Collection of Checks and Other Items by Federal Reserve Banks and Funds Transfers Through Fedwire, 61509-61523 [2018-25267]

Download as PDF 61509 Rules and Regulations Federal Register Vol. 83, No. 231 Friday, November 30, 2018 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains regulatory documents having general applicability and legal effect, most of which are keyed to and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, which is published under 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510. The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents. FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 12 CFR Part 210 [Regulation J; Docket No. R–1599] RIN 7100–AE98 Collection of Checks and Other Items by Federal Reserve Banks and Funds Transfers Through Fedwire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. ACTION: Final rule. AGENCY: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board) is publishing final amendments to Regulation J. The amendments clarify and simplify certain provisions Regulation J, remove obsolete provisions, and align the rights and obligations of sending banks, paying banks, and Federal Reserve Banks (Reserve Banks) with the Board’s recent amendments to Regulation CC to reflect the virtually all-electronic check collection and return environment. The final rule also amends Regulation J to clarify that terms used in financial messaging standards, such as ISO 20022, do not confer legal status or responsibilities. DATES: Effective January 1, 2019. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Clinton N. Chen, Senior Attorney (202) 452–3952, Legal Division; or Ian C.B. Spear, Manager (202) 452–3959; Division of Reserve Bank Operations and Payment Systems; for users of Telecommunication Devices for the Deaf (TDD) only, contact 202–263–4869; Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 20th and C Streets NW, Washington, DC 20551. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES SUMMARY: I. Background Subpart A of Regulation J governs the collection of checks and other items by the Reserve Banks. This subpart includes the warranties and indemnities that are given to the Reserve Banks by VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 parties that send items to the Reserve Banks for collection and return, as well as the warranties and indemnities for which the Reserve Banks are responsible in connection with the items they handle. Subpart A also describes the methods by which the Reserve Banks may recover for losses associated with their collection of items. Subpart A authorizes the Reserve Banks to issue operating circulars governing the details of the collection of checks and other items and provides that such operating circulars have binding effect on all parties interested in an item handled by a Reserve Bank. The Reserve Banks’ Operating Circular No. 3, ‘‘Collection of Cash Items and Returned Checks’’ (OC 3),1 is the operating circular that is most relevant to the Reserve Banks’ check collection activities. Subpart B of Regulation J provides rules to govern funds transfers through the Reserve Banks’ Fedwire Funds Service. This service is also governed by the Reserve Banks’ Operating Circular No. 6, ‘‘Funds Transfers through the Fedwire Funds Service’’ (OC 6).2 II. Overview of Proposal and Comments In March 2018, the Board published a notice of proposed rulemaking (‘‘proposal’’) intended to align subpart A of Regulation J with the Board’s 2017 amendments to Regulation CC and cross reference certain provisions (83 FR 11431). The proposal also included amendments to subpart B of Regulation J to clarify that terms used in financial messaging standards, such as ISO 20022, do not confer legal status or responsibilities. The Board received 25 comments in response to its proposal during the comment period from a variety of commenters, including financial institutions, trade associations, clearinghouses, and private individuals. The Board has considered all comments received and has adopted amendments to Regulation J as described below. A. Alignment With Regulation CC Amendments Addressing Electronic Checks Under subpart A of Regulation J, Reserve Banks handle ‘‘items,’’ which 1 See, https://www.frbservices.org/assets/ resources/rules-regulations/072315-operatingcircular-3.pdf. 2 See, https://www.frbservices.org/assets/ resources/rules-regulations/operating-circular-6102917.pdf. PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 are defined to include ‘‘electronic items.’’ Regulation J currently defines an ‘‘electronic item’’ as an electronic image of, and information describing, an item that a Reserve Bank agrees to handle pursuant to an operating circular. Regulation J also sets forth certain warranties provided to the Reserve Banks by the sender of an electronic item and certain warranties provided by the Reserve Banks when sending or presenting an electronic item. Specifically, Regulation J provides that for electronic items, the sender and the Reserve Banks make warranties (1) as set forth in the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.) and Regulation CC as if the electronic item were subject to their terms; and (2) similar to those made for substitute checks under the Check 21 Act (‘‘Check-21-like warranties’’). Regulation J also currently provides similar provisions related to checks that are returned as electronic items. In 2017, the Board published a final rule amending Regulation CC to reflect the virtually all-electronic check collection and return environment (82 FR 27552). Among other things, the amendments created a regulatory framework for the collection and return of electronic items (i.e., electronic images and electronic information derived from a paper item) by defining the terms ‘‘electronic check’’ and ‘‘electronic returned check,’’ creating Check-21-like warranties for electronic checks and electronic returned checks, and applying existing paper-check warranties to electronic checks and electronic returned checks. In its proposal, the Board proposed to remove the term ‘‘electronic item’’ from Regulation J and define ‘‘check’’ and ‘‘returned check’’ to include an electronic check and electronic returned check as defined in § 229.2 of Regulation CC. The proposal defined the term ‘‘item’’ to include an electronic check as defined in Regulation CC. The Board also proposed to eliminate duplicative provisions by removing the Check-21-like warranties currently provided under Regulation J by the sender and the Reserve Banks. Instead, the proposal provided that the sender of an item (including an electronic check) and the Reserve Banks would (as applicable and unless otherwise provided) make all the warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of subparts C and D in E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 61510 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations Regulation CC. The Board proposed similar amendments to the provisions of Regulation J that currently address returning checks as electronic items. Commenters generally supported aligning Regulation J with Regulation CC’s amendments regarding electronic checks. The Board received specific comments on cross referencing Regulation CC electronic check warranties and indemnities, which is discussed in detail in the relevant section-by-section analysis. The Board has revised proposed §§ 210.6(b)(3) and 210.12(e) to extend the warranties with respect to electronic checks and electronic returned checks provided by Reserve Banks to the same scope of recipients as in Regulation CC, as discussed in detail in the relevant section-by-section analyses. amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES B. Electronically Created Items In the 2017 amendments to Regulation CC, the Board included certain indemnities with respect to electronically-created items (ECIs), which are check-like items created in electronic form that never existed in paper form. ECIs can be difficult to distinguish from electronic images of paper checks. As a practical matter, a bank receiving an ECI often handles it as if it were derived from a paper check. However, because there was no original paper check corresponding to the ECI, the warranties, indemnities, and other provisions of Regulation CC would not apply to those items. As the Board explained in the 2017 Regulation CC amendments, the payee and the depositary bank are in the best position to know whether an item is electronically created and to prevent the item from entering the check-collection system. Therefore, to protect banks that receive ECIs during the check collection process, the Board’s Regulation CC amendments provided indemnities that ultimately shift liability for losses to the depositary bank. These losses could arise because the ECI (1) is not derived from a paper check, (2) was unauthorized, or (3) was transferred or presented for payment more than once.3 3 12 CFR 229.34(g) provides that each bank that transfers or presents an electronically-created item and receives a settlement or other consideration for it shall indemnify, as set forth in § 229.34(i), each transferee bank, any subsequent collecting bank, the paying bank, and any subsequent returning bank against losses that result from the fact that (1) the electronic image or electronic information is not derived from a paper check; (2) the person on whose account the electronically-created item is drawn did not authorize the issuance of the item in the amount stated on the item or to the payee stated on the item (for purposes of paragraph (g)(2), ‘‘account’’ includes an account as defined in § 229.2(a) as well as a credit or other arrangement that allows a person to draw checks that are payable VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 As described above, the final rule cross references Regulation CC’s warranties and indemnities in Regulation J, including Regulation CC’s ECI indemnities. In its proposal, the Board explained that although Regulation J does not explicitly address ECIs, the definition of item in Regulation J does not encompass ECIs and therefore Regulation J does not allow for the handling of ECIs by the Reserve Banks. Specifically, Regulation J defines an item, in part, as ‘‘an instrument or a promise or order to pay money, whether negotiable or not’’ that meets several other requirements.4 The terms ‘‘instrument,’’ ‘‘promise,’’ and ‘‘order’’ are defined under the U.C.C. as requiring a writing.5 Because they never existed in tangible form and therefore do not qualify as writings, ECIs are not ‘‘items’’ as defined in Regulation J. To provide greater clarity that Regulation J does not allow for the handling of ECIs by the Reserve Banks, the Board proposed to amend the definition of ‘‘item’’ in subpart A of Regulation J to state explicitly that the term does not include an ECI as defined in Regulation CC. Furthermore, because Regulation J is intended to provide rules for the collection and return of items by the Reserve Banks, the Board proposed to allow the Reserve Banks to require senders to provide warranties and indemnities that only ‘‘items’’ and any ‘‘noncash items’’ the Reserve Banks have agreed to handle will be provided to the Reserve Banks. The Board’s proposal also permitted the Reserve Banks to provide a subsequent collecting bank and a paying bank the warranties and indemnities provided by the sender. The Board requested comment on possible implications that this clarification and change related to ECIs in Regulation J may have on financial institutions or the industry more broadly. The Board also requested comment on whether, and to what extent, the Board should consider by, through, or at a bank); or (3) a person receives a transfer, presentment, or return of, or otherwise is charged for an electronically-created item such that the person is asked to make payment based on an item or check it has already paid. 4 12 CFR 210.2(i). 5 Terms not otherwise defined in Regulation J or Regulation CC have the meanings set forth in the U.C.C. Under the U.C.C., ‘‘instrument’’ means a ‘‘negotiable instrument’’ which is defined in part as ‘‘unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount of money.’’ U.C.C. 3–104. ‘‘Promise’’ is defined as ‘‘a written undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay.’’ U.C.C. 3–103. ‘‘Order’’ is defined as ‘‘a written instruction to pay money signed by the person giving the instruction.’’ U.C.C. 3–103. ‘‘Writing’’ and ‘‘written’’ are defined as including ‘‘printing, typewriting, or any other intentional reduction to tangible form.’’ U.C.C. 1–201. PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 amending Regulation J as part of a future rulemaking to permit the Reserve Banks to accept ECIs. Three commenters, including a Federal Reserve Bank and a comment letter submitted by a group of trade associations (‘‘group letter’’), supported the Board’s proposal on ECIs. The Reserve Bank commenter noted that it is aware that some advocates support allowing ECIs to be handled in the same manner as checks and has worked with these advocates to explore the possibility of making legal and operational changes to support ECIs. However, the Reserve Bank commenter stated that there is currently no consensus among industry participants to change laws or adopt standards necessary to support ECIs. In the absence of such laws and standards supporting ECIs, the Reserve Bank commenter believes that ECIs represent an unacceptable level of risk to financial institutions. Similarly, the group letter stated that ECIs lack legal status under existing laws and expose financial institutions to risks that cannot be effectively mitigated. The group letter stated that due to ECIs uncertain legal status, it is important to protect financial institutions that receive ECIs during the check collection process from damage or loss arising from the fact that ECIs are not derived from paper checks. Therefore, the group supported the Board’s proposal to allow Reserve Banks to require senders to provide warranties and indemnities with respect to ECIs and did not support additional rulemaking to allow the handling of ECIs by the Reserve Banks. Fourteen commenters, including a joint commenter letter submitted by businesses, financial institutions, and industry associations (‘‘joint letter’’), generally did not support the Board’s proposed amendments on ECIs. The joint letter stated that the Board’s proposal concerning ECIs is not in line with the Board’s recent payment system improvement efforts.6 Another commenter stated that the Board’s proposal limited consumer choice because ECIs may be initiated by consumers that do not have access to a debit or credit card. Commenters stated that the Board’s proposal discouraged the evolution of the check system to an all-electronic payment system that would result in lower barriers to entry, lower cost, increased speed, and increased parity among financial institutions. Two commenters requested 6 The joint letter specifically cited the Federal Reserve’s 2013 consultation paper. The Federal Reserve Banks, Payment System Improvement— Public Consultation Paper (2013). E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations the Board to conduct further studies on ECIs. One commenter expressed concern that institutions would be unable to identify ECIs and requested that the Board provide guidance on how banks can recognize ECIs. Another commenter requested that the Board expressly set out rules for alternative methods of direct exchange of ECIs in its final rule and guidance. The Board has considered the comments received and has adopted the amendments concerning ECIs as proposed in its final rule. The Board notes that numerous comments erroneously viewed the Board’s proposed amendments as substantive modifications that created a new prohibition on ECIs. However, as discussed above, ECIs are not ‘‘items’’ under the Board’s current Regulation J and therefore cannot be handled by the Reserve Banks. This exclusion of ECIs under current Regulation J is already reflected in current OC 3, which requires that an ‘‘electronic item’’ contain an image and data captured from a paper check. The Board’s amendments to the definition of ‘‘item’’ are intended only to provide additional clarity regarding these existing exclusions and do not create any new prohibitions. The Board believes this existing exclusion shifts liability to parties better positioned to know whether a purported item is electronically created and that can either prevent the ECI from entering the check-collection system or assume the risk of sending it forward. Moreover, the Board’s amendments would not prevent entities that desire to exchange ECIs from doing so by agreement using direct exchange relationships or other methods not involving the Reserve Banks. The Board appreciates comments regarding the Federal Reserve’s payment system improvement efforts and continues to support technological innovation in the payments system. However, as set forth in the Federal Reserve’s Strategies for Improving the U.S. Payment System paper,7 the Federal Reserve is committed to improving the speed and efficiency of the U.S. payment system from end-toend while maintaining a high level of safety and accessibility. As explained in that paper, ‘‘credit-push payments,’’ which allow the paying bank to authenticate the customer and confirm ‘‘good funds’’ are available to support the transaction, have become the expectation when making electronic person-to-person, business-to-business and certain bill payments. Unlike 7 Federal Reserve System, Strategies for Improving the U.S. Payment System (2016). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 ‘‘credit-push payments,’’ ‘‘debit-pull payments’’ such as ECIs have a higher risk profile because they generally do not have the same authentication processes and may allow unauthorized parties who have access to a payer’s account information to fraudulently pull funds out of the payer’s account. To date, there has not been the industry support or necessary investment to address the heightened risk profiles created by processing electronicallycreated debit instruments through the check collection system. Moreover, there is legal uncertainty as to the status of ECIs that are processed as if they were checks under the U.C.C. and the Electronic Funds Transfer Act. The Board believes that the heightened risk profile and legal uncertainty surrounding ECIs currently outweigh the potential benefits of ECIs mentioned by the commenters and, accordingly, will not conduct further studies on ECIs at this time. The Board does not believe it is appropriate to adopt guidance to clarify how banks can distinguish ECIs from electronic checks. As it stated in its proposal, the Board recognizes that a bank receiving an electronic image generally cannot distinguish an image that is derived from a paper check from an ECI. This inability to distinguish ECIs from electronic images of paper checks is the reason the Board adopted indemnities with respect to ECIs in Regulation CC. The parties in the best position to know whether a purported item is electronically created are also in the best position to assess and take on any associated risks that may arise from ECIs entering the check collection system and can also address such risk in agreements with their customers that deposit ECIs. C. Settlement and Payment Regulation J currently provides that settlement with a Reserve Bank for cash items ‘‘shall be made by debit to an account on the Reserve Bank’s books, cash, or other form of settlement’’ to which the Reserve Bank has agreed.8 With respect to noncash items, Regulation J provides that a Reserve Bank may require settlement by cash, by a debit to an account on a Reserve Bank’s books or ‘‘by any of the following that is in a form acceptable to the collecting Reserve Bank: Bank draft, transfer of funds or bank credit, or any other form of payment authorized by State law.’’ 9 Regulation J also currently provides that a Reserve Bank may require a nonbank payor to settle for 8 12 9 12 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4700 items by cash, or by ‘‘any of the following that is in a form acceptable to the Reserve Bank: Cashier’s check, certified check, or other bank draft or obligation.’’ 10 In order to facilitate the efficient collection of items, the Reserve Banks’ current practice is generally to settle for items by debit to an account on the Reserve Bank’s books. The use of cash is rare, typically only done in emergency situations, and could be covered by a provision allowing ‘‘other form of settlement to which the Reserve Bank agrees.’’ The Board proposed to revise certain settlement provisions of Regulation J to remove references to cash and other specified forms of settlement (e.g., cashier’s checks or certified checks) and instead state that the Reserve Banks may settle by a debit to an account on the Reserve Bank’s books, or another form of settlement acceptable to the Reserve Banks. The Board requested comment on possible implications that the proposed changes may have on financial institutions with which the Reserve Banks settle for the presentment of items. The Board received one comment supporting the proposal and no opposing comments. The Board has adopted these amendments as proposed in the final rule. D. Legal Status of Terms Used in Financial Messaging Standards Financial messaging standards provide a common format that allows different financial institutions to communicate. The Board has separately requested comment on the Federal Reserve Banks’ plan to migrate to the ISO 20022 financial messaging standard for the Fedwire Funds Service.11 ISO 20022 is an international standard that employs terminology that differs in key respects from that used in U.S. fundstransfer law, including Regulation J. The Board proposed an amendment to subpart B of Regulation J that would clarify that terms used in financial messaging standards, such as ISO 20022, do not confer or connote legal status or responsibilities. The Board received four comments supporting these proposed changes and no opposing comments. The Board has adopted these amendments as proposed. 10 12 CFR 210.9(b)(5). CFR 210.9(c). 11 83 Sfmt 4700 61511 E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM CFR 210.9(d). FR 31391 (July 5, 2018). 30NOR1 61512 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations III. Section-by-Section Analysis Subpart A—Collection of Checks and Other Items by Federal Reserve Banks Section 210.2 Definitions amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES 1. Section 210.2(h)—Check Regulation J defines the term ‘‘check’’ as a draft as defined in the U.C.C. drawn on a bank and payable on demand. The Board proposed to revise the definition of ‘‘check’’ to mean a ‘‘check’’ and an ‘‘electronic check’’ as those terms are defined in Regulation CC. This amendment aligns the terminology in the two regulations. Regulation J also includes the term ‘‘check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k)’’ (the Regulation CC definition of ‘‘check’’). This term is used in Regulation J in those provisions that require specific references to the Regulation CC definition of ‘‘check.’’ (See §§ 210.2(m), 210.7(b)(2), and 210.12(a)(2).) The Board proposed to delete the definition of ‘‘check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k)’’ because it was no longer needed in light of the proposed revision of the Regulation J definition of ‘‘check’’ to cross-reference the Regulation CC definition. The Board also proposed to revise the three provisions where it is used by deleting the reference to ‘‘check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k).’’ Six commenters, including the group letter, were generally supportive of the Board’s proposed changes to align Regulation J with Regulation CC. The Board did not receive specific comments on proposed § 210.2(h) or any opposing comments. The Board has adopted these changes as proposed. 2. Section 210.2(i)—Item Regulation J uses the term ‘‘item’’ to refer to the instruments and electronic images that the Reserve Banks handle. Regulation J uses the term ‘‘electronic item’’ to refer to an electronic image of an item, and information describing that item, that a Reserve Bank agrees to handle as an item pursuant to an operating circular. To align the terminology of Regulation J with Regulation CC, the Board proposed to delete the definition of ‘‘electronic item’’ and revise the definition of ‘‘item’’ in § 210.2(i) to include a check, which, under the proposed amendment discussed above would include both a check and an electronic check as defined in Regulation CC. The Board also proposed to add a clarifying statement that the term ‘‘item’’ does not include an ECI as defined in § 229.2 of Regulation CC. Six commenters, including the group letter, were generally supportive of VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 alignment between Regulation J and Regulation CC. With respect to ECIs in particular, three commenters supported the Board’s proposed amendments, while fourteen commenters generally opposed amendments that restricted the Reserve Banks’ handling of ECIs. For reasons described in the overview section, the Board has adopted § 210.2(i) as proposed. 3. Section 210.2(m)—Returned Check Current § 210.2(m) defines a ‘‘returned check’’ as ‘‘a cash item or a check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k) returned by a paying bank.’’ To align the definition of ‘‘returned check’’ with ‘‘check,’’ the Board proposed to delete the reference to ‘‘check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k)’’ and instead refer to the definition of ‘‘electronic returned check’’ in Regulation CC. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.2(m). The Board has adopted these changes as proposed. 4. Section 210.2(n)—Sender A ‘‘sender’’ under § 210.2(n) is any of several listed entities that sends an item to a Reserve Bank for forward collection. The Board proposed to add ‘‘member bank, as defined in section 1 of the Federal Reserve Act’’ in § 210.2(n)(2) to include a bank or trust company that is a member of one of the Federal Reserve Banks to ensure inclusion of any member bank that does not fall under the existing definition. The Board proposed to redesignate current § 210.2(n)(2)–(6) to § 210.2(n)(3)–(7) to accommodate the insertion. One commenter requested that the Board clarify whether its proposed changes to § 210.2(n) would expand the types of institutions that may directly participate as a sender in the Fedwire services subject to subpart B of Regulation J, such as nondepository trust companies. The commenter noted that revising the definition of sender to capture member nondepository trust companies would prompt concerns regarding payment system risk with respect to access to Federal Reserve financial services. The Board’s proposed changes to the definition of ‘‘sender’’ does not affect the rights of any particular type of entity to obtain access to Federal Reserve services. (In any case, the definition of ‘‘sender’’ in § 210.2(n) applies only to the collection of checks and other items by the Reserve Banks and not to the Fedwire Funds Service.) As stated in the Board’s proposal, proposed § 210.2(n) is intended to ensure inclusion of any member bank that does not fall under the existing list of entities that send items to a Reserve Bank for forward collection. Whether PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 any particular member bank, including a nondepository trust company, obtains an account and access to Reserve Bank check services continues to be governed by existing laws, rules, and policies, including the Federal Reserve Act, the Board’s Policy on Payment System Risk and the Reserve Banks’ internal risk analysis. The Board intends no expansion of rights by this technical change. The Board has adopted the amendments as proposed. 5. Section 210.2(q)—Fedwire Current § 210.2(q) defines ‘‘Fedwire’’ as having the same meaning set forth in § 210.26(e). The Board proposed to amend this definition to refer to both ‘‘Fedwire Funds Service and Fedwire’’ to conform to the proposed amendment to § 210.26(e). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.2(q) and has adopted the revisions as proposed. Section 210.3 General Provisions Section 210.3(a) provides general provisions concerning the obligations of Reserve Banks and the role of operating circulars. As discussed in the overview section on ECIs, the Board proposed to add a sentence to § 210.3(a) to permit Reserve Banks to require a sender to provide warranties and indemnities that only items and any noncash items the Reserve Banks have agreed to handle will be sent to the Reserve Banks. Additionally, in order to allow the Reserve Banks to pass any such warranties and indemnities forward, the Board proposed to authorize the Reserve Banks to provide to a subsequent collecting bank and to the paying bank any warranties and indemnities provided by the sender pursuant to this paragraph. The Board received one comment, the group letter, supporting the proposal. The Board did not receive any comments opposing these particular amendments, although as discussed in the overview section, fourteen commenters generally opposed amendments that restricted the Reserve Banks’ handling of ECIs. For the reasons described in the overview section, the Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. Section 210.4 Sending Items to Reserve Banks Section 210.4(a) sets forth the rule for determining the Reserve Bank to which an item should be sent. The Board proposed to clarify this paragraph to provide that a sender’s Administrate Reserve Bank may direct a sender (other than a Reserve Bank) to send any item to a specified Reserve Bank, whether or E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations not the item is payable in the Reserve Bank’s district. This amendment reflects current practice in the Reserve Banks’ check service and is not expected or intended to have a substantive affect. The Board also proposed to capitalize the term ‘‘Administrative Reserve Bank’’ wherever it appears to conform to the defined term in § 210.2(c). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.4 and has adopted the revisions as proposed. Section 210.5 Sender’s Agreement; Recovery by Reserve Bank amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES 1. Section 210.5(a)—Sender’s Agreement Current § 210.5(a) lists the warranties, authorizations, and agreements made by a sender. The first two paragraphs (current § 210.5(a)(1) and (2)) apply to all items and require the sender to authorize the Reserve Banks to handle the item sent and warrant that the sender is entitled to enforce the item, that the item has not been altered, and that the item bears the indorsements applied by all prior parties. The Board did not propose to revise these paragraphs. Current § 210.5(a)(3) and (4) set out warranties for electronic items and electronic items that are not representations of substitute checks, respectively. These warranties are now specified in Regulation CC, and the Board proposed to revise Regulation J accordingly. Specifically, the Board proposed to amend § 210.5(a)(3) to require the sender to make all applicable warranties and indemnities set forth in Regulation CC and the U.C.C. The proposal retained the existing requirement that the sender make all warranties set forth in and subject to the terms of U.C.C. 4–207 for an electronic check as if it were an item subject to the U.C.C. The proposed changes were intended to streamline Regulation J, align § 210.5(a) with the Regulation CC provisions that set out warranties and indemnities for electronic checks, and ensure a seamless chain of warranties for the items handled by the Reserve Banks. The Board also proposed to require a sender to make any warranties or indemnities regarding the sending of items that the Reserve Banks include in an operating circular issued in accordance with § 210.3(a) to ensure that only items and any noncash items the Reserve Banks have agreed to handle will be sent to the Reserve Banks (proposed § 210.5(a)(4)). Finally, the Board proposed to add a reference to ‘‘indemnities’’ to the introductory text of § 210.5(a) to reflect the coverage of VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 sender indemnities in proposed § 210.5(a)(3) and (4). One commenter, the group letter, requested that the Board add commentary concerning the cross referencing of Regulation CC’s image quality warranty. Under Regulation CC, each bank that transfers an electronic check warrants that ‘‘the electronic image accurately represents all of the information on the front and back of the original check as of the time the original check was truncated and the electronic information includes an accurate record of all MICR line information required for a substitute check under § 229.2(aa) and the amount of the check.’’ 12 The group letter requests that the Board add commentary in Regulation J to clarify that the warranty does not require that the electronic check capture those characteristics of the paper check, such as watermarks, microprinting, or other physical security features, that cannot survive the imaging process. The Board acknowledges that the warranty in § 229.34(a)(1)(i) does not require that the electronic check capture those characteristics of the paper check that cannot survive the imaging process. The commentary to § 229.34(a)(1)(i) states that the electronic check warranties correspond to the warranties made by a bank that transfers, presents, or returns a substitute check.13 The commentary to the corresponding substitute check warranty states ‘‘a substitute check need not capture other characteristics of the check, such as watermarks, microprinting, or other physical security features that cannot survive the imaging process or decorative images, in order to meet the accuracy requirement.’’ 14 The Board’s amendments to Regulation J requiring the sender to make all applicable warranties and indemnities set forth in Regulation CC also cross reference the relevant commentary in Regulation CC. Accordingly, the Board does not believe it is necessary to add additional commentary in Regulation J and adopts the revisions as proposed. 2. Section 210.5(a)(5)—Sender’s Liability to Reserve Bank Current § 210.5(a)(5) sets out the sender’s liability to Reserve Banks. The Board proposed to amend this paragraph to align this paragraph to changes elsewhere in the proposed rule. 12 12 CFR 229.34(a)(1)(i). Regulation CC, Official Staff Commentary Section 229.34(a)–2. 14 See Regulation CC, Official Staff Commentary Section 229.51(a)–3; see also First Am. Bank v. Fed. Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 842 F.3d 487 (7th Cir. 2016). 13 See PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 61513 Current § 210.5(a)(5)(i)(C) states that the sender agrees to indemnify the Reserve Bank for any loss or expense resulting from ‘‘[a]ny warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under § 210.6(b), part 229 of this chapter, or the U.C.C.’’ The Board proposed to amend this provision to provide that the sender will also indemnify a Reserve Bank for any loss or expense sustained resulting from any warranties and indemnities regarding the sending of ‘‘items’’ required by the Reserve Bank in an operating circular issued pursuant to proposed § 210.3(a). Current § 210.5(a)(5)(ii) specifies conditions and limitations to a sender’s liability for warranties and indemnities that a Reserve Bank makes for a substitute check, a paper or electronic representation thereof, or any other electronic item. The Board proposed to delete the term ‘‘electronic item’’ in current § 210.5(a)(5)(ii) and replace it with ‘‘electronic check.’’ Current § 210.5(a)(5)(ii)(A) provides that a sender of an original check is not liable for any amount that the Reserve Bank pays under subpart D of Regulation CC for a subsequently created substitute check or under § 210.6(b)(3) for an electronic item, absent the sender’s agreement to the contrary. The Board proposed to delete the reference to current § 210.6(b)(3), which lists warranties and an indemnity for an electronic item that is not a representation of a substitute check, and replace it with a reference to § 229.34 of Regulation CC with respect to an electronic check, consistent with other proposed amendments to § 210.6(b) described below. Current § 210.5(a)(5)(ii)(B) provides that nothing in Regulation J alters the liability structure that applies to substitute checks and paper or electronic representations of substitute checks under subpart D of Regulation CC. The Board proposed to add that this subpart also does not alter the liability of a sender of an electronic check under § 229.34 of Regulation CC, consistent with the other proposed revisions to Regulation J. Current § 210.5(a)(5)(ii)(C) provides that a sender of an electronic item that is not a representation of a substitute check is not liable for any related warranties or indemnities that a Reserve Bank pays that are attributable to the Reserve Bank’s own lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care. The Board proposed to broaden this provision by applying the limitation on liability to all senders for any amount that the Reserve Bank pays that is attributable to the Reserve Bank’s own lack of good faith or failure to exercise E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 61514 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations ordinary care under Regulation J or Regulation CC. The Board proposed to redesignate this paragraph as § 210.5(a)(5)(iii) and make conforming changes to cross-references. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.5(a). As discussed in the overview section, the Board received numerous comments generally supporting aligning Regulation J with Regulation CC. The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. 3. Section 210.5(c) & (d)—Recovery by Reserve Bank and Methods of Recovery Section 210.5(c) sets out the procedures by which a Reserve Bank may recover against a sender if certain actions or proceedings related to the sender’s actions are brought against (or defense is tendered to) a Reserve Bank. A portion of this paragraph was inadvertently dropped from the Code of Federal Regulations. The Board proposed to reinstate the dropped language, which provides that, upon entry of a final judgment or decree, a Reserve Bank may recover from the sender the amount of attorneys’ fees and other expenses of litigation incurred, as well as any amount the Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the judgment or decree or the tender of defense, with interest. In addition, the Board proposed to correct cross-references to this provision in § 210.5(d). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.5(c) & (d). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES 4. Section 210.5(e)—Security Interest Current § 210.5(e) provides that when a sender sends an item to a Reserve Bank, the sender and any prior collecting bank grant to the sender’s Administrative Reserve Bank a security interest in all of their respective assets in the possession of, or held for the account of, any Reserve Bank to secure their respective obligations due or to become due to the Administrative Reserve Bank under this subpart or subpart C of part 229 (Regulation CC). The Board proposed to amend this paragraph to refer to subpart D of Regulation CC in addition to subpart C, as senders may have obligations to Reserve Banks under that subpart as well. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.5(e). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 Section 210.6 Status, Warranties, and Liability of Reserve Bank 1. Section 210.6(a)(2)—Limitations on Reserve Bank Liability Section 210.6(a)(2) limits a Reserve Bank’s liability with respect to an item to three instances: (1) The Reserve Bank’s own lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care, (2) as provided in this section of Regulation J, and (3) as provided in subparts C and D of Regulation CC. The Board proposed to expand this list to provide that a Reserve Bank may be liable under any warranties and indemnities provided in an operating circular issued in accordance with § 210.3(a) regarding the sending of items. The Board received one comment, the group letter, supporting its proposal to allow the Reserve Banks to address warranties and indemnities for eligible items and non-cash items in the operating circular. The Board did not receive any opposing comments. The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. 2. Section 210.6(b)—Warranties and Liability Section 210.6(b) sets forth the warranties and indemnities made by a Reserve Bank when it presents or sends an item. In alignment with the Board’s proposed amendments to the sender’s warranties in § 210.5(a), the Board proposed to replace current § 210.6(b)(2) and (3), which provide warranties and indemnities for electronic items and electronic items that are not representations of substitute checks, respectively. Those warranties are now covered by Regulation CC. The Board also proposed to make a conforming amendment to § 210.6(b)(1)(iii) to eliminate the unnecessary reference to ‘‘paper or electronic form.’’ The Board proposed a new § 210.6(b)(2) to provide that a Reserve Bank would make any warranties or indemnities regarding the sending of items as set forth in an operating circular issued pursuant to proposed § 210.3(a). This language corresponds to the similar proposed provision for sender liability in § 210.5(a)(4). The Board proposed a new § 210.6(b)(3) to provide that the Reserve Bank makes to a subsequent collecting bank and to the paying bank all the warranties and indemnities set forth in subparts C and D for Regulation CC. Proposed § 210.6(b)(3) would retain the existing application of U.C.C. 4–207 warranties to electronic items (now called electronic checks). In § 210.6(b)(4), the Board proposed to retain the existing Reserve Bank PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 indemnity for substitute checks created from electronic checks, which is in current § 210.6(b)(3)(ii). This provision provides an indemnity chain for substitute check indemnity claims under Regulation CC, enabling receiving banks (and, in turn, Reserve Banks) to pass the loss on such claims to the bank whose choice to handle an item electronically necessitated the later creation of a substitute check. The Board received one comment, the group letter, on proposed § 210.6(b)(3). The group letter noted that the persons that receive the electronic check warranties from the Reserve Banks appeared to be more limited than the persons that receive the electronic check warranties under Regulation CC. Specifically, proposed § 210.6(b)(3) does not extend the electronic check warranties to the drawer of the check on the forward side, unlike the warranties in Regulation CC. The group letter noted, however, that proposed § 210.6(a)(2)(iv) provides that a Reserve Bank does not assume any liability with respect to an item or its proceeds ‘‘except as provided under subparts C and D of Regulation CC.’’ The group letter requested that the Board clearly require that the Reserve Banks provide the same scope and recipients of the new electronic check warranties in Regulation J as provided under Regulation CC. The Board agrees with the group letter that Reserve Banks should provide the electronic check and electronic returned check warranties to the same scope of recipients in Regulation J as in Regulation CC, including to drawers and owners of checks. The Board believes that extending the warranties to the drawers and owners is consistent with the warranty flow set forth in section 5 of the Check 21 Act for substitute checks and will protect parties outside the banking system from any undesirable consequences resulting from check truncation. The Board has revised proposed § 210.6(b)(3) accordingly in the final rule. Otherwise, the Board has adopted § 210.6(b) as proposed, with minor revisions to correct typographical errors in § 210.6(b)(2) & (3). 3. Section 210.6(c)—Limitation on Liability The limitations on Reserve Bank liability are set forth in proposed (and current) § 210.6(a)(2). The Board proposed to delete paragraph (c) as it is redundant and to redesignate current paragraph (d) as paragraph (c). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.6(c). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations Section 210.7 Payment 3. Section 210.9(f)—Liability of Reserve Bank Presenting Items for Section 210.7(b) provides the places of presentment for a Reserve Bank or subsequent collecting bank. Current § 210.7(b)(2) states ‘‘In the case of a check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k), in accordance with 12 CFR 229.36.’’ In alignment with the Board’s proposed deletion of the defined term ‘‘check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k),’’ the Board proposed to delete the use of that term in § 210.7(b)(2), as it is no longer needed, and make other minor edits. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.7. The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. Section 210.9 Settlement and Payment 1. Section 210.9(b)(5), (c), and (d)— Manner of Settlement, Noncash Items, and Nonbank Payor Current § 210.9(b)(5) requires that settlement for cash items with a Reserve Bank be made by debit to an account on the Reserve Bank’s books, cash, or other form of settlement to which the Reserve Bank agrees. The Board proposed to amend this provision by removing the reference to cash as a means of settlement. The Board also proposed to make conforming amendments to § 210.9(c) and (d), as well as to remove the references to other rarely-used forms of settlement (cashier’s checks, certified checks, or other bank drafts or obligations). The Board proposed to correct cross-references and to capitalize the term ‘‘Administrative Reserve Bank’’ wherever it appears to conform to the defined term in § 210.2(c). As discussed in the overview section, the Board received one comment, the group letter, supporting the proposal. The Board did not receive any opposing comments. The Board has adopted the revisions as proposed. amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES 2. Section 210.9(e)—Handling of Payment Current § 210.9(e) states that a Reserve Bank may handle a bank draft or other form of payment it receives in payment of a cash item as a cash item and that a Reserve Bank may handle a bank draft or other form of payment it receives in payment of a noncash item as either a cash item or a noncash item. The Board proposed to delete this paragraph as it is now obsolete. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.9(e) and has deleted this paragraph as proposed. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 Current § 210.9(f) states that a Reserve Bank that acts in good faith and exercises ordinary care shall not be liable for the nonpayment of, or failure to realize upon, any bank draft or other form of payment that it accepts pursuant to § 210.9(b)–(d). The Board proposed to renumber this paragraph as § 210.9(e) and to replace the reference to ‘‘bank draft or other form of payment’’ with ‘‘any non-cash form of payment’’ to conform to the proposed changes to the other provisions of this section. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.9(f). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. Section 210.10 Time Schedule and Availability of Credits for Cash Items and Returned Checks Section 210.10(a) states that each Reserve Bank shall ‘‘include in its operating circulars’’ its time schedules for availability of cash items and returned checks and, correspondingly, when credits can be counted toward reserve balance requirements for purposes of Regulation D (12 CFR part 204). The Reserve Banks’ practice is to publish the time schedules on the Federal Reserve website for financial services. Accordingly, the Board proposed to amend this paragraph to delete the requirement that time schedules be included in the operating circulars and, instead, require only that the time schedules be published. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.10. The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. Section 210.11 Availability of Proceeds of Noncash Items; Time Schedule 1. Section 210.11(b)—Time Schedule Section 210.11(b) states that a Reserve Bank may give credit for the proceeds of a noncash item subject to payment in actually and finally collected funds in accordance with a time schedule included in its operating circulars. To conform to amendments made in proposed § 210.10, the Board proposed to delete the reference to operating circulars and require only that the time schedule be published. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.11(b). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 61515 2. Section 210.11(c)—Handling of Payment Current § 210.11(c) prohibits a Reserve Bank from providing credit for a bank draft or other form of payment for a noncash item until it receives payment in actually and finally collected funds. The Board proposed to delete this paragraph, as actually and finally collected funds are already required by § 210.11(a). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.11(c) and has adopted these revisions as proposed. Section 210.12 Return of Cash Items and Handling of Returned Checks Section 210.12 sets out provisions governing the handling of returned checks. It is the counterpart to §§ 210.5 and 210.6, which govern the handling of items for forward collection. 1. Section 210.12(a)—Return of Items Current § 210.12(a)(2) sets out the procedures by which a paying bank may return checks not handled by Reserve Banks and refers to ‘‘check as defined in § 229.2(k) of this chapter (Regulation CC).’’ In alignment with the Board’s proposal to delete the defined term ‘‘check as defined in § 229.2(k)’’ in § 210.2(h), the Board proposed to delete the use of this term in this paragraph, as it is no longer needed, and to use the term ‘‘check’’ instead. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.12(a) and has adopted these revisions as proposed. 2. Section 210.12(c)—Paying Bank’s and Returning Bank’s Agreement Current § 210.12(c) provides the warranties, authorizations, and agreements related to returned checks made by paying banks and returning banks. The Board proposed amendments to this paragraph that are parallel to the proposed amendments for forward-collection items with respect to the liability of the sender (§ 210.5(a)(3)) and the Reserve Banks (§ 210.6(b)(2)). Specifically, the Board proposed to replace current § 210.12(c)(3) and (4), which provide warranties for all returned checks that are electronic items and warranties for returned checks that are electronic items that are not representations of substitute checks, respectively, with a provision that requires the paying bank or returning bank to make all the warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC, as applicable (proposed § 210.12(c)(3)). Current § 210.12(c)(5) sets out the conditions under which a paying bank E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 61516 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations or returning bank is liable to a Reserve Bank. The Board proposed to redesignate this paragraph as § 210.12(c)(4) and amend the paragraph to correspond with the proposed amendments to the section on sender’s liability to a Reserve Bank (§ 210.5(a)(4)). The proposed amendments were intended to create consistent liability provisions for senders, paying banks, and returning banks. The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.12(c) and has adopted these revisions as proposed, with a minor revision to correct a typographical error in § 210.12(c)(1). no opposing comments. The Board has adopted these amendments as proposed. 5. Section 210.12(f) & (g)—Recovery by Reserve Bank & Methods of Recovery Section 210.26 Definitions Section 210.2(e) defines the term ‘‘Fedwire’’ to mean the funds-transfer system owned and operated by the Federal Reserve Banks that is used primarily for the transmission and settlement of payment orders governed by subpart B. The Board proposed to amend this definition so that it applies to the official title of the service, ‘‘Fedwire Funds Service,’’ as well as the shorthand term ‘‘Fedwire.’’ The Board also proposed to change references to ‘‘Fedwire’’ to ‘‘Fedwire Funds Service’’ in §§ 210.9(b)(4)(i), 210.25(a) and (b)(3), and 210.29(b). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.26 and has adopted these revisions as proposed. Current § 210.12(d) is titled ‘‘Preservation of other warranties and indemnities.’’ The Board proposed to change the title of this paragraph to ‘‘Returning bank’s or paying bank’s liability under other law’’ to mirror the heading for the corresponding paragraph for senders (§ 210.5(b)). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.12(d). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. Section 210.12(f) parallels § 210.5(c) and sets out the procedures by which a Reserve Bank may recover against a paying bank or returning bank if certain actions or proceedings related to the paying bank’s or returning bank’s actions are brought against (or defense is tendered to) a Reserve Bank. A portion of this paragraph was inadvertently dropped from the Code of Federal Regulations. The Board proposed to reinstate the dropped language, which provides that, upon entry of a final judgment or decree, a Reserve Bank may recover from the paying bank or returning bank the amount of attorneys’ fees and other expenses of litigation incurred, as well as any amount the Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the judgment or decree or the tender of defense, with interest. In addition, the Board proposed to correct cross-references and make organizational changes in § 210.12(g). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed § 210.12(f) & (g) and has adopted these revisions as proposed. 4. Section 210.12(e)—Warranties by and Liability of Reserve Bank Subpart B—Funds Transfers Through Fedwire Current § 210.12(e) sets forth a Reserve Bank’s liability when it handles a returned check, including warranties and liabilities. The Board proposed to amend this paragraph to correspond to the amendments proposed in § 210.6(b) related to the warranties and liabilities that are made by Reserve Banks when presenting or sending an item. The Board receive one comment, the group letter, on proposed § 210.12(e). Corresponding to the comment discussed in the section-by-section analysis for § 210.6(b)(3), the group letter stated that the proposed Regulation J does not extend the electronic check warranties for returns to the owner of the check, unlike the warranties in Regulation CC. The group letter requested that the Board require the Reserve Banks provide in Regulation J the same scope and recipients of the new electronic check warranties as provided under Regulation CC. For the reasons described in the section-by-section analysis for § 210.6(b), the Board has revised proposed § 210.12(e)(ii) to extend the warranties for electronic returned checks provided by Reserve Banks to the same scope of recipients as provided in Regulation CC. The Board has also Section 210.25 and Scope 3. Section 210.12(d)—Liability Under Other Law amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES revised proposed § 210.12(e)(2)(i) to correct a typographical error. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 Authority, Purpose, Section 210.25 sets out the authority, purpose, and scope for subpart B of Regulation J, which governs Fedwire funds transfers. The Board proposed to add a new § 210.25(e) to clarify that financial messaging standards (e.g., ISO 20022), including the financial messaging components, elements, technical documentation, tags, and terminology used to implement those standards, do not confer or connote legal status or responsibilities. The proposed amendment would specify that Regulation J, Article 4A of the U.C.C., and the operating circulars of the Reserve Banks govern the rights and obligations of parties to the Fedwire Funds Service and supersede any inconsistency between a financial messaging standard adopted by the Fedwire Funds Service. The proposal would also make a conforming change to § 210.25(b)(2). Additionally, the Board proposed to add in the commentary examples of inconsistent terminology between the ISO 20022 financial messaging standard and U.S. funds transfer law. The Board received four comments supporting these proposed changes and PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 Section 210.32 Federal Reserve Bank Liability; Payment of Interest Current § 210.32 sets out provisions that govern Federal Reserve Bank liability and payment of interest. Section 210.32(b) provides that compensation that is paid by Federal Reserve Banks in the form of interest shall be calculated in accordance with section 4A–506 of Article 4A. Under section 4A–506(a), the amount of interest may be determined by agreement between the sender and receiving bank or by funds-transfer system rule. If there is no such agreement, under section 4A–506(b), the amount of interest is based on the federal funds rate. The current commentary to § 210.32(b) states that ‘‘Interest would be calculated in accordance with the procedures specified in section 4A–506(b).’’ The Board proposed to delete this statement and rearrange the commentary to clarify that interest can be calculated in accordance with both section 4A–506(a) and (b). The Board did not receive any comments on the proposed commentary to § 210.32. The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed. IV. Competitive Impact Analysis The Board conducts a competitive impact analysis when it considers an operational or legal change, if that change would have a direct and material adverse effect on the ability of other service providers to compete with the Federal Reserve in providing similar services due to legal differences or due to the Federal Reserve’s dominant market position deriving from such legal differences. All operational or legal changes having a substantial effect on payments-system participants will be E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations subject to a competitive-impact analysis, even if competitive effects are not apparent on the face of the proposal. If such legal differences exist, the Board will assess whether the same objectives could be achieved by a modified proposal with lesser competitive impact or, if not, whether the benefits of the proposal (such as contributing to payments-system efficiency or integrity or other Board objectives) outweigh the materially adverse effect on competition.15 The Board does not believe that the amendments to Regulation J will have a direct and material adverse effect on the ability of other service providers to compete effectively with the Reserve Banks in providing similar services due to legal differences. The final rule would align the provisions in Regulation J governing Reserve Bank services to the generally applicable provisions in Regulation CC. The final rule would not affect the competitive position of private-sector presenting banks vis-a`-vis the Reserve Banks. amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES V. The Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 The Riegle Community Development Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 requires that agency regulations that impose additional reporting, disclosure, and other requirements on insured depository institutions take effect on the first calendar quarter following publication in final form, unless the agency determines for good cause that the regulation should become effective before such time. 12 U.S.C. 4802(b). Consistent with the Riegle Community Development Act, this final rule is effective on January 1, 2019. VI. Paperwork Reduction Act In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3506; 5 CFR part 1320, appendix A.1), the Board may not conduct or sponsor, and a respondent is not required to respond to, an information collection unless it displays a valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number. The Board reviewed the final rule under the authority delegated to the Board by the OMB and determined that it contains no collections of information under the PRA.16 Accordingly, there is no paperwork burden associated with the rule. VII. Regulatory Flexibility Act An initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) was included in the 15 Federal Reserve Regulatory Service, 7–145.2. 16 See 44 U.S.C. 3502(3). VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 proposal in accordance with section 3(a) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. (RFA). In the IRFA, the Board requested comment on the effect of the proposed rule on small entities and on any significant alternatives that would reduce the regulatory burden on small entities. The Board did not receive any comments. The RFA requires an agency to prepare a final regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) unless the agency certifies that the rule will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. In accordance with section 3(a) of the RFA, the Board has reviewed the final regulation. Based on its analysis, and for the reasons stated below, the Board certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The final rule will apply to all depository institutions regardless of their size.17 Pursuant to regulations issued by the Small Business Administration (13 CFR 121.201), a ‘‘small banking organization’’ includes a depository institution with $550 million or less in total assets. Based on call report data, there are approximately 9,631 depository institutions that have total domestic assets of $550 million or less and thus are considered small entities for purposes of the RFA. The Board’s final rule generally does not have any projected reporting, recordkeeping or other compliance requirements, as the revisions to Regulation J align the rights and obligations of sending banks, paying banks, and Federal Reserve Banks (Reserve Banks) with the Board’s recent amendments to Regulation CC. The final rule’s warranties and indemnities are similar to the warranties and indemnities that apply to paper and electronic checks under existing Regulation J and other law. The final rule does not require any bank to change the form in which it submits checks, nor do they require any bank to submit reports, maintain records, or provide notices or disclosures. With respect to ECIs, provisions in the final rule would allow the Reserve Banks to require that senders provide certain warranties and indemnities. The Board recognizes these provisions may affect the creation and acceptance of ECIs by small entities. Neither Regulation J nor Regulation CC would prevent private-sector collecting banks from doing the same. In addition, the Board’s final rule would not prevent small entities that desire to exchange 17 The final rule would not impose costs on any small entities other than depository institutions. PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 61517 ECIs from doing so by agreement using direct exchange relationships or other methods not involving the Reserve Banks. The Board believes the final rule will help to shift liability to parties better positioned to know whether an item is electronically created and that can either prevent the item from entering the check-collection system or assume the risk of sending it forward. Furthermore, the Board does not expect the amendments that remove references to cash and other specified forms of settlement to burden small entities, as the use of cash as settlement is rare and typically only done in emergency situations. The Board’s final rule will allow use of cash as settlement in emergency situations by continuing to permit other forms of settlement to which the Reserve Banks agree. The Board does not expect the rule to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 210 Banks, Banking, Federal Reserve System. Authority and Issuance For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Board amends 12 CFR part 210 as follows: PART 210—COLLECTION OF CHECKS AND OTHER ITEMS BY FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS AND FUNDS TRANSFERS THROUGH FEDWIRE (REGULATION J) 1. The authority citation for part 210 continues to read as follows: ■ Authority: 12 U.S.C. 248 (i), (j), and (o); 12 U.S.C. 342; 12 U.S.C. 360; 12 U.S.C. 464; 12 U.S.C. 4001–4010; 12 U.S.C. 5001–5018. 2. In part 210, revise all references to ‘‘article 4A’’ to read ‘‘Article 4A.’’ ■ Subpart A—Collection of Checks and Other Items by Federal Reserve Banks 3. In § 210.2, revise paragraphs (h), (i), (m), (n), (q), and (s)(1) to read as follows: ■ § 210.2 Definitions. * * * * * (h) Check means a check or an electronic check, as those terms are defined in § 229.2 of this chapter (Regulation CC). (i) Item. (1) Means— (i) An instrument or a promise or order to pay money, whether negotiable or not, that is— (A) Payable in a Federal Reserve District 1 (District); 1 For purposes of this subpart, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico are deemed to be in the Second E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM Continued 30NOR1 amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES 61518 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations (B) Sent by a sender to a Reserve Bank for handling under this subpart; and (C) Collectible in funds acceptable to the Reserve Bank of the District in which the instrument is payable; or (ii) A check. (2) Unless otherwise indicated, item includes both a cash and a noncash item, and includes a returned check sent by a paying or returning bank. Item does not include a check that cannot be collected at par, or a payment order as defined in § 210.26(i) and handled under subpart B of this part. The term also does not include an electronicallycreated item as defined in § 229.2 of this chapter (Regulation CC). * * * * * (m) Returned check means a cash item returned by a paying bank, including an electronic returned check as defined in § 229.2 of this chapter (Regulation CC) and a notice of nonpayment in lieu of a returned check, whether or not a Reserve Bank handled the check for collection. (n) Sender means any of the following entities that sends an item to a Reserve Bank for forward collection— (1) A depository institution, as defined in section 19(b) of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 461(b)); (2) A member bank, as defined in section 1 of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 221); (3) A clearing institution, defined as— (i) An institution that is not a depository institution but that maintains with a Reserve Bank the balance referred to in the first paragraph of section 13 of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 342); or (ii) A corporation that maintains an account with a Reserve Bank in conformity with § 211.4 of this chapter (Regulation K); (4) Another Reserve Bank; (5) An international organization for which a Reserve Bank is empowered to act as depositary or fiscal agent and maintains an account; (6) A foreign correspondent, defined as any of the following entities for which a Reserve Bank maintains an account: A foreign bank or banker, a foreign state as defined in section 25(b) of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 632), or a foreign correspondent or agency referred to in section 14(e) of that act (12 U.S.C. 358); or (7) A branch or agency of a foreign bank maintaining reserves under section 7 of the International Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 347d, 3105). * * * * * District, and Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Twelfth District. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 (q) Fedwire Funds Service and Fedwire have the same meaning as that set forth in § 210.26(e). * * * * * (s) * * * (1) The terms not defined herein have the meanings set forth in § 229.2 of this chapter applicable to subpart C or D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC), as appropriate; and * * * * * ■ 4. In § 210.3, revise paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 210.3 General provisions. (a) General. Each Reserve Bank shall receive and handle items in accordance with this subpart, and shall issue operating circulars governing the details of its handling of items and other matters deemed appropriate by the Reserve Bank. The circulars may, among other things, classify cash items and noncash items, require separate sorts and letters, provide different closing times for the receipt of different classes or types of items, provide for instructions by an Administrative Reserve Bank to other Reserve Banks, set forth terms of services, and establish procedures for adjustments on a Reserve Bank’s books, including amounts, waiver of expenses, and payment of compensation. As deemed appropriate by the Reserve Bank, the circulars may also require the sender to provide warranties and indemnities that only items and any noncash items the Reserve Banks have agreed to handle will be sent to the Reserve Banks. The Reserve Banks may provide to a subsequent collecting bank and to the paying bank any warranties and indemnities provided by the sender pursuant to this paragraph (a). * * * * * ■ 5. In § 210.4, revise paragraphs (a), (b)(1)(ii) and (iii), and (b)(3) to read as follows: § 210.4 Sending items to Reserve Banks. (a) Sending of items. A sender’s Administrative Reserve Bank may direct a sender other than a Reserve Bank to send any item to a specified Reserve Bank, whether or not the item is payable in the Reserve Bank’s district. (b) * * * (1) * * * (ii) The initial sender’s Administrative Reserve Bank (which is deemed to have accepted deposit of the item from the initial sender); (iii) The Reserve Bank that receives the item from the initial sender (if different from the initial sender’s Administrative Reserve Bank); and * * * * * PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 (3) The identity and order of the parties under paragraph (b)(1) of this section determine the relationships and the rights and liabilities of the parties under this subpart, part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC), section 13(1) and section 16(13) of the Federal Reserve Act, and the Uniform Commercial Code. An initial sender’s Administrative Reserve Bank that is deemed to accept an item for deposit or handle an item is also deemed to be a sender with respect to that item. The Reserve Banks that are deemed to handle an item are deemed to be agents or subagents of the owner of the item, as provided in § 210.6(a). * * * * * 6. In § 210.5, revise paragraphs (a), (c), (d), and (e) to read as follows: ■ § 210.5 Sender’s agreement; recovery by Reserve Bank. (a) Sender’s agreement. The warranties, indemnities, authorizations, and agreements made pursuant to this paragraph (a) may not be disclaimed and are made whether or not the item bears an indorsement of the sender. By sending an item to a Reserve Bank, the sender does all of the following. (1) Authorization to handle item. The sender authorizes the sender’s Administrative Reserve Bank and any other Reserve Bank or collecting bank to which the item is sent to handle the item (and authorizes any Reserve Bank that handles settlement for the item to make accounting entries), subject to this subpart and to the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars, and warrants its authority to give this authorization. (2) Warranties for all items. The sender warrants to each Reserve Bank handling the item that— (i) The sender is a person entitled to enforce the item or authorized to obtain payment of the item on behalf of a person entitled to enforce the item; (ii) The item has not been altered; and (iii) The item bears all indorsements applied by parties that previously handled the item for forward collection or return. (3) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC and U.C.C. As applicable and unless otherwise provided, the sender of an item makes to each Reserve Bank that handles the item all the warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC) and Article 4 of the U.C.C. The sender makes all the warranties set forth in and subject to the terms of 4–207 of the U.C.C. for an electronic check as if it were an item subject to the U.C.C. E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations (4) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Reserve Bank operating circulars. The sender makes any warranties and indemnities regarding the sending of items as set forth in an operating circular issued in accordance with § 210.3(a). (5) Sender’s liability to Reserve Bank. (i) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(5)(ii) and (iii) of this section, the sender agrees to indemnify each Reserve Bank for any loss or expense sustained (including attorneys’ fees and expenses of litigation) resulting from— (A) The sender’s lack of authority to make the warranty in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; (B) Any action taken by the Reserve Bank within the scope of its authority in handling the item; or (C) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under § 210.6(b), part 229 of this chapter, the U.C.C., or, regarding the sending of items, an operating circular issued in accordance with § 210.3(a). (ii) A sender’s liability for warranties and indemnities that the Reserve Bank makes for a substitute check, a paper or electronic representation thereof, or for an electronic check is subject to the following conditions and limitations— (A) A sender of an original check shall not be liable under paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section for any amount that the Reserve Bank pays under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter, or under § 229.34 of this chapter with respect to an electronic check, absent the sender’s agreement to the contrary; and (B) Nothing in this subpart alters the liability of a sender of a substitute check or paper or electronic representation of a substitute check under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter, or a sender of an electronic check under § 229.34 of this chapter. (iii) A sender shall not be liable for any amount that the Reserve Bank pays under this subpart or part 229 of this chapter that is attributable to the Reserve Bank’s own lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care. * * * * * (c) Recovery by Reserve Bank. (1) A Reserve Bank that has handled an item may recover as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section if an action or proceeding is brought against (or if defense is tendered to) the Reserve Bank based on— (i) The alleged failure of the sender to have the authority to make the warranty and agreement in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; (ii) Any action by the Reserve Bank within the scope of its authority in handling the item; or VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 (iii) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under § 210.6(b), part 229 of this chapter, or the U.C.C. (2) Upon entry of a final judgment or decree in an action or proceeding described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, a Reserve Bank may recover from the sender the amount of attorneys’ fees and other expenses of litigation incurred, as well as any amount the Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the judgment or decree or the tender of defense, together with interest thereon. (d) Methods of recovery. (1) The Reserve Bank may recover the amount stated in paragraph (c) of this section by charging any account on its books that is maintained or used by the sender (or by charging a Reserve Bank sender), if— (i) The Reserve Bank made seasonable written demand on the sender to assume defense of the action or proceeding; and (ii) The sender has not made any other arrangement for payment that is acceptable to the Reserve Bank. (2) The Reserve Bank is not responsible for defending the action or proceeding before using this method of recovery. A Reserve Bank that has been charged under this paragraph (d) may recover from its sender in the manner and under the circumstances set forth in this paragraph (d). (3) A Reserve Bank’s failure to avail itself of the remedy provided in this paragraph (d) does not prejudice its enforcement in any other manner of the indemnity agreement referred to in paragraph (a)(5) of this section. (e) Security interest. When a sender sends an item to a Reserve Bank, the sender and any prior collecting bank grant to the sender’s Administrative Reserve Bank a security interest in all of their respective assets in the possession of, or held for the account of, any Reserve Bank to secure their respective obligations due or to become due to the Administrative Reserve Bank under this subpart or subpart C or D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC). The security interest attaches when a warranty is breached or any other obligation to the Reserve Bank is incurred. If the Reserve Bank, in its sole discretion, deems itself insecure and gives notice thereof to the sender or prior collecting bank, or if the sender or prior collecting bank suspends payments or is closed, the Reserve Bank may take any action authorized by law to recover the amount of an obligation, including, but not limited to, the exercise of rights of set off, the realization on any available collateral, and any other rights it may have as a creditor under applicable law. ■ 7. In § 210.6: PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 61519 a. Remove the word ‘‘and’’ at the end of paragraph (a)(2)(ii). ■ b. Revise paragraph (a)(2)(iii). ■ c. Add paragraph (a)(2)(iv). ■ d. Revise paragraphs (b) and (c). ■ e. Remove paragraph (d). The revisions and addition read as follows: ■ § 210.6 Status, warranties, and liability of Reserve Bank. (a) * * * (2) * * * (iii) As provided in an operating circular issued in accordance with § 210.3(a) regarding the sending of items; and (iv) As provided in subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC). * * * * * (b) Warranties and liability. The following provisions apply when a Reserve Bank presents or sends an item. (1) Warranties for all items. The Reserve Bank warrants to a subsequent collecting bank and to the paying bank and any other payor that— (i) The Reserve Bank is a person entitled to enforce the item (or is authorized to obtain payment of the item on behalf of a person that is either entitled to enforce the item or authorized to obtain payment on behalf of a person entitled to enforce the item); (ii) The item has not been altered; and (iii) The item bears all indorsements applied by parties that previously handled the item for forward collection or return. (2) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Reserve Bank operating circulars. The Reserve Bank makes any warranties and indemnities regarding the sending of items as set forth in an operating circular issued in accordance with § 210.3(a). (3) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC and U.C.C. As applicable and unless otherwise provided, the Reserve Bank makes all the warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC) and Article 4 of the U.C.C. The Reserve Bank makes all the warranties set forth in and subject to the terms of 4–207 of the U.C.C. for an electronic check as if it were an item subject to the U.C.C. (4) Indemnity for substitute check created from an electronic check. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section, the Reserve Bank shall indemnify the bank to which it transfers or presents an electronic check (the recipient bank) for the amount of any losses that the recipient bank incurs under subpart D of part 229 E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 61520 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations of this chapter (Regulation CC) for an indemnity that the recipient bank was required to make under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter in connection with a substitute check later created from the electronic check. (ii) The Reserve Bank shall not be liable under paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section for any amount that the recipient bank pays under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter that is attributable to the lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care of the recipient bank or a person that handled the item, in any form, after the recipient bank. (c) Time for commencing action against Reserve Bank. (1) A claim against a Reserve Bank for lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care shall be barred unless the action on the claim is commenced within two years after the claim accrues. Such a claim accrues on the date when a Reserve Bank’s alleged failure to exercise ordinary care or to act in good faith first results in damages to the claimant. (2) A claim that arises under paragraph (b)(3) of this section shall be barred unless the action on the claim is commenced within one year after the claim accrues. Such a claim accrues as of the date on which the claimant first learns, or by which the claimant reasonably should have learned, of the facts and circumstances giving rise to the claim. (3) This paragraph (c) does not alter the time limit for claims under § 229.38(g) of this chapter (which include claims for breach of warranty under § 229.34 of this chapter) or subpart D of part 229 of this chapter. 8. In § 210.7, revise paragraphs (a)(1) and (b)(2) to read as follows: ■ § 210.7 Presenting items for payment. (a) * * * (1) A Reserve Bank or a subsequent collecting bank may present an item for payment or send the item for presentment and payment; and * * * * * (b) * * * (2) In accordance with § 229.36 of this chapter (Regulation CC); * * * * * 9. In § 210.9, revise paragraphs (b)(2)(i), (b)(3)(i)(A) and (B), (b)(4) through (6), and (c) through (e) and remove paragraph (f) to read as follows: amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES ■ § 210.9 Settlement and payment. * * * * * (b) * * * (2) * * * (i) On the day a paying bank receives a cash item from a Reserve Bank, it shall VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 settle for the item so that the proceeds of the settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank, or return the item, by the latest of— (A) The next clock hour or clock halfhour that is at least one half-hour after the paying bank receives the item; (B) 8:30 a.m. eastern time; or (C) Such later time as provided in the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars. * * * * * (3) * * * (i) * * * (A) On that day, settle for the item so that the proceeds of the settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank, or return the item, by the latest of the next clock hour or clock half-hour that is at least one half-hour after it ordinarily would have received the item, 8:30 a.m. eastern time, or such later time as provided in the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars; or (B) On the next day that is a banking day for both the paying bank and the Reserve Bank, settle for the item so that the proceeds of the settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank by 8:30 a.m. eastern time on that day or such later time as provided in the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars; and compensate the Reserve Bank for the value of the float associated with the item in accordance with procedures provided in the Reserve Bank’s operating circular. * * * * * (4) Reserve Bank closed. If a paying bank receives a cash item from a Reserve Bank on a banking day that is not a banking day for the Reserve Bank, the paying bank shall— (i) Settle for the item so that the proceeds of the settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank by the close of the Fedwire Funds Service on the Reserve Bank’s next banking day, or return the item by midnight of the day it receives the item (if the paying bank fails to settle for or return a cash item in accordance with this paragraph (b)(4)(i), it shall become accountable for the amount of the item as of the close of its banking day on the day it receives the item); and (ii) Settle for the item so that the proceeds of the settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank by 8:30 a.m. eastern time on the Reserve Bank’s next banking day or such later time as provided in the Reserve Bank’s operating circular, or return the item by midnight of the day it receives the item. If the paying bank fails to settle for or return a cash item in accordance with this paragraph (b)(4)(ii), it shall be subject to any applicable overdraft charges. Settlement under this PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 paragraph (b)(4)(ii) satisfies the settlement requirements of paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section. (5) Manner of settlement. Settlement with a Reserve Bank under paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section shall be made by debit to an account on the Reserve Bank’s books or other form of settlement to which the Reserve Bank agrees, except that the Reserve Bank may, in its discretion, obtain settlement by charging the paying bank’s account. A paying bank may not set off against the amount of a settlement under this section the amount of a claim with respect to another cash item, cash letter, or other claim under § 229.34 of this chapter (Regulation CC) or other law. (6) Notice in lieu of return. If a cash item is unavailable for return, the paying bank may send a notice in lieu of return as provided in § 229.31(f) of this chapter (Regulation CC). (c) Noncash items. A Reserve Bank may require the paying or collecting bank to which it has presented or sent a noncash item to pay for the item by a debit to an account maintained or used by the paying or collecting bank on the Reserve Bank’s books or by any other form of settlement acceptable to the Reserve Bank. (d) Nonbank payor. A Reserve Bank may require a nonbank payor to which it has presented an item to pay for it by debit to an account on the Reserve Bank’s books or other form of settlement acceptable to the Reserve Bank. (e) Liability of Reserve Bank. Except as set forth in § 229.35(b) of this chapter (Regulation CC), a Reserve Bank shall not be liable for the failure of a collecting bank, paying bank, or nonbank payor to pay for an item, or for any loss resulting from the Reserve Bank’s acceptance of any form of payment other than cash authorized in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section. A Reserve Bank that acts in good faith and exercises ordinary care shall not be liable for the nonpayment of, or failure to realize upon, any noncash form of payment that it accepts under paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section. ■ 10. In § 210.10, revise paragraph (a) to read as follows: § 210.10 Time schedule and availability of credits for cash items and returned checks. (a) Each Reserve Bank shall publish a time schedule indicating when the amount of any cash item or returned check received by it is counted toward the balance maintained to satisfy a reserve balance requirement for purposes of part 204 of this chapter (Regulation D) and becomes available for use by the sender or paying or E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations returning bank. The Reserve Bank that holds the settlement account shall give either immediate or deferred credit to a sender, a paying bank, or a returning bank (other than a foreign correspondent) in accordance with the time schedule of the receiving Reserve Bank. A Reserve Bank ordinarily gives credit to a foreign correspondent only when the Reserve Bank receives payment of the item in actually and finally collected funds, but, in its discretion, a Reserve Bank may give immediate or deferred credit in accordance with its time schedule. * * * * * ■ 11. In § 210.11, revise paragraph (b) and remove paragraph (c) to read as follows: § 210.11 Availability of proceeds of noncash items; time schedule. * * * * * (b) Time schedule. A Reserve Bank may give credit for the proceeds of a noncash item subject to payment in actually and finally collected funds in accordance with a published time schedule. The time schedule shall indicate when the proceeds of the noncash item will be counted toward the balance maintained to satisfy a reserve balance requirement for purposes of part 204 of this chapter (Regulation D) and become available for use by the sender. A Reserve Bank may, however, refuse at any time to permit the use of credit given by it for a noncash item for which the Reserve Bank has not yet received payment in actually and finally collected funds. ■ 12. In § 210.12, revise paragraphs (a) and (c) through (g) to read as follows: amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES § 210.12 Return of cash items and handling of returned checks. (a) Return of items—(1) Return of cash items handled by Reserve Banks. A paying bank that receives a cash item from a Reserve Bank, other than for immediate payment over the counter, and that settles for the item as provided in § 210.9(b), may, before it has finally paid the item, return the item to any Reserve Bank (unless its Administrative Reserve Bank directs it to return the item to a specific Reserve Bank) in accordance with subpart C of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC), the Uniform Commercial Code, and the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars. A paying bank that receives a cash item from a Reserve Bank also may return the item prior to settlement, in accordance with § 210.9(b) and the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars. The rules or practices of a clearinghouse through which the item was presented, or a special collection agreement under VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 which the item was presented, may not extend these return times, but may provide for a shorter return time. (2) Return of checks not handled by Reserve Banks. A paying bank that receives a check, other than from a Reserve Bank, and that determines not to pay the check, may send the returned check to any Reserve Bank (unless its Administrative Reserve Bank directs it to send the returned check to a specific Reserve Bank) in accordance with subpart C of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC), the Uniform Commercial Code, and the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars. A returning bank may send a returned check to any Reserve Bank (unless its Administrative Reserve Bank directs it to send the returned check to a specific Reserve Bank) in accordance with subpart C of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC), the Uniform Commercial Code, and the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars. * * * * * (c) Paying bank’s and returning bank’s agreement. The warranties, indemnities, authorizations, and agreements made pursuant to this paragraph (c) may not be disclaimed and are made whether or not the returned check bears an indorsement of the paying bank or returning bank. By sending a returned check to a Reserve Bank, the paying bank or returning bank does all of the following. (1) Authorization to handle returned check. The paying bank or returning bank authorizes the paying bank’s or returning bank’s Administrative Reserve Bank, and any other Reserve Bank or returning bank to which the returned check is sent, to handle the returned check (and authorizes any Reserve Bank that handles settlement for the returned check to make accounting entries) subject to this subpart and to the Reserve Banks’ operating circulars. (2) Warranties for all returned checks. The paying bank or returning bank warrants to each Reserve Bank handling a returned check that the returned check bears all indorsements applied by parties that previously handled the returned check for forward collection or return. (3) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC. As applicable and unless otherwise provided, a paying bank or returning bank makes to each Reserve Bank that handles the returned check all the warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC). (4) Paying bank or returning bank’s liability to Reserve Bank. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4)(ii) and (iii) PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 61521 of this section, a paying bank or returning bank agrees to indemnify each Reserve Bank for any loss or expense (including attorneys’ fees and expenses of litigation) resulting from— (A) The paying or returning bank’s lack of authority to give the authorization in paragraph (c)(1) of this section; (B) Any action taken by a Reserve Bank within the scope of its authority in handling the returned check; or (C) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under paragraph (e) of this section or part 229 of this chapter. (ii) A paying bank’s or returning bank’s liability for warranties and indemnities that a Reserve Bank makes for a returned check that is a substitute check, a paper or electronic representation thereof, or an electronic returned check is subject to the following conditions and limitations— (A) A paying bank or returning bank that sent an original returned check shall not be liable for any amount that a Reserve Bank pays under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter, or under § 229.34 of this chapter with respect to an electronic returned check, absent the paying bank’s or returning bank’s agreement to the contrary; and (B) Nothing in this subpart alters the liability under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter of a paying bank or returning bank that sent a substitute check or a paper or electronic representation of a substitute check or under § 229.34 of this chapter of a paying bank or returning bank that sent an electronic returned check; and (iii) A paying bank or returning bank shall not be liable for any amount that the Reserve Bank pays under this subpart or part 229 of this chapter that is attributable to the Reserve Bank’s own lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care. (d) Paying bank or returning bank’s liability under other law. Nothing in paragraph (c) of this section limits any warranty or indemnity by a returning bank or paying bank (or a person that handled an item prior to that bank) arising under state law or regulation (such as the U.C.C.), other federal law or regulation (such as part 229 of this chapter), or an agreement with a Reserve Bank. (e) Warranties by and liability of Reserve Bank—(1) Warranties and indemnities. The following provisions apply when a Reserve Bank handles a returned check under this subpart. (i) Warranties for all items. The Reserve Bank warrants to the bank to which it sends the returned check that the returned check bears all E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES 61522 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations indorsements applied by parties that previously handled the returned check for forward collection or return. (ii) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC. As applicable and unless otherwise provided, the Reserve Bank makes all the warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC). (2) Indemnity for substitute check created from electronic returned check. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section, the Reserve Bank shall indemnify the bank to which it transfers or presents an electronic returned check (the recipient bank) for the amount of any losses that the recipient bank incurs under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC) for an indemnity that the recipient bank was required to make under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter in connection with a substitute check later created from the electronic returned check. (ii) The Reserve Bank shall not be liable under paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section for any amount that the recipient bank pays under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter that is attributable to the lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care of the recipient bank or a person that handled the item, in any form, after the recipient bank. (3) Liability of Reserve Bank. A Reserve Bank shall not have or assume any other liability to any person except— (i) For the Reserve Bank’s own lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care; (ii) As provided in this paragraph (e); and (iii) As provided in subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC). (f) Recovery by Reserve Bank. (1) A Reserve Bank that has handled a returned check may recover as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section if an action or proceeding is brought against (or if defense is tendered to) the Reserve Bank based on— (i) The alleged failure of the paying bank or returning bank to have the authority to give the authorization in paragraph (c)(1) of this section; (ii) Any action by the Reserve Bank within the scope of its authority in handling the returned check; or (iii) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under paragraph (e) of this section or part 229 of this chapter; and (2) Upon entry of a final judgment or decree in an action or proceeding described in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, a Reserve Bank may recover VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 Jkt 247001 from the paying bank or returning bank the amount of attorneys’ fees and other expenses of litigation incurred, as well as any amount the Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the judgment or decree or the tender of defense, together with interest thereon. (g) Methods of recovery. (1) The Reserve Bank may recover the amount stated in paragraph (f) of this section by charging any account on its books that is maintained or used by the paying bank or returning bank (or by charging another returning Reserve Bank), if— (i) The Reserve Bank made seasonable written demand on the paying bank or returning bank to assume defense of the action or proceeding; and (ii) The paying bank or returning bank has not made any other arrangement for payment that is acceptable to the Reserve Bank. (2) The Reserve Bank is not responsible for defending the action or proceeding before using this method of recovery. A Reserve Bank that has been charged under this paragraph (g) may recover from the paying or returning bank in the manner and under the circumstances set forth in this paragraph (g). (3) A Reserve Bank’s failure to avail itself of the remedy provided in this paragraph (g) does not prejudice its enforcement in any other manner of the indemnity agreement referred to in paragraph (c)(4) of this section. * * * * * Subpart B—Funds Transfers Through Fedwire 13. In § 210.25: a. In paragraphs (a) and (b)(3), remove the word ‘‘Fedwire’’ and add in its place the words ‘‘the Fedwire Funds Service’’. ■ b. Revise the introductory text of paragraph (b)(2). ■ c. Add paragraph (e). The revision and addition read as follows: ■ ■ § 210.25 Authority, purpose, and scope. * * * * * (b) * * * (2) Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (b)(3) and (4) of this section, including Article 4A as set forth in appendix B to this subpart, and operating circulars of the Reserve Banks issued in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, this subpart governs the rights and obligations of: * * * * * (e) Financial messaging standards. Financial messaging standards (e.g., ISO 20022), including the financial messaging components, elements, technical documentation, tags, and PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 terminology used to implement those standards, do not confer or connote legal status or responsibilities. This subpart, including Article 4A as set forth in appendix B to this subpart, and the operating circulars of the Reserve Banks issued in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section govern the rights and obligations of parties to funds transfers sent through the Fedwire Funds Service as provided in paragraph (b) of this section. To the extent there is any inconsistency between a financial messaging standard adopted by the Fedwire Funds Service and this subpart, this subpart shall prevail. ■ 14. In § 210.26, revise paragraph (e) to read as follows: § 210.26 Definitions. * * * * * (e) Fedwire Funds Service and Fedwire means the funds-transfer system owned and operated by the Federal Reserve Banks that is used primarily for the transmission and settlement of payment orders governed by this subpart. Fedwire does not include the system for making automated clearing house transfers. * * * * * § 210.29 [Amended] 15. In § 210.29(b), remove the word ‘‘Fedwire’’ and add in its place the words ‘‘the Fedwire Funds Service’’. ■ 16. In appendix A to subpart B: ■ a. Under ‘‘Section 210.25—Authority, Purpose, and Scope’’, add paragraph (e). ■ b. Under ‘‘Section 210.32—Federal Reserve Bank Liability; Payment of Interest’’, revise paragraph (b). The addition and revision read as follows: ■ Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 210— Commentary * * * * * Section 210.25—Authority, Purpose, and Scope * * * * * (e) Financial messaging standards. This paragraph makes clear that financial messaging standards, including the financial messaging components, elements, technical documentation, tags, and terminology used to implement those standards, do not confer or connote legal status or responsibilities. Instead, subpart B of this part and Federal Reserve Bank operating circulars govern the rights and obligations of parties to funds transfers sent through the Fedwire Funds Service as provided in § 210.25(b). Thus, to the extent there is any inconsistency between a financial messaging standard adopted by the Fedwire Funds Service and subpart B of this part, subpart B of this part, including Article 4A as adopted in appendix B to subpart B of this part, will prevail. In the ISO 20022 financial messaging standard, for E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / Rules and Regulations example, the term agent is used to refer to a variety of bank parties to a funds transfer (e.g., debtor agent, creditor agent, intermediary agent). Notwithstanding use of that term in the standard and in message tags, such banks are not the agents of any party to a funds transfer and owe no duty to any other party to such a funds transfer except as provided in subpart B of this part (including Article 4A) or by express agreement. The ISO 20022 financial messaging standard also permits information to be carried in a fundstransfer message regarding persons that are not parties to that funds transfer (e.g., ultimate debtor, ultimate creditor, initiating party) for regulatory, compliance, remittance, or other purposes. An ‘‘ultimate debtor’’ is not an ‘‘originator’’ as defined in Article 4A. The relationship between the ultimate debtor and the originator (what the ISO 20022 standard calls the ‘‘debtor’’) is determined by law other than Article 4A. * * * * * amozie on DSK3GDR082PROD with RULES * * * * 16:03 Nov 29, 2018 * * * * By order of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, November 14, 2018. Ann Misback, Secretary of the Board. [FR Doc. 2018–25267 Filed 11–29–18; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6210–01–P DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration [Docket No. FAA–2018–0642; Product Identifier 2018–NM–087–AD; Amendment 39–19507; AD 2018–24–03] (b) Payment of interest. (1) Under article 4A, a Federal Reserve Bank may be required to pay compensation in the form of interest to another party in connection with its handling of a funds transfer. For example, payment of compensation in the form of interest is required in certain situations pursuant to sections 4A–204 (relating to refund of payment and duty of customer to report with respect to unauthorized payment order), 4A–209 (relating to acceptance of payment order), 4A–210 (relating to rejection of payment order), 4A–304 (relating to duty of sender to report erroneously executed payment order), 4A–305 (relating to liability for late or improper execution or failure to execute a payment order), 4A–402 (relating to obligation of sender to pay receiving bank), and 4A–404 (relating to obligation of beneficiary’s bank to pay and give notice to beneficiary). (2) Section 210.32(b) requires Federal Reserve Banks to provide compensation through an explicit interest payment. Under section 4A–506(a), the amount of such interest may be determined by agreement between the sender and receiving bank or by funds-transfer system rule. If there is no such agreement, under section 4A–506(b), the amount of interest is based on the federal funds rate. Similarly, compensation in the form of explicit interest will be paid to government senders, receiving banks, or beneficiaries described in § 210.25(d) if they are entitled to interest under this subpart. A Federal Reserve Bank may also, in its discretion, pay explicit interest directly to a remote party to a Fedwire funds transfer that is entitled to interest, rather than providing compensation to its direct sender or receiving bank. (3) If a bank that received an explicit interest payment is not the party entitled to interest compensation under article 4A, the bank must pass the benefit of the explicit interest payment made to it to the party that is entitled to compensation in the form of interest from a Federal Reserve Bank. The benefit may be passed on either in the form VerDate Sep<11>2014 * 14 CFR Part 39 Section 210.32—Federal Reserve Bank Liability; Payment of Interest * of a direct payment of interest or in the form of a compensating balance, if the party entitled to interest agrees to accept the other form of compensation, and the value of the compensating balance is at least equivalent to the value of the explicit interest that otherwise would have been provided. Jkt 247001 RIN 2120–AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Dassault Aviation Airplanes Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Transportation (DOT). ACTION: Final rule. AGENCY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Dassault Aviation Model Falcon 10 airplanes. This AD was prompted by a determination that new and more restrictive maintenance requirements and airworthiness limitations are necessary. This AD requires revising the existing maintenance or inspection program, as applicable, to incorporate new or more restrictive maintenance requirements and airworthiness limitations. We are issuing this AD to address the unsafe condition on these products. DATES: This AD is effective January 4, 2019. The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference of a certain publication listed in this AD as of January 4, 2019. ADDRESSES: For service information identified in this final rule, contact Dassault Falcon Jet Corporation, Teterboro Airport, P.O. Box 2000, South Hackensack, NJ 07606; telephone 201– 440–6700; internet https:// www.dassaultfalcon.com. You may view this service information at the FAA, Transport Standards Branch, 2200 South 216th St., Des Moines, WA. For information on the availability of this material at the FAA, call 206–231–3195. It is also available on the internet at SUMMARY: PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 61523 https://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA–2018– 0642. Examining the AD Docket You may examine the AD docket on the internet at https:// www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA–2018– 0642; or in person at Docket Operations between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The AD docket contains this final rule, the regulatory evaluation, any comments received, and other information. The address for Docket Operations (phone: 800–647–5527) is U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket Operations, M–30, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12–140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Tom Rodriguez, Aerospace Engineer, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA, 2200 South 216th St., Des Moines, WA 98198; telephone and fax 206–231–3226. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Discussion We issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR part 39 by adding an AD that would apply to all Dassault Aviation Model Falcon 10 airplanes. The NPRM published in the Federal Register on August 10, 2018 (83 FR 39626). The NPRM was prompted by a determination that more restrictive maintenance requirements and airworthiness limitations are necessary. The NPRM proposed to require revising the existing maintenance or inspection program, as applicable, to incorporate new or more restrictive maintenance requirements and airworthiness limitations. We are issuing this AD to address, among other things, fatigue cracking and damage in principal structural elements; such fatigue cracking and damage could result in reduced structural integrity of the airplane. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which is the Technical Agent for the Member States of the European Union, has issued EASA Airworthiness Directive 2018–0078, dated April 9, 2018 (referred to after this as the Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness Information, or ‘‘the MCAI’’), to correct an unsafe condition for all Dassault Aviation Model Falcon 10 airplanes. The MCAI states: The airworthiness limitations and certification maintenance instructions for the Dassault Falcon 10 aeroplanes, which are E:\FR\FM\30NOR1.SGM 30NOR1

Agencies

FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 231 (Friday, November 30, 2018)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 61509-61523]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-25267]



========================================================================
Rules and Regulations
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains regulatory documents 
having general applicability and legal effect, most of which are keyed 
to and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, which is published 
under 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510.

The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents. 

========================================================================


Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 231 / Friday, November 30, 2018 / 
Rules and Regulations

[[Page 61509]]



FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

12 CFR Part 210

[Regulation J; Docket No. R-1599]
RIN 7100-AE98


Collection of Checks and Other Items by Federal Reserve Banks and 
Funds Transfers Through Fedwire

AGENCY: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board) 
is publishing final amendments to Regulation J. The amendments clarify 
and simplify certain provisions Regulation J, remove obsolete 
provisions, and align the rights and obligations of sending banks, 
paying banks, and Federal Reserve Banks (Reserve Banks) with the 
Board's recent amendments to Regulation CC to reflect the virtually 
all-electronic check collection and return environment. The final rule 
also amends Regulation J to clarify that terms used in financial 
messaging standards, such as ISO 20022, do not confer legal status or 
responsibilities.

DATES: Effective January 1, 2019.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Clinton N. Chen, Senior Attorney (202) 
452-3952, Legal Division; or Ian C.B. Spear, Manager (202) 452-3959; 
Division of Reserve Bank Operations and Payment Systems; for users of 
Telecommunication Devices for the Deaf (TDD) only, contact 202-263-
4869; Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 20th and C 
Streets NW, Washington, DC 20551.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    Subpart A of Regulation J governs the collection of checks and 
other items by the Reserve Banks. This subpart includes the warranties 
and indemnities that are given to the Reserve Banks by parties that 
send items to the Reserve Banks for collection and return, as well as 
the warranties and indemnities for which the Reserve Banks are 
responsible in connection with the items they handle. Subpart A also 
describes the methods by which the Reserve Banks may recover for losses 
associated with their collection of items. Subpart A authorizes the 
Reserve Banks to issue operating circulars governing the details of the 
collection of checks and other items and provides that such operating 
circulars have binding effect on all parties interested in an item 
handled by a Reserve Bank. The Reserve Banks' Operating Circular No. 3, 
``Collection of Cash Items and Returned Checks'' (OC 3),\1\ is the 
operating circular that is most relevant to the Reserve Banks' check 
collection activities. Subpart B of Regulation J provides rules to 
govern funds transfers through the Reserve Banks' Fedwire Funds 
Service. This service is also governed by the Reserve Banks' Operating 
Circular No. 6, ``Funds Transfers through the Fedwire Funds Service'' 
(OC 6).\2\
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    \1\ See, https://www.frbservices.org/assets/resources/rules-regulations/072315-operating-circular-3.pdf.
    \2\ See, https://www.frbservices.org/assets/resources/rules-regulations/operating-circular-6-102917.pdf.
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II. Overview of Proposal and Comments

    In March 2018, the Board published a notice of proposed rulemaking 
(``proposal'') intended to align subpart A of Regulation J with the 
Board's 2017 amendments to Regulation CC and cross reference certain 
provisions (83 FR 11431). The proposal also included amendments to 
subpart B of Regulation J to clarify that terms used in financial 
messaging standards, such as ISO 20022, do not confer legal status or 
responsibilities. The Board received 25 comments in response to its 
proposal during the comment period from a variety of commenters, 
including financial institutions, trade associations, clearinghouses, 
and private individuals. The Board has considered all comments received 
and has adopted amendments to Regulation J as described below.

A. Alignment With Regulation CC Amendments Addressing Electronic Checks

    Under subpart A of Regulation J, Reserve Banks handle ``items,'' 
which are defined to include ``electronic items.'' Regulation J 
currently defines an ``electronic item'' as an electronic image of, and 
information describing, an item that a Reserve Bank agrees to handle 
pursuant to an operating circular. Regulation J also sets forth certain 
warranties provided to the Reserve Banks by the sender of an electronic 
item and certain warranties provided by the Reserve Banks when sending 
or presenting an electronic item. Specifically, Regulation J provides 
that for electronic items, the sender and the Reserve Banks make 
warranties (1) as set forth in the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.) and 
Regulation CC as if the electronic item were subject to their terms; 
and (2) similar to those made for substitute checks under the Check 21 
Act (``Check-21-like warranties''). Regulation J also currently 
provides similar provisions related to checks that are returned as 
electronic items.
    In 2017, the Board published a final rule amending Regulation CC to 
reflect the virtually all-electronic check collection and return 
environment (82 FR 27552). Among other things, the amendments created a 
regulatory framework for the collection and return of electronic items 
(i.e., electronic images and electronic information derived from a 
paper item) by defining the terms ``electronic check'' and ``electronic 
returned check,'' creating Check-21-like warranties for electronic 
checks and electronic returned checks, and applying existing paper-
check warranties to electronic checks and electronic returned checks.
    In its proposal, the Board proposed to remove the term ``electronic 
item'' from Regulation J and define ``check'' and ``returned check'' to 
include an electronic check and electronic returned check as defined in 
Sec.  229.2 of Regulation CC. The proposal defined the term ``item'' to 
include an electronic check as defined in Regulation CC. The Board also 
proposed to eliminate duplicative provisions by removing the Check-21-
like warranties currently provided under Regulation J by the sender and 
the Reserve Banks. Instead, the proposal provided that the sender of an 
item (including an electronic check) and the Reserve Banks would (as 
applicable and unless otherwise provided) make all the warranties and 
indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of subparts C and D 
in

[[Page 61510]]

Regulation CC. The Board proposed similar amendments to the provisions 
of Regulation J that currently address returning checks as electronic 
items.
    Commenters generally supported aligning Regulation J with 
Regulation CC's amendments regarding electronic checks. The Board 
received specific comments on cross referencing Regulation CC 
electronic check warranties and indemnities, which is discussed in 
detail in the relevant section-by-section analysis. The Board has 
revised proposed Sec. Sec.  210.6(b)(3) and 210.12(e) to extend the 
warranties with respect to electronic checks and electronic returned 
checks provided by Reserve Banks to the same scope of recipients as in 
Regulation CC, as discussed in detail in the relevant section-by-
section analyses.

B. Electronically Created Items

    In the 2017 amendments to Regulation CC, the Board included certain 
indemnities with respect to electronically-created items (ECIs), which 
are check-like items created in electronic form that never existed in 
paper form. ECIs can be difficult to distinguish from electronic images 
of paper checks. As a practical matter, a bank receiving an ECI often 
handles it as if it were derived from a paper check. However, because 
there was no original paper check corresponding to the ECI, the 
warranties, indemnities, and other provisions of Regulation CC would 
not apply to those items. As the Board explained in the 2017 Regulation 
CC amendments, the payee and the depositary bank are in the best 
position to know whether an item is electronically created and to 
prevent the item from entering the check-collection system. Therefore, 
to protect banks that receive ECIs during the check collection process, 
the Board's Regulation CC amendments provided indemnities that 
ultimately shift liability for losses to the depositary bank. These 
losses could arise because the ECI (1) is not derived from a paper 
check, (2) was unauthorized, or (3) was transferred or presented for 
payment more than once.\3\ As described above, the final rule cross 
references Regulation CC's warranties and indemnities in Regulation J, 
including Regulation CC's ECI indemnities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ 12 CFR 229.34(g) provides that each bank that transfers or 
presents an electronically-created item and receives a settlement or 
other consideration for it shall indemnify, as set forth in Sec.  
229.34(i), each transferee bank, any subsequent collecting bank, the 
paying bank, and any subsequent returning bank against losses that 
result from the fact that (1) the electronic image or electronic 
information is not derived from a paper check; (2) the person on 
whose account the electronically-created item is drawn did not 
authorize the issuance of the item in the amount stated on the item 
or to the payee stated on the item (for purposes of paragraph 
(g)(2), ``account'' includes an account as defined in Sec.  229.2(a) 
as well as a credit or other arrangement that allows a person to 
draw checks that are payable by, through, or at a bank); or (3) a 
person receives a transfer, presentment, or return of, or otherwise 
is charged for an electronically-created item such that the person 
is asked to make payment based on an item or check it has already 
paid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its proposal, the Board explained that although Regulation J 
does not explicitly address ECIs, the definition of item in Regulation 
J does not encompass ECIs and therefore Regulation J does not allow for 
the handling of ECIs by the Reserve Banks. Specifically, Regulation J 
defines an item, in part, as ``an instrument or a promise or order to 
pay money, whether negotiable or not'' that meets several other 
requirements.\4\ The terms ``instrument,'' ``promise,'' and ``order'' 
are defined under the U.C.C. as requiring a writing.\5\ Because they 
never existed in tangible form and therefore do not qualify as 
writings, ECIs are not ``items'' as defined in Regulation J.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ 12 CFR 210.2(i).
    \5\ Terms not otherwise defined in Regulation J or Regulation CC 
have the meanings set forth in the U.C.C. Under the U.C.C., 
``instrument'' means a ``negotiable instrument'' which is defined in 
part as ``unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount of 
money.'' U.C.C. 3-104. ``Promise'' is defined as ``a written 
undertaking to pay money signed by the person undertaking to pay.'' 
U.C.C. 3-103. ``Order'' is defined as ``a written instruction to pay 
money signed by the person giving the instruction.'' U.C.C. 3-103. 
``Writing'' and ``written'' are defined as including ``printing, 
typewriting, or any other intentional reduction to tangible form.'' 
U.C.C. 1-201.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To provide greater clarity that Regulation J does not allow for the 
handling of ECIs by the Reserve Banks, the Board proposed to amend the 
definition of ``item'' in subpart A of Regulation J to state explicitly 
that the term does not include an ECI as defined in Regulation CC. 
Furthermore, because Regulation J is intended to provide rules for the 
collection and return of items by the Reserve Banks, the Board proposed 
to allow the Reserve Banks to require senders to provide warranties and 
indemnities that only ``items'' and any ``noncash items'' the Reserve 
Banks have agreed to handle will be provided to the Reserve Banks. The 
Board's proposal also permitted the Reserve Banks to provide a 
subsequent collecting bank and a paying bank the warranties and 
indemnities provided by the sender. The Board requested comment on 
possible implications that this clarification and change related to 
ECIs in Regulation J may have on financial institutions or the industry 
more broadly. The Board also requested comment on whether, and to what 
extent, the Board should consider amending Regulation J as part of a 
future rulemaking to permit the Reserve Banks to accept ECIs.
    Three commenters, including a Federal Reserve Bank and a comment 
letter submitted by a group of trade associations (``group letter''), 
supported the Board's proposal on ECIs. The Reserve Bank commenter 
noted that it is aware that some advocates support allowing ECIs to be 
handled in the same manner as checks and has worked with these 
advocates to explore the possibility of making legal and operational 
changes to support ECIs. However, the Reserve Bank commenter stated 
that there is currently no consensus among industry participants to 
change laws or adopt standards necessary to support ECIs. In the 
absence of such laws and standards supporting ECIs, the Reserve Bank 
commenter believes that ECIs represent an unacceptable level of risk to 
financial institutions. Similarly, the group letter stated that ECIs 
lack legal status under existing laws and expose financial institutions 
to risks that cannot be effectively mitigated. The group letter stated 
that due to ECIs uncertain legal status, it is important to protect 
financial institutions that receive ECIs during the check collection 
process from damage or loss arising from the fact that ECIs are not 
derived from paper checks. Therefore, the group supported the Board's 
proposal to allow Reserve Banks to require senders to provide 
warranties and indemnities with respect to ECIs and did not support 
additional rulemaking to allow the handling of ECIs by the Reserve 
Banks.
    Fourteen commenters, including a joint commenter letter submitted 
by businesses, financial institutions, and industry associations 
(``joint letter''), generally did not support the Board's proposed 
amendments on ECIs. The joint letter stated that the Board's proposal 
concerning ECIs is not in line with the Board's recent payment system 
improvement efforts.\6\ Another commenter stated that the Board's 
proposal limited consumer choice because ECIs may be initiated by 
consumers that do not have access to a debit or credit card. Commenters 
stated that the Board's proposal discouraged the evolution of the check 
system to an all-electronic payment system that would result in lower 
barriers to entry, lower cost, increased speed, and increased parity 
among financial institutions. Two commenters requested

[[Page 61511]]

the Board to conduct further studies on ECIs. One commenter expressed 
concern that institutions would be unable to identify ECIs and 
requested that the Board provide guidance on how banks can recognize 
ECIs. Another commenter requested that the Board expressly set out 
rules for alternative methods of direct exchange of ECIs in its final 
rule and guidance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ The joint letter specifically cited the Federal Reserve's 
2013 consultation paper. The Federal Reserve Banks, Payment System 
Improvement--Public Consultation Paper (2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Board has considered the comments received and has adopted the 
amendments concerning ECIs as proposed in its final rule. The Board 
notes that numerous comments erroneously viewed the Board's proposed 
amendments as substantive modifications that created a new prohibition 
on ECIs. However, as discussed above, ECIs are not ``items'' under the 
Board's current Regulation J and therefore cannot be handled by the 
Reserve Banks. This exclusion of ECIs under current Regulation J is 
already reflected in current OC 3, which requires that an ``electronic 
item'' contain an image and data captured from a paper check. The 
Board's amendments to the definition of ``item'' are intended only to 
provide additional clarity regarding these existing exclusions and do 
not create any new prohibitions. The Board believes this existing 
exclusion shifts liability to parties better positioned to know whether 
a purported item is electronically created and that can either prevent 
the ECI from entering the check-collection system or assume the risk of 
sending it forward. Moreover, the Board's amendments would not prevent 
entities that desire to exchange ECIs from doing so by agreement using 
direct exchange relationships or other methods not involving the 
Reserve Banks.
    The Board appreciates comments regarding the Federal Reserve's 
payment system improvement efforts and continues to support 
technological innovation in the payments system. However, as set forth 
in the Federal Reserve's Strategies for Improving the U.S. Payment 
System paper,\7\ the Federal Reserve is committed to improving the 
speed and efficiency of the U.S. payment system from end-to-end while 
maintaining a high level of safety and accessibility. As explained in 
that paper, ``credit-push payments,'' which allow the paying bank to 
authenticate the customer and confirm ``good funds'' are available to 
support the transaction, have become the expectation when making 
electronic person-to-person, business-to-business and certain bill 
payments. Unlike ``credit-push payments,'' ``debit-pull payments'' such 
as ECIs have a higher risk profile because they generally do not have 
the same authentication processes and may allow unauthorized parties 
who have access to a payer's account information to fraudulently pull 
funds out of the payer's account. To date, there has not been the 
industry support or necessary investment to address the heightened risk 
profiles created by processing electronically-created debit instruments 
through the check collection system. Moreover, there is legal 
uncertainty as to the status of ECIs that are processed as if they were 
checks under the U.C.C. and the Electronic Funds Transfer Act. The 
Board believes that the heightened risk profile and legal uncertainty 
surrounding ECIs currently outweigh the potential benefits of ECIs 
mentioned by the commenters and, accordingly, will not conduct further 
studies on ECIs at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Federal Reserve System, Strategies for Improving the U.S. 
Payment System (2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Board does not believe it is appropriate to adopt guidance to 
clarify how banks can distinguish ECIs from electronic checks. As it 
stated in its proposal, the Board recognizes that a bank receiving an 
electronic image generally cannot distinguish an image that is derived 
from a paper check from an ECI. This inability to distinguish ECIs from 
electronic images of paper checks is the reason the Board adopted 
indemnities with respect to ECIs in Regulation CC. The parties in the 
best position to know whether a purported item is electronically 
created are also in the best position to assess and take on any 
associated risks that may arise from ECIs entering the check collection 
system and can also address such risk in agreements with their 
customers that deposit ECIs.

C. Settlement and Payment

    Regulation J currently provides that settlement with a Reserve Bank 
for cash items ``shall be made by debit to an account on the Reserve 
Bank's books, cash, or other form of settlement'' to which the Reserve 
Bank has agreed.\8\ With respect to noncash items, Regulation J 
provides that a Reserve Bank may require settlement by cash, by a debit 
to an account on a Reserve Bank's books or ``by any of the following 
that is in a form acceptable to the collecting Reserve Bank: Bank 
draft, transfer of funds or bank credit, or any other form of payment 
authorized by State law.'' \9\ Regulation J also currently provides 
that a Reserve Bank may require a nonbank payor to settle for items by 
cash, or by ``any of the following that is in a form acceptable to the 
Reserve Bank: Cashier's check, certified check, or other bank draft or 
obligation.'' \10\ In order to facilitate the efficient collection of 
items, the Reserve Banks' current practice is generally to settle for 
items by debit to an account on the Reserve Bank's books. The use of 
cash is rare, typically only done in emergency situations, and could be 
covered by a provision allowing ``other form of settlement to which the 
Reserve Bank agrees.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ 12 CFR 210.9(b)(5).
    \9\ 12 CFR 210.9(c).
    \10\ 12 CFR 210.9(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Board proposed to revise certain settlement provisions of 
Regulation J to remove references to cash and other specified forms of 
settlement (e.g., cashier's checks or certified checks) and instead 
state that the Reserve Banks may settle by a debit to an account on the 
Reserve Bank's books, or another form of settlement acceptable to the 
Reserve Banks. The Board requested comment on possible implications 
that the proposed changes may have on financial institutions with which 
the Reserve Banks settle for the presentment of items.
    The Board received one comment supporting the proposal and no 
opposing comments. The Board has adopted these amendments as proposed 
in the final rule.

D. Legal Status of Terms Used in Financial Messaging Standards

    Financial messaging standards provide a common format that allows 
different financial institutions to communicate. The Board has 
separately requested comment on the Federal Reserve Banks' plan to 
migrate to the ISO 20022 financial messaging standard for the Fedwire 
Funds Service.\11\ ISO 20022 is an international standard that employs 
terminology that differs in key respects from that used in U.S. funds-
transfer law, including Regulation J. The Board proposed an amendment 
to subpart B of Regulation J that would clarify that terms used in 
financial messaging standards, such as ISO 20022, do not confer or 
connote legal status or responsibilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ 83 FR 31391 (July 5, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Board received four comments supporting these proposed changes 
and no opposing comments. The Board has adopted these amendments as 
proposed.

[[Page 61512]]

III. Section-by-Section Analysis

Subpart A--Collection of Checks and Other Items by Federal Reserve 
Banks

Section 210.2 Definitions

1. Section 210.2(h)--Check
    Regulation J defines the term ``check'' as a draft as defined in 
the U.C.C. drawn on a bank and payable on demand. The Board proposed to 
revise the definition of ``check'' to mean a ``check'' and an 
``electronic check'' as those terms are defined in Regulation CC. This 
amendment aligns the terminology in the two regulations.
    Regulation J also includes the term ``check as defined in 12 CFR 
229.2(k)'' (the Regulation CC definition of ``check''). This term is 
used in Regulation J in those provisions that require specific 
references to the Regulation CC definition of ``check.'' (See 
Sec. Sec.  210.2(m), 210.7(b)(2), and 210.12(a)(2).) The Board proposed 
to delete the definition of ``check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k)'' 
because it was no longer needed in light of the proposed revision of 
the Regulation J definition of ``check'' to cross-reference the 
Regulation CC definition. The Board also proposed to revise the three 
provisions where it is used by deleting the reference to ``check as 
defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k).''
    Six commenters, including the group letter, were generally 
supportive of the Board's proposed changes to align Regulation J with 
Regulation CC. The Board did not receive specific comments on proposed 
Sec.  210.2(h) or any opposing comments. The Board has adopted these 
changes as proposed.
2. Section 210.2(i)--Item
    Regulation J uses the term ``item'' to refer to the instruments and 
electronic images that the Reserve Banks handle. Regulation J uses the 
term ``electronic item'' to refer to an electronic image of an item, 
and information describing that item, that a Reserve Bank agrees to 
handle as an item pursuant to an operating circular. To align the 
terminology of Regulation J with Regulation CC, the Board proposed to 
delete the definition of ``electronic item'' and revise the definition 
of ``item'' in Sec.  210.2(i) to include a check, which, under the 
proposed amendment discussed above would include both a check and an 
electronic check as defined in Regulation CC. The Board also proposed 
to add a clarifying statement that the term ``item'' does not include 
an ECI as defined in Sec.  229.2 of Regulation CC.
    Six commenters, including the group letter, were generally 
supportive of alignment between Regulation J and Regulation CC. With 
respect to ECIs in particular, three commenters supported the Board's 
proposed amendments, while fourteen commenters generally opposed 
amendments that restricted the Reserve Banks' handling of ECIs. For 
reasons described in the overview section, the Board has adopted Sec.  
210.2(i) as proposed.
3. Section 210.2(m)--Returned Check
    Current Sec.  210.2(m) defines a ``returned check'' as ``a cash 
item or a check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k) returned by a paying 
bank.'' To align the definition of ``returned check'' with ``check,'' 
the Board proposed to delete the reference to ``check as defined in 12 
CFR 229.2(k)'' and instead refer to the definition of ``electronic 
returned check'' in Regulation CC. The Board did not receive any 
comments on proposed Sec.  210.2(m). The Board has adopted these 
changes as proposed.
4. Section 210.2(n)--Sender
    A ``sender'' under Sec.  210.2(n) is any of several listed entities 
that sends an item to a Reserve Bank for forward collection. The Board 
proposed to add ``member bank, as defined in section 1 of the Federal 
Reserve Act'' in Sec.  210.2(n)(2) to include a bank or trust company 
that is a member of one of the Federal Reserve Banks to ensure 
inclusion of any member bank that does not fall under the existing 
definition. The Board proposed to redesignate current Sec.  
210.2(n)(2)-(6) to Sec.  210.2(n)(3)-(7) to accommodate the insertion.
    One commenter requested that the Board clarify whether its proposed 
changes to Sec.  210.2(n) would expand the types of institutions that 
may directly participate as a sender in the Fedwire services subject to 
subpart B of Regulation J, such as nondepository trust companies. The 
commenter noted that revising the definition of sender to capture 
member nondepository trust companies would prompt concerns regarding 
payment system risk with respect to access to Federal Reserve financial 
services. The Board's proposed changes to the definition of ``sender'' 
does not affect the rights of any particular type of entity to obtain 
access to Federal Reserve services. (In any case, the definition of 
``sender'' in Sec.  210.2(n) applies only to the collection of checks 
and other items by the Reserve Banks and not to the Fedwire Funds 
Service.) As stated in the Board's proposal, proposed Sec.  210.2(n) is 
intended to ensure inclusion of any member bank that does not fall 
under the existing list of entities that send items to a Reserve Bank 
for forward collection. Whether any particular member bank, including a 
nondepository trust company, obtains an account and access to Reserve 
Bank check services continues to be governed by existing laws, rules, 
and policies, including the Federal Reserve Act, the Board's Policy on 
Payment System Risk and the Reserve Banks' internal risk analysis. The 
Board intends no expansion of rights by this technical change. The 
Board has adopted the amendments as proposed.
5. Section 210.2(q)--Fedwire
    Current Sec.  210.2(q) defines ``Fedwire'' as having the same 
meaning set forth in Sec.  210.26(e). The Board proposed to amend this 
definition to refer to both ``Fedwire Funds Service and Fedwire'' to 
conform to the proposed amendment to Sec.  210.26(e). The Board did not 
receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.2(q) and has adopted the 
revisions as proposed.

Section 210.3 General Provisions

    Section 210.3(a) provides general provisions concerning the 
obligations of Reserve Banks and the role of operating circulars. As 
discussed in the overview section on ECIs, the Board proposed to add a 
sentence to Sec.  210.3(a) to permit Reserve Banks to require a sender 
to provide warranties and indemnities that only items and any noncash 
items the Reserve Banks have agreed to handle will be sent to the 
Reserve Banks. Additionally, in order to allow the Reserve Banks to 
pass any such warranties and indemnities forward, the Board proposed to 
authorize the Reserve Banks to provide to a subsequent collecting bank 
and to the paying bank any warranties and indemnities provided by the 
sender pursuant to this paragraph.
    The Board received one comment, the group letter, supporting the 
proposal. The Board did not receive any comments opposing these 
particular amendments, although as discussed in the overview section, 
fourteen commenters generally opposed amendments that restricted the 
Reserve Banks' handling of ECIs. For the reasons described in the 
overview section, the Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Section 210.4 Sending Items to Reserve Banks

    Section 210.4(a) sets forth the rule for determining the Reserve 
Bank to which an item should be sent. The Board proposed to clarify 
this paragraph to provide that a sender's Administrate Reserve Bank may 
direct a sender (other than a Reserve Bank) to send any item to a 
specified Reserve Bank, whether or

[[Page 61513]]

not the item is payable in the Reserve Bank's district. This amendment 
reflects current practice in the Reserve Banks' check service and is 
not expected or intended to have a substantive affect. The Board also 
proposed to capitalize the term ``Administrative Reserve Bank'' 
wherever it appears to conform to the defined term in Sec.  210.2(c).
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.4 and 
has adopted the revisions as proposed.

Section 210.5 Sender's Agreement; Recovery by Reserve Bank

1. Section 210.5(a)--Sender's Agreement
    Current Sec.  210.5(a) lists the warranties, authorizations, and 
agreements made by a sender. The first two paragraphs (current Sec.  
210.5(a)(1) and (2)) apply to all items and require the sender to 
authorize the Reserve Banks to handle the item sent and warrant that 
the sender is entitled to enforce the item, that the item has not been 
altered, and that the item bears the indorsements applied by all prior 
parties. The Board did not propose to revise these paragraphs. Current 
Sec.  210.5(a)(3) and (4) set out warranties for electronic items and 
electronic items that are not representations of substitute checks, 
respectively. These warranties are now specified in Regulation CC, and 
the Board proposed to revise Regulation J accordingly. Specifically, 
the Board proposed to amend Sec.  210.5(a)(3) to require the sender to 
make all applicable warranties and indemnities set forth in Regulation 
CC and the U.C.C. The proposal retained the existing requirement that 
the sender make all warranties set forth in and subject to the terms of 
U.C.C. 4-207 for an electronic check as if it were an item subject to 
the U.C.C. The proposed changes were intended to streamline Regulation 
J, align Sec.  210.5(a) with the Regulation CC provisions that set out 
warranties and indemnities for electronic checks, and ensure a seamless 
chain of warranties for the items handled by the Reserve Banks.
    The Board also proposed to require a sender to make any warranties 
or indemnities regarding the sending of items that the Reserve Banks 
include in an operating circular issued in accordance with Sec.  
210.3(a) to ensure that only items and any noncash items the Reserve 
Banks have agreed to handle will be sent to the Reserve Banks (proposed 
Sec.  210.5(a)(4)). Finally, the Board proposed to add a reference to 
``indemnities'' to the introductory text of Sec.  210.5(a) to reflect 
the coverage of sender indemnities in proposed Sec.  210.5(a)(3) and 
(4).
    One commenter, the group letter, requested that the Board add 
commentary concerning the cross referencing of Regulation CC's image 
quality warranty. Under Regulation CC, each bank that transfers an 
electronic check warrants that ``the electronic image accurately 
represents all of the information on the front and back of the original 
check as of the time the original check was truncated and the 
electronic information includes an accurate record of all MICR line 
information required for a substitute check under Sec.  229.2(aa) and 
the amount of the check.'' \12\ The group letter requests that the 
Board add commentary in Regulation J to clarify that the warranty does 
not require that the electronic check capture those characteristics of 
the paper check, such as watermarks, microprinting, or other physical 
security features, that cannot survive the imaging process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ 12 CFR 229.34(a)(1)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Board acknowledges that the warranty in Sec.  229.34(a)(1)(i) 
does not require that the electronic check capture those 
characteristics of the paper check that cannot survive the imaging 
process. The commentary to Sec.  229.34(a)(1)(i) states that the 
electronic check warranties correspond to the warranties made by a bank 
that transfers, presents, or returns a substitute check.\13\ The 
commentary to the corresponding substitute check warranty states ``a 
substitute check need not capture other characteristics of the check, 
such as watermarks, microprinting, or other physical security features 
that cannot survive the imaging process or decorative images, in order 
to meet the accuracy requirement.'' \14\ The Board's amendments to 
Regulation J requiring the sender to make all applicable warranties and 
indemnities set forth in Regulation CC also cross reference the 
relevant commentary in Regulation CC. Accordingly, the Board does not 
believe it is necessary to add additional commentary in Regulation J 
and adopts the revisions as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ See Regulation CC, Official Staff Commentary Section 
229.34(a)-2.
    \14\ See Regulation CC, Official Staff Commentary Section 
229.51(a)-3; see also First Am. Bank v. Fed. Reserve Bank of 
Atlanta, 842 F.3d 487 (7th Cir. 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Section 210.5(a)(5)--Sender's Liability to Reserve Bank
    Current Sec.  210.5(a)(5) sets out the sender's liability to 
Reserve Banks. The Board proposed to amend this paragraph to align this 
paragraph to changes elsewhere in the proposed rule.
    Current Sec.  210.5(a)(5)(i)(C) states that the sender agrees to 
indemnify the Reserve Bank for any loss or expense resulting from 
``[a]ny warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under Sec.  
210.6(b), part 229 of this chapter, or the U.C.C.'' The Board proposed 
to amend this provision to provide that the sender will also indemnify 
a Reserve Bank for any loss or expense sustained resulting from any 
warranties and indemnities regarding the sending of ``items'' required 
by the Reserve Bank in an operating circular issued pursuant to 
proposed Sec.  210.3(a).
    Current Sec.  210.5(a)(5)(ii) specifies conditions and limitations 
to a sender's liability for warranties and indemnities that a Reserve 
Bank makes for a substitute check, a paper or electronic representation 
thereof, or any other electronic item. The Board proposed to delete the 
term ``electronic item'' in current Sec.  210.5(a)(5)(ii) and replace 
it with ``electronic check.''
    Current Sec.  210.5(a)(5)(ii)(A) provides that a sender of an 
original check is not liable for any amount that the Reserve Bank pays 
under subpart D of Regulation CC for a subsequently created substitute 
check or under Sec.  210.6(b)(3) for an electronic item, absent the 
sender's agreement to the contrary. The Board proposed to delete the 
reference to current Sec.  210.6(b)(3), which lists warranties and an 
indemnity for an electronic item that is not a representation of a 
substitute check, and replace it with a reference to Sec.  229.34 of 
Regulation CC with respect to an electronic check, consistent with 
other proposed amendments to Sec.  210.6(b) described below.
    Current Sec.  210.5(a)(5)(ii)(B) provides that nothing in 
Regulation J alters the liability structure that applies to substitute 
checks and paper or electronic representations of substitute checks 
under subpart D of Regulation CC. The Board proposed to add that this 
subpart also does not alter the liability of a sender of an electronic 
check under Sec.  229.34 of Regulation CC, consistent with the other 
proposed revisions to Regulation J.
    Current Sec.  210.5(a)(5)(ii)(C) provides that a sender of an 
electronic item that is not a representation of a substitute check is 
not liable for any related warranties or indemnities that a Reserve 
Bank pays that are attributable to the Reserve Bank's own lack of good 
faith or failure to exercise ordinary care. The Board proposed to 
broaden this provision by applying the limitation on liability to all 
senders for any amount that the Reserve Bank pays that is attributable 
to the Reserve Bank's own lack of good faith or failure to exercise

[[Page 61514]]

ordinary care under Regulation J or Regulation CC. The Board proposed 
to redesignate this paragraph as Sec.  210.5(a)(5)(iii) and make 
conforming changes to cross-references.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.5(a). 
As discussed in the overview section, the Board received numerous 
comments generally supporting aligning Regulation J with Regulation CC. 
The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.
3. Section 210.5(c) & (d)--Recovery by Reserve Bank and Methods of 
Recovery
    Section 210.5(c) sets out the procedures by which a Reserve Bank 
may recover against a sender if certain actions or proceedings related 
to the sender's actions are brought against (or defense is tendered to) 
a Reserve Bank. A portion of this paragraph was inadvertently dropped 
from the Code of Federal Regulations. The Board proposed to reinstate 
the dropped language, which provides that, upon entry of a final 
judgment or decree, a Reserve Bank may recover from the sender the 
amount of attorneys' fees and other expenses of litigation incurred, as 
well as any amount the Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the 
judgment or decree or the tender of defense, with interest. In 
addition, the Board proposed to correct cross-references to this 
provision in Sec.  210.5(d).
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.5(c) & 
(d). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.
4. Section 210.5(e)--Security Interest
    Current Sec.  210.5(e) provides that when a sender sends an item to 
a Reserve Bank, the sender and any prior collecting bank grant to the 
sender's Administrative Reserve Bank a security interest in all of 
their respective assets in the possession of, or held for the account 
of, any Reserve Bank to secure their respective obligations due or to 
become due to the Administrative Reserve Bank under this subpart or 
subpart C of part 229 (Regulation CC). The Board proposed to amend this 
paragraph to refer to subpart D of Regulation CC in addition to subpart 
C, as senders may have obligations to Reserve Banks under that subpart 
as well.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.5(e). 
The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Section 210.6 Status, Warranties, and Liability of Reserve Bank

1. Section 210.6(a)(2)--Limitations on Reserve Bank Liability
    Section 210.6(a)(2) limits a Reserve Bank's liability with respect 
to an item to three instances: (1) The Reserve Bank's own lack of good 
faith or failure to exercise ordinary care, (2) as provided in this 
section of Regulation J, and (3) as provided in subparts C and D of 
Regulation CC. The Board proposed to expand this list to provide that a 
Reserve Bank may be liable under any warranties and indemnities 
provided in an operating circular issued in accordance with Sec.  
210.3(a) regarding the sending of items.
    The Board received one comment, the group letter, supporting its 
proposal to allow the Reserve Banks to address warranties and 
indemnities for eligible items and non-cash items in the operating 
circular. The Board did not receive any opposing comments. The Board 
has adopted these revisions as proposed.
2. Section 210.6(b)--Warranties and Liability
    Section 210.6(b) sets forth the warranties and indemnities made by 
a Reserve Bank when it presents or sends an item. In alignment with the 
Board's proposed amendments to the sender's warranties in Sec.  
210.5(a), the Board proposed to replace current Sec.  210.6(b)(2) and 
(3), which provide warranties and indemnities for electronic items and 
electronic items that are not representations of substitute checks, 
respectively. Those warranties are now covered by Regulation CC. The 
Board also proposed to make a conforming amendment to Sec.  
210.6(b)(1)(iii) to eliminate the unnecessary reference to ``paper or 
electronic form.''
    The Board proposed a new Sec.  210.6(b)(2) to provide that a 
Reserve Bank would make any warranties or indemnities regarding the 
sending of items as set forth in an operating circular issued pursuant 
to proposed Sec.  210.3(a). This language corresponds to the similar 
proposed provision for sender liability in Sec.  210.5(a)(4).
    The Board proposed a new Sec.  210.6(b)(3) to provide that the 
Reserve Bank makes to a subsequent collecting bank and to the paying 
bank all the warranties and indemnities set forth in subparts C and D 
for Regulation CC. Proposed Sec.  210.6(b)(3) would retain the existing 
application of U.C.C. 4-207 warranties to electronic items (now called 
electronic checks).
    In Sec.  210.6(b)(4), the Board proposed to retain the existing 
Reserve Bank indemnity for substitute checks created from electronic 
checks, which is in current Sec.  210.6(b)(3)(ii). This provision 
provides an indemnity chain for substitute check indemnity claims under 
Regulation CC, enabling receiving banks (and, in turn, Reserve Banks) 
to pass the loss on such claims to the bank whose choice to handle an 
item electronically necessitated the later creation of a substitute 
check.
    The Board received one comment, the group letter, on proposed Sec.  
210.6(b)(3). The group letter noted that the persons that receive the 
electronic check warranties from the Reserve Banks appeared to be more 
limited than the persons that receive the electronic check warranties 
under Regulation CC. Specifically, proposed Sec.  210.6(b)(3) does not 
extend the electronic check warranties to the drawer of the check on 
the forward side, unlike the warranties in Regulation CC. The group 
letter noted, however, that proposed Sec.  210.6(a)(2)(iv) provides 
that a Reserve Bank does not assume any liability with respect to an 
item or its proceeds ``except as provided under subparts C and D of 
Regulation CC.'' The group letter requested that the Board clearly 
require that the Reserve Banks provide the same scope and recipients of 
the new electronic check warranties in Regulation J as provided under 
Regulation CC.
    The Board agrees with the group letter that Reserve Banks should 
provide the electronic check and electronic returned check warranties 
to the same scope of recipients in Regulation J as in Regulation CC, 
including to drawers and owners of checks. The Board believes that 
extending the warranties to the drawers and owners is consistent with 
the warranty flow set forth in section 5 of the Check 21 Act for 
substitute checks and will protect parties outside the banking system 
from any undesirable consequences resulting from check truncation. The 
Board has revised proposed Sec.  210.6(b)(3) accordingly in the final 
rule. Otherwise, the Board has adopted Sec.  210.6(b) as proposed, with 
minor revisions to correct typographical errors in Sec.  210.6(b)(2) & 
(3).
3. Section 210.6(c)--Limitation on Liability
    The limitations on Reserve Bank liability are set forth in proposed 
(and current) Sec.  210.6(a)(2). The Board proposed to delete paragraph 
(c) as it is redundant and to redesignate current paragraph (d) as 
paragraph (c). The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  
210.6(c). The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.

[[Page 61515]]

Section 210.7 Presenting Items for Payment

    Section 210.7(b) provides the places of presentment for a Reserve 
Bank or subsequent collecting bank. Current Sec.  210.7(b)(2) states 
``In the case of a check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k), in accordance 
with 12 CFR 229.36.'' In alignment with the Board's proposed deletion 
of the defined term ``check as defined in 12 CFR 229.2(k),'' the Board 
proposed to delete the use of that term in Sec.  210.7(b)(2), as it is 
no longer needed, and make other minor edits.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.7. The 
Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Section 210.9 Settlement and Payment

1. Section 210.9(b)(5), (c), and (d)--Manner of Settlement, Noncash 
Items, and Nonbank Payor
    Current Sec.  210.9(b)(5) requires that settlement for cash items 
with a Reserve Bank be made by debit to an account on the Reserve 
Bank's books, cash, or other form of settlement to which the Reserve 
Bank agrees. The Board proposed to amend this provision by removing the 
reference to cash as a means of settlement. The Board also proposed to 
make conforming amendments to Sec.  210.9(c) and (d), as well as to 
remove the references to other rarely-used forms of settlement 
(cashier's checks, certified checks, or other bank drafts or 
obligations). The Board proposed to correct cross-references and to 
capitalize the term ``Administrative Reserve Bank'' wherever it appears 
to conform to the defined term in Sec.  210.2(c).
    As discussed in the overview section, the Board received one 
comment, the group letter, supporting the proposal. The Board did not 
receive any opposing comments. The Board has adopted the revisions as 
proposed.
2. Section 210.9(e)--Handling of Payment
    Current Sec.  210.9(e) states that a Reserve Bank may handle a bank 
draft or other form of payment it receives in payment of a cash item as 
a cash item and that a Reserve Bank may handle a bank draft or other 
form of payment it receives in payment of a noncash item as either a 
cash item or a noncash item. The Board proposed to delete this 
paragraph as it is now obsolete.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.9(e) 
and has deleted this paragraph as proposed.
3. Section 210.9(f)--Liability of Reserve Bank
    Current Sec.  210.9(f) states that a Reserve Bank that acts in good 
faith and exercises ordinary care shall not be liable for the 
nonpayment of, or failure to realize upon, any bank draft or other form 
of payment that it accepts pursuant to Sec.  210.9(b)-(d). The Board 
proposed to renumber this paragraph as Sec.  210.9(e) and to replace 
the reference to ``bank draft or other form of payment'' with ``any 
non-cash form of payment'' to conform to the proposed changes to the 
other provisions of this section.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.9(f). 
The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Section 210.10 Time Schedule and Availability of Credits for Cash Items 
and Returned Checks

    Section 210.10(a) states that each Reserve Bank shall ``include in 
its operating circulars'' its time schedules for availability of cash 
items and returned checks and, correspondingly, when credits can be 
counted toward reserve balance requirements for purposes of Regulation 
D (12 CFR part 204). The Reserve Banks' practice is to publish the time 
schedules on the Federal Reserve website for financial services. 
Accordingly, the Board proposed to amend this paragraph to delete the 
requirement that time schedules be included in the operating circulars 
and, instead, require only that the time schedules be published.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.10. 
The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Section 210.11 Availability of Proceeds of Noncash Items; Time Schedule

1. Section 210.11(b)--Time Schedule
    Section 210.11(b) states that a Reserve Bank may give credit for 
the proceeds of a noncash item subject to payment in actually and 
finally collected funds in accordance with a time schedule included in 
its operating circulars. To conform to amendments made in proposed 
Sec.  210.10, the Board proposed to delete the reference to operating 
circulars and require only that the time schedule be published.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.11(b). 
The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.
2. Section 210.11(c)--Handling of Payment
    Current Sec.  210.11(c) prohibits a Reserve Bank from providing 
credit for a bank draft or other form of payment for a noncash item 
until it receives payment in actually and finally collected funds. The 
Board proposed to delete this paragraph, as actually and finally 
collected funds are already required by Sec.  210.11(a).
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.11(c) 
and has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Section 210.12 Return of Cash Items and Handling of Returned Checks

    Section 210.12 sets out provisions governing the handling of 
returned checks. It is the counterpart to Sec. Sec.  210.5 and 210.6, 
which govern the handling of items for forward collection.
1. Section 210.12(a)--Return of Items
    Current Sec.  210.12(a)(2) sets out the procedures by which a 
paying bank may return checks not handled by Reserve Banks and refers 
to ``check as defined in Sec.  229.2(k) of this chapter (Regulation 
CC).'' In alignment with the Board's proposal to delete the defined 
term ``check as defined in Sec.  229.2(k)'' in Sec.  210.2(h), the 
Board proposed to delete the use of this term in this paragraph, as it 
is no longer needed, and to use the term ``check'' instead.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.12(a) 
and has adopted these revisions as proposed.
2. Section 210.12(c)--Paying Bank's and Returning Bank's Agreement
    Current Sec.  210.12(c) provides the warranties, authorizations, 
and agreements related to returned checks made by paying banks and 
returning banks. The Board proposed amendments to this paragraph that 
are parallel to the proposed amendments for forward-collection items 
with respect to the liability of the sender (Sec.  210.5(a)(3)) and the 
Reserve Banks (Sec.  210.6(b)(2)). Specifically, the Board proposed to 
replace current Sec.  210.12(c)(3) and (4), which provide warranties 
for all returned checks that are electronic items and warranties for 
returned checks that are electronic items that are not representations 
of substitute checks, respectively, with a provision that requires the 
paying bank or returning bank to make all the warranties and 
indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC, as applicable (proposed 
Sec.  210.12(c)(3)).
    Current Sec.  210.12(c)(5) sets out the conditions under which a 
paying bank

[[Page 61516]]

or returning bank is liable to a Reserve Bank. The Board proposed to 
redesignate this paragraph as Sec.  210.12(c)(4) and amend the 
paragraph to correspond with the proposed amendments to the section on 
sender's liability to a Reserve Bank (Sec.  210.5(a)(4)). The proposed 
amendments were intended to create consistent liability provisions for 
senders, paying banks, and returning banks.
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.12(c) 
and has adopted these revisions as proposed, with a minor revision to 
correct a typographical error in Sec.  210.12(c)(1).
3. Section 210.12(d)--Liability Under Other Law
    Current Sec.  210.12(d) is titled ``Preservation of other 
warranties and indemnities.'' The Board proposed to change the title of 
this paragraph to ``Returning bank's or paying bank's liability under 
other law'' to mirror the heading for the corresponding paragraph for 
senders (Sec.  210.5(b)).
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.12(d). 
The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.
4. Section 210.12(e)--Warranties by and Liability of Reserve Bank
    Current Sec.  210.12(e) sets forth a Reserve Bank's liability when 
it handles a returned check, including warranties and liabilities. The 
Board proposed to amend this paragraph to correspond to the amendments 
proposed in Sec.  210.6(b) related to the warranties and liabilities 
that are made by Reserve Banks when presenting or sending an item.
    The Board receive one comment, the group letter, on proposed Sec.  
210.12(e). Corresponding to the comment discussed in the section-by-
section analysis for Sec.  210.6(b)(3), the group letter stated that 
the proposed Regulation J does not extend the electronic check 
warranties for returns to the owner of the check, unlike the warranties 
in Regulation CC. The group letter requested that the Board require the 
Reserve Banks provide in Regulation J the same scope and recipients of 
the new electronic check warranties as provided under Regulation CC.
    For the reasons described in the section-by-section analysis for 
Sec.  210.6(b), the Board has revised proposed Sec.  210.12(e)(ii) to 
extend the warranties for electronic returned checks provided by 
Reserve Banks to the same scope of recipients as provided in Regulation 
CC. The Board has also revised proposed Sec.  210.12(e)(2)(i) to 
correct a typographical error.
5. Section 210.12(f) & (g)--Recovery by Reserve Bank & Methods of 
Recovery
    Section 210.12(f) parallels Sec.  210.5(c) and sets out the 
procedures by which a Reserve Bank may recover against a paying bank or 
returning bank if certain actions or proceedings related to the paying 
bank's or returning bank's actions are brought against (or defense is 
tendered to) a Reserve Bank. A portion of this paragraph was 
inadvertently dropped from the Code of Federal Regulations. The Board 
proposed to reinstate the dropped language, which provides that, upon 
entry of a final judgment or decree, a Reserve Bank may recover from 
the paying bank or returning bank the amount of attorneys' fees and 
other expenses of litigation incurred, as well as any amount the 
Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the judgment or decree or 
the tender of defense, with interest. In addition, the Board proposed 
to correct cross-references and make organizational changes in Sec.  
210.12(g).
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.12(f) 
& (g) and has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Subpart B--Funds Transfers Through Fedwire

Section 210.25 Authority, Purpose, and Scope

    Section 210.25 sets out the authority, purpose, and scope for 
subpart B of Regulation J, which governs Fedwire funds transfers. The 
Board proposed to add a new Sec.  210.25(e) to clarify that financial 
messaging standards (e.g., ISO 20022), including the financial 
messaging components, elements, technical documentation, tags, and 
terminology used to implement those standards, do not confer or connote 
legal status or responsibilities. The proposed amendment would specify 
that Regulation J, Article 4A of the U.C.C., and the operating 
circulars of the Reserve Banks govern the rights and obligations of 
parties to the Fedwire Funds Service and supersede any inconsistency 
between a financial messaging standard adopted by the Fedwire Funds 
Service. The proposal would also make a conforming change to Sec.  
210.25(b)(2). Additionally, the Board proposed to add in the commentary 
examples of inconsistent terminology between the ISO 20022 financial 
messaging standard and U.S. funds transfer law.
    The Board received four comments supporting these proposed changes 
and no opposing comments. The Board has adopted these amendments as 
proposed.

Section 210.26 Definitions

    Section 210.2(e) defines the term ``Fedwire'' to mean the funds-
transfer system owned and operated by the Federal Reserve Banks that is 
used primarily for the transmission and settlement of payment orders 
governed by subpart B. The Board proposed to amend this definition so 
that it applies to the official title of the service, ``Fedwire Funds 
Service,'' as well as the shorthand term ``Fedwire.'' The Board also 
proposed to change references to ``Fedwire'' to ``Fedwire Funds 
Service'' in Sec. Sec.  210.9(b)(4)(i), 210.25(a) and (b)(3), and 
210.29(b).
    The Board did not receive any comments on proposed Sec.  210.26 and 
has adopted these revisions as proposed.

Section 210.32 Federal Reserve Bank Liability; Payment of Interest

    Current Sec.  210.32 sets out provisions that govern Federal 
Reserve Bank liability and payment of interest. Section 210.32(b) 
provides that compensation that is paid by Federal Reserve Banks in the 
form of interest shall be calculated in accordance with section 4A-506 
of Article 4A. Under section 4A-506(a), the amount of interest may be 
determined by agreement between the sender and receiving bank or by 
funds-transfer system rule. If there is no such agreement, under 
section 4A-506(b), the amount of interest is based on the federal funds 
rate. The current commentary to Sec.  210.32(b) states that ``Interest 
would be calculated in accordance with the procedures specified in 
section 4A-506(b).'' The Board proposed to delete this statement and 
rearrange the commentary to clarify that interest can be calculated in 
accordance with both section 4A-506(a) and (b).
    The Board did not receive any comments on the proposed commentary 
to Sec.  210.32. The Board has adopted these revisions as proposed.

IV. Competitive Impact Analysis

    The Board conducts a competitive impact analysis when it considers 
an operational or legal change, if that change would have a direct and 
material adverse effect on the ability of other service providers to 
compete with the Federal Reserve in providing similar services due to 
legal differences or due to the Federal Reserve's dominant market 
position deriving from such legal differences. All operational or legal 
changes having a substantial effect on payments-system participants 
will be

[[Page 61517]]

subject to a competitive-impact analysis, even if competitive effects 
are not apparent on the face of the proposal. If such legal differences 
exist, the Board will assess whether the same objectives could be 
achieved by a modified proposal with lesser competitive impact or, if 
not, whether the benefits of the proposal (such as contributing to 
payments-system efficiency or integrity or other Board objectives) 
outweigh the materially adverse effect on competition.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ Federal Reserve Regulatory Service, 7-145.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Board does not believe that the amendments to Regulation J will 
have a direct and material adverse effect on the ability of other 
service providers to compete effectively with the Reserve Banks in 
providing similar services due to legal differences. The final rule 
would align the provisions in Regulation J governing Reserve Bank 
services to the generally applicable provisions in Regulation CC. The 
final rule would not affect the competitive position of private-sector 
presenting banks vis-[agrave]-vis the Reserve Banks.

V. The Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 
1994

    The Riegle Community Development Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 
requires that agency regulations that impose additional reporting, 
disclosure, and other requirements on insured depository institutions 
take effect on the first calendar quarter following publication in 
final form, unless the agency determines for good cause that the 
regulation should become effective before such time. 12 U.S.C. 4802(b). 
Consistent with the Riegle Community Development Act, this final rule 
is effective on January 1, 2019.

VI. Paperwork Reduction Act

    In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995 (44 
U.S.C. 3506; 5 CFR part 1320, appendix A.1), the Board may not conduct 
or sponsor, and a respondent is not required to respond to, an 
information collection unless it displays a valid Office of Management 
and Budget (OMB) control number. The Board reviewed the final rule 
under the authority delegated to the Board by the OMB and determined 
that it contains no collections of information under the PRA.\16\ 
Accordingly, there is no paperwork burden associated with the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ See 44 U.S.C. 3502(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VII. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    An initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) was included in 
the proposal in accordance with section 3(a) of the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. (RFA). In the IRFA, the 
Board requested comment on the effect of the proposed rule on small 
entities and on any significant alternatives that would reduce the 
regulatory burden on small entities. The Board did not receive any 
comments. The RFA requires an agency to prepare a final regulatory 
flexibility analysis (FRFA) unless the agency certifies that the rule 
will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. In accordance with section 3(a) 
of the RFA, the Board has reviewed the final regulation. Based on its 
analysis, and for the reasons stated below, the Board certifies that 
the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities.
    The final rule will apply to all depository institutions regardless 
of their size.\17\ Pursuant to regulations issued by the Small Business 
Administration (13 CFR 121.201), a ``small banking organization'' 
includes a depository institution with $550 million or less in total 
assets. Based on call report data, there are approximately 9,631 
depository institutions that have total domestic assets of $550 million 
or less and thus are considered small entities for purposes of the RFA. 
The Board's final rule generally does not have any projected reporting, 
recordkeeping or other compliance requirements, as the revisions to 
Regulation J align the rights and obligations of sending banks, paying 
banks, and Federal Reserve Banks (Reserve Banks) with the Board's 
recent amendments to Regulation CC. The final rule's warranties and 
indemnities are similar to the warranties and indemnities that apply to 
paper and electronic checks under existing Regulation J and other law. 
The final rule does not require any bank to change the form in which it 
submits checks, nor do they require any bank to submit reports, 
maintain records, or provide notices or disclosures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ The final rule would not impose costs on any small entities 
other than depository institutions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to ECIs, provisions in the final rule would allow the 
Reserve Banks to require that senders provide certain warranties and 
indemnities. The Board recognizes these provisions may affect the 
creation and acceptance of ECIs by small entities. Neither Regulation J 
nor Regulation CC would prevent private-sector collecting banks from 
doing the same. In addition, the Board's final rule would not prevent 
small entities that desire to exchange ECIs from doing so by agreement 
using direct exchange relationships or other methods not involving the 
Reserve Banks. The Board believes the final rule will help to shift 
liability to parties better positioned to know whether an item is 
electronically created and that can either prevent the item from 
entering the check-collection system or assume the risk of sending it 
forward.
    Furthermore, the Board does not expect the amendments that remove 
references to cash and other specified forms of settlement to burden 
small entities, as the use of cash as settlement is rare and typically 
only done in emergency situations. The Board's final rule will allow 
use of cash as settlement in emergency situations by continuing to 
permit other forms of settlement to which the Reserve Banks agree. The 
Board does not expect the rule to have a significant economic impact on 
a substantial number of small entities.

List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 210

    Banks, Banking, Federal Reserve System.

Authority and Issuance

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Board amends 12 CFR 
part 210 as follows:

PART 210--COLLECTION OF CHECKS AND OTHER ITEMS BY FEDERAL RESERVE 
BANKS AND FUNDS TRANSFERS THROUGH FEDWIRE (REGULATION J)

0
1. The authority citation for part 210 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 248 (i), (j), and (o); 12 U.S.C. 342; 12 
U.S.C. 360; 12 U.S.C. 464; 12 U.S.C. 4001-4010; 12 U.S.C. 5001-5018.


0
2. In part 210, revise all references to ``article 4A'' to read 
``Article 4A.''

Subpart A--Collection of Checks and Other Items by Federal Reserve 
Banks

0
3. In Sec.  210.2, revise paragraphs (h), (i), (m), (n), (q), and 
(s)(1) to read as follows:


Sec.  210.2  Definitions.

* * * * *
    (h) Check means a check or an electronic check, as those terms are 
defined in Sec.  229.2 of this chapter (Regulation CC).
    (i) Item. (1) Means--
    (i) An instrument or a promise or order to pay money, whether 
negotiable or not, that is--
    (A) Payable in a Federal Reserve District \1\ (District);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ For purposes of this subpart, the Virgin Islands and Puerto 
Rico are deemed to be in the Second District, and Guam, American 
Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Twelfth District.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 61518]]

    (B) Sent by a sender to a Reserve Bank for handling under this 
subpart; and
    (C) Collectible in funds acceptable to the Reserve Bank of the 
District in which the instrument is payable; or
    (ii) A check.
    (2) Unless otherwise indicated, item includes both a cash and a 
noncash item, and includes a returned check sent by a paying or 
returning bank. Item does not include a check that cannot be collected 
at par, or a payment order as defined in Sec.  210.26(i) and handled 
under subpart B of this part. The term also does not include an 
electronically-created item as defined in Sec.  229.2 of this chapter 
(Regulation CC).
* * * * *
    (m) Returned check means a cash item returned by a paying bank, 
including an electronic returned check as defined in Sec.  229.2 of 
this chapter (Regulation CC) and a notice of nonpayment in lieu of a 
returned check, whether or not a Reserve Bank handled the check for 
collection.
    (n) Sender means any of the following entities that sends an item 
to a Reserve Bank for forward collection--
    (1) A depository institution, as defined in section 19(b) of the 
Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 461(b));
    (2) A member bank, as defined in section 1 of the Federal Reserve 
Act (12 U.S.C. 221);
    (3) A clearing institution, defined as--
    (i) An institution that is not a depository institution but that 
maintains with a Reserve Bank the balance referred to in the first 
paragraph of section 13 of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 342); or
    (ii) A corporation that maintains an account with a Reserve Bank in 
conformity with Sec.  211.4 of this chapter (Regulation K);
    (4) Another Reserve Bank;
    (5) An international organization for which a Reserve Bank is 
empowered to act as depositary or fiscal agent and maintains an 
account;
    (6) A foreign correspondent, defined as any of the following 
entities for which a Reserve Bank maintains an account: A foreign bank 
or banker, a foreign state as defined in section 25(b) of the Federal 
Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 632), or a foreign correspondent or agency 
referred to in section 14(e) of that act (12 U.S.C. 358); or
    (7) A branch or agency of a foreign bank maintaining reserves under 
section 7 of the International Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 347d, 
3105).
* * * * *
    (q) Fedwire Funds Service and Fedwire have the same meaning as that 
set forth in Sec.  210.26(e).
* * * * *
    (s) * * *
    (1) The terms not defined herein have the meanings set forth in 
Sec.  229.2 of this chapter applicable to subpart C or D of part 229 of 
this chapter (Regulation CC), as appropriate; and
* * * * *

0
4. In Sec.  210.3, revise paragraph (a) to read as follows:


Sec.  210.3  General provisions.

    (a) General. Each Reserve Bank shall receive and handle items in 
accordance with this subpart, and shall issue operating circulars 
governing the details of its handling of items and other matters deemed 
appropriate by the Reserve Bank. The circulars may, among other things, 
classify cash items and noncash items, require separate sorts and 
letters, provide different closing times for the receipt of different 
classes or types of items, provide for instructions by an 
Administrative Reserve Bank to other Reserve Banks, set forth terms of 
services, and establish procedures for adjustments on a Reserve Bank's 
books, including amounts, waiver of expenses, and payment of 
compensation. As deemed appropriate by the Reserve Bank, the circulars 
may also require the sender to provide warranties and indemnities that 
only items and any noncash items the Reserve Banks have agreed to 
handle will be sent to the Reserve Banks. The Reserve Banks may provide 
to a subsequent collecting bank and to the paying bank any warranties 
and indemnities provided by the sender pursuant to this paragraph (a).
* * * * *


0
5. In Sec.  210.4, revise paragraphs (a), (b)(1)(ii) and (iii), and 
(b)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  210.4  Sending items to Reserve Banks.

    (a) Sending of items. A sender's Administrative Reserve Bank may 
direct a sender other than a Reserve Bank to send any item to a 
specified Reserve Bank, whether or not the item is payable in the 
Reserve Bank's district.
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) The initial sender's Administrative Reserve Bank (which is 
deemed to have accepted deposit of the item from the initial sender);
    (iii) The Reserve Bank that receives the item from the initial 
sender (if different from the initial sender's Administrative Reserve 
Bank); and
* * * * *
    (3) The identity and order of the parties under paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section determine the relationships and the rights and liabilities 
of the parties under this subpart, part 229 of this chapter (Regulation 
CC), section 13(1) and section 16(13) of the Federal Reserve Act, and 
the Uniform Commercial Code. An initial sender's Administrative Reserve 
Bank that is deemed to accept an item for deposit or handle an item is 
also deemed to be a sender with respect to that item. The Reserve Banks 
that are deemed to handle an item are deemed to be agents or subagents 
of the owner of the item, as provided in Sec.  210.6(a).
* * * * *


0
6. In Sec.  210.5, revise paragraphs (a), (c), (d), and (e) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  210.5  Sender's agreement; recovery by Reserve Bank.

    (a) Sender's agreement. The warranties, indemnities, 
authorizations, and agreements made pursuant to this paragraph (a) may 
not be disclaimed and are made whether or not the item bears an 
indorsement of the sender. By sending an item to a Reserve Bank, the 
sender does all of the following.
    (1) Authorization to handle item. The sender authorizes the 
sender's Administrative Reserve Bank and any other Reserve Bank or 
collecting bank to which the item is sent to handle the item (and 
authorizes any Reserve Bank that handles settlement for the item to 
make accounting entries), subject to this subpart and to the Reserve 
Banks' operating circulars, and warrants its authority to give this 
authorization.
    (2) Warranties for all items. The sender warrants to each Reserve 
Bank handling the item that--
    (i) The sender is a person entitled to enforce the item or 
authorized to obtain payment of the item on behalf of a person entitled 
to enforce the item;
    (ii) The item has not been altered; and
    (iii) The item bears all indorsements applied by parties that 
previously handled the item for forward collection or return.
    (3) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC and 
U.C.C. As applicable and unless otherwise provided, the sender of an 
item makes to each Reserve Bank that handles the item all the 
warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of 
subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC) and 
Article 4 of the U.C.C. The sender makes all the warranties set forth 
in and subject to the terms of 4-207 of the U.C.C. for an electronic 
check as if it were an item subject to the U.C.C.

[[Page 61519]]

    (4) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Reserve Bank 
operating circulars. The sender makes any warranties and indemnities 
regarding the sending of items as set forth in an operating circular 
issued in accordance with Sec.  210.3(a).
    (5) Sender's liability to Reserve Bank. (i) Except as provided in 
paragraphs (a)(5)(ii) and (iii) of this section, the sender agrees to 
indemnify each Reserve Bank for any loss or expense sustained 
(including attorneys' fees and expenses of litigation) resulting from--
    (A) The sender's lack of authority to make the warranty in 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
    (B) Any action taken by the Reserve Bank within the scope of its 
authority in handling the item; or
    (C) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under Sec.  
210.6(b), part 229 of this chapter, the U.C.C., or, regarding the 
sending of items, an operating circular issued in accordance with Sec.  
210.3(a).
    (ii) A sender's liability for warranties and indemnities that the 
Reserve Bank makes for a substitute check, a paper or electronic 
representation thereof, or for an electronic check is subject to the 
following conditions and limitations--
    (A) A sender of an original check shall not be liable under 
paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section for any amount that the Reserve 
Bank pays under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter, or under Sec.  
229.34 of this chapter with respect to an electronic check, absent the 
sender's agreement to the contrary; and
    (B) Nothing in this subpart alters the liability of a sender of a 
substitute check or paper or electronic representation of a substitute 
check under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter, or a sender of an 
electronic check under Sec.  229.34 of this chapter.
    (iii) A sender shall not be liable for any amount that the Reserve 
Bank pays under this subpart or part 229 of this chapter that is 
attributable to the Reserve Bank's own lack of good faith or failure to 
exercise ordinary care.
* * * * *
    (c) Recovery by Reserve Bank. (1) A Reserve Bank that has handled 
an item may recover as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section if 
an action or proceeding is brought against (or if defense is tendered 
to) the Reserve Bank based on--
    (i) The alleged failure of the sender to have the authority to make 
the warranty and agreement in paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
    (ii) Any action by the Reserve Bank within the scope of its 
authority in handling the item; or
    (iii) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under 
Sec.  210.6(b), part 229 of this chapter, or the U.C.C.
    (2) Upon entry of a final judgment or decree in an action or 
proceeding described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, a Reserve 
Bank may recover from the sender the amount of attorneys' fees and 
other expenses of litigation incurred, as well as any amount the 
Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the judgment or decree or 
the tender of defense, together with interest thereon.
    (d) Methods of recovery. (1) The Reserve Bank may recover the 
amount stated in paragraph (c) of this section by charging any account 
on its books that is maintained or used by the sender (or by charging a 
Reserve Bank sender), if--
    (i) The Reserve Bank made seasonable written demand on the sender 
to assume defense of the action or proceeding; and
    (ii) The sender has not made any other arrangement for payment that 
is acceptable to the Reserve Bank.
    (2) The Reserve Bank is not responsible for defending the action or 
proceeding before using this method of recovery. A Reserve Bank that 
has been charged under this paragraph (d) may recover from its sender 
in the manner and under the circumstances set forth in this paragraph 
(d).
    (3) A Reserve Bank's failure to avail itself of the remedy provided 
in this paragraph (d) does not prejudice its enforcement in any other 
manner of the indemnity agreement referred to in paragraph (a)(5) of 
this section.
    (e) Security interest. When a sender sends an item to a Reserve 
Bank, the sender and any prior collecting bank grant to the sender's 
Administrative Reserve Bank a security interest in all of their 
respective assets in the possession of, or held for the account of, any 
Reserve Bank to secure their respective obligations due or to become 
due to the Administrative Reserve Bank under this subpart or subpart C 
or D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC). The security interest 
attaches when a warranty is breached or any other obligation to the 
Reserve Bank is incurred. If the Reserve Bank, in its sole discretion, 
deems itself insecure and gives notice thereof to the sender or prior 
collecting bank, or if the sender or prior collecting bank suspends 
payments or is closed, the Reserve Bank may take any action authorized 
by law to recover the amount of an obligation, including, but not 
limited to, the exercise of rights of set off, the realization on any 
available collateral, and any other rights it may have as a creditor 
under applicable law.


0
7. In Sec.  210.6:
0
a. Remove the word ``and'' at the end of paragraph (a)(2)(ii).
0
b. Revise paragraph (a)(2)(iii).
0
c. Add paragraph (a)(2)(iv).
0
d. Revise paragraphs (b) and (c).
0
e. Remove paragraph (d).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  210.6  Status, warranties, and liability of Reserve Bank.

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (iii) As provided in an operating circular issued in accordance 
with Sec.  210.3(a) regarding the sending of items; and
    (iv) As provided in subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter 
(Regulation CC).
* * * * *
    (b) Warranties and liability. The following provisions apply when a 
Reserve Bank presents or sends an item.
    (1) Warranties for all items. The Reserve Bank warrants to a 
subsequent collecting bank and to the paying bank and any other payor 
that--
    (i) The Reserve Bank is a person entitled to enforce the item (or 
is authorized to obtain payment of the item on behalf of a person that 
is either entitled to enforce the item or authorized to obtain payment 
on behalf of a person entitled to enforce the item);
    (ii) The item has not been altered; and
    (iii) The item bears all indorsements applied by parties that 
previously handled the item for forward collection or return.
    (2) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Reserve Bank 
operating circulars. The Reserve Bank makes any warranties and 
indemnities regarding the sending of items as set forth in an operating 
circular issued in accordance with Sec.  210.3(a).
    (3) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC and 
U.C.C. As applicable and unless otherwise provided, the Reserve Bank 
makes all the warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to 
the terms of subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation 
CC) and Article 4 of the U.C.C. The Reserve Bank makes all the 
warranties set forth in and subject to the terms of 4-207 of the U.C.C. 
for an electronic check as if it were an item subject to the U.C.C.
    (4) Indemnity for substitute check created from an electronic 
check. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section, 
the Reserve Bank shall indemnify the bank to which it transfers or 
presents an electronic check (the recipient bank) for the amount of any 
losses that the recipient bank incurs under subpart D of part 229

[[Page 61520]]

of this chapter (Regulation CC) for an indemnity that the recipient 
bank was required to make under subpart D of part 229 of this chapter 
in connection with a substitute check later created from the electronic 
check.
    (ii) The Reserve Bank shall not be liable under paragraph (b)(4)(i) 
of this section for any amount that the recipient bank pays under 
subpart D of part 229 of this chapter that is attributable to the lack 
of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care of the recipient 
bank or a person that handled the item, in any form, after the 
recipient bank.
    (c) Time for commencing action against Reserve Bank. (1) A claim 
against a Reserve Bank for lack of good faith or failure to exercise 
ordinary care shall be barred unless the action on the claim is 
commenced within two years after the claim accrues. Such a claim 
accrues on the date when a Reserve Bank's alleged failure to exercise 
ordinary care or to act in good faith first results in damages to the 
claimant.
    (2) A claim that arises under paragraph (b)(3) of this section 
shall be barred unless the action on the claim is commenced within one 
year after the claim accrues. Such a claim accrues as of the date on 
which the claimant first learns, or by which the claimant reasonably 
should have learned, of the facts and circumstances giving rise to the 
claim.
    (3) This paragraph (c) does not alter the time limit for claims 
under Sec.  229.38(g) of this chapter (which include claims for breach 
of warranty under Sec.  229.34 of this chapter) or subpart D of part 
229 of this chapter.


0
8. In Sec.  210.7, revise paragraphs (a)(1) and (b)(2) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  210.7   Presenting items for payment.

    (a) * * *
    (1) A Reserve Bank or a subsequent collecting bank may present an 
item for payment or send the item for presentment and payment; and
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) In accordance with Sec.  229.36 of this chapter (Regulation 
CC);
* * * * *


0
9. In Sec.  210.9, revise paragraphs (b)(2)(i), (b)(3)(i)(A) and (B), 
(b)(4) through (6), and (c) through (e) and remove paragraph (f) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  210.9   Settlement and payment.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) On the day a paying bank receives a cash item from a Reserve 
Bank, it shall settle for the item so that the proceeds of the 
settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank, or return 
the item, by the latest of--
    (A) The next clock hour or clock half-hour that is at least one 
half-hour after the paying bank receives the item;
    (B) 8:30 a.m. eastern time; or
    (C) Such later time as provided in the Reserve Banks' operating 
circulars.
* * * * *
    (3) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (A) On that day, settle for the item so that the proceeds of the 
settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank, or return 
the item, by the latest of the next clock hour or clock half-hour that 
is at least one half-hour after it ordinarily would have received the 
item, 8:30 a.m. eastern time, or such later time as provided in the 
Reserve Banks' operating circulars; or
    (B) On the next day that is a banking day for both the paying bank 
and the Reserve Bank, settle for the item so that the proceeds of the 
settlement are available to its Administrative Reserve Bank by 8:30 
a.m. eastern time on that day or such later time as provided in the 
Reserve Banks' operating circulars; and compensate the Reserve Bank for 
the value of the float associated with the item in accordance with 
procedures provided in the Reserve Bank's operating circular.
* * * * *
    (4) Reserve Bank closed. If a paying bank receives a cash item from 
a Reserve Bank on a banking day that is not a banking day for the 
Reserve Bank, the paying bank shall--
    (i) Settle for the item so that the proceeds of the settlement are 
available to its Administrative Reserve Bank by the close of the 
Fedwire Funds Service on the Reserve Bank's next banking day, or return 
the item by midnight of the day it receives the item (if the paying 
bank fails to settle for or return a cash item in accordance with this 
paragraph (b)(4)(i), it shall become accountable for the amount of the 
item as of the close of its banking day on the day it receives the 
item); and
    (ii) Settle for the item so that the proceeds of the settlement are 
available to its Administrative Reserve Bank by 8:30 a.m. eastern time 
on the Reserve Bank's next banking day or such later time as provided 
in the Reserve Bank's operating circular, or return the item by 
midnight of the day it receives the item. If the paying bank fails to 
settle for or return a cash item in accordance with this paragraph 
(b)(4)(ii), it shall be subject to any applicable overdraft charges. 
Settlement under this paragraph (b)(4)(ii) satisfies the settlement 
requirements of paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section.
    (5) Manner of settlement. Settlement with a Reserve Bank under 
paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section shall be made by debit to 
an account on the Reserve Bank's books or other form of settlement to 
which the Reserve Bank agrees, except that the Reserve Bank may, in its 
discretion, obtain settlement by charging the paying bank's account. A 
paying bank may not set off against the amount of a settlement under 
this section the amount of a claim with respect to another cash item, 
cash letter, or other claim under Sec.  229.34 of this chapter 
(Regulation CC) or other law.
    (6) Notice in lieu of return. If a cash item is unavailable for 
return, the paying bank may send a notice in lieu of return as provided 
in Sec.  229.31(f) of this chapter (Regulation CC).
    (c) Noncash items. A Reserve Bank may require the paying or 
collecting bank to which it has presented or sent a noncash item to pay 
for the item by a debit to an account maintained or used by the paying 
or collecting bank on the Reserve Bank's books or by any other form of 
settlement acceptable to the Reserve Bank.
    (d) Nonbank payor. A Reserve Bank may require a nonbank payor to 
which it has presented an item to pay for it by debit to an account on 
the Reserve Bank's books or other form of settlement acceptable to the 
Reserve Bank.
    (e) Liability of Reserve Bank. Except as set forth in Sec.  
229.35(b) of this chapter (Regulation CC), a Reserve Bank shall not be 
liable for the failure of a collecting bank, paying bank, or nonbank 
payor to pay for an item, or for any loss resulting from the Reserve 
Bank's acceptance of any form of payment other than cash authorized in 
paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section. A Reserve Bank that acts 
in good faith and exercises ordinary care shall not be liable for the 
nonpayment of, or failure to realize upon, any non-cash form of payment 
that it accepts under paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section.

0
10. In Sec.  210.10, revise paragraph (a) to read as follows:


Sec.  210.10   Time schedule and availability of credits for cash items 
and returned checks.

    (a) Each Reserve Bank shall publish a time schedule indicating when 
the amount of any cash item or returned check received by it is counted 
toward the balance maintained to satisfy a reserve balance requirement 
for purposes of part 204 of this chapter (Regulation D) and becomes 
available for use by the sender or paying or

[[Page 61521]]

returning bank. The Reserve Bank that holds the settlement account 
shall give either immediate or deferred credit to a sender, a paying 
bank, or a returning bank (other than a foreign correspondent) in 
accordance with the time schedule of the receiving Reserve Bank. A 
Reserve Bank ordinarily gives credit to a foreign correspondent only 
when the Reserve Bank receives payment of the item in actually and 
finally collected funds, but, in its discretion, a Reserve Bank may 
give immediate or deferred credit in accordance with its time schedule.
* * * * *

0
11. In Sec.  210.11, revise paragraph (b) and remove paragraph (c) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  210.11   Availability of proceeds of noncash items; time 
schedule.

* * * * *
    (b) Time schedule. A Reserve Bank may give credit for the proceeds 
of a noncash item subject to payment in actually and finally collected 
funds in accordance with a published time schedule. The time schedule 
shall indicate when the proceeds of the noncash item will be counted 
toward the balance maintained to satisfy a reserve balance requirement 
for purposes of part 204 of this chapter (Regulation D) and become 
available for use by the sender. A Reserve Bank may, however, refuse at 
any time to permit the use of credit given by it for a noncash item for 
which the Reserve Bank has not yet received payment in actually and 
finally collected funds.

0
12. In Sec.  210.12, revise paragraphs (a) and (c) through (g) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  210.12   Return of cash items and handling of returned checks.

    (a) Return of items--(1) Return of cash items handled by Reserve 
Banks. A paying bank that receives a cash item from a Reserve Bank, 
other than for immediate payment over the counter, and that settles for 
the item as provided in Sec.  210.9(b), may, before it has finally paid 
the item, return the item to any Reserve Bank (unless its 
Administrative Reserve Bank directs it to return the item to a specific 
Reserve Bank) in accordance with subpart C of part 229 of this chapter 
(Regulation CC), the Uniform Commercial Code, and the Reserve Banks' 
operating circulars. A paying bank that receives a cash item from a 
Reserve Bank also may return the item prior to settlement, in 
accordance with Sec.  210.9(b) and the Reserve Banks' operating 
circulars. The rules or practices of a clearinghouse through which the 
item was presented, or a special collection agreement under which the 
item was presented, may not extend these return times, but may provide 
for a shorter return time.
    (2) Return of checks not handled by Reserve Banks. A paying bank 
that receives a check, other than from a Reserve Bank, and that 
determines not to pay the check, may send the returned check to any 
Reserve Bank (unless its Administrative Reserve Bank directs it to send 
the returned check to a specific Reserve Bank) in accordance with 
subpart C of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC), the Uniform 
Commercial Code, and the Reserve Banks' operating circulars. A 
returning bank may send a returned check to any Reserve Bank (unless 
its Administrative Reserve Bank directs it to send the returned check 
to a specific Reserve Bank) in accordance with subpart C of part 229 of 
this chapter (Regulation CC), the Uniform Commercial Code, and the 
Reserve Banks' operating circulars.
* * * * *
    (c) Paying bank's and returning bank's agreement. The warranties, 
indemnities, authorizations, and agreements made pursuant to this 
paragraph (c) may not be disclaimed and are made whether or not the 
returned check bears an indorsement of the paying bank or returning 
bank. By sending a returned check to a Reserve Bank, the paying bank or 
returning bank does all of the following.
    (1) Authorization to handle returned check. The paying bank or 
returning bank authorizes the paying bank's or returning bank's 
Administrative Reserve Bank, and any other Reserve Bank or returning 
bank to which the returned check is sent, to handle the returned check 
(and authorizes any Reserve Bank that handles settlement for the 
returned check to make accounting entries) subject to this subpart and 
to the Reserve Banks' operating circulars.
    (2) Warranties for all returned checks. The paying bank or 
returning bank warrants to each Reserve Bank handling a returned check 
that the returned check bears all indorsements applied by parties that 
previously handled the returned check for forward collection or return.
    (3) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC. As 
applicable and unless otherwise provided, a paying bank or returning 
bank makes to each Reserve Bank that handles the returned check all the 
warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of 
subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC).
    (4) Paying bank or returning bank's liability to Reserve Bank. (i) 
Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4)(ii) and (iii) of this section, a 
paying bank or returning bank agrees to indemnify each Reserve Bank for 
any loss or expense (including attorneys' fees and expenses of 
litigation) resulting from--
    (A) The paying or returning bank's lack of authority to give the 
authorization in paragraph (c)(1) of this section;
    (B) Any action taken by a Reserve Bank within the scope of its 
authority in handling the returned check; or
    (C) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under 
paragraph (e) of this section or part 229 of this chapter.
    (ii) A paying bank's or returning bank's liability for warranties 
and indemnities that a Reserve Bank makes for a returned check that is 
a substitute check, a paper or electronic representation thereof, or an 
electronic returned check is subject to the following conditions and 
limitations--
    (A) A paying bank or returning bank that sent an original returned 
check shall not be liable for any amount that a Reserve Bank pays under 
subpart D of part 229 of this chapter, or under Sec.  229.34 of this 
chapter with respect to an electronic returned check, absent the paying 
bank's or returning bank's agreement to the contrary; and
    (B) Nothing in this subpart alters the liability under subpart D of 
part 229 of this chapter of a paying bank or returning bank that sent a 
substitute check or a paper or electronic representation of a 
substitute check or under Sec.  229.34 of this chapter of a paying bank 
or returning bank that sent an electronic returned check; and
    (iii) A paying bank or returning bank shall not be liable for any 
amount that the Reserve Bank pays under this subpart or part 229 of 
this chapter that is attributable to the Reserve Bank's own lack of 
good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care.
    (d) Paying bank or returning bank's liability under other law. 
Nothing in paragraph (c) of this section limits any warranty or 
indemnity by a returning bank or paying bank (or a person that handled 
an item prior to that bank) arising under state law or regulation (such 
as the U.C.C.), other federal law or regulation (such as part 229 of 
this chapter), or an agreement with a Reserve Bank.
    (e) Warranties by and liability of Reserve Bank--(1) Warranties and 
indemnities. The following provisions apply when a Reserve Bank handles 
a returned check under this subpart.
    (i) Warranties for all items. The Reserve Bank warrants to the bank 
to which it sends the returned check that the returned check bears all

[[Page 61522]]

indorsements applied by parties that previously handled the returned 
check for forward collection or return.
    (ii) Warranties and indemnities as set forth in Regulation CC. As 
applicable and unless otherwise provided, the Reserve Bank makes all 
the warranties and indemnities set forth in and subject to the terms of 
subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC).
    (2) Indemnity for substitute check created from electronic returned 
check. (i) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section, 
the Reserve Bank shall indemnify the bank to which it transfers or 
presents an electronic returned check (the recipient bank) for the 
amount of any losses that the recipient bank incurs under subpart D of 
part 229 of this chapter (Regulation CC) for an indemnity that the 
recipient bank was required to make under subpart D of part 229 of this 
chapter in connection with a substitute check later created from the 
electronic returned check.
    (ii) The Reserve Bank shall not be liable under paragraph (e)(2)(i) 
of this section for any amount that the recipient bank pays under 
subpart D of part 229 of this chapter that is attributable to the lack 
of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care of the recipient 
bank or a person that handled the item, in any form, after the 
recipient bank.
    (3) Liability of Reserve Bank. A Reserve Bank shall not have or 
assume any other liability to any person except--
    (i) For the Reserve Bank's own lack of good faith or failure to 
exercise ordinary care;
    (ii) As provided in this paragraph (e); and
    (iii) As provided in subparts C and D of part 229 of this chapter 
(Regulation CC).
    (f) Recovery by Reserve Bank. (1) A Reserve Bank that has handled a 
returned check may recover as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this 
section if an action or proceeding is brought against (or if defense is 
tendered to) the Reserve Bank based on--
    (i) The alleged failure of the paying bank or returning bank to 
have the authority to give the authorization in paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section;
    (ii) Any action by the Reserve Bank within the scope of its 
authority in handling the returned check; or
    (iii) Any warranty or indemnity made by the Reserve Bank under 
paragraph (e) of this section or part 229 of this chapter; and
    (2) Upon entry of a final judgment or decree in an action or 
proceeding described in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, a Reserve 
Bank may recover from the paying bank or returning bank the amount of 
attorneys' fees and other expenses of litigation incurred, as well as 
any amount the Reserve Bank is required to pay because of the judgment 
or decree or the tender of defense, together with interest thereon.
    (g) Methods of recovery. (1) The Reserve Bank may recover the 
amount stated in paragraph (f) of this section by charging any account 
on its books that is maintained or used by the paying bank or returning 
bank (or by charging another returning Reserve Bank), if--
    (i) The Reserve Bank made seasonable written demand on the paying 
bank or returning bank to assume defense of the action or proceeding; 
and
    (ii) The paying bank or returning bank has not made any other 
arrangement for payment that is acceptable to the Reserve Bank.
    (2) The Reserve Bank is not responsible for defending the action or 
proceeding before using this method of recovery. A Reserve Bank that 
has been charged under this paragraph (g) may recover from the paying 
or returning bank in the manner and under the circumstances set forth 
in this paragraph (g).
    (3) A Reserve Bank's failure to avail itself of the remedy provided 
in this paragraph (g) does not prejudice its enforcement in any other 
manner of the indemnity agreement referred to in paragraph (c)(4) of 
this section.
* * * * *

Subpart B--Funds Transfers Through Fedwire

0
13. In Sec.  210.25:
0
a. In paragraphs (a) and (b)(3), remove the word ``Fedwire'' and add in 
its place the words ``the Fedwire Funds Service''.
0
b. Revise the introductory text of paragraph (b)(2).
0
c. Add paragraph (e).
    The revision and addition read as follows:


Sec.  210.25  Authority, purpose, and scope.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (b)(3) and (4) of 
this section, including Article 4A as set forth in appendix B to this 
subpart, and operating circulars of the Reserve Banks issued in 
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, this subpart governs the 
rights and obligations of:
* * * * *
    (e) Financial messaging standards. Financial messaging standards 
(e.g., ISO 20022), including the financial messaging components, 
elements, technical documentation, tags, and terminology used to 
implement those standards, do not confer or connote legal status or 
responsibilities. This subpart, including Article 4A as set forth in 
appendix B to this subpart, and the operating circulars of the Reserve 
Banks issued in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section govern 
the rights and obligations of parties to funds transfers sent through 
the Fedwire Funds Service as provided in paragraph (b) of this section. 
To the extent there is any inconsistency between a financial messaging 
standard adopted by the Fedwire Funds Service and this subpart, this 
subpart shall prevail.

0
14. In Sec.  210.26, revise paragraph (e) to read as follows:


Sec.  210.26   Definitions.

* * * * *
    (e) Fedwire Funds Service and Fedwire means the funds-transfer 
system owned and operated by the Federal Reserve Banks that is used 
primarily for the transmission and settlement of payment orders 
governed by this subpart. Fedwire does not include the system for 
making automated clearing house transfers.
* * * * *


Sec.  210.29   [Amended]

0
15. In Sec.  210.29(b), remove the word ``Fedwire'' and add in its 
place the words ``the Fedwire Funds Service''.

0
16. In appendix A to subpart B:
0
a. Under ``Section 210.25--Authority, Purpose, and Scope'', add 
paragraph (e).
0
b. Under ``Section 210.32--Federal Reserve Bank Liability; Payment of 
Interest'', revise paragraph (b).
    The addition and revision read as follows:

Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 210--Commentary

* * * * *

Section 210.25--Authority, Purpose, and Scope

* * * * *
    (e) Financial messaging standards. This paragraph makes clear 
that financial messaging standards, including the financial 
messaging components, elements, technical documentation, tags, and 
terminology used to implement those standards, do not confer or 
connote legal status or responsibilities. Instead, subpart B of this 
part and Federal Reserve Bank operating circulars govern the rights 
and obligations of parties to funds transfers sent through the 
Fedwire Funds Service as provided in Sec.  210.25(b). Thus, to the 
extent there is any inconsistency between a financial messaging 
standard adopted by the Fedwire Funds Service and subpart B of this 
part, subpart B of this part, including Article 4A as adopted in 
appendix B to subpart B of this part, will prevail. In the ISO 20022 
financial messaging standard, for

[[Page 61523]]

example, the term agent is used to refer to a variety of bank 
parties to a funds transfer (e.g., debtor agent, creditor agent, 
intermediary agent). Notwithstanding use of that term in the 
standard and in message tags, such banks are not the agents of any 
party to a funds transfer and owe no duty to any other party to such 
a funds transfer except as provided in subpart B of this part 
(including Article 4A) or by express agreement. The ISO 20022 
financial messaging standard also permits information to be carried 
in a funds-transfer message regarding persons that are not parties 
to that funds transfer (e.g., ultimate debtor, ultimate creditor, 
initiating party) for regulatory, compliance, remittance, or other 
purposes. An ``ultimate debtor'' is not an ``originator'' as defined 
in Article 4A. The relationship between the ultimate debtor and the 
originator (what the ISO 20022 standard calls the ``debtor'') is 
determined by law other than Article 4A.
* * * * *

Section 210.32--Federal Reserve Bank Liability; Payment of Interest

* * * * *
    (b) Payment of interest. (1) Under article 4A, a Federal Reserve 
Bank may be required to pay compensation in the form of interest to 
another party in connection with its handling of a funds transfer. 
For example, payment of compensation in the form of interest is 
required in certain situations pursuant to sections 4A-204 (relating 
to refund of payment and duty of customer to report with respect to 
unauthorized payment order), 4A-209 (relating to acceptance of 
payment order), 4A-210 (relating to rejection of payment order), 4A-
304 (relating to duty of sender to report erroneously executed 
payment order), 4A-305 (relating to liability for late or improper 
execution or failure to execute a payment order), 4A-402 (relating 
to obligation of sender to pay receiving bank), and 4A-404 (relating 
to obligation of beneficiary's bank to pay and give notice to 
beneficiary).
    (2) Section 210.32(b) requires Federal Reserve Banks to provide 
compensation through an explicit interest payment. Under section 4A-
506(a), the amount of such interest may be determined by agreement 
between the sender and receiving bank or by funds-transfer system 
rule. If there is no such agreement, under section 4A-506(b), the 
amount of interest is based on the federal funds rate. Similarly, 
compensation in the form of explicit interest will be paid to 
government senders, receiving banks, or beneficiaries described in 
Sec.  210.25(d) if they are entitled to interest under this subpart. 
A Federal Reserve Bank may also, in its discretion, pay explicit 
interest directly to a remote party to a Fedwire funds transfer that 
is entitled to interest, rather than providing compensation to its 
direct sender or receiving bank.
    (3) If a bank that received an explicit interest payment is not 
the party entitled to interest compensation under article 4A, the 
bank must pass the benefit of the explicit interest payment made to 
it to the party that is entitled to compensation in the form of 
interest from a Federal Reserve Bank. The benefit may be passed on 
either in the form of a direct payment of interest or in the form of 
a compensating balance, if the party entitled to interest agrees to 
accept the other form of compensation, and the value of the 
compensating balance is at least equivalent to the value of the 
explicit interest that otherwise would have been provided.
* * * * *

    By order of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 
System, November 14, 2018.
Ann Misback,
Secretary of the Board.
[FR Doc. 2018-25267 Filed 11-29-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6210-01-P

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