Implementation of the National Suicide Hotline Improvement Act of 2018, 2359-2369 [2019-28429]
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FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS
COMMISSION
47 CFR Part 52
[WC Docket No. 18–336; FCC 19–128; FRS
16369]
Implementation of the National Suicide
Hotline Improvement Act of 2018
Federal Communications
Commission.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
AGENCY:
In this document, the Federal
Communications Commission proposes
to designate 988 as a simple, easy-toremember, 3-digit dialing code for a
national suicide prevention and mental
health crisis hotline. We propose that all
telecommunications carriers and
interconnected VoIP providers be
required to implement 988 in their
networks within 18 months. We seek
comment on these proposals and related
issues, such as technical barriers to
implementation and costs.
DATES: Comments are due on or before
February 14, 2020, and reply comments
are due on or before March 16, 2020.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments,
identified by WC Docket No. 18–336, by
any of the following methods:
• Federal Communications
Commission’s Website: https://
www.fcc.gov/ecfs/. Follow the
instructions for submitting comments.
• Mail: Parties who choose to file by
paper must file an original and one copy
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or rulemaking number appears in the
caption of this proceeding, filers must
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Commission. All hand-delivered or
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the Commission’s Secretary must be
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SUMMARY:
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Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 10 / Wednesday, January 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules
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fcc.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This is a
summary of the Commission’s Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) in WC
Docket No. 18–336, adopted on
December 12, 2019 and released on
December 16, 2019. The full text of the
document is available at https://
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Synopsis
I. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
1. In this Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (NPRM), we propose to
designate a 3-digit dialing code for a
national suicide prevention and mental
health crisis hotline, and we further
propose to designate 988 as that code.
We expect that designating 988 as the 3digit dialing code will help increase the
effectiveness of suicide prevention
efforts, ease access to crisis services,
reduce the stigma surrounding suicide
and mental health conditions, and
ultimately save lives.
2. We anticipate that designating 988
will support the efforts of our federal
partners, SAMHSA and the VA, in their
vitally important work in administering
the Lifeline and the Veterans Crisis
Line. To this end, we encourage
interested stakeholders to work directly
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with SAMHSA, the VA, and Congress to
foster collaboration and coordination of
efforts to increase the overall
effectiveness of the Lifeline, including
any specialized hotline services for atrisk populations such as Veterans and
LGBTQ youth.
A. Designating 988 as the 3-Digit Dialing
Code for a National Suicide Prevention
and Mental Health Crisis Hotline
3. We first propose to designate a 3digit dialing code for a national suicide
prevention and mental health crisis
hotline. Based on the findings in the
SAMHSA and VA Reports, we
anticipate that the Lifeline would be
more effective in preventing suicides
and providing crisis intervention if it
were accessible via a simple, easy-toremember, 3-digit dialing code. For
example, as SAMHSA explains, ‘‘[i]f a
family member experiences severe chest
pains in the company of another family
member, both the patient and the family
member, despite their heightened
anxiety, would remember the number
911, while the concern is that many
suicidal people or their family members
at a similar moment of suicidal crisis
might not remember 1–800–273–8255
(TALK).’’ And as Lines for Life has
explained, ‘‘3-digit access’’ would
‘‘make it easier to connect people in
need with help’’ and ‘‘deliver timely
and effective crisis intervention services
to millions of Americans.’’
4. The record compiled for the FCC
Staff Report supports the use of a
dedicated 3-digit dialing code as a way
to increase the effectiveness of suicide
prevention efforts, ease access to crisis
services, and reduce the stigma
surrounding suicide and mental health
conditions. Thus, we expect that
designating a 3-digit code will
ultimately increase the convenience and
immediacy of access to a national
suicide prevention and mental health
crisis hotline system, help enhance
public awareness of available suicide
prevention and mental health crisis
services, and support our federal
partners by simplifying such access. We
seek comment on this proposal.
5. We next propose to designate 988
as the 3-digit dialing code for a national
suicide prevention and mental health
crisis hotline system, and to require that
all telecommunications carriers and
interconnected VoIP providers transmit
all calls initiated by an end user dialing
988 to the current toll free access
number for the National Suicide
Prevention Lifeline. We seek comment
on this proposal. Additionally, how, if
at all, should our proposal account for
the fact that Americans, particularly
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younger Americans, increasingly rely on
texting to communicate?
6. Designating 988 appears to provide
the fastest, and therefore best, path to
implementing a 3-digit code. First, using
a unique 3-digit code obviates the need
to age an existing N11 code and should
therefore reduce the overall
implementation timeline, allowing the
Commission to bring this important
national resource to the public years
earlier than alternatives. Second,
consumer education campaigns for a
unique 3-digit code would be simpler
and likely more effective than those
necessary for repurposing or expanding
use of an existing N11 code. Third,
using a wholly unique 3-digit code
would be less disruptive to existing
users and service providers. In
particular, several of the existing N11
codes discussed in the record are in
heavy use and to expand or repurpose
any one of these N11 codes would
require significant work and resources.
Fourth, using 988 is less technically
complicated than using other unique 3digit dialing codes. 988 ‘‘is not currently
assigned as a geographic area code and
therefore does not suffer the same
problems surrounding repurposing an
existing area code. Moreover, in order
for a switch to detect a new 3-digit code,
it helps if the code is not comprised of
the leading digits (often called the
‘‘prefix’’) of a local number. A United
States telephone number consists of
three basic parts: a three-digit
Numbering Plan Area (known as the
area code) NPA, a three-digit Central
Office (CO) code (NXX), and a four-digit
line number. In total, it is ten digits and
contains two three-digit codes and a
four-digit line number (e.g., (NPA)
(NXX)–(XXXX)). And 988 has fewer
corresponding central office code
assignments across the U.S. than other
codes the NANC considered, and thus
would be less disruptive to adopt than
those other codes. We seek comment on
this proposal.
7. Turning to an evaluation of specific
N11 options, we seek comment on the
views of SAMHSA and other
commenters in the record who assert
that expanding 211 would reduce the
quality of and overburden the current
capacity of crisis or community services
offered, resulting in increased hold
times and delayed crisis intervention,
and create confusion as to the purpose
of the dialing code. We seek comment
on the view, as explained in the FCC
Staff Report, that repurposing 511
would endanger public safety because
states and localities use 511 to enable
drivers to receive information on road
conditions during emergencies and
information pertaining to AMBER and
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other public safety-related alerts. We
also seek comment on whether
repurposing 511 would require states
and localities to remove or replace
roadway signage across the country that
advertises 511 as a local travel
information line, which could lengthen
the timeline for implementation, and
risk creating public confusion. We seek
comment on the view of the FCC Staff
Report that repurposing 611—an N11
code that receives at least 297 million
calls annually—could result in a crisis
hotline being flooded with misdirected
calls, creating confusion and delay, and
risking loss of life if a caller in need
could not reach a counselor quickly.
And we seek comment on the findings
in the FCC Staff Report that expanding
or repurposing any of the other N11
codes—311 (used for non-emergency
police services), 411 (used for directory
assistance services), 711 (used by
persons with hearing or speech
disabilities to make or receive telephone
calls), 811 (used for notice of excavation
activities), and 911 (used for emergency
response)—is not feasible and/or
desirable. We note that repurposing 811
would require legislative changes and,
more importantly, could have
significant implications for pipeline
safety. Using any N11 code would
appear to significantly delay
implementation of a 3-digit dialing code
for a national suicide prevention and
mental health crisis hotline because
each of these N11 codes is widely used.
Moreover, repurposing one of these N11
codes would eliminate the current and
important purpose of the code. We seek
comment on these views.
8. In proposing to designate 988, we
agree with the findings in the FCC Staff
Report that the technical and
operational issues associated with
implementing 988 can be addressed
more quickly than the time needed to
repurpose an existing N11 code. In
particular, we find that, as telephone
companies have been upgrading their
networks to IP, the vast majority of
switches in the U.S. can accommodate
988 and the relatively small percentage
of legacy switches that cannot currently
support this code can be upgraded more
easily and quickly than conducting the
re-education efforts necessary to
repurpose an existing N11 code. We
seek comment on these views and on
any other challenges of designating a 3digit dialing code for the national
suicide prevention and mental health
crisis hotline of (and designating 988 in
particular) and ways to mitigate them.
Are there alternative proposals that
would allow for implementation of a
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three-digit dialing code on a faster or
otherwise more efficient timeline?
9. Legal Authority. Section 251(e)(1)
of the Act gives the Commission
‘‘exclusive jurisdiction over those
portions of the North American
Numbering Plan that pertain to the
United States’’ and provides that
numbers must be made ‘‘available on an
equitable basis.’’ Pursuant to this
provision, the Commission retains
‘‘authority to set policy with respect to
all facets of numbering administration
in the United States.’’ The
Commission’s exclusive jurisdiction
over numbering policy enables the
Commission to act flexibly and
expeditiously on important numbering
matters.
10. We believe that this authority
allows us to designate 988 as the 3-digit
dialing code for a national suicide and
mental health crisis hotline system and
to require providers of
telecommunications and interconnected
VoIP services to take appropriate and
timely action to implement this
designation. The Commission has
previously concluded that its
numbering authority allows it to extend
numbering-related requirements to
interconnected VoIP providers that use
telephone numbers. As the Commission
has explained, ‘‘the obligation to ensure
that numbers are available on an
equitable basis is reasonably understood
to include not only how numbers are
made available but to whom, and on
what terms and conditions. Thus, we
conclude that the Commission has
authority under section 251(e)(1) to
extend to interconnected VoIP providers
both the rights and obligations
associated with using telephone
numbers.’’ We further believe that
taking these steps will help to ensure
that all Americans can receive efficient,
swift access to, and reap the benefits of,
critical suicide prevention and crisis
services offered through the Lifeline. We
seek comment on these views. Are there
other sources of legal authority for this
proposal?
B. Implementing 988 as the 3-Digit
Dialing Code for a National Suicide
Prevention and Mental Health Crisis
Hotline
11. As the FCC Staff Report
recognizes, ‘‘suicide does not
discriminate by geographic region, and
to be effective, any code designated for
a national suicide and mental health
crisis hotline must be ubiquitously
deployed.’’ To that end, we propose
requiring that all telecommunications
carriers and interconnected VoIP
providers implement 988 by
transmitting all calls initiated by an end
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user dialing 988 to the current toll free
access number for the Lifeline. We
specifically seek comment on including
one-way interconnected VoIP providers
as well. Our proposed requirement
would thus apply to those providers
that access the public switched
telephone network on an interconnected
basis to reach all Americans. We seek
comment on our proposal. Should we
apply the requirements we adopt to a
different set of entities and, if so, what
set of entities and why?
12. Software and Equipment Updates.
We recognize that in order to implement
988, telecommunications carriers and
interconnected VoIP providers must
make changes to their networks and
institute new dialing requirements in
certain circumstances. In particular, we
recognize that certain legacy switches
will require upgrades. The NANC has
identified seven switch types that
cannot support a new wholly unique 3digit dialing code. Based on the legacy
switch types identified by the NANC,
Commission staff estimate that a little
over 6,000 switches and remotes, or
approximately 12% of the 50,615
switches and remotes listed in the April
2019 edition of the Local Exchange
Routing Guide (LERG), cannot currently
support 988 and would need to be
upgraded. Of those, about 4,750
switches are DMS–10, EWSD, and DCO
(e.g., Nortel and Siemens) switch types.
Some of these may have a direct
upgrade path to IP, which we expect
would enable use of 988 as a 3-digit
dialing code at a relatively low cost per
switch upgrade. However,
approximately 1,400 switches may not
have a clear upgrade path, necessitating
that they be replaced. We seek comment
on these estimates.
13. Depending on the type of switch
currently used, implementation of 988
may require that providers take a
number of steps to update their
networks, which may include:
Acquiring and installing new
equipment; developing and testing
software to implement 988; assigning
988 in the switch translations dialing
plan to prevent other uses for that code;
ensuring that switch routing elements
correctly route 988; training staff; and
deploying new software, such as adding
logic to internal automated systems to
implement any updates. After upgrading
and replacing switches, vendors will
then need to perform network
translation changes and monitor
network operations. We seek comment
on these and any other implementation
steps. Are there trunking and/or
network capacity requirements that
carriers and providers would need to
address in order to carry the expected
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increase in suicide hotline calls? Are
there other implementation steps that
will be necessary? We also ask
commenters, particularly service
providers, to provide information on the
most expeditious and effective path
toward achieving ubiquitous
deployment of 988 across all networks.
14. 988 Call Routing. We propose
requiring telecommunications carriers
and interconnected VoIP providers to
route 988 calls to 1–800–273–8255
(TALK), the current toll free access
number for the Lifeline and the Veterans
Crisis Line. Doing so appears to provide
the most efficient means to establish 988
as a national suicide prevention hotline.
We seek comment on this proposal.
15. Whether to route calls to a central
destination or to localized call centers
will affect the 988 implementation
timeline and cost. Because it offers a
streamlined approach using existing
infrastructure, we believe our proposal
is likely to be faster and more cost
effective than the alternatives of either
setting up a new routing database or
entering local translations, as is used for
911 calls, which are routed via a direct
local translation to a 10-digit number of
a local police station or Public Safety
Answering Point (PSAP) based on the
location of the calling number. The
NANC concluded that, for service
providers, routing calls is likely to be
‘‘more efficient if the call is terminated
to a national or centralized call center
as opposed to a local or decentralized
call center network.’’ The toll free
access number for the Lifeline, 1–800–
273–8255 (TALK), is a national call
center that currently serves to route
calls to local crisis centers across the
country. We expect that routing calls to
1–800–273–8255 (TALK) will be more
efficient than establishing a new call
center to perform the same functions, or
requiring direct local translations for
each local crisis center. We seek
comment on this analysis.
16. Further, service provider routing
of 988 calls to 1–800–273–8255 (TALK),
rather than localized call centers, may
facilitate access to the Lifeline and the
Veterans Crisis Line by reducing the
likelihood that calls will be misdirected
following any changes to the local crisis
center network. If the Lifeline were to
add new call centers or consolidate
existing call centers, for example,
routing changes could be implemented
by updating the centralized 800
translations service and thereby avoid
having to reprogram local switches,
which if done improperly, could result
in misdirected calls. We seek comment
on this view, on other benefits of this
call routing proposal, and on the impact
this proposal would have on the
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effectiveness of the Lifeline and
Veterans Crisis Line once 988 is
implemented. For example, would it
impact the ability of the Lifeline to route
calls to the closest local crisis center, as
the Lifeline does currently? Would our
proposal affect the operations of the
Veterans Crisis Line? Are there other
models that would provide better
functionality to users of the hotline? We
also seek comment on whether
SAMHSA or the VA and/or the existing
national network of crisis centers that
currently comprise the Lifeline and the
Veterans Crisis Line will need to make
changes to accommodate this proposal,
and the length of time and costs that
such changes will entail.
17. We seek comment on any
drawbacks or costs associated with this
proposal. TGM Consulting, for example,
cautions that some TDM switches may
only be able to translate a code like 988
into a local or geographic number. Is
this accurate and, if so, how many such
switches are in use today and what
would be required to upgrade them?
Should we carve out an exemption for
such switches and require them instead
to route 988 calls to a geographic
number? Are there other solutions that
would allow these switches to direct
988 calls to 1–800–273–8255 (TALK)?
We seek comment on any other issues
related to this proposed call routing
approach.
18. In the alternative, we seek
comment on requiring service providers
to route 988 calls directly to a local
Lifeline or Veterans Crisis Line call
center rather than to 1–800–273–8255
(TALK). In seeking comment on this
alternative approach, we note that 1–
800–273–8255 (TALK) currently
provides access to both the Lifeline and
the Veterans Crisis Line. How would
this functionality be maintained under a
direct routing approach? Would the
Lifeline still be able to route calls to a
backup center, as is currently done if a
local crisis center experiences a service
disruption or excessive call volume?
How, if at all, would this alternative
approach affect access to the Lifeline
and Veterans Crisis Line? In this
scenario, would routing databases need
to be created to route 988 calls to such
numbers? If so, what would such
databases offer and who would own,
maintain, and distribute such databases?
How would this impact our proposed
timeline and costs for implementation?
What are the challenges in routing 988
calls directly to a local or regional crisis
center as opposed to a single toll free
number? Would such an approach offer
any benefits over our proposal? We seek
comment on these and any other
relevant issues.
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19. Dialing in Certain Geographic
Areas. We next seek comment on how
to address areas that both use 7-digit
dialing and where 988 is in use as an
NXX code. In such areas, a switch
would need to distinguish between calls
made to the suicide prevention and
mental health crisis hotline and the
assigned 988 central office code.
Commission staff analysis of NANPA
data shows that as of September 2019,
there are 95 area codes that both still
use 7-digit dialing and have assigned
988 as an NXX prefix. The number 95
is arrived at by looking at how many
NPAs use 988 (a total of 178) and then
seeing which of those are located in a
7-digit dialing area code. We seek
comment on whether this is an accurate
estimate of area codes that would need
to implement a solution.
20. One solution is the introduction of
a dialing delay after 988 is entered—the
switch would recognize that the caller is
dialing 988 rather than a local 988–
XXXX number when no digits are
entered after 988. The downside with
such an approach, as the NANC has
noted, is that such a dialing delay
‘‘could result in the caller terminating
the call because he thinks the call failed,
or [result in] unrelated calls being
routed to the hotline when a 7-digit
number is dialed too slowly.’’ We seek
comment on this and any other
potential concerns with this approach.
21. Alternatively, requiring 10-digit
dialing would enable the switches to
distinguish between calls made to the
national suicide prevention hotline
system and those made to a number
beginning with a 988 prefix. With 10digit dialing, a caller must first input the
3-digit area code before entering a 7digit number. Thus, an individual
attempting to call a 988–XXXX number
would first have to input the area code
(i.e., XXX–988–XXXX), avoiding the
problem of calling the hotline in error.
22. We seek comment on whether the
Commission should mandate one
particular solution as part of our
designation and implementation of 988.
The Commission has mandated 10-digit
dialing in cases of area-code relief,
which involves establishing a new area
code for a geographic region after the
existing area code runs out of NXX
prefixes. And any transition to 10-digit
dialing could likely be achieved in
parallel within the other work to
implement 988 and that the transition,
based on previous conversions from 7 to
10-digit dialing, can be completed
within a year. Indeed, in the last decade,
states such as Connecticut and Nebraska
moved to mandatory 10-digit dialing
within a period of one year. Should we
require states to transition to 10-digit
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dialing in areas where the 988 exchange
has been assigned as an NXX prefix in
area codes that still have 7-digit dialing,
as the Commission has done for areacode-relief implementation?
Alternatively, should we leave it to state
commissions to decide whether to
mandate 10-digit dialing rather than a
dialing delay for any given area code?
23. Timeframe. We propose that all
telecommunications carriers and
interconnected VoIP providers be
required to implement 988 in their
networks within 18 months. We believe
this timeframe would provide sufficient
time for providers to make any
necessary changes to equipment and
software, and to institute new dialing
requirements, if necessary. To begin
with, we understand that modern IP
switches can already accommodate 988
today or do so with minor software
updates. In this regard, we observe that
most providers are already actively
upgrading their equipment to IP
technology given the technological
advances in the marketplace and the
advanced services that consumers are
demanding. Moreover, we believe that
18 months is sufficient time to upgrade
the approximately 12% of legacy
switches that will need such upgrades
and we anticipate that the majority of
technical upgrades necessary to
switches and systems can be done in
parallel with other work to implement
988. We seek comment on this proposal.
24. Alternatively, should we adopt a
shorter or longer timeframe for
implementation such as one year or two
years, and if so, why? Should the
Commission consider the size of a
carrier’s network, including the need to
simultaneously replace multiple legacy
switches, when determining the
appropriate implementation timeline?
Further, does the use of legacy switch
technology warrant a phased-in
approach and, if so, how should that be
implemented? Are there risks associated
with such an approach (e.g., confusion
among the public regarding the
availability of 988)? Would such an
approach inappropriately reward
carriers that have not invested in their
networks to prepare for the IP transition
in a timely manner? How many such
switches reside on the networks of rural
local exchange carriers, if any, and what
unique barriers would such carriers face
in implementing 988 in a timely
manner? Are there other challenges that
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service providers may face that we
should consider in determining the
appropriate timeframe for
implementation?
25. Costs. We propose that all
providers bear their own costs for
executing the upgrades necessary to be
able to implement 988 as a 3-digit code
for a national suicide prevention and
mental health crisis hotline. This
approach encourages efficiency in
implementation and avoids unnecessary
administrative costs. In turn, section
251(e)(2) of the Act states that ‘‘[t]he
cost of establishing telecommunications
numbering administration arrangements
and number portability shall be borne
by all telecommunications carriers on a
competitively neutral basis.’’ The
Commission is only required to apply
section 251(e)(2) in situations involving
some type of numbering administration
arrangement, where for instance, the
Commission hires a third party to
develop a database for industry use.
Here, that circumstance is not present.
Therefore, we believe the section
251(e)(2) requirements do not apply.
Even if section 251(e)(2) applies, we
believe it is satisfied if we require each
provider to bear its own costs because
each provider’s costs will be
proportional to the size and quality of
its network. We seek comment on this
proposal.
C. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of
Designating and Implementing 988
26. We expect that designation and
implementation of 988 as a simple,
easy-to-remember 3-digit dialing code
nationwide will increase the
convenience and immediacy of access to
life-saving suicide prevention and
mental health crisis services. By
becoming a part of the existing
framework of the Lifeline and Veterans
Crisis Line, we expect that the 988
dialing code will ‘‘make it easier for
Americans in crisis to access potentially
life-saving resources.’’
27. In the FCC Staff Report,
Commission staff conducted a costbenefit analysis of designating 988 as
the 3-digit dialing code for a national
suicide prevention and mental health
crisis hotline. The cost-benefit analysis
used information from the NANC,
SAMHSA, the VA, and publicly
available data. Commission staff
estimated the total costs for the first year
at $570 million, costs for the second
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2363
year at approximately $175 million, and
subsequent years at approximately $50
million annually. In estimating the
benefits of the 3-digit dialing code, the
analysis used the Department of
Transportation’s Value of a Statistical
Life. Staff determined that if the 3-digit
code were to reduce suicide mortality
risk by a fraction of one percent, it
would be well worth its cost. We
acknowledge the difficulty in
attempting to quantify the value of
mortality reductions and use Value of a
Statistical Life only as a practical
approach to conducting this necessary
analysis. Based on this analysis,
Commission staff concluded that the
benefits of designating 988 as the
dialing code for a national suicide
prevention and mental health crisis
hotline outweighed the costs. While the
FCC Staff Report took a broad view and
accounted for costs that may be incurred
by a variety of entities from service
providers to crisis centers, here we
focus on the costs and benefits of our
proposed rules to require covered
providers to implement 988.
28. If the new 988 dialing code can
deter one of every thousand Americans
who would otherwise attempt suicide
from harming themselves—a 0.1%
reduction in suicides and suicide
attempts—we expect the estimated
benefit of $2.4 billion in present value
over the course of ten years will exceed
the estimated, one-time $367 million in
present value implementation cost to
service providers. As discussed below,
the estimated costs that service
providers will incur due to
implementation include $300 million
for upgrading and replacing switches
and $92.5 million for translation
updates. For simplicity, we assume the
total estimated cost of $392.5 million
will be incurred one year into the future
(rather than incurred throughout the 18month transition period) and then
discount back to the present day using
a discount rate of 7%. The discounted
value is equal to $367 million ($392.5
million/1.07 = $367 million). If
providers choose to pass these costs on
to customers, we expect any increased
costs to consumers to be minimal, and
we believe that this potential added cost
is worth the benefit. We seek comment
on this preliminary conclusion that
benefits surpass costs and the
estimation methods described below.
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29. Estimated Benefits of
Implementing 988. The Lifeline and the
Veterans Crisis Line provide proven,
effective intervention services for
Americans in crisis. We anticipate that
integrating the 988 dialing code within
this existing framework will allow
callers to continue to benefit from
experienced counselors, while also
expanding access with the availability
of a simple, easily remembered number
to dial for those in need. Both the
Lifeline and the Veterans Crisis Line
have seen increased call volumes since
their inception. SAMHSA reports that
calls to the Lifeline more than doubled
over a 5-year period—from under 1
million in 2012 to over 2 million in
2017—and expects the number of calls
to continue to increase. Similarly, the
call volume to the Veterans Crisis Line
has increased from just under 500,000
calls in fiscal year 2014 to over 700,000
in fiscal year 2017—an increase of more
than 40% in three years.
30. Studies have found that access to
crisis counselors helps reduce suicides.
A recent SAMHSA-funded study found
that for crisis-center callers at imminent
risk of committing suicide, counselors
and callers were able to cooperatively
reduce the risk of suicide without police
or ambulance services in 55% of calls,
counselors sent emergency responders
with the caller’s cooperation in 19.1%
of the cases, and counselors sent
emergency services without
collaboration for the remaining 25.9% of
calls. Studies of suicidal-caller survey
responses in the UK found reductions as
large as 25% in callers wanting to selfharm after speaking with hotline
counselors. By facilitating access to
crisis counselors, the 988 dialing code
would likely help further reduce
suicides.
31. Estimating a precise reduction in
suicide incidence, however, is difficult.
The alternative is to evaluate plausible
suicide-reduction scenarios. In 2017,
47,000 Americans committed suicide,
while more than 1.4 million American
adults attempted suicide. If the
implementation of 988 results in greater
access to a nationwide network of
suicide prevention and mental health
services—in the way adopting 911
transformed emergency services
provision—suicides may drop by 10%
or more, saving at least 4,700 lives a
year. Due to the lack of before-and-after
statistics, the transformative impact of
911 on emergency service provision is
difficult to capture in a snapshot;
nevertheless, emergency response has
dramatically improved. Ambulance,
fire, police, and poison control centers
have coalesced around 911 to dispatch
the appropriate emergency service in
response to one 3-digit call. Each
minute saved in the sequence of
recalling, dialing, and dispatching
emergency services reduces response
times, which saves lives. Commission
staff estimated that a one-minute
reduction in emergency response time
saves 10,120 lives annually. A more
modest decline in suicides of 1% would
save 470 lives a year. A marginal
decline of 0.1% would save 47 lives a
year. Multiplying suicides prevented by
the value of mortality reduction last
used by the Commission (i.e., the value
of a statistical life (VSL)) yields a range
of annual benefits corresponding to the
suicide reductions achieved (see Table
2):
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TABLE 2—ESTIMATED ANNUAL BENEFITS FROM SUICIDE REDUCTIONS
VSL 2018
10% suicide reduction
1% suicide reduction
$9.6 million ..............
$45.1 billion (4,700 * $9.6 million) .......
$4.51 billion (470 * $9.6 million) ..........
32. We propose applying the most
conservative assumption of a 0.1%
reduction in suicides and estimating
total annual benefits of implementing
our 988 dialing code proposal to be
$451 million. Conservatively assuming
the annual benefits of our actions do not
accrue until the start of the third year of
our action (to account both for a
technical transition and a consumer
education campaign) and looking out up
to ten years, we estimate the present
value of the total benefits from
implementing a 988 dialing code to be
$2.4 billion. We seek comment on this
estimate. This calculation discounts the
annual benefits for each of the eight
years (from three to ten years in the
future) back to the present using a
discount rate of 7%. If, instead, a 3%
discount rate is used, the estimated
benefits are $3 billion. Benefits under
the 3% discount rate exceed the
estimated discounted costs of $381
million.
33. Are there alternative methods of
estimation that we should consider?
What historic and more recent data
sources, if any, are available? We seek
comment on the benefits of facilitating
access to the existing Lifeline and
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Veterans Crisis Line structure. We also
seek comment on the benefits of
facilitating access to the Lifeline should
additional hotline services targeted at
at-risk populations like LGBTQ youth be
added. For example, what are the
benefits if a new interactive voice
response menu option is pursued or if
other specialized training for call takers
to handle LGBTQ youth calls or calls
from other at-risk populations becomes
the norm? We also seek comment on
other benefits of implementing 988,
such as savings in emergency responder
costs, and the dollar value of these
additional benefits.
34. Estimated Costs Incurred by
Service Providers. To implement 988 as
the 3-digit dialing code, service
providers must incur certain one-time
monetary outlays to make updates to
switches and replace legacy equipment.
First, as noted by the NANC, ‘‘every
originating switch in the United States
and its territories would require
translation updates.’’ The NANC Report
estimates these necessary updates will
result in a one-time cost to service
providers of approximately $92.5
million. The NANC arrived at this figure
by multiplying the total number of dial
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0.1% suicide reduction
$451 million (47 * $9.6 million).
plan changes (550,812) by the estimated
time per dial plan change (1.6 hours),
then multiplying that product by the
hourly Telecommunications
Engineering Contract rate of $105. We
seek comment on the accuracy of the
$92.5 million estimate for switching
translation costs. We believe there are
no recurring costs associated with
implementation of 988 and we seek
comment on this assumption.
35. Second, the NANC Report notes
‘‘some wireline switches may be unable
to support any new 3-digit dialing code
that is not an N11 code.’’ Those
switches unable to process 988 must be
upgraded or replaced. In the FCC Staff
Report, Commission staff estimated
switch upgrades and replacements will
result in a one-time costs to service
providers of approximately $300
million. We seek comment on this
estimate. For the approximately 4,750
switches with a direct upgrade path to
IP, we expect a relatively low cost of
approximately $30,000 per switch. We
estimate an average per switch
replacement cost of $100,000 for the
approximately 1,400 switches without a
clear upgrade path. Upgrading or
replacing all switches, therefore, would
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cost ($100,000 × 1,400 full upgrades =)
$140 million and ($30,000 × 4,750 field
upgrades =) $142.5 million, for a total
cost of $282.5 million which we round
up to $300 million. Commission staff
estimate that a little over 6,000 switches
and remotes listed in the April 2019
edition of the LERG cannot support 988.
We seek comment on the accuracy of
the estimate of the number of switches
and remotes that cannot support 988. Is
this estimate correct? If not, what is the
correct number? Is $300 million over 18
months a reasonable estimate for the
cost of replacing these legacy switches?
What is the remaining useful life of
these switches? Does the replacement
cost change with our timeline for
implementing 988? We recognize that
some providers do not want to upgrade
existing switches prior to the end of
their life-cycle. However, we anticipate
that upgrades to legacy switches will
have significant offsetting benefits
beyond the immediate context of this
proceeding, such as providing
consumers with the benefits of more
advanced, IP-based services as well as
new business opportunities for
providers. How should we account for
those benefits in calculating the actual
cost of upgrading these networks?
36. The NANC Report mentions other
possible costs of implementing 988
without offering specific estimates. For
example, the NANC Report notes that
988 implementation costs will vary if
calls are routed directly to a national or
centralized call center or to a local or
regional call center. We seek comment
on routing costs. If service providers
route 988 calls to 1–800–273–8255
(TALK), what are the costs associated
with such routing? How do such costs
compare to other alternatives, such as
routing to a local or regional call center?
We seek comment on the types and
amounts of any other implementation
costs to service providers. Such
implementation costs could include cell
site reprogramming cited in the Suicide
Hotline Improvement Act, Sec.
3(b)(2)(i)(II). In the FCC Staff Report,
staff estimated in response to Sec.
3(b)(2)(i)(II) that approximately $50
million in additional annual funding
would be needed to handle additional
calls and that would be covered by
federal, state, and local governments. In
this regard, we caution commenters that
we do not intend to consider benefits or
costs that may be important to the
Lifeline or the Veteran’s Crisis Line as
a whole but fall outside of the
Commission’s specific numbering
oversight role, such as those related to
advertising or educational outreach to
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increase the public’s awareness of the
availability of 988.
37. To accommodate 988, areas
currently using seven-digit dialing will
need to either transition to 10-digit
dialing or implement post-dial delay.
What are the costs and benefits of these
solutions?
38. In sum, we believe that
designating 988 as the national suicide
prevention and mental health hotline
dialing code will facilitate access to lifesaving suicide prevention services. We
further believe that reductions in
suicides and suicide attempts will result
in estimated benefits of $2.4 billion in
present value over the course of ten
years, exceeding the estimated one-time
implementation cost to service
providers of $367 million in present
value, and that the proposals in this
Notice complement ongoing efforts to
deter suicide and provide support to
Americans in crisis. We seek comment
on our analysis and on the costs and
benefits of any alternative proposals.
II. Initial Regulatory Flexibility
Analysis
39. As required by the Regulatory
Flexibility Act of 1980, as amended
(RFA), the Commission has prepared
this Initial Regulatory Flexibility
Analysis (IRFA) of the possible
significant economic impact on small
entities by the policies and rules
proposed in this Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (Notice). The Commission
requests written public comments on
this IRFA. Comments must be identified
as responses to the IRFA and must be
filed by the deadlines for comments
provided on the first page of the Notice.
The Commission will send a copy of the
Notice, including this IRFA, to the Chief
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small
Business Administration (SBA). In
addition, the Notice and IRFA (or
summaries thereof) will be published in
the Federal Register.
A. Need for, and Objectives of, the
Proposed Rules
40. Pursuant to the National Suicide
Hotline Improvement Act of 2018
(Suicide Hotline Improvement Act), the
Notice proposes to designate a 3-digit
dialing code for a national suicide and
mental health crisis hotline system, and
also proposes to designate 988,
specifically, as the 3-digit dialing code
to be used. The Notice also proposes to
require that, within 18 months, all
telecommunications carriers and
interconnected VoIP service providers
transmit calls initiated by dialing 988 to
the current toll free access number for
the National Suicide Prevention
Lifeline. The Notice seeks comment on
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all of these proposals, and also seeks
comment on issues pertaining to
ubiquitous nationwide deployment of
988, including whether we should
mandate a 10-digit dialing code in
places where 988 exchange has been
assigned in area codes that still have
seven-digit dialing, or nationwide; on
our proposal that service providers
route 988 calls to 1–800–273–8255
(TALK); on various other technical
considerations associated with use of
988 as a 3-digit dialing code; and on the
costs and benefits to implementing 988.
41. The Commission believes that the
proposals in the Notice to designate 988
as the 3-digit dialing code for a national
suicide and mental health crisis hotline
system will help increase the
effectiveness of suicide prevention
efforts, help enhance public awareness
of available suicide prevention and
mental health crises services, ease
access to crisis services, support our
federal partners by simplifying such
access, and reduce the stigma
surrounding suicide and mental health
conditions.
B. Legal Basis
42. The Suicide Hotline Improvement
Act tasks the Commission with
examining the effectiveness of the
current National Suicide Prevention
Lifeline and the feasibility of
designating a 3-digit dialing code to be
used for a national suicide prevention
and mental health crisis hotline system.
Section 251(e)(1) of the
Communications Act, as amended, gives
the Commission ‘‘exclusive jurisdiction
over those portions of the North
American Numbering Plan that pertain
to the United States’’ and provides that
numbers must be made ‘‘available on an
equitable basis.’’ The Commission
proposes that this authority allows it to
designate 988 as the 3-digit dialing code
for a national suicide and mental health
crisis hotline system, and to require
providers of telecommunications and
interconnected Voice over internet
Protocol (VoIP) services to take
appropriate and timely action to
implement this requirement.
C. Description and Estimate of the
Number of Small Entities to Which the
Proposed Rules Will Apply
43. The RFA directs agencies to
provide a description of and, where
feasible, an estimate of the number of
small entities that may be affected by
the proposed rules and by the rule
revisions on which the Notice seeks
comment, if adopted. The RFA generally
defines the term ‘‘small entity’’ as
having the same meaning as the terms
‘‘small business,’’ ‘‘small organization,’’
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and ‘‘small governmental jurisdiction.’’
In addition, the term ‘‘small business’’
has the same meaning as the term
‘‘small-business concern’’ under the
Small Business Act. A ‘‘small-business
concern’’ is one which: (1) Is
independently owned and operated; (2)
is not dominant in its field of operation;
and (3) satisfies any additional criteria
established by the SBA.
44. Small Businesses, Small
Organizations, Small Governmental
Jurisdictions. Our actions, over time,
may affect small entities that are not
easily categorized at present. We
therefore describe here, at the outset,
three broad groups of small entities that
could be directly affected herein. First,
while there are industry-specific size
standards for small businesses that are
used in the regulatory-flexibility
analysis, according to data from the
SBA’s Office of Advocacy, a small
business in general is an independent
business having fewer than 500
employees. These types of small
businesses represent 99.9% of all
businesses in the United States, which
translates to 30.2 million businesses.
45. Next, the type of small entity
described as a ‘‘small organization’’ is
generally ‘‘any not-for-profit enterprise
which is independently owned and
operated and is not dominant in its field
. . . .’’ Nationwide, as of March 2019,
there were approximately 356,494 small
organizations based on registration and
tax data filed by nonprofits with the
Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
46. Finally, the small entity described
as a ‘‘small governmental jurisdiction’’
is defined generally as ‘‘governments of
cities, counties, towns, townships,
villages, school districts, or special
districts, with a population of less than
fifty thousand.’’ U.S. Census Bureau
data from the 2012 Census of
Governments indicates that there were
90,056 local governmental jurisdictions
consisting of general purpose
governments and special purpose
governments in the United States. Of
this number, there were 37,132 general
purpose governments (county,
municipal, and town or township) with
populations of less than 50,000, and
12,184 special-purpose governments
(independent school districts and
special districts) with populations of
less than 50,000. The 2012 U.S. Census
Bureau data for most types of
governments in the local government
category shows that a majority these
governments have populations of less
than 50,000. Based on this data, we
estimate that at least 49,316 localgovernment jurisdictions fall in the
category of ‘‘small governmental
jurisdictions.’’
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47. Wired Telecommunications
Carriers. The U.S. Census Bureau
defines this industry as ‘‘establishments
primarily engaged in operating and/or
providing access to transmission
facilities and infrastructure that they
own and/or lease for the transmission of
voice, data, text, sound, and video using
wired communications networks.
Transmission facilities may be based on
a single technology or a combination of
technologies. Establishments in this
industry use the wired
telecommunications network facilities
that they operate to provide a variety of
services, such as wired telephony
services, including VoIP services, wired
(cable) audio and video programming
distribution, and wired broadband
internet services. By exception,
establishments providing satellite
television distribution services using
facilities and infrastructure that they
operate are included in this industry.’’
The SBA has developed a smallbusiness size standard for Wired
Telecommunications Carriers, which
consists of all such companies having
1,500 or fewer employees. Census data
for 2012 shows that there were 3,117
firms that operated that year and that of
this total, 3,083 operated with fewer
than 1,000 employees. Thus, under this
size standard, the majority of firms in
this industry can be considered small.
48. Local Exchange Carriers (LECs).
Neither the Commission nor the SBA
has developed a size standard for small
businesses specifically applicable to
local exchange services. The closest
applicable NAICS Code category is
Wired Telecommunications Carriers.
Under the applicable SBA size standard,
such a business is small if it has 1,500
or fewer employees. U.S. Census Bureau
data for 2012 shows that 3,117 firms
operated for the entire year. Of that
total, 3,083 operated with fewer than
1,000 employees. Thus under this
category and the associated size
standard, the Commission estimates that
the majority of local exchange carriers
are small entities.
49. Incumbent LECs. Neither the
Commission nor the SBA has developed
a small-business size standard
specifically for incumbent local
exchange services. The closest
applicable NAICS Code category is
Wired Telecommunications Carriers.
Under the applicable SBA size standard,
such a business is small if it has 1,500
or fewer employees. U.S. Census Bureau
data for 2012 indicates that 3,117 firms
operated the entire year. Of this total,
3,083 operated with fewer than 1,000
employees. Consequently, the
Commission estimates that most
providers of incumbent local exchange
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service are small businesses that may be
affected by our actions. According to
Commission data, 1,307 Incumbent
Local Exchange Carriers reported that
they were incumbent local exchange
service providers. Of this total, an
estimated 1,006 have 1,500 or fewer
employees. Thus, using the SBA’s size
standard, the majority of incumbent
LECs can be considered small entities.
50. Competitive Local Exchange
Carriers (Competitive LECs),
Competitive Access Providers (CAPs),
Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and
Other Local Service Providers. Neither
the Commission nor the SBA has
developed a small-business size
standard specifically for these service
providers. The most appropriate NAICS
Code category is Wired
Telecommunications Carriers. Under
that size standard, such a business is
small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.
U.S. Census Bureau data for 2012
indicate that 3,117 firms operated
during that year. Of that number, 3,083
operated with fewer than 1,000
employees. Based on these data, the
Commission concludes that the majority
of Competitive LECS, CAPs, SharedTenant Service Providers, and Other
Local Service Providers are small
entities. According to Commission data,
1,442 carriers reported that they were
engaged in the provision of either
competitive local exchange services or
competitive access provider services. Of
these 1,442 carriers, an estimated 1,256
have 1,500 or fewer employees. In
addition, 17 carriers have reported that
they are Shared-Tenant Service
Providers, and all 17 are estimated to
have 1,500 or fewer employees.
Additionally, 72 carriers have reported
that they are Other Local Service
Providers. Of this total, 70 have 1,500 or
fewer employees. Consequently, based
on internally researched FCC data, the
Commission estimates that most
providers of competitive local exchange
service, competitive access providers,
Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and
Other Local Service Providers are small
entities.
51. We have included small
incumbent LECs in this present RFA
analysis. As noted above, a ‘‘small
business’’ under the RFA is one that,
inter alia, meets the pertinent smallbusiness size standard (e.g., a telephone
communications business having 1,500
or fewer employees) and ‘‘is not
dominant in its field of operation.’’ The
SBA’s Office of Advocacy contends that,
for RFA purposes, small incumbent
LECs are not dominant in their field of
operation because any such dominance
is not ‘‘national’’ in scope. We have
therefore included small incumbent
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LECs in this RFA analysis, although we
emphasize that this RFA action has no
effect on Commission analyses and
determinations in other, non-RFA
contexts.
52. Interexchange Carriers (IXCs).
Neither the Commission nor the SBA
has developed a definition for
Interexchange Carriers. The closest
NAICS Code category is Wired
Telecommunications Carriers. The
applicable size standard under SBA
rules is that such a business is small if
it has 1,500 or fewer employees. U.S.
Census Bureau data for 2012 indicate
that 3,117 firms operated for the entire
year. Of that number, 3,083 operated
with fewer than 1,000 employees.
According to internally developed
Commission data, 359 companies
reported that their primary
telecommunications service activity was
the provision of interexchange services.
Of this total, an estimated 317 have
1,500 or fewer employees.
Consequently, the Commission
estimates that the majority of
interexchange service providers are
small entities.
53. Local Resellers. The SBA has
developed a small-business size
standard for Telecommunications
Resellers that includes Local Resellers.
The Telecommunications Resellers
industry comprises establishments
engaged in purchasing access and
network capacity from owners and
operators of telecommunications
networks and reselling wired and
wireless telecommunications services
(except satellite) to businesses and
households. Establishments in this
industry resell telecommunications;
they do not operate transmission
facilities and infrastructure. Mobile
virtual network operators (MVNOs) are
included in this industry. Under the
SBA’s size standard, such a business is
small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.
U.S. Census Bureau data for 2012 shows
that 1,341 firms provided resale services
during that year. Of that number, all
operated with fewer than 1,000
employees. Thus, under this category
and the associated small-business size
standard, the majority of these resellers
can be considered small entities.
According to Commission data, 213
carriers have reported that they are
engaged in the provision of local resale
services. Of these, an estimated 211
have 1,500 or fewer employees.
Consequently, the Commission
estimates that the majority of Local
Resellers are small entities.
54. Toll Resellers. The Commission
has not developed a definition for Toll
Resellers. The closest NAICS Code
category is Telecommunications
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16:46 Jan 14, 2020
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Resellers. The Telecommunications
Resellers industry comprises
establishments engaged in purchasing
access and network capacity from
owners and operators of
telecommunications networks and
reselling wired and wireless
telecommunications services (except
satellite) to businesses and households.
Establishments in this industry resell
telecommunications; they do not
operate transmission facilities and
infrastructure. Mobile virtual network
operators (MVNOs) are included in this
industry. The SBA has developed a
small-business size standard for the
category of Telecommunications
Resellers. Under that size standard, such
a business is small if it has 1,500 or
fewer employees. Census data for 2012
shows that 1,341 firms provided resale
services during that year. Of that
number, 1,341 operated with fewer than
1,000 employees. Thus, under this
category and the associated smallbusiness size standard, the majority of
these resellers can be considered small
entities. According to Commission data,
881 carriers have reported that they are
engaged in the provision of toll resale
services. Of this total, an estimated 857
have 1,500 or fewer employees.
Consequently, the Commission
estimates that the majority of toll
resellers are small entities.
55. Other Toll Carriers. Neither the
Commission nor the SBA has developed
a definition for small businesses
specifically applicable to Other Toll
Carriers. This category includes toll
carriers that do not fall within the
categories of interexchange carriers,
operator service providers, prepaid
calling card providers, satellite service
carriers, or toll resellers. The closest
applicable NAICS Code category is for
Wired Telecommunications Carriers as
defined above. Under the applicable
SBA size standard, such a business is
small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.
Census data for 2012 shows that there
were 3,117 firms that operated that year.
Of this total, 3,083 operated with fewer
than 1,000 employees. Thus, under this
category and the associated smallbusiness size standard, the majority of
Other Toll Carriers can be considered
small. According to internally
developed Commission data, 284
companies reported that their primary
telecommunications service activity was
the provision of other toll carriage. Of
these, an estimated 279 have 1,500 or
fewer employees. Consequently, the
Commission estimates that most Other
Toll Carriers are small entities.
56. Wireless Communications
Services. This service can be used for
fixed, mobile, radiolocation, and digital
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Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
2367
audio broadcasting satellite uses. The
Commission defined ‘‘small business’’
for the wireless communications
services (WCS) auction as an entity with
average gross revenues of $40 million
for each of the three preceding years,
and a ‘‘very small business’’ as an entity
with average gross revenues of $15
million for each of the three preceding
years. The SBA has approved these
small-business size standards.
57. Wireless Telephony. Wireless
telephony includes cellular, personal
communications services, and
specialized mobile radio telephony
carriers. The closest applicable SBA
category is Wireless
Telecommunications Carriers (except
Satellite), and under the most
appropriate size standard for this
category, such a business is small if it
has 1,500 or fewer employees. For this
industry, U.S. Census Bureau data for
2012 shows that there were 967 firms
that operated for the entire year. Of this
total, 955 firms had fewer than 1,000
employees and 12 firms had 1,000
employees or more. Thus, under this
category and the associated size
standard, the Commission estimates that
a majority of these entities can be
considered small. According to
Commission data, 413 carriers reported
that they were engaged in wireless
telephony. Of these, an estimated 261
have 1,500 or fewer employees and 152
have more than 1,500 employees.
Therefore, more than half of these
entities can be considered small.
58. All Other Telecommunications.
The ‘‘All Other Telecommunications’’
category is comprised of establishments
primarily engaged in providing
specialized telecommunications
services, such as satellite tracking,
communications telemetry, and radar
station operation. This industry also
includes establishments primarily
engaged in providing satellite terminal
stations and associated facilities
connected with one or more terrestrial
systems and capable of transmitting
telecommunications to, and receiving
telecommunications from, satellite
systems. Establishments providing
internet services or voice over internet
protocol (VoIP) services via clientsupplied telecommunications
connections are also included in this
industry. The SBA has developed a
small-business size standard for All
Other Telecommunications, which
consists of all such firms with annual
receipts of $ 35 million or less. For this
category, U.S. Census Bureau data for
2012 shows that there were 1,442 firms
that operated for the entire year. Of
those firms, a total of 1,400 had annual
receipts less than $25 million and 42
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Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 10 / Wednesday, January 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules
firms had annual receipts of $25 million
to $49,999,999. Thus, the Commission
estimates that the majority of ‘‘All Other
Telecommunications’’ firms potentially
affected by our action can be considered
small.
D. Description of Projected Reporting,
Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance
Requirements for Small Entities
59. The Notice proposes a rule to
implement 988 as the 3-digit dialing
code for a national suicide prevention
and mental health crisis hotline within
an 18 month timeframe. The proposed
rules do not contain any new or
additional reporting, recordkeeping, or
other compliance obligations.
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E. Steps Taken To Minimize the
Significant Economic Impact on Small
Entities, and Significant Alternatives
Considered
60. The RFA requires an agency to
describe any significant alternatives that
it has considered in reaching its
proposed approach, which may include
the following four alternatives (among
others): (1) The establishment of
differing compliance or reporting
requirements or timetables that take into
account the resources available to small
entities; (2) the clarification,
consolidation, or simplification of
compliance and reporting requirements
under the rules for such small entities;
(3) the use of performance rather than
design standards; and (4) an exemption
from coverage of the rule, or any part
thereof, for such small entities.
61. In the Notice, the Commission
seeks comment on alternatives to the
proposals and on alternative ways of
implementing the proposals. We expect
to take into account the economic
impact on small entities, as identified in
comments filed in response to the
Notice and this IRFA, in reaching our
final conclusions and promulgating
rules in this proceeding. As discussed in
the Notice, the Commission has
initiated this proceeding to solicit
comments on, among other things, the
costs associated with implementing our
proposals, namely, the implementation
of 988 as the 3-digit dialing code for a
national suicide prevention and mental
health crisis hotline.
F. Federal Rules That May Duplicate,
Overlap, or Conflict With the Proposed
Rules
62. None.
III. Procedural Matters
63. Ex Parte Rules. This proceeding
shall be treated as a ‘‘permit-butdisclose’’ proceeding in accordance
with the Commission’s ex parte rules.
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16:46 Jan 14, 2020
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Persons making ex parte presentations
must file a copy of any written
presentation or a memorandum
summarizing any oral presentation
within two business days after the
presentation (unless a different deadline
applicable to the Sunshine period
applies). Persons making oral ex parte
presentations are reminded that
memoranda summarizing the
presentation must (1) list all persons
attending or otherwise participating in
the meeting at which the ex parte
presentation was made, and (2)
summarize all data presented and
arguments made during the
presentation. If the presentation
consisted in whole or in part of the
presentation of data or arguments
already reflected in the presenter’s
written comments, memoranda or other
filings in the proceeding, the presenter
may provide citations to such data or
arguments in his or her prior comments,
memoranda, or other filings (specifying
the relevant page and/or paragraph
numbers where such data or arguments
can be found) in lieu of summarizing
them in the memorandum. Documents
shown or given to Commission staff
during ex parte meetings are deemed to
be written ex parte presentations and
must be filed consistent with Rule
1.1206(b). In proceedings governed by
Rule 1.49(f) or for which the
Commission has made available a
method of electronic filing, written ex
parte presentations and memoranda
summarizing oral ex parte
presentations, and all attachments
thereto, must be filed through the
electronic comment filing system
available for that proceeding, and must
be filed in their native format (e.g., .doc,
.xml, .ppt, searchable .pdf). Participants
in this proceeding should familiarize
themselves with the Commission’s ex
parte rules.
64. Initial Regulatory Flexibility
Analysis. Pursuant to the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (RFA), the Commission
has prepared an Initial Regulatory
Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) of the
possible significant economic impact on
small entities of the policies and actions
considered in this Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking. The text of the IRFA is set
forth in Appendix B. Written public
comments are requested on this IRFA.
Comments must be identified as
responses to the IRFA and must be filed
by the deadlines for comments on the
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. The
Commission’s Consumer and
Governmental Affairs Bureau, Reference
Information Center, will send a copy of
the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,
including the IRFA, to the Chief
PO 00000
Frm 00042
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small
Business Administration.
65. Comment Filing Procedures.
Pursuant to §§ 1.415 and 1.419 of the
Commission’s rules, 47 CFR 1.415,
1.419, interested parties may file
comments and reply comments on or
before the dates indicated on the first
page of this document. Comments may
be filed using the Commission’s
Electronic Comment Filing System
(ECFS). See Electronic Filing of
Documents in Rulemaking Proceedings,
63 FR 24121 (1998).
• Electronic Filers: Comments may be
filed electronically using the internet by
accessing the ECFS: https://apps.fcc.gov/
ecfs/.
• Paper Filers: Parties who choose to
file by paper must file an original and
one copy of each filing. If more than one
docket or rulemaking number appears in
the caption of this proceeding, filers
must submit two additional copies for
each additional docket or rulemaking
number.
Filings can be sent by hand or
messenger delivery, by commercial
overnight courier, or by first-class or
overnight U.S. Postal Service mail. All
filings must be addressed to the
Commission’s Secretary, Office of the
Secretary, Federal Communications
Commission.
• All hand-delivered or messengerdelivered paper filings for the
Commission’s Secretary must be
delivered to FCC Headquarters at 445
12th St. SW, Room TW–A325,
Washington, DC 20554. The filing hours
are 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. All hand
deliveries must be held together with
rubber bands or fasteners. Any
envelopes and boxes must be disposed
of before entering the building.
• Commercial overnight mail (other
than U.S. Postal Service Express Mail
and Priority Mail) must be sent to 9050
Junction Drive, Annapolis Junction, MD
20701.
• U.S. Postal Service first-class,
Express, and Priority mail must be
addressed to 445 12th Street SW,
Washington, DC 20554.
66. People With Disabilities: To
request materials in accessible formats
for people with disabilities (braille,
large print, electronic files, audio
format), send an email to fcc504@fcc.gov
or call the Consumer & Governmental
Affairs Bureau at (202) 418–0530
(voice), 202–418–0432 (tty).
67. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
Analysis. This document does not
contain proposed information
collection(s) subject to the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Public
Law 104–13. In addition, therefore, it
does not contain any new or modified
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Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 10 / Wednesday, January 15, 2020 / Proposed Rules
information collection burden for small
business concerns with fewer than 25
employees, pursuant to the Small
Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002,
Public Law 107–198, see 44 U.S.C.
3506(c)(4).
68. Contact Person. For further
information about this rulemaking
proceeding, please contact Michelle
Sclater, Competition Policy Division,
Wireline Competition Bureau, at (202)
418–0388 or michelle.sclater@fcc.gov.
IV. Ordering Clauses
69. It is ordered, pursuant to sections
201 and 251 of the Communications Act
of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. 201, 251,
that the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
in WC Docket No. 18–336 is adopted.
70. It is further ordered that the
Commission’s Consumer and
Governmental Affairs Bureau, Reference
Information Center, shall send a copy of
this Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,
including the Initial Regulatory
Flexibility Analysis, to the Chief
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small
Business Administration.
List of Subjects in 47 CFR Part 52
Communications common carriers,
Telecommunications, Telephone.
PART 52—NUMBERING
1. The authority citation for part 52
remains as follows:
■
2. Amend part 52 by adding subpart
E, consisting of § 52.200, to read as
follows:
■
Subpart E—Universal Dialing Code for
National Suicide Prevention and
Mental Health Crisis Hotline System
jbell on DSKJLSW7X2PROD with PROPOSALS
Designation of 988.
3. Add § 52.200 to read as follows:
§ 52.200 Designation of 988 for a National
Suicide Prevention and Mental Health Crisis
Hotline.
(a) Beginning [EFFECTIVE DATE OF
FINAL RULE], 988 shall be the 3-digit
dialing code for a national suicide
prevention and mental health crisis
hotline system maintained by the
16:46 Jan 14, 2020
Jkt 250001
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
50 CFR Part 217
Take of Marine Mammals Incidental to
Specified Activities; Taking Marine
Mammals Incidental to Rocky Intertidal
Monitoring Surveys Along the Oregon
and California Coasts
National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Commerce.
ACTION: Proposed rule; request for
comments.
AGENCY:
NMFS has received a request
from University of California Santa
Cruz’s Partnership for Interdisciplinary
Studies of Coastal Oceans (UCSC/
PISCO) for authorization to take marine
mammals incidental to rocky intertidal
monitoring surveys along the Oregon
and California coasts. Pursuant to the
Marine Mammal Protection Act
(MMPA), NMFS is proposing
regulations to govern that take, and
requests comments on the proposed
regulations. NMFS will consider public
comments prior to making any final
decision on the issuance of the
requested MMPA authorization and
agency responses will be summarized in
the final notice of our decision.
DATES: Comments and information must
be received no later than February 14,
2020.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments
on this document, identified by NOAA–
SUMMARY:
Authority: 47 U.S.C. 151, 152, 153, 154,
155, 201–205, 207–209, 218, 225–227, 251–
252, 271, 332, unless otherwise noted.
VerDate Sep<11>2014
BILLING CODE 6712–01–P
RIN 0648–BJ37
Proposed Rule
For the reasons discussed in the
preamble, the Federal Communications
Commission proposes to amend 47 CFR
part 52 as follows:
■
[FR Doc. 2019–28429 Filed 1–14–20; 8:45 am]
[Docket No. 200106–0004]
Federal Communications Commission.
Marlene Dortch,
Secretary.
Sec.
52.200
Assistant Secretary for Mental Health
and Substance Use and the Secretary of
Veterans Affairs.
(b) All telecommunications carriers
and interconnected Voice over internet
Protocol (VoIP) providers shall transmit
all calls initiated by an end user dialing
988 to the current toll free access
number for the National Suicide
Prevention Lifeline, presently 1–800–
273–8255 (TALK).
(c) All telecommunications carriers
and interconnected VoIP providers shall
complete all changes to their systems
that are necessary to implement the
designation of the 988 dialing code by
[DATE 18 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE
DATE OF FINAL RULE].
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Frm 00043
Fmt 4702
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2369
NMFS–2020–0002, by any of the
following methods:
• Electronic submission: Submit all
electronic public comments via the
Federal e-Rulemaking Portal. Go to
www.regulations.gov/
#!docketDetail;D=NOAA-NMFS-20200002, click the ‘‘Comment Now!’’ icon,
complete the required fields, and enter
or attach your comments.
• Mail: Submit written comments to
Jolie Harrison, Chief, Permits and
Conservation Division, Office of
Protected Resources, National Marine
Fisheries Service, 1315 East West
Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.
Instructions: Comments sent by any
other method, to any other address or
individual, or received after the end of
the comment period, may not be
considered by NMFS. All comments
received are a part of the public record
and will generally be posted for public
viewing on www.regulations.gov
without change. All personal identifying
information (e.g., name, address),
confidential business information, or
otherwise sensitive information
submitted voluntarily by the sender will
be publicly accessible. NMFS will
accept anonymous comments (enter ‘‘N/
A’’ in the required fields if you wish to
remain anonymous). Attachments to
electronic comments will be accepted in
Microsoft Word, Excel, or Adobe PDF
file formats only.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Dwayne Meadows, Ph.D., Office of
Protected Resources, NMFS, (301) 427–
8401. Electronic copies of the
application and supporting documents,
as well as a list of the references cited
in this document, may be obtained
online at: https://
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/permit/
incidental-take-authorizations-undermarine-mammal-protection-act. In case
of problems accessing these documents,
please call the contact listed above.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Availability
A copy of UCSC/PISCO’s application
and any supporting documents, as well
as a list of the references cited in this
document, may be obtained online at:
www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/
incidental/research.htm. In case of
problems accessing these documents,
please call the contact listed above (see
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Purpose and Need for Regulatory
Action
This proposed rule would establish a
framework under the authority of the
MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) to allow
for the authorization of take of marine
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Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 10 (Wednesday, January 15, 2020)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 2359-2369]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-28429]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
47 CFR Part 52
[WC Docket No. 18-336; FCC 19-128; FRS 16369]
Implementation of the National Suicide Hotline Improvement Act of
2018
AGENCY: Federal Communications Commission.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: In this document, the Federal Communications Commission
proposes to designate 988 as a simple, easy-to-remember, 3-digit
dialing code for a national suicide prevention and mental health crisis
hotline. We propose that all telecommunications carriers and
interconnected VoIP providers be required to implement 988 in their
networks within 18 months. We seek comment on these proposals and
related issues, such as technical barriers to implementation and costs.
DATES: Comments are due on or before February 14, 2020, and reply
comments are due on or before March 16, 2020.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by WC Docket No. 18-336,
by any of the following methods:
Federal Communications Commission's Website: https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
Mail: Parties who choose to file by paper must file an
original and one copy of each filing. If more than one docket or
rulemaking number appears in the caption of this proceeding, filers
must submit two additional copies for each additional docket or
rulemaking number. Filings can be sent by hand or messenger delivery,
by commercial overnight courier, or by first-class or overnight U.S.
Postal Service mail. All filings must be addressed to the Commission's
Secretary, Office of the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission.
All hand-delivered or messenger-delivered paper filings for the
Commission's Secretary must be delivered to FCC Headquarters at 445
12th St. SW, Room TW-A325, Washington, DC 20554. The filing hours are
8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. All hand deliveries must be held together with
rubber bands or fasteners. Any envelopes and boxes must be disposed of
before entering the building. Commercial overnight mail (other than
U.S. Postal Service Express Mail and Priority Mail) must be sent to
9050 Junction Drive, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701. U.S. Postal Service
first-class, Express, and Priority mail must be
[[Page 2360]]
addressed to 445 12th Street SW, Washington DC 20554.
People with Disabilities: To request materials in
accessible formats for people with disabilities (Braille, large print,
electronic files, audio format), send an email to [email protected] or
call the Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau at 202-418-0530
(voice), 202-418-0432 (tty).
For detailed instructions for submitting comments and additional
information on the rulemaking process, see the SUPPLEMENTARY
INFORMATION section of this document.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michelle Sclater, Competition Policy
Division, Wireline Competition Bureau, at (202) 418-0388,
[email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This is a summary of the Commission's Notice
of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) in WC Docket No. 18-336, adopted on
December 12, 2019 and released on December 16, 2019. The full text of
the document is available at https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-19-128A1.pdf. The full text is also available for public inspection
during regular business hours in the FCC Reference Information Center,
Portals II, 445 12th Street SW, Room CY-A257, Washington, DC 20554. To
request materials in accessible formats for people with disabilities
(e.g., braille, large print, electronic files, audio format, etc.) or
to request reasonable accommodations (e.g., accessible format
documents, sign language interpreters, CART, etc.), send an email to
[email protected] or call the Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau at
(202) 418-0530 (voice) or (202) 418-0432 (TTY).
Synopsis
I. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
1. In this Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), we propose to
designate a 3-digit dialing code for a national suicide prevention and
mental health crisis hotline, and we further propose to designate 988
as that code. We expect that designating 988 as the 3-digit dialing
code will help increase the effectiveness of suicide prevention
efforts, ease access to crisis services, reduce the stigma surrounding
suicide and mental health conditions, and ultimately save lives.
2. We anticipate that designating 988 will support the efforts of
our federal partners, SAMHSA and the VA, in their vitally important
work in administering the Lifeline and the Veterans Crisis Line. To
this end, we encourage interested stakeholders to work directly with
SAMHSA, the VA, and Congress to foster collaboration and coordination
of efforts to increase the overall effectiveness of the Lifeline,
including any specialized hotline services for at-risk populations such
as Veterans and LGBTQ youth.
A. Designating 988 as the 3-Digit Dialing Code for a National Suicide
Prevention and Mental Health Crisis Hotline
3. We first propose to designate a 3-digit dialing code for a
national suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline. Based on
the findings in the SAMHSA and VA Reports, we anticipate that the
Lifeline would be more effective in preventing suicides and providing
crisis intervention if it were accessible via a simple, easy-to-
remember, 3-digit dialing code. For example, as SAMHSA explains, ``[i]f
a family member experiences severe chest pains in the company of
another family member, both the patient and the family member, despite
their heightened anxiety, would remember the number 911, while the
concern is that many suicidal people or their family members at a
similar moment of suicidal crisis might not remember 1-800-273-8255
(TALK).'' And as Lines for Life has explained, ``3-digit access'' would
``make it easier to connect people in need with help'' and ``deliver
timely and effective crisis intervention services to millions of
Americans.''
4. The record compiled for the FCC Staff Report supports the use of
a dedicated 3-digit dialing code as a way to increase the effectiveness
of suicide prevention efforts, ease access to crisis services, and
reduce the stigma surrounding suicide and mental health conditions.
Thus, we expect that designating a 3-digit code will ultimately
increase the convenience and immediacy of access to a national suicide
prevention and mental health crisis hotline system, help enhance public
awareness of available suicide prevention and mental health crisis
services, and support our federal partners by simplifying such access.
We seek comment on this proposal.
5. We next propose to designate 988 as the 3-digit dialing code for
a national suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline system,
and to require that all telecommunications carriers and interconnected
VoIP providers transmit all calls initiated by an end user dialing 988
to the current toll free access number for the National Suicide
Prevention Lifeline. We seek comment on this proposal. Additionally,
how, if at all, should our proposal account for the fact that
Americans, particularly younger Americans, increasingly rely on texting
to communicate?
6. Designating 988 appears to provide the fastest, and therefore
best, path to implementing a 3-digit code. First, using a unique 3-
digit code obviates the need to age an existing N11 code and should
therefore reduce the overall implementation timeline, allowing the
Commission to bring this important national resource to the public
years earlier than alternatives. Second, consumer education campaigns
for a unique 3-digit code would be simpler and likely more effective
than those necessary for repurposing or expanding use of an existing
N11 code. Third, using a wholly unique 3-digit code would be less
disruptive to existing users and service providers. In particular,
several of the existing N11 codes discussed in the record are in heavy
use and to expand or repurpose any one of these N11 codes would require
significant work and resources. Fourth, using 988 is less technically
complicated than using other unique 3-digit dialing codes. 988 ``is not
currently assigned as a geographic area code and therefore does not
suffer the same problems surrounding repurposing an existing area code.
Moreover, in order for a switch to detect a new 3-digit code, it helps
if the code is not comprised of the leading digits (often called the
``prefix'') of a local number. A United States telephone number
consists of three basic parts: a three-digit Numbering Plan Area (known
as the area code) NPA, a three-digit Central Office (CO) code (NXX),
and a four-digit line number. In total, it is ten digits and contains
two three-digit codes and a four-digit line number (e.g., (NPA) (NXX)-
(XXXX)). And 988 has fewer corresponding central office code
assignments across the U.S. than other codes the NANC considered, and
thus would be less disruptive to adopt than those other codes. We seek
comment on this proposal.
7. Turning to an evaluation of specific N11 options, we seek
comment on the views of SAMHSA and other commenters in the record who
assert that expanding 211 would reduce the quality of and overburden
the current capacity of crisis or community services offered, resulting
in increased hold times and delayed crisis intervention, and create
confusion as to the purpose of the dialing code. We seek comment on the
view, as explained in the FCC Staff Report, that repurposing 511 would
endanger public safety because states and localities use 511 to enable
drivers to receive information on road conditions during emergencies
and information pertaining to AMBER and
[[Page 2361]]
other public safety-related alerts. We also seek comment on whether
repurposing 511 would require states and localities to remove or
replace roadway signage across the country that advertises 511 as a
local travel information line, which could lengthen the timeline for
implementation, and risk creating public confusion. We seek comment on
the view of the FCC Staff Report that repurposing 611--an N11 code that
receives at least 297 million calls annually--could result in a crisis
hotline being flooded with misdirected calls, creating confusion and
delay, and risking loss of life if a caller in need could not reach a
counselor quickly. And we seek comment on the findings in the FCC Staff
Report that expanding or repurposing any of the other N11 codes--311
(used for non-emergency police services), 411 (used for directory
assistance services), 711 (used by persons with hearing or speech
disabilities to make or receive telephone calls), 811 (used for notice
of excavation activities), and 911 (used for emergency response)--is
not feasible and/or desirable. We note that repurposing 811 would
require legislative changes and, more importantly, could have
significant implications for pipeline safety. Using any N11 code would
appear to significantly delay implementation of a 3-digit dialing code
for a national suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline
because each of these N11 codes is widely used. Moreover, repurposing
one of these N11 codes would eliminate the current and important
purpose of the code. We seek comment on these views.
8. In proposing to designate 988, we agree with the findings in the
FCC Staff Report that the technical and operational issues associated
with implementing 988 can be addressed more quickly than the time
needed to repurpose an existing N11 code. In particular, we find that,
as telephone companies have been upgrading their networks to IP, the
vast majority of switches in the U.S. can accommodate 988 and the
relatively small percentage of legacy switches that cannot currently
support this code can be upgraded more easily and quickly than
conducting the re-education efforts necessary to repurpose an existing
N11 code. We seek comment on these views and on any other challenges of
designating a 3-digit dialing code for the national suicide prevention
and mental health crisis hotline of (and designating 988 in particular)
and ways to mitigate them. Are there alternative proposals that would
allow for implementation of a three-digit dialing code on a faster or
otherwise more efficient timeline?
9. Legal Authority. Section 251(e)(1) of the Act gives the
Commission ``exclusive jurisdiction over those portions of the North
American Numbering Plan that pertain to the United States'' and
provides that numbers must be made ``available on an equitable basis.''
Pursuant to this provision, the Commission retains ``authority to set
policy with respect to all facets of numbering administration in the
United States.'' The Commission's exclusive jurisdiction over numbering
policy enables the Commission to act flexibly and expeditiously on
important numbering matters.
10. We believe that this authority allows us to designate 988 as
the 3-digit dialing code for a national suicide and mental health
crisis hotline system and to require providers of telecommunications
and interconnected VoIP services to take appropriate and timely action
to implement this designation. The Commission has previously concluded
that its numbering authority allows it to extend numbering-related
requirements to interconnected VoIP providers that use telephone
numbers. As the Commission has explained, ``the obligation to ensure
that numbers are available on an equitable basis is reasonably
understood to include not only how numbers are made available but to
whom, and on what terms and conditions. Thus, we conclude that the
Commission has authority under section 251(e)(1) to extend to
interconnected VoIP providers both the rights and obligations
associated with using telephone numbers.'' We further believe that
taking these steps will help to ensure that all Americans can receive
efficient, swift access to, and reap the benefits of, critical suicide
prevention and crisis services offered through the Lifeline. We seek
comment on these views. Are there other sources of legal authority for
this proposal?
B. Implementing 988 as the 3-Digit Dialing Code for a National Suicide
Prevention and Mental Health Crisis Hotline
11. As the FCC Staff Report recognizes, ``suicide does not
discriminate by geographic region, and to be effective, any code
designated for a national suicide and mental health crisis hotline must
be ubiquitously deployed.'' To that end, we propose requiring that all
telecommunications carriers and interconnected VoIP providers implement
988 by transmitting all calls initiated by an end user dialing 988 to
the current toll free access number for the Lifeline. We specifically
seek comment on including one-way interconnected VoIP providers as
well. Our proposed requirement would thus apply to those providers that
access the public switched telephone network on an interconnected basis
to reach all Americans. We seek comment on our proposal. Should we
apply the requirements we adopt to a different set of entities and, if
so, what set of entities and why?
12. Software and Equipment Updates. We recognize that in order to
implement 988, telecommunications carriers and interconnected VoIP
providers must make changes to their networks and institute new dialing
requirements in certain circumstances. In particular, we recognize that
certain legacy switches will require upgrades. The NANC has identified
seven switch types that cannot support a new wholly unique 3-digit
dialing code. Based on the legacy switch types identified by the NANC,
Commission staff estimate that a little over 6,000 switches and
remotes, or approximately 12% of the 50,615 switches and remotes listed
in the April 2019 edition of the Local Exchange Routing Guide (LERG),
cannot currently support 988 and would need to be upgraded. Of those,
about 4,750 switches are DMS-10, EWSD, and DCO (e.g., Nortel and
Siemens) switch types. Some of these may have a direct upgrade path to
IP, which we expect would enable use of 988 as a 3-digit dialing code
at a relatively low cost per switch upgrade. However, approximately
1,400 switches may not have a clear upgrade path, necessitating that
they be replaced. We seek comment on these estimates.
13. Depending on the type of switch currently used, implementation
of 988 may require that providers take a number of steps to update
their networks, which may include: Acquiring and installing new
equipment; developing and testing software to implement 988; assigning
988 in the switch translations dialing plan to prevent other uses for
that code; ensuring that switch routing elements correctly route 988;
training staff; and deploying new software, such as adding logic to
internal automated systems to implement any updates. After upgrading
and replacing switches, vendors will then need to perform network
translation changes and monitor network operations. We seek comment on
these and any other implementation steps. Are there trunking and/or
network capacity requirements that carriers and providers would need to
address in order to carry the expected
[[Page 2362]]
increase in suicide hotline calls? Are there other implementation steps
that will be necessary? We also ask commenters, particularly service
providers, to provide information on the most expeditious and effective
path toward achieving ubiquitous deployment of 988 across all networks.
14. 988 Call Routing. We propose requiring telecommunications
carriers and interconnected VoIP providers to route 988 calls to 1-800-
273-8255 (TALK), the current toll free access number for the Lifeline
and the Veterans Crisis Line. Doing so appears to provide the most
efficient means to establish 988 as a national suicide prevention
hotline. We seek comment on this proposal.
15. Whether to route calls to a central destination or to localized
call centers will affect the 988 implementation timeline and cost.
Because it offers a streamlined approach using existing infrastructure,
we believe our proposal is likely to be faster and more cost effective
than the alternatives of either setting up a new routing database or
entering local translations, as is used for 911 calls, which are routed
via a direct local translation to a 10-digit number of a local police
station or Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) based on the location
of the calling number. The NANC concluded that, for service providers,
routing calls is likely to be ``more efficient if the call is
terminated to a national or centralized call center as opposed to a
local or decentralized call center network.'' The toll free access
number for the Lifeline, 1-800-273-8255 (TALK), is a national call
center that currently serves to route calls to local crisis centers
across the country. We expect that routing calls to 1-800-273-8255
(TALK) will be more efficient than establishing a new call center to
perform the same functions, or requiring direct local translations for
each local crisis center. We seek comment on this analysis.
16. Further, service provider routing of 988 calls to 1-800-273-
8255 (TALK), rather than localized call centers, may facilitate access
to the Lifeline and the Veterans Crisis Line by reducing the likelihood
that calls will be misdirected following any changes to the local
crisis center network. If the Lifeline were to add new call centers or
consolidate existing call centers, for example, routing changes could
be implemented by updating the centralized 800 translations service and
thereby avoid having to reprogram local switches, which if done
improperly, could result in misdirected calls. We seek comment on this
view, on other benefits of this call routing proposal, and on the
impact this proposal would have on the effectiveness of the Lifeline
and Veterans Crisis Line once 988 is implemented. For example, would it
impact the ability of the Lifeline to route calls to the closest local
crisis center, as the Lifeline does currently? Would our proposal
affect the operations of the Veterans Crisis Line? Are there other
models that would provide better functionality to users of the hotline?
We also seek comment on whether SAMHSA or the VA and/or the existing
national network of crisis centers that currently comprise the Lifeline
and the Veterans Crisis Line will need to make changes to accommodate
this proposal, and the length of time and costs that such changes will
entail.
17. We seek comment on any drawbacks or costs associated with this
proposal. TGM Consulting, for example, cautions that some TDM switches
may only be able to translate a code like 988 into a local or
geographic number. Is this accurate and, if so, how many such switches
are in use today and what would be required to upgrade them? Should we
carve out an exemption for such switches and require them instead to
route 988 calls to a geographic number? Are there other solutions that
would allow these switches to direct 988 calls to 1-800-273-8255
(TALK)? We seek comment on any other issues related to this proposed
call routing approach.
18. In the alternative, we seek comment on requiring service
providers to route 988 calls directly to a local Lifeline or Veterans
Crisis Line call center rather than to 1-800-273-8255 (TALK). In
seeking comment on this alternative approach, we note that 1-800-273-
8255 (TALK) currently provides access to both the Lifeline and the
Veterans Crisis Line. How would this functionality be maintained under
a direct routing approach? Would the Lifeline still be able to route
calls to a backup center, as is currently done if a local crisis center
experiences a service disruption or excessive call volume? How, if at
all, would this alternative approach affect access to the Lifeline and
Veterans Crisis Line? In this scenario, would routing databases need to
be created to route 988 calls to such numbers? If so, what would such
databases offer and who would own, maintain, and distribute such
databases? How would this impact our proposed timeline and costs for
implementation? What are the challenges in routing 988 calls directly
to a local or regional crisis center as opposed to a single toll free
number? Would such an approach offer any benefits over our proposal? We
seek comment on these and any other relevant issues.
19. Dialing in Certain Geographic Areas. We next seek comment on
how to address areas that both use 7-digit dialing and where 988 is in
use as an NXX code. In such areas, a switch would need to distinguish
between calls made to the suicide prevention and mental health crisis
hotline and the assigned 988 central office code. Commission staff
analysis of NANPA data shows that as of September 2019, there are 95
area codes that both still use 7-digit dialing and have assigned 988 as
an NXX prefix. The number 95 is arrived at by looking at how many NPAs
use 988 (a total of 178) and then seeing which of those are located in
a 7-digit dialing area code. We seek comment on whether this is an
accurate estimate of area codes that would need to implement a
solution.
20. One solution is the introduction of a dialing delay after 988
is entered--the switch would recognize that the caller is dialing 988
rather than a local 988-XXXX number when no digits are entered after
988. The downside with such an approach, as the NANC has noted, is that
such a dialing delay ``could result in the caller terminating the call
because he thinks the call failed, or [result in] unrelated calls being
routed to the hotline when a 7-digit number is dialed too slowly.'' We
seek comment on this and any other potential concerns with this
approach.
21. Alternatively, requiring 10-digit dialing would enable the
switches to distinguish between calls made to the national suicide
prevention hotline system and those made to a number beginning with a
988 prefix. With 10-digit dialing, a caller must first input the 3-
digit area code before entering a 7-digit number. Thus, an individual
attempting to call a 988-XXXX number would first have to input the area
code (i.e., XXX-988-XXXX), avoiding the problem of calling the hotline
in error.
22. We seek comment on whether the Commission should mandate one
particular solution as part of our designation and implementation of
988. The Commission has mandated 10-digit dialing in cases of area-code
relief, which involves establishing a new area code for a geographic
region after the existing area code runs out of NXX prefixes. And any
transition to 10-digit dialing could likely be achieved in parallel
within the other work to implement 988 and that the transition, based
on previous conversions from 7 to 10-digit dialing, can be completed
within a year. Indeed, in the last decade, states such as Connecticut
and Nebraska moved to mandatory 10-digit dialing within a period of one
year. Should we require states to transition to 10-digit
[[Page 2363]]
dialing in areas where the 988 exchange has been assigned as an NXX
prefix in area codes that still have 7-digit dialing, as the Commission
has done for area-code-relief implementation? Alternatively, should we
leave it to state commissions to decide whether to mandate 10-digit
dialing rather than a dialing delay for any given area code?
23. Timeframe. We propose that all telecommunications carriers and
interconnected VoIP providers be required to implement 988 in their
networks within 18 months. We believe this timeframe would provide
sufficient time for providers to make any necessary changes to
equipment and software, and to institute new dialing requirements, if
necessary. To begin with, we understand that modern IP switches can
already accommodate 988 today or do so with minor software updates. In
this regard, we observe that most providers are already actively
upgrading their equipment to IP technology given the technological
advances in the marketplace and the advanced services that consumers
are demanding. Moreover, we believe that 18 months is sufficient time
to upgrade the approximately 12% of legacy switches that will need such
upgrades and we anticipate that the majority of technical upgrades
necessary to switches and systems can be done in parallel with other
work to implement 988. We seek comment on this proposal.
24. Alternatively, should we adopt a shorter or longer timeframe
for implementation such as one year or two years, and if so, why?
Should the Commission consider the size of a carrier's network,
including the need to simultaneously replace multiple legacy switches,
when determining the appropriate implementation timeline? Further, does
the use of legacy switch technology warrant a phased-in approach and,
if so, how should that be implemented? Are there risks associated with
such an approach (e.g., confusion among the public regarding the
availability of 988)? Would such an approach inappropriately reward
carriers that have not invested in their networks to prepare for the IP
transition in a timely manner? How many such switches reside on the
networks of rural local exchange carriers, if any, and what unique
barriers would such carriers face in implementing 988 in a timely
manner? Are there other challenges that service providers may face that
we should consider in determining the appropriate timeframe for
implementation?
25. Costs. We propose that all providers bear their own costs for
executing the upgrades necessary to be able to implement 988 as a 3-
digit code for a national suicide prevention and mental health crisis
hotline. This approach encourages efficiency in implementation and
avoids unnecessary administrative costs. In turn, section 251(e)(2) of
the Act states that ``[t]he cost of establishing telecommunications
numbering administration arrangements and number portability shall be
borne by all telecommunications carriers on a competitively neutral
basis.'' The Commission is only required to apply section 251(e)(2) in
situations involving some type of numbering administration arrangement,
where for instance, the Commission hires a third party to develop a
database for industry use. Here, that circumstance is not present.
Therefore, we believe the section 251(e)(2) requirements do not apply.
Even if section 251(e)(2) applies, we believe it is satisfied if we
require each provider to bear its own costs because each provider's
costs will be proportional to the size and quality of its network. We
seek comment on this proposal.
C. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of Designating and Implementing 988
26. We expect that designation and implementation of 988 as a
simple, easy-to-remember 3-digit dialing code nationwide will increase
the convenience and immediacy of access to life-saving suicide
prevention and mental health crisis services. By becoming a part of the
existing framework of the Lifeline and Veterans Crisis Line, we expect
that the 988 dialing code will ``make it easier for Americans in crisis
to access potentially life-saving resources.''
27. In the FCC Staff Report, Commission staff conducted a cost-
benefit analysis of designating 988 as the 3-digit dialing code for a
national suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline. The cost-
benefit analysis used information from the NANC, SAMHSA, the VA, and
publicly available data. Commission staff estimated the total costs for
the first year at $570 million, costs for the second year at
approximately $175 million, and subsequent years at approximately $50
million annually. In estimating the benefits of the 3-digit dialing
code, the analysis used the Department of Transportation's Value of a
Statistical Life. Staff determined that if the 3-digit code were to
reduce suicide mortality risk by a fraction of one percent, it would be
well worth its cost. We acknowledge the difficulty in attempting to
quantify the value of mortality reductions and use Value of a
Statistical Life only as a practical approach to conducting this
necessary analysis. Based on this analysis, Commission staff concluded
that the benefits of designating 988 as the dialing code for a national
suicide prevention and mental health crisis hotline outweighed the
costs. While the FCC Staff Report took a broad view and accounted for
costs that may be incurred by a variety of entities from service
providers to crisis centers, here we focus on the costs and benefits of
our proposed rules to require covered providers to implement 988.
28. If the new 988 dialing code can deter one of every thousand
Americans who would otherwise attempt suicide from harming themselves--
a 0.1% reduction in suicides and suicide attempts--we expect the
estimated benefit of $2.4 billion in present value over the course of
ten years will exceed the estimated, one-time $367 million in present
value implementation cost to service providers. As discussed below, the
estimated costs that service providers will incur due to implementation
include $300 million for upgrading and replacing switches and $92.5
million for translation updates. For simplicity, we assume the total
estimated cost of $392.5 million will be incurred one year into the
future (rather than incurred throughout the 18-month transition period)
and then discount back to the present day using a discount rate of 7%.
The discounted value is equal to $367 million ($392.5 million/1.07 =
$367 million). If providers choose to pass these costs on to customers,
we expect any increased costs to consumers to be minimal, and we
believe that this potential added cost is worth the benefit. We seek
comment on this preliminary conclusion that benefits surpass costs and
the estimation methods described below.
[[Page 2364]]
29. Estimated Benefits of Implementing 988. The Lifeline and the
Veterans Crisis Line provide proven, effective intervention services
for Americans in crisis. We anticipate that integrating the 988 dialing
code within this existing framework will allow callers to continue to
benefit from experienced counselors, while also expanding access with
the availability of a simple, easily remembered number to dial for
those in need. Both the Lifeline and the Veterans Crisis Line have seen
increased call volumes since their inception. SAMHSA reports that calls
to the Lifeline more than doubled over a 5-year period--from under 1
million in 2012 to over 2 million in 2017--and expects the number of
calls to continue to increase. Similarly, the call volume to the
Veterans Crisis Line has increased from just under 500,000 calls in
fiscal year 2014 to over 700,000 in fiscal year 2017--an increase of
more than 40% in three years.
30. Studies have found that access to crisis counselors helps
reduce suicides. A recent SAMHSA-funded study found that for crisis-
center callers at imminent risk of committing suicide, counselors and
callers were able to cooperatively reduce the risk of suicide without
police or ambulance services in 55% of calls, counselors sent emergency
responders with the caller's cooperation in 19.1% of the cases, and
counselors sent emergency services without collaboration for the
remaining 25.9% of calls. Studies of suicidal-caller survey responses
in the UK found reductions as large as 25% in callers wanting to self-
harm after speaking with hotline counselors. By facilitating access to
crisis counselors, the 988 dialing code would likely help further
reduce suicides.
31. Estimating a precise reduction in suicide incidence, however,
is difficult. The alternative is to evaluate plausible suicide-
reduction scenarios. In 2017, 47,000 Americans committed suicide, while
more than 1.4 million American adults attempted suicide. If the
implementation of 988 results in greater access to a nationwide network
of suicide prevention and mental health services--in the way adopting
911 transformed emergency services provision--suicides may drop by 10%
or more, saving at least 4,700 lives a year. Due to the lack of before-
and-after statistics, the transformative impact of 911 on emergency
service provision is difficult to capture in a snapshot; nevertheless,
emergency response has dramatically improved. Ambulance, fire, police,
and poison control centers have coalesced around 911 to dispatch the
appropriate emergency service in response to one 3-digit call. Each
minute saved in the sequence of recalling, dialing, and dispatching
emergency services reduces response times, which saves lives.
Commission staff estimated that a one-minute reduction in emergency
response time saves 10,120 lives annually. A more modest decline in
suicides of 1% would save 470 lives a year. A marginal decline of 0.1%
would save 47 lives a year. Multiplying suicides prevented by the value
of mortality reduction last used by the Commission (i.e., the value of
a statistical life (VSL)) yields a range of annual benefits
corresponding to the suicide reductions achieved (see Table 2):
Table 2--Estimated Annual Benefits From Suicide Reductions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VSL 2018 10% suicide reduction 1% suicide reduction 0.1% suicide reduction
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$9.6 million..................... $45.1 billion (4,700 * $4.51 billion (470 * $451 million (47 * $9.6
$9.6 million). $9.6 million). million).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
32. We propose applying the most conservative assumption of a 0.1%
reduction in suicides and estimating total annual benefits of
implementing our 988 dialing code proposal to be $451 million.
Conservatively assuming the annual benefits of our actions do not
accrue until the start of the third year of our action (to account both
for a technical transition and a consumer education campaign) and
looking out up to ten years, we estimate the present value of the total
benefits from implementing a 988 dialing code to be $2.4 billion. We
seek comment on this estimate. This calculation discounts the annual
benefits for each of the eight years (from three to ten years in the
future) back to the present using a discount rate of 7%. If, instead, a
3% discount rate is used, the estimated benefits are $3 billion.
Benefits under the 3% discount rate exceed the estimated discounted
costs of $381 million.
33. Are there alternative methods of estimation that we should
consider? What historic and more recent data sources, if any, are
available? We seek comment on the benefits of facilitating access to
the existing Lifeline and Veterans Crisis Line structure. We also seek
comment on the benefits of facilitating access to the Lifeline should
additional hotline services targeted at at-risk populations like LGBTQ
youth be added. For example, what are the benefits if a new interactive
voice response menu option is pursued or if other specialized training
for call takers to handle LGBTQ youth calls or calls from other at-risk
populations becomes the norm? We also seek comment on other benefits of
implementing 988, such as savings in emergency responder costs, and the
dollar value of these additional benefits.
34. Estimated Costs Incurred by Service Providers. To implement 988
as the 3-digit dialing code, service providers must incur certain one-
time monetary outlays to make updates to switches and replace legacy
equipment. First, as noted by the NANC, ``every originating switch in
the United States and its territories would require translation
updates.'' The NANC Report estimates these necessary updates will
result in a one-time cost to service providers of approximately $92.5
million. The NANC arrived at this figure by multiplying the total
number of dial plan changes (550,812) by the estimated time per dial
plan change (1.6 hours), then multiplying that product by the hourly
Telecommunications Engineering Contract rate of $105. We seek comment
on the accuracy of the $92.5 million estimate for switching translation
costs. We believe there are no recurring costs associated with
implementation of 988 and we seek comment on this assumption.
35. Second, the NANC Report notes ``some wireline switches may be
unable to support any new 3-digit dialing code that is not an N11
code.'' Those switches unable to process 988 must be upgraded or
replaced. In the FCC Staff Report, Commission staff estimated switch
upgrades and replacements will result in a one-time costs to service
providers of approximately $300 million. We seek comment on this
estimate. For the approximately 4,750 switches with a direct upgrade
path to IP, we expect a relatively low cost of approximately $30,000
per switch. We estimate an average per switch replacement cost of
$100,000 for the approximately 1,400 switches without a clear upgrade
path. Upgrading or replacing all switches, therefore, would
[[Page 2365]]
cost ($100,000 x 1,400 full upgrades =) $140 million and ($30,000 x
4,750 field upgrades =) $142.5 million, for a total cost of $282.5
million which we round up to $300 million. Commission staff estimate
that a little over 6,000 switches and remotes listed in the April 2019
edition of the LERG cannot support 988. We seek comment on the accuracy
of the estimate of the number of switches and remotes that cannot
support 988. Is this estimate correct? If not, what is the correct
number? Is $300 million over 18 months a reasonable estimate for the
cost of replacing these legacy switches? What is the remaining useful
life of these switches? Does the replacement cost change with our
timeline for implementing 988? We recognize that some providers do not
want to upgrade existing switches prior to the end of their life-cycle.
However, we anticipate that upgrades to legacy switches will have
significant offsetting benefits beyond the immediate context of this
proceeding, such as providing consumers with the benefits of more
advanced, IP-based services as well as new business opportunities for
providers. How should we account for those benefits in calculating the
actual cost of upgrading these networks?
36. The NANC Report mentions other possible costs of implementing
988 without offering specific estimates. For example, the NANC Report
notes that 988 implementation costs will vary if calls are routed
directly to a national or centralized call center or to a local or
regional call center. We seek comment on routing costs. If service
providers route 988 calls to 1-800-273-8255 (TALK), what are the costs
associated with such routing? How do such costs compare to other
alternatives, such as routing to a local or regional call center? We
seek comment on the types and amounts of any other implementation costs
to service providers. Such implementation costs could include cell site
reprogramming cited in the Suicide Hotline Improvement Act, Sec.
3(b)(2)(i)(II). In the FCC Staff Report, staff estimated in response to
Sec. 3(b)(2)(i)(II) that approximately $50 million in additional annual
funding would be needed to handle additional calls and that would be
covered by federal, state, and local governments. In this regard, we
caution commenters that we do not intend to consider benefits or costs
that may be important to the Lifeline or the Veteran's Crisis Line as a
whole but fall outside of the Commission's specific numbering oversight
role, such as those related to advertising or educational outreach to
increase the public's awareness of the availability of 988.
37. To accommodate 988, areas currently using seven-digit dialing
will need to either transition to 10-digit dialing or implement post-
dial delay. What are the costs and benefits of these solutions?
38. In sum, we believe that designating 988 as the national suicide
prevention and mental health hotline dialing code will facilitate
access to life-saving suicide prevention services. We further believe
that reductions in suicides and suicide attempts will result in
estimated benefits of $2.4 billion in present value over the course of
ten years, exceeding the estimated one-time implementation cost to
service providers of $367 million in present value, and that the
proposals in this Notice complement ongoing efforts to deter suicide
and provide support to Americans in crisis. We seek comment on our
analysis and on the costs and benefits of any alternative proposals.
II. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
39. As required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, as
amended (RFA), the Commission has prepared this Initial Regulatory
Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) of the possible significant economic impact
on small entities by the policies and rules proposed in this Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking (Notice). The Commission requests written public
comments on this IRFA. Comments must be identified as responses to the
IRFA and must be filed by the deadlines for comments provided on the
first page of the Notice. The Commission will send a copy of the
Notice, including this IRFA, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the
Small Business Administration (SBA). In addition, the Notice and IRFA
(or summaries thereof) will be published in the Federal Register.
A. Need for, and Objectives of, the Proposed Rules
40. Pursuant to the National Suicide Hotline Improvement Act of
2018 (Suicide Hotline Improvement Act), the Notice proposes to
designate a 3-digit dialing code for a national suicide and mental
health crisis hotline system, and also proposes to designate 988,
specifically, as the 3-digit dialing code to be used. The Notice also
proposes to require that, within 18 months, all telecommunications
carriers and interconnected VoIP service providers transmit calls
initiated by dialing 988 to the current toll free access number for the
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. The Notice seeks comment on all
of these proposals, and also seeks comment on issues pertaining to
ubiquitous nationwide deployment of 988, including whether we should
mandate a 10-digit dialing code in places where 988 exchange has been
assigned in area codes that still have seven-digit dialing, or
nationwide; on our proposal that service providers route 988 calls to
1-800-273-8255 (TALK); on various other technical considerations
associated with use of 988 as a 3-digit dialing code; and on the costs
and benefits to implementing 988.
41. The Commission believes that the proposals in the Notice to
designate 988 as the 3-digit dialing code for a national suicide and
mental health crisis hotline system will help increase the
effectiveness of suicide prevention efforts, help enhance public
awareness of available suicide prevention and mental health crises
services, ease access to crisis services, support our federal partners
by simplifying such access, and reduce the stigma surrounding suicide
and mental health conditions.
B. Legal Basis
42. The Suicide Hotline Improvement Act tasks the Commission with
examining the effectiveness of the current National Suicide Prevention
Lifeline and the feasibility of designating a 3-digit dialing code to
be used for a national suicide prevention and mental health crisis
hotline system. Section 251(e)(1) of the Communications Act, as
amended, gives the Commission ``exclusive jurisdiction over those
portions of the North American Numbering Plan that pertain to the
United States'' and provides that numbers must be made ``available on
an equitable basis.'' The Commission proposes that this authority
allows it to designate 988 as the 3-digit dialing code for a national
suicide and mental health crisis hotline system, and to require
providers of telecommunications and interconnected Voice over internet
Protocol (VoIP) services to take appropriate and timely action to
implement this requirement.
C. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which
the Proposed Rules Will Apply
43. The RFA directs agencies to provide a description of and, where
feasible, an estimate of the number of small entities that may be
affected by the proposed rules and by the rule revisions on which the
Notice seeks comment, if adopted. The RFA generally defines the term
``small entity'' as having the same meaning as the terms ``small
business,'' ``small organization,''
[[Page 2366]]
and ``small governmental jurisdiction.'' In addition, the term ``small
business'' has the same meaning as the term ``small-business concern''
under the Small Business Act. A ``small-business concern'' is one
which: (1) Is independently owned and operated; (2) is not dominant in
its field of operation; and (3) satisfies any additional criteria
established by the SBA.
44. Small Businesses, Small Organizations, Small Governmental
Jurisdictions. Our actions, over time, may affect small entities that
are not easily categorized at present. We therefore describe here, at
the outset, three broad groups of small entities that could be directly
affected herein. First, while there are industry-specific size
standards for small businesses that are used in the regulatory-
flexibility analysis, according to data from the SBA's Office of
Advocacy, a small business in general is an independent business having
fewer than 500 employees. These types of small businesses represent
99.9% of all businesses in the United States, which translates to 30.2
million businesses.
45. Next, the type of small entity described as a ``small
organization'' is generally ``any not-for-profit enterprise which is
independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field . . .
.'' Nationwide, as of March 2019, there were approximately 356,494
small organizations based on registration and tax data filed by
nonprofits with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
46. Finally, the small entity described as a ``small governmental
jurisdiction'' is defined generally as ``governments of cities,
counties, towns, townships, villages, school districts, or special
districts, with a population of less than fifty thousand.'' U.S. Census
Bureau data from the 2012 Census of Governments indicates that there
were 90,056 local governmental jurisdictions consisting of general
purpose governments and special purpose governments in the United
States. Of this number, there were 37,132 general purpose governments
(county, municipal, and town or township) with populations of less than
50,000, and 12,184 special-purpose governments (independent school
districts and special districts) with populations of less than 50,000.
The 2012 U.S. Census Bureau data for most types of governments in the
local government category shows that a majority these governments have
populations of less than 50,000. Based on this data, we estimate that
at least 49,316 local-government jurisdictions fall in the category of
``small governmental jurisdictions.''
47. Wired Telecommunications Carriers. The U.S. Census Bureau
defines this industry as ``establishments primarily engaged in
operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and
infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of
voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired communications
networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology
or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use
the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to
provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services,
including VoIP services, wired (cable) audio and video programming
distribution, and wired broadband internet services. By exception,
establishments providing satellite television distribution services
using facilities and infrastructure that they operate are included in
this industry.'' The SBA has developed a small-business size standard
for Wired Telecommunications Carriers, which consists of all such
companies having 1,500 or fewer employees. Census data for 2012 shows
that there were 3,117 firms that operated that year and that of this
total, 3,083 operated with fewer than 1,000 employees. Thus, under this
size standard, the majority of firms in this industry can be considered
small.
48. Local Exchange Carriers (LECs). Neither the Commission nor the
SBA has developed a size standard for small businesses specifically
applicable to local exchange services. The closest applicable NAICS
Code category is Wired Telecommunications Carriers. Under the
applicable SBA size standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500
or fewer employees. U.S. Census Bureau data for 2012 shows that 3,117
firms operated for the entire year. Of that total, 3,083 operated with
fewer than 1,000 employees. Thus under this category and the associated
size standard, the Commission estimates that the majority of local
exchange carriers are small entities.
49. Incumbent LECs. Neither the Commission nor the SBA has
developed a small-business size standard specifically for incumbent
local exchange services. The closest applicable NAICS Code category is
Wired Telecommunications Carriers. Under the applicable SBA size
standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.
U.S. Census Bureau data for 2012 indicates that 3,117 firms operated
the entire year. Of this total, 3,083 operated with fewer than 1,000
employees. Consequently, the Commission estimates that most providers
of incumbent local exchange service are small businesses that may be
affected by our actions. According to Commission data, 1,307 Incumbent
Local Exchange Carriers reported that they were incumbent local
exchange service providers. Of this total, an estimated 1,006 have
1,500 or fewer employees. Thus, using the SBA's size standard, the
majority of incumbent LECs can be considered small entities.
50. Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (Competitive LECs),
Competitive Access Providers (CAPs), Shared-Tenant Service Providers,
and Other Local Service Providers. Neither the Commission nor the SBA
has developed a small-business size standard specifically for these
service providers. The most appropriate NAICS Code category is Wired
Telecommunications Carriers. Under that size standard, such a business
is small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees. U.S. Census Bureau data
for 2012 indicate that 3,117 firms operated during that year. Of that
number, 3,083 operated with fewer than 1,000 employees. Based on these
data, the Commission concludes that the majority of Competitive LECS,
CAPs, Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and Other Local Service
Providers are small entities. According to Commission data, 1,442
carriers reported that they were engaged in the provision of either
competitive local exchange services or competitive access provider
services. Of these 1,442 carriers, an estimated 1,256 have 1,500 or
fewer employees. In addition, 17 carriers have reported that they are
Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and all 17 are estimated to have 1,500
or fewer employees. Additionally, 72 carriers have reported that they
are Other Local Service Providers. Of this total, 70 have 1,500 or
fewer employees. Consequently, based on internally researched FCC data,
the Commission estimates that most providers of competitive local
exchange service, competitive access providers, Shared-Tenant Service
Providers, and Other Local Service Providers are small entities.
51. We have included small incumbent LECs in this present RFA
analysis. As noted above, a ``small business'' under the RFA is one
that, inter alia, meets the pertinent small-business size standard
(e.g., a telephone communications business having 1,500 or fewer
employees) and ``is not dominant in its field of operation.'' The SBA's
Office of Advocacy contends that, for RFA purposes, small incumbent
LECs are not dominant in their field of operation because any such
dominance is not ``national'' in scope. We have therefore included
small incumbent
[[Page 2367]]
LECs in this RFA analysis, although we emphasize that this RFA action
has no effect on Commission analyses and determinations in other, non-
RFA contexts.
52. Interexchange Carriers (IXCs). Neither the Commission nor the
SBA has developed a definition for Interexchange Carriers. The closest
NAICS Code category is Wired Telecommunications Carriers. The
applicable size standard under SBA rules is that such a business is
small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees. U.S. Census Bureau data for
2012 indicate that 3,117 firms operated for the entire year. Of that
number, 3,083 operated with fewer than 1,000 employees. According to
internally developed Commission data, 359 companies reported that their
primary telecommunications service activity was the provision of
interexchange services. Of this total, an estimated 317 have 1,500 or
fewer employees. Consequently, the Commission estimates that the
majority of interexchange service providers are small entities.
53. Local Resellers. The SBA has developed a small-business size
standard for Telecommunications Resellers that includes Local
Resellers. The Telecommunications Resellers industry comprises
establishments engaged in purchasing access and network capacity from
owners and operators of telecommunications networks and reselling wired
and wireless telecommunications services (except satellite) to
businesses and households. Establishments in this industry resell
telecommunications; they do not operate transmission facilities and
infrastructure. Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) are included
in this industry. Under the SBA's size standard, such a business is
small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees. U.S. Census Bureau data for
2012 shows that 1,341 firms provided resale services during that year.
Of that number, all operated with fewer than 1,000 employees. Thus,
under this category and the associated small-business size standard,
the majority of these resellers can be considered small entities.
According to Commission data, 213 carriers have reported that they are
engaged in the provision of local resale services. Of these, an
estimated 211 have 1,500 or fewer employees. Consequently, the
Commission estimates that the majority of Local Resellers are small
entities.
54. Toll Resellers. The Commission has not developed a definition
for Toll Resellers. The closest NAICS Code category is
Telecommunications Resellers. The Telecommunications Resellers industry
comprises establishments engaged in purchasing access and network
capacity from owners and operators of telecommunications networks and
reselling wired and wireless telecommunications services (except
satellite) to businesses and households. Establishments in this
industry resell telecommunications; they do not operate transmission
facilities and infrastructure. Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs)
are included in this industry. The SBA has developed a small-business
size standard for the category of Telecommunications Resellers. Under
that size standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500 or fewer
employees. Census data for 2012 shows that 1,341 firms provided resale
services during that year. Of that number, 1,341 operated with fewer
than 1,000 employees. Thus, under this category and the associated
small-business size standard, the majority of these resellers can be
considered small entities. According to Commission data, 881 carriers
have reported that they are engaged in the provision of toll resale
services. Of this total, an estimated 857 have 1,500 or fewer
employees. Consequently, the Commission estimates that the majority of
toll resellers are small entities.
55. Other Toll Carriers. Neither the Commission nor the SBA has
developed a definition for small businesses specifically applicable to
Other Toll Carriers. This category includes toll carriers that do not
fall within the categories of interexchange carriers, operator service
providers, prepaid calling card providers, satellite service carriers,
or toll resellers. The closest applicable NAICS Code category is for
Wired Telecommunications Carriers as defined above. Under the
applicable SBA size standard, such a business is small if it has 1,500
or fewer employees. Census data for 2012 shows that there were 3,117
firms that operated that year. Of this total, 3,083 operated with fewer
than 1,000 employees. Thus, under this category and the associated
small-business size standard, the majority of Other Toll Carriers can
be considered small. According to internally developed Commission data,
284 companies reported that their primary telecommunications service
activity was the provision of other toll carriage. Of these, an
estimated 279 have 1,500 or fewer employees. Consequently, the
Commission estimates that most Other Toll Carriers are small entities.
56. Wireless Communications Services. This service can be used for
fixed, mobile, radiolocation, and digital audio broadcasting satellite
uses. The Commission defined ``small business'' for the wireless
communications services (WCS) auction as an entity with average gross
revenues of $40 million for each of the three preceding years, and a
``very small business'' as an entity with average gross revenues of $15
million for each of the three preceding years. The SBA has approved
these small-business size standards.
57. Wireless Telephony. Wireless telephony includes cellular,
personal communications services, and specialized mobile radio
telephony carriers. The closest applicable SBA category is Wireless
Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite), and under the most
appropriate size standard for this category, such a business is small
if it has 1,500 or fewer employees. For this industry, U.S. Census
Bureau data for 2012 shows that there were 967 firms that operated for
the entire year. Of this total, 955 firms had fewer than 1,000
employees and 12 firms had 1,000 employees or more. Thus, under this
category and the associated size standard, the Commission estimates
that a majority of these entities can be considered small. According to
Commission data, 413 carriers reported that they were engaged in
wireless telephony. Of these, an estimated 261 have 1,500 or fewer
employees and 152 have more than 1,500 employees. Therefore, more than
half of these entities can be considered small.
58. All Other Telecommunications. The ``All Other
Telecommunications'' category is comprised of establishments primarily
engaged in providing specialized telecommunications services, such as
satellite tracking, communications telemetry, and radar station
operation. This industry also includes establishments primarily engaged
in providing satellite terminal stations and associated facilities
connected with one or more terrestrial systems and capable of
transmitting telecommunications to, and receiving telecommunications
from, satellite systems. Establishments providing internet services or
voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services via client-supplied
telecommunications connections are also included in this industry. The
SBA has developed a small-business size standard for All Other
Telecommunications, which consists of all such firms with annual
receipts of $ 35 million or less. For this category, U.S. Census Bureau
data for 2012 shows that there were 1,442 firms that operated for the
entire year. Of those firms, a total of 1,400 had annual receipts less
than $25 million and 42
[[Page 2368]]
firms had annual receipts of $25 million to $49,999,999. Thus, the
Commission estimates that the majority of ``All Other
Telecommunications'' firms potentially affected by our action can be
considered small.
D. Description of Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other
Compliance Requirements for Small Entities
59. The Notice proposes a rule to implement 988 as the 3-digit
dialing code for a national suicide prevention and mental health crisis
hotline within an 18 month timeframe. The proposed rules do not contain
any new or additional reporting, recordkeeping, or other compliance
obligations.
E. Steps Taken To Minimize the Significant Economic Impact on Small
Entities, and Significant Alternatives Considered
60. The RFA requires an agency to describe any significant
alternatives that it has considered in reaching its proposed approach,
which may include the following four alternatives (among others): (1)
The establishment of differing compliance or reporting requirements or
timetables that take into account the resources available to small
entities; (2) the clarification, consolidation, or simplification of
compliance and reporting requirements under the rules for such small
entities; (3) the use of performance rather than design standards; and
(4) an exemption from coverage of the rule, or any part thereof, for
such small entities.
61. In the Notice, the Commission seeks comment on alternatives to
the proposals and on alternative ways of implementing the proposals. We
expect to take into account the economic impact on small entities, as
identified in comments filed in response to the Notice and this IRFA,
in reaching our final conclusions and promulgating rules in this
proceeding. As discussed in the Notice, the Commission has initiated
this proceeding to solicit comments on, among other things, the costs
associated with implementing our proposals, namely, the implementation
of 988 as the 3-digit dialing code for a national suicide prevention
and mental health crisis hotline.
F. Federal Rules That May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict With the
Proposed Rules
62. None.
III. Procedural Matters
63. Ex Parte Rules. This proceeding shall be treated as a ``permit-
but-disclose'' proceeding in accordance with the Commission's ex parte
rules. Persons making ex parte presentations must file a copy of any
written presentation or a memorandum summarizing any oral presentation
within two business days after the presentation (unless a different
deadline applicable to the Sunshine period applies). Persons making
oral ex parte presentations are reminded that memoranda summarizing the
presentation must (1) list all persons attending or otherwise
participating in the meeting at which the ex parte presentation was
made, and (2) summarize all data presented and arguments made during
the presentation. If the presentation consisted in whole or in part of
the presentation of data or arguments already reflected in the
presenter's written comments, memoranda or other filings in the
proceeding, the presenter may provide citations to such data or
arguments in his or her prior comments, memoranda, or other filings
(specifying the relevant page and/or paragraph numbers where such data
or arguments can be found) in lieu of summarizing them in the
memorandum. Documents shown or given to Commission staff during ex
parte meetings are deemed to be written ex parte presentations and must
be filed consistent with Rule 1.1206(b). In proceedings governed by
Rule 1.49(f) or for which the Commission has made available a method of
electronic filing, written ex parte presentations and memoranda
summarizing oral ex parte presentations, and all attachments thereto,
must be filed through the electronic comment filing system available
for that proceeding, and must be filed in their native format (e.g.,
.doc, .xml, .ppt, searchable .pdf). Participants in this proceeding
should familiarize themselves with the Commission's ex parte rules.
64. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis. Pursuant to the
Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), the Commission has prepared an
Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) of the possible
significant economic impact on small entities of the policies and
actions considered in this Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. The text of
the IRFA is set forth in Appendix B. Written public comments are
requested on this IRFA. Comments must be identified as responses to the
IRFA and must be filed by the deadlines for comments on the Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking. The Commission's Consumer and Governmental Affairs
Bureau, Reference Information Center, will send a copy of the Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking, including the IRFA, to the Chief Counsel for
Advocacy of the Small Business Administration.
65. Comment Filing Procedures. Pursuant to Sec. Sec. 1.415 and
1.419 of the Commission's rules, 47 CFR 1.415, 1.419, interested
parties may file comments and reply comments on or before the dates
indicated on the first page of this document. Comments may be filed
using the Commission's Electronic Comment Filing System (ECFS). See
Electronic Filing of Documents in Rulemaking Proceedings, 63 FR 24121
(1998).
Electronic Filers: Comments may be filed electronically
using the internet by accessing the ECFS: https://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/.
Paper Filers: Parties who choose to file by paper must
file an original and one copy of each filing. If more than one docket
or rulemaking number appears in the caption of this proceeding, filers
must submit two additional copies for each additional docket or
rulemaking number.
Filings can be sent by hand or messenger delivery, by commercial
overnight courier, or by first-class or overnight U.S. Postal Service
mail. All filings must be addressed to the Commission's Secretary,
Office of the Secretary, Federal Communications Commission.
All hand-delivered or messenger-delivered paper filings
for the Commission's Secretary must be delivered to FCC Headquarters at
445 12th St. SW, Room TW-A325, Washington, DC 20554. The filing hours
are 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. All hand deliveries must be held together
with rubber bands or fasteners. Any envelopes and boxes must be
disposed of before entering the building.
Commercial overnight mail (other than U.S. Postal Service
Express Mail and Priority Mail) must be sent to 9050 Junction Drive,
Annapolis Junction, MD 20701.
U.S. Postal Service first-class, Express, and Priority
mail must be addressed to 445 12th Street SW, Washington, DC 20554.
66. People With Disabilities: To request materials in accessible
formats for people with disabilities (braille, large print, electronic
files, audio format), send an email to [email protected] or call the
Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau at (202) 418-0530 (voice), 202-
418-0432 (tty).
67. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 Analysis. This document does
not contain proposed information collection(s) subject to the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Public Law 104-13. In addition, therefore,
it does not contain any new or modified
[[Page 2369]]
information collection burden for small business concerns with fewer
than 25 employees, pursuant to the Small Business Paperwork Relief Act
of 2002, Public Law 107-198, see 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(4).
68. Contact Person. For further information about this rulemaking
proceeding, please contact Michelle Sclater, Competition Policy
Division, Wireline Competition Bureau, at (202) 418-0388 or
[email protected]
IV. Ordering Clauses
69. It is ordered, pursuant to sections 201 and 251 of the
Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. 201, 251, that the
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in WC Docket No. 18-336 is adopted.
70. It is further ordered that the Commission's Consumer and
Governmental Affairs Bureau, Reference Information Center, shall send a
copy of this Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, including the Initial
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of
the Small Business Administration.
List of Subjects in 47 CFR Part 52
Communications common carriers, Telecommunications, Telephone.
Federal Communications Commission.
Marlene Dortch,
Secretary.
Proposed Rule
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Federal
Communications Commission proposes to amend 47 CFR part 52 as follows:
PART 52--NUMBERING
0
1. The authority citation for part 52 remains as follows:
Authority: 47 U.S.C. 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 201-205, 207-209,
218, 225-227, 251-252, 271, 332, unless otherwise noted.
0
2. Amend part 52 by adding subpart E, consisting of Sec. 52.200, to
read as follows:
Subpart E--Universal Dialing Code for National Suicide Prevention
and Mental Health Crisis Hotline System
Sec.
52.200 Designation of 988.
0
3. Add Sec. 52.200 to read as follows:
Sec. 52.200 Designation of 988 for a National Suicide Prevention and
Mental Health Crisis Hotline.
(a) Beginning [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], 988 shall be the 3-
digit dialing code for a national suicide prevention and mental health
crisis hotline system maintained by the Assistant Secretary for Mental
Health and Substance Use and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
(b) All telecommunications carriers and interconnected Voice over
internet Protocol (VoIP) providers shall transmit all calls initiated
by an end user dialing 988 to the current toll free access number for
the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, presently 1-800-273-8255
(TALK).
(c) All telecommunications carriers and interconnected VoIP
providers shall complete all changes to their systems that are
necessary to implement the designation of the 988 dialing code by [DATE
18 MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].
[FR Doc. 2019-28429 Filed 1-14-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6712-01-P