Federal Interest Rate Authority, 66845-66853 [2019-25689]

Agencies

• FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION

[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 235 (Friday, December 6, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 66845-66853]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-25689]


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Proposed Rules
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of 
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these 
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in 
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.

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Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 235 / Friday, December 6, 2019 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 66845]]



FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION

12 CFR Part 331

RIN 3064-AF21


Federal Interest Rate Authority

AGENCY: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is seeking 
comment on proposed regulations clarifying the law that governs the 
interest rates State-chartered banks and insured branches of foreign 
banks (collectively, State banks) may charge. The proposed regulations 
would provide that State banks are authorized to charge interest at the 
rate permitted by the State in which the State bank is located, or one 
percent in excess of the ninety-day commercial paper rate, whichever is 
greater. The proposed regulations also would provide that whether 
interest on a loan is permissible under section 27 of the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Act would be determined at the time the loan is made, 
and interest on a loan permissible under section 27 would not be 
affected by subsequent events, such as a change in State law, a change 
in the relevant commercial paper rate, or the sale, assignment, or 
other transfer of the loan.

DATES: Comments will be accepted until February 4, 2020.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments on the notice of proposed rulemaking 
using any of the following methods:
     Agency website: https://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/federal. Follow the instructions for submitting comments on the agency 
website.
     Email: [email protected]. Include RIN 3064-AF21 on the 
subject line of the message.
     Mail: Robert E. Feldman, Executive Secretary, Attention: 
Comments, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 550 17th Street NW, 
Washington, DC 20429.
     Hand Delivery: Comments may be hand delivered to the guard 
station at the rear of the 550 17th Street Building (located on F 
Street) on business days between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m.
     Public Inspection: All comments received, including any 
personal information provided, will be posted generally without change 
to https://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/federal.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: James Watts, Counsel, Legal Division, 
(202) 898-6678, [email protected]; Catherine Topping, Counsel, Legal 
Division, (202) 898-3975, [email protected]; or Romulus Johnson, 
Counsel, Legal Division, (202) 898-3820, [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Policy Objectives

    Federal law authorizes State banks to charge interest at the 
maximum rate permitted to any State-chartered or licensed lending 
institution in the State where the bank is located, or one percent in 
excess of the ninety-day commercial paper rate, whichever is greater. A 
bank's power to make loans implicitly carries with it the power to 
assign loans, and thus, a State bank's statutory authority to make 
loans at this rate necessarily includes the power to assign loans at 
the same rate. The ability of an assignee to enforce a loan's interest-
rate terms is also consistent with fundamental principles of contract 
law.
    Despite these clear authorities, recent developments have created 
uncertainty about the ongoing validity of interest-rate terms after a 
State bank sells, assigns, or otherwise transfers a loan. The decision 
of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Madden v. 
Midland Funding, LLC \1\ has called into question the enforceability of 
the interest rate terms of loan agreements following a bank's 
assignment of a loan to a non-bank. The court concluded that 12 U.S.C. 
85 (section 85)--which authorizes national banks to charge interest at 
the rate permitted by the law of the State in which the national bank 
is located, regardless of interest rate restrictions by other States--
does not apply to non-bank assignees of loans. While Madden concerned 
the assignment of a loan by a national bank, the Federal statutory 
provision governing State banks' authority with respect to interest 
rates is patterned after and interpreted in the same manner as section 
85. Therefore, Madden also has created uncertainty regarding the 
enforceability of loans originated and sold by State banks. Moreover, 
the decision continues to cause ripples with pending litigation 
challenging longstanding market practices.
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    \1\ 786 F.3d 246 (2d. Cir. 2015).
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    Section 27 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDI Act) (12 
U.S.C. 1831d) provides State banks the authority to charge interest at 
the rate allowed by the law of the State where the bank is located, or 
one percent more than the rate on ninety-day commercial paper, 
whichever is greater. The legal ambiguity generated by Madden has led 
the FDIC to consider issuing regulations implementing the relevant 
statutory provisions.\2\ Uncertainty regarding the enforceability of 
interest rate terms may hinder or frustrate loan sales, which are 
crucial to the safety and soundness of State banks' operations for a 
number of reasons. Loan sales enable State banks to increase their 
liquidity in a crisis, to meet unusual deposit withdrawal demands, or 
to pay unexpected debts. Loan sales also enable banks to make 
additional loans and meet increased credit demand. Banks also may need 
to sell loans to address excessive concentrations in particular asset 
classes. In addition, banks may need to sell non-performing loans in 
circumstances where it would be costly or inconvenient to pursue 
collection strategies. There may be additional valid business reasons 
for State banks to sell loans.
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    \2\ The Secretary of the Treasury also recommended, in a July 
2018 report to the President, that the Federal banking regulators 
should ``use their available authorities to address challenges posed 
by Madden.'' See ``A Financial System That Creates Economic 
Opportunities: Nonbank Financials, Fintech, and Innovation,'' July 
31, 2018, at p. 93 (available at: https://home.treasury.gov/sites/default/files/2018-07/A-Financial-System-that-Creates-Economic-Opportunities---Nonbank-Financi....pdf).
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    Accordingly, the FDIC is proposing regulations that would implement 
section 27 of the FDI Act. The proposed regulations would implement the 
statutory provisions that authorize State banks to charge interest of 
up to the greater of: One percent more than the rate on 90-day 
commercial paper; or the rate permitted by the State in which the bank 
is located. The proposed

[[Page 66846]]

regulations also would provide that whether interest on a loan is 
permissible under section 27 would be determined at the time the loan 
is made, and would not be affected by subsequent events, such as a 
change in State law, a change in the relevant commercial paper rate, or 
the sale, assignment, or other transfer of the loan. The regulations 
also implement section 24(j) of the FDI Act \3\ to provide that the 
laws of a State in which a State bank is not chartered in but in which 
it maintains a branch (host State), shall apply to any branch in the 
host State of an out-of-State State bank to the same extent as such 
State laws apply to a branch in the host State of an out-of-State 
national bank. The regulations do not address the question of whether a 
State bank or insured branch of a foreign bank is a real party in 
interest with respect to a loan or has an economic interest in the loan 
under state law, e.g., which entity is the ``true lender.'' Moreover, 
the FDIC supports the position that it will view unfavorably entities 
that partner with a State bank with the sole goal of evading a lower 
interest rate established under the law of the entity's licensing 
State(s).
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    \3\ 12 U.S.C. 1831a(j).
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II. Background: Current Regulatory Approach and Market Environment

A. National Banks' Interest Rate Authority

    The statutory provisions that would be implemented by the proposed 
rule are patterned after, and have been interpreted consistently with, 
section 85 to provide competitive equality among federally-chartered 
and State-chartered depository institutions. While the proposed rule 
would implement the FDI Act, rather than section 85, the following 
background information is intended to frame the discussion of the 
proposed rule.
    Section 30 of the National Bank Act was enacted in 1864 to protect 
national banks from discriminatory State usury legislation. The statute 
provided alternative interest rates that national banks were permitted 
to charge their customers pursuant to Federal law. Section 30 was later 
divided and renumbered, with the interest rate provisions becoming 
current sections 85 and 86. Under section 85, a national bank may:

Take, receive, reserve, and charge on any loan or discount made, or 
upon any notes, bills of exchange, or other evidences of debt, 
interest at the rate allowed by the laws of the State, Territory, or 
District where the bank is located, or at a rate of 1 per centum in 
excess of the discount rate on ninety-day commercial paper in effect 
at the Federal reserve bank in the Federal reserve district where 
the bank is located, whichever may be the greater, and no more, 
except that where by the laws of any State a different rate is 
limited for banks organized under State laws, the rate so limited 
shall be allowed for associations organized or existing in any such 
State under title 62 of the Revised Statutes.\4\

    \4\ 12 U.S.C. 85.
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    Soon after the statute was enacted, the Supreme Court's decision in 
Tiffany v. National Bank of Missouri interpreted the statute as 
providing a ``most favored lender'' protection.\5\ In Tiffany, the 
Supreme Court construed section 85 to allow a national bank to charge 
interest at a rate exceeding that permitted for State banks if State 
law permitted nonbank lenders to charge such a rate. By allowing 
national banks to charge interest at the highest rate permitted for any 
competing State lender by the laws of the State in which the national 
bank is located, section 85's language providing national banks ``most 
favored lender'' status protects national banks from State laws that 
could place them at a competitive disadvantage vis-[agrave]-vis State 
lenders.\6\
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    \5\ 85 U.S. 409 (1873).
    \6\ See Fisher v. First National Bank, 548 F.2d 255, 259 (8th 
Cir. 1977); Northway Lanes v. Hackley Union National Bank & Trust 
Co., 464 F.2d 855, 864 (6th Cir. 1972).
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    Subsequently, the Supreme Court interpreted section 85 to allow 
national banks to ``export'' the interest rates of their home States to 
borrowers residing in other States. In Marquette National Bank v. First 
of Omaha Service Corporation,\7\ the Court held that because the State 
designated on the national bank's organizational certificate was 
traditionally understood to be the State where the bank was ``located'' 
for purposes of applying section 85, a national bank cannot be deprived 
of this location merely because it is extending credit to residents of 
a foreign State. Since Marquette was decided, national banks have been 
allowed to charge interest rates authorized by the State where the 
national bank is located on loans to out-of-State borrowers, even 
though those rates may be prohibited by the State laws where the 
borrowers reside.\8\
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    \7\ 439 U.S. 299 (1978).
    \8\ See Smiley v. Citibank (South Dakota), N.A., 517 U.S. 735 
(1996).
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B. Interest Rate Authority of State Banks

    In the late 1970s, monetary policy was geared towards combating 
inflation and interest rates soared.\9\ State-chartered lenders, 
however, were constrained in the interest they could charge by State 
usury laws, which often made loans economically unfeasible. National 
banks did not share this restriction because section 85 permitted them 
to charge interest at higher rates set by reference to the then-higher 
Federal discount rates.
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    \9\ See United State v. Ven-Fuel, Inc., 758 F.2d 741, 764 n.20 
(1st Cir. 1985) (discussing fluctuations in the prime rate from 1975 
to 1983).
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    To promote competitive equality in the nation's banking system and 
reaffirm the principle that institutions offering similar products 
should be subject to similar rules, Congress incorporated language from 
section 85 into the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary 
Control Act of 1980 (DIDMCA) \10\ and granted all federally-insured 
financial institutions--State banks, savings associations, and credit 
unions--similar interest rate authority to that provided to national 
banks.\11\ The incorporation was not mere happenstance. Congress made a 
conscious choice to incorporate section 85's standard.\12\ More 
specifically, section 521 of DIDMCA added a new section 27 to the FDI 
Act, which provides:
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    \10\ Public Law 96-221, 94 Stat. 132, 164-168 (1980).
    \11\ See Statement of Senator Bumpers, 126 Cong. Rec. 6,907 
(Mar. 27, 1980).
    \12\ See Greenwood Trust Co. v. Massachusetts, 971 F.2d 818, 827 
(1st Cir. 1992); 126 Cong. Rec. 6,907 (1980) (statement of Senator 
Bumpers); 125 Cong. Rec. 30,655 (1979) (statement of Senator Pryor).

    (a) INTEREST RATES.--In order to prevent discrimination against 
State-chartered insured depository institutions, including insured 
savings banks, or insured branches of foreign banks with respect to 
interest rates, if the applicable rate prescribed by this subsection 
exceeds the rate such State bank or insured branch of a foreign bank 
would be permitted to charge in the absence of this subsection, such 
State bank or such insured branch of a foreign bank may, 
notwithstanding any State constitution or statute which is hereby 
preempted for the purposes of this section, take, receive, reserve, 
and charge on any loan or discount made, or upon any note, bill of 
exchange, or other evidence of debt, interest at a rate of not more 
than 1 per centum in excess of the discount rate on ninety-day 
commercial paper in effect at the Federal Reserve bank in the 
Federal Reserve district where such State bank or such insured 
branch of a foreign bank is located or at the rate allowed by the 
laws of the State, territory, or district where the bank is located, 
whichever may be greater.\13\
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    \13\ 12 U.S.C. 1831d(a).

    As stated above, section 27(a) of the FDI Act was patterned after 
section 85.\14\ Because section 27 was patterned after section 85 and 
uses similar language, courts and the FDIC have consistently

[[Page 66847]]

construed section 27 in pari materia with section 85.\15\ Section 27 
has been construed to permit a State bank to export to out-of-State 
borrowers the interest rate permitted by the State in which the State 
bank is located, and to preempt the contrary laws of such borrowers' 
States.\16\
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    \14\ Interest charges for savings associations are governed by 
section 4(g) of the Home Owners' Loan Act (12 U.S.C. 1463(g)), which 
is also patterned after section 85. See DIDMCA, Public Law 96-221.
    \15\ See, e.g., Greenwood Trust Co., 971 F.2d at 827; FDIC 
General Counsel's Opinion No. 11, Interest Charges by Interstate 
State Banks, 63 FR 27282 (May 18, 1998).
    \16\ Greenwood Trust Co., 971 F.2d at 827.
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    Pursuant to section 525 of DIDCMA,\17\ States may opt out of the 
coverage of section 27. This opt-out authority is exercised by adopting 
a law, or certifying that the voters of the State have voted in favor 
of a provision which states explicitly that the State does not want 
section 27 to apply with respect to loans made in such State. Iowa and 
Puerto Rico have opted out of the coverage of section 27 in this 
manner.\18\
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    \17\ 12 U.S.C. 1831d note.
    \18\ See 1980 Iowa Acts 1156 Sec.  32; P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 10 
Sec.  9981. Some other States have previously opted out for a number 
of years, but either rescinded their respective opt-out statutes or 
allowed them to expire.
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C. Interstate Branching Statutes

    The Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 
1994 (Riegle-Neal I) generally established a Federal framework for 
interstate branching for both State banks and national banks.\19\ Among 
other things, Riegle-Neal I addressed the appropriate law to be applied 
to out-of-State branches of interstate banks. With respect to national 
banks, the statute amended 12 U.S.C. 36 to provide for the 
inapplicability of specific host State laws to branches of out-of-State 
national banks, under specified circumstances, including where Federal 
law preempted such State laws with respect to a national bank.\20\ The 
statute also provided for preemption where the Comptroller of the 
Currency determines that State law discriminates between an interstate 
national bank and an interstate State bank.\21\ Riegle-Neal I, however, 
did not include similar provisions to exempt interstate State banks 
from the application of host State laws. The statute instead provided 
that the laws of host States applied to branches of interstate State 
banks in the host State to the same extent such State laws applied to 
branches of banks chartered by the host State.\22\ This left State 
banks at a competitive disadvantage when compared with national banks, 
which benefited from preemption of certain State laws.
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    \19\ Public Law 103-328, 108 Stat. 2338 (Sept. 29, 1994).
    \20\ 12 U.S.C. 36(f)(1)(A), reads, in relevant part:
    The laws of the host State regarding community reinvestment, 
consumer protection, fair lending, and establishment of intrastate 
branches shall apply to any branch in the host State of an out-of-
State national bank to the same extent as such State laws apply to a 
branch of a bank chartered by that State, except--
    (i) when Federal law preempts the application of such State laws 
to a national bank.
    \21\ 12 U.S.C. 36(f)(1)(A)(ii).
    \22\ Public Law 103-328, sec. 102(a).
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    Congress provided interstate State banks parity with interstate 
national banks three years later, through the Riegle-Neal Amendments 
Act of 1997 (Riegle-Neal II).\23\ Riegle-Neal II amended the language 
of section 24(j)(1) to read as it does today:
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    \23\ Public Law 105-24, 111 Stat. 238 (July 3, 1997).

    (j) ACTIVITIES OF BRANCHES OF OUT-OF-STATE BANKS--
    (1) APPLICATION OF HOST STATE LAW--The laws of a host State, 
including laws regarding community reinvestment, consumer 
protection, fair lending, and establishment of intrastate branches, 
shall apply to any branch in the host State of an out-of-State State 
bank to the same extent as such State laws apply to a branch in the 
host State of an out-of State national bank. To the extent host 
State law is inapplicable to a branch of an out-of- State State bank 
in such host State pursuant to the preceding sentence, home State 
law shall apply to such branch.\24\
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    \24\ 12 U.S.C. 1831a(j)(1).

Under section 24(j), the laws of a host State apply to branches of 
interstate State banks to the same extent such State laws apply to a 
branch of an interstate national bank. If laws of the host State are 
inapplicable to a branch of an interstate national bank, they are 
equally inapplicable to a branch of an interstate State bank.

D. Agencies' Interpretations of the Statutes

    The FDIC has not issued regulations implementing sections 24(j) and 
27 of the FDI Act, but these provisions have been interpreted in two 
published opinions of the FDIC's General Counsel. General Counsel's 
Opinion No. 10, published in April 1998, clarified that for purposes of 
section 27, the term ``interest'' includes those charges that a 
national bank is authorized to charge under section 85.25 26
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    \25\ FDIC General Counsel's Opinion No. 10, Interest Charged 
Under Section 27 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, 63 FR 19258 
(Apr. 17, 1998).
    \26\ The primary OCC regulation implementing section 85 is 12 
CFR 7.4001. Section 7.4001(a) defines ``interest'' for purposes of 
section 85 to include the numerical percentage rate assigned to a 
loan and also late payment fees, overlimit fees, and other similar 
charges. Section 7.4001(b) defines the parameters of the ``most 
favored lender'' and ``exportation'' doctrines for national banks. 
The OCC rule implementing section 4(g) of the Home Owners' Loan Act 
for both Federal and State savings associations, 12 CFR 160.110, 
adopts the same regulatory definition of ``interest'' provided by 
section 7.4001(a).
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    The question of where banks are ``located'' for purposes of 
sections 27 and 85 has been the subject of interpretation by both the 
OCC and FDIC. Following the enactment of Riegle-Neal I and Riegle-Neal 
II, the OCC has concluded that while ``the mere presence of a host 
state branch does not defeat the ability of a national bank to apply 
its home state rates to loans made to borrowers who reside in that host 
state, if a branch or branches in a particular host state approves the 
loan, extends the credit, and disburses the proceeds to a customer, 
Congress contemplated application of the usury laws of that state 
regardless of the state of residence of the borrower.'' \27\ 
Alternatively, where a loan cannot be said to be made in a host State, 
the OCC concluded that ``the law of the home state could always be 
chosen to apply to the loans.'' \28\
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    \27\ Interpretive Letter No. 822 at 9 (citing statement of 
Senator Roth).
    \28\ Interpretive Letter No. 822 at 10.
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    FDIC General Counsel's Opinion No. 11, published in May 1998, was 
intended to address questions regarding the appropriate State law, for 
purposes of section 27, that should govern the interest charges on 
loans made to customers of a State bank that is chartered in one State 
(its home State) but has a branch or branches in another State (its 
host State).\29\ Consistent with the OCC's interpretations regarding 
section 85, the FDIC's General Counsel concluded that the determination 
of which State's interest rate laws apply to a loan made by such a bank 
depends on the location where three non-ministerial functions involved 
in making the loan occur--loan approval, disbursal of the loan 
proceeds, and communication of the decision to lend. If all three non-
ministerial functions involved in making the loan are performed by a 
branch or branches located in the host State, the host State's interest 
provisions would apply to the loan; otherwise, the law of the home 
State would apply. Where the three non-ministerial functions occur in 
different States or banking offices, host State rates may be applied if 
the loan has a clear nexus to the host State.
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    \29\ FDIC General Counsel's Opinion No. 11, Interest Charges by 
Interstate State Banks, 63 FR 27282 (May 18, 1998).
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    The effect of FDIC General Counsel's Opinions No. 10 and No. 11 was 
to promote parity between State banks and national banks with respect 
to interest charges. Importantly, in the context of interstate banking, 
the opinions confirm that section 27 of the FDI Act permits

[[Page 66848]]

State banks to export interest charges allowed by the State where the 
bank is located to out-of-State borrowers, even if the bank maintains a 
branch in the State where the borrower resides.

E. Assignees' Right To Enforce Interest Rate Terms

    Banks' power to make loans implicitly carries with it the power to 
assign loans,\30\ and thus, a State bank's statutory authority under 
section 27 to make loans at particular rates necessarily includes the 
power to assign the loans at those rates. Denying an assignee the right 
to enforce a loan's terms would effectively prohibit assignment and 
render the power to make the loan at the rate provided by the statute 
illusory.
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    \30\ See Planters' Bank of Miss. v. Sharp, 47 U.S. 301, 322-23 
(1848).
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    The inherent authority of State banks to assign loans that they 
make is consistent with State banking laws, which typically grant State 
banks the power to sell or transfer loans, and more generally, to 
engage in banking activities similar to those listed in the National 
Bank Act and activities that are ``incidental to banking.'' \31\ The 
National Bank Act specifically authorizes national banks to sell or 
transfer loan contracts by allowing them to ``negotiate[]'' (i.e., 
transfer) ``promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other 
evidences of debt.'' \32\
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    \31\ States' ``wild card'' or parity statutes typically grant 
State banks competitive equality with national banks under 
applicable Federal statutory or regulatory authority. Such authority 
is provided either: (1) Through state legislation or regulation; or 
(2) by authorization of the state banking supervisor. See, e.g., N.Y 
Banking Law Sec.  961(1) (granting New York-chartered banks the 
power to ``discount, purchase and negotiate promissory notes, 
drafts, bills of exchange, other evidences of debt, and obligations 
in writing to pay in installments or otherwise all or part of the 
price of personal property or that of the performance of services; 
purchase accounts receivable . . .; lend money on real or personal 
security; borrow money and secure such borrowings by pledging 
assets; buy and sell exchange, coin and bullion; and receive 
deposits of moneys, securities or other personal property upon such 
terms as the bank or trust company shall prescribe; and exercise all 
such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the 
business of banking'').
    \32\ 12 U.S.C. 24(Seventh); see also 12 CFR 7.4008 (``A national 
bank may make, sell, purchase, participate in, or otherwise deal in 
loans . . . subject to such terms, conditions, and limitations 
prescribed by the Comptroller of the Currency and any other 
applicable Federal law.''). The OCC has interpreted national banks' 
authority to sell loans under 12 U.S.C. 24 to reinforce the 
understanding that national banks' power to charge interest at the 
rate provided by section 85 includes the authority to convey the 
ability to continue to charge interest at that rate. As the OCC has 
explained, application of State usury law in such circumstances 
would be preempted under the standard set forth in Barnett Bank of 
Marion County, N.A. v. Nelson, 517 U.S. 25 (1996). See Brief for 
United States as amicus curiae, Midland Funding, LLC v. Madden (No. 
15-610), at 11.
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    The ability of a nonbank assignee to enforce interest-rate terms is 
also consistent with fundamental principles of contract law. It is well 
settled that an assignee succeeds to all the assignor's rights in a 
contract, standing in the shoes of the assignor.\33\ This includes the 
right to receive the consideration agreed upon in the contract, which 
for a loan, includes the interest agreed upon by the parties.\34\ Under 
this ``stand-in-the-shoes'' rule, the non-usurious character of a loan 
would not change when the loan changes hands, because the assignee is 
merely enforcing the rights of the assignor and stands in the 
assignor's shoes.
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    \33\ See Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. v. Variable Annuity Life Ins. 
Co., 373 F.3d 1100, 1110 (10th Cir. 2004); see also Tivoli Ventures, 
Inc. v. Bumann, 870 P.2d 1244, 1248 (Colo. 1994) (``As a general 
principle of contract law, an assignee stands in the shoes of the 
assignor.''); Gould v. Jackson, 42 NW2d 489, 490 (Wis. 1950) 
(assignee ``stands exactly in the shoes of [the] assignor,'' and 
``succeeds to all of his rights and privileges'').
    \34\ See Olvera v. Blitt & Gaines, P.C., 431 F.3d 285, 286-88 
(7th Cir. 2005) (assignee of a debt is free to charge the same 
interest rate that the assignor charged the debtor, even if, unlike 
the assignor, the assignee does not have a license that expressly 
permits the charging of a higher rate). As the Olvera court noted, 
``the common law puts the assignee in the assignor's shoes, whatever 
the shoe size.'' 431 F.3d at 289.
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    Section 27 does not state at what point in time the permissibility 
of interest should be determined in order to assess whether a State 
bank is taking or receiving interest in compliance with section 27. 
Situations may arise when the usury laws of the State where the bank is 
located change after a loan is made (but before the loan has been paid 
in full), and a loan's rate may be non-usurious under the old law but 
usurious under the new law. Similar issues arise where a loan is made 
in reliance on the Federal commercial paper rate, and that rate changes 
before the loan is paid in full. To fill this statutory gap and carry 
out the purpose of section 27, the FDIC concludes that the 
permissibility of interest under section 27 must be determined when the 
loan is made, not when a particular interest payment is ``taken'' or 
``received.'' This interpretation protects the parties' expectations 
and reliance interests at the time when a loan is made, and provides a 
logical and fair rule that is easy to apply. Under the proposed 
regulation, the permissibility of interest is determined when a loan is 
made, and is not affected by later events such as a change in State law 
or the sale, assignment, or other transfer of the loan. The FDIC's 
interpretation of section 27 is based on the need for a workable rule 
to determine the timing of compliance with that section. This 
interpretation is not based on the common law ``valid when made'' rule, 
although it is consistent with it. That rule provides that usury must 
exist at the inception of the loan for a loan to be deemed usurious; as 
a corollary, if the loan was not usurious at inception, the loan cannot 
become usurious at a later time, such as upon assignment, and the 
assignee may lawfully charge interest at the rate contained in the 
transferred loan.\35\
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    \35\ See Nichols v. Fearson, 32 U.S. (7. Pet.) 103, 109 (1833) 
(``a contract, which in its inception, is unaffected by usury, can 
never be invalidated by any subsequent usurious transaction''); see 
also Gaither v. Farmers & Merchants Bank of Georgetown, 26 U.S. 37, 
43 (1828) (``[T]he rule cannot be doubted, that if the note free 
from usury, in its origin, no subsequent usurious transactions 
respecting it, can affect it with the taint of usury.''); FDIC v. 
Lattimore Land Corp., 656 F.2d 139 (5th Cir. 1981) (bank, as the 
assignee of the original lender, could enforce a note that was not 
usurious when made by the original lender even if the bank itself 
was not permitted to make loans at those interest rates); FDIC v. 
Tito Castro Constr. Co., 548 F. Supp. 1224, 1226 (D. P.R. 1982) 
(``One of the cardinal rules in the doctrine of usury is that a 
contract which in its inception is unaffected by usury cannot be 
invalidated as usurious by subsequent events.'').
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    The ability of an assignee to rely on the enforceability and 
collectability in full of a loan that is validly made is also central 
to the stability and liquidity of the domestic loan markets. 
Restrictions on assignees' abilities to enforce interest rate terms 
would result in extremely distressed market values for many loans, 
frustrating the purpose of the FDI Act.

F. Need for Rulemaking and Rulemaking Authority

    The FDIC has previously proposed to issue regulations implementing 
sections 24(j) and 27 of the FDI Act. In December 2004, a petition for 
rulemaking was filed with the FDIC seeking the issuance of regulations 
implementing sections 24(j) and 27 of the FDI Act, codifying the two 
longstanding opinions of the FDIC's General Counsel discussed above, 
and clarifying the interest rates that interstate State banks may 
charge. The petitioners were concerned, in particular, with restoring 
parity between State banks and national banks following the issuance of 
regulations by the OCC that preempted certain State laws with respect 
to national banks.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ See 70 FR 13413 (Mar. 21, 2005) (notice of hearing and 
petition).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FDIC held a public hearing on the petition on May 24, 2005, and 
a number of interested parties presented their views at the hearing or 
in writing. Following this hearing, the FDIC issued a notice of 
proposed rulemaking for regulations that would implement

[[Page 66849]]

sections 24(j) and 27, and solicited public comment on this proposal. 
The FDIC never finalized the proposed rule; however, subsequent changes 
to the statutory and regulatory framework governing the preemption of 
State laws may have addressed the petitioners' concerns.\37\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ The Dodd-Frank Act amended the National Bank Act by 
codifying a preemption standard in 12 U.S.C. 25b. In July 2011, the 
OCC implemented a final rule revising its preemption regulations to 
incorporate this standard. See 12 CFR 7.4007, 7.4008, 34.4. Under 
this standard, a ``state consumer financial law'' is generally 
preempted if it would have a ``discriminatory effect'' on national 
banks or in accordance with the legal standard in the Supreme 
Court's decision in Barnett Bank. However, section 25b preserved 
interest rate preemption.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In proposing regulations that would implement sections 24(j) and 
27, the FDIC is now seeking to address a different concern. As 
discussed above, a recent court decision has created uncertainty as to 
the ability of assignees to enforce interest-rate provisions of loans 
originated by banks. This court held that, under the facts presented in 
that case, nonbank debt collectors who purchase debt \38\ from national 
banks are subject to usury laws of the debtor's State \39\ and do not 
benefit from the interest-rate provisions of section 85 because State 
usury laws do not ``significantly interfere with a national bank's 
ability to exercise its power under the [National Bank Act].'' \40\ The 
court's decision created uncertainty and a lack of uniformity in 
secondary credit markets. While Madden interpreted section 85, rather 
than the FDI Act, section 27 is patterned after section 85 and receives 
the same interpretation as section 85. Thus, Madden also creates 
uncertainty with respect to State banks' authorities. Through the 
proposed regulations implementing section 27, the FDIC would reaffirm 
the enforceability of a loan's interest rate by an assignee of a State 
bank and reaffirm its position that the preemptive power of section 27 
extends to such transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ In Madden, the relevant debt was a consumer debt (credit 
card) account.
    \39\ A violation of New York's usury laws also subjected the 
debt collector to potential liability imposed under the Fair Debt 
Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. 1692e, 1692f.
    \40\ Madden, 786 F.3d at 251 (citing Barnett Bank of Marion 
City, N.A. v. Nelson, 517 U.S. 25, 33 (1996); Pac. Capital Bank, 
N.A. v. Connecticut, 542 F.3d 341, 353 (2d. Cir. 2008)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FDIC also seeks to maintain parity between national banks and 
State banks with respect to interest rate authority. The OCC has taken 
the position that national banks' authority to charge interest at the 
rate established by section 85 includes the authority to assign the 
loan to another party at the contractual interest rate.\41\ To the 
extent assignees of national banks' loans may enforce the contractual 
interest-rate terms of such loans, the FDIC seeks to reaffirm similar 
authority for State banks' assignees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ See Brief for United States as amicus curiae, Midland 
Funding, LLC v. Madden (No. 15-610), at 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the regulations also implement section 24(j) (12 U.S.C. 
1831a(j)) to provide that the laws of a State in which a State bank is 
not chartered in but in which it maintains a branch (host State), shall 
apply to any branch in the host State of an out-of-State State bank to 
the same extent as such State laws apply to a branch in the host State 
of an out-of-State national bank.
    The FDIC has the authority to issue rules generally to carry out 
the provisions of the FDI Act.\42\ In addition, section 10(g) of the 
FDI Act, 12 U.S.C. 1820(g), provides the FDIC authority to prescribe 
regulations carrying out the FDI Act, and to define terms as necessary 
to carry out the FDI Act, except to the extent such authority is 
conferred on another Federal banking agency. No other agency has been 
granted the authority to issue rules to restate, implement, clarify, or 
otherwise carry out, either section 24(j) or section 27 of the FDI Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ ``[T]he Corporation . . . shall have power . . . . To 
prescribe by its Board of Directors such rules and regulations as it 
may deem necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act or of any 
other law which it has the responsibility of administering or 
enforcing (except to the extent that authority to issue such rules 
and regulations has been expressly and exclusively granted to any 
other regulatory agency).'' 12 U.S.C. 1819(a)(Tenth).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Description of the Proposed Rule

A. Application of Host State Law

    Section 331.3 of the proposed rule implements section 24(j)(1) of 
the FDI Act, which establishes parity between State banks and national 
banks regarding the application of State law to interstate branches. If 
a State bank maintains a branch in a State other than its home State, 
the bank is an out-of-State State bank with respect to that State, 
which is designated the host State. A State bank's home State is 
defined as the State that chartered the Bank, and a host State is 
another State in which that bank maintains a branch. These definitions 
correspond with statutory definitions of these terms used by section 
24(j).\43\ Consistent with section 24(j)(1), the proposed rule provides 
that the laws of a host State apply to a branch of an out-of-State 
State bank only to the extent such laws apply to a branch of an out-of-
State national bank in the host State. Thus, to the extent that host 
State law is preempted for out-of-State national banks, it is also 
preempted with respect to out-of-State State banks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ Section 24(j)(4) references definitions in section 44(f) of 
the FDI Act; however, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act redesignated 
section 44(f) as section 44(g) without updating this reference. The 
relevant definitions are currently found in section 44(g), 12 U.S.C. 
1831u(g).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Interest Rate Authority

    Section 331.4 of the proposed rule implements section 27 of the FDI 
Act, which provides parity between State banks and national banks 
regarding the applicability of State law interest-rate restrictions. 
Paragraph (a) corresponds with section 27(a) of the statute, and 
provides that a State bank or insured branch of a foreign bank may 
charge interest of up to the greater of: 1 percent more than the rate 
on ninety-day commercial paper; or the rate allowed by the law of the 
State where the bank is located. Where a State constitutional provision 
or statute prohibits a State bank or insured branch of a foreign bank 
from charging interest at the greater of these two rates, the State 
constitutional provision or statute is expressly preempted by section 
27.
    In some instances, State law may provide different interest-rate 
restrictions for specific classes of institutions and loans. Paragraph 
(b) clarifies the applicability of such restrictions to State banks and 
insured branches of foreign banks. State banks and insured branches of 
foreign banks located in a State are permitted to charge interest at 
the maximum rate permitted to any State-chartered or licensed lending 
institution by the law of that State. Further, a State bank or insured 
branch of a foreign bank is subject only to the provisions of State law 
relating to the class of loans that are material to the determination 
of the permitted interest rate. For example, assume that a State's laws 
allow small State-chartered loan companies to charge interest at 
specific rates, and impose size limitations on such loans. State banks 
or insured branches of foreign banks located in that State could charge 
interest at the rate permitted for small State-chartered loan companies 
without being so licensed. However, in making loans for which that 
interest rate is permitted, State banks and insured branches of foreign 
banks would be subject to loan size limitations applicable to small 
State-chartered loan companies under that State's law. This provision 
of the proposed rule is intended to maintain parity between State banks 
and national banks, and corresponds with the authority provided

[[Page 66850]]

to national banks under the OCC's regulations at 12 CFR 7.4001(b).
    Paragraph (c) of section 331.4 clarifies the effect of the proposed 
rule's definition of the term interest for purposes of State law. 
Importantly, the proposed rule's definition of interest would not 
change how interest is defined by the State or how the State's 
definition of interest is used solely for purposes of State law. For 
example, if late fees are not interest under State law where a State 
bank is located but State law permits its most favored lender to charge 
late fees, then a State bank located in that State may charge late fees 
to its intrastate customers. The State bank also may charge late fees 
to its interstate customers because the fees are interest under the 
Federal definition of interest and an allowable charge under State law 
where the State bank is located. However, the late fees would not be 
treated as interest for purposes of evaluating compliance with State 
usury limitations because State law excludes late fees when calculating 
the maximum interest that lending institutions may charge under those 
limitations. This provision of the proposed rule corresponds to a 
similar provision in the OCC's regulations, 12 CFR 7.4001(c).
    Paragraph (d) of proposed section 331.4 clarifies the authority of 
State banks and insured branches of foreign banks to charge interest to 
corporate borrowers. If the law of the State in which the State bank or 
insured branch of a foreign bank is located denies the defense of usury 
to corporate borrowers, then the State bank or insured branch would be 
permitted to charge any rate of interest agreed upon by a corporate 
borrower. This provision is also intended to maintain parity between 
State banks and national banks, and corresponds to authority provided 
to national banks under the OCC's regulations, at 12 CFR 7.4001(d).
    Paragraph (e) clarifies that the determination of whether interest 
on a loan is permissible under section 27 of the FDI Act is made at the 
time the loan is made. This paragraph further clarifies that the 
permissibility under section 27 of interest on a loan shall not be 
affected by subsequent events, such as a change in State law, a change 
in the relevant commercial paper rate, or the sale, assignment, or 
other transfer of the loan. An assignee can enforce the loan's 
interest-rate terms to the same extent as the assignor. Paragraph (e) 
is not intended to affect the application of State law in determining 
whether a State bank or insured branch of a foreign bank is a real 
party in interest with respect to a loan or has an economic interest in 
a loan. The FDIC views unfavorably a State bank's partnership with a 
non-bank entity for the sole purpose of evading a lower interest rate 
established under the law of the entity's licensing State(s).

IV. Expected Effects

    The proposed rule is intended to address uncertainty regarding the 
applicability of State law interest rate restrictions to State banks 
and other market participants. The proposed rule would reaffirm the 
ability of State banks to sell and securitize loans they originate. 
Therefore, as described in more detail below, the proposed rule should 
mitigate the potential for future disruption to the markets for loan 
sales and securitizations and a resulting contraction in availability 
of consumer credit.
    The FDIC is not aware of any widespread or significant negative 
effects on credit availability or securitization markets having 
occurred to this point as a result of the Madden decision. Thus, to the 
extent the proposed rule contributes to a return to the pre-Madden 
status quo regarding market participants' understanding of the 
applicability of State usury laws, immediate widespread effects on 
credit availability would not be expected. Beneficial effects on 
availability of consumer credit and securitization markets would fall 
into two categories. First, the rule would mitigate the possibility 
that State banks' ability to sell loans might be impaired in the 
future. Second, the rule could have immediate effects on certain types 
of loans and business models in the Second Circuit that may have been 
directly affected by the Madden decision.
    With regard to these two types of benefits, the Madden decision 
created significant uncertainty in the minds of market participants 
about banks' future ability to sell loans. For example, one commentator 
stated, ``[T]he impact on depository institutions will be significant 
even if the application of the Madden decision is limited to third 
parties that purchase charged off debts. Depository institutions will 
likely see a reduction in their ability to sell loans originated in the 
Second Circuit due to significant pricing adjustments in the secondary 
market.'' \44\ Such uncertainty has the potential to chill State banks' 
willingness to make the types of loans affected by the proposed rule. 
By reducing such uncertainty, the proposed rule should mitigate the 
potential for future reductions in the availability of credit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ ``Madden v. Midland Funding: A Sea Change in Secondary 
Lending Markets,'' Robert Savoie, McGlinchey Stafford PLLC, p. 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    More specifically, some researchers have focused attention on the 
impact of the decision on so-called marketplace lenders. Since 
marketplace lending frequently involves a partnership in which a bank 
originates and immediately sells loans to a nonbank partner, any 
question about the nonbank's ability to enforce the contractual 
interest rate could adversely affect the viability of that business 
model. Thus, for example, regarding the Supreme Court's decision not to 
hear the appeal of the Madden decision, Moody's wrote: ``The denial of 
the appeal is generally credit negative for marketplace loans and 
related asset-backed securities (ABS), because it will extend the 
uncertainty over whether state usury laws apply to consumer loans 
facilitated by lending platforms that use a partner bank origination 
model.'' \45\ In a related vein, some researchers have stated that 
marketplace lenders in the affected States did not grow their loans as 
fast in these states as they did in other States, and that there were 
pronounced reductions of credit to higher risk borrowers.\46\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ Moody's Investors Service, ``Uncertainty Lingers as Supreme 
Court Declines to Hear Madden Case'' (Jun. 29, 2016).
    \46\ See Colleen Honigsberg, Robert Jackson and Richard Squire, 
``How Does Legal Enforceability Affect Consumer lending? Evidence 
from a Natural Experiment,'' Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 60 
(November 2017); and Piotr Danisewicz and Ilaf Elard, ``The Real 
Effects of Financial Technology: Marketplace Lending and Personal 
Bankruptcy'' (July 5, 2018). Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3209808 or https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3208908.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Particularly in jurisdictions affected by Madden, to the extent the 
proposed rule results in the preemption of State usury laws, some 
consumers may benefit from the improved availability of credit from 
State banks. For these consumers, this additional credit may be offered 
at a higher interest rate than otherwise provided by relevant State 
law. However, in the absence of the proposed rule, these consumers 
might be unable to obtain credit from State banks and might instead 
borrow at higher interest rates from less-regulated lenders.
    The FDIC also believes that an important benefit of the proposed 
rule is to uphold longstanding principles regarding the ability of 
banks to sell loans, an ability that has important safety-and-soundness 
benefits. By reaffirming the ability of State banks to assign loans at 
the contractual interest rate, the proposed rule should make State 
banks' loans more marketable, enhancing State banks' ability to

[[Page 66851]]

maintain adequate capital and liquidity levels. Avoiding disruption in 
the market for loans is a safety and soundness issue, as affected State 
banks would maintain the ability to sell loans they originate in order 
to properly maintain liquidity. Additionally, securitizing or selling 
loans gives State banks flexibility to comply with risk-based capital 
requirements.
    Similarly, the proposed rule is expected to preserve State banks' 
ability to manage their liquidity. This is important for a number of 
reasons. For example, the ability to sell loans allows State banks to 
increase their liquidity in a crisis, to meet unusual deposit 
withdrawal demands, or to pay unexpected debts. The practice is useful 
for many State banks, including those that prefer to hold loans to 
maturity. Any State bank could be faced with an unexpected need to pay 
large debts or deposit withdrawals, and the ability to sell or 
securitize loans is a useful tool in such circumstances.
    Finally, the proposed rule would support State banks' ability to 
use loan sales and securitization to diversify their funding sources 
and address interest-rate risk. The market for loan sales and 
securitization is a lower-cost source of funding for State banks, and 
the proposed rule would support State banks' access to this market.

V. Request for Comment

    The FDIC is inviting comment on all aspects of the proposed rule.

VI. Regulatory Analysis

A. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency, 
in connection with a proposed rule, to prepare and make available for 
public comment an initial regulatory flexibility analysis that 
describes the impact of a proposed rule on small entities.\47\ However, 
an initial regulatory flexibility analysis is not required if the 
agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.\48\ The Small 
Business Administration (SBA) has defined ``small entities'' to include 
banking organizations with total assets of less than or equal to $600 
million.\49\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \48\ 5 U.S.C. 605(b).
    \49\ The SBA defines a small banking organization as having $600 
million or less in assets, where an organization's ``assets are 
determined by averaging the assets reported on its four quarterly 
financial statements for the preceding year.'' See 13 CFR 121.201 
(as amended, effective August 19, 2019). In its determination, the 
SBA ``counts the receipts, employees, or other measure of size of 
the concern whose size is at issue and all of its domestic and 
foreign affiliates.'' 13 CFR 121.103. Following these regulations, 
the FDIC uses a covered entity's affiliated and acquired assets, 
averaged over the preceding four quarters, to determine whether the 
covered entity is ``small'' for the purposes of RFA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Generally, the FDIC considers a significant effect to be a 
quantified effect in excess of 5 percent of total annual salaries and 
benefits per institution, or 2.5 percent of total non-interest 
expenses. The FDIC believes that effects in excess of these thresholds 
typically represent significant effects for FDIC-supervised 
institutions. The FDIC has considered the potential impact of the 
proposed rule on small entities in accordance with the RFA. Based on 
its analysis and for the reasons stated below, the FDIC believes that 
this proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. Nevertheless, the FDIC is 
presenting and inviting comment on this initial regulatory flexibility 
analysis.
Reasons Why This Action Is Being Considered
    The Second Circuit's decision in Madden v. Midland Funding has 
created uncertainty as to the ability of an assignee to enforce the 
interest rate provisions of a loan originated by a bank. Madden held 
that, under the facts presented in that case, nonbank debt collectors 
who purchase debt \50\ from national banks are subject to usury laws of 
the debtor's State \51\ and do not inherit the preemption protection 
vested in the assignor national bank because such State usury laws do 
not ``significantly interfere with a national bank's ability to 
exercise its power under the [National Bank Act].'' \52\ The court's 
decision created uncertainty and a lack of uniformity in secondary 
credit markets. For additional discussion of the reasons why this 
rulemaking is being proposed please refer to SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 
Section II.F in this Federal Register Notice entitled ``Need for 
Rulemaking and Rulemaking Authority.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ In Madden, the relevant debt was a consumer debt (credit 
card) account.
    \51\ A violation of New York's usury laws also subjected the 
debt collector to potential liability imposed under the Fair Debt 
Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. 1692e, 1692f.
    \52\ Madden, 786 F.3d at 251 (referencing Barnett Bank of Marion 
City, N.A. v. Nelson, 517 U.S. 25, 33 (1996); Pac. Capital Bank, 542 
F.3d at 533).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Objectives and Legal Basis
    The policy objective of the proposed rule is to eliminate 
uncertainty regarding the enforceability of loans originated and sold 
by State banks. The FDIC is proposing regulations that would implement 
sections 24(j) and 27 of the FDI Act. For additional discussion of the 
objectives and legal basis of the proposed rule please refer to the 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION sections I and II entitled ``Policy 
Objectives'' and ``Background: Current Regulatory Approach and Market 
Environment,'' respectively.
Number of Small Entities Affected
    As of June 30, 2019, there were 4,206 State-chartered FDIC-insured 
depository institutions, of which 3,171 have been identified as ``small 
entities'' in accordance with the RFA.\53\ All 3,171 small State-
chartered FDIC-insured depository institutions are covered by the 
proposed rule and therefore, could be affected. However, only 48 small 
State-chartered FDIC-insured depository institutions are chartered in 
States within the Second Circuit (New York, Connecticut and Vermont) 
and therefore, may have been directly affected by ambiguities about the 
practical implications of the Madden decision. Moreover, only 
institutions actively engaged in, or considering making loans for which 
the contractual interest rates could exceed State usury limits, would 
be affected by the proposed rule. Small State-chartered FDIC-insured 
depository institutions that are chartered in States outside the Second 
Circuit, but that have made loans to borrowers who reside in New York, 
Connecticut and Vermont also may be directly affected, but only to the 
extent they are engaged in or considering making loans for which 
contractual interest rates could exceed State usury limits. It is 
difficult to estimate the number of small entities that have been 
directly affected by ambiguity resulting from Madden and would be 
affected by the proposed rule without complete and up-to-date 
information on the contractual terms of loans and leases held by small 
State-chartered FDIC-insured depository institutions, as well as 
present and future plans to sell or transfer assets. The FDIC does not 
have this information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ FDIC Call Report Data, June 30th, 2019.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expected Effects
    The proposed rule clarifies that the determination of whether 
interest on a loan is permissible under section 27 of the FDI Act is 
made when the loan is made, and that the permissibility of interest 
under section 27 is not affected by subsequent events such as changes 
in State law or assignment of the loan. As described below, this would 
be expected to increase some small State

[[Page 66852]]

banks' willingness to make loans with contractual interest rates that 
could exceed limits prescribed by State usury laws, either at inception 
or contingent on loan performance.
    The FDIC is not aware of any broad effects on credit availability 
having occurred as a result of Madden. Thus, to the extent the proposed 
rule contributes to a return to the pre-Madden status quo, broad 
effects on credit availability are not expected. It is plausible, 
however, that Madden could have discouraged the origination and sale of 
loan products whose contractual interest rates could potentially exceed 
State usury limits by small State-chartered institutions in the Second 
Circuit. The proposed rule could increase the availability of such 
loans from State banks, but the FDIC believes the number of 
institutions materially engaged in making loans of this type to be 
small.
    The small State-chartered institutions that are affected would 
benefit from the ability to sell such loans while assigning to the 
buyer the right to enforce the contractual loan interest rate. Without 
the ability to assign the right to enforce the contractual interest 
rate, the sale value of such loans would be substantially diminished. 
The proposed rule is unlikely to pose any new reporting, recordkeeping, 
or other compliance requirements for small, FDIC-supervised 
institutions.
Duplicative, Overlapping, or Conflicting Federal Regulations
    The FDIC has not identified any Federal statutes or regulations 
that would duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the proposed revisions.
Discussion of Significant Alternatives
    The FDIC believes the proposed amendments will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small FDIC-
supervised banking entities and therefore believes that there are no 
significant alternatives to the proposal that would reduce the economic 
impact on small FDIC-supervised banking entities.
    The FDIC invites comments on all aspects of the supporting 
information provided in this section, and in particular, whether the 
proposed rule would have any significant effects on small entities that 
the FDIC has not identified.

B. Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act

    Section 302 of the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory 
Improvement Act (RCDRIA) requires that the Federal banking agencies, 
including the FDIC, in determining the effective date and 
administrative compliance requirements of new regulations that impose 
additional reporting, disclosure, or other requirements on insured 
depository institutions, consider, consistent with principles of safety 
and soundness and the public interest, any administrative burdens that 
such regulations would place on depository institutions, including 
small depository institutions, and customers of depository 
institutions, as well as the benefits of such regulations.\54\ Subject 
to certain exceptions, new regulations and amendments to regulations 
prescribed by a Federal banking agency which impose additional 
reporting, disclosures, or other new requirements on insured depository 
institutions shall take effect on the first day of a calendar quarter 
which begins on or after the date on which the regulations are 
published in final form.\55\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ 12 U.S.C. 4802(a).
    \55\ 12 U.S.C. 4802(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would not impose additional reporting or 
disclosure requirements on insured depository institutions, including 
small depository institutions, or on the customers of depository 
institutions. Accordingly, section 302 of RCDRIA does not apply. 
Nevertheless, the requirements of RCDRIA will be considered as part of 
the overall rulemaking process, and the FDIC invites comments that will 
further inform its consideration of RCDRIA.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act

    In accordance with the requirements of the Paperwork Reduction Act 
of 1995 (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521, the FDIC may not conduct or 
sponsor, and the respondent is not required to respond to, an 
information collection unless it displays a currently valid Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) control number. The proposed rule would not 
require any information collections for purposes of the PRA, and 
therefore, no submission to OMB is required.

D. The Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 1999--
Assessment of Federal Regulations and Policies on Families

    The FDIC has determined that the proposed rule will not affect 
family well-being within the meaning of section 654 of the Treasury and 
General Government Appropriations Act, enacted as part of the Omnibus 
Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999.\56\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ Public Law 105-277, 112 Stat. 2681.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Plain Language

    Section 722 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act \57\ requires the Federal 
banking agencies to use plain language in all proposed and final 
rulemakings published in the Federal Register after January 1, 2000. 
The FDIC invites your comments on how to make this proposal easier to 
understand. For example:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ Public Law 106-102, 113 Stat. 1338, 1471.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Has the FDIC organized the material to suit your needs? If 
not, how could the material be better organized?
     Are the requirements in the proposed regulation clearly 
stated? If not, how could the regulation be stated more clearly?
     Does the proposed regulation contain language or jargon 
that is unclear? If so, which language requires clarification?
     Would a different format (grouping and order of sections, 
use of headings, paragraphing) make the regulation easier to 
understand?

List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 331

    Banks, Banking, Deposits, Foreign banking, Interest rates.

Authority and Issuance

0
For the reasons stated above, the Board of Directors of the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation proposes to amend title 12 of the Code of 
Federal Regulations by adding part 331 to read as follows:

PART 331--FEDERAL INTEREST RATE AUTHORITY

Sec.
331.1 Authority, purpose, and scope.
331.2 Definitions.
331.3 Application of host state law.
331.4 Interest rate authority.

    Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1819(a)(Tenth), 1820(g), 1831d.


Sec.  [thinsp]331.1  Authority, purpose, and scope.

    (a) Authority. The regulations in this part are issued by the FDIC 
under sections 9(a)(Tenth) and 10(g) of the Federal Deposit Insurance 
Act (``FDI Act''), 12 U.S.C. 1819(a)(Tenth), 1820(g), to implement 
sections 24(j) and 27 of the FDI Act, 12 U.S.C. 1831a(j), 1831d, and 
related provisions of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and 
Monetary Control Act of 1980, Public Law 96-221, 94 Stat. 132 (1980).
    (b) Purpose. Section 24(j) of the FDI Act, as amended by the 
Riegle-Neal Amendments Act of 1997, Public Law 105-24, 111 Stat. 238 
(1997), was enacted to maintain parity between State banks and national 
banks regarding the application of a host

[[Page 66853]]

State's laws to branches of out-of-State banks. Section 27 of the FDI 
Act was enacted to provide State banks with interest rate authority 
similar to that provided to national banks under the National Bank Act, 
12 U.S.C. 85. The regulations in this part clarify that State-chartered 
banks and insured branches of foreign banks have regulatory authority 
in these areas parallel to the authority of national banks under 
regulations issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 
and address other issues the FDIC considers appropriate to implement 
these statutes.
    (c) Scope. The regulations in this part apply to State-chartered 
banks and insured branches of foreign banks.


Sec.  331.2  Definitions.

    For purposes of this part--
    Home state means, with respect to a State bank, the State by which 
the bank is chartered.
    Host state means a State, other than the home State of a State 
bank, in which the State bank maintains a branch.
    Insured branch has the same meaning as that term in section 3 of 
the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, 12 U.S.C. 1813.
    Interest means any payment compensating a creditor or prospective 
creditor for an extension of credit, making available a line of credit, 
or any default or breach by a borrower of a condition upon which credit 
was extended. Interest includes, among other things, the following fees 
connected with credit extension or availability: Numerical periodic 
rates; late fees; creditor-imposed not sufficient funds (NSF) fees 
charged when a borrower tenders payment on a debt with a check drawn on 
insufficient funds; overlimit fees; annual fees; cash advance fees; and 
membership fees. It does not ordinarily include appraisal fees, 
premiums and commissions attributable to insurance guaranteeing 
repayment of any extension of credit, finders' fees, fees for document 
preparation or notarization, or fees incurred to obtain credit reports.
    Out-of-state state bank means, with respect to any State, a State 
bank whose home State is another State.
    Rate on ninety-day commercial paper means the rate quoted by the 
Federal Reserve Board of Governors for ninety-day A2/P2 nonfinancial 
commercial paper.
    State bank has the same meaning as that term in section 3 of the 
Federal Deposit Insurance Act, 12 U.S.C. 1813.


Sec.  331.3  Application of host state law.

    The laws of a host State shall apply to any branch in the host 
State of an out-of-State State bank to the same extent as such State 
laws apply to a branch in the host State of an out-of-State national 
bank. To the extent host State law is inapplicable to a branch of an 
out-of-State State bank in such host State pursuant to the preceding 
sentence, home State law shall apply to such branch.


Sec.  [thinsp]331.4  Interest rate authority.

    (a) Interest rates. In order to prevent discrimination against 
State-chartered depository institutions, including insured savings 
banks, or insured branches of foreign banks, if the applicable rate 
prescribed in this section exceeds the rate such State bank or insured 
branch of a foreign bank would be permitted to charge in the absence of 
this paragraph, such State bank or insured branch of a foreign bank 
may, notwithstanding any State constitution or statute which is 
preempted by section 27 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, 12 U.S.C. 
1831d, take, receive, reserve, and charge on any loan or discount made, 
or upon any note, bill of exchange, or other evidence of debt, interest 
at a rate of not more than 1 percent in excess of the rate on ninety-
day commercial paper or at the rate allowed by the laws of the State, 
territory, or district where the bank is located, whichever may be 
greater.
    (b) Classes of institutions and loans. A State bank or insured 
branch of a foreign bank located in a State may charge interest at the 
maximum rate permitted to any State-chartered or licensed lending 
institution by the law of that State. If State law permits different 
interest charges on specified classes of loans, a State bank or insured 
branch of a foreign bank making such loans is subject only to the 
provisions of State law relating to that class of loans that are 
material to the determination of the permitted interest. For example, a 
State bank may lawfully charge the highest rate permitted to be charged 
by a State-licensed small loan company, without being so licensed, but 
subject to State law limitations on the size of loans made by small 
loan companies.
    (c) Effect on state law definitions of interest. The definition of 
the term interest in this part does not change how interest is defined 
by the individual States or how the State definition of interest is 
used solely for purposes of State law. For example, if late fees are 
not interest under the State law of the State where a State bank is 
located but State law permits its most favored lender to charge late 
fees, then a State bank located in that State may charge late fees to 
its intrastate customers. The State bank also may charge late fees to 
its interstate customers because the fees are interest under the 
Federal definition of interest and an allowable charge under the State 
law of the State where the bank is located. However, the late fees 
would not be treated as interest for purposes of evaluating compliance 
with State usury limitations because State law excludes late fees when 
calculating the maximum interest that lending institutions may charge 
under those limitations.
    (d) Corporate borrowers. A State bank or insured branch of a 
foreign bank located in a State whose State law denies the defense of 
usury to a corporate borrower may charge a corporate borrower any rate 
of interest agreed upon by the corporate borrower.
    (e) Determination of interest permissible under section 27. Whether 
interest on a loan is permissible under section 27 of the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Act is determined as of the date the loan was made. 
The permissibility under section 27 of the Federal Deposit Insurance 
Act of interest on a loan shall not be affected by any subsequent 
events, including a change in State law, a change in the relevant 
commercial paper rate after the loan was made, or the sale, assignment, 
or other transfer of the loan.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

    By order of the Board of Directors.

    Dated at Washington, DC, on November 19, 2019.
Annmarie H. Boyd,
Assistant Executive Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2019-25689 Filed 12-5-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6714-01-P