Air Plan Approval; Indiana; Second Maintenance Plan for 1997 Ozone NAAQS, 50354-50363 [2019-20846]
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Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 186 / Wednesday, September 25, 2019 / Proposed Rules
comments electronically should contact
the person identified in the FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT section by
telephone for advice on filing
alternatives.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
David A. Trissell, General Counsel, at
202–789–6820.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Proposal Eight
III. Notice and Comment
IV. Ordering Paragraphs
I. Introduction
On September 18, 2019, the Postal
Service filed a petition pursuant to 39
CFR 3050.11 requesting that the
Commission initiate a rulemaking
proceeding to consider changes to
analytical principles relating to periodic
reports.1 The Petition identifies the
proposed analytical changes filed in this
docket as Proposal Eight.
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II. Proposal Eight
Background. Proposal Eight relates to
modifications to the Parcel Select/Parcel
Return Service (PRS) mail processing
and transportation cost models. Petition,
Proposal Eight at 1. The cost models
were last presented in Docket No.
ACR2018, USPS–FY–18–NP15 and
USPS–FY18–NP16, respectively. Id. The
proposed modifications to the mail
processing cost model are based on two
observations made during the
preparation of Docket No. ACR2017
materials: (1) A Parcel Select mail flow
was missing from the cost model; and
(2) the Postal Service had implemented
new PRS processing methods for return
delivery unit (RDU) and return sectional
center facility (RSCF) mailpieces. Id.
With respect to the transportation cost
model, the Postal Service explains that
prior to being classified as a competitive
product, Parcel Select Lightweight
(PSLW) volume was part of Marketing
Mail parcels and transportation costs
estimates for that mail were included in
the cost model presented mostly
recently in Docket No. ACR2018. Id.
The Postal Service states that there have
been no PSLW transportation cost
estimates presented in Annual
Compliance Report dockets since PSLW
was reclassified as a competitive
product. Id.
1 Petition
of the United States Postal Service for
the Initiation of a Proceeding to Consider Proposed
Changes in Analytical Principles (Proposal Eight),
September 18, 2019 (Petition). The Postal Service
filed a notice of filing of non-public materials
relating to Proposal Eight. Notice of Filing of USPS–
RM2019–14/NP1 and Application for Nonpublic
Treatment, September 18, 2019.
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Proposal. The Postal Service proposes
two modifications to the Parcel Select/
PRS mail processing cost model: (1) A
machinable destination sectional center
facility (DSCF) 3-Digit presort mail flow
worksheet be added to the model to
accommodate negotiated service
agreements (NSAs); and (2) the results
from a 2018 PRS field study be
incorporated into the model. Id. at 2.
The Postal Service also proposes that
the Parcel Select/PRS transportation
cost model be modified to incorporate
PSLW into the analysis. Id. at 11.
Rationale and impact. The Postal
Service states that the price list does not
contain published prices for machinable
3-Digit DSCF presort parcels but there
are some NSAs that include machinable
DSCF 3-Digit presort parcels. Id. at 2.
The Postal Service explains that the
addition of a machinable DSCF 3-Digit
presort model cost estimate to the mail
processing cost model would increase
that portion of the DSCF costs, which
results in a lower Cost and Revenue
Analysis (CRA) proportional adjustment
factors. Id. at 13. Due to the lower
proportional adjustment factor, the mail
processing unit cost estimates for all
other Parcel Select price categories
would decrease roughly one percent. Id.
In 2018, the Postal Service conducted
a field study to collect PRS-specific
input data in order to improve the PRS
portion of the cost model. Id. at 4. The
Postal Service states that PRS mail
processing unit cost estimates have
historically been developed using proxy
input data. Id. The Postal Service
explains that the proposed treatment of
the data collected from the field study
is consistent with past rulemaking
dockets where the proposals included
productivity estimates that were
collected manually in the field. Id. at 7.
In describing the impact of the proposed
modification, the Postal Service states
that, in total, the PRS mail processing
cost model changes would result in a
lower proportional CRA adjustment
factor which results in decreases to the
Full Network machinable,
nonmachinable, and oversize mail
processing unit cost estimates. Id. at 14.
Finally, the Postal Service states that
the addition of PSLW to the
transportation cost model would have
no impact on the Parcel Select/PRS
transportation cost-per-cubic-foot
estimates. Id.
III. Notice and Comment
The Commission establishes Docket
No. RM2019–14 for consideration of
matters raised by the Petition. More
information on the Petition may be
accessed via the Commission’s website
at https://www.prc.gov. Interested
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persons may submit comments on the
Petition and Proposal Eight no later than
October 16, 2019. Pursuant to 39 U.S.C.
505, Katalin K. Clendenin is designated
as an officer of the Commission (Public
Representative) to represent the
interests of the general public in this
proceeding.
IV. Ordering Paragraphs
It is ordered:
1. The Commission establishes Docket
No. RM2019–14 for consideration of the
matters raised by the Petition of the
United States Postal Service for the
Initiation of a Proceeding to Consider
Proposed Changes in Analytical
Principles (Proposal Eight), filed
September 18, 2019.
2. Comments by interested persons in
this proceeding are due no later than
October 16, 2019.
3. Pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 505, the
Commission appoints Katalin K.
Clendenin to serve as an officer of the
Commission (Public Representative) to
represent the interests of the general
public in this docket.
4. The Secretary shall arrange for
publication of this order in the Federal
Register.
By the Commission.
Darcie S. Tokioka,
Acting Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2019–20738 Filed 9–24–19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 7710–FW–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[EPA–R05–OAR–2019–0377; FRL–10000–
40–Region 5]
Air Plan Approval; Indiana; Second
Maintenance Plan for 1997 Ozone
NAAQS
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.
AGENCY:
Pursuant to the Clean Air Act
(CAA), the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is proposing to approve a
state implementation plan (SIP)
revision. On June 20, 2019, the Indiana
Department of Environmental
Management (IDEM) submitted the
State’s plan for maintaining the 1997
ozone National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS or standard) in the
following areas: Indianapolis, La Porte
County, and South Bend-Elkhart areas
in Indiana; and the Indiana portions of
the Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN
(Chicago), Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-
SUMMARY:
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IN (Cincinnati), and Louisville, KY-IN
(Louisville) multi-state areas. EPA is
proposing to approve these maintenance
plans because they provide for the
maintenance of the 1997 ozone NAAQS
through the end of the second 10-year
maintenance period. This action, when
finalized would make certain
commitments related to maintenance of
the 1997 ozone NAAQS in these areas
federally enforceable as part of the
Indiana SIP.
DATES: Comments must be received on
or before October 25, 2019.
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments,
identified by Docket No. EPA–EPA–
R05–OAR–2019–0377 at https://
www.regulations.gov or via email to
blakley.pamela@epa.gov. For comments
submitted at Regulations.gov, follow the
online instructions for submitting
comments. Once submitted, comments
cannot be edited or removed from
Regulations.gov. For either manner of
submission, EPA may publish any
comment received to its public docket.
Do not submit electronically any
information you consider to be
Confidential Business Information (CBI)
or other information whose disclosure is
restricted by statute. Multimedia
submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be
accompanied by a written comment.
The written comment is considered the
official comment and should include
discussion of all points you wish to
make. EPA will generally not consider
comments or comment contents located
outside of the primary submission (i.e.
on the web, cloud, or other file sharing
system). For additional submission
methods, please contact the person
identified in the FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT section. For the
full EPA public comment policy,
information about CBI or multimedia
submissions, and general guidance on
making effective comments, please visit
https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/
commenting-epa-dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Charles Hatten, Environmental
Engineer, Control Strategies Section, Air
Programs Branch (AR–18J),
Environmental Protection Agency,
Region 5, 77 West Jackson Boulevard,
Chicago, Illinois 60604, (312) 886–6031,
hatten.charles@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Throughout this document, the terms
‘‘we’’, ‘‘us’’, and ‘‘our’’ refer to the EPA.
Table of contents
I. Summary of EPA’s Proposed Action
II. Background
III. EPA’s Evaluation of Indiana’s SIP
Submittal
A. Second Maintenance Plan
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B. Transportation Conformity
IV. Proposed Action
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
I. Summary of EPA’s Proposed Action
EPA is proposing to approve the 1997
ozone NAAQS maintenance plans for
the following areas: Indianapolis, La
Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart, and
the Indiana portions of the Chicago,
Cincinnati, and Louisville multi-state
areas. The maintenance plans are
designed to keep these areas in
attainment of the 1997 ozone NAAQS
through the end of the second 10-year
maintenance period.
II. Background
Ground-level ozone is formed when
oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and volatile
organic compounds (VOC) react in the
presence of sunlight. These two
pollutants are referred to as ozone
precursors. Scientific evidence indicates
that adverse public health effects occur
following exposure to ozone.
In 1979, under section 109 of the
CAA, EPA established primary and
secondary NAAQS for ozone at 0.12
parts per million (ppm), averaged over
a 1-hour period. 44 FR 8202 (February
8, 1979). On July 18, 1997, EPA revised
the primary and secondary NAAQS for
ozone to set the acceptable level of
ozone in the ambient air at 0.08 ppm,
averaged over an 8-hour period. 62 FR
38856 (July 18, 1997).1 EPA set the 8hour ozone NAAQS based on scientific
evidence demonstrating that ozone
causes adverse health effects at lower
concentrations and over longer periods
of time than was understood when the
pre-existing 1-hour ozone NAAQS was
set.
Following promulgation of a new or
revised NAAQS, EPA is required by the
CAA to designate areas throughout the
nation as attaining or not attaining the
NAAQS. On April 15, 2004 (69 FR
23857), EPA designated areas for the
1997 ozone NAAQS, including the
following areas in Indiana which were
designated as nonattainment:
Indianapolis (Boone, Hamilton,
Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison,
Marion, Morgan and Shelby Counties),
La Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart
(Elkhart and St. Joseph Counties),
Chicago (Lake and Porter Counties in
1 In March 2008, EPA completed another review
of the primary and secondary ozone standards and
tightened them further by lowering the level for
both to 0.075 ppm. 73 FR 16436 (March 27, 2008).
Additionally, in October 2015, EPA completed a
review of the primary and secondary ozone
standards and tightened them by lowering the level
for both to 0.70 ppm. 80 FR 65292 (October 26,
2015)
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Indiana),2 Cincinnati (Lawrenceburg
Township in Dearborn County,
Indiana),3 and Louisville (Clark and
Floyd Counties in Indiana).4 These
designations became effective on June
15, 2004. Under the CAA, states are also
required to adopt and submit SIPs to
implement, maintain, and enforce the
NAAQS in designated nonattainment
areas and throughout the state.
When a nonattainment area has three
years of complete, certified air quality
data that has been determined to attain
the 1997 ozone NAAQS, and the area
has met other required criteria described
in section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA, the
state can submit to EPA a request to be
redesignated to attainment, referred to
as a ‘‘maintenance area’’.5
One of the criteria for redesignation is
to have an approved maintenance plan
under CAA section 175A. The
maintenance plan must demonstrate
that the area will continue to maintain
the standard for the period extending 10
years after redesignation, and it must
contain such additional measures as
necessary to ensure maintenance and
such contingency provisions as
necessary to assure that violations of the
standard will be promptly corrected. At
the end of the eighth year after the
effective date of the redesignation, the
state must also submit a second
maintenance plan to ensure ongoing
maintenance of the standard for an
additional 10 years. CAA section 175A.
EPA has published long-standing
guidance for states on developing
maintenance plans. This includes
‘‘Procedures for Processing Requests to
Redesignate Areas to Attainment,’’
Memorandum from John Calcagni,
Director, Air Quality Management
Division, September 4, 1992 (the
‘‘Calcagni Memorandum’’).
The Calcagni Memorandum provides
that states may generally demonstrate
maintenance by either performing air
quality modeling to show that the future
2 The entire Chicago (IL-IN) area includes Cook,
DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will Counties,
Aux Sable and Goose Lake Townships in Grundy
County, and Oswego Township in Kendall County
in Illinois.
3 The entire Cincinnati (OH-KY-IN) area includes
Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, and Warren
Counties in Ohio; and Boone, Campbell, and
Kenton Counties in Kentucky.
4 The entire Louisville (KY-IN) area includes
Bullitt, Jefferson and Oldham Counties in Kentucky.
5 Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA sets out the
requirements for redesignation. They include
attainment of the NAAQS, full approval under
section 110(k) of the applicable SIP, determination
that improvement in air quality is a result of
permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions,
demonstration that the state has met all applicable
section 110 and part D requirements, and a fully
approved maintenance plan under CAA section
175A.
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mix of sources and emission rates will
not cause a violation of the NAAQS or
by showing that future emissions of a
pollutant and its precursors will not
exceed the level of emissions during a
year when the area was attaining the
NAAQS (i.e., attainment year
inventory). See Calcagni Memorandum
at 9.
EPA approved maintenance plans for
the following areas and redesignated
them to attainment of the 1997 ozone
NAAQS: The Indiana portion of
Louisville, La Porte County, and South
Bend-Elkhart effective July 19, 2007 (72
FR 39571, 39574, 39577); Indianapolis,
effective October 19, 2007 (72 FR
59210); and the Indiana portions of
Chicago and Cincinnati effective May
11, 2010 (75 FR 26113, 26118).
Under CAA section 175A(b), states
must submit a revision to the first
maintenance plan eight years after
redesignation to provide for
maintenance of the NAAQS for ten
additional years following the end of the
first 10-year period. EPA’s final
implementation rule for the 2008 ozone
NAAQS revoked the 1997 ozone
NAAQS and provided that one
consequence of revocation was that
areas that had been redesignated to
attainment (i.e., maintenance areas) for
the 1997 standard no longer needed to
submit second 10-year maintenance
plans under CAA section 175A(b).6
However, in South Coast Air Quality
Management District v. EPA 7 (South
Coast II), the D.C. Circuit vacated EPA’s
interpretation that, because of the
revocation of the 1997 ozone standard,
second maintenance plans were not
required for ‘‘orphan maintenance
areas,’’ i.e., areas that had been
redesignated to attainment for the 1997
NAAQS and were designated attainment
for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. Thus, states
with these ‘‘orphan maintenance areas’’
under the 1997 ozone NAAQS must
submit maintenance plans for the
second maintenance period.
Accordingly, on June 20, 2019, IDEM
submitted second maintenance plans for
the Indianapolis, La Porte County, and
South Bend-Elkhart areas and the
Indiana portions of the Chicago,
Cincinnati, and Louisville areas. The
maintenance plans show that each area
is expected to remain in attainment of
the 1997 ozone NAAQS through the end
of the full 20-year maintenance period.
III. EPA’s Evaluation of Indiana’s SIP
Submittal
A. Second Maintenance Plan
Section 175A of the CAA sets forth
the elements of a maintenance plan for
areas seeking redesignation from
nonattainment to attainment. Under
section 175A, the maintenance plan
must demonstrate continued attainment
of the NAAQS for at least 10 years after
the Administrator approves a
redesignation to attainment. Eight years
after the redesignation, the state must
submit a revised maintenance plan
which demonstrates that attainment of
the NAAQS will continue for an
additional 10 years beyond the initial
10-year maintenance period. To address
the possibility of future NAAQS
violations, the maintenance plan must
contain contingency measures, as EPA
deems necessary, to assure prompt
correction of the future NAAQS
violation.
The Calcagni Memorandum provides
further guidance on the content of a
maintenance plan, explaining that a
maintenance plan should address five
elements: (1) An attainment emission
inventory; (2) a maintenance
demonstration; (3) a commitment for
continued air quality monitoring; (4) a
process for verification of continued
attainment; and (5) a contingency plan.
On June 20, 2019, IDEM submitted, as
a SIP revision, a plan to provide for
maintenance of the 1997 ozone standard
in Indianapolis, La Porte County, South
Bend-Elkhart, and Louisville areas
through 2028, more than 20 years after
the effective date of redesignation to
attainment. Likewise, the revision to
Indiana’s SIP provides for maintenance
of the standard for Chicago and
Cincinnati areas through 2030, more
than 20 years after the effective date of
redesignation to attainment. As
discussed below, EPA finds that
Indiana’s second maintenance plan
includes the necessary components and
proposes approve the maintenance plan
as a revision to the Indiana SIP.
1. Attainment Inventory
For maintenance plans, a state should
develop a comprehensive, accurate
inventory of actual emissions for an
attainment year to identify the level of
emissions which is sufficient to
maintain the NAAQS. A state should
develop this inventory consistent with
EPA’s most recent guidance on
emissions inventory development. For
ozone, the inventory should be based on
typical summer day VOC and NOX
emissions, as these pollutants are
precursors to ozone formation.
The CAA section 175A maintenance
plans approved by EPA for the first 10year periods included attainment
inventories that reflect typical summer
day VOC and NOX emissions for the
following attainment years:
Indianapolis, 2005; La Porte County,
2004; South Bend-Elkhart, 2004; the
Indiana portion of Chicago, 2006; the
Indiana portion of Cincinnati, 2008; and
the Indiana portion of Louisville, 2003.
In addition, because all of the
maintenance areas in Indiana continued
to monitor attainment of the 1997 ozone
NAAQS in 2014, this is also an
appropriate year to use for an
attainment year inventory. As such,
IDEM is using 2014 summer day
emissions from EPA 2014 version 7.0
modeling platform as the basis for the
attainment inventory 8 presented in
Tables 1–6 below. Tables 1 through 6
show VOC and NOX emission totals for
all sectors for each maintenance area.
These data are based on the most
recently available National Emissions
Inventory (2014 NEI version 2).
TABLE 1—INDIANAPOLIS AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT YEAR 2014 IN TONS
PER DAY (tpd)
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Source category
VOC
NOX
Nonroad ...................................................................................................................................................................
Onroad .....................................................................................................................................................................
Point .........................................................................................................................................................................
Area .........................................................................................................................................................................
20.21
53.04
5.31
66.47
27.64
110.53
29.68
9.26
Total ..................................................................................................................................................................
145.03
177.11
6 See
7 882
80 FR 12315 (March 6, 2015).
F.3d 1138 (D.C. Cir. 2018).
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8 The inventory documentation for this platform
can be found here: https://www.epa.gov/airemissions-modeling/2014-version-70-platform.
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TABLE 2—LA PORTE COUNTY AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT YEAR 2014
(tpd)
Source category
VOC
NOX
Nonroad ...................................................................................................................................................................
Onroad .....................................................................................................................................................................
Point .........................................................................................................................................................................
Area .........................................................................................................................................................................
2.83
3.96
1.33
5.73
2.42
10.55
3.83
4.46
Total ..................................................................................................................................................................
13.85
21.96
TABLE 3—SOUTH BEND-ELKHART AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT YEAR 2014
(tpd)
Source category
VOC
NOX
Nonroad ...................................................................................................................................................................
Onroad .....................................................................................................................................................................
Point .........................................................................................................................................................................
Area .........................................................................................................................................................................
5.74
12.66
6.23
22.86
6.64
23.35
2.71
6.14
Total ..................................................................................................................................................................
47.49
38.84
TABLE 4—LOUISVILLE AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT YEAR 2014 (tpd)
Source category
VOC
Indiana portion of area (Clark and Floyd counties):
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
NOX
1.99
4.83
2.02
9.70
2.19
12.31
4.60
0.95
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
Entire area:
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
18.54
20.05
9.61
25.03
32.49
50.94
10.98
52.13
59.71
10.27
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
118.07
133.09
TABLE 5—CINCINNATI AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT YEAR 2014 (tpd)
Source category
VOC
Indiana portion of area (Dearborn county):
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
NOX
0.47
1.76
5.54
1.39
0.53
3.94
9.62
0.20
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
Entire area:
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
9.16
14.29
20.39
39.23
15.73
79.97
22.30
82.20
91.69
20.60
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
155.32
216.79
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TABLE 6—CHICAGO AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT YEAR 2014 (tpd)
Source category
VOC
Indiana portion of area (Lake and Porter counties):
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
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18.08
11.59
12.99
20.00
NOX
15.66
28.05
71.24
12.52
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TABLE 6—CHICAGO AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT YEAR 2014 (tpd)—
Continued
Source category
VOC
NOX
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
Entire area:
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
62.66
127.47
94.43
129.41
51.33
225.47
96.73
258.94
146.39
97.50
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
500.64
599.57
2. Maintenance Demonstration
IDEM is demonstrating maintenance
through 2028 by showing that future
emissions of VOC and NOX for the
Indianapolis, La Porte County, South
Bend-Elkhart, and Louisville areas
remain at or below attainment year
emission levels. 2028 is an appropriate
maintenance year for these areas
because it is more than 10 years beyond
the first 10-year maintenance period.
The 2028 emissions inventory is
projected from the EPA’s 2011 version
6.3 modeling platform.9 The 2028
scenario was used to support past air
quality modeling to support the regional
haze program. The 2028 summer day
emissions inventory for the
Indianapolis, La Porte County, South
Bend-Elkhart, and Louisville areas are
summarized in Tables 7 through 10
below.
TABLE 7—INDIANAPOLIS AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE YEAR 2028 (tpd)
Source category
VOC
NOX
Nonroad ...................................................................................................................................................................
Onroad .....................................................................................................................................................................
Point .........................................................................................................................................................................
Area .........................................................................................................................................................................
17.71
15.95
6.59
51.46
13.93
28.53
24.30
13.34
Total ..................................................................................................................................................................
91.71
80.10
TABLE 8—LA PORTE COUNTY AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE YEAR 2028
(tpd)
Source category
VOC
NOX
Nonroad ...................................................................................................................................................................
Onroad .....................................................................................................................................................................
Point .........................................................................................................................................................................
Area .........................................................................................................................................................................
1.69
1.12
1.28
4.10
1.41
2.94
0.53
2.71
Total ..................................................................................................................................................................
8.19
7.65
TABLE 9—SOUTH BEND-ELKHART AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE YEAR 2028
(tpd)
Source category
VOC
NOX
Nonroad ...................................................................................................................................................................
Onroad .....................................................................................................................................................................
Point .........................................................................................................................................................................
Area .........................................................................................................................................................................
4.44
3.34
7.46
14.26
3.56
5.09
4.12
4.90
Total ..................................................................................................................................................................
29.50
17.67
TABLE 10—LOUISVILLE AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE YEAR 2028
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Source category
VOC
Indiana portion of area (Clark and Floyd counties):
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
9 The inventory documentation for this platform
can be found here: https://www.epa.gov/airemissions-modeling/2011-version-63-platform.
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1.59
1.25
1.70
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TABLE 10—LOUISVILLE AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE YEAR 2028—
Continued
Source category
VOC
NOX
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
5.57
1.11
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
Entire area:
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
10.11
11.74
7.94
6.45
30.58
30.29
5.76
12.78
27.42
10.33
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
75.26
56.29
In addition, IDEM is demonstrating
maintenance through 2030 by showing
that future emissions of VOC and NOX
for the Cincinnati and Chicago areas
remain at or below attainment year
emission levels. 2030 is an appropriate
maintenance year for these areas
because it is more than 10 years beyond
the first 10-year maintenance period.
Indiana projected emissions to the year
2030 from EPA’s 2028 emissions
projected using the EPA’s 2011 version
6.3 model platform. The 2030 summer
day emissions inventory for Cincinnati
and Chicago areas are summarized in
Tables 11 through 12 below.
TABLE 11—CINCINNATI AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE YEAR 2030 (tpd)
Source category
VOC
Indiana portion of area (Dearborn county):
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
NOX
0.34
0.34
3.94
1.35
0.25
0.65
1.79
0.34
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
Entire area:
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
5.97
3.03
17.30
9.71
15.25
47.73
8.72
16.11
41.24
14.71
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
89.99
80.78
TABLE 12—CHICAGO AREA TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FOR MAINTENANCE YEAR 2030 (tpd)
Source category
VOC
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Indiana portion of area (Lake and Porter counties):
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
NOX
8.81
3.12
17.61
15.88
9.73
6.73
67.99
5.38
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
Entire area:
Nonroad ............................................................................................................................................................
Onroad ..............................................................................................................................................................
Point ..................................................................................................................................................................
Area ..................................................................................................................................................................
45.42
89.83
91.81
22.80
57.95
201.20
70.01
71.23
141.46
71.37
Total ...........................................................................................................................................................
373.76
354.07
Tables 13 through 18 below show the
changes in VOC and NOX emissions
between the attainment year (2014) and
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maintenance year (2028 or 2030) for
each maintenance area.
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TABLE 13—CHANGE IN TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS IN THE INDIANAPOLIS AREA BETWEEN 2014
AND 2028 (tpd)
VOC
NOX
Source category
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
20.21
53.04
5.31
66.47
17.71
15.95
6.59
51.46
¥2.50
¥37.09
1.28
¥15.01
27.64
110.53
29.68
9.26
13.93
28.53
24.30
13.34
¥13.71
¥82.00
¥5.38
4.08
Total ..................................................
145.03
91.71
¥53.32
177.11
80.10
¥97.01
TABLE 14—CHANGE IN TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS IN THE LA PORTE AREA BETWEEN 2014 AND
2028 (tpd)
VOC
NOX
Source category
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
2.83
3.96
1.33
5.73
1.69
1.12
1.28
4.1
¥1.14
¥2.84
¥0.05
¥1.63
2.42
10.55
3.83
4.46
1.41
2.94
0.53
2.77
¥1.01
¥7.61
¥3.30
¥1.69
Total ..................................................
13.85
8.19
¥5.66
21.26
7.65
¥13.61
TABLE 15—CHANGE IN TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS IN THE SOUTH BEND-ELKHART AREA BETWEEN
2014 AND 2028 (tpd)
VOC
NOX
Source category
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
5.74
12.66
6.23
22.86
4.44
3.34
7.46
14.26
¥1.30
¥9.32
1.23
¥8.60
6.64
23.35
2.71
6.14
3.56
5.09
4.12
4.90
¥3.08
¥18.26
1.41
¥1.24
Total ..................................................
47.49
29.50
¥17.99
38.84
17.67
¥21.17
TABLE 16—CHANGE IN TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS IN THE LOUISVILLE AREA BETWEEN 2014 AND
2028 (tpd)
VOC
NOX
Source category
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
2014
Net change
(2014–2028)
2028
Indiana portion of the area (Clark and Floyd counties)
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
1.99
4.38
2.02
9.70
1.59
1.25
1.70
5.57
¥0.40
¥3.58
¥0.32
¥4.13
2.19
12.31
4.60
0.95
1.14
2.77
6.72
1.11
¥1.05
¥9.54
2.12
0.16
Total ..................................................
18.54
10.11
¥8.43
20.05
11.74
¥8.31
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Entire Area
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
9.61
25.03
32.49
50.94
7.94
6.45
30.58
30.29
¥1.67
¥18.58
¥1.91
¥20.65
10.98
52.13
59.71
10.27
5.76
12.78
27.42
10.33
¥5.22
¥39.35
¥32.29
0.06
Total ..................................................
118.07
75.26
¥42.81
133.09
56.29
¥76.80
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TABLE 17—CHANGE IN TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS IN THE CINCINNATI AREA BETWEEN 2014 AND
2030 (tpd)
VOC
NOX
Source category
2014
Net change
(2014–2030)
2030
2014
Net change
(2014–2030)
2028
Indiana portion of the area (Dearborn County)
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
0.47
1.76
5.54
1.39
0.34
0.34
3.94
1.35
¥0.13
¥1.42
¥1.60
¥0.04
0.53
3.94
9.62
0.20
0.25
0.65
1.79
0.34
¥0.28
¥3.29
¥7.83
0.14
Total ..................................................
9.16
5.97
¥3.19
14.29
3.03
¥11.26
Entire Area
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
20.39
39.23
15.73
79.97
17.30
9.71
15.25
47.73
¥3.09
¥29.52
¥0.48
¥32.24
22.30
82.20
91.69
20.60
8.72
16.11
41.24
14.71
¥13.58
¥66.09
¥50.45
¥5.89
Total ..................................................
155.32
89.99
¥65.33
216.79
80.78
¥136.01
TABLE 18—CHANGE IN TYPICAL SUMMER DAY VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS IN THE CHICAGO AREA BETWEEN 2014 AND
2030 (tpd)
VOC
NOX
Source category
2014
Net change
(2014–2030)
2030
2014
2028
Net Change
(2014–2030)
Indiana portion of the area (Lake and Porter counties)
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
18.08
11.59
12.99
20.00
8.81
3.12
17.61
15.88
¥9.27
¥8.47
4.62
¥4.12
15.66
28.05
71.24
12.52
9.73
6.73
67.99
5.38
¥5.93
¥21.32
¥3.25
¥7.14
Total ..................................................
62.66
45.42
¥17.24
127.47
89.83
¥37.64
jbell on DSK3GLQ082PROD with PROPOSALS
Entire Area
Nonroad ...................................................
Onroad .....................................................
Point .........................................................
Area ..........................................................
94.43
129.41
51.33
225.47
91.81
22.80
57.95
201.20
¥2.62
¥106.61
6.62
¥24.27
96.73
258.94
146.39
97.50
70.01
71.23
141.46
71.37
¥26.72
¥187.71
¥4.93
¥26.13
Total ..................................................
500.64
373.76
¥126.88
599.57
354.07
¥245.49
The maintenance demonstrations for
the Indianapolis, La Porte County,
South Bend-Elkhart, and the Indiana
portions of the Chicago, Cincinnati, and
Louisville areas show maintenance of
the 1997 ozone NAAQS by providing
emissions information to support the
demonstration that future emissions of
NOX and VOC will remain at or below
2014 emission levels when considering
both future source growth and
implementation of future controls.
and Louisville areas.10 IDEM has
committed to consult with EPA prior to
making changes to the existing
monitoring network should changes
become necessary in the future. IDEM
remains obligated to meet monitoring
requirements and continue to quality
assure monitoring data in accordance
with 40 CFR part 58, and to enter all
data into the Air Quality System in
accordance with Federal guidelines.
3. Continued Air Quality Monitoring
The State of Indiana has confirmed
that it has the legal authority to enforce
IDEM has committed to continue to
operate an approved ozone monitoring
network in the Indianapolis, La Porte
County, South Bend-Elkhart, Chicago,
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4. Verification of Continued Attainment
10 Indiana does not have any ozone monitoring
site located within their portion of the Cincinnati
maintenance area. Indiana will consult with EPA
should changes become necessary.
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and implement the requirements of the
maintenance plans for the areas
addressed in this action. This includes
the authority to adopt, implement, and
enforce any subsequent emission
control measures determined to be
necessary to correct future ozone
attainment problems.
Verification of continued attainment
is accomplished through operation of
the ambient ozone monitoring network
and the periodic update of the areas’
emissions inventories. IDEM has
committed to continue to operate an
approved ozone monitoring network in
the Indianapolis, La Porte County,
South Bend-Elkhart, Chicago,
Cincinnati, and Louisville maintenance
areas. IDEM will not discontinue
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operation, relocate, or otherwise change
the existing ozone monitoring network
other than through revisions in the
network approved by EPA.
In addition, to track future levels of
emissions, IDEM has committed to
continue to develop and submit to EPA
updated emission inventories for all
source categories at least once every
three years, consistent with the
requirements of 40 CFR part 51, subpart
A, and in 40 CFR 51.122.
5. Contingency Plan
Section 175A of the CAA requires that
the state must adopt a maintenance
plan, as a SIP revision, that includes
such contingency measures as EPA
deems necessary to assure that the state
will promptly correct a violation of the
NAAQS that occurs after redesignation
of the area to attainment of the NAAQS.
The maintenance plan must identify:
The contingency measures to be
considered and, if needed for
maintenance, adopted and
implemented; a schedule and procedure
for adoption and implementation; and,
a time limit for action by the state. The
state should also identify specific
indicators to be used to determine when
the contingency measures need to be
considered, adopted, and implemented.
The maintenance plan must include a
commitment that the state will
implement all measures with respect to
the control of the pollutant that were
contained in the SIP before
redesignation of the area to attainment
in accordance with section 175A(d) of
the CAA.
As required by section 175A of the
CAA, Indiana has adopted a
contingency plan for the Indianapolis,
La Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart,
Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville
maintenance areas to address possible
future ozone air quality problems. The
contingency plan adopted by Indiana
has two levels of response, a warning
level response and an action level
response.
In Indiana’s plan, a warning level
response will be triggered when an
annual fourth high monitored value of
0.088 ppm or higher is monitored
within the maintenance area. A warning
level response will consist of IDEM
conducting a study to determine
whether the ozone value indicates a
trend toward higher ozone values or
whether emissions appear to be
increasing. The study will evaluate
whether the trend, if any, is likely to
continue and, if so, the control measures
necessary to reverse the trend. The
study will consider ease and timing of
implementation as well as economic
and social impacts. Implementation of
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necessary controls in response to a
warning level response trigger will take
place within 12 months from the
conclusion of the most recent ozone
season.
In Indiana’s plan, an action level
response is triggered when a two-year
average fourth high value of 0.084 ppm
or greater is monitored within the
maintenance area. A violation of the
1997 ozone standard within the
maintenance area also triggers an action
level response. In the event that the
action level is triggered and is not found
to be due to an exceptional event,
malfunction, or noncompliance with a
permit condition or rule requirement,
IDEM will determine what additional
control measures are needed to assure
future attainment of the ozone standard.
Control measures selected will be
adopted and implemented within 18
months from the close of the ozone
season that prompted the action level.
IDEM may also consider if significant
new regulations not currently included
as part of the maintenance provisions
will be implemented in a timely manner
and would thus constitute an adequate
contingency measure response.
IDEM included the following list of
potential contingency measures in its
maintenance plan for the Indianapolis,
La Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart,
Cincinnati, and Louisville areas:
1. Lower reid vapor pressure gasoline
program.
2. Broaden the geographic
applicability of existing measures.
3. Adoption of VOC reasonably
available control technology (RACT) on
existing sources covered by EPA Control
Technique Guidelines issued after the
1990 CAA.
4. Application of VOC RACT to
smaller existing sources.
5. Application of modern vehicle
inspection/maintenance program.
6. Requirements for one or more
transportation control measures
sufficient to achieve at least half a
percent reduction in actual area wide
VOC emissions. Transportation
measures will be selected from the
following, based upon the factors listed
above after consultation with affected
local governments:
a. Trip reduction programs, including,
but not limited to, employer-based
transportation management plans, area
wide rideshare programs, work schedule
changes, and telecommuting;
b. traffic flow and transit
improvements; and
c. other new or innovative
transportation measures not yet in
widespread use that affected local
governments deem appropriate.
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7. Application of alternative fuel and
diesel retrofit programs for fleet vehicle
operations.
8. Requirements for controls on
consumer products consistent with
those adopted elsewhere in the United
States.
9. Requirements of VOC or NOX
emission offsets for new and modified
major sources.
10. Requirements of VOC or NOX
emission offsets for new and modified
minor sources.
11. Increasing the ratio of emission
offsets required for new sources.
12. Requirements for VOC or NOX
controls on new minor sources.
IDEM included the following list of
potential contingency measures in its
maintenance plan for the Chicago area:
(1) Requirements for enhancements to
the vehicle emission testing program
(increased weight limit, addition of
diesel vehicles, etc.).
(2) Asphalt paving (lower VOC
formulation).
(3) Diesel exhaust retrofits.
(4) Traffic flow improvements.
(5) Idle reduction programs.
(6) Adoption of portable fuel
container regulations (state-wide).
(7) Park and ride facilities.
(8) Rideshare/carpool program.
(9) Requirements for VOC capture/
trade program for major stationary
sources.
(10) Application of NOX RACT.
To qualify as a contingency measure,
emissions reductions from that measure
must not be factored into the emissions
projections used in the maintenance
plan.
EPA has concluded that Indiana’s
maintenance plan adequately addresses
the five basic components of a
maintenance plan. Thus, EPA finds that
the maintenance plan SIP revisions
submitted by IDEM for the Indianapolis,
La Porte County, and South BendElkhart areas and the Indiana portions
of the Chicago, Cincinnati, and
Louisville areas meet the requirements
of section 175A of the CAA.
B. Transportation Conformity
Transportation conformity is required
by section 176(c) of the CAA.
Conformity to a SIP means that
transportation activities will not
produce new air quality violations,
worsen existing violations, or delay
timely attainment of the NAAQS (CAA
176(c)(1)(B)). EPA’s conformity rule at
40 CFR part 93 requires that
transportation plans, programs and
projects conform to SIPs and establish
the criteria and procedures for
determining whether they conform. The
conformity rule generally requires a
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demonstration that emissions from the
Regional Transportation Plan and the
Transportation Improvement Program
(TIP) are consistent with the motor
vehicle emissions budget (MVEB)
contained in the control strategy SIP
revision or maintenance plan (40 CFR
93.101, 93.118, and 93.124). A MVEB is
defined as ‘‘that portion of the total
allowable emissions defined in the
submitted or approved control strategy
implementation plan revision or
maintenance plan for a certain date for
the purpose of meeting reasonable
further progress milestones or
demonstrating attainment or
maintenance of the NAAQS, for any
criteria pollutant or its precursors,
allocated to highway and transit vehicle
use and emissions’’ (40 CFR 93.101).
The South Coast II court decision
upheld EPA’s revocation of the 1997
ozone NAAQS, which was effective on
April 6, 2015. EPA’s current
transportation conformity regulation
requires a regional emissions analysis
only during the time period beginning
one year after a nonattainment
designation for a particular NAAQS
until the effective date of revocation of
that NAAQS (40 CFR 93.109(c)).
Therefore, pursuant to the conformity
regulation, a regional emissions analysis
using MVEBs is not required for
conformity determinations for the 1997
ozone NAAQS because that NAAQS has
been revoked (80 FR 12264). As no
regional emissions analysis is required
for the maintenance areas in Indiana,
transportation conformity for the 1997
ozone NAAQS can be demonstrated by
a Metropolitan Planning Organization
and the State’s Department of
Transportation for transportation plans
and TIPs by showing that the remaining
criteria contained in Table 1 in 40 CFR
93.109, and 40 CFR 93.108 have been
met.
jbell on DSK3GLQ082PROD with PROPOSALS
IV. Proposed Action
Under section 175A of the CAA and
for the reasons set forth above, based on
Indiana’s representations and
commitments set forth above, EPA is
proposing to approve the second
maintenance plans for the 1997 ozone
NAAQS for the Indianapolis, La Porte
County, and South Bend-Elkhart areas
and the Indiana portions of the Chicago,
Cincinnati, and Louisville areas,
submitted by IDEM on June 20, 2019, as
a revision to the Indiana SIP. These
maintenance plans are designed to keep
these areas in attainment of the 1997
ozone NAAQS through the second 10year maintenance period.
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V. Statutory and Executive Order
Reviews
Under the CAA, the Administrator is
required to approve a SIP submission
that complies with the provisions of the
CAA and applicable Federal regulations.
42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a).
Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions,
EPA’s role is to approve state choices,
provided that they meet the criteria of
the CAA. Accordingly, this proposed
action merely proposes to approve state
law as meeting Federal requirements
and does not impose additional
requirements beyond those imposed by
state law. For that reason, this proposed
action:
• Is not a ‘‘significant regulatory
action’’ subject to review by the Office
of Management and Budget under
Executive Orders 12866 (58 FR 51735,
October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821,
January 21, 2011);
• Is not an Executive Order 13771 (82
FR 9339, February 2, 2017) regulatory
action because it is not a significant
regulatory action under Executive Order
12866;
• Does not impose an information
collection burden under the provisions
of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
• Is certified as not having a
significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities
under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5
U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
• Does not contain any unfunded
mandate or significantly or uniquely
affect small governments, as described
in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
of 1995 (Pub. L. 104–4);
• Does not have Federalism
implications as specified in Executive
Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10,
1999);
• Is not an economically significant
regulatory action based on health or
safety risks subject to Executive Order
13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997);
• Is not a significant regulatory action
subject to Executive Order 13211 (66 FR
28355, May 22, 2001);
• Is not subject to requirements of
Section 12(d) of the National
Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) because
application of those requirements would
be inconsistent with the CAA; and
• Does not provide EPA with the
discretionary authority to address
disproportionate human health or
environmental effects with practical,
appropriate, and legally permissible
methods under Executive Order 12898
(59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
In addition, the SIP is not approved
to apply on any Indian reservation land
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50363
or in any other area where EPA or an
Indian tribe has demonstrated that a
tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of
Indian country, the rule does not have
tribal implications and will not impose
substantial direct costs on tribal
governments or preempt tribal law as
specified by Executive Order 13175 (65
FR 67249, November 9, 2000).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52
Environmental protection, Air
pollution control, Incorporation by
reference, Intergovernmental relations,
Nitrogen oxides, Ozone, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Volatile
organic compounds.
Dated: September 11, 2019.
Cheryl L. Newton,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 5.
[FR Doc. 2019–20846 Filed 9–24–19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[EPA–R01–OAR–2019–0348; FRL–10000–
09-Region 1]
Air Plan Approval; Connecticut;
Regional Haze Five Year Progress
Report
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.
AGENCY:
The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is proposing to approve
the Connecticut regional haze progress
report submitted as a State
Implementation Plan (SIP) revision on
June 30, 2015. This revision addresses
the provisions of the Clean Air Act and
its implementing regulations that
require states to submit periodic reports
describing progress on reasonable
progress goals established for regional
haze and a determination of adequacy of
the state’s existing regional haze SIP.
Connecticut’s progress report notes that
Connecticut has made substantial
progress toward meeting the emissions
reduction expected for the first regional
planning period. The report also notes
that visibility in the federal Class I areas
that may be affected by emissions from
Connecticut is improving. In addition,
the nearby federal Class I areas have
already met the applicable reasonable
progress goals for 2018. The EPA is
proposing approval of Connecticut’s
determination that the state’s existing
regional haze SIP requires no further
substantive revision at this time in order
to achieve the goals for visibility
improvement and emission reductions.
SUMMARY:
E:\FR\FM\25SEP1.SGM
25SEP1
]]>Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 186 (Wednesday, September 25, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 50354-50363]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-20846]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[EPA-R05-OAR-2019-0377; FRL-10000-40-Region 5]
Air Plan Approval; Indiana; Second Maintenance Plan for 1997
Ozone NAAQS
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: Pursuant to the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to approve a state implementation
plan (SIP) revision. On June 20, 2019, the Indiana Department of
Environmental Management (IDEM) submitted the State's plan for
maintaining the 1997 ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS or standard) in the following areas: Indianapolis, La Porte
County, and South Bend-Elkhart areas in Indiana; and the Indiana
portions of the Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN (Chicago), Cincinnati-
Hamilton, OH-KY-
[[Page 50355]]
IN (Cincinnati), and Louisville, KY-IN (Louisville) multi-state areas.
EPA is proposing to approve these maintenance plans because they
provide for the maintenance of the 1997 ozone NAAQS through the end of
the second 10-year maintenance period. This action, when finalized
would make certain commitments related to maintenance of the 1997 ozone
NAAQS in these areas federally enforceable as part of the Indiana SIP.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before October 25, 2019.
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket No. EPA-EPA-R05-
OAR-2019-0377 at https://www.regulations.gov or via email to
[email protected]. For comments submitted at Regulations.gov,
follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted,
comments cannot be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. For either
manner of submission, EPA may publish any comment received to its
public docket. Do not submit electronically any information you
consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia
submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written
comment. The written comment is considered the official comment and
should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of
the primary submission (i.e. on the web, cloud, or other file sharing
system). For additional submission methods, please contact the person
identified in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. For the full
EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia
submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please
visit https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Charles Hatten, Environmental
Engineer, Control Strategies Section, Air Programs Branch (AR-18J),
Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, 77 West Jackson Boulevard,
Chicago, Illinois 60604, (312) 886-6031, [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document, the terms ``we'',
``us'', and ``our'' refer to the EPA.
Table of contents
I. Summary of EPA's Proposed Action
II. Background
III. EPA's Evaluation of Indiana's SIP Submittal
A. Second Maintenance Plan
B. Transportation Conformity
IV. Proposed Action
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
I. Summary of EPA's Proposed Action
EPA is proposing to approve the 1997 ozone NAAQS maintenance plans
for the following areas: Indianapolis, La Porte County, South Bend-
Elkhart, and the Indiana portions of the Chicago, Cincinnati, and
Louisville multi-state areas. The maintenance plans are designed to
keep these areas in attainment of the 1997 ozone NAAQS through the end
of the second 10-year maintenance period.
II. Background
Ground-level ozone is formed when oxides of nitrogen
(NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) react in the
presence of sunlight. These two pollutants are referred to as ozone
precursors. Scientific evidence indicates that adverse public health
effects occur following exposure to ozone.
In 1979, under section 109 of the CAA, EPA established primary and
secondary NAAQS for ozone at 0.12 parts per million (ppm), averaged
over a 1-hour period. 44 FR 8202 (February 8, 1979). On July 18, 1997,
EPA revised the primary and secondary NAAQS for ozone to set the
acceptable level of ozone in the ambient air at 0.08 ppm, averaged over
an 8-hour period. 62 FR 38856 (July 18, 1997).\1\ EPA set the 8-hour
ozone NAAQS based on scientific evidence demonstrating that ozone
causes adverse health effects at lower concentrations and over longer
periods of time than was understood when the pre-existing 1-hour ozone
NAAQS was set.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ In March 2008, EPA completed another review of the primary
and secondary ozone standards and tightened them further by lowering
the level for both to 0.075 ppm. 73 FR 16436 (March 27, 2008).
Additionally, in October 2015, EPA completed a review of the primary
and secondary ozone standards and tightened them by lowering the
level for both to 0.70 ppm. 80 FR 65292 (October 26, 2015)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Following promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, EPA is required
by the CAA to designate areas throughout the nation as attaining or not
attaining the NAAQS. On April 15, 2004 (69 FR 23857), EPA designated
areas for the 1997 ozone NAAQS, including the following areas in
Indiana which were designated as nonattainment: Indianapolis (Boone,
Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, Marion, Morgan and
Shelby Counties), La Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart (Elkhart and St.
Joseph Counties), Chicago (Lake and Porter Counties in Indiana),\2\
Cincinnati (Lawrenceburg Township in Dearborn County, Indiana),\3\ and
Louisville (Clark and Floyd Counties in Indiana).\4\ These designations
became effective on June 15, 2004. Under the CAA, states are also
required to adopt and submit SIPs to implement, maintain, and enforce
the NAAQS in designated nonattainment areas and throughout the state.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ The entire Chicago (IL-IN) area includes Cook, DuPage, Kane,
Lake, McHenry and Will Counties, Aux Sable and Goose Lake Townships
in Grundy County, and Oswego Township in Kendall County in Illinois.
\3\ The entire Cincinnati (OH-KY-IN) area includes Butler,
Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, and Warren Counties in Ohio; and Boone,
Campbell, and Kenton Counties in Kentucky.
\4\ The entire Louisville (KY-IN) area includes Bullitt,
Jefferson and Oldham Counties in Kentucky.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
When a nonattainment area has three years of complete, certified
air quality data that has been determined to attain the 1997 ozone
NAAQS, and the area has met other required criteria described in
section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA, the state can submit to EPA a request
to be redesignated to attainment, referred to as a ``maintenance
area''.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA sets out the requirements
for redesignation. They include attainment of the NAAQS, full
approval under section 110(k) of the applicable SIP, determination
that improvement in air quality is a result of permanent and
enforceable reductions in emissions, demonstration that the state
has met all applicable section 110 and part D requirements, and a
fully approved maintenance plan under CAA section 175A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
One of the criteria for redesignation is to have an approved
maintenance plan under CAA section 175A. The maintenance plan must
demonstrate that the area will continue to maintain the standard for
the period extending 10 years after redesignation, and it must contain
such additional measures as necessary to ensure maintenance and such
contingency provisions as necessary to assure that violations of the
standard will be promptly corrected. At the end of the eighth year
after the effective date of the redesignation, the state must also
submit a second maintenance plan to ensure ongoing maintenance of the
standard for an additional 10 years. CAA section 175A.
EPA has published long-standing guidance for states on developing
maintenance plans. This includes ``Procedures for Processing Requests
to Redesignate Areas to Attainment,'' Memorandum from John Calcagni,
Director, Air Quality Management Division, September 4, 1992 (the
``Calcagni Memorandum'').
The Calcagni Memorandum provides that states may generally
demonstrate maintenance by either performing air quality modeling to
show that the future
[[Page 50356]]
mix of sources and emission rates will not cause a violation of the
NAAQS or by showing that future emissions of a pollutant and its
precursors will not exceed the level of emissions during a year when
the area was attaining the NAAQS (i.e., attainment year inventory). See
Calcagni Memorandum at 9.
EPA approved maintenance plans for the following areas and
redesignated them to attainment of the 1997 ozone NAAQS: The Indiana
portion of Louisville, La Porte County, and South Bend-Elkhart
effective July 19, 2007 (72 FR 39571, 39574, 39577); Indianapolis,
effective October 19, 2007 (72 FR 59210); and the Indiana portions of
Chicago and Cincinnati effective May 11, 2010 (75 FR 26113, 26118).
Under CAA section 175A(b), states must submit a revision to the
first maintenance plan eight years after redesignation to provide for
maintenance of the NAAQS for ten additional years following the end of
the first 10-year period. EPA's final implementation rule for the 2008
ozone NAAQS revoked the 1997 ozone NAAQS and provided that one
consequence of revocation was that areas that had been redesignated to
attainment (i.e., maintenance areas) for the 1997 standard no longer
needed to submit second 10-year maintenance plans under CAA section
175A(b).\6\ However, in South Coast Air Quality Management District v.
EPA \7\ (South Coast II), the D.C. Circuit vacated EPA's interpretation
that, because of the revocation of the 1997 ozone standard, second
maintenance plans were not required for ``orphan maintenance areas,''
i.e., areas that had been redesignated to attainment for the 1997 NAAQS
and were designated attainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. Thus, states
with these ``orphan maintenance areas'' under the 1997 ozone NAAQS must
submit maintenance plans for the second maintenance period.
Accordingly, on June 20, 2019, IDEM submitted second maintenance plans
for the Indianapolis, La Porte County, and South Bend-Elkhart areas and
the Indiana portions of the Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville areas.
The maintenance plans show that each area is expected to remain in
attainment of the 1997 ozone NAAQS through the end of the full 20-year
maintenance period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\ See 80 FR 12315 (March 6, 2015).
\7\ 882 F.3d 1138 (D.C. Cir. 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
III. EPA's Evaluation of Indiana's SIP Submittal
A. Second Maintenance Plan
Section 175A of the CAA sets forth the elements of a maintenance
plan for areas seeking redesignation from nonattainment to attainment.
Under section 175A, the maintenance plan must demonstrate continued
attainment of the NAAQS for at least 10 years after the Administrator
approves a redesignation to attainment. Eight years after the
redesignation, the state must submit a revised maintenance plan which
demonstrates that attainment of the NAAQS will continue for an
additional 10 years beyond the initial 10-year maintenance period. To
address the possibility of future NAAQS violations, the maintenance
plan must contain contingency measures, as EPA deems necessary, to
assure prompt correction of the future NAAQS violation.
The Calcagni Memorandum provides further guidance on the content of
a maintenance plan, explaining that a maintenance plan should address
five elements: (1) An attainment emission inventory; (2) a maintenance
demonstration; (3) a commitment for continued air quality monitoring;
(4) a process for verification of continued attainment; and (5) a
contingency plan.
On June 20, 2019, IDEM submitted, as a SIP revision, a plan to
provide for maintenance of the 1997 ozone standard in Indianapolis, La
Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart, and Louisville areas through 2028,
more than 20 years after the effective date of redesignation to
attainment. Likewise, the revision to Indiana's SIP provides for
maintenance of the standard for Chicago and Cincinnati areas through
2030, more than 20 years after the effective date of redesignation to
attainment. As discussed below, EPA finds that Indiana's second
maintenance plan includes the necessary components and proposes approve
the maintenance plan as a revision to the Indiana SIP.
1. Attainment Inventory
For maintenance plans, a state should develop a comprehensive,
accurate inventory of actual emissions for an attainment year to
identify the level of emissions which is sufficient to maintain the
NAAQS. A state should develop this inventory consistent with EPA's most
recent guidance on emissions inventory development. For ozone, the
inventory should be based on typical summer day VOC and NOX
emissions, as these pollutants are precursors to ozone formation.
The CAA section 175A maintenance plans approved by EPA for the
first 10-year periods included attainment inventories that reflect
typical summer day VOC and NOX emissions for the following
attainment years: Indianapolis, 2005; La Porte County, 2004; South
Bend-Elkhart, 2004; the Indiana portion of Chicago, 2006; the Indiana
portion of Cincinnati, 2008; and the Indiana portion of Louisville,
2003. In addition, because all of the maintenance areas in Indiana
continued to monitor attainment of the 1997 ozone NAAQS in 2014, this
is also an appropriate year to use for an attainment year inventory. As
such, IDEM is using 2014 summer day emissions from EPA 2014 version 7.0
modeling platform as the basis for the attainment inventory \8\
presented in Tables 1-6 below. Tables 1 through 6 show VOC and
NOX emission totals for all sectors for each maintenance
area. These data are based on the most recently available National
Emissions Inventory (2014 NEI version 2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ The inventory documentation for this platform can be found
here: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-modeling/2014-version-70-platform.
Table 1--Indianapolis Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Attainment Year 2014 in Tons Per Day (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................. 20.21 27.64
Onroad.................................. 53.04 110.53
Point................................... 5.31 29.68
Area.................................... 66.47 9.26
-------------------------------
Total............................... 145.03 177.11
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 50357]]
Table 2--La Porte County Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions
for Attainment Year 2014 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................. 2.83 2.42
Onroad.................................. 3.96 10.55
Point................................... 1.33 3.83
Area.................................... 5.73 4.46
-------------------------------
Total............................... 13.85 21.96
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3--South Bend-Elkhart Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX
Emissions for Attainment Year 2014 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................. 5.74 6.64
Onroad.................................. 12.66 23.35
Point................................... 6.23 2.71
Area.................................... 22.86 6.14
-------------------------------
Total............................... 47.49 38.84
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4--Louisville Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Attainment Year 2014 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of area (Clark and Floyd
counties):
Nonroad............................. 1.99 2.19
Onroad.............................. 4.83 12.31
Point............................... 2.02 4.60
Area................................ 9.70 0.95
-------------------------------
Total........................... 18.54 20.05
Entire area:
Nonroad............................. 9.61 10.98
Onroad.............................. 25.03 52.13
Point............................... 32.49 59.71
Area................................ 50.94 10.27
-------------------------------
Total........................... 118.07 133.09
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 5--Cincinnati Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Attainment Year 2014 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of area (Dearborn
county):
Nonroad............................. 0.47 0.53
Onroad.............................. 1.76 3.94
Point............................... 5.54 9.62
Area................................ 1.39 0.20
-------------------------------
Total........................... 9.16 14.29
Entire area:
Nonroad............................. 20.39 22.30
Onroad.............................. 39.23 82.20
Point............................... 15.73 91.69
Area................................ 79.97 20.60
-------------------------------
Total........................... 155.32 216.79
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6--Chicago Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Attainment Year 2014 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of area (Lake and Porter
counties):
Nonroad............................. 18.08 15.66
Onroad.............................. 11.59 28.05
Point............................... 12.99 71.24
Area................................ 20.00 12.52
-------------------------------
[[Page 50358]]
Total........................... 62.66 127.47
Entire area:
Nonroad............................. 94.43 96.73
Onroad.............................. 129.41 258.94
Point............................... 51.33 146.39
Area................................ 225.47 97.50
-------------------------------
Total........................... 500.64 599.57
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Maintenance Demonstration
IDEM is demonstrating maintenance through 2028 by showing that
future emissions of VOC and NOX for the Indianapolis, La
Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart, and Louisville areas remain at or
below attainment year emission levels. 2028 is an appropriate
maintenance year for these areas because it is more than 10 years
beyond the first 10-year maintenance period. The 2028 emissions
inventory is projected from the EPA's 2011 version 6.3 modeling
platform.\9\ The 2028 scenario was used to support past air quality
modeling to support the regional haze program. The 2028 summer day
emissions inventory for the Indianapolis, La Porte County, South Bend-
Elkhart, and Louisville areas are summarized in Tables 7 through 10
below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\ The inventory documentation for this platform can be found
here: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-modeling/2011-version-63-platform.
Table 7--Indianapolis Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Maintenance Year 2028 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................. 17.71 13.93
Onroad.................................. 15.95 28.53
Point................................... 6.59 24.30
Area.................................... 51.46 13.34
-------------------------------
Total............................... 91.71 80.10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 8--La Porte County Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions
for Maintenance Year 2028 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................. 1.69 1.41
Onroad.................................. 1.12 2.94
Point................................... 1.28 0.53
Area.................................... 4.10 2.71
-------------------------------
Total............................... 8.19 7.65
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 9--South Bend-Elkhart Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX
Emissions for Maintenance year 2028 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................. 4.44 3.56
Onroad.................................. 3.34 5.09
Point................................... 7.46 4.12
Area.................................... 14.26 4.90
-------------------------------
Total............................... 29.50 17.67
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 10--Louisville Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Maintenance Year 2028
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of area (Clark and Floyd
counties):
Nonroad............................. 1.59 1.14
Onroad.............................. 1.25 2.77
Point............................... 1.70 6.72
[[Page 50359]]
Area................................ 5.57 1.11
-------------------------------
Total........................... 10.11 11.74
Entire area:
Nonroad............................. 7.94 5.76
Onroad.............................. 6.45 12.78
Point............................... 30.58 27.42
Area................................ 30.29 10.33
-------------------------------
Total........................... 75.26 56.29
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition, IDEM is demonstrating maintenance through 2030 by
showing that future emissions of VOC and NOX for the
Cincinnati and Chicago areas remain at or below attainment year
emission levels. 2030 is an appropriate maintenance year for these
areas because it is more than 10 years beyond the first 10-year
maintenance period. Indiana projected emissions to the year 2030 from
EPA's 2028 emissions projected using the EPA's 2011 version 6.3 model
platform. The 2030 summer day emissions inventory for Cincinnati and
Chicago areas are summarized in Tables 11 through 12 below.
Table 11--Cincinnati Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Maintenance Year 2030 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of area (Dearborn
county):
Nonroad............................. 0.34 0.25
Onroad.............................. 0.34 0.65
Point............................... 3.94 1.79
Area................................ 1.35 0.34
-------------------------------
Total........................... 5.97 3.03
Entire area:
Nonroad............................. 17.30 8.72
Onroad.............................. 9.71 16.11
Point............................... 15.25 41.24
Area................................ 47.73 14.71
-------------------------------
Total........................... 89.99 80.78
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 12--Chicago Area Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions for
Maintenance Year 2030 (tpd)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category VOC NOX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of area (Lake and Porter
counties):
Nonroad............................. 8.81 9.73
Onroad.............................. 3.12 6.73
Point............................... 17.61 67.99
Area................................ 15.88 5.38
-------------------------------
Total........................... 45.42 89.83
Entire area:
Nonroad............................. 91.81 70.01
Onroad.............................. 22.80 71.23
Point............................... 57.95 141.46
Area................................ 201.20 71.37
-------------------------------
Total........................... 373.76 354.07
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tables 13 through 18 below show the changes in VOC and
NOX emissions between the attainment year (2014) and
maintenance year (2028 or 2030) for each maintenance area.
[[Page 50360]]
Table 13--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions in the Indianapolis Area Between 2014 and 2028 (tpd)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category Net change Net change
2014 2028 (2014-2028) 2014 2028 (2014-2028)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 20.21 17.71 -2.50 27.64 13.93 -13.71
Onroad.................................................. 53.04 15.95 -37.09 110.53 28.53 -82.00
Point................................................... 5.31 6.59 1.28 29.68 24.30 -5.38
Area.................................................... 66.47 51.46 -15.01 9.26 13.34 4.08
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 145.03 91.71 -53.32 177.11 80.10 -97.01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 14--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions in the La Porte Area Between 2014 and 2028 (tpd)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category Net change Net change
2014 2028 (2014-2028) 2014 2028 (2014-2028)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 2.83 1.69 -1.14 2.42 1.41 -1.01
Onroad.................................................. 3.96 1.12 -2.84 10.55 2.94 -7.61
Point................................................... 1.33 1.28 -0.05 3.83 0.53 -3.30
Area.................................................... 5.73 4.1 -1.63 4.46 2.77 -1.69
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 13.85 8.19 -5.66 21.26 7.65 -13.61
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 15--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions in the South Bend-Elkhart Area Between 2014 and 2028 (tpd)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category Net change Net change
2014 2028 (2014-2028) 2014 2028 (2014-2028)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 5.74 4.44 -1.30 6.64 3.56 -3.08
Onroad.................................................. 12.66 3.34 -9.32 23.35 5.09 -18.26
Point................................................... 6.23 7.46 1.23 2.71 4.12 1.41
Area.................................................... 22.86 14.26 -8.60 6.14 4.90 -1.24
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 47.49 29.50 -17.99 38.84 17.67 -21.17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 16--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX emissions in the Louisville area between 2014 and 2028 (tpd)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category Net change Net change
2014 2028 (2014-2028) 2014 2028 (2014-2028)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of the area (Clark and Floyd counties)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 1.99 1.59 -0.40 2.19 1.14 -1.05
Onroad.................................................. 4.38 1.25 -3.58 12.31 2.77 -9.54
Point................................................... 2.02 1.70 -0.32 4.60 6.72 2.12
Area.................................................... 9.70 5.57 -4.13 0.95 1.11 0.16
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 18.54 10.11 -8.43 20.05 11.74 -8.31
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entire Area
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 9.61 7.94 -1.67 10.98 5.76 -5.22
Onroad.................................................. 25.03 6.45 -18.58 52.13 12.78 -39.35
Point................................................... 32.49 30.58 -1.91 59.71 27.42 -32.29
Area.................................................... 50.94 30.29 -20.65 10.27 10.33 0.06
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 118.07 75.26 -42.81 133.09 56.29 -76.80
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 50361]]
Table 17--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX emissions in the Cincinnati area between 2014 and 2030 (tpd)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category Net change Net change
2014 2030 (2014-2030) 2014 2028 (2014-2030)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of the area (Dearborn County)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 0.47 0.34 -0.13 0.53 0.25 -0.28
Onroad.................................................. 1.76 0.34 -1.42 3.94 0.65 -3.29
Point................................................... 5.54 3.94 -1.60 9.62 1.79 -7.83
Area.................................................... 1.39 1.35 -0.04 0.20 0.34 0.14
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 9.16 5.97 -3.19 14.29 3.03 -11.26
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entire Area
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 20.39 17.30 -3.09 22.30 8.72 -13.58
Onroad.................................................. 39.23 9.71 -29.52 82.20 16.11 -66.09
Point................................................... 15.73 15.25 -0.48 91.69 41.24 -50.45
Area.................................................... 79.97 47.73 -32.24 20.60 14.71 -5.89
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 155.32 89.99 -65.33 216.79 80.78 -136.01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 18--Change in Typical Summer Day VOC and NOX Emissions in the Chicago Area Between 2014 and 2030 (tpd)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOC NOX
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category Net change Net Change
2014 2030 (2014-2030) 2014 2028 (2014-2030)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana portion of the area (Lake and Porter counties)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 18.08 8.81 -9.27 15.66 9.73 -5.93
Onroad.................................................. 11.59 3.12 -8.47 28.05 6.73 -21.32
Point................................................... 12.99 17.61 4.62 71.24 67.99 -3.25
Area.................................................... 20.00 15.88 -4.12 12.52 5.38 -7.14
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 62.66 45.42 -17.24 127.47 89.83 -37.64
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entire Area
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonroad................................................. 94.43 91.81 -2.62 96.73 70.01 -26.72
Onroad.................................................. 129.41 22.80 -106.61 258.94 71.23 -187.71
Point................................................... 51.33 57.95 6.62 146.39 141.46 -4.93
Area.................................................... 225.47 201.20 -24.27 97.50 71.37 -26.13
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... 500.64 373.76 -126.88 599.57 354.07 -245.49
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The maintenance demonstrations for the Indianapolis, La Porte
County, South Bend-Elkhart, and the Indiana portions of the Chicago,
Cincinnati, and Louisville areas show maintenance of the 1997 ozone
NAAQS by providing emissions information to support the demonstration
that future emissions of NOX and VOC will remain at or below
2014 emission levels when considering both future source growth and
implementation of future controls.
3. Continued Air Quality Monitoring
IDEM has committed to continue to operate an approved ozone
monitoring network in the Indianapolis, La Porte County, South Bend-
Elkhart, Chicago, and Louisville areas.\10\ IDEM has committed to
consult with EPA prior to making changes to the existing monitoring
network should changes become necessary in the future. IDEM remains
obligated to meet monitoring requirements and continue to quality
assure monitoring data in accordance with 40 CFR part 58, and to enter
all data into the Air Quality System in accordance with Federal
guidelines.
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\10\ Indiana does not have any ozone monitoring site located
within their portion of the Cincinnati maintenance area. Indiana
will consult with EPA should changes become necessary.
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4. Verification of Continued Attainment
The State of Indiana has confirmed that it has the legal authority
to enforce and implement the requirements of the maintenance plans for
the areas addressed in this action. This includes the authority to
adopt, implement, and enforce any subsequent emission control measures
determined to be necessary to correct future ozone attainment problems.
Verification of continued attainment is accomplished through
operation of the ambient ozone monitoring network and the periodic
update of the areas' emissions inventories. IDEM has committed to
continue to operate an approved ozone monitoring network in the
Indianapolis, La Porte County, South Bend-Elkhart, Chicago, Cincinnati,
and Louisville maintenance areas. IDEM will not discontinue
[[Page 50362]]
operation, relocate, or otherwise change the existing ozone monitoring
network other than through revisions in the network approved by EPA.
In addition, to track future levels of emissions, IDEM has
committed to continue to develop and submit to EPA updated emission
inventories for all source categories at least once every three years,
consistent with the requirements of 40 CFR part 51, subpart A, and in
40 CFR 51.122.
5. Contingency Plan
Section 175A of the CAA requires that the state must adopt a
maintenance plan, as a SIP revision, that includes such contingency
measures as EPA deems necessary to assure that the state will promptly
correct a violation of the NAAQS that occurs after redesignation of the
area to attainment of the NAAQS. The maintenance plan must identify:
The contingency measures to be considered and, if needed for
maintenance, adopted and implemented; a schedule and procedure for
adoption and implementation; and, a time limit for action by the state.
The state should also identify specific indicators to be used to
determine when the contingency measures need to be considered, adopted,
and implemented. The maintenance plan must include a commitment that
the state will implement all measures with respect to the control of
the pollutant that were contained in the SIP before redesignation of
the area to attainment in accordance with section 175A(d) of the CAA.
As required by section 175A of the CAA, Indiana has adopted a
contingency plan for the Indianapolis, La Porte County, South Bend-
Elkhart, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville maintenance areas to
address possible future ozone air quality problems. The contingency
plan adopted by Indiana has two levels of response, a warning level
response and an action level response.
In Indiana's plan, a warning level response will be triggered when
an annual fourth high monitored value of 0.088 ppm or higher is
monitored within the maintenance area. A warning level response will
consist of IDEM conducting a study to determine whether the ozone value
indicates a trend toward higher ozone values or whether emissions
appear to be increasing. The study will evaluate whether the trend, if
any, is likely to continue and, if so, the control measures necessary
to reverse the trend. The study will consider ease and timing of
implementation as well as economic and social impacts. Implementation
of necessary controls in response to a warning level response trigger
will take place within 12 months from the conclusion of the most recent
ozone season.
In Indiana's plan, an action level response is triggered when a
two-year average fourth high value of 0.084 ppm or greater is monitored
within the maintenance area. A violation of the 1997 ozone standard
within the maintenance area also triggers an action level response. In
the event that the action level is triggered and is not found to be due
to an exceptional event, malfunction, or noncompliance with a permit
condition or rule requirement, IDEM will determine what additional
control measures are needed to assure future attainment of the ozone
standard. Control measures selected will be adopted and implemented
within 18 months from the close of the ozone season that prompted the
action level. IDEM may also consider if significant new regulations not
currently included as part of the maintenance provisions will be
implemented in a timely manner and would thus constitute an adequate
contingency measure response.
IDEM included the following list of potential contingency measures
in its maintenance plan for the Indianapolis, La Porte County, South
Bend-Elkhart, Cincinnati, and Louisville areas:
1. Lower reid vapor pressure gasoline program.
2. Broaden the geographic applicability of existing measures.
3. Adoption of VOC reasonably available control technology (RACT)
on existing sources covered by EPA Control Technique Guidelines issued
after the 1990 CAA.
4. Application of VOC RACT to smaller existing sources.
5. Application of modern vehicle inspection/maintenance program.
6. Requirements for one or more transportation control measures
sufficient to achieve at least half a percent reduction in actual area
wide VOC emissions. Transportation measures will be selected from the
following, based upon the factors listed above after consultation with
affected local governments:
a. Trip reduction programs, including, but not limited to,
employer-based transportation management plans, area wide rideshare
programs, work schedule changes, and telecommuting;
b. traffic flow and transit improvements; and
c. other new or innovative transportation measures not yet in
widespread use that affected local governments deem appropriate.
7. Application of alternative fuel and diesel retrofit programs for
fleet vehicle operations.
8. Requirements for controls on consumer products consistent with
those adopted elsewhere in the United States.
9. Requirements of VOC or NOX emission offsets for new
and modified major sources.
10. Requirements of VOC or NOX emission offsets for new
and modified minor sources.
11. Increasing the ratio of emission offsets required for new
sources.
12. Requirements for VOC or NOX controls on new minor
sources.
IDEM included the following list of potential contingency measures
in its maintenance plan for the Chicago area:
(1) Requirements for enhancements to the vehicle emission testing
program (increased weight limit, addition of diesel vehicles, etc.).
(2) Asphalt paving (lower VOC formulation).
(3) Diesel exhaust retrofits.
(4) Traffic flow improvements.
(5) Idle reduction programs.
(6) Adoption of portable fuel container regulations (state-wide).
(7) Park and ride facilities.
(8) Rideshare/carpool program.
(9) Requirements for VOC capture/trade program for major stationary
sources.
(10) Application of NOX RACT.
To qualify as a contingency measure, emissions reductions from that
measure must not be factored into the emissions projections used in the
maintenance plan.
EPA has concluded that Indiana's maintenance plan adequately
addresses the five basic components of a maintenance plan. Thus, EPA
finds that the maintenance plan SIP revisions submitted by IDEM for the
Indianapolis, La Porte County, and South Bend-Elkhart areas and the
Indiana portions of the Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville areas meet
the requirements of section 175A of the CAA.
B. Transportation Conformity
Transportation conformity is required by section 176(c) of the CAA.
Conformity to a SIP means that transportation activities will not
produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or
delay timely attainment of the NAAQS (CAA 176(c)(1)(B)). EPA's
conformity rule at 40 CFR part 93 requires that transportation plans,
programs and projects conform to SIPs and establish the criteria and
procedures for determining whether they conform. The conformity rule
generally requires a
[[Page 50363]]
demonstration that emissions from the Regional Transportation Plan and
the Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) are consistent with the
motor vehicle emissions budget (MVEB) contained in the control strategy
SIP revision or maintenance plan (40 CFR 93.101, 93.118, and 93.124). A
MVEB is defined as ``that portion of the total allowable emissions
defined in the submitted or approved control strategy implementation
plan revision or maintenance plan for a certain date for the purpose of
meeting reasonable further progress milestones or demonstrating
attainment or maintenance of the NAAQS, for any criteria pollutant or
its precursors, allocated to highway and transit vehicle use and
emissions'' (40 CFR 93.101).
The South Coast II court decision upheld EPA's revocation of the
1997 ozone NAAQS, which was effective on April 6, 2015. EPA's current
transportation conformity regulation requires a regional emissions
analysis only during the time period beginning one year after a
nonattainment designation for a particular NAAQS until the effective
date of revocation of that NAAQS (40 CFR 93.109(c)). Therefore,
pursuant to the conformity regulation, a regional emissions analysis
using MVEBs is not required for conformity determinations for the 1997
ozone NAAQS because that NAAQS has been revoked (80 FR 12264). As no
regional emissions analysis is required for the maintenance areas in
Indiana, transportation conformity for the 1997 ozone NAAQS can be
demonstrated by a Metropolitan Planning Organization and the State's
Department of Transportation for transportation plans and TIPs by
showing that the remaining criteria contained in Table 1 in 40 CFR
93.109, and 40 CFR 93.108 have been met.
IV. Proposed Action
Under section 175A of the CAA and for the reasons set forth above,
based on Indiana's representations and commitments set forth above, EPA
is proposing to approve the second maintenance plans for the 1997 ozone
NAAQS for the Indianapolis, La Porte County, and South Bend-Elkhart
areas and the Indiana portions of the Chicago, Cincinnati, and
Louisville areas, submitted by IDEM on June 20, 2019, as a revision to
the Indiana SIP. These maintenance plans are designed to keep these
areas in attainment of the 1997 ozone NAAQS through the second 10-year
maintenance period.
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP
submission that complies with the provisions of the CAA and applicable
Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in
reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices,
provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. Accordingly, this
proposed action merely proposes to approve state law as meeting Federal
requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond those
imposed by state law. For that reason, this proposed action:
Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' subject to
review by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Orders
12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21,
2011);
Is not an Executive Order 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 2,
2017) regulatory action because it is not a significant regulatory
action under Executive Order 12866;
Does not impose an information collection burden under the
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
Is certified as not having a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
Does not have Federalism implications as specified in
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
Is not an economically significant regulatory action based
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR
19885, April 23, 1997);
Is not a significant regulatory action subject to
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
Is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent
with the CAA; and
Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to
address disproportionate human health or environmental effects with
practical, appropriate, and legally permissible methods under Executive
Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
In addition, the SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian
reservation land or in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has
demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian
country, the rule does not have tribal implications and will not impose
substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law as
specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen oxides, Ozone,
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Volatile organic compounds.
Dated: September 11, 2019.
Cheryl L. Newton,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 5.
[FR Doc. 2019-20846 Filed 9-24-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
