anomalies associated with market participants’ electronic trading. The Risk Principles supplement existing Commission regulations governing DCMs by directly addressing 1 Haynes, Richard & Roberts, John S., ‘‘Automated Trading in Futures Markets—Update #2’’ at 8 (Mar. 26, 2019), available at https://www.cftc.gov/sites/ default/files/2019-04/ATS_2yr_Update_Final_ 2018_ada.pdf. 2 Staff of the MIB, ‘‘Impact of Automated Orders in Futures Markets’’ (Mar. 2019), available at https://www.cftc.gov/MarketReports/StaffReports/ index.htm. MIB also reported that there was no correlation between the increase in automated trading activity in these markets and any increase in volatility. Regardless, the issues addressed by the Risk Principles go beyond the discernable price movements of markets and into the underlying functionality. PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 certain requirements in DCM Core Principle 4 and its implementing regulations, namely Commission regulations 38.251 and 38.255.3 First, the Risk Principles provide for prospective action by DCMs to take steps to prevent market disruptions and systems anomalies, building on the Commission regulation 38.251 requirements to conduct real-time monitoring and resolve conditions that are disruptive to the market. Second, the Risk Principles explicitly focus on disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. Existing Commission regulations focus on market disruptions more generally, including for example those caused by sudden price movements. The Risk Principles overlap to some extent with Commission regulation 38.255, which requires that DCMs establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and market disruptions, including, but not limited to, market restrictions that pause or halt trading in market conditions prescribed by the DCM. Although Commission regulation 38.255 and the risk controls described in Appendix B’s additional guidance on Core Principle 4 discuss in part market disruptions associated with sudden price movements, the Commission believes that the risk controls required by that regulation could also extend more broadly to risks associated with electronic trading. Nevertheless, in light of the evolution of electronic trading, the Commission believes it is beneficial to provide further clarity to DCMs about their obligations to address certain situations associated with electronic trading. To that end, these Risk Principles address market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. As discussed in Section III below, such market disruptions or system anomalies can be the result of excessive messaging or the loss of connection between an order management system and the trading platform. Such events could impact the systems accepting messages or matching trades at the DCM. These events could have significant and negative impacts on market participants and the integrity of the market as a whole. The Commission believes that specifically identifying the need to address market disruptions or system anomalies will improve market resiliency and price discovery. The Commission believes that a DCM’s continued implementation of risk controls is important to ensure the 3 See E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM generally 17 CFR 38.251, 38.255. 15JYP1 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules integrity of Commission-regulated markets and to foster market participants’ confidence in the transactions executed on DCM platforms. This proposal is based largely on existing DCM and industry practices, including industry guidance and best practices followed by regulated entities and market participants. It also draws from comments provided to the Commission in response to proposed Regulation Automated Trading (‘‘Regulation AT’’), which includes proposed rulemakings issued in 2015 4 and 2016 5 described more fully below. The Risk Principles attempt to balance the need for flexibility in a rapidlychanging technological landscape with the need for an unambiguous regulatory requirement that DCMs establish rules governing electronic orders, as well as on market participants themselves, to prevent and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading activities. The Commission emphasizes that the Risk Principles would not create any form of strict liability for the exchanges in the event that such disruptions or anomalies occur notwithstanding such rules or controls. Nor would the Risk Principles require any specifically defined set of rules or risk controls. As provided in the proposed Acceptable Practices for implementing the Risk Principles, DCMs shall have satisfied their requirements under the Risk Principles if they have established and implemented rules and pre-trade risk controls that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. The Commission interprets ‘‘reasonably designed’’ to mean that a DCM’s rules and risk controls are objectively reasonable. DCM rules and pre-trade risk controls that are not ‘‘reasonably designed’’ would not satisfy the Acceptable Practices and therefore may be subject to Commission action. The Commission will monitor DCMs to ensure compliance with the Risk Principles. As explained below, by separate action, the Commission is voting on whether to withdraw the proposed rule know as Regulation AT. Regulation AT includes, among other provisions, requirements for DCMs to implement pre-trade risk controls. The Risk Principles proposed here are intended to accomplish a similar goal as that aspect of Regulation AT, albeit through 4 Regulation Automated Trading, 80 FR 78824 (Dec. 17, 2015). 5 Regulation Automated Trading, 81 FR 85334 (Nov. 25, 2016). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 a more principles-based approach. The Risk Principles in this NPRM apply only to DCMs.6 II. Regulatory Approaches To Addressing Market Disruptions and System Anomalies Associated With Electronic Trading Activities A. Examples of DCM Responses to Disruptions and Anomalies Associated With Electronic Trading Activities As explained more fully in Section III below, the Commission’s proposal seeks, in part, to explicitly recognize existing DCM processes that have evolved to minimize the frequency or severity of market disruptions or system anomalies caused by malfunctioning automated trading systems. Many DCMs have implemented exchange rules and controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate these disruptions and anomalies.7 DCMs have actively policed electronic trading activities that may be detrimental to the DCM. For example, they have addressed excessive messaging into their trading platforms through monitoring of compliance with DCM-established messaging thresholds and increased penalties for violations of those thresholds. In 2011, CME Group, Inc. (‘‘CME Group’’) 8 fined a high-frequency firm for computer malfunctions, including one that prompted selling of e-mini Nasdaq 100 Index futures on CME, and another that caused a sudden increase in oil prices on NYMEX.9 In 2014, CME Group fined several proprietary trading firms for violations related to problems with automated trading systems. In one instance, a firm sent more than 27,000 messages in less than two seconds, resulting in the exchange initiating a 6 The Commission will continue to monitor whether Risk Principles of this nature may be appropriate for other markets such as swap execution facilities or foreign boards of trade. 7 These measures are discussed more fully in Section III.B and III.C. They include, for example, DCM order cancellation systems, system testing requirements on participants, and messaging controls. 8 CME Group collectively refers to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (‘‘CME’’), the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Inc. (‘‘CBOT’’), the New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. (‘‘NYMEX’’), and the Commodity Exchange, Inc. 9 Spicer, Jonathan, ‘‘High-frequency firm fined for trading malfunctions,’’ Reuters (Nov. 25, 2011), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/uscme-infinium-fine/high-frequency-firm-fined-fortrading-malfunctions-idUSTRE7AO1Q820111125. PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42763 port closure 10 and a failure of a Globex gateway.11 More recently, in September and October 2019, CME Group experienced a significant increase in messaging in the Eurodollar futures market.12 According to reports, the volume of data generated by activity in Eurodollar futures increased tenfold.13 CME Group responded, in part, by changing its rules to increase penalties for exceeding certain messaging thresholds and cutting off connections for repeat violators.14 Finally, in March 2020, NYMEX fined a member for incidents in which the member, for one minute, sent a large volume of non-actionable messages resulting in latencies of over one second to other market participants.15 Later, the same member sent another large volume of non-actionable messages, causing latencies of over one second to a larger group of market participants.16 The first disruption was caused by a malfunction in the member’s software responsible for disconnecting after a certain volume of order cancellations.17 The second disruption was triggered when the system was taken out of production.18 Accordingly, NYMEX found that the member had violated exchange rules prohibiting acts detrimental to the exchange and requiring diligent supervision of employees and agents.19 10 CME Group may close the port for a trading session if it detects trading behavior that is potentially detrimental to its markets. Information relating to its port closure policy is available at https://www.cmegroup.com/globex/develop-to-cmeglobex/portclosure-faq.html. 11 Polansek, Tom, ‘‘CME Group fines three firms for automated trading violations,’’ Reuters (Dec. 19, 2014), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/ cme-violations-automated/cme-group-fines-threefirms-for-automated-trading-violations-idUSL1N 0U31HF20141219. 12 See Osipovich, Alexander, ‘‘Futures Exchange Reins in Runaway Trading Algorithms,’’ Wall Street Journal (Oct. 29, 2019), available at https:// www.wsj.com/articles/futures-exchange-reins-inrunaway-trading-algorithms-11572377375. 13 Id. 14 See CME Group Globex Messaging Efficiency Program, available at https://www.cmegroup.com/ globex/trade-on-cme-globex/messaging-efficiencyprogram.html. 15 See Notice of Disciplinary Action, NYMEX Case No. 18–0989–BC (Mar. 16, 2020), available at https://www.cmegroup.com/tools-information/ advisorySearch.html#cat=advisorynotices %3AAdvisory+Notices%2FMarket+Regulation+ Advisories&pageNumber=1&subcat=advisory notices%3AAdvisory+Notices%2FMarket+ Regulation+Advisories%2FBusiness-ConductCommittee&searchLocations=%2Fcontent %2Fcmegroup%2F. 16 See id. 17 See id. 18 See id. 19 See id. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42764 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules B. NFA Efforts To Prevent Market Disruptions and System Anomalies In June 2002, the National Futures Association (‘‘NFA’’) issued Interpretive Notice 9046 (‘‘Interpretative Notice’’), subsequently revised in December 2006, relating to the supervision of automated order routing systems (‘‘AORSs’’).20 The Interpretative Notice applies to all NFA members that employ AORSs, and provides binding guidance to, among other things, implement firewalls, conduct testing, and perform capacity reviews, as well as consider implementation of pre-trade controls. In light of the changes to electronic trading since 2006, the Commission encourages NFA to evaluate whether additional supervisory guidance should be provided to its members. khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS C. CFTC Regulations Governing DCM Operations and Risk Controls Several existing CFTC regulations in part 38 generally govern the DCM’s role in monitoring for, and mitigating the effects of, market disruptions and system anomalies. For example, under DCM Core Principle 2, Commission regulation 38.157 requires a DCM to conduct realtime market monitoring of all trading activity on its electronic trading platform(s) to identify disorderly trading and any market or system anomalies.21 Regulations under Core Principle 4 provide additional requirements for DCMs. Specifically, Commission regulation 38.251(c) requires each DCM to demonstrate an effective program for conducting real-time monitoring of market conditions, price movements, and volumes, in order to detect abnormalities and, when necessary, to make a good-faith effort to resolve conditions that are, or threaten to be, disruptive to the market. However, these requirements address real-time monitoring and after-the-fact accountability, as opposed to the anticipatory nature of the Risk Principles. In addition, Commission regulation 38.255 requires DCMs to establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and market disruptions, including, but not limited to, market restrictions that pause or halt 20 NFA, Interpretive Notice 9046, ‘‘Supervision of the Use of Automated Order-Routing Systems’’ (Dec. 12, 2006), available at https:// www.nfa.futures.org/rulebook/rules.aspx?RuleID= 9046&Section=9. 21 17 CFR 38.157. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 trading in market conditions prescribed by the DCM.22 The Commission also has adopted risk control requirements for exchanges that provide direct electronic access to market participants. Commission regulation 38.607 requires DCMs that permit direct electronic access to have effective systems and controls reasonably designed to facilitate a futures commission merchant’s (‘‘FCM’s’’) management of financial risk.23 In addition, existing part 38 regulations on DCM system safeguards promulgated under DCM Core Principle 20 (in particular, Commission regulations 38.1050 and 38.1051) focus on whether DCMs’ internal systems are operating correctly.24 D. Prior Commission Proposals and Requests for Comments on Electronic Trading In 2013, the Commission published an extensive Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for Automated Trading Environments (‘‘Concept Release’’), which was open 22 17 CFR 38.255. The Commission has provided Guidance and Acceptable Practices on these regulatory provisions. The Core Principle 4 Guidance provides that the detection and prevention of market manipulation, disruptions, and distortions should be incorporated into the design of programs for monitoring trading activity. Monitoring of intraday trading should include the capacity to detect developing market anomalies, including abnormal price movements and unusual trading volumes, and position-limit violations. The DCM should have rules in place that allow it broad powers to intervene to prevent or reduce market disruptions. Once a threatened or actual disruption is detected, the DCM should take steps to prevent the disruption or reduce its severity. See Appendix B to part 38—Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, Compliance with Core Principles, Core Principle 4, paragraph (a). The Core Principle 4 Acceptable Practices also provide that an acceptable program for preventing market disruptions must demonstrate appropriate trade risk controls, in addition to pauses and halts. Such controls must be adapted to the unique characteristics of the markets to which they apply and must be designed to avoid market disruptions without unduly interfering with that market’s price discovery function. The DCM may choose from among controls that include: Pre-trade limits on order size, price collars or bands around the current price, message throttles, and daily price limits, or design other types of controls. Within the specific array of controls selected, the DCM also must set the parameters for those controls, as long as the types of controls and their specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose of preventing market disruptions and distortions. If a contract is linked to, or is a substitute for, other contracts, either listed on its market or on other trading venues, the DCM must, to the extent practicable, coordinate its risk controls with any similar controls placed on those other contracts. If a contract is based on the price of an equity security or the level of an equity index, such risk controls must, to the extent practicable, be coordinated with any similar controls placed on national security exchanges. Id. at paragraph (b)(5). 23 17 CFR 38.607. 24 17 CFR 38.1050 and 38.1051. PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 for public comment.25 On December 17, 2015, the Commission published a notice of proposed rulemaking (‘‘Regulation AT NPRM’’) that proposed a series of risk controls, registration and recordkeeping requirements, transparency measures, and other safeguards to address risks arising from automated trading on DCMs.26 On November 25, 2016, the Commission issued a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for Regulation AT (‘‘Supplemental Regulation AT NPRM’’).27 The Supplemental Regulation AT NPRM proposed to modify certain proposals in the Regulation AT NPRM, including the risk control framework. E. Market Participants’ Discussions of Best Practices At an October 5, 2018 Technology Advisory Committee (‘‘TAC’’) 28 meeting, a member of the TAC’s Subcommittee on Automated and Modern Trading Markets (‘‘Modern Trading Subcommittee’’), CME Group, discussed the March 2018 International Organization of Securities Commissions (‘‘IOSCO’’) Consultation Report, ‘‘Mechanisms Used by Trading Venues to Manage Extreme Volatility and Preserve Orderly Trading.’’ 29 In that report, IOSCO recommended that DCMs: (1) Have appropriate volatility control mechanisms; (2) ensure that volatility control mechanisms are appropriately calibrated; (3) regularly monitor volatility control mechanisms; (4) provide upon request of regulatory authorities information regarding the triggering of volatility control mechanisms; (5) communicate information to market participants and the public about volatility control mechanisms; (6) make available to market participants information regarding the triggering of a volatility control mechanism; and (7) communicate with other trading venues where the same or related instruments 25 Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for Automated Trading Environments, 78 FR 56542 (Sept. 12, 2013). 26 Regulation AT NPRM, supra note 4. 27 Supplemental Regulation AT NPRM, supra note 5. 28 The TAC was created in 1999 to advise the Commission on the impact and implications of technological innovations on financial services and the futures markets, and the appropriate legislative and regulatory response to increasing use of technology in the markets. Members include representatives of futures exchanges, self-regulatory organizations, financial intermediaries, market participants, and traders. 29 CME Group, ‘‘Automated and Modern Trading Markets Subcommittee’’ (Oct. 5, 2018), available at: https://www.cftc.gov/About/CFTCCommittees/ TechnologyAdvisory/tac_meetings.html. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules are traded.30 CME Group reported that it was in compliance with the IOSCO recommendations regarding volatility control mechanisms through the implementation of: (1) In line credit controls; (2) velocity logic functionality; (3) price limits and circuit breakers; (4) protection points for market and stop orders; and (5) price banding.31 On October 3, 2019, the TAC held a public meeting in which it heard presentations from the Modern Trading Subcommittee. During this meeting, the Futures Industry Association (‘‘FIA’’) presented to the CFTC’s TAC certain best practices for exchange risk controls (‘‘FIA TAC Presentation’’).32 FIA discussed four principles to address market disruptions from electronic trading activities: (1) All electronic orders should be subject to exchangebased pre-trade and other risk controls and policies designed to prevent inadvertent and disruptive orders and reduce excessive messaging; (2) exchanges should provide tools to control orders that may no longer be under the control of the trading system; (3) exchanges should adopt policies to require operators of electronic trading systems to ensure that their systems are tested before accessing the exchange; and (4) exchanges should be able to identify the originator of an electronic order and whether the order was generated automatically or manually.33 FIA also reported that its multiple surveys of exchanges, clearing firms and traders over the last ten years demonstrate that there has been a substantial increase in the implementation of market integrity controls since 2010, including price banding and exchange market halts.34 They found that there has been a steady upward trend in the adoption of basic pre-trade controls, such as order size and net position limits, and that controls and tools such as self-match prevention, drop copy feeds, and kill switches are widely available.35 30 Id. khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS 31 Id. 32 FIA, ‘‘Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls’’ (Oct. 3, 2019), available at https:// www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/Events/opaevent tac100319. 33 See id. at 4. FIA has also published principlesbased guidance on European governance and control requirements for firms working with thirdparty algorithmic trading providers. See FIA, ‘‘Guidance for Firms Working with Third-Party Algorithmic Trading System Providers on European Governance and Control Requirements’’ (Dec. 2018), available at https://www.fia.org/sites/default/ files/2020-02/Guidance%20for%20Firms%20and %20Third%20Party%20Algorithmic%20Trading %20Providers.pdf. 34 FIA, ‘‘Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls’’ supra note 32, at 7. 35 Id. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 According to FIA, there has been a steady upward trend in the voluntary adoption of controls across the various participants in the life cycle of the trade (traders, brokers, exchanges, and clearing firms) and generally positive feedback to industry initiatives and responsiveness to identify and self-solve industry risks.36 At that same October 2019 TAC meeting, the Intercontinental Exchange (‘‘ICE’’) reported on its implementation of a broad array of risk controls consistent with FIA’s findings.37 ICE’s risk controls include: (1) Price banding on collars that warn and reject orders that are outside the band of current market value; (2) circuit breakers when there are large price moves in a short period of time; (3) trades outside of a certain range reviewed by ICE Operations; (4) message throttle limits to prevent malfunctioning software from overwhelming the market; and (5) auto cancellation of open orders upon session disconnect or loss of heartbeat.38 III. Risk Principles A. Electronic Trading, Electronic Orders, Market Disruption, and System Anomalies The proposed Risk Principles focus on market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading activities. While not defined in the regulation text, this preamble will broadly discuss the goals of the Risk Principles through these terms. The Commission intends, by not defining the terms in a static way, that the application of these Risk Principles by DCMs and the Commission will be able to evolve over time along with market developments. However, a general discussion of those terms in the context of today’s electronic markets will provide the public and, in particular, DCMs, guidance for applying these Risk Principles. Electronic trading encompasses a wide scope of trading, and should be understood, for purposes of this proposed rulemaking, to include all trading and order messages submitted by electronic means to the DCM’s electronic trading platform. This would include both automated and manual order entry. The Commission considers the term ‘‘market disruption,’’ for purposes of the Risk Principles, generally to include an event originating with a market 36 Id. 37 ICE, ‘‘ICE Futures Exchange Risk Controls’’ (Oct. 3, 2019), available at: https://www.cftc.gov/ About/CFTCCommittees/TechnologyAdvisory/tac_ meetings.html. 38 Id. PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42765 participant that significantly disrupts the: (1) Operation of the DCM on which such participant is trading; or (2) the ability of other market participants to trade on the DCM on which such participant is trading. For the purposes of the Risk Principles, ‘‘system anomalies’’ are unexpected conditions that occur in a market participant’s functional system which cause a similar disruption to the operation of the DCM or the ability of market participants to trade on the DCM. ‘‘Operation of the DCM,’’ for the purposes of this proposal, refers specifically to the exchange’s order processing and trade execution functions.39 A market disruption may include a situation where the ability of other market participants to engage in price discovery or risk management on a DCM is significantly impacted by a malfunction of a DCM participant’s trading system. Accordingly, a market participant’s automated trading system malfunction, for instance, on its own, would not be considered disruptive unless there was some significant consequence to other market participants’ ability to trade or manage risk. As noted below in the discussion of Risk Principle 3, a significant market disruption would include a situation where the ability of other market participants to execute trades, engage in price discovery, or manage their risks is materially impacted by a malfunction of a participant’s trading system. Similarly, market volatility by itself is not a market disruption. For example, the fact of a market being ‘‘limit up’’ or ‘‘limit down’’ would not, on its own, be considered disruptive, regardless of the presence of automated trading functionality in that market or during that trading period. The Commission believes that DCMs should have discretion to precisely identify market disruptions and system anomalies as they relate to the DCMs’ particular markets and market participants’ trading activity. The Commission also recognizes that each DCM may have different understandings of, or parameters for, disruptive behavior in its market. This may result in a certain degree of differences in DCM rules implementing the Risk Principles. The Commission does not believe that a lack of uniformity between DCMs’ rules and risk controls renders a particular DCM’s rules or risk controls per se unreasonable. 39 The Commission notes that the term ‘‘electronic trading’’ includes both cleared and uncleared trades. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42766 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Request for Comment 1. Is the Commission’s description of ‘‘electronic trading’’ sufficiently clear? If not, please explain. 2. This rulemaking uses the term ‘‘market disruption’’ to describe the disruptive effects to be prevented, detected, and mitigated through these Risk Principles. Is it preferable to use the term ‘‘trading disruption,’’ ‘‘trading operations disruption,’’ or another alternative term instead? If so, which term should be used and why? 3. What type of unscheduled halts in trading would constitute ‘‘market disruptions’’ that impact the ability of other market participants to trade or manage their risk? 4. What amount of latency to other market participants (measured in milliseconds) should be considered a market disruption? How can DCMs evaluate changes over time in the amount of latency that should be considered a market disruption? 5. Are there other types of risk that may lead to market disruptions that the Commission should address or be aware of? 6. Is there guidance that the Commission can give DCMs for how best to monitor for emerging risks that are not mitigated or contemplated by existing risk controls or procedures? 7. The Commission recognizes that there are alternative approaches to the proposed Risk Principles to address the risk of market disruption resulting from electronic trading on DCMs by market participants. The Commission requests comment on whether an alternative to what is proposed would result in a more effective approach (meaning, alternative to these Risk Principles as well as the withdrawn Regulation AT), and whether such alternative offers a superior costbenefit profile. Please provide support for any alternative approach. 8. Given that the Risk Principles overlap to some extent with Commission regulation 38.255, which specifically addresses risk controls for trading, would it be preferable to codify the three Risk Principles within existing regulation 38.255 rather than within regulation 38.251, which covers general requirements relating to the prevention of market disruption? B. Proposed Regulation 38.251(e)—Risk Principle 1 Proposed regulation 38.251(e)—Risk Principle 1—provides that a DCM must adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject to its jurisdiction to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 The proposed Acceptable Practices for proposed regulation 38.251(e) provide DCMs with discretion to determine what rules to impose on market participants to address electronic trading risks, subject to Commission action. The Commission recognizes that a DCM is well-positioned to assess the market disruption and system anomaly risks posed by its markets and market participant activity, and to design appropriate measures to address those risks. The Acceptable Practices are intended to provide DCMs with reasonable discretion to impose rules to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruption. Consistent with existing DCM practices, this could include requiring market participants to implement exchange-provided risk controls and order cancellation functionality, and requiring testing in advance of exchange access. In developing a framework to address these risks, DCMs should take into account industry best practices and what risk controls and testing practices are technologically feasible. The Commission acknowledges that there are various DCM practices in place today that are consistent with proposed regulation 38.251(e), such as exchangeprovided risk controls primarily geared to address financial risk or market risk that also address preventing or mitigating market disruptions or system anomalies caused by electronic trading activities. For example, CME Group requires its clearing member firms to utilize the Globex Credit Control system to set maximum order size limits for individual customers.40 CME Group also provides order cancellation systems including a ‘‘kill switch’’ functionality) 41 to clearing and execution firms.42 ICE will automatically cancel open orders upon session disconnect or loss of heartbeat.43 DCMs also impose system testing requirements on participants.44 40 CME Group Regulation AT NPRM Letter, at 16– 17. 41 CME Group’s ‘‘kill switch’’ functionality is defined as an exchange-provided graphical user interface that allows clearing firms and permissioned executing firms a one-step shutdown of CME Globex activity at the clearing firm level, Globex firm level, and/or by SenderComp IDs. When a kill switch is activated, order entry is blocked and working orders are cancelled for selected SenderComp IDs. See CME Group’s discussion of risk management tools, available athttps://www.cmegroup.com/globex/trade-on-cmeglobex/risk-management-tools.html. 42 See id. 43 ICE Presentation to TAC, at 3 (Oct. 2019), available at https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/ Events/opaeventtac100319. 44 For example, CBOE Futures Exchange, LLC (‘‘CFE’’) Rule 513C provides that the exchange may from time to time prescribe systems testing PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 One recent example highlights measures that a DCM could adopt and implement to prevent and mitigate a potential market disruption. As discussed above in Section II.A, in the fall of 2019, CME Group experienced a significant increase in messaging in the Eurodollar futures market. CME Group already had a messaging policy in place, ‘‘designed to support efficient market operations and foster high quality, liquid markets by encouraging responsible and reasonable messaging practices by market participants.’’ 45 In response to the increasing messaging activity in the Eurodollar market, CME Group changed its rules to increase penalties for exceeding certain messaging thresholds, and cut off connections for repeat violators.46 Implementing messaging limits on its market participants, and adjusting them as appropriate in light of potentially disruptive trading behaviors, as well as disconnecting access if necessary, are measures that DCMs could consider to address proposed regulation 38.251(e). Other DCMs have also addressed the potential for similar activity to cause market disruptions or system anomalies. CFE Rule 513(c) provides that CFE may limit the number of messages or the amount of data transmitted by Trading Privilege Holders to the CFE System in order to protect the integrity of the CFE System.47 In addition, CFE may impose requirements applicable to ‘‘Trading Privilege Holders’’ relating to connectivity to the CFE’s system and CFE functionality. Such participants must maintain adequate documentation of tests and provide reports to the exchange as requested. CFE Rule 513C is available at https://www.cboe.com/ aboutcboe/about-cfe/legal-regulatory. CME Group requires that all client systems transacting on CME Globex via iLink order routing or processing CME Group market data are certified by AutoCert+, an automated testing tool for validating client system functionality, and offers customer testing environments for system validation prior to connecting to and transacting on CME Group platforms. CME Group indicates that ‘‘Certification ensures messaging and processing reliability and the capability to gracefully recover during abnormal message processing events.’’ See CME Group’s website at https:// www.cmegroup.com/confluence/display/ EPICSANDBOX/Client+Application+Testing+and+ Certification. At CBOT, market participants have been fined for not testing their systems before using them to enter orders into the production market under CBOT Rule 432.Q, which governs acts that are considered detrimental to the interests or welfare of the exchange. See FIA Supplemental NPRM Letter, at 4 n.12. 45 See CME Globex Messaging Efficiency Program policies, available at https://www.cmegroup.com/ globex/trade-on-cme-globex/messaging-efficiencyprogram.html. 46 Osipovich, Alexander, ‘‘Futures Exchange Reins in Runaway Trading Algorithms,’’ supra note 12. 47 CFE Rules 513(c) and 513A(h), available at https://www.cboe.com/aboutcboe/about-cfe/legalregulatory. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules restrictions on the use of any individual access to the CFE System, including temporary termination of individual access and activation by CFE of its kill switch function under Rule 513A(j), if CFE believes such restrictions are necessary to ensure the proper performance of the CFE System or to protect the integrity of the market.48 In the October 2019 FIA TAC Presentation, FIA indicated that since 2010, it has conducted various surveys of exchanges, as well as a sampling of its members, including clearing firms and principal traders. These surveys reflect clearing firms’ broad use (either internally or as offered by an exchange) of: (1) Message and execution throttles; (2) price collars; (3) maximum order sizes; (4) order, trade, and position drop copy; and 5) order cancellation capabilities.49 FIA noted in its presentation that initiatives are underway at most exchanges to develop Application Programming Interface access to various risk controls, as well as to improve the functionality available in exchange certification and conformance testing environments.50 The Commission believes that the current industry practices described above serve as examples of measures that all DCMs could adopt, as appropriate, as rules to address the potential for electronic trading activities to cause market disruptions and system anomalies as those risks are presented today. As noted above, the Commission believes that this Risk Principle will help ensure that DCMs continue to monitor these risks as they evolve along with the markets, and make reasonable changes as appropriate to address those evolving risks. The Commission acknowledges that it may not be possible for a DCM to prevent all market disruptions and system anomalies. A DCM would not necessarily have violated this principle if a market disruption or anomaly does occur, despite its having rules in place. To that end, the Commission is proposing Acceptable Practices in Appendix B to part 38 with respect to DCM obligations under proposed regulation 38.251(e). The proposed Acceptable Practices provide that a DCM can comply with the requirements of proposed 38.251(e) by adopting rules that are ‘‘reasonably designed to 48 See id. ‘‘Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls’’ supra note 32, at 8. See, e.g., CFE Rule 513A (describing pre-trade risk control mechanisms provided within CFE’s trading system, and whether each control is to be set by the market particpant or the exchange). 50 FIA, ‘‘Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls’’ supra note 32, at 9. 49 FIA, VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading.’’ The Commission interprets ‘‘reasonably designed’’ to require that a DCM create rules that are objectively reasonable. Request for Comment The Commission requests comment on all aspects of proposed regulation 38.251(e). The Commission also invites specific comments on the following: 9. The Commission recognizes that DCMs may differ in what rules they establish to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruption and system anomalies. Would such disparity have a harmful effect on market liquidity or integrity? 10. Is the proposed Acceptable Practice for regulation 38.251(e) appropriate? 11. What rules have DCMs found to be effective in preventing, detecting, or mitigating the types of market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading? Should the Commission include any particular types of rules as Acceptable Practices for compliance with proposed regulation 38.251(e)? C. Proposed Regulation 38.251(f)—Risk Principle 2 Proposed regulation 38.251(f)—Risk Principle 2—provides that DCMs must subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. This proposed principle obligates DCMs to implement exchange-based pre-trade risk controls on all electronic orders.51 The Commission concurs with the broad agreement among market participants, market infrastructure operators, and intermediaries that ‘‘[p]re-trade risk controls are the responsibility of all market participants, and when implemented properly and appropriate to the nature of the activity, have been proven to be the most effective safeguard for the markets, and should be applied comprehensively to 51 While the Risk Principles would apply solely to DCMs, this proposal should not be interpreted as relieving market participants of any existing obligation to implement their own risk controls under any applicable Commission or exchange rules, including Commission regulation 1.11 applicable to FCMs. Rather, consistent with industry practice, Commission regulation 1.11(e)(3)(ii) (requiring automated financial risk management controls to address operational risk), and any rules DCMs impose pursuant to proposed regulation 38.251(e) (Risk Principle 1), the Commission expects that market participants would continue to implement their own controls. PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42767 all electronic orders.’’ 52 In light of this public comment and the overall migration to electronic trading, the Commission proposes to apply Risk Principle 2 to all electronic trading. The Commission believes that the existing DCM Core Principle 4 Acceptable Practices list appropriate DCM-implemented risk controls, including pre-trade limits on order size, price collars or bands around the current price, message throttles, and daily price limits. The existing Acceptable Practices further provide that the DCM must set the parameters for these controls, so long as the types of controls and their specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose of preventing market disruptions and price distortions.53 Proposed regulation 38.251(f) does not change the Acceptable Practices for regulation 38.255, which remain in effect. The Commission also notes that the October 2019 FIA TAC Presentation illustrates measures that DCMs could consider adopting to address risks posed by electronic trading. In addition to the four principles described in Section II.E above, FIA stated that, ‘‘[a]ll users and providers of electronic trading systems have a responsibility to implement pretrade risk controls appropriate to their role in the market, whether initiating the trade, routing the trade, executing the trade, or clearing the trade.’’ 54 FIA’s presentation also listed specific pretrade risk controls that are critical in preventing market disruption, which are implemented at trader, broker, and exchange levels, which included, among others, fat finger (maximum size), market data reasonability checks, repeatable execution limits, and messaging limits and throttles.55 The purpose of proposed regulation 38.251(f) (Risk Principle 2) is to require DCMs to consider market participants’ trading activities when designing and implementing exchange-based risk controls to address market disruptive events. While existing guidance provides that exchange-based controls ‘‘must be adapted to the unique characteristics of the markets to which they apply and must be designed to avoid market disruptions without unduly interfering with that market’s price discovery function,’’ Risk 52 FIA, FIA PTG, MFA, ISDA, and SIFMA AMG Combined Comment Letter to Regulation AT NPRM, at 3 (June 24, 2016). 53 Appendix B to part 38—Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, Compliance with Core Principles, Core Principle 4 (paragraph (a)). 54 FIA, ‘‘Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls’’ supra note 32, at 5. 55 See id. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS 42768 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules Principle 2 more explicitly requires DCMs to consider risk controls that specifically address market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading activity, and implement appropriate controls. It provides flexibility for technological progress (for example, while controls called ‘‘message throttles’’ may be appropriate now, industry measures to address excessive messaging could change in the future). It also allows DMO to assess compliant risk controls as part of its rule enforcement review program, comparing all DCMs to a baseline of controls on electronic trading and electronic order entry that are prevalent and effective across DCMs. Given the prevalence of existing exchange-based risk controls, the Commission expects that many DCM practices are consistent with proposed regulation 38.251(f). Depending on the circumstances, it may be possible for a DCM to appropriately conclude that its existing pre-trade risk controls satisfy the proposed Acceptable Practices for proposed regulation 38.251(f), and that the adoption of this rule does not require it to do something more, or different, at this time. As noted above, existing regulation 38.255 is similar to proposed regulation 38.251(f) in that it requires exchange-based risk controls to prevent and reduce the potential risk of market disruptions. However, regulation 38.255 does not explicitly address the full scope of risks addressed by proposed regulation 38.251(f). For example, the preamble to the part 38 final rules states that proposed 38.255 requires DCMs to have in place effective risk controls including, but not limited to, pauses and/or halts to trading in the event of extraordinary price movements that may result in distorted prices or trigger market disruptions.56 Proposed regulation 38.251(f) would more explicitly address other types of market disruptions associated with electronic trading. Its requirement that DCMs implement risk controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading applies to any disruptive event that significantly impairs the ability of market participants to manage risk or otherwise trade. Further, proposed regulation 38.251(f), specifically applies to electronic orders. Risk Principle 2 provides clarity to DCMs that their exchange-based risk controls must address market disruptions caused by electronic trading, including those 56 Core Principles and Other Requirements for Designated Contract Markets, 77 FR 36612, 36637 (June 19, 2012). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 related to price movements as well as other events that impair market participants’ ability to trade. Examples of existing exchange-based risk controls include: (1) CME Group automated messaging volume controls; price banding set at individual product level and protection point controls; ‘‘fat finger’’ backstop of ‘‘Maximum Order Size Protection’’ functionality that sets a pre-defined maximum order size cap on an individual contract basis; 57 and (2) ICE message throttle limits (preventing malfunctioning software from overwhelming the market); price banding or collars that warn and reject orders outside the band of current market value; and interval price limits (facilitating orderly trading when there are large price moves in a short period of time).58 FIA’s 2018 survey of exchange-traded derivatives venues showed that 11 out of 17 responding venues had implemented dynamic price bands and that 13 had implemented trading halts during extreme volatility.59 Notably, every exchange in the Americas that responded to the survey had implemented both price banding and trading halts.60 The Commission reiterates the concept noted above that DCMs’ understanding of risks posed by electronic trading, and the reasonably appropriate measures to address them, may evolve over time. Accordingly, the Commission would expect DCMs to continue to develop controls that are effective to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies, regardless of whether they are named in existing part 38 Acceptable Practices. As with proposed regulation 38.251(e), the Commission is proposing Acceptable Practices for proposed regulation 38.251(f) to provide that a DCM can comply with the requirements of proposed regulation 38.251(f) for risk controls by adopting rules that are ‘‘reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading.’’ This Acceptable Practice is consistent with the existing Acceptable Practice in Appendix B to part 38 corresponding to the risk controls required by existing 38.255, which provides, in part, that a DCM’s risk control program can comply with its obligations ‘‘so long as the types of 57 CME Group Regulation AT NPRM Letter, NPRM at 14–17 (Mar. 16, 2016). 58 ICE TAC Presentation, supra note 42, at 3. 59 Subcommittee Presentation at 5 (Oct. 5, 2018). The presentation is available at https:// www.cftc.gov/About/CFTCCommittees/ TechnologyAdvisory/tac_meetings.html. 60 See id. PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 controls and their specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose of preventing market disruptions and price distortions.’’ 61 Request for Comment The Commission requests comment on all aspects of proposed regulation 38.251(f). The Commission also invites specific comments on the following: 12. The Acceptable Practices for Core Principle 2 include pre-trade limits on order size, price collars or bands around the current price, message throttles, and daily price limits. Do DCMs consider these controls to be effective in preventing market disruptions in today’s markets? 13. In addition to the risk controls listed in the Acceptable Practices for Core Principle 2, what risk controls do DCMs consider to be most effective in preventing market disruptions and addressing risk as described in this proposal? 14. Are the proposed risk controls set forth in the Acceptable Practices for proposed regulation 38.251(f) appropriate? 15. Should the Commission include any particular types of risk controls as Acceptable Practices for compliance with proposed regulation 38.251(f)? D. Proposed Regulation 38.251(g)—Risk Principle 3 Proposed regulation 38.251(g)—Risk Principle 3—provides that a DCM must promptly notify Commission staff of a significant disruption to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on the causes and remediation. Proposed regulation 38.251(g) includes a ‘‘significant’’ threshold for 61 Regarding risk controls for trading, the Acceptable Practices for Regulation 38.255 provide that an acceptable program for preventing market disruptions must demonstrate appropriate trade risk controls, in addition to pauses and halts. Such controls must be adapted to the unique characteristics of the markets to which they apply and must be designed to avoid market disruptions without unduly interfering with that market’s price discovery function. The DCM may choose from among controls that include: Pre-trade limits on order size, price collars or bands around the current price, message throttles, and daily price limits, or design other types of controls. Within the specific array of controls that are selected, the DCM also must set the parameters for those controls, so long as the types of controls and their specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose of preventing market disruptions and price distortions. If a contract is linked to, or is a substitute for, other contracts, either listed on its market or on other trading venues, the DCM must, to the extent practicable, coordinate its risk controls with any similar controls placed on those other contracts. If a contract is based on the price of an equity security or the level of an equity index, such risk controls must, to the extent practicable, be coordinated with any similar controls placed on national security exchanges. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS notification. An internal disruption in a market participant’s own trading system should not be considered significant unless it causes a market disruption materially affecting the DCM’s trading platform and other market participants. A significant disruption is a situation where the ability of other market participants to execute trades, engage in price discovery, or manage their risks is materially impacted by a malfunction of a market participant’s trading system. Proposed regulation 38.251(g) would obligate the DCM to notify the Commission of this event promptly after the DCM becomes aware of it. Proposed regulation 38.251(g) is to be distinguished from existing Commission regulation 38.1051(e), which requires DCMs to notify the Commission in the event of, among other things, significant systems malfunctions. Proposed regulation 38.251(g) addresses market disruptive events, as opposed to incidents that threaten the integrity of a DCM’s internal technological systems. Thus, unlike existing Commission regulation 38.1051(e), proposed regulation 38.251(g) would address malfunctions of the technological systems of trading firms and other nonDCM market participants that cause disruptions of the DCM’s trading platform. The Commission believes that the notification requirement under proposed regulation 38.251(g) will assist the Commission’s oversight and its ability to monitor and assess market disruptions across all DCMs. The Commission expects that notification pursuant to proposed regulation 38.251(g) would take a similar form to the current notification process for electronic trading halts, cyber security incidents, or activation of a DCM’s business continuity-disaster recovery plan under Commission regulation 38.1051(e). Request for Comment The Commission requests comment on all aspects of proposed regulation 38.251(g). The Commission also invites specific comments on the following: 16. As noted above, proposed regulation 38.251(g) requires a DCM to notify Commission staff of a significant disruption to its electronic trading platform(s), while Commission regulation 38.1051(e) requires DCMs to notify the Commission in the event of significant systems malfunctions. Is the distinction between these two notification requirements sufficiently clear? If not, please explain. 17. Please describe any disruptive events that would potentially fall within the notification requirements of both VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 proposed regulation 38.251(g) and Commission regulation 38.1051(e). 18. Is the Commission’s description of whether a given disruption to a DCM’s electronic trading platform(s) is ‘‘significant’’ for purposes of proposed regulation 38.251(g) sufficiently clear? If not, please explain. 19. Please describe circumstances in which it would be appropriate for a DCM to notify other DCMs about a significant market disruption on its trading platform(s). Should proposed regulation 38.251(g) include such a requirement? IV. Related Matters A. Regulatory Flexibility Act The Regulatory Flexibility Act (‘‘RFA’’) 62 requires federal agencies, in promulgating regulations, to consider the impact of those regulations on small entities, and to provide a regulatory flexibility analysis with respect to such impact. The regulations adopted herein will directly affect DCMs. The Commission previously determined that DCMs are not ‘‘small entities’’ for purposes of the RFA because DCMs are required to demonstrate compliance with a number of Core Principles, including principles concerning the expenditure of sufficient financial resources to establish and maintain an adequate self-regulatory program.63 For these reasons, DCMs are not deemed ‘‘small entities’’ for purposes of the RFA, and the Chairman, on behalf of the Commission, hereby preliminarily certifies, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 605(b), that the regulations will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Request for Comment 20. The Commission invites the public and other federal agencies to comment on the above determination. B. Paperwork Reduction Act The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (‘‘PRA’’) 64 imposes certain requirements on federal agencies, including the Commission, in connection with conducting or sponsoring any ‘‘collection of information,’’ as defined by the PRA. Under the PRA, an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a U.S.C. 601 et seq. Policy Statement and Establishment of Definitions of ‘‘Small Entities’’ for Purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 47 FR 18618, 18619 (Apr. 30, 1982); see also, e.g., DCM Core Principle 21 applicable to DCMs under section 735 of the Dodd-Frank Act. 64 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. PO 00000 62 5 63 See Frm 00024 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42769 currently valid control number from the Office of Management and budget (‘‘OMB’’).65 The PRA is intended, in part, to minimize the paperwork burden created for individuals, businesses, and other persons as a result of the collection of information by federal agencies, and to ensure the greatest possible benefit and utility of information created, collected, maintained, used, shared, and disseminated by or for the Federal Government.66 The PRA applies to all information, regardless of form or format, whenever the Federal Government is obtaining, causing to be obtained, or soliciting information, and includes required disclosure to third parties or the public, of facts or opinions, when the information collection calls for answers to identical questions posed to, or identical reporting or recordkeeping requirements imposed on, ten or more persons.67 This proposal, if adopted, would result in a collection of information within the meaning of the PRA, as discussed below. This proposed rulemaking contains collections of information for which the Commission has previously received control numbers from the Office of Management and Budget (‘‘OMB’’). The titles for these existing collections of information are: OMB control number 3038–0052, Core Principles and Other Requirements for DCMs (‘‘OMB Collection 3038– 0052’’) and OMB control number 3038– 0093, Provisions Common to Registered Entities (‘‘OMB Collection 3038–0093’’). The Commission therefore is submitting this proposal to the OMB for its review in accordance with the PRA.68 Responses to this collection of information would be mandatory. The Commission will protect any proprietary information according to the Freedom of Information Act and part 145 of the Commission’s regulations.69 In addition, section 8(a)(1) of the Commodity Exchange Act (‘‘CEA’’) strictly prohibits the Commission, unless specifically authorized by the CEA, from making public any ‘‘data and information that would separately disclose the business transactions or market positions of any person and trade secrets or names of customers.’’ 70 Finally, the Commission is also required to protect certain information contained 65 See 44 U.S.C. 3507(a)(3); 5 CFR 1320.5(a)(3). 44 U.S.C. 3501. 67 See 44 U.S.C. 3502(3). 68 See 44 U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11. 69 See 5 U.S.C. 552; see also 17 CFR part 145 (Commission Records and Information). 70 7 U.S.C. 12(a)(1). 66 See E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42770 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules in a government system of records according to the Privacy Act of 1974.71 1. OMB Collection 3038–0093— Provisions Common to Registered Entities Proposed regulation 38.251(e) (‘‘Risk Principle 1’’) provides that DCMs must adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject to their respective jurisdictions to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. As provided in the proposed Acceptable Practices in Appendix B to part 38, such rules must be reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. Any such rules a DCM adopts pursuant to proposed regulation 38.251(e), must be submitted to the Commission in accordance with part 40 of the Commission’s regulations. Specifically, a DCM would be required to submit such rules to the Commission in accordance with either: (1) Commission regulation 40.5, which provides procedures for the voluntary submission of rules for Commission review and approval; or (2) Commission regulation 40.6, which provides procedures for the self-certification of rules with the Commission. This information collection would be required for DCMs as needed, on a caseby-case basis. The Commission acknowledges, however, that there are various DCM practices in place today that may be consistent with proposed regulation 38.251(e), such as exchangeprovided risk controls that address potential price distortions and related market anomalies. As such, it is possible that some DCMs would not be required to file new or amended rules to satisfy Risk Principle 1, if adopted. Proposed Risk Principle 1, if adopted, would amend OMB Collection 3038– 0093 by increasing the existing annual burden by 48 hours 72 for DCMs that would be required to comply with part 40 of the Commission’s regulations, as described above. As a result, the revised total annual burden under this collection would be 720 hours.73 Although the Commission believes that operational and maintenance costs for khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS 71 5 U.S.C. 552a. 72 The Commission estimates that proposed regulation 38.251(e) would require potentially 15 DCMs to make 2 filings with the Commission a year requiring approximately 24 hours each to prepare. Accordingly, the total burden hours for each DCM would be approximately 48 hours per year. 73 The Commission estimates that the total aggregate annual burden hours for DCMs under proposed regulation 38.251(e) would be 720 hours based on each DCM incurring 48 burden hours (15 × 48 = 720). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 DCMs in proposed Risk Principle 1 will incrementally increase, these costs are expected to be de minimis. OMB Collection 3038–0093 was created to cover the Commission’s part 40 regulatory requirements for registered entities (including DCMs, swap execution facilities, derivatives clearing organizations, and swap data repositories) to file new or amended rules and product terms and conditions with the Commission.74 OMB Control Number 3038–0093 covers all information collections in part 40, including Commission regulation 40.2 (Listing products by certification), Commission regulation 40.3 (Voluntary submission of new products for Commission review and approval), Commission regulation 40.5 (Voluntary submission of rules for Commission review and approval), and Commission regulation 40.6 (Self-certification of rules). The proposal is expected to modify the existing annual burden in OMB Collection 3038–0093 for complying with certain requirements in proposed Risk Principle 1, as estimated in aggregate below: Estimated number of respondents: 15. Estimated frequency/timing of responses: As needed. Estimated number of annual responses per respondent: 2. Estimated number of annual responses for all respondents: 30. Estimated annual burden hours per response: 24. Estimated total annual burden hours per respondent: 48. Estimated total annual burden hours for all respondents: 720. 2. OMB Collection 3038–0052—Core Principles and Other Requirements for DCMs Proposed regulation 38.251(g) (‘‘Risk Principle 3’’) requires a DCM to promptly notify Commission staff of any significant disruption to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on the cause and remediation of such disruption.75 Under Risk Principle 3, such notification should include an email containing sufficient information to convey the nature of the disruption, and if known, its cause, and the remediation. The Commission recognizes that the specific cause of the disruption and the attendant remediation may not be known at the time of the disruption and may have to be addressed in a followup email or report. This information 17 CFR part 40. supra Section III.D (discussion of the Risk Principle 3). PO 00000 74 See 75 See Frm 00025 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 collection would be required for DCMs as needed, on a case-by-case basis. Proposed Risk Principle 3, if adopted, would amend OMB Collection 3038– 0052 by increasing the number of annual responses by 750 that may be filed by DCMs under the existing information collection. The proposed adoption of Risk Principle 3 would also incrementally increase the existing annual burden by 250 hours per DCM.76 As a result, the revised total aggregate annual burden under this collection would be 3,750 hours.77 Although the Commission believes that operational and maintenance costs for DCMs in proposed Risk Principle 3 will incrementally increase, these costs are expected to be de minimis. OMB Collection 3038–0052 was created to cover regulatory requirements for DCMs under part 38 of the Commission’s regulations.78 OMB Control Number 3038–0052 covers all information collections in part 38, including Subpart A (General Provisions), Subparts B through X (the DCM core principles), as well as the related appendices thereto, including Appendix A (Form DCM), Appendix B (Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, Compliance with Core Principles), and Appendix C (Demonstration of Compliance That a Contract Is Not Readily Susceptible to Manipulation). The proposed amendments are expected to modify the existing annual burden in OMB Collection 3038–0052 for complying with certain requirements in Subpart E (Prevention of Market Disruption) of part 38, as estimated in aggregate below: Estimated number of respondents: 15. Estimated frequency/timing of responses: As needed. Estimated number of annual responses per respondent: 50. Estimated number of annual responses for all respondents: 750. Estimated annual burden hours per response: 5. Estimated total annual burden hours per respondent: 250. Estimated total annual burden hours for all respondents: 3,750. 76 The Commission estimates that proposed regulation 38.251(g) would require potentially each DCM to make 50 reports with the Commission a year requiring approximately 5 hours each to prepare. Accordingly, the total burden hours for each DCM would be approximately 250 hours per year (50 × 5 = 250). 77 The Commission estimates that the total aggregate annual burden hours for DCMs under proposed regulation 38.251(g) would be 3,750 hours based on each DCM incurring 250 burden hours (15 × 250 = 3,750). 78 See generally 17 CFR part 38. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules Estimated aggregate annual recordkeeping burden hours: 1,500.79 Request for Comment The Commission invites the public and other federal agencies to comment on the proposed information collection requirements, including the following: 21. Evaluate whether the proposed collections of information are necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Commission, including whether the information will have practical utility; 22. Evaluate the accuracy of the estimated burden of the proposed information collection requirements, including the degree to which the methodology and the assumptions that the Commission employed were valid; 23. Are there ways to enhance the quality, utility, or clarity of the information proposed to be collected; and 24. Are there ways to minimize the burden of the proposed collections of information on DCMs, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological information collection techniques. The public and other federal agencies may submit comments directly to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, by fax at (202) 395–6566 or by email at OIRAsubmission@ omb.eop.gov. Please provide the Commission with a copy of submitted comments so that they can be summarized and addressed in the final rule. Refer to the ADDRESSES section of this document for comment submission instructions to the Commission. A copy of the supporting statements for the collections of information discussed above may be obtained by visiting RegInfo.gov. OMB is required to make a decision concerning the collection of information between 30 and 60 days after publication of this release. Therefore, a comment to OMB is best assured of receiving full consideration if OMB (and the Commission) receives it within 30 days of publication of this document. Nothing in the foregoing affects the deadline enumerated above for public comment to the Commission on the proposed regulations. khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS C. Cost-Benefit Considerations 1. Introduction Section 15(a) of the CEA requires the Commission to consider the costs and benefits of its actions before promulgating a regulation under the CEA or issuing certain orders.80 Section 15(a) further specifies that the costs and benefits shall be evaluated in light of five broad areas of market and public concern: (1) Protection of market participants and the public; (2) efficiency, competitiveness, and financial integrity of futures markets; (3) price discovery; (4) sound risk management practices; and (5) other public interest considerations. The Commission considers the costs and benefits resulting from its discretionary determinations with respect to the section 15(a) factors. The baseline for this consideration of costs and benefits in this proposal is the monitoring and mitigation capabilities of DCMs, as governed by rules in current part 38 of CFTC regulations. Under these rules, DCMs are required to conduct real-time monitoring of all trading activity on its electronic trading platforms and identify disorderly trading activity and any market or system anomalies. Other sections of part 38 also require DCMs to establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and interruptions in orderly trading in markets, including, but not limited to, market restrictions that pause or halt trading in market conditions prescribed by the DCMs.81 In particular, § 38.251(a) through (d) already require DCMs to use an effective real-time program to monitor and evaluate individual traders’ market activity, as well as the general market data, in order to prevent and detect manipulative behavior and market disruptions. DCMs are also already required to demonstrate the ability to comprehensively and accurately reconstruct daily trading activity for the purposes of detecting trading abuses. The Commission recognizes that the proposed rules may impose additional costs on DCMs and market participants. The Commission has endeavored to assess the expected costs and benefits of the proposed rulemaking in quantitative terms, including PRA-related costs, where possible. In situations where the Commission is unable to quantify the costs and benefits, the Commission identifies and considers the costs and benefits of the applicable proposed rules in qualitative terms. The lack of data and information to estimate those costs is attributable in part to the nature of the 80 7 79 The Commission estimates that the total aggregate annual recordkeeping burden hours for DCMs under regulation 38.950 and 38.951 would be 1,500 hours based on each DCM incurring 100 burden hours (15 × 100 = 1,500). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 U.S.C. 19(a). e.g., Commission regulation 38.255, which currently requires DCMs to establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and market disruptions. PO 00000 81 See, Frm 00026 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42771 proposed rules and uncertainty about the potential responses of market participants to the implementation of the proposed rules. The Commission requests data and information from market participants and other commenters to allow it to better estimate the costs of the proposed rule. 2. Summary of Proposal As discussed in more detail in the preamble above, the Commission considered taking a more prescriptive approach as an alternative to the proposed rules but decided to give more discretion to each DCM in terms of how to precisely define market disruptions and system anomalies as they relate to their particular markets. As a result, each DCM will have the flexibility to tailor the implementation of the proposed rules to best prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies in their respective markets. Consequently, the Commission believes that DCMs’ tailored rules and their implementation will be less burdensome. Therefore the Commission proposes the following specific Risk Principles and associated Acceptable Practices applicable to DCM electronic trading. a. Proposed Regulation 38.251(e)—Risk Principle 1 Proposed regulation 38.251(e)—Risk Principle 1—provides that a DCM must adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject to its jurisdiction to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. b. Proposed Regulation 38.251(f)—Risk Principle 2 Proposed regulation 38.251(f)—Risk Principle 2—provides that a DCM must subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. c. Proposed Regulation 38.251(g)—Risk Principle 3 Proposed regulation 38.251(g)—Risk Principle 3—provides that a DCM must promptly notify Commission staff of a significant disruption to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on the causes and remediation. d. Proposed Acceptable Practices for Proposed Regulations 38.251(e) and (f) The proposed Acceptable Practices provide that to comply with regulation 38.251(e), the DCM must adopt and E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42772 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules implement rules that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. To comply with regulation 38.251(f), the DCM must subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies. Request for Comment 25. Do commenters believe that the Commission is correct in its determination that a prescriptive approach to proposed rules on risk controls and rules designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading would be too costly and burdensome? 26. Are there other alternative approaches with lower costs that the Commission should have considered? If so, please explain. 3. Costs khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Existing Practices With Minimal Costs DCMs’ current risk management practices, particularly those implemented to comply with existing Commission regulations §§ 38.157, 38.251(c), 38.255, and 38.607, already may comply with the requirements of proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g). Specifically, while some DCMs might need to start collecting more detailed information from their market participants, the Commission believes most DCMs already have most of the information required to adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject to their respective jurisdiction in order to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. The Commission also believes that DCMs have the means to acquire efficiently, and with potentially minimal cost, more information if needed. Moreover, DCMs currently monitor their markets and have rules to prevent and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies, as required by proposed rule 38.251(e). The Commission also views many existing DCM pre-trade risk control practices to be consistent with the requirement in proposed regulation 38.251(f). Finally, DCMs already report to Commission staff certain interruptions in orderly trading in markets, including electronic trading halts and significant system malfunctions; cyber security incidents or targeted threats that actually or potentially jeopardize automated system operation, reliability, security, or capacity; and activations of a business VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 continuity-disaster plan, as required by rule 38.1051(e).82 Hence, the direct incremental cost of proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) on DCMs is expected to be minimal. New Costs To Adjust Existing Practices To comply with rule 38.251(e), DCMs may be required to adjust their existing policies and procedures that involve increased monitoring of trading and communication patterns between market participants in their jurisdictions and the DCMs’ matching engines. Implementing these internal policies and procedures, and successfully communicating them to market participants, could involve costs for DCMs. Moreover, the Commission acknowledges that the DCM’s monitoring efforts, and the associated required technologies, would need to be kept up to date, which could involve costs linked to the continual updating of these technologies and methodologies. The Commission believes that DCMs may change their software to enable them to more efficiently capture additional information regarding participants subject to their jurisdiction to implement rules adopted pursuant to 38.251(e). The Commission expects the design, development, testing, and production release of a required software update to take 2,520 staff hours in total, which the Commission expects to be completed by more than one employee. To calculate the cost estimate for changes to DCM software, the Commission estimates the appropriate wage rate based on salary information for the securities industry compiled by the Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics (‘‘BLS’’).83 Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of $70.76 using figures from a weighted average of salaries and bonuses across different professions contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019), multiplied by 1.3 to account for overhead and other benefits.84 Commission staff chose this 82 The Commission notes that the notification requirement under Commission regulation 38.1051(e) does not include the planned operation of DCM stop logic, velocity logic, and circuit breaker functionality, which also support orderly markets. 83 May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000—Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at https://www.bls.gov/oes/ current/naics4_523000.htm. 84 The Commission’s estimated appropriate wage rate is a weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following occupations (and their relative weight): ‘‘computer programmer—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent); ‘‘project management specialists and business PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 methodology to account for the variance in skillsets that may be used to plan, implement, and manage the required changes to DCM software. Using these estimates, the Commission would expect the software update to cost $178,313 per DCM. The Commission acknowledges that this is just an estimate and the actual cost of such a software update would depend on the current status of the specific DCM’s information acquisition capabilities and the amount of additional information the DCM would have to collect as a result of proposed rule 38.251(e). To the extent that a DCM currently or partially captures the required information and data through its systems and technology, these costs would be incrementally lower. The Commission acknowledges that any additional rules resulting from proposed regulation 38.251(e) will have to be submitted pursuant to part 40 when a DCM seeks to make amendments to its electronic trading risk requirements. The Commission expects a DCM to take an additional 48 hours annually (two submissions on average per year, 24 hours per submission) to submit these amendments to the Commission. In order to estimate the appropriate wage rate, the Commission used the salary information for the securities industry compiled by the BLS.85 Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of $89.89 using figures from a weighted average of salaries and bonuses across different professions contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 to account for overhead and other benefits.86 The Commission estimates this indirect cost to each DCM to be $4,314.72 annually (48 × $89.89). To the operations specialists—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent); ‘‘Software and Web Developers, Programmers, and Testers—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent); and ‘‘Software Developers and Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent). 85 May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000—Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at https://www.bls.gov/oes/ current/naics4_523000.htm. 86 The Commission estimated appropriate wage rate is a weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following occupations (and their relative weight): ‘‘compliance officer—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (50 percent); and ‘‘lawyer—legal services’’ (50 percent). Commission staff chose this methodology to account for the variance in skill sets that may be used to accomplish the collection of information. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS extent that a DCM currently has in place rules required under proposed 38.251(e), these costs would be incrementally lower. The Commission can envision a scenario where a DCM might also need to update its trading systems to subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies as required by proposed rule 38.251(f). Depending on the amount of update required, the Commission anticipates the design, development, testing, and production release of the new trading system to take 8,480 staff hours in total, which the Commission expects to be covered by more than one employee. To calculate the cost estimate for updating a DCM’s trading systems, the Commission estimates the appropriate wage rate based on salary information for the securities industry compiled by the BLS.87 Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of $70.76 using figures from a weighted average of salaries and bonuses across different professions contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 to account for overhead and other benefits.88 Commission staff chose this methodology to account for the variance in skill sets that may be used to plan, implement, and manage the required update to a DCM’s trading system. Using these estimates, the Commission would expect the trading system update to cost $600,036 to a DCM. The Commission would like to emphasize that this is just an estimate and the actual cost could be higher or lower. The cost may also vary across DCMs, as each DCM has the flexibility to apply the specific controls that the DCM deems reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies. 87 May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000—Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at https://www.bls.gov/oes/ current/naics4_523000.htm. 88 The Commission’s estimated appropriate wage rate is a weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following occupations (and their relative weight): ‘‘computer programmer—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent); ‘‘project management specialists and business operations specialists—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent); ‘‘Software and Web Developers, Programmers, and Testers—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent); and ‘‘Software Developers and Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 In addition, the Commission would further note that to the extent that a DCM currently or partially has in place pre-trade risk controls consistent with proposed 38.251(f), these costs would be incrementally lower. Proposed regulation 38.251(g) would require a DCM to notify promptly Commission staff of a significant disruption to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on the causes and remediation. The Commission expects that there may be incremental costs to DCMs from proposed regulation 38.251(g) in the form of analysis regarding which disruptions could be significant enough to report, maintain, and archive the relevant data, as well as the costs associated with the act of reporting the disruptions. The Commission currently expects every DCM to have the necessary means to communicate with the Commission promptly, and therefore, does not expect any additional communication costs. The Commission expects DCMs to incur a minimal cost in determining what a significant disruption could be and preparing information on its causes and remediation. The Commission does not expect this cost to be significant, because the Commission believes DCMs should already have the means necessary to identify the causes of market disruptions and have plans for remediation. To the extent that complying with regulation 38.251(g) requires a DCM to incur additional recordkeeping and reporting burdens, the Commission estimates these additional recordkeeping requirements to require approximately 100 hours per DCM per year and the additional reporting requirements to require approximately 250 hours per DCM per year (five hours per report and an estimated 50 reports additionally per DCM). In calculating the cost estimates for recordkeeping and reporting, the Commission estimates the appropriate wage rate based on salary information for the securities industry compiled by the BLS.89 For the reporting cost, Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of $76.44 using figures from a weighted average of salaries and bonuses across different professions contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 to account for overhead and other 89 May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000—Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at https://www.bls.gov/oes/ current/naics4_523000.htm. PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42773 benefits.90 In calculating the cost estimate for recordkeeping, the Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of $71.019 using figures from the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 to account for overhead and other benefits.91 The Commission estimates the cost for additional recordkeeping to a DCM to be $7,101.90 (100 × $71.019) annually and the cost for additional reporting to a DCM to be $19,110 (250 × $76.44) annually. As noted above, the exact cost will depend on the software update and could be higher or lower than the Commission’s estimate. To the extent that DCMs would need to update their rules and internal processes to comply with regulation 38.251(e) through (g) and the associated Acceptable Practices, the Commission expects that DCMs also may need to update or supplement their compliance program, which would involve additional costs. However, the Commission does not expect these costs to be significant. The Commission believes that some DCMs may need to hire an additional full-time compliance staff member to address the additional compliance needs associated with the proposed regulation. Assuming that the average annual salary of each compliance officer is $94,705, the Commission estimates the incremental annual compliance costs to a DCM that needs to hire an additional compliance officer to be $119,340.92 However, the Commission notes that the exact compliance needs may vary across DCMs, and some DCMs may already have adequate compliance programs that can handle any rule updates and 90 The Commission estimated appropriate wage rate is a weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following occupations (and their relative weight): ‘‘computer programmer—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (25 percent); ‘‘compliance officer—industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related activities’’ (50 percent); and ‘‘lawyer—legal services’’ (25 percent). Commission staff chose this methodology to account for the variance in skill sets that may be used to accomplish the required reporting. 91 The Commission estimated appropriate wage rate is the mean hourly wages for ‘‘database administrators and architects.’’ Commission staff chose this methodology to account for the variance in skill sets that may be used to accomplish the collection of information. 92 In calculating this cost estimate for reporting, the Commission estimates the appropriate annual wage for a compliance officer based on salary information for the securities industry compiled by the BLS. Commission staff used the annual wage of $91,800, which reflects the average annual salary for a compliance officer contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019), and multiplied it by 1.3 to account for overhead and other benefits. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42774 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules internal processes required to comply with regulation 38.251(e) through (g), and therefore the actual compliance costs may be higher or lower than the Commission’s estimates. khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Cost of Periodically Updating Risk Management Practices The Commission expects the trading methods and technologies of market participants to change over time, requiring DCMs to adjust their rules accordingly. As trading methodologies and connectivity measures evolve, it is expected that new ways of potential market disruptions and system anomalies could surface. To that end, the Commission believes full compliance would require a DCM to implement periodic evaluation of its entire electronic trading marketplace and updates of the exchange-based pretrade risk controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies, as well as updates of the appropriate definitions of market disruptions and system anomalies. Therefore, rules imposed as a result of proposed regulation 38.251(e) through (g) would need to be flexible and fluid, and potentially updated as needed, which may involve additional costs. Moreover, such rule changes would result in a cost increase associated with the rise in the number of rule filings that DCMs would have to prepare and submit to the Commission. Costs to Market Participants To the extent the rules adopted by DCMs as a result of the proposed regulation change frequently, the Commission can envision a situation where market participants would need to adjust to new rules frequently. While these adjustments might carry some costs for market participants, such as potential added delays to their trading activity due to added pre-trade controls, the Commission expects these changes to be communicated to the market participants by DCMs with enough implementation time so as to minimize the burden on market participants and their trading strategies. Moreover, to the extent a DCM’s policies and procedures require market participants to report changes to their connection processes, trading strategies, or any other adjustments the DCM deems required, there could be some cost to the market participants. Finally, market participants may feel the need to upgrade their risk management practices as a response to DCMs’ updated risk management practices driven by the proposed rules. The Commission recognizes that part of the costs to market participants might also come VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 from needing to update their systems and potentially adjust the software they use for risk management, trading, and reporting. To the extent that market participants currently comply with DCM rules and regulations regarding pre-trade risk controls and market disruption protocols, these costs may be somewhat mitigated under the proposal. Regulatory Arbitrage The proposed rules offer DCMs the flexibility to address market disruptions and system anomalies as they relate to their particular markets and market participants’ trading activities. Similarly, DCMs are also given the flexibility to decide how to apply the proposed requirements in their respective markets. This flexibility could result in differences across DCMs, potentially contributing to regulatory arbitrage. For example, DCMs’ practices could differ in the information collected from market participants; the rules applied to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies; and the intensity of pre-trade controls. The parameters for establishing disruptive behavior could be defined differently by the various DCMs, which might lead to differing levels of exchange-based pre-trade risk controls. The Commission acknowledges that to the extent there is potential for market participants to choose between DCMs, those DCMs with lower information collection requirements and potentially less stringent pre-trade risk controls could appear more attractive to certain market participants. All or some of these factors could create the potential for market participants to move their trading from DCMs with potentially more stringent risk controls to DCMs with less stringent controls, which could cost certain DCMs business. While the Commission recognizes that this kind of regulatory arbitrage could cause liquidity to move from one DCM to another, potentially impairing (benefiting) the price discovery of the contract with reduced (increased) liquidity, the Commission does not expect this to occur with any real frequency. First, the Commission notes that liquidity for a given contract in futures markets tends to concentrate in one DCM. This means that futures markets are less susceptible to this type of regulatory arbitrage. Second, while an individual DCM decides the exchangebased pre-trade risk controls for its markets, those risk controls must be effective. The Commission does not believe that differences in the application of the proposed regulation across DCMs would be substantial enough to induce market participants to PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 switch to trading at a different DCM, even if there were two DCMs trading similar enough contracts. For example, DCMs currently apply various pre-trade controls to comply with rule 38.255 requirements for risk controls for trading, but the Commission does not have any evidence that DCMs compete on pre-trade controls. The Commission expects DCMs to approach the setting of their practices to comply with this proposed regulation in a similar manner. Request for Comment 27. Are the costs the Commission considers in the cost-benefit considerations section reasonable? If not, please explain. 28. Do DCMs currently collect most of the information required from market participants in order to comply with rule 38.251(e)? If not, what are the associated expected costs? 29. Are there other costs the Commission should have included in the cost-benefit considerations section? If so, please explain. 30. Are the software update estimates the Commission considers reasonable? If not, please explain. 31. Should the Commission make use of other sources for enumerating costs associated with the proposed rule? If so, please explain. 4. Benefits Minimize Disruptive Behaviors Associated With Electronic Trading and Ensure Sound Financial Markets The Commission believes that the proposed rules are crucial for the integrity and resilience of financial markets, as the proposed rules would ensure that DCMs have the ability to prevent, detect and mitigate most, if not all, disruptive behaviors associated with electronic trading. The proposed changes to regulation 38.251(e) require DCMs to adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject to its jurisdiction such that market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading can be minimized. This would allow markets to operate smoothly and to continue functioning as efficient platforms for risk transfer, as well as allowing for healthy price discovery. The Commission expects proposed regulation 38.251(f) to subject all electronic orders to a DCM’s exchangebased pre-trade risk controls. The Commission expects this to benefit the markets as well as the market participant sending orders to the exchanges. First, by preventing orders that could cause market disruptions or E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS system anomalies through exchangebased pre-trade risk controls, proposed regulation 38.251(f) allows the markets to operate orderly and efficiently. This benefits traders in the markets, market participants utilizing price discovery in the markets, as well as traders in related markets. Second, proposed regulation 38.251(f) provides market participants sending orders to a DCM with an additional layer of protection through the implementation of exchange-based pre-trade risk controls. If an unintentional set of messages were to breach the risk controls of market participants and FCMs, proposed regulation 38.251(f) could prevent those messages from reaching a DCM and potentially resulting in unwanted transactions. This benefits the market participants, as well as their FCMs, by saving them from the obligation of unwanted and unintended transactions. Proposed regulation 38.251(g) ensures that significant disruptions will be communicated to the Commission staff promptly, as well as their causes and eventual remediation. The Commission believes proposed regulation 38.251(g) will benefit the markets and market participants by strengthening their financial soundness and promoting the resiliency of derivatives markets by allowing the Commission to stay informed of any potential market disruptions effectively and promptly. If needed, the Commission’s timely action in the face of market disruptions could help markets recover faster and stronger. Finally, proposed regulations 38.251(e) through (g) are likely to benefit the public by promoting sound risk management practices across market participants and preserving the financial integrity of markets so that markets can continue to fulfill their price discovery role. Value of Flexibility Across DCMs The Commission believes that DCMs have markets with different trading structures and participants with varying trading patterns. It is possible that what one DCM deems to be the paramount disruptive behavior for its market could be different for another DCM. The Commission’s principles-based approach to proposed regulations 38.251(e) and (f) allows DCMs the flexibility to impose the most efficient and effective rules and pre-trade risk controls for their respective jurisdictions. The Commission believes such flexibility, particularly through the proposed Acceptable Practices, benefits DCMs by allowing them to adopt and implement effective and efficient measures reasonably designed to achieve the objectives of the Risk VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 Principles. Without such flexibility, DCMs would need to comply with prescriptive rules that may not be as effective in preventing disruptive trading and market anomalies and that may potentially involve higher compliance costs. Direct Benefits to Market Participants Proposed rule 38.251(e) requires DCMs to adopt and implement rules to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. To this end, the proposed Acceptable Practices for proposed rule 38.251(f) would enable DCMs to subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pretrade risk controls that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies. This approach will assist in preventing or mitigating market disruptions and protect the effectiveness of financial markets to continue providing the services of risk transfer and price transparency to all market participants. Moreover, the Commission believes that requiring DCMs to design these rules could incentivize market participants themselves to strengthen their own risk management practices as a response to potential changes in pre-trade risk controls that all electronic orders will be subject to. Facilitate Commission Oversight The Commission believes the implementation of the proposed rules would facilitate the Commission’s capability to effectively monitor the market. Moreover, proposed rule 38.251(g) will result in DCMs informing the Commission promptly of any significant market disruptions and remediation plans. The Commission believes this would allow it to also take steps to contain a disruption and prevent the disruption from impacting other markets or market participants. Thus, the proposed rules would facilitate the Commission’s oversight and its ability to monitor and assess market disruptions across all DCMs. Finally, the Commission expects that the proposed rule would better incentivize DCMs to recognize market disruptions and examine remediation plans in a timely fashion. Request for Comment 32. Are the benefits the Commission considers in the cost-benefit considerations section reasonable? If not, please explain. 33. Are there other benefits the Commission should have included in the cost-benefit considerations section? If so, please explain. PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42775 5. 15(a) Factors a. Protection of Market Participants and the Public Proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) are intended to protect market participants and the public from potential market disruptions due to electronic trading. The proposal is expected to benefit market participants and the public by requiring DCMs to adopt and implement rules addressing the market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading, subject all electronic orders to specifically-designed exchange-based pre-trade risk controls, and promptly report the causes and remediation of significant market disruptions. All of these measures create a safer marketplace for market participants to continue trading without major interruptions and allow the public to benefit from the information generated through a well-functioning marketplace. b. Efficiency, Competitiveness, and Financial Integrity of DCMs The Commission believes that proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) will enhance the financial integrity of DCMs by requiring DCMs to implement rules and risk controls to address market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. However, the Commission also acknowledges that market participants’ efficiency of trading might be hindered due to their orders taking longer to reach the matching engine as a result of additional pre-trade risk controls. In addition, the Commission can envision a scenario where the flexibility provided to DCMs in designing and implementing rules to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies, and the differences between the updated pre-trade risk controls and existing DCM risk control rules, could potentially lead to regulatory arbitrage between DCMs. To the extent that there are significant differences in those practices set by competing DCMs, market participants might choose to trade in the DCM with least stringent rules if competing DCMs offer the same or relatively similar products. The Commission acknowledges that competitiveness across DCMs might be hurt as a result. However, as discussed above, the Commission does not believe that differences in the application of the proposed regulation across DCMs would be substantial enough to induce market participants to switch to trading at a different DCM, even if there were two DCMs trading similar enough contracts. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42776 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules c. Price Discovery The Commission expects price discovery to improve as a result of proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g), especially due to improved market functioning through the implementation of targeted pre-trade risk controls and rules. The Commission expects the new regulation to assist with the prevention and mitigation of market disruptions due to electronic trading, leading markets to provide more consistent price discovery services. However, as noted above, adoption and implementation of rules pursuant to 38.251(e) and pre-trade risk controls implemented by DCMs could be different across DCMs. As a result, the improvements in price discovery across DCMs markets are not likely to be uniform. d. Sound Risk Management Practices The Commission expects proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) to help promote and ensure better risk management practices of both DCMs and their market participants. The Commission expects DCMs and market participants to focus on, and potentially update, their risk management practices. Additionally, the Commission believes that the requirement for DCMs to notify the Commission staff regarding the cause of a significant disruption to their respective electronic trading platforms would also provide reputational incentives for both DCMs and their market participants to focus on, and improve, risk management practices. khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS e. Other Public Interest Considerations The Commission does not expect proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) to have any significant costs or benefits associated with any other public interests. D. Antitrust Considerations Section 15(b) of the CEA requires the Commission to take into consideration the public interest to be protected by the antitrust laws and endeavor to take the least anticompetitive means of achieving the purposes of CEA, in issuing any order or adopting any Commission rule or regulation (including any exemption under section 4(c) or 4c(b)), or in requiring or approving any bylaw, rule, or regulation of a contract market or registered futures association established pursuant to section 17 of the CEA.93 The Commission believes that the public interest to be protected by the antitrust laws is generally to protect competition. 93 7 U.S.C. 19(b). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 The Commission has considered the proposal to determine whether it is anticompetitive and has preliminarily identified no anticompetitive effects. The Commission requests comment on whether the proposal is anticompetitive and, if it is, what the anticompetitive effects are. Because the Commission has preliminarily determined that the proposal is not anticompetitive and has no anticompetitive effects, the Commission has not identified any less anticompetitive means of achieving the purposes of the CEA. The Commission requests comment on whether there are less anticompetitive means of achieving the relevant purposes of the CEA that would otherwise be served by adopting the proposal. Request for Comment 34. Does this proposal implicate any other specific public interest to be protected by the antitrust laws? List of Subjects in 17 CFR Part 38 Commodity futures, Designated contract markets, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission proposes to amend 17 CFR part 38 as follows: PART 38—DESIGNATED CONTRACT MARKETS 1. The authority citation for part 38 continues to read as follows: ■ Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1a, 2, 6, 6a, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6i, 6j, 6k, 6l, 6m, 6n, 7, 7a–2, 7b, 7b– 1, 7b–3, 8, 9, 15, and 21, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Pub. L. 111–203, 124 Stat. 1376. 2. In § 38.251, republish introductory text and add paragraphs (e) through (g) to read as follows: ■ § 38.251 General requirements. A designated contract market must: * * * * * (e) Adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject to its jurisdiction to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading; (f) Subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading; and (g) Promptly notify Commission staff of any significant disruptions to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on the causes and remediation. PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 3. In appendix B to part 38, republish the text of Core Principle 4 of section 5(d) of the Act: Prevention of Market Disruption and add paragraph (b)(6) to read as follows: ■ Appendix B to Part 38—Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, Compliance with Core Principles * * * * * Core Principle 4 of section 5(d) of the Act: PREVENTION OF MARKET DISRUPTION.— The board of trade shall have the capacity and responsibility to prevent manipulation, price distortion, and disruptions of the delivery or cash-settlement process through market surveillance, compliance, and enforcement practices and procedures, including— (A) Methods for conducting real-time monitoring of trading; and (B) Comprehensive and accurate trade reconstructions. (a) Guidance. The detection and prevention of market manipulation, disruptions, and distortions should be incorporated into the design of programs for monitoring trading activity. Monitoring of intraday trading should include the capacity to detect developing market anomalies, including abnormal price movements and unusual trading volumes, and position-limit violations. The designated contract market should have rules in place that allow it broad powers to intervene to prevent or reduce market disruptions. Once a threatened or actual disruption is detected, the designated contract market should take steps to prevent the disruption or reduce its severity. (2) Additional rules required. A designated contract market should adopt and enforce any additional rules that it believes are necessary to comply with the requirements of subpart E of this part. (b) Acceptable Practices—(1) General Requirements. Real-time monitoring for market anomalies and position-limit violations are the most effective, but the designated contract market may also demonstrate that it has an acceptable program if some of the monitoring is accomplished on a T + 1 basis. An acceptable program must include automated trading alerts to detect market anomalies and position-limit violations as they develop and before market disruptions occur or become more serious. In some cases, a designated contract market may demonstrate that its manual processes are effective. (2) Physical-delivery contracts. For physical-delivery contracts, the designated contract market must demonstrate that it is monitoring the adequacy and availability of the deliverable supply, which, if such information is available, includes the size and ownership of those supplies and whether such supplies are likely to be available to short traders and saleable by long traders at the market value of those supplies under normal cash marketing conditions. Further, for physical-delivery contracts, the designated contract market must continually monitor the appropriateness of a contract’s terms and conditions, including the delivery instrument, the delivery locations and E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules location differentials, and the commodity characteristics and related differentials. The designated contract market must demonstrate that it is making a good-faith effort to resolve conditions that are interfering with convergence of its physical-delivery contract to the price of the underlying commodity or causing price distortions or market disruptions, including, when appropriate, changes to contract terms. (3) Cash-settled contracts. At a minimum, an acceptable program for monitoring cashsettled contracts must include access, either directly or through an information-sharing agreement, to traders’ positions and transactions in the reference market for traders of a significant size in the designated contract market near the settlement of the contract. (4) Ability to obtain information. With respect to the designated contract market’s ability to obtain information, a designated contract market may limit the application of the requirement to keep and provide such records only to those that are reportable under its large-trader reporting system or otherwise hold substantial positions. (5) Risk controls for trading. An acceptable program for preventing market disruptions must demonstrate appropriate trade risk controls, in addition to pauses and halts. Such controls must be adapted to the unique characteristics of the markets to which they apply and must be designed to avoid market disruptions without unduly interfering with that market’s price discovery function. The designated contract market may choose from among controls that include: Pre-trade limits on order size, price collars or bands around the current price, message throttles, and daily price limits, or design other types of controls. Within the specific array of controls that are selected, the designated contract market also must set the parameters for those controls, so long as the types of controls and their specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose of preventing market disruptions and price distortions. If a contract is linked to, or is a substitute for, other contracts, either listed on its market or on other trading venues, the designated contract market must, to the extent practicable, coordinate its risk controls with any similar controls placed on those other contracts. If a contract is based on the price of an equity security or the level of an equity index, such risk controls must, to the extent practicable, be coordinated with any similar controls placed on national security exchanges. (6) Market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. To comply with § 38.251(e), the contract market must adopt and implement rules that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. To comply with § 38.251(f), the contract market must subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies. * * * VerDate Sep<11>2014 * * 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 Issued in Washington, DC, on June 29, 2020, by the Commission. Christopher Kirkpatrick, Secretary of the Commission. Note: The following appendices will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations. Appendices to Electronic Trading Risk Principles—Commission Voting Summary, Chairman’s Statement, and Commissioners’ Statements Appendix 1—Commission Voting Summary On this matter, Chairman Tarbert and Commissioners Quintenz, Stump, and Berkovitz voted in the affirmative. Commissioner Behnam voted in the negative. Appendix 2—Supporting Statement of Chairman Heath P. Tarbert The mission of the CFTC is to promote the integrity, resilience, and vibrancy of U.S. derivatives markets through sound regulation. We cannot achieve this mission if we rest on our laurels—particularly in relation to the ever evolving technology that makes U.S. derivatives markets the envy of the world. What is sound regulation today may not be sound regulation tomorrow. I am reminded of the paradoxical observation of Giuseppe di Lampedusa in his prize-winning novel, The Leopard: If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change.1 While the novel focuses on the role of the aristocracy amid the social turbulence of 19th century Sicily, its central thesis—that achieving stability in changing times itself requires change—can be applied equally to the regulation of rapidly changing financial markets. Today we are voting on a proposal to address the risk of disruptions to the electronic markets operated by futures exchanges. The risks involved are significant; disruptions to electronic trading systems can prevent market participants from executing trades and managing their risk. But how we address those risks—and the implications for the relationship between the Commission and the exchanges we regulate—is equally significant. The Evolution of Electronic Trading A floor trader from the 1980s and even the 1990s would scarcely recognize the typical futures exchange of the 21st Century. The screaming and shouting of buy and sell orders reminiscent of the film Trading Places has been replaced with silence, or perhaps the monotonous humming of large data centers. For over the past two decades, our markets have moved from open outcry trading pits to electronic platforms. Today, 96 percent of trading occurs through electronic systems, bringing with it the price discovery and hedging functions foundational to our markets. By and large, this shift to electronic trading has benefited market participants. Spreads 1 Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, The Leopard (Everyman’s Library Ed. 1991) at p. 22. PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42777 have narrowed,2 liquidity has improved,3 and transaction costs have dropped.4 And the most unexpected benefit is that electronic markets have been able to stay open and function smoothly during the Covid-19 lockdowns. By comparison, traditional open outcry trading floors such as options pits and the floor of the New York Stock Exchange were forced to close for an extended time. Without the innovation of electronic trading, our financial markets would almost certainly have seized up and suffered even greater distress. But like any technological innovation, electronic trading also creates new and unique risks. Today’s proposal is informed by examples of disruptions in electronic markets caused by both human error as well as malfunctions in automated systems— disruptions that would not have occurred in open outcry pits. For instance, ‘‘fat finger’’ orders mistakenly entered by people, or fully automated systems inadvertently flooding matching engines with messages, are two sources of market disruptions unique to electronic markets. Past CFTC Attempts To Address Electronic Trading Risks The CFTC has considered the risks associated with electronic trading during much of the last decade. Seven years ago, a different set of Commissioners issued a concept release asking for public comment on what changes should be made to our regulations in light of the novel issues raised by electronic trading. Out of that concept release, the Commission later proposed Regulation AT. For all its faults, Regulation AT drove a very healthy discussion about the risks that should be addressed and the best way to do so. Regulation AT was based on the assumption that automated trading, a subset of electronic trading, was inherently riskier than other forms of trading. As a result, Regulation AT sought to require certain automated trading firms to register with the Commission notwithstanding that they did not hold customer funds or intermediate customer orders. Most problematically, Regulation AT also would have required those firms to produce their source code to the agency upon request and without subpoena. Regulation AT also took a prescriptive approach to the types of risk controls that exchanges, clearing members, and trading firms would be required to place on order messages. But this list was set in 2015. In effect, Regulation AT would have frozen in time a set of controls that all levels of market 2 Frank, Julieta and Philip Garcia, ‘‘Bid-Ask Spreads, Volume, and Volatility: Evidence from Livestock Markets,’’ American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 93, Issue 1, page 209 (January 2011). 3 Henderschott, Terrence, Charles M. Jones, and Albert K. Menkveld, ‘‘Does Algorithmic Trading Improve Liquidity? ’’ Journal of Finance, Volume 66, Issue 1, page 1 (February 2011). 4 Onur, Esen and Eleni Gousgounis, ‘‘The End of an Era: Who Pays the Price when the Livestock Futures Pits Close?’’, Working paper, Commodity Futures Trading Commission Office of the Chief Economist. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42778 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules operators and market participants would have been required to place on trading. Since that list was proposed, financial markets have faced their highest volatility on record and futures market volumes have increased by over 50 percent.5 Improvements in technology and computer power have been profound—Moore’s Law would predict that computing power would have increased at least ten-fold in that time.6 Of course, I commend my predecessors for focusing on the risks that electronic trading can bring. But times change, and Regulation AT would not have changed with them. An Evolving CFTC for Evolving Markets In withdrawing Regulation AT, the CFTC is consciously moving away from the registration requirements and source code production. But in voting to advance the Risk Principles proposal outlined further below, the CFTC is committing to address risk posed by electronic trading while strengthening our longstanding principles-based approach to overseeing exchanges. The markets we regulate are changing. To maintain our regulatory functions, the CFTC must either halt that change or change our agency. Swimming against the tide of developments like electronic markets is not an option, nor should it be. The markets exist to serve the needs of market participants, not the regulator. If a technological change improves the functioning of the markets, we should embrace it. In fact, one of this agency’s founding principles is that CFTC should ‘‘foster responsible innovation.’’ 7 Applying this reasoning alongside the overarching theme of The Leopard leads us to a single conclusion: As our markets evolve, the only real course of action is to ensure that the CFTC’s regulatory framework evolves with it. khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS The Need for Principles-Based Regulation So then how do we as a regulator change with the times while still fulfilling our statutory role overseeing U.S. derivatives markets? I recently published an article setting out a framework for addressing situations such as this.8 I believe that principles-based regulations can bring simplicity and flexibility while also promoting innovation when applied in the right situations. Such an approach can also create a better supervisory model for interaction between the regulator and its regulated firms—but only so long as that oversight is not toothless. There are a variety of circumstances in which I believe principles-based regulation 5 Futures Industry Association, ‘‘A record year for derivatives,’’ (March 5, 2019), available at https:// www.fia.org/articles/record-year-derivatives. 6 ‘‘Moore’s Law’’ predicts that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles about every two years, and has held generally true since 1965. See generally Sneed, Annie, ‘‘Moore’s Law Keeps Going, Defying Expectations,’’ Scientific American (May 19, 2015). 7 Commodity Exchange Act, section 3(b), 7 U.S.C. 3(b). 8 Tarbert, Heath P., ‘‘Rules for Principles and Principles for Rules: Tools for Crafting Sound Financial Regulation,’’ Harv. Bus. L. Rev. (June 15, 2020). Vol. 10 (https://www.hblr.org/volume-102019-2020/). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 would be most effective. Regulations on how exchanges manage the risks of electronic trading are a prime example. This is about risk management practices at sophisticated institutions subject to an established and ongoing supervisory relationship. But it is also an area where regulated entities have greater understanding than the regulator about the risks they face and greater knowledge about how to address those risks. As a result, exchanges need flexibility in how they manage risks as they constantly evolve. At the same time, principles-based regulation is not ‘‘light touch’’ regulation. Without the ability to monitor compliance and enforce the rules, principles-based regulation would be toothless. Principlesbased regulation of exchanges can work because the CFTC and the exchanges have constant interaction that engenders a degree of mutual trust. The CFTC—as overseen by our five-member Commission—has tools to monitor how the exchanges implement principles-based regulations through reviews of license applications and rule changes, as well as through periodic examinations and rule enforcement reviews. Monitoring compliance alone is not enough. The regulator also needs the ability to enforce against non-compliance. Principles-based regimes ultimately give discretion to the regulated entity to find the best way to achieve a goal, so long as that method is objectively reasonable. To that end, the CFTC has a suite of tools to require changes through formal action, escalating from denial of rule change requests, to enforcement actions, to license revocations. The CFTC consistently needs to address the effectiveness and appropriateness of these levers to make sure the exchanges are meeting their regulatory objectives. And given that exchanges will be judged on a reasonableness standard, it must be the Commission itself—based on a recommendation from CFTC staff 9—who ultimately decides whether an exchange has been objectively unreasonable in complying with our principles. Proposed Risk Principles for Electronic Trading This brings us to today’s proposed Risk Principles. The proposal centers on a straightforward issue that I think we can all agree is important for our regulations to address. Namely, the proposal requires exchanges to take steps to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. The disruptions we are concerned about can come from any number of causes, including: 9 CFTC Staff conduct regular examinations and reviews of our registered entities, including exchanges and clearinghouses. As part of those examinations and reviews, Staff may identify issues of material non-compliance with regulations as well as recommendations to bring an entity into compliance. Ultimately, however, the Commission itself must accept an examination report or rule enforcement review report before it can become final, including any findings of non-compliance. Likewise, Staff are asked to make recommendations regarding license applications, reviews of new products and rules, and a variety of other Commission actions, although ultimate authority lies with the Commission. PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 Excessive messages, fat finger orders, or the sudden shut off of order flow from a market maker. The key attribute of the disruptions addressed in this proposal is that they arise because of electronic trading. To be sure, our current regulations do require exchanges to address market disruptions. But the focus of those rules has generally been on disruptions caused by sudden price swings and volatility. In effect, the proposed Risk Principles would expand the term ‘‘market disruptions’’ to cover instances where market participants’ ability to access the market or manage their risks is negatively impacted by something other than price swings. This could include slowdowns or closures of gateways into the exchange’s matching engine caused by excessive messages submitted by a market participant. It could also include instances when a market maker’s systems shut down and the market maker stops offering quotes. As noted in the preamble to the proposal, exchanges have worked diligently to address emerging risks associated with electronic trading. Different exchanges have put in place rules such as messaging limits and penalties when messages exceed filled trades by too large a ratio. Exchanges also may conduct due diligence on participants using certain market access methods and may require systems testing ahead of trading through those methods. It is not surprising that exchanges have developed rules and risk controls that comport with our proposed Risk Principles. The Commission, exchanges, and market participants have a common interest in ensuring that electronic markets function properly. Moreover, this is an area where exchanges are likely to possess the best understanding of the risks presented and have control over how their own systems operate. As a result, exchanges have the incentive and the ability to address the risks arising from electronic trading. Principlesbased regulations in this area will ensure that the exchanges have reasonable discretion to adjust their rules and risk controls as the situation dictates, not as the regulator dictates. The three Risk Principles encapsulate this approach. First, exchanges must have rules to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. In other words, an exchange should take a macro view when assessing potential market disruptions, which can include fashioning rules applicable to all traders governing items such as onboarding, systems testing, and messaging policies. Second, exchanges must have risk controls on all electronic orders to address those same concerns. Third, exchanges must notify the CFTC of any significant market disruptions and give information on mitigation efforts. Importantly, implementation of the Risk Principles will be subject to a reasonableness standard. The proposed Acceptable Practices clarify that an exchange would be in compliance if its rules and its risk controls are reasonably designed to meet the objectives of preventing, detecting, and E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules mitigating market disruptions and system anomalies. The Commission will have the ability to monitor how the exchanges are complying with the Principles, and will have avenues through Commission action to sanction non-compliance. Framework for Future Regulation I hope that today’s Risk Principles proposal will serve as a framework for future CFTC regulations. Electronic trading presents a prime example of where principles-based regulation—as opposed to prescriptive rule sets—is more likely to result in sound regulation over time. Through thoughtful analysis of the regulatory objective we aim to achieve, the nature of the market and technology we are addressing, the sophistication of the parties involved, and the nature of the CFTC’s relationship with the entity being regulated, we can identify what areas are best for a prescriptive regulation or a principles-based regulation.10 In the present context, a principles-based approach—setting forth concrete objectives while affording reasonable discretion to the exchanges—provides flexibility as electronic trading practices evolve, while maintaining sound regulation. In sum, it recognizes that things will have to change if we want things to stay as they are.11 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Appendix 3—Supporting Statement of Commissioner Brian Quintenz I support today’s proposal that would require designated contract markets (DCMs) to adopt rules that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. It would also require DCMs to subject all electronic orders to pretrade risk controls that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect and mitigate market disruptions and to provide prompt notice to the Commission in the event the platform experiences any significant disruptions. I believe all DCMs have already adopted regulations and pre-trade risk controls designed to address the risks posed by electronic trading. As I have noted previously, many—if not all—of the risks posed by electronic trading are already being effectively addressed through the market’s incentive structure, including exchanges’ and firms’ own self-interest in implementing best practices. Therefore, today’s proposal merely codifies the existing market practice of DCMs to have reasonable controls in place to mitigate electronic trading risks. Significantly, the proposal puts forth a principles-based approach, allowing DCM trading and risk management controls to continue to evolve with the trading technology itself. As we have witnessed over the past decade, risk controls are constantly being updated and improved to respond to market developments. It is my view that these continuous enhancements are made possible because exchanges and firms have the flexibility and incentives to evolve and hold themselves to an ever-higher set of standards, rather than being held to a set of prescriptive regulatory requirements which 10 Tarbert, 11 Di at 11–17. Lampedusa, at 22. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 can quickly become obsolete. By adopting a principles-based approach, the proposal would provide exchanges and market participants with the flexibility they need to innovate and evolve with technological developments. DCMs are well-positioned to determine and implement the rules and risk controls most effective for their markets. Under the proposed rule, DCMs would be required to adopt and implement rules and risk controls that are objectively reasonable. The Commission would monitor DCMs for compliance and take action if it determines that the DCM’s rules and risk controls are objectively unreasonable. The Technology Advisory Committee (TAC), which I am honored to sponsor, has explored the risks posed by electronic trading at length. In each of those discussions, it has become obvious that both DCMs and market participants take the risks of electronic trading seriously and have expended enormous effort and resources to address those risks. For example, at one TAC meeting, we heard how the CME Group has implemented trading and volatility controls that complement, and in some cases exceed, eight recommendations published by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) regarding practices to manage volatility and preserve orderly trading. We also heard from the Futures Industry Association (FIA) about current best practices for electronic trading risk controls. FIA reported that through its surveys of exchanges, clearing firms, and trading firms, it has found widespread adoption of market integrity controls since 2010, including price banding and exchange market halts. FIA also previewed some of the next generation controls and best practices currently being developed by exchanges and firms to further refine and improve electronic trading systems. The Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) also presented on the risk controls ICE currently implements across all of its exchanges, noting how its implementation of controls was fully consistent with FIA’s best practices. These presentations emphasize how critical it is for the Commission to adopt a principles-based approach that enables best practices to evolve over time. I believe the proposal issued today adopts such an approach and provides DCMs with the flexibility to continually improve their risk controls in response to technological and market advancements. I look forward to comment on the proposal. It is also long overdue for the Commission to withdraw the Regulation Automated Trading Proposal and Supplemental Proposal (Regulation AT NPRMs). The Regulation AT NPRMs would have required certain types of market participants, based purely on their trading functionality, strategies or market access methods, to register with the Commission, notwithstanding that they did not act as intermediaries in the markets or hold customer funds. Moreover, the NPRMs proposed extremely prescriptive requirements for the types of risk controls that exchanges, futures commission merchants, and trading firms would be required to implement. Lastly, by withdrawing these NPRMs, the market and PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42779 public can finally consider as dead the prior Commission’s significant, and likely unconstitutional, overreach on accessing firms’ proprietary source code and protected intellectual property without a subpoena. In my view, the Regulation AT NPRMs were poorly crafted and flawed public policy that failed to understand the true risks of the electronic trading environment and the intrinsic incentives that exchanges and market participants have to mitigate and address those risks. I am pleased the Commission is officially rejecting the policy rationales and regulatory requirements proposed in the Regulation AT NPRMs and is instead embracing the principles-based approach of today’s proposal. Appendix 4—Statement of Dissent of Commissioner Rostin Behnam I strongly support thoughtful and meaningful policy that addresses the use of automated systems in our markets.1 As Chris Clearfield of System Logic, a research and consulting firm focusing on issues of risk and complexity remarked, ‘‘In every situation, a trader or a piece of technology might fail, or a shock might trigger a liquidity event. What’s important is that structures are in place to limit—not amplify—the impact on the overall system.’’ 2 Any rule that we put forward should both minimize the potential for market disruptions and other operational problems that may arise from the automation of order origination, transmission or execution, and create structures to absorb and buffer breakdowns when they occur. Unfortunately, today’s proposal regarding Electronic Trading Risk Principles does not meaningfully achieve this, and thus I respectfully dissent. A little over ten years ago, on May 6, 2010, the Flash Crash shook our markets.3 The prices of many U.S.-based equity products, including stock index futures, experienced an extraordinarily rapid decline and recovery. After this event, the staffs of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (‘‘SEC’’) and CFTC issued a report to the Joint CFTC–SEC Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues.4 The report noted that ‘‘[o]ne key lesson is that under stressed market conditions, the automated execution of a large sell order can trigger extreme price movements, especially if the automated execution algorithm does not take prices into account. Moreover, the interaction between automated execution programs and algorithmic trading strategies can quickly 1 The Commission’s Office of the Chief Economist has found that over 96 percent of all on-exchange futures trading occurred on DCMs’ electronic trading platforms. Haynes, Richard & Roberts, John S., ‘‘Automated Trading in Futures Markets— Update #2’’ at 8 (Mar. 26, 2019), available at https:// www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/ATS_2yr_ Update_Final_2018_ada.pdf. 2 Chris Clearfield, Vision Zero for Our Markets, The Risk Desk, Dec. 21, 2016, at 4. 3 See Findings Regarding the Market Events of May 6, 2010, Report of the Staffs of the CFTC and SEF to the Joint Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues (Sept. 30, 2010), available at https://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@otherif/ documents/ifdocs/staff-findings050610.pdf. 4 Id. E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 42780 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules erode liquidity and result in disorderly markets.’’ 5 In 2012, Knight Capital, a securities trading firm, suffered losses of more than $460 million due to a trading software coding error.6 Other volatility events related to automated trading have followed with increasing regularity.7 After the Flash Crash, the CFTC initially worked with the SEC to establish controls to minimize the risk of automated trading disruptions. Knight Capital demonstrated that the Flash Crash was not a one-off event, and in 2013 the Commission published an extensive Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for Automated Trading Environments (‘‘Concept Release’’).8 Following public comments on the Concept Release, the Commission published ‘‘Regulation AT,’’ which proposed a series of risk controls, transparency measures, and other safeguards to address risks arising from automated trading on designated contract markets or ‘‘DCMs.’’ 9 Reg AT proposed pretrade risk controls at three levels in the lifecycle of an order executed on a DCM: (i) Certain trading firms; (ii) futures commission merchants (‘‘FCMs’’); and (iii) DCMs. In 2016, again based on public comments, the Commission issued a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for Reg AT, proposing a revised framework with controls at two levels (instead of three levels initially proposed): (1) The AT Person or the FCM; and (2) the DCM.10 Since 2016, the Commission has not advanced policy designed to prevent or restrain the impact of these market disruptions resulting from automated trading. While the Commission has not acted, these events have continued to occur. In September and October 2019, the Eurodollar futures market experienced a significant increase in messaging.11 According to reports, the volume of data generated by activity in Eurodollar futures increased tenfold.12 The DCM responded by changing its rules to increase penalties for exceeding certain messaging thresholds and cutting off connections for repeat violators.13 The DCM 5 Id. at 6. SEC Press Release No. 2013–222, ‘‘SEC Charges Knight Capital With Violations of Market Access Rule’’ (Oct. 16, 2013), available at https:// www.sec.gov/News/PressRelease/Detail/ PressRelease/1370539879795. 7 For a list of volatility events between 2014 and 2017, see the International Organization of Securities Commissions (‘‘IOSCO’’) March 2018 Consultant Report on Mechanisms Used by Trading Venues to Manage Extreme Volatility and Preserve Orderly Trading (‘‘IOSCO Report’’), at 3, available at https://www.iosco.org/library/pubdocs/pdf/ IOSCOPD607.pdf. 8 Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for Automated Trading Environments, 78 FR 56542 (Sept. 12, 2013). 9 Regulation Automated Trading, Proposed Rule, 80 FR 78824 (Dec. 17, 2015). 10 Supplemental Regulation AT NPRM, 81 FR 85334 (Nov. 25, 2016). 11 See Osipovich, Alexander, ‘‘Futures Exchange Reins in Runaway Trading Algorithms,’’ Wall Street Journal (Oct. 29, 2019), available at https:// www.wsj.com/articles/futures-exchange-reins-inrunaway-trading-algorithms-11572377375. 12 Id. 13 See CME Group Globex Messaging Efficiency Program, available at https://www.cmegroup.com/ khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS 6 See VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 acted appropriately in such a situation and strengthened the rules for its participants; however, Commission policy could well have prevented this event by requiring pre-trade risk controls, including messaging thresholds. Given the importance of the issue, I would like to commend the Chairman for stepping forward with a proposal today. However, as I considered this proposal, I found myself questioning what the proposed Risk Principles do differently than the status quo. The preamble seems to go to great lengths to make it clear that the Commission is not asking DCMs to do anything. The preamble states that the ‘‘Commission believes that DCMs are addressing most, if not all, of the electronic trading risks currently presented to their trading platforms.’’ 14 As the preamble discusses each of the three ‘‘new’’ Risk Principles, it goes on to describe all of the actions taken by DCMs today that meet the principles. The fact that the Commission is not asking DCMs to do anything new is clearest in the cost benefit analysis, which states that ‘‘DCMs’ current risk management practices, particularly those implemented to comply with existing regulations 38.157, 38.251(c), 38.255, and 38.607, already may comply with the requirements of proposed rules 38.251(e) through 38.251(g).’’ 15 If the appropriate structures are in place, and we have dutifully conducted our DCM rule enforcement reviews and have found neither deficiencies nor areas for improvement, then is the exercise before us today anything more than creating a box to check? The only potentially new aspect of this proposal is that the preamble suggests different application in the future, as circumstances change. The Commission seems to want it both ways: we want to reassure DCMs that what they do now is enough, but at the same time the new risk principles potentially provide a blank check for the Commission to apply them differently in the future. Or perhaps, viewed differently, when there is a technology failure—and there will be—will the Commission stand by its principles or will it fashion an enforcement action around a black swan event so that everyone walks away bruised, but not harmed? For market participants, this may be extremely confusing. What precisely are DCMs being asked to do, and what will they be asked to do in the future? Frankly, I am not sure. But it could be more than they bargained for. The first Risk Principle requires DCMs to ‘‘[a]dopt and implement rules . . . to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading.’’ None of the key terms in this principle are defined in the regulation or the preamble. DCMs are left some clues, but they are not told precisely what a market disruption or system anomaly is. Perhaps most importantly, they are not told what it means for something to be ‘‘reasonably designed’’ to prevent these things. This lack of clarity continues through globex/trade-on-cme-globex/messaging-efficiencyprogram.html. 14 Proposal at I.A. 15 Proposal at IV.C.3. PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 the other two new Risk Principles. And while the Commission provides some clues by stating that current practice ‘‘may’’ meet the new principles, it then goes on to say that future circumstances may require future action by DCMs in order to comply with the principles. As a recent article by our Chairman in the Harvard Business Law Review points out, the CFTC has a long tradition of principles-based regulation.16 The concept runs through our core principles, which form the framework for much of what we do and how we regulate. It certainly is tempting to promulgate broad rules that provide the CFTC with flexibility to react to changes in the marketplace. The problem is that this flexibility comes at a number of costs—it potentially denies market participants the certainty they need to make business decisions, and, if the principles are too flexible, it denies market participants the notice and opportunity to comment that is required by the Administrative Procedures Act. These costs become too high where, as today, we promulgate rules that are too broad in their terms and too vague in application. There is a reason why the core principles for swap execution facilities (‘‘SEFs, DCMs, and derivatives clearing organizations (‘‘DCOs’’) in our rule set are extensive, and why the regulations include appendices explaining Commission interpretation and acceptable practices. Without sufficient clarity, principles actually can become a vehicle for government overreach—a blank check for broad government action—and that includes enforcement action. There is a saying in basketball that a good zone defense looks a lot like a man-to-man defense, and a good man-to-man defense looks a lot like a zone defense. I think the same can be said of principles-based regulation and rules-based regulation. Good principles-based regulation should look a lot like rules-based regulation—it should have enough clarity to provide market participants with certainty and the opportunity to provide comment regarding what regulation will look like. It is worth noting that the Commission described the unanimously approved Reg AT proposal as principles-based.17 Multiple commenters to that proposal noted that it was too principles-based.18 I suspect that each of us on the Commission believes that the CFTC has a tradition of principles-based regulation, and that that tradition should continue. However, I think there is disagreement as to precisely what that means.19 16 Press Release Number 8183–20, CFTC, ICYMI: Harvard Business Law Review Publishes Chairman Tarbert’s Framework for Sound Regulation (June 15, 2020), https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/Press Releases/8183-20. 17 Reg AT at 78838. 18 See Comments of Americans For Financial Reform and Better Markets, Inc., available at https:// comments.cftc.gov/PublicComments/Comment List.aspx?id=1762. 19 As I have stated before, ‘‘A principles-based approach provides greater flexibility, but more importantly focuses on thoughtful consideration, evaluation, and adoption of policies, procedures, and practices as opposed to checking the box on a E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS Finally, I want to make a few comments on the vote regarding the withdrawal of Reg AT. On one hand, the Risk Principles proposal today expressly is not about automated or algorithmic trading. This applies to electronic trading generally. Yet there seems to be a perception that this is a replacement for Reg AT, and that is already reflected in media accounts of our action today.20 And if there is any question, the Commission is separately voting on withdrawal of Reg AT (and mentions Reg AT repeatedly in the document) at the same time it is issuing this NPRM. A separate vote specifically to withdraw a prior Commission proposal is highly unusual—particularly in a situation where, as here, the original proposal was unanimously issued. I believe that this action establishes a dangerous precedent for a Commission that has historically prided itself on its collegiality and efforts to work in a bipartisan fashion. I have followed in a tradition of some of my predecessors on the Commission, at times voting for proposals that I would not have supported as final rules, for the purpose of advancing the conversation.21 I worry that the withdrawal of Reg AT could lead to future withdrawals of Commission proposals, and a loss of this historical collegiality. We should be standing on the shoulders of those who came before us, not tearing down what came before us. Market participants expressed valid concerns to the original Reg AT, as they do with many of our proposals. But, market displeasure with just one or even a few of those original policy concepts is not a reason to throw away the rest of the proposal. Let’s revisit, review, and refresh sound policy to better reflect modern market structure and a healthy relationship between market participant and market regulator. I firmly believe we collectively strive for the same goal: Safe, transparent, orderly, and fair markets. Unfortunately, today’s proposal does not advance the conversation, and as such I cannot support it. The preamble to today’s NPRM expressly says ‘‘The Risk Principles proposed here are intended to accomplish a similar goal . . .’’ to the original Reg AT.22 The Reg AT proposal rule text took up more than 6 pages predetermined, one-size-fits-all outcome. However, the best principles-based rules in the world will not succeed absent: (1) Clear guidance from regulators; (2) adequate means to measure and ensure compliance; and (3) willingness to enforce compliance and punish those who fail to ensure compliance with the rules.’’ See Rostin Behnam, Commissioner, CFTC, Remarks of Commissioner Rostin Behnam before the FIA/SIFMA Asset Management Group, Asset Management Derivatives Forum 2018, Dana Point, California (Feb. 8, 2018), https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/Speeches Testimony/opabehnam2. 20 See Bain, Ben, ‘‘Flash Boys New Rules Won’t Make Them Hand Over Trading Secrets,’’ Bloomberg (Jun. 18, 2020), https:// www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-18/ flash-boys-new-rules-won-t-make-them-hand-overtrading-secrets. 21 See Concurring Statement of Commissioner Rostin Behnam Regarding Swap Execution Facilities and Trade Execution Requirement, (Nov. 5, 2018). https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/Speeches Testimony/behnamstatement110518a. 22 Proposal at I.B. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 in the Federal Register, and made revisions and additions to Parts 1, 39, 40, and 170, providing a comprehensive—and principlesbased—framework for addressing a very real issue that all market participants should be concerned about. Today’s proposed principles are all of three sentences long. This is not a miracle of brevity. It just shows that the proposal today does not really do anything—while paradoxically writing the Commission a blank check to change its mind about what the principles mean in the future and who will stand by them when the next black swan lands. Appendix 5—Statement of Commissioner Dan M. Berkovitz I support issuing for public comment the proposed rule on Electronic Trading Risk Principles (‘‘Proposed Rule’’). The Proposed Rule is a limited step to address potential market disruptions arising from system errors or malfunctions in electronic trading. Although it leaves important issues unaddressed, the Proposed Rule recognizes the need to update the Commission’s regulations to keep pace with the speed, interconnection, and automation of modern markets. I support the Commission’s longoverdue re-engagement in this area. While I support issuing the Proposed Rule for public comment, I do not support withdrawing the proposed rule known as Regulation Automated Trading (‘‘Reg AT’’).1 The notice of withdrawal reflects a belief that there is nothing of value in Reg AT. That is simply not true. Reg AT was a comprehensive approach for addressing automated trading in Commission regulated markets. Certain elements of Reg AT attracted intense opposition and may have been a bridge too far. However, I applaud that proposal’s efforts to identify the sources of risk and implement meaningful risk controls. I believe the comments received on Reg AT are worth evaluating going forward. The Proposed Rule would codify in part 38 of the Commission’s regulations three ‘‘Risk Principles’’ applicable to electronic trading on designated contract markets (‘‘DCMs’’). Risk Principle 1, for example, would require DCMs to implement rules applicable to market participants to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies. Risk Principle 2 would also require DCMs to implement their own pretrade risk controls. While worthwhile as statements of principle, these proposed requirements are drafted in terms that may ultimately prove too high-level to achieve the goal of effectively preventing, detecting, and mitigating market disruptions and system anomalies. This concern is discussed in greater detail below, and I look forward to public comment on the issue. The Proposed Rule includes Acceptable Practices in Appendix B to part 38, which provide that a DCM can comply with the Risk Principles through rules and risk controls that are ‘‘reasonably designed’’ to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and 1 Regulation Automated Trading, 80 FR 78824 (Dec. 17, 2015); 81 FR 85334 (Nov. 25, 2016) (supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for Regulation Automated Trading). PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 42781 system anomalies. The Proposed Rule specifies that reasonableness is an objective measure, and that a DCM rule or risk control that is not ‘‘reasonably designed’’ would not satisfy the Acceptable Practices or the Risk Principles. As the Proposed Rule indicates, the Commission will monitor DCMs’ compliance with the Risk Principles. In this regard, the Commission has multiple oversight activities at its disposal, including market surveillance activities, reviews of new rule certifications and approval requests, and rule enforcement reviews. The Proposed Rule is also clear on the fundamental division of authority under the Commodity Exchange Act (‘‘CEA’’) between DCMs and the Commission. Amendments to the CEA made through the Commodity Futures Modernization Act (‘‘CFMA’’) in the year 2000 introduced the core principle regime and provided DCMs with flexibility in establishing how they comply with a core principle.2 Ten years later, however, learning from the 2008 financial crisis and the excesses of deregulation, the Dodd-Frank Act overhauled the CEA, including in its treatment of the core principle regime.3 Specifically, section 735 of the Dodd-Frank Act made clear that a DCM’s discretion with respect to core principle compliance was circumscribed by any rule or regulation that the Commission might adopt pursuant to a core principle.4 I am able to support today’s Proposed Rule for publication in the Federal Register because of improvements that clarify the respective authorities between a DCM and the Commission. Under the CEA, the Commission is the ultimate arbiter of whether a DCM’s rules and risk controls are reasonably designed, under an objective standard. I thank the Chairman for his efforts at building consensus in this regard. The Proposed Rule overlaps with existing requirements in part 38 of the Commission regulations, including regulation 38.255, which requires DCMs to ‘‘establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and market disruptions . . . .’’ 5 While the Proposed Rule and Risk Principle 2 are more explicit with respect to electronic trading, they may add little to existing requirements and practices regarding the risk controls that DCMs build into their own systems. Indeed, the Proposed Rule provides numerous examples of specific risk controls at major DCMs that likely already meet this requirement, and of disciplinary actions taken by DCMs against market participants related to electronic trading. Although the Commission articulates a need for updating its risk control requirements, the fact that the Risk Principles as proposed are likely to have no practical effect undermines the usefulness of this exercise. The Proposed Rule possibly may be of greater benefit in with respect to Risk Principle 1 and its requirement that DCMs 2 Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, Public Law 106–554, 114 Stat. 2763A–365 (2000). 3 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Public Law 111–203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010). 4 Commodity Exchange Act section 5(d)(1)(B), 7 U.S.C. 7(d)(1)(B) (2010). 5 17 CFR 38.255 (2012). E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1 khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with PROPOSALS 42782 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules implement risk control rules applicable to their market participants. Market participants, who originate orders via systems ranging from comparatively simple automated order routers to nearly autonomous algorithmic trading systems, are crucial focal points for any adequate system of risk controls. An effective system of risk controls must therefore include controls at multiple stages in the life cycle of an automated order submitted to an electronic trade matching engine. Although Risk Principle 1 could benefit from greater rigor, it is nonetheless a critical recognition that market participants have an important role in any effective risk control framework. I look forward to public comments on additional measures that the Commission should consider for effective risk controls across the ecosystem of electronic and algorithmic trading. My support for any final rule that may arise from this proposal is conditioned upon a thorough articulation of the technology-driven risks present in today’s markets, and a concomitant regulatory response that will meaningfully address such risks. In a market environment where the vast majority of trading is now electronic and automated, inaction is a luxury that we can ill-afford. Although the Proposed Rule may be characterized as a ‘‘principles-based’’ approach, in fact the Risk Principles are not a new approach to the regulation of risks from electronic trading. The current regulation establishing requirements on DCMs to impose risk controls—Regulation 38.255—is principles-based. Regulation 38.255 states: ‘‘The designated contract market must establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and market disruptions, including, but not limited to, market restrictions that pause or halt trading in market conditions prescribed by the designated contract market.’’ One might ask, therefore, why do we need another principles-based regulation when we already have a principles-based regulation? The preamble to the Proposed Rule notes the ‘‘overlap’’ between Regulation 38.255 and the proposed Risk Principles, and states ‘‘it is beneficial to provide further clarity to DCMs about their obligations to address certain situations associated with electronic trading.’’ In other words, the principles-based regulations previously adopted by the Commission are not prescriptive enough to address the risks currently posed by electronic trading. I fully agree. Although I am voting today to put out this proposal for public comment, I am not yet convinced— and I look forward to public comment on whether—the principles-based regulations proposed today are in fact sufficiently detailed or comprehensive to effectively address those risks. I thank the staff of the Division of Market Oversight for their work on the Proposed Rule and for their patience as the Commission worked through multiple iterations of this proposal. I also thank the Chairman for his engagement and effort to build consensus. I believe that the Proposed Rule is a much better regulatory outcome VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:30 Jul 14, 2020 Jkt 250001 because of the extensive dialogue and giveand-take that led to the rule before us today. [FR Doc. 2020–14381 Filed 7–14–20; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6351–01–P DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Internal Revenue Service 26 CFR Part 54 [REG–130081–19] RIN 1545–BP67 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Employee Benefits Security Administration 29 CFR Part 2590 RIN 1210–AB89 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 45 CFR Part 147 [CMS–9923–P] RIN 0938–AT49 Grandfathered Group Health Plans and Grandfathered Group Health Insurance Coverage Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury; Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services. ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking. AGENCY: This document is a notice of proposed rulemaking regarding grandfathered group health plans and grandfathered group health insurance coverage that would, if finalized, amend current rules to provide greater flexibility for certain grandfathered health plans to make changes to certain types of cost-sharing requirements without causing a loss of grandfather status. SUMMARY: To be assured consideration, comments must be received at one of the addresses provided below, no later than 5 p.m. on August 14, 2020. ADDRESSES: Written comments may be submitted to the addresses specified below. Any comment that is submitted will be shared among the Departments. Please do not submit duplicates. All comments will be made available to the public. Warning: Do not include any personally identifiable information (such as name, address, or other contact DATES: PO 00000 Frm 00037 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 information) or confidential business information that you do not want publicly disclosed. All comments are posted on the internet exactly as received and can be retrieved by most internet search engines. No deletions, modifications, or redactions will be made to the comments received, as they are public records. Comments may be submitted anonymously. In commenting, refer to file code RIN 1210–AB89. Because of staff and resource limitations, we cannot accept comments by facsimile (FAX) transmission. Comments, including mass comment submissions, must be submitted in one of the following three ways (please choose only one of the ways listed): 1. Electronically. You may submit electronic comments on this regulation to https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the ‘‘Submit a comment’’ instructions. 2. By regular mail. You may mail written comments to the following address ONLY: Office of Health Plan Standards and Compliance Assistance, Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Attention: RIN 1210–AB89, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Room N– 5653, Washington, DC 20210. Please allow sufficient time for mailed comments to be received before the close of the comment period. 3. By express or overnight mail. You may send written comments to the following address ONLY: Office of Health Plan Standards and Compliance Assistance, Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Attention: RIN 1210–AB89, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Room N– 5653, Washington, DC 20210. For information on viewing public comments, see the beginning of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: William Fischer, Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, at (202) 317–5500. David Sydlik or Frank Kolb, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor, at (202) 693–8335. Cam Clemmons, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services, at (301) 492–4400. Customer Service Information: Individuals interested in obtaining information from the Department of Labor (DOL) concerning employmentbased health coverage laws may call the EBSA Toll-Free Hotline at 1–866–444– EBSA (3272) or visit the DOL’s website (www.dol.gov/ebsa). In addition, information from the Department of E:\FR\FM\15JYP1.SGM 15JYP1

Agencies

Commodity Futures Trading Commission

[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 136 (Wednesday, July 15, 2020)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 42761-42782]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-14381]


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COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION

17 CFR Part 38

RIN 3038-AF04


Electronic Trading Risk Principles

AGENCY: Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (``CFTC'' or 
``Commission'') is proposing amendments to its regulations to address 
the potential risk of a designated contract market's (``DCM'') trading 
platform experiencing a disruption or system anomaly due to electronic 
trading. The proposed regulations consist of three principles 
applicable to DCMs concerning: The implementation of exchange rules 
applicable to market participants to prevent, detect, and mitigate 
market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic 
trading; the implementation of exchange-based pre-trade risk controls 
for all electronic orders; and the prompt notification of the 
Commission by DCMs of any significant disruptions to their electronic 
trading platforms. The proposed regulations are accompanied by proposed 
acceptable practices (``Acceptable Practices''), which provide that a 
DCM can comply with these principles by adopting and implementing rules 
and risk controls that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and 
mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies associated with 
electronic trading.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before August 24, 2020.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by RIN 3038-AF04, by any 
of the following methods:
     CFTC Comments Portal: https://comments.cftc.gov. Select 
the ``Submit Comments'' link for this rulemaking and follow the 
instructions on the Public Comment Form.
     Mail: Send to Christopher Kirkpatrick, Secretary of the 
Commission, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three Lafayette 
Centre, 1155 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20581.
     Hand Delivery/Courier: Follow the same instructions as for 
Mail, above.
    Please submit your comments using only one of these methods. 
Submissions through the CFTC Comments Portal are encouraged.
    All comments must be submitted in English or, if not, accompanied 
by an English translation. Comments will be posted as received to 
https://comments.cftc.gov. You should submit only information that you 
wish to make available publicly. If you wish the Commission to consider 
information that you believe is exempt from disclosure under the 
Freedom of Information Act (``FOIA''), a petition for confidential 
treatment of the exempt information may be submitted according to the 
procedures established in 17 CFR 145.9.
    The Commission reserves the right, but shall have no obligation, to 
review, pre-screen, filter, redact, refuse, or remove any or all of 
your submission from https://comments.cftc.gov that it may deem to be 
inappropriate for publication, such as obscene language. All 
submissions that have been redacted or removed that contain comments on 
the merits of the rulemaking will be retained in the public comment 
file and will be considered as required under the Administrative 
Procedure Act and other applicable laws, and may be accessible under 
FOIA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Marilee Dahlman, Special Counsel, 
[email protected] or 202-418-5264; Joseph Otchin, Special Counsel, 
[email protected] or 202-418-5623, Division of Market Oversight; Esen 
Onur,[email protected] or 202-418-6146, Office of the Chief Economist; in 
each case at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three Lafayette 
Centre, 1155 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20581.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
    A. Purpose of Electronic Trading Risk Principles
    B. Basic Structure of Electronic Trading Risk Principles
II. Regulatory Approaches To Addressing Market Disruptions and 
System Anomalies Associated With Electronic Trading Activities
    A. Examples of DCM Responses to Disruptions and Anomalies 
Associated With Electronic Trading Activities
    B. NFA Efforts To Prevent Market Disruptions and System 
Anomalies
    C. CFTC Regulations Governing DCM Operations and Risk Controls
    D. Prior Commission Proposals and Requests for Comments on 
Electronic Trading
    E. Market Participants' Discussions of Best Practices
III. Risk Principles
    A. Electronic Trading, Electronic Orders, Market Disruption, and 
System Anomalies
    B. Proposed Regulation 38.251(e)--Risk Principle 1
    C. Proposed Regulation 38.251(f)--Risk Principle 2
    D. Proposed Regulation 38.251(g)--Risk Principle 3
IV. Related Matters
    A. Regulatory Flexibility Act
    B. Paperwork Reduction Act
     1. OMB Collection 3038-0093--Provisions Common to Registered 
Entities
     2. OMB Collection 3038-0052--Core Principles and Other 
Requirements for DCMs
    C. Cost-Benefit Considerations
     1. Introduction
     2. Summary of Proposal
     3. Costs
     4. Benefits
     5. 15(a) Factors
    D. Antitrust Considerations

[[Page 42762]]

I. Introduction

A. Purpose of Electronic Trading Risk Principles

    The Commission is proposing a set of principles for DCMs to address 
the prevention, detection, and mitigation of market disruptions and 
system anomalies associated with the entry of electronic orders and 
messages into DCMs' electronic trading platforms (``Risk Principles''). 
Such disruptions or anomalies may negatively impact the proper 
functioning of the trading platforms and/or the ability of other market 
participants to trade and manage their own risk. These disruptions and 
anomalies can arise from, among other things, excessive messaging 
caused by malfunctioning systems, ``fat finger'' orders or erroneous 
messages manually entered that result in unintentionally large or off-
price orders, and loss of connection between an order management system 
and the trading platform.
    The Commission, DCMs, and market participants have an interest in 
the effective prevention, detection, and mitigation of market 
disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading 
activities. The Commission believes that DCMs are addressing most, if 
not all, of the electronic trading risks currently presented to their 
trading platforms. DCMs have developed pre-trade risk controls, 
including messaging throttles, order size maximums, and ``heartbeat'' 
messages confirming connectivity, to address an array of risks posed by 
electronic trading. DCMs also conduct due diligence and testing 
requirements before participants can utilize certain connectivity 
methods that could present risks for market disruptions and system 
anomalies. DCMs have developed many of these risk mitigation measures 
in response to real-world events, including actual or potential 
disruptions to their markets, as well as in response to existing rules, 
such as those promulgated pursuant to DCM Core Principle 4 and codified 
in part 38 of the Commission's regulations.
    As discussed more fully below in Sections I.B and II.C, in some 
areas, these proposed Risk Principles are covered by existing 
Commission regulations, including regulations related to the prevention 
of market disruptions and financial risk controls. The Commission 
believes that because DCMs have developed robust and effective 
processes for identifying and managing risks, both because of their 
incentives to maintain markets with integrity as well as for purposes 
of compliance with existing Commission regulations, the Risk Principles 
may not necessitate the adoption of additional measures by DCMs. The 
Commission further believes that the proposed Risk Principles will help 
ensure that DCMs continue to monitor these risks as they evolve along 
with the markets, and make reasonable modifications as appropriate. The 
Commission emphasizes that the proposed Risk Principles reflect a 
flexible framework under which DCMs can adapt to evolving technology 
and markets.

B. Basic Structure of Electronic Trading Risk Principles

    The Commission proposes the Risk Principles to set forth its 
expectation that DCMs will adopt rules and implement adequate risk 
controls designed to address the potential threat of market disruptions 
and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. In recent 
years, electronic trading has become increasingly prevalent on DCM 
markets. The Commission's Office of the Chief Economist (``OCE'') has 
found that over 96 percent of all on-exchange futures trading occurred 
on DCMs' electronic trading platforms.\1\ Of the trading on electronic 
trading platforms, the CFTC's Market Intelligence Branch (``MIB'') in 
the Division of Market Oversight (``DMO'') found a consistent increase 
in the percentage of trading that was identified as ``automated'' 
relative to ``manual.'' \2\
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    \1\ Haynes, Richard & Roberts, John S., ``Automated Trading in 
Futures Markets--Update #2'' at 8 (Mar. 26, 2019), available at 
https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/ATS_2yr_Update_Final_2018_ada.pdf.
    \2\ Staff of the MIB, ``Impact of Automated Orders in Futures 
Markets'' (Mar. 2019), available at https://www.cftc.gov/MarketReports/StaffReports/index.htm. MIB also reported that there 
was no correlation between the increase in automated trading 
activity in these markets and any increase in volatility. 
Regardless, the issues addressed by the Risk Principles go beyond 
the discernable price movements of markets and into the underlying 
functionality.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At the same time, DCM electronic trading platforms have been faced 
with actual and potential disruptions unintentionally caused by market 
participants electronically accessing those systems. Such instances 
highlight the risks that DCMs face from the interaction of their own 
systems with those of market participants. As discussed below, DCMs 
have implemented a variety of controls and procedures to mitigate the 
market disruptions and system anomalies associated with market 
participants' electronic trading.
    The Risk Principles supplement existing Commission regulations 
governing DCMs by directly addressing certain requirements in DCM Core 
Principle 4 and its implementing regulations, namely Commission 
regulations 38.251 and 38.255.\3\ First, the Risk Principles provide 
for prospective action by DCMs to take steps to prevent market 
disruptions and systems anomalies, building on the Commission 
regulation 38.251 requirements to conduct real-time monitoring and 
resolve conditions that are disruptive to the market. Second, the Risk 
Principles explicitly focus on disruptions or system anomalies 
associated with electronic trading. Existing Commission regulations 
focus on market disruptions more generally, including for example those 
caused by sudden price movements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ See generally 17 CFR 38.251, 38.255.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Risk Principles overlap to some extent with Commission 
regulation 38.255, which requires that DCMs establish and maintain risk 
control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price 
distortions and market disruptions, including, but not limited to, 
market restrictions that pause or halt trading in market conditions 
prescribed by the DCM. Although Commission regulation 38.255 and the 
risk controls described in Appendix B's additional guidance on Core 
Principle 4 discuss in part market disruptions associated with sudden 
price movements, the Commission believes that the risk controls 
required by that regulation could also extend more broadly to risks 
associated with electronic trading. Nevertheless, in light of the 
evolution of electronic trading, the Commission believes it is 
beneficial to provide further clarity to DCMs about their obligations 
to address certain situations associated with electronic trading. To 
that end, these Risk Principles address market disruptions and system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading.
    As discussed in Section III below, such market disruptions or 
system anomalies can be the result of excessive messaging or the loss 
of connection between an order management system and the trading 
platform. Such events could impact the systems accepting messages or 
matching trades at the DCM. These events could have significant and 
negative impacts on market participants and the integrity of the market 
as a whole. The Commission believes that specifically identifying the 
need to address market disruptions or system anomalies will improve 
market resiliency and price discovery.
    The Commission believes that a DCM's continued implementation of 
risk controls is important to ensure the

[[Page 42763]]

integrity of Commission-regulated markets and to foster market 
participants' confidence in the transactions executed on DCM platforms. 
This proposal is based largely on existing DCM and industry practices, 
including industry guidance and best practices followed by regulated 
entities and market participants. It also draws from comments provided 
to the Commission in response to proposed Regulation Automated Trading 
(``Regulation AT''), which includes proposed rulemakings issued in 2015 
\4\ and 2016 \5\ described more fully below. The Risk Principles 
attempt to balance the need for flexibility in a rapidly-changing 
technological landscape with the need for an unambiguous regulatory 
requirement that DCMs establish rules governing electronic orders, as 
well as on market participants themselves, to prevent and mitigate 
market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic 
trading activities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Regulation Automated Trading, 80 FR 78824 (Dec. 17, 2015).
    \5\ Regulation Automated Trading, 81 FR 85334 (Nov. 25, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission emphasizes that the Risk Principles would not create 
any form of strict liability for the exchanges in the event that such 
disruptions or anomalies occur notwithstanding such rules or controls. 
Nor would the Risk Principles require any specifically defined set of 
rules or risk controls. As provided in the proposed Acceptable 
Practices for implementing the Risk Principles, DCMs shall have 
satisfied their requirements under the Risk Principles if they have 
established and implemented rules and pre-trade risk controls that are 
reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions 
or system anomalies associated with electronic trading. The Commission 
interprets ``reasonably designed'' to mean that a DCM's rules and risk 
controls are objectively reasonable. DCM rules and pre-trade risk 
controls that are not ``reasonably designed'' would not satisfy the 
Acceptable Practices and therefore may be subject to Commission action. 
The Commission will monitor DCMs to ensure compliance with the Risk 
Principles.
    As explained below, by separate action, the Commission is voting on 
whether to withdraw the proposed rule know as Regulation AT. Regulation 
AT includes, among other provisions, requirements for DCMs to implement 
pre-trade risk controls. The Risk Principles proposed here are intended 
to accomplish a similar goal as that aspect of Regulation AT, albeit 
through a more principles-based approach. The Risk Principles in this 
NPRM apply only to DCMs.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ The Commission will continue to monitor whether Risk 
Principles of this nature may be appropriate for other markets such 
as swap execution facilities or foreign boards of trade.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Regulatory Approaches To Addressing Market Disruptions and System 
Anomalies Associated With Electronic Trading Activities

A. Examples of DCM Responses to Disruptions and Anomalies Associated 
With Electronic Trading Activities

    As explained more fully in Section III below, the Commission's 
proposal seeks, in part, to explicitly recognize existing DCM processes 
that have evolved to minimize the frequency or severity of market 
disruptions or system anomalies caused by malfunctioning automated 
trading systems. Many DCMs have implemented exchange rules and controls 
to prevent, detect, and mitigate these disruptions and anomalies.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ These measures are discussed more fully in Section III.B and 
III.C. They include, for example, DCM order cancellation systems, 
system testing requirements on participants, and messaging controls.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DCMs have actively policed electronic trading activities that may 
be detrimental to the DCM. For example, they have addressed excessive 
messaging into their trading platforms through monitoring of compliance 
with DCM-established messaging thresholds and increased penalties for 
violations of those thresholds.
    In 2011, CME Group, Inc. (``CME Group'') \8\ fined a high-frequency 
firm for computer malfunctions, including one that prompted selling of 
e-mini Nasdaq 100 Index futures on CME, and another that caused a 
sudden increase in oil prices on NYMEX.\9\ In 2014, CME Group fined 
several proprietary trading firms for violations related to problems 
with automated trading systems. In one instance, a firm sent more than 
27,000 messages in less than two seconds, resulting in the exchange 
initiating a port closure \10\ and a failure of a Globex gateway.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ CME Group collectively refers to the Chicago Mercantile 
Exchange (``CME''), the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, Inc. 
(``CBOT''), the New York Mercantile Exchange, Inc. (``NYMEX''), and 
the Commodity Exchange, Inc.
    \9\ Spicer, Jonathan, ``High-frequency firm fined for trading 
malfunctions,'' Reuters (Nov. 25, 2011), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cme-infinium-fine/high-frequency-firm-fined-for-trading-malfunctions-idUSTRE7AO1Q820111125.
    \10\ CME Group may close the port for a trading session if it 
detects trading behavior that is potentially detrimental to its 
markets. Information relating to its port closure policy is 
available at https://www.cmegroup.com/globex/develop-to-cme-globex/portclosure-faq.html.
    \11\ Polansek, Tom, ``CME Group fines three firms for automated 
trading violations,'' Reuters (Dec. 19, 2014), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/cme-violations-automated/cme-group-fines-three-firms-for-automated-trading-violations-idUSL1N0U31HF20141219.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    More recently, in September and October 2019, CME Group experienced 
a significant increase in messaging in the Eurodollar futures 
market.\12\ According to reports, the volume of data generated by 
activity in Eurodollar futures increased tenfold.\13\ CME Group 
responded, in part, by changing its rules to increase penalties for 
exceeding certain messaging thresholds and cutting off connections for 
repeat violators.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See Osipovich, Alexander, ``Futures Exchange Reins in 
Runaway Trading Algorithms,'' Wall Street Journal (Oct. 29, 2019), 
available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/futures-exchange-reins-in-runaway-trading-algorithms-11572377375.
    \13\ Id.
    \14\ See CME Group Globex Messaging Efficiency Program, 
available at https://www.cmegroup.com/globex/trade-on-cme-globex/messaging-efficiency-program.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, in March 2020, NYMEX fined a member for incidents in which 
the member, for one minute, sent a large volume of non-actionable 
messages resulting in latencies of over one second to other market 
participants.\15\ Later, the same member sent another large volume of 
non-actionable messages, causing latencies of over one second to a 
larger group of market participants.\16\ The first disruption was 
caused by a malfunction in the member's software responsible for 
disconnecting after a certain volume of order cancellations.\17\ The 
second disruption was triggered when the system was taken out of 
production.\18\ Accordingly, NYMEX found that the member had violated 
exchange rules prohibiting acts detrimental to the exchange and 
requiring diligent supervision of employees and agents.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ See Notice of Disciplinary Action, NYMEX Case No. 18-0989-
BC (Mar. 16, 2020), available at https://www.cmegroup.com/tools-information/advisorySearch.html#cat=advisorynotices%3AAdvisory+Notices%2FMarket+Regulation+Advisories&pageNumber=1&subcat=advisorynotices%3AAdvisory+Notices%2FMarket+Regulation+Advisories%2FBusiness-Conduct-Committee&searchLocations=%2Fcontent%2Fcmegroup%2F.
    \16\ See id.
    \17\ See id.
    \18\ See id.
    \19\ See id.

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[[Page 42764]]

B. NFA Efforts To Prevent Market Disruptions and System Anomalies

    In June 2002, the National Futures Association (``NFA'') issued 
Interpretive Notice 9046 (``Interpretative Notice''), subsequently 
revised in December 2006, relating to the supervision of automated 
order routing systems (``AORSs'').\20\ The Interpretative Notice 
applies to all NFA members that employ AORSs, and provides binding 
guidance to, among other things, implement firewalls, conduct testing, 
and perform capacity reviews, as well as consider implementation of 
pre-trade controls. In light of the changes to electronic trading since 
2006, the Commission encourages NFA to evaluate whether additional 
supervisory guidance should be provided to its members.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ NFA, Interpretive Notice 9046, ``Supervision of the Use of 
Automated Order-Routing Systems'' (Dec. 12, 2006), available at 
https://www.nfa.futures.org/rulebook/rules.aspx?RuleID=9046&Section=9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. CFTC Regulations Governing DCM Operations and Risk Controls

    Several existing CFTC regulations in part 38 generally govern the 
DCM's role in monitoring for, and mitigating the effects of, market 
disruptions and system anomalies.
    For example, under DCM Core Principle 2, Commission regulation 
38.157 requires a DCM to conduct real-time market monitoring of all 
trading activity on its electronic trading platform(s) to identify 
disorderly trading and any market or system anomalies.\21\ Regulations 
under Core Principle 4 provide additional requirements for DCMs. 
Specifically, Commission regulation 38.251(c) requires each DCM to 
demonstrate an effective program for conducting real-time monitoring of 
market conditions, price movements, and volumes, in order to detect 
abnormalities and, when necessary, to make a good-faith effort to 
resolve conditions that are, or threaten to be, disruptive to the 
market. However, these requirements address real-time monitoring and 
after-the-fact accountability, as opposed to the anticipatory nature of 
the Risk Principles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ 17 CFR 38.157.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, Commission regulation 38.255 requires DCMs to 
establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce 
the potential risk of price distortions and market disruptions, 
including, but not limited to, market restrictions that pause or halt 
trading in market conditions prescribed by the DCM.\22\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ 17 CFR 38.255. The Commission has provided Guidance and 
Acceptable Practices on these regulatory provisions.
    The Core Principle 4 Guidance provides that the detection and 
prevention of market manipulation, disruptions, and distortions 
should be incorporated into the design of programs for monitoring 
trading activity. Monitoring of intraday trading should include the 
capacity to detect developing market anomalies, including abnormal 
price movements and unusual trading volumes, and position-limit 
violations. The DCM should have rules in place that allow it broad 
powers to intervene to prevent or reduce market disruptions. Once a 
threatened or actual disruption is detected, the DCM should take 
steps to prevent the disruption or reduce its severity. See Appendix 
B to part 38--Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, Compliance 
with Core Principles, Core Principle 4, paragraph (a).
    The Core Principle 4 Acceptable Practices also provide that an 
acceptable program for preventing market disruptions must 
demonstrate appropriate trade risk controls, in addition to pauses 
and halts. Such controls must be adapted to the unique 
characteristics of the markets to which they apply and must be 
designed to avoid market disruptions without unduly interfering with 
that market's price discovery function. The DCM may choose from 
among controls that include: Pre-trade limits on order size, price 
collars or bands around the current price, message throttles, and 
daily price limits, or design other types of controls. Within the 
specific array of controls selected, the DCM also must set the 
parameters for those controls, as long as the types of controls and 
their specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose 
of preventing market disruptions and distortions. If a contract is 
linked to, or is a substitute for, other contracts, either listed on 
its market or on other trading venues, the DCM must, to the extent 
practicable, coordinate its risk controls with any similar controls 
placed on those other contracts. If a contract is based on the price 
of an equity security or the level of an equity index, such risk 
controls must, to the extent practicable, be coordinated with any 
similar controls placed on national security exchanges. Id. at 
paragraph (b)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission also has adopted risk control requirements for 
exchanges that provide direct electronic access to market participants. 
Commission regulation 38.607 requires DCMs that permit direct 
electronic access to have effective systems and controls reasonably 
designed to facilitate a futures commission merchant's (``FCM's'') 
management of financial risk.\23\ In addition, existing part 38 
regulations on DCM system safeguards promulgated under DCM Core 
Principle 20 (in particular, Commission regulations 38.1050 and 
38.1051) focus on whether DCMs' internal systems are operating 
correctly.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ 17 CFR 38.607.
    \24\ 17 CFR 38.1050 and 38.1051.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Prior Commission Proposals and Requests for Comments on Electronic 
Trading

    In 2013, the Commission published an extensive Concept Release on 
Risk Controls and System Safeguards for Automated Trading Environments 
(``Concept Release''), which was open for public comment.\25\ On 
December 17, 2015, the Commission published a notice of proposed 
rulemaking (``Regulation AT NPRM'') that proposed a series of risk 
controls, registration and recordkeeping requirements, transparency 
measures, and other safeguards to address risks arising from automated 
trading on DCMs.\26\ On November 25, 2016, the Commission issued a 
supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for Regulation AT 
(``Supplemental Regulation AT NPRM'').\27\ The Supplemental Regulation 
AT NPRM proposed to modify certain proposals in the Regulation AT NPRM, 
including the risk control framework.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for 
Automated Trading Environments, 78 FR 56542 (Sept. 12, 2013).
    \26\ Regulation AT NPRM, supra note 4.
    \27\ Supplemental Regulation AT NPRM, supra note 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Market Participants' Discussions of Best Practices

    At an October 5, 2018 Technology Advisory Committee (``TAC'') \28\ 
meeting, a member of the TAC's Subcommittee on Automated and Modern 
Trading Markets (``Modern Trading Subcommittee''), CME Group, discussed 
the March 2018 International Organization of Securities Commissions 
(``IOSCO'') Consultation Report, ``Mechanisms Used by Trading Venues to 
Manage Extreme Volatility and Preserve Orderly Trading.'' \29\ In that 
report, IOSCO recommended that DCMs: (1) Have appropriate volatility 
control mechanisms; (2) ensure that volatility control mechanisms are 
appropriately calibrated; (3) regularly monitor volatility control 
mechanisms; (4) provide upon request of regulatory authorities 
information regarding the triggering of volatility control mechanisms; 
(5) communicate information to market participants and the public about 
volatility control mechanisms; (6) make available to market 
participants information regarding the triggering of a volatility 
control mechanism; and (7) communicate with other trading venues where 
the same or related instruments

[[Page 42765]]

are traded.\30\ CME Group reported that it was in compliance with the 
IOSCO recommendations regarding volatility control mechanisms through 
the implementation of: (1) In line credit controls; (2) velocity logic 
functionality; (3) price limits and circuit breakers; (4) protection 
points for market and stop orders; and (5) price banding.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ The TAC was created in 1999 to advise the Commission on the 
impact and implications of technological innovations on financial 
services and the futures markets, and the appropriate legislative 
and regulatory response to increasing use of technology in the 
markets. Members include representatives of futures exchanges, self-
regulatory organizations, financial intermediaries, market 
participants, and traders.
    \29\ CME Group, ``Automated and Modern Trading Markets 
Subcommittee'' (Oct. 5, 2018), available at:  https://www.cftc.gov/About/CFTCCommittees/TechnologyAdvisory/tac_meetings.html.
    \30\ Id.
    \31\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On October 3, 2019, the TAC held a public meeting in which it heard 
presentations from the Modern Trading Subcommittee. During this 
meeting, the Futures Industry Association (``FIA'') presented to the 
CFTC's TAC certain best practices for exchange risk controls (``FIA TAC 
Presentation'').\32\ FIA discussed four principles to address market 
disruptions from electronic trading activities: (1) All electronic 
orders should be subject to exchange-based pre-trade and other risk 
controls and policies designed to prevent inadvertent and disruptive 
orders and reduce excessive messaging; (2) exchanges should provide 
tools to control orders that may no longer be under the control of the 
trading system; (3) exchanges should adopt policies to require 
operators of electronic trading systems to ensure that their systems 
are tested before accessing the exchange; and (4) exchanges should be 
able to identify the originator of an electronic order and whether the 
order was generated automatically or manually.\33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ FIA, ``Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls'' (Oct. 3, 
2019), available at https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/Events/opaeventtac100319.
    \33\ See id. at 4. FIA has also published principles-based 
guidance on European governance and control requirements for firms 
working with third-party algorithmic trading providers. See FIA, 
``Guidance for Firms Working with Third-Party Algorithmic Trading 
System Providers on European Governance and Control Requirements'' 
(Dec. 2018), available at https://www.fia.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Guidance%20for%20Firms%20and%20Third%20Party%20Algorithmic%20Trading%20Providers.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FIA also reported that its multiple surveys of exchanges, clearing 
firms and traders over the last ten years demonstrate that there has 
been a substantial increase in the implementation of market integrity 
controls since 2010, including price banding and exchange market 
halts.\34\ They found that there has been a steady upward trend in the 
adoption of basic pre-trade controls, such as order size and net 
position limits, and that controls and tools such as self-match 
prevention, drop copy feeds, and kill switches are widely 
available.\35\ According to FIA, there has been a steady upward trend 
in the voluntary adoption of controls across the various participants 
in the life cycle of the trade (traders, brokers, exchanges, and 
clearing firms) and generally positive feedback to industry initiatives 
and responsiveness to identify and self-solve industry risks.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ FIA, ``Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls'' supra 
note 32, at 7.
    \35\ Id.
    \36\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At that same October 2019 TAC meeting, the Intercontinental 
Exchange (``ICE'') reported on its implementation of a broad array of 
risk controls consistent with FIA's findings.\37\ ICE's risk controls 
include: (1) Price banding on collars that warn and reject orders that 
are outside the band of current market value; (2) circuit breakers when 
there are large price moves in a short period of time; (3) trades 
outside of a certain range reviewed by ICE Operations; (4) message 
throttle limits to prevent malfunctioning software from overwhelming 
the market; and (5) auto cancellation of open orders upon session 
disconnect or loss of heartbeat.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ ICE, ``ICE Futures Exchange Risk Controls'' (Oct. 3, 2019), 
available at: https://www.cftc.gov/About/CFTCCommittees/TechnologyAdvisory/tac_meetings.html.
    \38\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Risk Principles

A. Electronic Trading, Electronic Orders, Market Disruption, and System 
Anomalies

    The proposed Risk Principles focus on market disruptions or system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading activities. While not 
defined in the regulation text, this preamble will broadly discuss the 
goals of the Risk Principles through these terms. The Commission 
intends, by not defining the terms in a static way, that the 
application of these Risk Principles by DCMs and the Commission will be 
able to evolve over time along with market developments. However, a 
general discussion of those terms in the context of today's electronic 
markets will provide the public and, in particular, DCMs, guidance for 
applying these Risk Principles.
    Electronic trading encompasses a wide scope of trading, and should 
be understood, for purposes of this proposed rulemaking, to include all 
trading and order messages submitted by electronic means to the DCM's 
electronic trading platform. This would include both automated and 
manual order entry.
    The Commission considers the term ``market disruption,'' for 
purposes of the Risk Principles, generally to include an event 
originating with a market participant that significantly disrupts the: 
(1) Operation of the DCM on which such participant is trading; or (2) 
the ability of other market participants to trade on the DCM on which 
such participant is trading. For the purposes of the Risk Principles, 
``system anomalies'' are unexpected conditions that occur in a market 
participant's functional system which cause a similar disruption to the 
operation of the DCM or the ability of market participants to trade on 
the DCM. ``Operation of the DCM,'' for the purposes of this proposal, 
refers specifically to the exchange's order processing and trade 
execution functions.\39\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ The Commission notes that the term ``electronic trading'' 
includes both cleared and uncleared trades.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A market disruption may include a situation where the ability of 
other market participants to engage in price discovery or risk 
management on a DCM is significantly impacted by a malfunction of a DCM 
participant's trading system. Accordingly, a market participant's 
automated trading system malfunction, for instance, on its own, would 
not be considered disruptive unless there was some significant 
consequence to other market participants' ability to trade or manage 
risk. As noted below in the discussion of Risk Principle 3, a 
significant market disruption would include a situation where the 
ability of other market participants to execute trades, engage in price 
discovery, or manage their risks is materially impacted by a 
malfunction of a participant's trading system. Similarly, market 
volatility by itself is not a market disruption. For example, the fact 
of a market being ``limit up'' or ``limit down'' would not, on its own, 
be considered disruptive, regardless of the presence of automated 
trading functionality in that market or during that trading period.
    The Commission believes that DCMs should have discretion to 
precisely identify market disruptions and system anomalies as they 
relate to the DCMs' particular markets and market participants' trading 
activity. The Commission also recognizes that each DCM may have 
different understandings of, or parameters for, disruptive behavior in 
its market. This may result in a certain degree of differences in DCM 
rules implementing the Risk Principles. The Commission does not believe 
that a lack of uniformity between DCMs' rules and risk controls renders 
a particular DCM's rules or risk controls per se unreasonable.

[[Page 42766]]

Request for Comment
    1. Is the Commission's description of ``electronic trading'' 
sufficiently clear? If not, please explain.
    2. This rulemaking uses the term ``market disruption'' to describe 
the disruptive effects to be prevented, detected, and mitigated through 
these Risk Principles. Is it preferable to use the term ``trading 
disruption,'' ``trading operations disruption,'' or another alternative 
term instead? If so, which term should be used and why?
    3. What type of unscheduled halts in trading would constitute 
``market disruptions'' that impact the ability of other market 
participants to trade or manage their risk?
    4. What amount of latency to other market participants (measured in 
milliseconds) should be considered a market disruption? How can DCMs 
evaluate changes over time in the amount of latency that should be 
considered a market disruption?
    5. Are there other types of risk that may lead to market 
disruptions that the Commission should address or be aware of?
    6. Is there guidance that the Commission can give DCMs for how best 
to monitor for emerging risks that are not mitigated or contemplated by 
existing risk controls or procedures?
    7. The Commission recognizes that there are alternative approaches 
to the proposed Risk Principles to address the risk of market 
disruption resulting from electronic trading on DCMs by market 
participants. The Commission requests comment on whether an alternative 
to what is proposed would result in a more effective approach (meaning, 
alternative to these Risk Principles as well as the withdrawn 
Regulation AT), and whether such alternative offers a superior cost-
benefit profile. Please provide support for any alternative approach.
    8. Given that the Risk Principles overlap to some extent with 
Commission regulation 38.255, which specifically addresses risk 
controls for trading, would it be preferable to codify the three Risk 
Principles within existing regulation 38.255 rather than within 
regulation 38.251, which covers general requirements relating to the 
prevention of market disruption?

B. Proposed Regulation 38.251(e)--Risk Principle 1

    Proposed regulation 38.251(e)--Risk Principle 1--provides that a 
DCM must adopt and implement rules governing market participants 
subject to its jurisdiction to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading.
    The proposed Acceptable Practices for proposed regulation 38.251(e) 
provide DCMs with discretion to determine what rules to impose on 
market participants to address electronic trading risks, subject to 
Commission action. The Commission recognizes that a DCM is well-
positioned to assess the market disruption and system anomaly risks 
posed by its markets and market participant activity, and to design 
appropriate measures to address those risks. The Acceptable Practices 
are intended to provide DCMs with reasonable discretion to impose rules 
to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruption. Consistent with 
existing DCM practices, this could include requiring market 
participants to implement exchange-provided risk controls and order 
cancellation functionality, and requiring testing in advance of 
exchange access. In developing a framework to address these risks, DCMs 
should take into account industry best practices and what risk controls 
and testing practices are technologically feasible.
    The Commission acknowledges that there are various DCM practices in 
place today that are consistent with proposed regulation 38.251(e), 
such as exchange-provided risk controls primarily geared to address 
financial risk or market risk that also address preventing or 
mitigating market disruptions or system anomalies caused by electronic 
trading activities. For example, CME Group requires its clearing member 
firms to utilize the Globex Credit Control system to set maximum order 
size limits for individual customers.\40\ CME Group also provides order 
cancellation systems including a ``kill switch'' functionality) \41\ to 
clearing and execution firms.\42\ ICE will automatically cancel open 
orders upon session disconnect or loss of heartbeat.\43\ DCMs also 
impose system testing requirements on participants.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ CME Group Regulation AT NPRM Letter, at 16-17.
    \41\ CME Group's ``kill switch'' functionality is defined as an 
exchange-provided graphical user interface that allows clearing 
firms and permissioned executing firms a one-step shutdown of CME 
Globex activity at the clearing firm level, Globex firm level, and/
or by SenderComp IDs. When a kill switch is activated, order entry 
is blocked and working orders are cancelled for selected SenderComp 
IDs. See CME Group's discussion of risk management tools, available 
athttps://www.cmegroup.com/globex/trade-on-cme-globex/risk-management-tools.html.
    \42\ See id.
    \43\ ICE Presentation to TAC, at 3 (Oct. 2019), available at 
https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/Events/opaeventtac100319.
    \44\ For example, CBOE Futures Exchange, LLC (``CFE'') Rule 513C 
provides that the exchange may from time to time prescribe systems 
testing requirements applicable to ``Trading Privilege Holders'' 
relating to connectivity to the CFE's system and CFE functionality. 
Such participants must maintain adequate documentation of tests and 
provide reports to the exchange as requested. CFE Rule 513C is 
available at https://www.cboe.com/aboutcboe/about-cfe/legal-regulatory.
    CME Group requires that all client systems transacting on CME 
Globex via iLink order routing or processing CME Group market data 
are certified by AutoCert+, an automated testing tool for validating 
client system functionality, and offers customer testing 
environments for system validation prior to connecting to and 
transacting on CME Group platforms. CME Group indicates that 
``Certification ensures messaging and processing reliability and the 
capability to gracefully recover during abnormal message processing 
events.'' See CME Group's website at https://www.cmegroup.com/confluence/display/EPICSANDBOX/Client+Application+Testing+and+Certification.
    At CBOT, market participants have been fined for not testing 
their systems before using them to enter orders into the production 
market under CBOT Rule 432.Q, which governs acts that are considered 
detrimental to the interests or welfare of the exchange. See FIA 
Supplemental NPRM Letter, at 4 n.12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One recent example highlights measures that a DCM could adopt and 
implement to prevent and mitigate a potential market disruption. As 
discussed above in Section II.A, in the fall of 2019, CME Group 
experienced a significant increase in messaging in the Eurodollar 
futures market. CME Group already had a messaging policy in place, 
``designed to support efficient market operations and foster high 
quality, liquid markets by encouraging responsible and reasonable 
messaging practices by market participants.'' \45\ In response to the 
increasing messaging activity in the Eurodollar market, CME Group 
changed its rules to increase penalties for exceeding certain messaging 
thresholds, and cut off connections for repeat violators.\46\ 
Implementing messaging limits on its market participants, and adjusting 
them as appropriate in light of potentially disruptive trading 
behaviors, as well as disconnecting access if necessary, are measures 
that DCMs could consider to address proposed regulation 38.251(e).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ See CME Globex Messaging Efficiency Program policies, 
available at https://www.cmegroup.com/globex/trade-on-cme-globex/messaging-efficiency-program.html.
    \46\ Osipovich, Alexander, ``Futures Exchange Reins in Runaway 
Trading Algorithms,'' supra note 12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other DCMs have also addressed the potential for similar activity 
to cause market disruptions or system anomalies. CFE Rule 513(c) 
provides that CFE may limit the number of messages or the amount of 
data transmitted by Trading Privilege Holders to the CFE System in 
order to protect the integrity of the CFE System.\47\ In addition, CFE 
may impose

[[Page 42767]]

restrictions on the use of any individual access to the CFE System, 
including temporary termination of individual access and activation by 
CFE of its kill switch function under Rule 513A(j), if CFE believes 
such restrictions are necessary to ensure the proper performance of the 
CFE System or to protect the integrity of the market.\48\
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    \47\ CFE Rules 513(c) and 513A(h), available at https://www.cboe.com/aboutcboe/about-cfe/legal-regulatory.
    \48\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the October 2019 FIA TAC Presentation, FIA indicated that since 
2010, it has conducted various surveys of exchanges, as well as a 
sampling of its members, including clearing firms and principal 
traders. These surveys reflect clearing firms' broad use (either 
internally or as offered by an exchange) of: (1) Message and execution 
throttles; (2) price collars; (3) maximum order sizes; (4) order, 
trade, and position drop copy; and 5) order cancellation 
capabilities.\49\ FIA noted in its presentation that initiatives are 
underway at most exchanges to develop Application Programming Interface 
access to various risk controls, as well as to improve the 
functionality available in exchange certification and conformance 
testing environments.\50\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ FIA, ``Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls'' supra 
note 32, at 8. See, e.g., CFE Rule 513A (describing pre-trade risk 
control mechanisms provided within CFE's trading system, and whether 
each control is to be set by the market particpant or the exchange).
    \50\ FIA, ``Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls'' supra 
note 32, at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission believes that the current industry practices 
described above serve as examples of measures that all DCMs could 
adopt, as appropriate, as rules to address the potential for electronic 
trading activities to cause market disruptions and system anomalies as 
those risks are presented today. As noted above, the Commission 
believes that this Risk Principle will help ensure that DCMs continue 
to monitor these risks as they evolve along with the markets, and make 
reasonable changes as appropriate to address those evolving risks.
    The Commission acknowledges that it may not be possible for a DCM 
to prevent all market disruptions and system anomalies. A DCM would not 
necessarily have violated this principle if a market disruption or 
anomaly does occur, despite its having rules in place. To that end, the 
Commission is proposing Acceptable Practices in Appendix B to part 38 
with respect to DCM obligations under proposed regulation 38.251(e). 
The proposed Acceptable Practices provide that a DCM can comply with 
the requirements of proposed 38.251(e) by adopting rules that are 
``reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading.'' 
The Commission interprets ``reasonably designed'' to require that a DCM 
create rules that are objectively reasonable.
Request for Comment
    The Commission requests comment on all aspects of proposed 
regulation 38.251(e). The Commission also invites specific comments on 
the following:
    9. The Commission recognizes that DCMs may differ in what rules 
they establish to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruption and 
system anomalies. Would such disparity have a harmful effect on market 
liquidity or integrity?
    10. Is the proposed Acceptable Practice for regulation 38.251(e) 
appropriate?
    11. What rules have DCMs found to be effective in preventing, 
detecting, or mitigating the types of market disruptions and system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading? Should the Commission 
include any particular types of rules as Acceptable Practices for 
compliance with proposed regulation 38.251(e)?

C. Proposed Regulation 38.251(f)--Risk Principle 2

    Proposed regulation 38.251(f)--Risk Principle 2--provides that DCMs 
must subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk 
controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading.
    This proposed principle obligates DCMs to implement exchange-based 
pre-trade risk controls on all electronic orders.\51\ The Commission 
concurs with the broad agreement among market participants, market 
infrastructure operators, and intermediaries that ``[p]re-trade risk 
controls are the responsibility of all market participants, and when 
implemented properly and appropriate to the nature of the activity, 
have been proven to be the most effective safeguard for the markets, 
and should be applied comprehensively to all electronic orders.'' \52\ 
In light of this public comment and the overall migration to electronic 
trading, the Commission proposes to apply Risk Principle 2 to all 
electronic trading.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ While the Risk Principles would apply solely to DCMs, this 
proposal should not be interpreted as relieving market participants 
of any existing obligation to implement their own risk controls 
under any applicable Commission or exchange rules, including 
Commission regulation 1.11 applicable to FCMs. Rather, consistent 
with industry practice, Commission regulation 1.11(e)(3)(ii) 
(requiring automated financial risk management controls to address 
operational risk), and any rules DCMs impose pursuant to proposed 
regulation 38.251(e) (Risk Principle 1), the Commission expects that 
market participants would continue to implement their own controls.
    \52\ FIA, FIA PTG, MFA, ISDA, and SIFMA AMG Combined Comment 
Letter to Regulation AT NPRM, at 3 (June 24, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission believes that the existing DCM Core Principle 4 
Acceptable Practices list appropriate DCM-implemented risk controls, 
including pre-trade limits on order size, price collars or bands around 
the current price, message throttles, and daily price limits. The 
existing Acceptable Practices further provide that the DCM must set the 
parameters for these controls, so long as the types of controls and 
their specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose of 
preventing market disruptions and price distortions.\53\ Proposed 
regulation 38.251(f) does not change the Acceptable Practices for 
regulation 38.255, which remain in effect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ Appendix B to part 38--Guidance on, and Acceptable 
Practices in, Compliance with Core Principles, Core Principle 4 
(paragraph (a)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission also notes that the October 2019 FIA TAC 
Presentation illustrates measures that DCMs could consider adopting to 
address risks posed by electronic trading. In addition to the four 
principles described in Section II.E above, FIA stated that, ``[a]ll 
users and providers of electronic trading systems have a responsibility 
to implement pre-trade risk controls appropriate to their role in the 
market, whether initiating the trade, routing the trade, executing the 
trade, or clearing the trade.'' \54\ FIA's presentation also listed 
specific pre-trade risk controls that are critical in preventing market 
disruption, which are implemented at trader, broker, and exchange 
levels, which included, among others, fat finger (maximum size), market 
data reasonability checks, repeatable execution limits, and messaging 
limits and throttles.\55\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ FIA, ``Best Practices for Exchange Risk Controls'' supra 
note 32, at 5.
    \55\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The purpose of proposed regulation 38.251(f) (Risk Principle 2) is 
to require DCMs to consider market participants' trading activities 
when designing and implementing exchange-based risk controls to address 
market disruptive events. While existing guidance provides that 
exchange-based controls ``must be adapted to the unique characteristics 
of the markets to which they apply and must be designed to avoid market 
disruptions without unduly interfering with that market's price 
discovery function,'' Risk

[[Page 42768]]

Principle 2 more explicitly requires DCMs to consider risk controls 
that specifically address market disruptions or system anomalies 
associated with electronic trading activity, and implement appropriate 
controls. It provides flexibility for technological progress (for 
example, while controls called ``message throttles'' may be appropriate 
now, industry measures to address excessive messaging could change in 
the future). It also allows DMO to assess compliant risk controls as 
part of its rule enforcement review program, comparing all DCMs to a 
baseline of controls on electronic trading and electronic order entry 
that are prevalent and effective across DCMs.
    Given the prevalence of existing exchange-based risk controls, the 
Commission expects that many DCM practices are consistent with proposed 
regulation 38.251(f). Depending on the circumstances, it may be 
possible for a DCM to appropriately conclude that its existing pre-
trade risk controls satisfy the proposed Acceptable Practices for 
proposed regulation 38.251(f), and that the adoption of this rule does 
not require it to do something more, or different, at this time. As 
noted above, existing regulation 38.255 is similar to proposed 
regulation 38.251(f) in that it requires exchange-based risk controls 
to prevent and reduce the potential risk of market disruptions. 
However, regulation 38.255 does not explicitly address the full scope 
of risks addressed by proposed regulation 38.251(f). For example, the 
preamble to the part 38 final rules states that proposed 38.255 
requires DCMs to have in place effective risk controls including, but 
not limited to, pauses and/or halts to trading in the event of 
extraordinary price movements that may result in distorted prices or 
trigger market disruptions.\56\ Proposed regulation 38.251(f) would 
more explicitly address other types of market disruptions associated 
with electronic trading. Its requirement that DCMs implement risk 
controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading applies to any disruptive 
event that significantly impairs the ability of market participants to 
manage risk or otherwise trade. Further, proposed regulation 38.251(f), 
specifically applies to electronic orders. Risk Principle 2 provides 
clarity to DCMs that their exchange-based risk controls must address 
market disruptions caused by electronic trading, including those 
related to price movements as well as other events that impair market 
participants' ability to trade.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ Core Principles and Other Requirements for Designated 
Contract Markets, 77 FR 36612, 36637 (June 19, 2012).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Examples of existing exchange-based risk controls include: (1) CME 
Group automated messaging volume controls; price banding set at 
individual product level and protection point controls; ``fat finger'' 
backstop of ``Maximum Order Size Protection'' functionality that sets a 
pre-defined maximum order size cap on an individual contract basis; 
\57\ and (2) ICE message throttle limits (preventing malfunctioning 
software from overwhelming the market); price banding or collars that 
warn and reject orders outside the band of current market value; and 
interval price limits (facilitating orderly trading when there are 
large price moves in a short period of time).\58\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ CME Group Regulation AT NPRM Letter, NPRM at 14-17 (Mar. 
16, 2016).
    \58\ ICE TAC Presentation, supra note 42, at 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FIA's 2018 survey of exchange-traded derivatives venues showed that 
11 out of 17 responding venues had implemented dynamic price bands and 
that 13 had implemented trading halts during extreme volatility.\59\ 
Notably, every exchange in the Americas that responded to the survey 
had implemented both price banding and trading halts.\60\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ Subcommittee Presentation at 5 (Oct. 5, 2018). The 
presentation is available at https://www.cftc.gov/About/CFTCCommittees/TechnologyAdvisory/tac_meetings.html.
    \60\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission reiterates the concept noted above that DCMs' 
understanding of risks posed by electronic trading, and the reasonably 
appropriate measures to address them, may evolve over time. 
Accordingly, the Commission would expect DCMs to continue to develop 
controls that are effective to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies, regardless of whether they are named 
in existing part 38 Acceptable Practices.
    As with proposed regulation 38.251(e), the Commission is proposing 
Acceptable Practices for proposed regulation 38.251(f) to provide that 
a DCM can comply with the requirements of proposed regulation 38.251(f) 
for risk controls by adopting rules that are ``reasonably designed to 
prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies 
associated with electronic trading.'' This Acceptable Practice is 
consistent with the existing Acceptable Practice in Appendix B to part 
38 corresponding to the risk controls required by existing 38.255, 
which provides, in part, that a DCM's risk control program can comply 
with its obligations ``so long as the types of controls and their 
specific parameters are reasonably likely to serve the purpose of 
preventing market disruptions and price distortions.'' \61\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ Regarding risk controls for trading, the Acceptable 
Practices for Regulation 38.255 provide that an acceptable program 
for preventing market disruptions must demonstrate appropriate trade 
risk controls, in addition to pauses and halts. Such controls must 
be adapted to the unique characteristics of the markets to which 
they apply and must be designed to avoid market disruptions without 
unduly interfering with that market's price discovery function. The 
DCM may choose from among controls that include: Pre-trade limits on 
order size, price collars or bands around the current price, message 
throttles, and daily price limits, or design other types of 
controls. Within the specific array of controls that are selected, 
the DCM also must set the parameters for those controls, so long as 
the types of controls and their specific parameters are reasonably 
likely to serve the purpose of preventing market disruptions and 
price distortions. If a contract is linked to, or is a substitute 
for, other contracts, either listed on its market or on other 
trading venues, the DCM must, to the extent practicable, coordinate 
its risk controls with any similar controls placed on those other 
contracts. If a contract is based on the price of an equity security 
or the level of an equity index, such risk controls must, to the 
extent practicable, be coordinated with any similar controls placed 
on national security exchanges.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Request for Comment
    The Commission requests comment on all aspects of proposed 
regulation 38.251(f). The Commission also invites specific comments on 
the following:
    12. The Acceptable Practices for Core Principle 2 include pre-trade 
limits on order size, price collars or bands around the current price, 
message throttles, and daily price limits. Do DCMs consider these 
controls to be effective in preventing market disruptions in today's 
markets?
    13. In addition to the risk controls listed in the Acceptable 
Practices for Core Principle 2, what risk controls do DCMs consider to 
be most effective in preventing market disruptions and addressing risk 
as described in this proposal?
    14. Are the proposed risk controls set forth in the Acceptable 
Practices for proposed regulation 38.251(f) appropriate?
    15. Should the Commission include any particular types of risk 
controls as Acceptable Practices for compliance with proposed 
regulation 38.251(f)?

D. Proposed Regulation 38.251(g)--Risk Principle 3

    Proposed regulation 38.251(g)--Risk Principle 3--provides that a 
DCM must promptly notify Commission staff of a significant disruption 
to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on 
the causes and remediation.
    Proposed regulation 38.251(g) includes a ``significant'' threshold 
for

[[Page 42769]]

notification. An internal disruption in a market participant's own 
trading system should not be considered significant unless it causes a 
market disruption materially affecting the DCM's trading platform and 
other market participants. A significant disruption is a situation 
where the ability of other market participants to execute trades, 
engage in price discovery, or manage their risks is materially impacted 
by a malfunction of a market participant's trading system. Proposed 
regulation 38.251(g) would obligate the DCM to notify the Commission of 
this event promptly after the DCM becomes aware of it.
    Proposed regulation 38.251(g) is to be distinguished from existing 
Commission regulation 38.1051(e), which requires DCMs to notify the 
Commission in the event of, among other things, significant systems 
malfunctions. Proposed regulation 38.251(g) addresses market disruptive 
events, as opposed to incidents that threaten the integrity of a DCM's 
internal technological systems. Thus, unlike existing Commission 
regulation 38.1051(e), proposed regulation 38.251(g) would address 
malfunctions of the technological systems of trading firms and other 
non-DCM market participants that cause disruptions of the DCM's trading 
platform.
    The Commission believes that the notification requirement under 
proposed regulation 38.251(g) will assist the Commission's oversight 
and its ability to monitor and assess market disruptions across all 
DCMs. The Commission expects that notification pursuant to proposed 
regulation 38.251(g) would take a similar form to the current 
notification process for electronic trading halts, cyber security 
incidents, or activation of a DCM's business continuity-disaster 
recovery plan under Commission regulation 38.1051(e).
Request for Comment
    The Commission requests comment on all aspects of proposed 
regulation 38.251(g). The Commission also invites specific comments on 
the following:
    16. As noted above, proposed regulation 38.251(g) requires a DCM to 
notify Commission staff of a significant disruption to its electronic 
trading platform(s), while Commission regulation 38.1051(e) requires 
DCMs to notify the Commission in the event of significant systems 
malfunctions. Is the distinction between these two notification 
requirements sufficiently clear? If not, please explain.
    17. Please describe any disruptive events that would potentially 
fall within the notification requirements of both proposed regulation 
38.251(g) and Commission regulation 38.1051(e).
    18. Is the Commission's description of whether a given disruption 
to a DCM's electronic trading platform(s) is ``significant'' for 
purposes of proposed regulation 38.251(g) sufficiently clear? If not, 
please explain.
    19. Please describe circumstances in which it would be appropriate 
for a DCM to notify other DCMs about a significant market disruption on 
its trading platform(s). Should proposed regulation 38.251(g) include 
such a requirement?

IV. Related Matters

A. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (``RFA'') \62\ requires federal 
agencies, in promulgating regulations, to consider the impact of those 
regulations on small entities, and to provide a regulatory flexibility 
analysis with respect to such impact. The regulations adopted herein 
will directly affect DCMs. The Commission previously determined that 
DCMs are not ``small entities'' for purposes of the RFA because DCMs 
are required to demonstrate compliance with a number of Core 
Principles, including principles concerning the expenditure of 
sufficient financial resources to establish and maintain an adequate 
self-regulatory program.\63\ For these reasons, DCMs are not deemed 
``small entities'' for purposes of the RFA, and the Chairman, on behalf 
of the Commission, hereby preliminarily certifies, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 
605(b), that the regulations will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \63\ See Policy Statement and Establishment of Definitions of 
``Small Entities'' for Purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 
47 FR 18618, 18619 (Apr. 30, 1982); see also, e.g., DCM Core 
Principle 21 applicable to DCMs under section 735 of the Dodd-Frank 
Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Request for Comment
    20. The Commission invites the public and other federal agencies to 
comment on the above determination.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (``PRA'') \64\ imposes certain 
requirements on federal agencies, including the Commission, in 
connection with conducting or sponsoring any ``collection of 
information,'' as defined by the PRA. Under the PRA, an agency may not 
conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a 
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid control 
number from the Office of Management and budget (``OMB'').\65\ The PRA 
is intended, in part, to minimize the paperwork burden created for 
individuals, businesses, and other persons as a result of the 
collection of information by federal agencies, and to ensure the 
greatest possible benefit and utility of information created, 
collected, maintained, used, shared, and disseminated by or for the 
Federal Government.\66\ The PRA applies to all information, regardless 
of form or format, whenever the Federal Government is obtaining, 
causing to be obtained, or soliciting information, and includes 
required disclosure to third parties or the public, of facts or 
opinions, when the information collection calls for answers to 
identical questions posed to, or identical reporting or recordkeeping 
requirements imposed on, ten or more persons.\67\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
    \65\ See 44 U.S.C. 3507(a)(3); 5 CFR 1320.5(a)(3).
    \66\ See 44 U.S.C. 3501.
    \67\ See 44 U.S.C. 3502(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This proposal, if adopted, would result in a collection of 
information within the meaning of the PRA, as discussed below. This 
proposed rulemaking contains collections of information for which the 
Commission has previously received control numbers from the Office of 
Management and Budget (``OMB''). The titles for these existing 
collections of information are: OMB control number 3038-0052, Core 
Principles and Other Requirements for DCMs (``OMB Collection 3038-
0052'') and OMB control number 3038-0093, Provisions Common to 
Registered Entities (``OMB Collection 3038-0093'').
    The Commission therefore is submitting this proposal to the OMB for 
its review in accordance with the PRA.\68\ Responses to this collection 
of information would be mandatory. The Commission will protect any 
proprietary information according to the Freedom of Information Act and 
part 145 of the Commission's regulations.\69\ In addition, section 
8(a)(1) of the Commodity Exchange Act (``CEA'') strictly prohibits the 
Commission, unless specifically authorized by the CEA, from making 
public any ``data and information that would separately disclose the 
business transactions or market positions of any person and trade 
secrets or names of customers.'' \70\ Finally, the Commission is also 
required to protect certain information contained

[[Page 42770]]

in a government system of records according to the Privacy Act of 
1974.\71\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ See 44 U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11.
    \69\ See 5 U.S.C. 552; see also 17 CFR part 145 (Commission 
Records and Information).
    \70\ 7 U.S.C. 12(a)(1).
    \71\ 5 U.S.C. 552a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. OMB Collection 3038-0093--Provisions Common to Registered Entities
    Proposed regulation 38.251(e) (``Risk Principle 1'') provides that 
DCMs must adopt and implement rules governing market participants 
subject to their respective jurisdictions to prevent, detect, and 
mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with 
electronic trading. As provided in the proposed Acceptable Practices in 
Appendix B to part 38, such rules must be reasonably designed to 
prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies 
associated with electronic trading. Any such rules a DCM adopts 
pursuant to proposed regulation 38.251(e), must be submitted to the 
Commission in accordance with part 40 of the Commission's regulations. 
Specifically, a DCM would be required to submit such rules to the 
Commission in accordance with either: (1) Commission regulation 40.5, 
which provides procedures for the voluntary submission of rules for 
Commission review and approval; or (2) Commission regulation 40.6, 
which provides procedures for the self-certification of rules with the 
Commission. This information collection would be required for DCMs as 
needed, on a case-by-case basis. The Commission acknowledges, however, 
that there are various DCM practices in place today that may be 
consistent with proposed regulation 38.251(e), such as exchange-
provided risk controls that address potential price distortions and 
related market anomalies. As such, it is possible that some DCMs would 
not be required to file new or amended rules to satisfy Risk Principle 
1, if adopted.
    Proposed Risk Principle 1, if adopted, would amend OMB Collection 
3038-0093 by increasing the existing annual burden by 48 hours \72\ for 
DCMs that would be required to comply with part 40 of the Commission's 
regulations, as described above. As a result, the revised total annual 
burden under this collection would be 720 hours.\73\ Although the 
Commission believes that operational and maintenance costs for DCMs in 
proposed Risk Principle 1 will incrementally increase, these costs are 
expected to be de minimis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ The Commission estimates that proposed regulation 38.251(e) 
would require potentially 15 DCMs to make 2 filings with the 
Commission a year requiring approximately 24 hours each to prepare. 
Accordingly, the total burden hours for each DCM would be 
approximately 48 hours per year.
    \73\ The Commission estimates that the total aggregate annual 
burden hours for DCMs under proposed regulation 38.251(e) would be 
720 hours based on each DCM incurring 48 burden hours (15 x 48 = 
720).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    OMB Collection 3038-0093 was created to cover the Commission's part 
40 regulatory requirements for registered entities (including DCMs, 
swap execution facilities, derivatives clearing organizations, and swap 
data repositories) to file new or amended rules and product terms and 
conditions with the Commission.\74\ OMB Control Number 3038-0093 covers 
all information collections in part 40, including Commission regulation 
40.2 (Listing products by certification), Commission regulation 40.3 
(Voluntary submission of new products for Commission review and 
approval), Commission regulation 40.5 (Voluntary submission of rules 
for Commission review and approval), and Commission regulation 40.6 
(Self-certification of rules). The proposal is expected to modify the 
existing annual burden in OMB Collection 3038-0093 for complying with 
certain requirements in proposed Risk Principle 1, as estimated in 
aggregate below:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ See 17 CFR part 40.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Estimated number of respondents: 15.
    Estimated frequency/timing of responses: As needed.
    Estimated number of annual responses per respondent: 2.
    Estimated number of annual responses for all respondents: 30.
    Estimated annual burden hours per response: 24.
    Estimated total annual burden hours per respondent: 48.
    Estimated total annual burden hours for all respondents: 720.
2. OMB Collection 3038-0052--Core Principles and Other Requirements for 
DCMs
    Proposed regulation 38.251(g) (``Risk Principle 3'') requires a DCM 
to promptly notify Commission staff of any significant disruption to 
its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on 
the cause and remediation of such disruption.\75\ Under Risk Principle 
3, such notification should include an email containing sufficient 
information to convey the nature of the disruption, and if known, its 
cause, and the remediation. The Commission recognizes that the specific 
cause of the disruption and the attendant remediation may not be known 
at the time of the disruption and may have to be addressed in a follow-
up email or report. This information collection would be required for 
DCMs as needed, on a case-by-case basis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ See supra Section III.D (discussion of the Risk Principle 
3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Risk Principle 3, if adopted, would amend OMB Collection 
3038-0052 by increasing the number of annual responses by 750 that may 
be filed by DCMs under the existing information collection. The 
proposed adoption of Risk Principle 3 would also incrementally increase 
the existing annual burden by 250 hours per DCM.\76\ As a result, the 
revised total aggregate annual burden under this collection would be 
3,750 hours.\77\ Although the Commission believes that operational and 
maintenance costs for DCMs in proposed Risk Principle 3 will 
incrementally increase, these costs are expected to be de minimis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ The Commission estimates that proposed regulation 38.251(g) 
would require potentially each DCM to make 50 reports with the 
Commission a year requiring approximately 5 hours each to prepare. 
Accordingly, the total burden hours for each DCM would be 
approximately 250 hours per year (50 x 5 = 250).
    \77\ The Commission estimates that the total aggregate annual 
burden hours for DCMs under proposed regulation 38.251(g) would be 
3,750 hours based on each DCM incurring 250 burden hours (15 x 250 = 
3,750).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    OMB Collection 3038-0052 was created to cover regulatory 
requirements for DCMs under part 38 of the Commission's 
regulations.\78\ OMB Control Number 3038-0052 covers all information 
collections in part 38, including Subpart A (General Provisions), 
Subparts B through X (the DCM core principles), as well as the related 
appendices thereto, including Appendix A (Form DCM), Appendix B 
(Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, Compliance with Core 
Principles), and Appendix C (Demonstration of Compliance That a 
Contract Is Not Readily Susceptible to Manipulation). The proposed 
amendments are expected to modify the existing annual burden in OMB 
Collection 3038-0052 for complying with certain requirements in Subpart 
E (Prevention of Market Disruption) of part 38, as estimated in 
aggregate below:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ See generally 17 CFR part 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Estimated number of respondents: 15.
    Estimated frequency/timing of responses: As needed.
    Estimated number of annual responses per respondent: 50.
    Estimated number of annual responses for all respondents: 750.
    Estimated annual burden hours per response: 5.
    Estimated total annual burden hours per respondent: 250.
    Estimated total annual burden hours for all respondents: 3,750.

[[Page 42771]]

    Estimated aggregate annual recordkeeping burden hours: 1,500.\79\
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    \79\ The Commission estimates that the total aggregate annual 
recordkeeping burden hours for DCMs under regulation 38.950 and 
38.951 would be 1,500 hours based on each DCM incurring 100 burden 
hours (15 x 100 = 1,500).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Request for Comment
    The Commission invites the public and other federal agencies to 
comment on the proposed information collection requirements, including 
the following:
    21. Evaluate whether the proposed collections of information are 
necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the 
Commission, including whether the information will have practical 
utility;
    22. Evaluate the accuracy of the estimated burden of the proposed 
information collection requirements, including the degree to which the 
methodology and the assumptions that the Commission employed were 
valid;
    23. Are there ways to enhance the quality, utility, or clarity of 
the information proposed to be collected; and
    24. Are there ways to minimize the burden of the proposed 
collections of information on DCMs, including through the use of 
appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological 
information collection techniques.
    The public and other federal agencies may submit comments directly 
to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, by fax at 
(202) 395-6566 or by email at [email protected]. Please 
provide the Commission with a copy of submitted comments so that they 
can be summarized and addressed in the final rule. Refer to the 
ADDRESSES section of this document for comment submission instructions 
to the Commission. A copy of the supporting statements for the 
collections of information discussed above may be obtained by visiting 
RegInfo.gov. OMB is required to make a decision concerning the 
collection of information between 30 and 60 days after publication of 
this release. Therefore, a comment to OMB is best assured of receiving 
full consideration if OMB (and the Commission) receives it within 30 
days of publication of this document. Nothing in the foregoing affects 
the deadline enumerated above for public comment to the Commission on 
the proposed regulations.

C. Cost-Benefit Considerations

1. Introduction
    Section 15(a) of the CEA requires the Commission to consider the 
costs and benefits of its actions before promulgating a regulation 
under the CEA or issuing certain orders.\80\ Section 15(a) further 
specifies that the costs and benefits shall be evaluated in light of 
five broad areas of market and public concern: (1) Protection of market 
participants and the public; (2) efficiency, competitiveness, and 
financial integrity of futures markets; (3) price discovery; (4) sound 
risk management practices; and (5) other public interest 
considerations. The Commission considers the costs and benefits 
resulting from its discretionary determinations with respect to the 
section 15(a) factors.
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    \80\ 7 U.S.C. 19(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The baseline for this consideration of costs and benefits in this 
proposal is the monitoring and mitigation capabilities of DCMs, as 
governed by rules in current part 38 of CFTC regulations. Under these 
rules, DCMs are required to conduct real-time monitoring of all trading 
activity on its electronic trading platforms and identify disorderly 
trading activity and any market or system anomalies. Other sections of 
part 38 also require DCMs to establish and maintain risk control 
mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of price 
distortions and interruptions in orderly trading in markets, including, 
but not limited to, market restrictions that pause or halt trading in 
market conditions prescribed by the DCMs.\81\ In particular, Sec.  
38.251(a) through (d) already require DCMs to use an effective real-
time program to monitor and evaluate individual traders' market 
activity, as well as the general market data, in order to prevent and 
detect manipulative behavior and market disruptions. DCMs are also 
already required to demonstrate the ability to comprehensively and 
accurately reconstruct daily trading activity for the purposes of 
detecting trading abuses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ See, e.g., Commission regulation 38.255, which currently 
requires DCMs to establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to 
prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and 
market disruptions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission recognizes that the proposed rules may impose 
additional costs on DCMs and market participants. The Commission has 
endeavored to assess the expected costs and benefits of the proposed 
rulemaking in quantitative terms, including PRA-related costs, where 
possible. In situations where the Commission is unable to quantify the 
costs and benefits, the Commission identifies and considers the costs 
and benefits of the applicable proposed rules in qualitative terms. The 
lack of data and information to estimate those costs is attributable in 
part to the nature of the proposed rules and uncertainty about the 
potential responses of market participants to the implementation of the 
proposed rules. The Commission requests data and information from 
market participants and other commenters to allow it to better estimate 
the costs of the proposed rule.
2. Summary of Proposal
    As discussed in more detail in the preamble above, the Commission 
considered taking a more prescriptive approach as an alternative to the 
proposed rules but decided to give more discretion to each DCM in terms 
of how to precisely define market disruptions and system anomalies as 
they relate to their particular markets. As a result, each DCM will 
have the flexibility to tailor the implementation of the proposed rules 
to best prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies in their respective markets. Consequently, the Commission 
believes that DCMs' tailored rules and their implementation will be 
less burdensome. Therefore the Commission proposes the following 
specific Risk Principles and associated Acceptable Practices applicable 
to DCM electronic trading.
a. Proposed Regulation 38.251(e)--Risk Principle 1
    Proposed regulation 38.251(e)--Risk Principle 1--provides that a 
DCM must adopt and implement rules governing market participants 
subject to its jurisdiction to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading.
b. Proposed Regulation 38.251(f)--Risk Principle 2
    Proposed regulation 38.251(f)--Risk Principle 2--provides that a 
DCM must subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk 
controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading.
c. Proposed Regulation 38.251(g)--Risk Principle 3
    Proposed regulation 38.251(g)--Risk Principle 3--provides that a 
DCM must promptly notify Commission staff of a significant disruption 
to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on 
the causes and remediation.
d. Proposed Acceptable Practices for Proposed Regulations 38.251(e) and 
(f)
    The proposed Acceptable Practices provide that to comply with 
regulation 38.251(e), the DCM must adopt and

[[Page 42772]]

implement rules that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and 
mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies associated with 
electronic trading. To comply with regulation 38.251(f), the DCM must 
subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls 
that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies.
Request for Comment
    25. Do commenters believe that the Commission is correct in its 
determination that a prescriptive approach to proposed rules on risk 
controls and rules designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic trading 
would be too costly and burdensome?
    26. Are there other alternative approaches with lower costs that 
the Commission should have considered? If so, please explain.
3. Costs
Existing Practices With Minimal Costs
    DCMs' current risk management practices, particularly those 
implemented to comply with existing Commission regulations Sec. Sec.  
38.157, 38.251(c), 38.255, and 38.607, already may comply with the 
requirements of proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g). Specifically, 
while some DCMs might need to start collecting more detailed 
information from their market participants, the Commission believes 
most DCMs already have most of the information required to adopt and 
implement rules governing market participants subject to their 
respective jurisdiction in order to prevent, detect, and mitigate 
market disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic 
trading. The Commission also believes that DCMs have the means to 
acquire efficiently, and with potentially minimal cost, more 
information if needed. Moreover, DCMs currently monitor their markets 
and have rules to prevent and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies, as required by proposed rule 38.251(e). The Commission also 
views many existing DCM pre-trade risk control practices to be 
consistent with the requirement in proposed regulation 38.251(f). 
Finally, DCMs already report to Commission staff certain interruptions 
in orderly trading in markets, including electronic trading halts and 
significant system malfunctions; cyber security incidents or targeted 
threats that actually or potentially jeopardize automated system 
operation, reliability, security, or capacity; and activations of a 
business continuity-disaster plan, as required by rule 38.1051(e).\82\ 
Hence, the direct incremental cost of proposed rules 38.251(e) through 
(g) on DCMs is expected to be minimal.
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    \82\ The Commission notes that the notification requirement 
under Commission regulation 38.1051(e) does not include the planned 
operation of DCM stop logic, velocity logic, and circuit breaker 
functionality, which also support orderly markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

New Costs To Adjust Existing Practices
    To comply with rule 38.251(e), DCMs may be required to adjust their 
existing policies and procedures that involve increased monitoring of 
trading and communication patterns between market participants in their 
jurisdictions and the DCMs' matching engines.
    Implementing these internal policies and procedures, and 
successfully communicating them to market participants, could involve 
costs for DCMs. Moreover, the Commission acknowledges that the DCM's 
monitoring efforts, and the associated required technologies, would 
need to be kept up to date, which could involve costs linked to the 
continual updating of these technologies and methodologies.
    The Commission believes that DCMs may change their software to 
enable them to more efficiently capture additional information 
regarding participants subject to their jurisdiction to implement rules 
adopted pursuant to 38.251(e). The Commission expects the design, 
development, testing, and production release of a required software 
update to take 2,520 staff hours in total, which the Commission expects 
to be completed by more than one employee. To calculate the cost 
estimate for changes to DCM software, the Commission estimates the 
appropriate wage rate based on salary information for the securities 
industry compiled by the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor 
Statistics (``BLS'').\83\ Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of 
$70.76 using figures from a weighted average of salaries and bonuses 
across different professions contained in the most recent BLS 
Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019), multiplied by 1.3 
to account for overhead and other benefits.\84\ Commission staff chose 
this methodology to account for the variance in skillsets that may be 
used to plan, implement, and manage the required changes to DCM 
software. Using these estimates, the Commission would expect the 
software update to cost $178,313 per DCM. The Commission acknowledges 
that this is just an estimate and the actual cost of such a software 
update would depend on the current status of the specific DCM's 
information acquisition capabilities and the amount of additional 
information the DCM would have to collect as a result of proposed rule 
38.251(e). To the extent that a DCM currently or partially captures the 
required information and data through its systems and technology, these 
costs would be incrementally lower.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment 
and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000--Securities, Commodity Contracts, 
and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at 
https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_523000.htm.
    \84\ The Commission's estimated appropriate wage rate is a 
weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following 
occupations (and their relative weight): ``computer programmer--
industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial 
investment and related activities'' (25 percent); ``project 
management specialists and business operations specialists--
industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial 
investment and related activities'' (25 percent); ``Software and Web 
Developers, Programmers, and Testers--industry: securities, 
commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related 
activities'' (25 percent); and ``Software Developers and Software 
Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers--industry: securities, 
commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related 
activities'' (25 percent).
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    The Commission acknowledges that any additional rules resulting 
from proposed regulation 38.251(e) will have to be submitted pursuant 
to part 40 when a DCM seeks to make amendments to its electronic 
trading risk requirements. The Commission expects a DCM to take an 
additional 48 hours annually (two submissions on average per year, 24 
hours per submission) to submit these amendments to the Commission. In 
order to estimate the appropriate wage rate, the Commission used the 
salary information for the securities industry compiled by the BLS.\85\ 
Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of $89.89 using figures from 
a weighted average of salaries and bonuses across different professions 
contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages 
Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 to account for overhead and other 
benefits.\86\ The Commission estimates this indirect cost to each DCM 
to be $4,314.72 annually (48 x $89.89). To the

[[Page 42773]]

extent that a DCM currently has in place rules required under proposed 
38.251(e), these costs would be incrementally lower.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment 
and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000--Securities, Commodity Contracts, 
and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at 
https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_523000.htm.
    \86\ The Commission estimated appropriate wage rate is a 
weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following 
occupations (and their relative weight): ``compliance officer--
industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial 
investment and related activities'' (50 percent); and ``lawyer--
legal services'' (50 percent). Commission staff chose this 
methodology to account for the variance in skill sets that may be 
used to accomplish the collection of information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission can envision a scenario where a DCM might also need 
to update its trading systems to subject all electronic orders to 
exchange-based pre-trade risk controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate 
market disruptions or system anomalies as required by proposed rule 
38.251(f). Depending on the amount of update required, the Commission 
anticipates the design, development, testing, and production release of 
the new trading system to take 8,480 staff hours in total, which the 
Commission expects to be covered by more than one employee. To 
calculate the cost estimate for updating a DCM's trading systems, the 
Commission estimates the appropriate wage rate based on salary 
information for the securities industry compiled by the BLS.\87\ 
Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of $70.76 using figures from 
a weighted average of salaries and bonuses across different professions 
contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and Wages 
Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 to account for overhead and other 
benefits.\88\ Commission staff chose this methodology to account for 
the variance in skill sets that may be used to plan, implement, and 
manage the required update to a DCM's trading system. Using these 
estimates, the Commission would expect the trading system update to 
cost $600,036 to a DCM. The Commission would like to emphasize that 
this is just an estimate and the actual cost could be higher or lower. 
The cost may also vary across DCMs, as each DCM has the flexibility to 
apply the specific controls that the DCM deems reasonably designed to 
prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies. 
In addition, the Commission would further note that to the extent that 
a DCM currently or partially has in place pre-trade risk controls 
consistent with proposed 38.251(f), these costs would be incrementally 
lower.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \87\ May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment 
and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000--Securities, Commodity Contracts, 
and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at 
https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_523000.htm.
    \88\ The Commission's estimated appropriate wage rate is a 
weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following 
occupations (and their relative weight): ``computer programmer--
industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial 
investment and related activities'' (25 percent); ``project 
management specialists and business operations specialists--
industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial 
investment and related activities'' (25 percent); ``Software and Web 
Developers, Programmers, and Testers--industry: securities, 
commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related 
activities'' (25 percent); and ``Software Developers and Software 
Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers--industry: securities, 
commodity contracts, and other financial investment and related 
activities'' (25 percent).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed regulation 38.251(g) would require a DCM to notify 
promptly Commission staff of a significant disruption to its electronic 
trading platform(s) and provide timely information on the causes and 
remediation. The Commission expects that there may be incremental costs 
to DCMs from proposed regulation 38.251(g) in the form of analysis 
regarding which disruptions could be significant enough to report, 
maintain, and archive the relevant data, as well as the costs 
associated with the act of reporting the disruptions. The Commission 
currently expects every DCM to have the necessary means to communicate 
with the Commission promptly, and therefore, does not expect any 
additional communication costs. The Commission expects DCMs to incur a 
minimal cost in determining what a significant disruption could be and 
preparing information on its causes and remediation. The Commission 
does not expect this cost to be significant, because the Commission 
believes DCMs should already have the means necessary to identify the 
causes of market disruptions and have plans for remediation. To the 
extent that complying with regulation 38.251(g) requires a DCM to incur 
additional recordkeeping and reporting burdens, the Commission 
estimates these additional recordkeeping requirements to require 
approximately 100 hours per DCM per year and the additional reporting 
requirements to require approximately 250 hours per DCM per year (five 
hours per report and an estimated 50 reports additionally per DCM). In 
calculating the cost estimates for recordkeeping and reporting, the 
Commission estimates the appropriate wage rate based on salary 
information for the securities industry compiled by the BLS.\89\ For 
the reporting cost, Commission staff arrived at an hourly rate of 
$76.44 using figures from a weighted average of salaries and bonuses 
across different professions contained in the most recent BLS 
Occupational Employment and Wages Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 
to account for overhead and other benefits.\90\ In calculating the cost 
estimate for recordkeeping, the Commission staff arrived at an hourly 
rate of $71.019 using figures from the most recent BLS Occupational 
Employment and Wages Report (May 2019) multiplied by 1.3 to account for 
overhead and other benefits.\91\ The Commission estimates the cost for 
additional recordkeeping to a DCM to be $7,101.90 (100 x $71.019) 
annually and the cost for additional reporting to a DCM to be $19,110 
(250 x $76.44) annually. As noted above, the exact cost will depend on 
the software update and could be higher or lower than the Commission's 
estimate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ May 2019 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment 
and Wage Estimates, NAICS 523000--Securities, Commodity Contracts, 
and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, available at 
https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_523000.htm.
    \90\ The Commission estimated appropriate wage rate is a 
weighted national average of mean hourly wages for the following 
occupations (and their relative weight): ``computer programmer--
industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other financial 
investment and related activities'' (25 percent); ``compliance 
officer--industry: securities, commodity contracts, and other 
financial investment and related activities'' (50 percent); and 
``lawyer--legal services'' (25 percent). Commission staff chose this 
methodology to account for the variance in skill sets that may be 
used to accomplish the required reporting.
    \91\ The Commission estimated appropriate wage rate is the mean 
hourly wages for ``database administrators and architects.'' 
Commission staff chose this methodology to account for the variance 
in skill sets that may be used to accomplish the collection of 
information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that DCMs would need to update their rules and 
internal processes to comply with regulation 38.251(e) through (g) and 
the associated Acceptable Practices, the Commission expects that DCMs 
also may need to update or supplement their compliance program, which 
would involve additional costs. However, the Commission does not expect 
these costs to be significant. The Commission believes that some DCMs 
may need to hire an additional full-time compliance staff member to 
address the additional compliance needs associated with the proposed 
regulation. Assuming that the average annual salary of each compliance 
officer is $94,705, the Commission estimates the incremental annual 
compliance costs to a DCM that needs to hire an additional compliance 
officer to be $119,340.\92\ However, the Commission notes that the 
exact compliance needs may vary across DCMs, and some DCMs may already 
have adequate compliance programs that can handle any rule updates and

[[Page 42774]]

internal processes required to comply with regulation 38.251(e) through 
(g), and therefore the actual compliance costs may be higher or lower 
than the Commission's estimates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ In calculating this cost estimate for reporting, the 
Commission estimates the appropriate annual wage for a compliance 
officer based on salary information for the securities industry 
compiled by the BLS. Commission staff used the annual wage of 
$91,800, which reflects the average annual salary for a compliance 
officer contained in the most recent BLS Occupational Employment and 
Wages Report (May 2019), and multiplied it by 1.3 to account for 
overhead and other benefits.
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Cost of Periodically Updating Risk Management Practices
    The Commission expects the trading methods and technologies of 
market participants to change over time, requiring DCMs to adjust their 
rules accordingly. As trading methodologies and connectivity measures 
evolve, it is expected that new ways of potential market disruptions 
and system anomalies could surface. To that end, the Commission 
believes full compliance would require a DCM to implement periodic 
evaluation of its entire electronic trading marketplace and updates of 
the exchange-based pre-trade risk controls to prevent, detect, and 
mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies, as well as updates of 
the appropriate definitions of market disruptions and system anomalies. 
Therefore, rules imposed as a result of proposed regulation 38.251(e) 
through (g) would need to be flexible and fluid, and potentially 
updated as needed, which may involve additional costs. Moreover, such 
rule changes would result in a cost increase associated with the rise 
in the number of rule filings that DCMs would have to prepare and 
submit to the Commission.
Costs to Market Participants
    To the extent the rules adopted by DCMs as a result of the proposed 
regulation change frequently, the Commission can envision a situation 
where market participants would need to adjust to new rules frequently. 
While these adjustments might carry some costs for market participants, 
such as potential added delays to their trading activity due to added 
pre-trade controls, the Commission expects these changes to be 
communicated to the market participants by DCMs with enough 
implementation time so as to minimize the burden on market participants 
and their trading strategies. Moreover, to the extent a DCM's policies 
and procedures require market participants to report changes to their 
connection processes, trading strategies, or any other adjustments the 
DCM deems required, there could be some cost to the market 
participants. Finally, market participants may feel the need to upgrade 
their risk management practices as a response to DCMs' updated risk 
management practices driven by the proposed rules. The Commission 
recognizes that part of the costs to market participants might also 
come from needing to update their systems and potentially adjust the 
software they use for risk management, trading, and reporting. To the 
extent that market participants currently comply with DCM rules and 
regulations regarding pre-trade risk controls and market disruption 
protocols, these costs may be somewhat mitigated under the proposal.
Regulatory Arbitrage
    The proposed rules offer DCMs the flexibility to address market 
disruptions and system anomalies as they relate to their particular 
markets and market participants' trading activities. Similarly, DCMs 
are also given the flexibility to decide how to apply the proposed 
requirements in their respective markets. This flexibility could result 
in differences across DCMs, potentially contributing to regulatory 
arbitrage. For example, DCMs' practices could differ in the information 
collected from market participants; the rules applied to prevent, 
detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies; and the 
intensity of pre-trade controls. The parameters for establishing 
disruptive behavior could be defined differently by the various DCMs, 
which might lead to differing levels of exchange-based pre-trade risk 
controls. The Commission acknowledges that to the extent there is 
potential for market participants to choose between DCMs, those DCMs 
with lower information collection requirements and potentially less 
stringent pre-trade risk controls could appear more attractive to 
certain market participants. All or some of these factors could create 
the potential for market participants to move their trading from DCMs 
with potentially more stringent risk controls to DCMs with less 
stringent controls, which could cost certain DCMs business. While the 
Commission recognizes that this kind of regulatory arbitrage could 
cause liquidity to move from one DCM to another, potentially impairing 
(benefiting) the price discovery of the contract with reduced 
(increased) liquidity, the Commission does not expect this to occur 
with any real frequency. First, the Commission notes that liquidity for 
a given contract in futures markets tends to concentrate in one DCM. 
This means that futures markets are less susceptible to this type of 
regulatory arbitrage. Second, while an individual DCM decides the 
exchange-based pre-trade risk controls for its markets, those risk 
controls must be effective. The Commission does not believe that 
differences in the application of the proposed regulation across DCMs 
would be substantial enough to induce market participants to switch to 
trading at a different DCM, even if there were two DCMs trading similar 
enough contracts. For example, DCMs currently apply various pre-trade 
controls to comply with rule 38.255 requirements for risk controls for 
trading, but the Commission does not have any evidence that DCMs 
compete on pre-trade controls. The Commission expects DCMs to approach 
the setting of their practices to comply with this proposed regulation 
in a similar manner.
Request for Comment
    27. Are the costs the Commission considers in the cost-benefit 
considerations section reasonable? If not, please explain.
    28. Do DCMs currently collect most of the information required from 
market participants in order to comply with rule 38.251(e)? If not, 
what are the associated expected costs?
    29. Are there other costs the Commission should have included in 
the cost-benefit considerations section? If so, please explain.
    30. Are the software update estimates the Commission considers 
reasonable? If not, please explain.
    31. Should the Commission make use of other sources for enumerating 
costs associated with the proposed rule? If so, please explain.
4. Benefits
Minimize Disruptive Behaviors Associated With Electronic Trading and 
Ensure Sound Financial Markets
    The Commission believes that the proposed rules are crucial for the 
integrity and resilience of financial markets, as the proposed rules 
would ensure that DCMs have the ability to prevent, detect and mitigate 
most, if not all, disruptive behaviors associated with electronic 
trading. The proposed changes to regulation 38.251(e) require DCMs to 
adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject to its 
jurisdiction such that market disruptions or system anomalies 
associated with electronic trading can be minimized. This would allow 
markets to operate smoothly and to continue functioning as efficient 
platforms for risk transfer, as well as allowing for healthy price 
discovery.
    The Commission expects proposed regulation 38.251(f) to subject all 
electronic orders to a DCM's exchange-based pre-trade risk controls. 
The Commission expects this to benefit the markets as well as the 
market participant sending orders to the exchanges. First, by 
preventing orders that could cause market disruptions or

[[Page 42775]]

system anomalies through exchange-based pre-trade risk controls, 
proposed regulation 38.251(f) allows the markets to operate orderly and 
efficiently. This benefits traders in the markets, market participants 
utilizing price discovery in the markets, as well as traders in related 
markets. Second, proposed regulation 38.251(f) provides market 
participants sending orders to a DCM with an additional layer of 
protection through the implementation of exchange-based pre-trade risk 
controls. If an unintentional set of messages were to breach the risk 
controls of market participants and FCMs, proposed regulation 38.251(f) 
could prevent those messages from reaching a DCM and potentially 
resulting in unwanted transactions. This benefits the market 
participants, as well as their FCMs, by saving them from the obligation 
of unwanted and unintended transactions.
    Proposed regulation 38.251(g) ensures that significant disruptions 
will be communicated to the Commission staff promptly, as well as their 
causes and eventual remediation. The Commission believes proposed 
regulation 38.251(g) will benefit the markets and market participants 
by strengthening their financial soundness and promoting the resiliency 
of derivatives markets by allowing the Commission to stay informed of 
any potential market disruptions effectively and promptly. If needed, 
the Commission's timely action in the face of market disruptions could 
help markets recover faster and stronger.
    Finally, proposed regulations 38.251(e) through (g) are likely to 
benefit the public by promoting sound risk management practices across 
market participants and preserving the financial integrity of markets 
so that markets can continue to fulfill their price discovery role.
Value of Flexibility Across DCMs
    The Commission believes that DCMs have markets with different 
trading structures and participants with varying trading patterns. It 
is possible that what one DCM deems to be the paramount disruptive 
behavior for its market could be different for another DCM. The 
Commission's principles-based approach to proposed regulations 
38.251(e) and (f) allows DCMs the flexibility to impose the most 
efficient and effective rules and pre-trade risk controls for their 
respective jurisdictions. The Commission believes such flexibility, 
particularly through the proposed Acceptable Practices, benefits DCMs 
by allowing them to adopt and implement effective and efficient 
measures reasonably designed to achieve the objectives of the Risk 
Principles. Without such flexibility, DCMs would need to comply with 
prescriptive rules that may not be as effective in preventing 
disruptive trading and market anomalies and that may potentially 
involve higher compliance costs.
Direct Benefits to Market Participants
    Proposed rule 38.251(e) requires DCMs to adopt and implement rules 
to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system anomalies 
associated with electronic trading. To this end, the proposed 
Acceptable Practices for proposed rule 38.251(f) would enable DCMs to 
subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk controls 
that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies. This approach will assist in 
preventing or mitigating market disruptions and protect the 
effectiveness of financial markets to continue providing the services 
of risk transfer and price transparency to all market participants. 
Moreover, the Commission believes that requiring DCMs to design these 
rules could incentivize market participants themselves to strengthen 
their own risk management practices as a response to potential changes 
in pre-trade risk controls that all electronic orders will be subject 
to.
Facilitate Commission Oversight
    The Commission believes the implementation of the proposed rules 
would facilitate the Commission's capability to effectively monitor the 
market. Moreover, proposed rule 38.251(g) will result in DCMs informing 
the Commission promptly of any significant market disruptions and 
remediation plans. The Commission believes this would allow it to also 
take steps to contain a disruption and prevent the disruption from 
impacting other markets or market participants. Thus, the proposed 
rules would facilitate the Commission's oversight and its ability to 
monitor and assess market disruptions across all DCMs.
    Finally, the Commission expects that the proposed rule would better 
incentivize DCMs to recognize market disruptions and examine 
remediation plans in a timely fashion.
Request for Comment
    32. Are the benefits the Commission considers in the cost-benefit 
considerations section reasonable? If not, please explain.
    33. Are there other benefits the Commission should have included in 
the cost-benefit considerations section? If so, please explain.
5. 15(a) Factors
a. Protection of Market Participants and the Public
    Proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) are intended to protect market 
participants and the public from potential market disruptions due to 
electronic trading. The proposal is expected to benefit market 
participants and the public by requiring DCMs to adopt and implement 
rules addressing the market disruptions and system anomalies associated 
with electronic trading, subject all electronic orders to specifically-
designed exchange-based pre-trade risk controls, and promptly report 
the causes and remediation of significant market disruptions. All of 
these measures create a safer marketplace for market participants to 
continue trading without major interruptions and allow the public to 
benefit from the information generated through a well-functioning 
marketplace.
b. Efficiency, Competitiveness, and Financial Integrity of DCMs
    The Commission believes that proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) 
will enhance the financial integrity of DCMs by requiring DCMs to 
implement rules and risk controls to address market disruptions and 
system anomalies associated with electronic trading. However, the 
Commission also acknowledges that market participants' efficiency of 
trading might be hindered due to their orders taking longer to reach 
the matching engine as a result of additional pre-trade risk controls. 
In addition, the Commission can envision a scenario where the 
flexibility provided to DCMs in designing and implementing rules to 
prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and system anomalies, 
and the differences between the updated pre-trade risk controls and 
existing DCM risk control rules, could potentially lead to regulatory 
arbitrage between DCMs. To the extent that there are significant 
differences in those practices set by competing DCMs, market 
participants might choose to trade in the DCM with least stringent 
rules if competing DCMs offer the same or relatively similar products. 
The Commission acknowledges that competitiveness across DCMs might be 
hurt as a result. However, as discussed above, the Commission does not 
believe that differences in the application of the proposed regulation 
across DCMs would be substantial enough to induce market participants 
to switch to trading at a different DCM, even if there were two DCMs 
trading similar enough contracts.

[[Page 42776]]

c. Price Discovery
    The Commission expects price discovery to improve as a result of 
proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g), especially due to improved market 
functioning through the implementation of targeted pre-trade risk 
controls and rules. The Commission expects the new regulation to assist 
with the prevention and mitigation of market disruptions due to 
electronic trading, leading markets to provide more consistent price 
discovery services. However, as noted above, adoption and 
implementation of rules pursuant to 38.251(e) and pre-trade risk 
controls implemented by DCMs could be different across DCMs. As a 
result, the improvements in price discovery across DCMs markets are not 
likely to be uniform.
d. Sound Risk Management Practices
    The Commission expects proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) to help 
promote and ensure better risk management practices of both DCMs and 
their market participants. The Commission expects DCMs and market 
participants to focus on, and potentially update, their risk management 
practices. Additionally, the Commission believes that the requirement 
for DCMs to notify the Commission staff regarding the cause of a 
significant disruption to their respective electronic trading platforms 
would also provide reputational incentives for both DCMs and their 
market participants to focus on, and improve, risk management 
practices.
e. Other Public Interest Considerations
    The Commission does not expect proposed rules 38.251(e) through (g) 
to have any significant costs or benefits associated with any other 
public interests.

D. Antitrust Considerations

    Section 15(b) of the CEA requires the Commission to take into 
consideration the public interest to be protected by the antitrust laws 
and endeavor to take the least anticompetitive means of achieving the 
purposes of CEA, in issuing any order or adopting any Commission rule 
or regulation (including any exemption under section 4(c) or 4c(b)), or 
in requiring or approving any bylaw, rule, or regulation of a contract 
market or registered futures association established pursuant to 
section 17 of the CEA.\93\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ 7 U.S.C. 19(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission believes that the public interest to be protected by 
the antitrust laws is generally to protect competition.
    The Commission has considered the proposal to determine whether it 
is anticompetitive and has preliminarily identified no anticompetitive 
effects. The Commission requests comment on whether the proposal is 
anticompetitive and, if it is, what the anticompetitive effects are.
    Because the Commission has preliminarily determined that the 
proposal is not anticompetitive and has no anticompetitive effects, the 
Commission has not identified any less anticompetitive means of 
achieving the purposes of the CEA. The Commission requests comment on 
whether there are less anticompetitive means of achieving the relevant 
purposes of the CEA that would otherwise be served by adopting the 
proposal.
Request for Comment
    34. Does this proposal implicate any other specific public interest 
to be protected by the antitrust laws?

List of Subjects in 17 CFR Part 38

    Commodity futures, Designated contract markets, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Commodity Futures 
Trading Commission proposes to amend 17 CFR part 38 as follows:

PART 38--DESIGNATED CONTRACT MARKETS

0
1. The authority citation for part 38 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  7 U.S.C. 1a, 2, 6, 6a, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6i, 6j, 
6k, 6l, 6m, 6n, 7, 7a-2, 7b, 7b-1, 7b-3, 8, 9, 15, and 21, as 
amended by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection 
Act, Pub. L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376.

0
2. In Sec.  38.251, republish introductory text and add paragraphs (e) 
through (g) to read as follows:


Sec.  38.251   General requirements.

    A designated contract market must:
* * * * *
    (e) Adopt and implement rules governing market participants subject 
to its jurisdiction to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions 
or system anomalies associated with electronic trading;
    (f) Subject all electronic orders to exchange-based pre-trade risk 
controls to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading; and
    (g) Promptly notify Commission staff of any significant disruptions 
to its electronic trading platform(s) and provide timely information on 
the causes and remediation.
0
3. In appendix B to part 38, republish the text of Core Principle 4 of 
section 5(d) of the Act: Prevention of Market Disruption and add 
paragraph (b)(6) to read as follows:

Appendix B to Part 38--Guidance on, and Acceptable Practices in, 
Compliance with Core Principles

* * * * *
    Core Principle 4 of section 5(d) of the Act: PREVENTION OF 
MARKET DISRUPTION.--The board of trade shall have the capacity and 
responsibility to prevent manipulation, price distortion, and 
disruptions of the delivery or cash-settlement process through 
market surveillance, compliance, and enforcement practices and 
procedures, including--
    (A) Methods for conducting real-time monitoring of trading; and
    (B) Comprehensive and accurate trade reconstructions.
    (a) Guidance. The detection and prevention of market 
manipulation, disruptions, and distortions should be incorporated 
into the design of programs for monitoring trading activity. 
Monitoring of intraday trading should include the capacity to detect 
developing market anomalies, including abnormal price movements and 
unusual trading volumes, and position-limit violations. The 
designated contract market should have rules in place that allow it 
broad powers to intervene to prevent or reduce market disruptions. 
Once a threatened or actual disruption is detected, the designated 
contract market should take steps to prevent the disruption or 
reduce its severity.
    (2) Additional rules required. A designated contract market 
should adopt and enforce any additional rules that it believes are 
necessary to comply with the requirements of subpart E of this part.
    (b) Acceptable Practices--(1) General Requirements. Real-time 
monitoring for market anomalies and position-limit violations are 
the most effective, but the designated contract market may also 
demonstrate that it has an acceptable program if some of the 
monitoring is accomplished on a T + 1 basis. An acceptable program 
must include automated trading alerts to detect market anomalies and 
position-limit violations as they develop and before market 
disruptions occur or become more serious. In some cases, a 
designated contract market may demonstrate that its manual processes 
are effective.
    (2) Physical-delivery contracts. For physical-delivery 
contracts, the designated contract market must demonstrate that it 
is monitoring the adequacy and availability of the deliverable 
supply, which, if such information is available, includes the size 
and ownership of those supplies and whether such supplies are likely 
to be available to short traders and saleable by long traders at the 
market value of those supplies under normal cash marketing 
conditions. Further, for physical-delivery contracts, the designated 
contract market must continually monitor the appropriateness of a 
contract's terms and conditions, including the delivery instrument, 
the delivery locations and

[[Page 42777]]

location differentials, and the commodity characteristics and 
related differentials. The designated contract market must 
demonstrate that it is making a good-faith effort to resolve 
conditions that are interfering with convergence of its physical-
delivery contract to the price of the underlying commodity or 
causing price distortions or market disruptions, including, when 
appropriate, changes to contract terms.
    (3) Cash-settled contracts. At a minimum, an acceptable program 
for monitoring cash-settled contracts must include access, either 
directly or through an information-sharing agreement, to traders' 
positions and transactions in the reference market for traders of a 
significant size in the designated contract market near the 
settlement of the contract.
    (4) Ability to obtain information. With respect to the 
designated contract market's ability to obtain information, a 
designated contract market may limit the application of the 
requirement to keep and provide such records only to those that are 
reportable under its large-trader reporting system or otherwise hold 
substantial positions.
    (5) Risk controls for trading. An acceptable program for 
preventing market disruptions must demonstrate appropriate trade 
risk controls, in addition to pauses and halts. Such controls must 
be adapted to the unique characteristics of the markets to which 
they apply and must be designed to avoid market disruptions without 
unduly interfering with that market's price discovery function. The 
designated contract market may choose from among controls that 
include: Pre-trade limits on order size, price collars or bands 
around the current price, message throttles, and daily price limits, 
or design other types of controls. Within the specific array of 
controls that are selected, the designated contract market also must 
set the parameters for those controls, so long as the types of 
controls and their specific parameters are reasonably likely to 
serve the purpose of preventing market disruptions and price 
distortions. If a contract is linked to, or is a substitute for, 
other contracts, either listed on its market or on other trading 
venues, the designated contract market must, to the extent 
practicable, coordinate its risk controls with any similar controls 
placed on those other contracts. If a contract is based on the price 
of an equity security or the level of an equity index, such risk 
controls must, to the extent practicable, be coordinated with any 
similar controls placed on national security exchanges.
    (6) Market disruptions and system anomalies associated with 
electronic trading. To comply with Sec.  38.251(e), the contract 
market must adopt and implement rules that are reasonably designed 
to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading. To comply with Sec.  
38.251(f), the contract market must subject all electronic orders to 
exchange-based pre-trade risk controls that are reasonably designed 
to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies.
* * * * *

    Issued in Washington, DC, on June 29, 2020, by the Commission.
Christopher Kirkpatrick,
Secretary of the Commission.

    Note: The following appendices will not appear in the Code of 
Federal Regulations.

Appendices to Electronic Trading Risk Principles--Commission Voting 
Summary, Chairman's Statement, and Commissioners' Statements

Appendix 1--Commission Voting Summary

    On this matter, Chairman Tarbert and Commissioners Quintenz, 
Stump, and Berkovitz voted in the affirmative. Commissioner Behnam 
voted in the negative.

Appendix 2--Supporting Statement of Chairman Heath P. Tarbert

    The mission of the CFTC is to promote the integrity, resilience, 
and vibrancy of U.S. derivatives markets through sound regulation. 
We cannot achieve this mission if we rest on our laurels--
particularly in relation to the ever evolving technology that makes 
U.S. derivatives markets the envy of the world. What is sound 
regulation today may not be sound regulation tomorrow.
    I am reminded of the paradoxical observation of Giuseppe di 
Lampedusa in his prize-winning novel, The Leopard:
    If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to 
change.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, The Leopard (Everyman's 
Library Ed. 1991) at p. 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the novel focuses on the role of the aristocracy amid the 
social turbulence of 19th century Sicily, its central thesis--that 
achieving stability in changing times itself requires change--can be 
applied equally to the regulation of rapidly changing financial 
markets.
    Today we are voting on a proposal to address the risk of 
disruptions to the electronic markets operated by futures exchanges. 
The risks involved are significant; disruptions to electronic 
trading systems can prevent market participants from executing 
trades and managing their risk. But how we address those risks--and 
the implications for the relationship between the Commission and the 
exchanges we regulate--is equally significant.

The Evolution of Electronic Trading

    A floor trader from the 1980s and even the 1990s would scarcely 
recognize the typical futures exchange of the 21st Century. The 
screaming and shouting of buy and sell orders reminiscent of the 
film Trading Places has been replaced with silence, or perhaps the 
monotonous humming of large data centers. For over the past two 
decades, our markets have moved from open outcry trading pits to 
electronic platforms. Today, 96 percent of trading occurs through 
electronic systems, bringing with it the price discovery and hedging 
functions foundational to our markets.
    By and large, this shift to electronic trading has benefited 
market participants. Spreads have narrowed,\2\ liquidity has 
improved,\3\ and transaction costs have dropped.\4\ And the most 
unexpected benefit is that electronic markets have been able to stay 
open and function smoothly during the Covid-19 lockdowns. By 
comparison, traditional open outcry trading floors such as options 
pits and the floor of the New York Stock Exchange were forced to 
close for an extended time. Without the innovation of electronic 
trading, our financial markets would almost certainly have seized up 
and suffered even greater distress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Frank, Julieta and Philip Garcia, ``Bid-Ask Spreads, Volume, 
and Volatility: Evidence from Livestock Markets,'' American Journal 
of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 93, Issue 1, page 209 (January 
2011).
    \3\ Henderschott, Terrence, Charles M. Jones, and Albert K. 
Menkveld, ``Does Algorithmic Trading Improve Liquidity? '' Journal 
of Finance, Volume 66, Issue 1, page 1 (February 2011).
    \4\ Onur, Esen and Eleni Gousgounis, ``The End of an Era: Who 
Pays the Price when the Livestock Futures Pits Close?'', Working 
paper, Commodity Futures Trading Commission Office of the Chief 
Economist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    But like any technological innovation, electronic trading also 
creates new and unique risks. Today's proposal is informed by 
examples of disruptions in electronic markets caused by both human 
error as well as malfunctions in automated systems--disruptions that 
would not have occurred in open outcry pits. For instance, ``fat 
finger'' orders mistakenly entered by people, or fully automated 
systems inadvertently flooding matching engines with messages, are 
two sources of market disruptions unique to electronic markets.

Past CFTC Attempts To Address Electronic Trading Risks

    The CFTC has considered the risks associated with electronic 
trading during much of the last decade. Seven years ago, a different 
set of Commissioners issued a concept release asking for public 
comment on what changes should be made to our regulations in light 
of the novel issues raised by electronic trading. Out of that 
concept release, the Commission later proposed Regulation AT. For 
all its faults, Regulation AT drove a very healthy discussion about 
the risks that should be addressed and the best way to do so.
    Regulation AT was based on the assumption that automated 
trading, a subset of electronic trading, was inherently riskier than 
other forms of trading. As a result, Regulation AT sought to require 
certain automated trading firms to register with the Commission 
notwithstanding that they did not hold customer funds or 
intermediate customer orders. Most problematically, Regulation AT 
also would have required those firms to produce their source code to 
the agency upon request and without subpoena.
    Regulation AT also took a prescriptive approach to the types of 
risk controls that exchanges, clearing members, and trading firms 
would be required to place on order messages. But this list was set 
in 2015. In effect, Regulation AT would have frozen in time a set of 
controls that all levels of market

[[Page 42778]]

operators and market participants would have been required to place 
on trading. Since that list was proposed, financial markets have 
faced their highest volatility on record and futures market volumes 
have increased by over 50 percent.\5\ Improvements in technology and 
computer power have been profound--Moore's Law would predict that 
computing power would have increased at least ten-fold in that 
time.\6\ Of course, I commend my predecessors for focusing on the 
risks that electronic trading can bring. But times change, and 
Regulation AT would not have changed with them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Futures Industry Association, ``A record year for 
derivatives,'' (March 5, 2019), available at https://www.fia.org/articles/record-year-derivatives.
    \6\ ``Moore's Law'' predicts that the number of transistors in 
an integrated circuit doubles about every two years, and has held 
generally true since 1965. See generally Sneed, Annie, ``Moore's Law 
Keeps Going, Defying Expectations,'' Scientific American (May 19, 
2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

An Evolving CFTC for Evolving Markets

    In withdrawing Regulation AT, the CFTC is consciously moving 
away from the registration requirements and source code production. 
But in voting to advance the Risk Principles proposal outlined 
further below, the CFTC is committing to address risk posed by 
electronic trading while strengthening our longstanding principles-
based approach to overseeing exchanges.
    The markets we regulate are changing. To maintain our regulatory 
functions, the CFTC must either halt that change or change our 
agency. Swimming against the tide of developments like electronic 
markets is not an option, nor should it be. The markets exist to 
serve the needs of market participants, not the regulator. If a 
technological change improves the functioning of the markets, we 
should embrace it. In fact, one of this agency's founding principles 
is that CFTC should ``foster responsible innovation.'' \7\ Applying 
this reasoning alongside the overarching theme of The Leopard leads 
us to a single conclusion: As our markets evolve, the only real 
course of action is to ensure that the CFTC's regulatory framework 
evolves with it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Commodity Exchange Act, section 3(b), 7 U.S.C. 3(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Need for Principles-Based Regulation

    So then how do we as a regulator change with the times while 
still fulfilling our statutory role overseeing U.S. derivatives 
markets? I recently published an article setting out a framework for 
addressing situations such as this.\8\ I believe that principles-
based regulations can bring simplicity and flexibility while also 
promoting innovation when applied in the right situations. Such an 
approach can also create a better supervisory model for interaction 
between the regulator and its regulated firms--but only so long as 
that oversight is not toothless.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Tarbert, Heath P., ``Rules for Principles and Principles for 
Rules: Tools for Crafting Sound Financial Regulation,'' Harv. Bus. 
L. Rev. (June 15, 2020). Vol. 10 (https://www.hblr.org/volume-10-2019-2020/).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There are a variety of circumstances in which I believe 
principles-based regulation would be most effective. Regulations on 
how exchanges manage the risks of electronic trading are a prime 
example. This is about risk management practices at sophisticated 
institutions subject to an established and ongoing supervisory 
relationship. But it is also an area where regulated entities have 
greater understanding than the regulator about the risks they face 
and greater knowledge about how to address those risks. As a result, 
exchanges need flexibility in how they manage risks as they 
constantly evolve.
    At the same time, principles-based regulation is not ``light 
touch'' regulation. Without the ability to monitor compliance and 
enforce the rules, principles-based regulation would be toothless. 
Principles-based regulation of exchanges can work because the CFTC 
and the exchanges have constant interaction that engenders a degree 
of mutual trust. The CFTC--as overseen by our five-member 
Commission--has tools to monitor how the exchanges implement 
principles-based regulations through reviews of license applications 
and rule changes, as well as through periodic examinations and rule 
enforcement reviews.
    Monitoring compliance alone is not enough. The regulator also 
needs the ability to enforce against non-compliance. Principles-
based regimes ultimately give discretion to the regulated entity to 
find the best way to achieve a goal, so long as that method is 
objectively reasonable. To that end, the CFTC has a suite of tools 
to require changes through formal action, escalating from denial of 
rule change requests, to enforcement actions, to license 
revocations. The CFTC consistently needs to address the 
effectiveness and appropriateness of these levers to make sure the 
exchanges are meeting their regulatory objectives. And given that 
exchanges will be judged on a reasonableness standard, it must be 
the Commission itself--based on a recommendation from CFTC staff 
\9\--who ultimately decides whether an exchange has been objectively 
unreasonable in complying with our principles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ CFTC Staff conduct regular examinations and reviews of our 
registered entities, including exchanges and clearinghouses. As part 
of those examinations and reviews, Staff may identify issues of 
material non-compliance with regulations as well as recommendations 
to bring an entity into compliance. Ultimately, however, the 
Commission itself must accept an examination report or rule 
enforcement review report before it can become final, including any 
findings of non-compliance. Likewise, Staff are asked to make 
recommendations regarding license applications, reviews of new 
products and rules, and a variety of other Commission actions, 
although ultimate authority lies with the Commission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Proposed Risk Principles for Electronic Trading

    This brings us to today's proposed Risk Principles. The proposal 
centers on a straightforward issue that I think we can all agree is 
important for our regulations to address. Namely, the proposal 
requires exchanges to take steps to prevent, detect, and mitigate 
market disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic 
trading.
    The disruptions we are concerned about can come from any number 
of causes, including:

    Excessive messages,
    fat finger orders, or
    the sudden shut off of order flow from a market maker.

The key attribute of the disruptions addressed in this proposal is 
that they arise because of electronic trading.
    To be sure, our current regulations do require exchanges to 
address market disruptions. But the focus of those rules has 
generally been on disruptions caused by sudden price swings and 
volatility. In effect, the proposed Risk Principles would expand the 
term ``market disruptions'' to cover instances where market 
participants' ability to access the market or manage their risks is 
negatively impacted by something other than price swings. This could 
include slowdowns or closures of gateways into the exchange's 
matching engine caused by excessive messages submitted by a market 
participant. It could also include instances when a market maker's 
systems shut down and the market maker stops offering quotes.
    As noted in the preamble to the proposal, exchanges have worked 
diligently to address emerging risks associated with electronic 
trading. Different exchanges have put in place rules such as 
messaging limits and penalties when messages exceed filled trades by 
too large a ratio. Exchanges also may conduct due diligence on 
participants using certain market access methods and may require 
systems testing ahead of trading through those methods.
    It is not surprising that exchanges have developed rules and 
risk controls that comport with our proposed Risk Principles. The 
Commission, exchanges, and market participants have a common 
interest in ensuring that electronic markets function properly. 
Moreover, this is an area where exchanges are likely to possess the 
best understanding of the risks presented and have control over how 
their own systems operate. As a result, exchanges have the incentive 
and the ability to address the risks arising from electronic 
trading. Principles-based regulations in this area will ensure that 
the exchanges have reasonable discretion to adjust their rules and 
risk controls as the situation dictates, not as the regulator 
dictates.
    The three Risk Principles encapsulate this approach. First, 
exchanges must have rules to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions and system anomalies associated with electronic trading. 
In other words, an exchange should take a macro view when assessing 
potential market disruptions, which can include fashioning rules 
applicable to all traders governing items such as onboarding, 
systems testing, and messaging policies. Second, exchanges must have 
risk controls on all electronic orders to address those same 
concerns. Third, exchanges must notify the CFTC of any significant 
market disruptions and give information on mitigation efforts.
    Importantly, implementation of the Risk Principles will be 
subject to a reasonableness standard. The proposed Acceptable 
Practices clarify that an exchange would be in compliance if its 
rules and its risk controls are reasonably designed to meet the 
objectives of preventing, detecting, and

[[Page 42779]]

mitigating market disruptions and system anomalies. The Commission 
will have the ability to monitor how the exchanges are complying 
with the Principles, and will have avenues through Commission action 
to sanction non-compliance.

Framework for Future Regulation

    I hope that today's Risk Principles proposal will serve as a 
framework for future CFTC regulations. Electronic trading presents a 
prime example of where principles-based regulation--as opposed to 
prescriptive rule sets--is more likely to result in sound regulation 
over time. Through thoughtful analysis of the regulatory objective 
we aim to achieve, the nature of the market and technology we are 
addressing, the sophistication of the parties involved, and the 
nature of the CFTC's relationship with the entity being regulated, 
we can identify what areas are best for a prescriptive regulation or 
a principles-based regulation.\10\ In the present context, a 
principles-based approach--setting forth concrete objectives while 
affording reasonable discretion to the exchanges--provides 
flexibility as electronic trading practices evolve, while 
maintaining sound regulation. In sum, it recognizes that things will 
have to change if we want things to stay as they are.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Tarbert, at 11-17.
    \11\ Di Lampedusa, at 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 3--Supporting Statement of Commissioner Brian Quintenz

    I support today's proposal that would require designated 
contract markets (DCMs) to adopt rules that are reasonably designed 
to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions or system 
anomalies associated with electronic trading. It would also require 
DCMs to subject all electronic orders to pre-trade risk controls 
that are reasonably designed to prevent, detect and mitigate market 
disruptions and to provide prompt notice to the Commission in the 
event the platform experiences any significant disruptions. I 
believe all DCMs have already adopted regulations and pre-trade risk 
controls designed to address the risks posed by electronic trading. 
As I have noted previously, many--if not all--of the risks posed by 
electronic trading are already being effectively addressed through 
the market's incentive structure, including exchanges' and firms' 
own self-interest in implementing best practices. Therefore, today's 
proposal merely codifies the existing market practice of DCMs to 
have reasonable controls in place to mitigate electronic trading 
risks.
    Significantly, the proposal puts forth a principles-based 
approach, allowing DCM trading and risk management controls to 
continue to evolve with the trading technology itself. As we have 
witnessed over the past decade, risk controls are constantly being 
updated and improved to respond to market developments. It is my 
view that these continuous enhancements are made possible because 
exchanges and firms have the flexibility and incentives to evolve 
and hold themselves to an ever-higher set of standards, rather than 
being held to a set of prescriptive regulatory requirements which 
can quickly become obsolete. By adopting a principles-based 
approach, the proposal would provide exchanges and market 
participants with the flexibility they need to innovate and evolve 
with technological developments. DCMs are well-positioned to 
determine and implement the rules and risk controls most effective 
for their markets. Under the proposed rule, DCMs would be required 
to adopt and implement rules and risk controls that are objectively 
reasonable. The Commission would monitor DCMs for compliance and 
take action if it determines that the DCM's rules and risk controls 
are objectively unreasonable.
    The Technology Advisory Committee (TAC), which I am honored to 
sponsor, has explored the risks posed by electronic trading at 
length. In each of those discussions, it has become obvious that 
both DCMs and market participants take the risks of electronic 
trading seriously and have expended enormous effort and resources to 
address those risks.
    For example, at one TAC meeting, we heard how the CME Group has 
implemented trading and volatility controls that complement, and in 
some cases exceed, eight recommendations published by the 
International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) 
regarding practices to manage volatility and preserve orderly 
trading. We also heard from the Futures Industry Association (FIA) 
about current best practices for electronic trading risk controls. 
FIA reported that through its surveys of exchanges, clearing firms, 
and trading firms, it has found widespread adoption of market 
integrity controls since 2010, including price banding and exchange 
market halts. FIA also previewed some of the next generation 
controls and best practices currently being developed by exchanges 
and firms to further refine and improve electronic trading systems. 
The Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) also presented on the risk 
controls ICE currently implements across all of its exchanges, 
noting how its implementation of controls was fully consistent with 
FIA's best practices. These presentations emphasize how critical it 
is for the Commission to adopt a principles-based approach that 
enables best practices to evolve over time. I believe the proposal 
issued today adopts such an approach and provides DCMs with the 
flexibility to continually improve their risk controls in response 
to technological and market advancements. I look forward to comment 
on the proposal.
    It is also long overdue for the Commission to withdraw the 
Regulation Automated Trading Proposal and Supplemental Proposal 
(Regulation AT NPRMs). The Regulation AT NPRMs would have required 
certain types of market participants, based purely on their trading 
functionality, strategies or market access methods, to register with 
the Commission, notwithstanding that they did not act as 
intermediaries in the markets or hold customer funds. Moreover, the 
NPRMs proposed extremely prescriptive requirements for the types of 
risk controls that exchanges, futures commission merchants, and 
trading firms would be required to implement. Lastly, by withdrawing 
these NPRMs, the market and public can finally consider as dead the 
prior Commission's significant, and likely unconstitutional, 
overreach on accessing firms' proprietary source code and protected 
intellectual property without a subpoena.
    In my view, the Regulation AT NPRMs were poorly crafted and 
flawed public policy that failed to understand the true risks of the 
electronic trading environment and the intrinsic incentives that 
exchanges and market participants have to mitigate and address those 
risks. I am pleased the Commission is officially rejecting the 
policy rationales and regulatory requirements proposed in the 
Regulation AT NPRMs and is instead embracing the principles-based 
approach of today's proposal.

Appendix 4--Statement of Dissent of Commissioner Rostin Behnam

    I strongly support thoughtful and meaningful policy that 
addresses the use of automated systems in our markets.\1\ As Chris 
Clearfield of System Logic, a research and consulting firm focusing 
on issues of risk and complexity remarked, ``In every situation, a 
trader or a piece of technology might fail, or a shock might trigger 
a liquidity event. What's important is that structures are in place 
to limit--not amplify--the impact on the overall system.'' \2\ Any 
rule that we put forward should both minimize the potential for 
market disruptions and other operational problems that may arise 
from the automation of order origination, transmission or execution, 
and create structures to absorb and buffer breakdowns when they 
occur. Unfortunately, today's proposal regarding Electronic Trading 
Risk Principles does not meaningfully achieve this, and thus I 
respectfully dissent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ The Commission's Office of the Chief Economist has found 
that over 96 percent of all on-exchange futures trading occurred on 
DCMs' electronic trading platforms. Haynes, Richard & Roberts, John 
S., ``Automated Trading in Futures Markets--Update #2'' at 8 (Mar. 
26, 2019), available at https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-04/ATS_2yr_Update_Final_2018_ada.pdf.
    \2\ Chris Clearfield, Vision Zero for Our Markets, The Risk 
Desk, Dec. 21, 2016, at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A little over ten years ago, on May 6, 2010, the Flash Crash 
shook our markets.\3\ The prices of many U.S.-based equity products, 
including stock index futures, experienced an extraordinarily rapid 
decline and recovery. After this event, the staffs of the U.S. 
Securities and Exchange Commission (``SEC'') and CFTC issued a 
report to the Joint CFTC-SEC Advisory Committee on Emerging 
Regulatory Issues.\4\ The report noted that ``[o]ne key lesson is 
that under stressed market conditions, the automated execution of a 
large sell order can trigger extreme price movements, especially if 
the automated execution algorithm does not take prices into account. 
Moreover, the interaction between automated execution programs and 
algorithmic trading strategies can quickly

[[Page 42780]]

erode liquidity and result in disorderly markets.'' \5\ In 2012, 
Knight Capital, a securities trading firm, suffered losses of more 
than $460 million due to a trading software coding error.\6\ Other 
volatility events related to automated trading have followed with 
increasing regularity.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ See Findings Regarding the Market Events of May 6, 2010, 
Report of the Staffs of the CFTC and SEF to the Joint Advisory 
Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues (Sept. 30, 2010), available 
at https://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@otherif/documents/ifdocs/staff-findings050610.pdf.
    \4\ Id.
    \5\ Id. at 6.
    \6\ See SEC Press Release No. 2013-222, ``SEC Charges Knight 
Capital With Violations of Market Access Rule'' (Oct. 16, 2013), 
available at https://www.sec.gov/News/PressRelease/Detail/PressRelease/1370539879795.
    \7\ For a list of volatility events between 2014 and 2017, see 
the International Organization of Securities Commissions (``IOSCO'') 
March 2018 Consultant Report on Mechanisms Used by Trading Venues to 
Manage Extreme Volatility and Preserve Orderly Trading (``IOSCO 
Report''), at 3, available at https://www.iosco.org/library/pubdocs/pdf/IOSCOPD607.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After the Flash Crash, the CFTC initially worked with the SEC to 
establish controls to minimize the risk of automated trading 
disruptions. Knight Capital demonstrated that the Flash Crash was 
not a one-off event, and in 2013 the Commission published an 
extensive Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for 
Automated Trading Environments (``Concept Release'').\8\ Following 
public comments on the Concept Release, the Commission published 
``Regulation AT,'' which proposed a series of risk controls, 
transparency measures, and other safeguards to address risks arising 
from automated trading on designated contract markets or ``DCMs.'' 
\9\ Reg AT proposed pre-trade risk controls at three levels in the 
life-cycle of an order executed on a DCM: (i) Certain trading firms; 
(ii) futures commission merchants (``FCMs''); and (iii) DCMs. In 
2016, again based on public comments, the Commission issued a 
supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for Reg AT, proposing a 
revised framework with controls at two levels (instead of three 
levels initially proposed): (1) The AT Person or the FCM; and (2) 
the DCM.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for 
Automated Trading Environments, 78 FR 56542 (Sept. 12, 2013).
    \9\ Regulation Automated Trading, Proposed Rule, 80 FR 78824 
(Dec. 17, 2015).
    \10\ Supplemental Regulation AT NPRM, 81 FR 85334 (Nov. 25, 
2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since 2016, the Commission has not advanced policy designed to 
prevent or restrain the impact of these market disruptions resulting 
from automated trading. While the Commission has not acted, these 
events have continued to occur. In September and October 2019, the 
Eurodollar futures market experienced a significant increase in 
messaging.\11\ According to reports, the volume of data generated by 
activity in Eurodollar futures increased tenfold.\12\ The DCM 
responded by changing its rules to increase penalties for exceeding 
certain messaging thresholds and cutting off connections for repeat 
violators.\13\ The DCM acted appropriately in such a situation and 
strengthened the rules for its participants; however, Commission 
policy could well have prevented this event by requiring pre-trade 
risk controls, including messaging thresholds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ See Osipovich, Alexander, ``Futures Exchange Reins in 
Runaway Trading Algorithms,'' Wall Street Journal (Oct. 29, 2019), 
available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/futures-exchange-reins-in-runaway-trading-algorithms-11572377375.
    \12\ Id.
    \13\ See CME Group Globex Messaging Efficiency Program, 
available at https://www.cmegroup.com/globex/trade-on-cme-globex/messaging-efficiency-program.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the importance of the issue, I would like to commend the 
Chairman for stepping forward with a proposal today. However, as I 
considered this proposal, I found myself questioning what the 
proposed Risk Principles do differently than the status quo. The 
preamble seems to go to great lengths to make it clear that the 
Commission is not asking DCMs to do anything. The preamble states 
that the ``Commission believes that DCMs are addressing most, if not 
all, of the electronic trading risks currently presented to their 
trading platforms.'' \14\ As the preamble discusses each of the 
three ``new'' Risk Principles, it goes on to describe all of the 
actions taken by DCMs today that meet the principles. The fact that 
the Commission is not asking DCMs to do anything new is clearest in 
the cost benefit analysis, which states that ``DCMs' current risk 
management practices, particularly those implemented to comply with 
existing regulations 38.157, 38.251(c), 38.255, and 38.607, already 
may comply with the requirements of proposed rules 38.251(e) through 
38.251(g).'' \15\ If the appropriate structures are in place, and we 
have dutifully conducted our DCM rule enforcement reviews and have 
found neither deficiencies nor areas for improvement, then is the 
exercise before us today anything more than creating a box to check? 
The only potentially new aspect of this proposal is that the 
preamble suggests different application in the future, as 
circumstances change. The Commission seems to want it both ways: we 
want to reassure DCMs that what they do now is enough, but at the 
same time the new risk principles potentially provide a blank check 
for the Commission to apply them differently in the future. Or 
perhaps, viewed differently, when there is a technology failure--and 
there will be--will the Commission stand by its principles or will 
it fashion an enforcement action around a black swan event so that 
everyone walks away bruised, but not harmed?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Proposal at I.A.
    \15\ Proposal at IV.C.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For market participants, this may be extremely confusing. What 
precisely are DCMs being asked to do, and what will they be asked to 
do in the future? Frankly, I am not sure. But it could be more than 
they bargained for.
    The first Risk Principle requires DCMs to ``[a]dopt and 
implement rules . . . to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions or system anomalies associated with electronic 
trading.'' None of the key terms in this principle are defined in 
the regulation or the preamble. DCMs are left some clues, but they 
are not told precisely what a market disruption or system anomaly 
is. Perhaps most importantly, they are not told what it means for 
something to be ``reasonably designed'' to prevent these things. 
This lack of clarity continues through the other two new Risk 
Principles. And while the Commission provides some clues by stating 
that current practice ``may'' meet the new principles, it then goes 
on to say that future circumstances may require future action by 
DCMs in order to comply with the principles.
    As a recent article by our Chairman in the Harvard Business Law 
Review points out, the CFTC has a long tradition of principles-based 
regulation.\16\ The concept runs through our core principles, which 
form the framework for much of what we do and how we regulate. It 
certainly is tempting to promulgate broad rules that provide the 
CFTC with flexibility to react to changes in the marketplace. The 
problem is that this flexibility comes at a number of costs--it 
potentially denies market participants the certainty they need to 
make business decisions, and, if the principles are too flexible, it 
denies market participants the notice and opportunity to comment 
that is required by the Administrative Procedures Act. These costs 
become too high where, as today, we promulgate rules that are too 
broad in their terms and too vague in application. There is a reason 
why the core principles for swap execution facilities (``SEFs, DCMs, 
and derivatives clearing organizations (``DCOs'') in our rule set 
are extensive, and why the regulations include appendices explaining 
Commission interpretation and acceptable practices. Without 
sufficient clarity, principles actually can become a vehicle for 
government overreach--a blank check for broad government action--and 
that includes enforcement action.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Press Release Number 8183-20, CFTC, ICYMI: Harvard Business 
Law Review Publishes Chairman Tarbert's Framework for Sound 
Regulation (June 15, 2020), https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/8183-20.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There is a saying in basketball that a good zone defense looks a 
lot like a man-to-man defense, and a good man-to-man defense looks a 
lot like a zone defense. I think the same can be said of principles-
based regulation and rules-based regulation. Good principles-based 
regulation should look a lot like rules-based regulation--it should 
have enough clarity to provide market participants with certainty 
and the opportunity to provide comment regarding what regulation 
will look like.
    It is worth noting that the Commission described the unanimously 
approved Reg AT proposal as principles-based.\17\ Multiple 
commenters to that proposal noted that it was too principles-
based.\18\ I suspect that each of us on the Commission believes that 
the CFTC has a tradition of principles-based regulation, and that 
that tradition should continue. However, I think there is 
disagreement as to precisely what that means.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ Reg AT at 78838.
    \18\ See Comments of Americans For Financial Reform and Better 
Markets, Inc., available at https://comments.cftc.gov/PublicComments/CommentList.aspx?id=1762.
    \19\ As I have stated before, ``A principles-based approach 
provides greater flexibility, but more importantly focuses on 
thoughtful consideration, evaluation, and adoption of policies, 
procedures, and practices as opposed to checking the box on a 
predetermined, one-size-fits-all outcome. However, the best 
principles-based rules in the world will not succeed absent: (1) 
Clear guidance from regulators; (2) adequate means to measure and 
ensure compliance; and (3) willingness to enforce compliance and 
punish those who fail to ensure compliance with the rules.'' See 
Rostin Behnam, Commissioner, CFTC, Remarks of Commissioner Rostin 
Behnam before the FIA/SIFMA Asset Management Group, Asset Management 
Derivatives Forum 2018, Dana Point, California (Feb. 8, 2018), 
https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/opabehnam2.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 42781]]

    Finally, I want to make a few comments on the vote regarding the 
withdrawal of Reg AT. On one hand, the Risk Principles proposal 
today expressly is not about automated or algorithmic trading. This 
applies to electronic trading generally. Yet there seems to be a 
perception that this is a replacement for Reg AT, and that is 
already reflected in media accounts of our action today.\20\ And if 
there is any question, the Commission is separately voting on 
withdrawal of Reg AT (and mentions Reg AT repeatedly in the 
document) at the same time it is issuing this NPRM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ See Bain, Ben, ``Flash Boys New Rules Won't Make Them Hand 
Over Trading Secrets,'' Bloomberg (Jun. 18, 2020), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-18/flash-boys-new-rules-won-t-make-them-hand-over-trading-secrets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A separate vote specifically to withdraw a prior Commission 
proposal is highly unusual--particularly in a situation where, as 
here, the original proposal was unanimously issued. I believe that 
this action establishes a dangerous precedent for a Commission that 
has historically prided itself on its collegiality and efforts to 
work in a bipartisan fashion. I have followed in a tradition of some 
of my predecessors on the Commission, at times voting for proposals 
that I would not have supported as final rules, for the purpose of 
advancing the conversation.\21\ I worry that the withdrawal of Reg 
AT could lead to future withdrawals of Commission proposals, and a 
loss of this historical collegiality. We should be standing on the 
shoulders of those who came before us, not tearing down what came 
before us.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ See Concurring Statement of Commissioner Rostin Behnam 
Regarding Swap Execution Facilities and Trade Execution Requirement, 
(Nov. 5, 2018). https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/behnamstatement110518a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Market participants expressed valid concerns to the original Reg 
AT, as they do with many of our proposals. But, market displeasure 
with just one or even a few of those original policy concepts is not 
a reason to throw away the rest of the proposal. Let's revisit, 
review, and refresh sound policy to better reflect modern market 
structure and a healthy relationship between market participant and 
market regulator. I firmly believe we collectively strive for the 
same goal: Safe, transparent, orderly, and fair markets. 
Unfortunately, today's proposal does not advance the conversation, 
and as such I cannot support it.
    The preamble to today's NPRM expressly says ``The Risk 
Principles proposed here are intended to accomplish a similar goal . 
. .'' to the original Reg AT.\22\ The Reg AT proposal rule text took 
up more than 6 pages in the Federal Register, and made revisions and 
additions to Parts 1, 39, 40, and 170, providing a comprehensive--
and principles-based--framework for addressing a very real issue 
that all market participants should be concerned about. Today's 
proposed principles are all of three sentences long. This is not a 
miracle of brevity. It just shows that the proposal today does not 
really do anything--while paradoxically writing the Commission a 
blank check to change its mind about what the principles mean in the 
future and who will stand by them when the next black swan lands.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ Proposal at I.B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix 5--Statement of Commissioner Dan M. Berkovitz

    I support issuing for public comment the proposed rule on 
Electronic Trading Risk Principles (``Proposed Rule''). The Proposed 
Rule is a limited step to address potential market disruptions 
arising from system errors or malfunctions in electronic trading. 
Although it leaves important issues unaddressed, the Proposed Rule 
recognizes the need to update the Commission's regulations to keep 
pace with the speed, interconnection, and automation of modern 
markets. I support the Commission's long-overdue re-engagement in 
this area.
    While I support issuing the Proposed Rule for public comment, I 
do not support withdrawing the proposed rule known as Regulation 
Automated Trading (``Reg AT'').\1\ The notice of withdrawal reflects 
a belief that there is nothing of value in Reg AT. That is simply 
not true. Reg AT was a comprehensive approach for addressing 
automated trading in Commission regulated markets. Certain elements 
of Reg AT attracted intense opposition and may have been a bridge 
too far. However, I applaud that proposal's efforts to identify the 
sources of risk and implement meaningful risk controls. I believe 
the comments received on Reg AT are worth evaluating going forward.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Regulation Automated Trading, 80 FR 78824 (Dec. 17, 2015); 
81 FR 85334 (Nov. 25, 2016) (supplemental notice of proposed 
rulemaking for Regulation Automated Trading).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Proposed Rule would codify in part 38 of the Commission's 
regulations three ``Risk Principles'' applicable to electronic 
trading on designated contract markets (``DCMs''). Risk Principle 1, 
for example, would require DCMs to implement rules applicable to 
market participants to prevent, detect, and mitigate market 
disruptions and system anomalies. Risk Principle 2 would also 
require DCMs to implement their own pre-trade risk controls. While 
worthwhile as statements of principle, these proposed requirements 
are drafted in terms that may ultimately prove too high-level to 
achieve the goal of effectively preventing, detecting, and 
mitigating market disruptions and system anomalies. This concern is 
discussed in greater detail below, and I look forward to public 
comment on the issue.
    The Proposed Rule includes Acceptable Practices in Appendix B to 
part 38, which provide that a DCM can comply with the Risk 
Principles through rules and risk controls that are ``reasonably 
designed'' to prevent, detect, and mitigate market disruptions and 
system anomalies. The Proposed Rule specifies that reasonableness is 
an objective measure, and that a DCM rule or risk control that is 
not ``reasonably designed'' would not satisfy the Acceptable 
Practices or the Risk Principles. As the Proposed Rule indicates, 
the Commission will monitor DCMs' compliance with the Risk 
Principles. In this regard, the Commission has multiple oversight 
activities at its disposal, including market surveillance 
activities, reviews of new rule certifications and approval 
requests, and rule enforcement reviews.
    The Proposed Rule is also clear on the fundamental division of 
authority under the Commodity Exchange Act (``CEA'') between DCMs 
and the Commission. Amendments to the CEA made through the Commodity 
Futures Modernization Act (``CFMA'') in the year 2000 introduced the 
core principle regime and provided DCMs with flexibility in 
establishing how they comply with a core principle.\2\ Ten years 
later, however, learning from the 2008 financial crisis and the 
excesses of deregulation, the Dodd-Frank Act overhauled the CEA, 
including in its treatment of the core principle regime.\3\ 
Specifically, section 735 of the Dodd-Frank Act made clear that a 
DCM's discretion with respect to core principle compliance was 
circumscribed by any rule or regulation that the Commission might 
adopt pursuant to a core principle.\4\ I am able to support today's 
Proposed Rule for publication in the Federal Register because of 
improvements that clarify the respective authorities between a DCM 
and the Commission. Under the CEA, the Commission is the ultimate 
arbiter of whether a DCM's rules and risk controls are reasonably 
designed, under an objective standard. I thank the Chairman for his 
efforts at building consensus in this regard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, Public Law 106-
554, 114 Stat. 2763A-365 (2000).
    \3\ Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, 
Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010).
    \4\ Commodity Exchange Act section 5(d)(1)(B), 7 U.S.C. 
7(d)(1)(B) (2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Proposed Rule overlaps with existing requirements in part 38 
of the Commission regulations, including regulation 38.255, which 
requires DCMs to ``establish and maintain risk control mechanisms to 
prevent and reduce the potential risk of price distortions and 
market disruptions . . . .'' \5\ While the Proposed Rule and Risk 
Principle 2 are more explicit with respect to electronic trading, 
they may add little to existing requirements and practices regarding 
the risk controls that DCMs build into their own systems. Indeed, 
the Proposed Rule provides numerous examples of specific risk 
controls at major DCMs that likely already meet this requirement, 
and of disciplinary actions taken by DCMs against market 
participants related to electronic trading. Although the Commission 
articulates a need for updating its risk control requirements, the 
fact that the Risk Principles as proposed are likely to have no 
practical effect undermines the usefulness of this exercise.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ 17 CFR 38.255 (2012).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Proposed Rule possibly may be of greater benefit in with 
respect to Risk Principle 1 and its requirement that DCMs

[[Page 42782]]

implement risk control rules applicable to their market 
participants. Market participants, who originate orders via systems 
ranging from comparatively simple automated order routers to nearly 
autonomous algorithmic trading systems, are crucial focal points for 
any adequate system of risk controls. An effective system of risk 
controls must therefore include controls at multiple stages in the 
life cycle of an automated order submitted to an electronic trade 
matching engine. Although Risk Principle 1 could benefit from 
greater rigor, it is nonetheless a critical recognition that market 
participants have an important role in any effective risk control 
framework.
    I look forward to public comments on additional measures that 
the Commission should consider for effective risk controls across 
the ecosystem of electronic and algorithmic trading. My support for 
any final rule that may arise from this proposal is conditioned upon 
a thorough articulation of the technology-driven risks present in 
today's markets, and a concomitant regulatory response that will 
meaningfully address such risks. In a market environment where the 
vast majority of trading is now electronic and automated, inaction 
is a luxury that we can ill-afford.
    Although the Proposed Rule may be characterized as a 
``principles-based'' approach, in fact the Risk Principles are not a 
new approach to the regulation of risks from electronic trading. The 
current regulation establishing requirements on DCMs to impose risk 
controls--Regulation 38.255--is principles-based. Regulation 38.255 
states: ``The designated contract market must establish and maintain 
risk control mechanisms to prevent and reduce the potential risk of 
price distortions and market disruptions, including, but not limited 
to, market restrictions that pause or halt trading in market 
conditions prescribed by the designated contract market.'' One might 
ask, therefore, why do we need another principles-based regulation 
when we already have a principles-based regulation? The preamble to 
the Proposed Rule notes the ``overlap'' between Regulation 38.255 
and the proposed Risk Principles, and states ``it is beneficial to 
provide further clarity to DCMs about their obligations to address 
certain situations associated with electronic trading.'' In other 
words, the principles-based regulations previously adopted by the 
Commission are not prescriptive enough to address the risks 
currently posed by electronic trading. I fully agree. Although I am 
voting today to put out this proposal for public comment, I am not 
yet convinced--and I look forward to public comment on whether--the 
principles-based regulations proposed today are in fact sufficiently 
detailed or comprehensive to effectively address those risks.
    I thank the staff of the Division of Market Oversight for their 
work on the Proposed Rule and for their patience as the Commission 
worked through multiple iterations of this proposal. I also thank 
the Chairman for his engagement and effort to build consensus. I 
believe that the Proposed Rule is a much better regulatory outcome 
because of the extensive dialogue and give-and-take that led to the 
rule before us today.

[FR Doc. 2020-14381 Filed 7-14-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6351-01-P

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