Notice of Intent To Establish Voluntary Criteria for Radon Credentialing Organizations, 39993-39997 [2017-17860]
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Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 162 / Wednesday, August 23, 2017 / Notices
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Dated: August 17, 2017.
Nathaniel J. Davis, Sr.,
Deputy Secretary.
BILLING CODE 6717–01–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
[EPA–HQ–OAR–2017–0430; FRL–9966–07–
OAR]
Notice of Intent To Establish Voluntary
Criteria for Radon Credentialing
Organizations
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice of availability; opening
of a 60-day public comment period.
AGENCY:
Since 1988, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has administered a statutorily-mandated
program under the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act to reduce exposure to
indoor radon by promoting awareness,
testing, installation of radon mitigation
systems in existing homes, and use of
radon-resistant new construction
techniques. EPA works with state
programs, industry and the public to
reduce human exposure to radon and
thereby reduce deaths due to lung
cancer. Access to quality service
providers responsible for measuring
indoor radon levels and conducting
mitigation when necessary is essential
to this mission. Historically, EPA
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SUMMARY:
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operated a program, the Radon
Proficiency Program (RPP), to identify
qualified radon service providers, a
service to assist consumers and states
receiving indoor radon grants. Upon its
discontinuation, two organizations
qualified to be designated as responsible
parties for credentialing radon service
providers in the absence of a state-run
process established under a state’s
regulatory requirements. Since that
time, there has not been an ongoing and
open evaluation process for
organizations wanting to credential
radon service providers. As the Federal
agency responsible for implementing
the national radon program, and in
response to the needs of our state and
private partners, EPA intends to
establish voluntary criteria outlining a
standard of competence for
organizations that credential radon
service providers. This notice provides
interested parties with an opportunity to
provide feedback on the Agency’s
proposed approach.
I. General Information
DATES:
Comments must be received on
or before October 23, 2017.
B. What should I consider as I prepare
my comments for EPA?
Submit your comments,
identified by Docket ID No. EPA–HQ–
OAR–2017–0430, to the Federal
eRulemaking Portal: https://
www.regulations.gov. Follow the online
instructions for submitting comments.
Once submitted, comments cannot be
edited or withdrawn. The EPA may
publish any comment received to its
public docket. Do not submit
electronically any information you
consider to be Confidential Business
Information (CBI) or other information
whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
Multimedia submissions (audio, video,
etc.) must be accompanied by a written
comment. The written comment is
considered the official comment and
should include discussion of all points
you wish to make. The EPA will
generally not consider comments or
comment contents located outside of the
primary submission (i.e. on the web,
cloud, or other file sharing system). For
additional submission methods, the full
EPA public comment policy,
information about CBI or multimedia
submissions, and general guidance on
making effective comments, please visit
https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/
commenting-epa-dockets.
1. Tips for Preparing Your Comments.
When submitting comments, remember
to:
• Identify the notice by docket
number, subject heading, Federal
Register date and page number.
• Follow directions—EPA may ask
you to respond to specific questions or
organize comments by including a
specific reference.
• Explain why you agree or disagree;
suggest alternatives and substitute
language for your requested changes.
• Describe any assumptions and
provide any technical information and/
or data that you used.
• If you estimate potential costs or
burdens, explain how you arrived at
your estimate in sufficient detail to
allow it to be reproduced.
• Illustrate your concerns with
specific examples and suggest
alternatives.
• Explain your views as clearly as
possible, avoiding the use of profanity
or personal threats.
• Make sure to submit your
comments by the comment period
deadline identified.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
To learn more, please visit
www.epa.gov/radon. Depending on
interest and questions received, EPA
may host a question and answer session
via webinar during the comment period.
Please visit the Web site regularly for
updates.
ADDRESSES:
[FR Doc. 2017–17847 Filed 8–22–17; 8:45 am]
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Katrin Kral, Indoor Environments
Division, Office of Radiation and Indoor
Air 6609T, Environmental Protection
Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue
NW., Washington, DC 20460; 202–343–
9454; kral.katrin@epa.gov.
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A. Does this action apply to me?
This notice is directed to stakeholders
working to reduce exposure to indoor
radon. It may, however, be of particular
interest to those involved with
promoting and/or conducting testing
and installation of radon mitigation
systems, including, but not limited to:
• Organizations credentialing radon
service providers and other building
construction and/or maintenance
related providers.
• Radon service providers.
• Organizations who provide thirdparty accreditation to the ISO/IEC
17024:2012.
• Organizations representing state
health and environmental programs,
green building initiatives, and the radon
services industry.
• State radon programs.
• Federal agencies who own,
influence or control housing.
C. How can I learn more about this?
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D. Description of Terms Used in This
Notice
Accreditation: Third party validation
that a conformity assessment body
complies with established standards.
Under the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), accreditation
refers to the formal recognition by an
independent body, generally known as
an accreditation body, that a conformity
assessment body operates according to
international standards.
Accreditation Body/Organization:
Authoritative body that performs
accreditation.
Certification: The provision by an
independent body of written assurance
(a certificate) that the product,
personnel, service or system in question
meets specific requirements.
Certification Scheme: Component of
ISO/IEC 17024:2012 that outlines
competence and other requirements
related to specific occupational or
skilled categories of persons including a
scope of certification, job and task
description (JTA), abilities (when
applicable), prerequisites (when
applicable), and a code of conduct
(when applicable). Criteria for the initial
certification and recertification must be
part of the scheme and includes a
description of the assessment methods,
and the criteria for suspending and
withdrawing the certification.
Competence: Ability to apply
knowledge and skills to achieve
intended results.
Conference of Radiation Control
Program Directors (CRCPD): 501(c)(3)
nonprofit non-governmental
professional organization dedicated to
radiation protection. CRCPD’s primary
membership is made up of radiation
professionals in state and local
government that regulate the use of
radiation sources.
Credential: Recognition of
qualification or competence issued to a
person by an organization.
Credentialing: Term applied to
processes used to designate that an
individual, program, institution or
product have met established standards
set by an agent (governmental or nongovernmental) recognized as qualified to
carry out this task. Licensure,
registration, accreditation, approval,
certification, recognition or
endorsement may be used to describe
different credentialing processes.
Credentialing Organization,
Certification Body: Third-party
conformity assessment body operating
certification schemes for persons under
ISO/IEC 17024:2012. A certification
body can be non-governmental or
governmental with or without
regulatory authority.
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EPA Proficiency Program: Voluntary
program established under 15 U.S.C.
2665(a)(2) and run by EPA that assessed
the proficiency of individuals and
organizations and granted them a listing
according to their measurement or
mitigation service capabilities. The
Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP)
Program was established in 1986,
followed by the Radon Contractor
Proficiency (RCP) Program in 1989.
These two programs were consolidated
into the Radon Proficiency Program
(RPP) in 1995.
Guidance on Federal Conformity
Assessment (15 CFR part 287): Provides
guidance for each Federal agency to use
in evaluating the efficacy and efficiency
of its conformity assessment activities.
Each agency should coordinate its
conformity assessment activities with
those of other appropriate government
agencies and with those of the private
sector to reduce unnecessary
duplication. The guidance is intended
to help Federal agencies improve the
management and coordination of their
own conformity assessment activities
with respect to other government
entities and the private sector.
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC): International
organization that prepares and
publishes international standards for all
electrical, electronic and related
technologies.
Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA;
1988): Subchapter III of the Toxic
Substances Control Act, or TSCA.
Provides the authority for EPA’s indoor
radon activities.
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO): Independent,
non-governmental international
organization with a membership of 161
national standards bodies. Through its
members, it brings together experts to
share knowledge and develop voluntary,
consensus-based, market relevant
international standards that support
innovation and provide solutions to
global challenges.
ISO/IEC: Joint technical committee of
the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and the
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC). Its purpose is to
develop, maintain and promote
voluntary consensus standards.
ISO/IEC 17024:2012, Conformity
assessment: General requirements for
bodies operating certification of
persons: Voluntary international
consensus standard containing
principles and requirements for a body
certifying persons against specific
requirements, and includes the
development and maintenance of a
certification scheme for persons.
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Job Task Analysis: Foundational
requirement of ISO/IEC 17024:2012,
included with the certification scheme.
Helps to identify the core knowledge
areas, critical work functions, and/or
skills that are common across the
representative sampling of current
practitioners.
License: An official document that
gives you permission to own, do, or use
something.
The National Technology Transfer
and Advancement Act (NTTAA): Directs
Federal agencies with respect to their
use of and participation in the
development of voluntary consensus
standards. The Act directs Federal
agencies to adopt voluntary consensus
standards, wherever possible, in lieu of
creating proprietary, non-consensus
standards. The Act also directs the
National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) to coordinate the
conformity assessment activities of
Federal agencies, as well as state and
local governments with the private
sector in order to reduce unnecessary
duplication and complexity of
conformity assessment schemes.
Office of Management and Budget
Circular A–119 (OMB A–119):
Establishes policies on Federal use and
development of voluntary consensus
standards and on conformity assessment
activities.
Personnel Certification: Voluntary
process by which a non-governmental
entity grants a time-limited recognition
and use of a credential to an individual
after verifying that he or she has met
predetermined and standardized
criteria.
Radon Service Providers (also referred
to as ‘‘radon providers’’ or ‘‘providers’’):
Individuals who perform measurement
and/or mitigation of radon.
State Indoor Radon Grant (SIRG, also
referred to as ‘‘indoor radon grants’’):
States and tribes receive grant funds
from EPA that help finance their radon
risk reduction programs; recipients must
provide a minimum of 40% in matching
funds. The Indoor Radon Abatement Act
provides statutory authority for EPA to
run the grant program under 15 U.S.C.
2666 (a–j).
Voluntary Consensus Standards
(VCS): Standard developed or adopted
by voluntary consensus standards
bodies, through the use of a voluntary
consensus standards development
process, as defined in OMB A–119.
II. Background
A. What authority does EPA have to
establish voluntary criteria for radon
credentialing organizations?
The 1988 Indoor Radon Abatement
Act (See Toxic Substances Control Act,
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Title III; 15 U.S.C. 2661–2671) addresses
risks associated with indoor radon
levels and establishes provisions that
focus on voluntary activities, including
education and grant and technical
assistance to states for radon programs.
Under 15 U.S.C. 2665(a)(2), EPA was
granted authority to operate a voluntary
proficiency program for rating, among
other things, the effectiveness of radon
measurement and mitigation devices
and methods, and ‘‘the effectiveness of
private firms and individuals offering
radon-related architecture, design,
engineering, measurement, and
mitigation services.’’ Pursuant to 15
U.S.C. 2666(h)(3), state grant recipients
are required to maintain, and make
available to the public, a list of firms
and individuals receiving a passing
rating under such a program.
B. What is the history of EPA’s voluntary
Radon Proficiency Program for radon
service providers?
In February 1986, EPA established the
Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP)
Program to assist consumers in
identifying organizations capable of
providing reliable radon measurement
analysis services. The Radon Contractor
Proficiency (RCP) Program was
established in 1989 to evaluate the
proficiency of radon mitigators in
residences and provide information to
the public on proficient mitigators. In
1994, EPA began working to consolidate
the RMP and RCP into one streamlined
program to better meet industry needs
and reduce costs. The consolidated
program officially became the Radon
Proficiency Program (RPP) in October
1995.
In response to stakeholder feedback as
part of the RPP development-process,
the Agency also began investigating the
feasibility of transitioning oversight of
the proficiency program away from
EPA. The Agency tasked the Conference
of Radiation Control Program Directors
(CRCPD) with drafting a document
containing the necessary components of
a proficiency program. As part of this
effort, a series of stakeholder meetings
were held in 1997. Feedback was
collected in five key areas critical to
discontinuation of the EPA’s RPP: (1)
Radon tester; (2) radon mitigator; (3)
approval and accreditation requirements
for radon and radon decay product
measurement devices, radon chambers,
and radon laboratories; (4) the
operational board and committees; and
(5) the transition to private proficiency
programs.
Ultimately, CRCPD developed a final
document outlining a plan for
transitioning oversight of the
proficiency program outside of the
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Federal government, entitled: ‘‘Criteria
for Certification of Radon Service
Providers, the Accreditation of Radon
Chambers and Laboratories, and the
Approval of Measurement Devices.’’
This plan was used to conduct a onetime evaluation and identify two
organizations that sufficiently addressed
components of EPA’s RPP in the early
2000s. These two organizations—the
National Radon Proficiency Program
(NRPP; initially affiliated with the
National Environmental Health
Association and currently affiliated with
the American Association of Radon
Scientists and Technologists, or
AARST) and the National Radon Safety
Board (NRSB)—became responsible for
credentialing radon service providers in
the absence of a state run process
established under a state’s regulatory
requirements. This service assisted
consumers by identifying qualified
radon providers. In addition, it assisted
states receiving indoor radon grants,
which are required to maintain and
make available a list of qualified service
providers to the public. Since the
discontinuation of the RPP, the Agency
has relied on NRPP, NRSB and state run
certification programs to provide the
national proficiency platform in the
radon marketplace.
C. What is the framework for EPA’s
consideration of voluntary consensus
standards and conformity assessment
activities?
Taken together, the National
Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act (NTTAA, Pub. L. 104–113), Office of
Management and Budget Circular A–119
(OMB A–119) and Guidance on Federal
Conformity Assessment (15 CFR part
287) direct Federal agencies to use
voluntary consensus standards (VCS)
wherever possible as the basis of
regulation and other programs, to
participate in the development of VCS,
and to coordinate conformity
assessment activities (testing,
certification, etc.) with the private sector
to avoid duplication. OMB A–119
outlines considerations Federal agencies
should make when addressing the need
for conformity assessment, and
considerations agencies should take into
account when designing conformity
assessment programs.
Personnel certification has become an
important element of verifying the
competence of an increasingly mobile
and global workforce. In response to this
growing need, a joint technical
committee of the International
Organization for Standardization and
the International Electrotechnical
Commission (the ISO/IEC) developed an
international standard to establish
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uniform procedures for certifying the
competence of personnel in different
occupations or professions. The ISO/IEC
17024:2012 standard is designed to help
ensure that personnel certification
programs run by credentialing
organizations (also referred to as a
certifying body) operate in a consistent,
comparable, impartial and reliable
manner. In addition to ensuring the
validity of individual certification
programs, the ISO/IEC standard is
intended to help ensure competence
and quality of a workforce and promote
consumer and public confidence. Key
areas addressed in the standard include:
The structure and governance of the
certifying body and the characteristics
of the certification program as it relates
specifically to a job type (e.g., a
certification scheme) and the
assessment and recertification
requirements.
To verify compliance with ISO/IEC
standard 17024:2012, credentialing
organizations may seek accreditation
from a third party. An organization
accredited by a third party demonstrates
ongoing compliance with a set of
business standards and the necessary
core competencies to perform the
certification of persons and/or training
functions. As a requirement of
continuous accreditation recognition, an
organization must demonstrate ongoing
compliance with ISO/IEC standard
17024:2012 by periodically maintaining
accreditation.
III. Subject and Purpose of This Notice
Radon exposure causes approximately
21,000 lung cancer deaths every year
and is the leading environmental cause
of cancer deaths. Many state programs
and private industry stakeholders have,
for years, asserted their belief that EPA
should maintain a standard of
competence for organizations
credentialing radon service providers
that reflect current industry standards
and best practices. There is no current
formal process to assess quality and
competence of organizations wanting to
credential radon service providers. The
Agency believes it is necessary to
establish an ongoing and open
evaluation process moving forward and
anticipates that it will take two to four
years to establish a process and ensure
ample opportunities for stakeholder
involvement. Criteria establishing a
standard of competence for
organizations credentialing radon
service provides will help ensure
continued and sustained access to a
qualified workforce.
EPA recently issued a special term
and condition to SIRG grantees
clarifying guidance in the State and
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Tribal Indoor Radon Grants Program
Guidance and Handbook https://
www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/
2014-08/documents/guidance_and_
handbook.pdf related to satisfying
requirements for 15 U.S.C. 2666(h)(3).
Specifically, the Agency clarified that,
to remain in compliance with 15 U.S.C.
2666(h)(3) requirements, states receiving
SIRG funding must maintain and
provide the public with a list of only
those radon service providers who are
credentialed either through:
(1) An existing state-run process
established under a state’s regulatory
requirements for credentialing radon
service providers (e.g., state license), or
(2) one of the two currentlyrecognized national radon proficiency
programs (i.e., NRPP or NRSB).
The term and condition will remain
in effect until the Agency issues
voluntary criteria, at which time, states
receiving SIRG funding would list only
those radon service providers
credentialed by organizations meeting
the criteria.
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A. What specific comments are being
sought?
While all comments regarding any
aspect related to the development of
voluntary criteria for radon
credentialing organizations are
welcomed, comments on the following
key areas are specifically requested.
1. Overall Approach
While EPA cannot require that radon
credentialing bodies take any particular
action in order to conduct business,
EPA does have authority to require that
states receiving indoor radon grants list
only providers who meet certain
standards of competence. By
establishing criteria for organizations
credentialing radon service providers,
EPA would help states ensure highquality radon services are available to
their citizens. States receiving SIRG
funding would be required to list only
radon service providers who are
certified by organizations meeting these
criteria (possibly including state-run
credentialing programs).
To satisfy the criteria, organizations
that credential radon service providers
would need to demonstrate and
maintain compliance with ISO/IEC
standard 17024:2012 through
independent, third party accreditation.
The voluntary criteria would specify a
timeframe for organizations to
demonstrate compliance with ISO/IEC
17024:2012 through third party
accreditation.
As a condition of continuous
accreditation recognition, an
organization would need to demonstrate
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ongoing compliance with ISO/IEC
17024:2012 by periodically reapplying
and earning accreditation.
Credentialing organizations
accredited to ISO/IEC 17024:2012 have
to ensure that certificate holders meet
requirements outlined in the
certification scheme. The credentialing
organization may use recertification to
bring those who do not meet the current
requirements into compliance. In this
case, recertification may be required for
service providers previously
credentialed by one of the two national
credentialing organizations.
EPA is seeking comments on the
overall feasibility, appropriateness and
potential impacts of these criteria, in
particular as they relate to: Time-frame
for demonstrating compliance through
third-party accreditation and options for
a phased-in approach, maintaining
continuous accreditation, and
recertification as a means to bring
existing certificate holders into
compliance.
2. Application of Voluntary Criteria to
State-Run Programs
Currently, approximately twentythree states have regulatory
requirements in place for credentialing
of radon service providers and
implement a process accordingly (e.g.,
state license). While some of these states
require certification by one of the two
currently recognized national
credentialing organizations (i.e., NRPP
and/or NRSB), there are states operating
processes that do not require this
certification.
EPA is seeking comments on the
feasibility, appropriateness and
potential impacts of requiring states that
operate independent programs (i.e.,
currently do not require certification by
one of two recognized national
credentialing organizations) to meet the
criteria if receiving SIRG funding.
3. Requirements for Accreditation
Organizations
Organizations providing independent,
third party accreditation may be
required to demonstrate compliance
with ISO/IEC 17011:2004 as a signatory
of the International Accreditation
Forum’s Multilateral Recognition
Agreement, or MRA.
EPA is seeking feedback on the value
of including conditions for
organizations providing independent,
third party accreditation.
4. Development of ISO/IEC 17024:2012
Program-Related Components
To help reduce the burden to
credentialing organizations seeking
accreditation to the ISO/IEC 17024:2012
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and to standardize competency and
testing requirements for radon service
providers, EPA recognizes that there
may be value in the Agency supporting
development of the certification
scheme, a requirement of ISO/IEC
17024:2012. It should be noted that the
choice of what role EPA plays
ultimately will depend on both what the
community needs and what resources
the Agency can sustainably support.
EPA is seeking comments on the
feasibility, appropriateness, and
potential impacts of each possible
scenario presented below:
(a) EPA develops basic framework for
credentialing organizations to follow.
EPA would define parameters for the
certification scheme (e.g., scope(s) of
practice, use of existing American
National Standards Institute/American
Association of Radon Scientists and
Technologists (ANSI/AARST)
measurement and mitigation voluntary
consensus standards when developing
the job task analysis (JTA),
recertification requirements).
Credentialing organizations might
enter into a Memorandum of
Understanding with EPA committing to
develop and maintain a certification
scheme in compliance with specified
parameters.
(b) EPA supports development of
initial certification scheme.
EPA would support development of
the initial certification scheme and then
would transfer ownership of the scheme
to a third party or individual
credentialing organization(s) after a
specified time-frame (e.g., five years). In
this case, new scheme owners might
sign a licensing agreement transferring
ownership of the certification scheme
and stipulating conditions for use and
maintenance of the scheme. For
example, the licensing agreement may
specify that the scheme owner may only
make changes to the scheme that are
deemed more stringent.
(c) EPA supports development and
maintenance of certification scheme.
EPA would retain ownership of the
certification scheme, including
development and maintenance.
Organizations seeking accreditation to
ISO/IEC 17024:2012 might enter into a
licensing agreement with the Agency
which would specify requirements for
use of the certification scheme.
5. Scope of This Effort
EPA’s RPP addressed labs and devices
in addition to radon testing and
mitigation service providers. The
proposed approach outlined above does
not directly address labs and devices. If
the Agency were to address labs, a
different ISO/IEC standard would apply
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(17025) and would require an
independent process. Device
requirements for certified radon service
providers will be incorporated within
the scope of this effort. (e.g., device
must have demonstrated compliance
with the voluntary consensus standard
MS–PC 2015, Performance
Specifications for Instrumentation
Systems Designed to Measure Radon
Gas in Air).
EPA is seeking comments on the
proposed scope for this effort, including
the planned approach for including
devices. Comments are also welcomed
on job titles and scopes that should be
included for radon testing and
mitigation providers.
Dated: August 3, 2017.
David Rowson,
Director, Indoor Environments Division.
[FR Doc. 2017–17860 Filed 8–22–17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
[EPA–HQ–OPP–2016–0109; FRL–9944–78]
I. What information is EPA particularly
interested in?
Agency Information Collection
Activities; Proposed Renewal of an
Existing Collection (EPA ICR No.
2288.03); Comment Request
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
AGENCY:
In compliance with the
Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), this
document announces that EPA is
planning to submit an Information
Collection Request (ICR) to the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) and
provides an opportunity for public
comment. The ICR, entitled: ‘‘Pesticide
Data Call-in Program’’ and identified by
EPA ICR No. 2288.03 and OMB Control
No. 2070–0174, represents the renewal
of an existing ICR that is scheduled to
expire on August 31, 2017. Before
submitting the ICR to OMB for review
and approval, EPA is soliciting
comments on specific aspects of the
proposed information collection that is
summarized in this document. The ICR
and accompanying material are
available in the docket for public review
and comment.
DATES: Comments must be received on
or before October 23, 2017.
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments,
identified by docket identification (ID)
number EPA–HQ–OPP–2016–0109, by
one of the following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://
www.regulations.gov. Follow the online
instructions for submitting comments.
asabaliauskas on DSKBBXCHB2PROD with NOTICES
SUMMARY:
VerDate Sep<11>2014
16:47 Aug 22, 2017
Jkt 241001
Do not submit electronically any
information you consider to be
Confidential Business Information (CBI)
or other information whose disclosure is
restricted by statute.
• Mail: OPP Docket, Environmental
Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/
DC), (28221T), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave.
NW., Washington, DC 20460–0001.
• Hand Delivery: To make special
arrangements for hand delivery or
delivery of boxed information, please
follow the instructions at https://
www.epa.gov/dockets/contacts.html.
Additional instructions on
commenting or visiting the docket,
along with more information about
dockets generally, is available at https://
www.epa.gov/dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Cameo Smoot, Field and External
Affairs Division (7506P), Office of
Pesticide Programs, Environmental
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania
Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460–0001;
telephone number: (703) 305–5454, mail
address: smoot.cameo@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Pursuant to PRA section 3506(c)(2)(A)
(44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)), EPA
specifically solicits comments and
information to enable it to:
1. Evaluate whether the proposed
collection of information is necessary
for the proper performance of the
functions of the Agency, including
whether the information will have
practical utility.
2. Evaluate the accuracy of the
Agency’s estimates of the burden of the
proposed collection of information,
including the validity of the
methodology and assumptions used.
3. Enhance the quality, utility, and
clarity of the information to be
collected.
4. Minimize the burden of the
collection of information on those who
are to respond, including through the
use of appropriate automated electronic,
mechanical, or other technological
collection techniques or other forms of
information technology, e.g., permitting
electronic submission of responses. In
particular, EPA is requesting comments
from very small businesses (those that
employ less than 25) on examples of
specific additional efforts that EPA
could make to reduce the paperwork
burden for very small businesses
affected by this collection.
II. What information collection activity
or ICR does this action apply to?
Title: Pesticide Data Call-in Program.
PO 00000
Frm 00018
Fmt 4703
Sfmt 4703
39997
ICR Number: EPA ICR No. 2288.03.
OMB control number: OMB Control
No. 2070–0174.
ICR Status: This ICR is currently
scheduled to expire on August 31, 2017.
An Agency may not conduct or sponsor,
and a person is not required to respond
to, a collection of information, unless it
displays a currently valid OMB control
number. The OMB control numbers for
EPA’s regulations in title 40 of the Code
of Federal Regulations (CFR), after
appearing in the Federal Register when
approved, are listed in 40 CFR part 9,
are displayed either by publication in
the Federal Register or by other
appropriate means, such as on the
related collection instrument or form, if
applicable. The display of OMB control
numbers for certain EPA regulations is
consolidated in 40 CFR part 9.
Abstract: This ICR covers the
information collection activities
associated with the issuance of datacall-ins (DCIs) under section 3(c)(2)(B)
of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
Burden Statement: The annual public
reporting and recordkeeping burden for
this collection of information is
estimated to average between 20 hours
and 8,182 hours per response. Burden is
defined in 5 CFR 1320.3(b). The ICR,
which is available in the docket along
with other related materials, provides a
detailed explanation of the collection
activities and the burden estimate that
is only briefly summarized here:
Respondents/Affected Entities:
Entities potentially affected by this ICR
are pesticide registrant and are
identified by the North American
Industrial Classification System
(NAICS) code 325320 (Pesticide and
Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing).
Estimated Total Number of Potential
Respondents: 122.
Frequency of Response: On occasion.
Estimated Total Average Number of
Responses for Each Respondent: 1.
Estimated Total Annual Burden
Hours: 615,447 hours.
Estimated Total Annual Costs:
$43,792,523.
There are no capital investment or
maintenance and operational costs
associated with this collection.
III. Are there changes in the estimates
from the last approval?
There is an increase of 353,146 hours
in the total estimated respondent
burden compared with that identified in
the ICR currently approved by OMB.
This increase is a result of the program
implementing new methodologies to
calculate respondent burden, the
inclusion of a new IC group—
E:\FR\FM\23AUN1.SGM
23AUN1
Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 162 (Wednesday, August 23, 2017)]
[Notices]
[Pages 39993-39997]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-17860]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0430; FRL-9966-07-OAR]
Notice of Intent To Establish Voluntary Criteria for Radon
Credentialing Organizations
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice of availability; opening of a 60-day public comment
period.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: Since 1988, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
administered a statutorily-mandated program under the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act to reduce exposure to indoor radon by promoting
awareness, testing, installation of radon mitigation systems in
existing homes, and use of radon-resistant new construction techniques.
EPA works with state programs, industry and the public to reduce human
exposure to radon and thereby reduce deaths due to lung cancer. Access
to quality service providers responsible for measuring indoor radon
levels and conducting mitigation when necessary is essential to this
mission. Historically, EPA operated a program, the Radon Proficiency
Program (RPP), to identify qualified radon service providers, a service
to assist consumers and states receiving indoor radon grants. Upon its
discontinuation, two organizations qualified to be designated as
responsible parties for credentialing radon service providers in the
absence of a state-run process established under a state's regulatory
requirements. Since that time, there has not been an ongoing and open
evaluation process for organizations wanting to credential radon
service providers. As the Federal agency responsible for implementing
the national radon program, and in response to the needs of our state
and private partners, EPA intends to establish voluntary criteria
outlining a standard of competence for organizations that credential
radon service providers. This notice provides interested parties with
an opportunity to provide feedback on the Agency's proposed approach.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before October 23, 2017.
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OAR-2017-0430, to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting
comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or withdrawn. The
EPA may publish any comment received to its public docket. Do not
submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential
Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is
restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must
be accompanied by a written comment. The written comment is considered
the official comment and should include discussion of all points you
wish to make. The EPA will generally not consider comments or comment
contents located outside of the primary submission (i.e. on the web,
cloud, or other file sharing system). For additional submission
methods, the full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or
multimedia submissions, and general guidance on making effective
comments, please visit https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Katrin Kral, Indoor Environments
Division, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air 6609T, Environmental
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460;
202-343-9454; kral.katrin@epa.gov.
I. General Information
A. Does this action apply to me?
This notice is directed to stakeholders working to reduce exposure
to indoor radon. It may, however, be of particular interest to those
involved with promoting and/or conducting testing and installation of
radon mitigation systems, including, but not limited to:
Organizations credentialing radon service providers and
other building construction and/or maintenance related providers.
Radon service providers.
Organizations who provide third-party accreditation to the
ISO/IEC 17024:2012.
Organizations representing state health and environmental
programs, green building initiatives, and the radon services industry.
State radon programs.
Federal agencies who own, influence or control housing.
B. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for EPA?
1. Tips for Preparing Your Comments. When submitting comments,
remember to:
Identify the notice by docket number, subject heading,
Federal Register date and page number.
Follow directions--EPA may ask you to respond to specific
questions or organize comments by including a specific reference.
Explain why you agree or disagree; suggest alternatives
and substitute language for your requested changes.
Describe any assumptions and provide any technical
information and/or data that you used.
If you estimate potential costs or burdens, explain how
you arrived at your estimate in sufficient detail to allow it to be
reproduced.
Illustrate your concerns with specific examples and
suggest alternatives.
Explain your views as clearly as possible, avoiding the
use of profanity or personal threats.
Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period
deadline identified.
C. How can I learn more about this?
To learn more, please visit www.epa.gov/radon. Depending on
interest and questions received, EPA may host a question and answer
session via webinar during the comment period. Please visit the Web
site regularly for updates.
[[Page 39994]]
D. Description of Terms Used in This Notice
Accreditation: Third party validation that a conformity assessment
body complies with established standards. Under the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), accreditation refers to the
formal recognition by an independent body, generally known as an
accreditation body, that a conformity assessment body operates
according to international standards.
Accreditation Body/Organization: Authoritative body that performs
accreditation.
Certification: The provision by an independent body of written
assurance (a certificate) that the product, personnel, service or
system in question meets specific requirements.
Certification Scheme: Component of ISO/IEC 17024:2012 that outlines
competence and other requirements related to specific occupational or
skilled categories of persons including a scope of certification, job
and task description (JTA), abilities (when applicable), prerequisites
(when applicable), and a code of conduct (when applicable). Criteria
for the initial certification and recertification must be part of the
scheme and includes a description of the assessment methods, and the
criteria for suspending and withdrawing the certification.
Competence: Ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve
intended results.
Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD):
501(c)(3) nonprofit non-governmental professional organization
dedicated to radiation protection. CRCPD's primary membership is made
up of radiation professionals in state and local government that
regulate the use of radiation sources.
Credential: Recognition of qualification or competence issued to a
person by an organization.
Credentialing: Term applied to processes used to designate that an
individual, program, institution or product have met established
standards set by an agent (governmental or non-governmental) recognized
as qualified to carry out this task. Licensure, registration,
accreditation, approval, certification, recognition or endorsement may
be used to describe different credentialing processes.
Credentialing Organization, Certification Body: Third-party
conformity assessment body operating certification schemes for persons
under ISO/IEC 17024:2012. A certification body can be non-governmental
or governmental with or without regulatory authority.
EPA Proficiency Program: Voluntary program established under 15
U.S.C. 2665(a)(2) and run by EPA that assessed the proficiency of
individuals and organizations and granted them a listing according to
their measurement or mitigation service capabilities. The Radon
Measurement Proficiency (RMP) Program was established in 1986, followed
by the Radon Contractor Proficiency (RCP) Program in 1989. These two
programs were consolidated into the Radon Proficiency Program (RPP) in
1995.
Guidance on Federal Conformity Assessment (15 CFR part 287):
Provides guidance for each Federal agency to use in evaluating the
efficacy and efficiency of its conformity assessment activities. Each
agency should coordinate its conformity assessment activities with
those of other appropriate government agencies and with those of the
private sector to reduce unnecessary duplication. The guidance is
intended to help Federal agencies improve the management and
coordination of their own conformity assessment activities with respect
to other government entities and the private sector.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): International
organization that prepares and publishes international standards for
all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA; 1988): Subchapter III of the
Toxic Substances Control Act, or TSCA. Provides the authority for EPA's
indoor radon activities.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Independent,
non-governmental international organization with a membership of 161
national standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together
experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based,
market relevant international standards that support innovation and
provide solutions to global challenges.
ISO/IEC: Joint technical committee of the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Its purpose is to develop, maintain
and promote voluntary consensus standards.
ISO/IEC 17024:2012, Conformity assessment: General requirements for
bodies operating certification of persons: Voluntary international
consensus standard containing principles and requirements for a body
certifying persons against specific requirements, and includes the
development and maintenance of a certification scheme for persons.
Job Task Analysis: Foundational requirement of ISO/IEC 17024:2012,
included with the certification scheme. Helps to identify the core
knowledge areas, critical work functions, and/or skills that are common
across the representative sampling of current practitioners.
License: An official document that gives you permission to own, do,
or use something.
The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA):
Directs Federal agencies with respect to their use of and participation
in the development of voluntary consensus standards. The Act directs
Federal agencies to adopt voluntary consensus standards, wherever
possible, in lieu of creating proprietary, non-consensus standards. The
Act also directs the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) to coordinate the conformity assessment activities of Federal
agencies, as well as state and local governments with the private
sector in order to reduce unnecessary duplication and complexity of
conformity assessment schemes.
Office of Management and Budget Circular A-119 (OMB A-119):
Establishes policies on Federal use and development of voluntary
consensus standards and on conformity assessment activities.
Personnel Certification: Voluntary process by which a non-
governmental entity grants a time-limited recognition and use of a
credential to an individual after verifying that he or she has met
predetermined and standardized criteria.
Radon Service Providers (also referred to as ``radon providers'' or
``providers''): Individuals who perform measurement and/or mitigation
of radon.
State Indoor Radon Grant (SIRG, also referred to as ``indoor radon
grants''): States and tribes receive grant funds from EPA that help
finance their radon risk reduction programs; recipients must provide a
minimum of 40% in matching funds. The Indoor Radon Abatement Act
provides statutory authority for EPA to run the grant program under 15
U.S.C. 2666 (a-j).
Voluntary Consensus Standards (VCS): Standard developed or adopted
by voluntary consensus standards bodies, through the use of a voluntary
consensus standards development process, as defined in OMB A-119.
II. Background
A. What authority does EPA have to establish voluntary criteria for
radon credentialing organizations?
The 1988 Indoor Radon Abatement Act (See Toxic Substances Control
Act,
[[Page 39995]]
Title III; 15 U.S.C. 2661-2671) addresses risks associated with indoor
radon levels and establishes provisions that focus on voluntary
activities, including education and grant and technical assistance to
states for radon programs. Under 15 U.S.C. 2665(a)(2), EPA was granted
authority to operate a voluntary proficiency program for rating, among
other things, the effectiveness of radon measurement and mitigation
devices and methods, and ``the effectiveness of private firms and
individuals offering radon-related architecture, design, engineering,
measurement, and mitigation services.'' Pursuant to 15 U.S.C.
2666(h)(3), state grant recipients are required to maintain, and make
available to the public, a list of firms and individuals receiving a
passing rating under such a program.
B. What is the history of EPA's voluntary Radon Proficiency Program for
radon service providers?
In February 1986, EPA established the Radon Measurement Proficiency
(RMP) Program to assist consumers in identifying organizations capable
of providing reliable radon measurement analysis services. The Radon
Contractor Proficiency (RCP) Program was established in 1989 to
evaluate the proficiency of radon mitigators in residences and provide
information to the public on proficient mitigators. In 1994, EPA began
working to consolidate the RMP and RCP into one streamlined program to
better meet industry needs and reduce costs. The consolidated program
officially became the Radon Proficiency Program (RPP) in October 1995.
In response to stakeholder feedback as part of the RPP development-
process, the Agency also began investigating the feasibility of
transitioning oversight of the proficiency program away from EPA. The
Agency tasked the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors
(CRCPD) with drafting a document containing the necessary components of
a proficiency program. As part of this effort, a series of stakeholder
meetings were held in 1997. Feedback was collected in five key areas
critical to discontinuation of the EPA's RPP: (1) Radon tester; (2)
radon mitigator; (3) approval and accreditation requirements for radon
and radon decay product measurement devices, radon chambers, and radon
laboratories; (4) the operational board and committees; and (5) the
transition to private proficiency programs.
Ultimately, CRCPD developed a final document outlining a plan for
transitioning oversight of the proficiency program outside of the
Federal government, entitled: ``Criteria for Certification of Radon
Service Providers, the Accreditation of Radon Chambers and
Laboratories, and the Approval of Measurement Devices.'' This plan was
used to conduct a one-time evaluation and identify two organizations
that sufficiently addressed components of EPA's RPP in the early 2000s.
These two organizations--the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP;
initially affiliated with the National Environmental Health Association
and currently affiliated with the American Association of Radon
Scientists and Technologists, or AARST) and the National Radon Safety
Board (NRSB)--became responsible for credentialing radon service
providers in the absence of a state run process established under a
state's regulatory requirements. This service assisted consumers by
identifying qualified radon providers. In addition, it assisted states
receiving indoor radon grants, which are required to maintain and make
available a list of qualified service providers to the public. Since
the discontinuation of the RPP, the Agency has relied on NRPP, NRSB and
state run certification programs to provide the national proficiency
platform in the radon marketplace.
C. What is the framework for EPA's consideration of voluntary consensus
standards and conformity assessment activities?
Taken together, the National Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act (NTTAA, Pub. L. 104-113), Office of Management and Budget Circular
A-119 (OMB A-119) and Guidance on Federal Conformity Assessment (15 CFR
part 287) direct Federal agencies to use voluntary consensus standards
(VCS) wherever possible as the basis of regulation and other programs,
to participate in the development of VCS, and to coordinate conformity
assessment activities (testing, certification, etc.) with the private
sector to avoid duplication. OMB A-119 outlines considerations Federal
agencies should make when addressing the need for conformity
assessment, and considerations agencies should take into account when
designing conformity assessment programs.
Personnel certification has become an important element of
verifying the competence of an increasingly mobile and global
workforce. In response to this growing need, a joint technical
committee of the International Organization for Standardization and the
International Electrotechnical Commission (the ISO/IEC) developed an
international standard to establish uniform procedures for certifying
the competence of personnel in different occupations or professions.
The ISO/IEC 17024:2012 standard is designed to help ensure that
personnel certification programs run by credentialing organizations
(also referred to as a certifying body) operate in a consistent,
comparable, impartial and reliable manner. In addition to ensuring the
validity of individual certification programs, the ISO/IEC standard is
intended to help ensure competence and quality of a workforce and
promote consumer and public confidence. Key areas addressed in the
standard include: The structure and governance of the certifying body
and the characteristics of the certification program as it relates
specifically to a job type (e.g., a certification scheme) and the
assessment and recertification requirements.
To verify compliance with ISO/IEC standard 17024:2012,
credentialing organizations may seek accreditation from a third party.
An organization accredited by a third party demonstrates ongoing
compliance with a set of business standards and the necessary core
competencies to perform the certification of persons and/or training
functions. As a requirement of continuous accreditation recognition, an
organization must demonstrate ongoing compliance with ISO/IEC standard
17024:2012 by periodically maintaining accreditation.
III. Subject and Purpose of This Notice
Radon exposure causes approximately 21,000 lung cancer deaths every
year and is the leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. Many
state programs and private industry stakeholders have, for years,
asserted their belief that EPA should maintain a standard of competence
for organizations credentialing radon service providers that reflect
current industry standards and best practices. There is no current
formal process to assess quality and competence of organizations
wanting to credential radon service providers. The Agency believes it
is necessary to establish an ongoing and open evaluation process moving
forward and anticipates that it will take two to four years to
establish a process and ensure ample opportunities for stakeholder
involvement. Criteria establishing a standard of competence for
organizations credentialing radon service provides will help ensure
continued and sustained access to a qualified workforce.
EPA recently issued a special term and condition to SIRG grantees
clarifying guidance in the State and
[[Page 39996]]
Tribal Indoor Radon Grants Program Guidance and Handbook https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/guidance_and_handbook.pdf related to satisfying requirements for 15
U.S.C. 2666(h)(3). Specifically, the Agency clarified that, to remain
in compliance with 15 U.S.C. 2666(h)(3) requirements, states receiving
SIRG funding must maintain and provide the public with a list of only
those radon service providers who are credentialed either through:
(1) An existing state-run process established under a state's
regulatory requirements for credentialing radon service providers
(e.g., state license), or
(2) one of the two currently-recognized national radon proficiency
programs (i.e., NRPP or NRSB).
The term and condition will remain in effect until the Agency
issues voluntary criteria, at which time, states receiving SIRG funding
would list only those radon service providers credentialed by
organizations meeting the criteria.
A. What specific comments are being sought?
While all comments regarding any aspect related to the development
of voluntary criteria for radon credentialing organizations are
welcomed, comments on the following key areas are specifically
requested.
1. Overall Approach
While EPA cannot require that radon credentialing bodies take any
particular action in order to conduct business, EPA does have authority
to require that states receiving indoor radon grants list only
providers who meet certain standards of competence. By establishing
criteria for organizations credentialing radon service providers, EPA
would help states ensure high-quality radon services are available to
their citizens. States receiving SIRG funding would be required to list
only radon service providers who are certified by organizations meeting
these criteria (possibly including state-run credentialing programs).
To satisfy the criteria, organizations that credential radon
service providers would need to demonstrate and maintain compliance
with ISO/IEC standard 17024:2012 through independent, third party
accreditation. The voluntary criteria would specify a timeframe for
organizations to demonstrate compliance with ISO/IEC 17024:2012 through
third party accreditation.
As a condition of continuous accreditation recognition, an
organization would need to demonstrate ongoing compliance with ISO/IEC
17024:2012 by periodically reapplying and earning accreditation.
Credentialing organizations accredited to ISO/IEC 17024:2012 have
to ensure that certificate holders meet requirements outlined in the
certification scheme. The credentialing organization may use
recertification to bring those who do not meet the current requirements
into compliance. In this case, recertification may be required for
service providers previously credentialed by one of the two national
credentialing organizations.
EPA is seeking comments on the overall feasibility, appropriateness
and potential impacts of these criteria, in particular as they relate
to: Time-frame for demonstrating compliance through third-party
accreditation and options for a phased-in approach, maintaining
continuous accreditation, and recertification as a means to bring
existing certificate holders into compliance.
2. Application of Voluntary Criteria to State-Run Programs
Currently, approximately twenty-three states have regulatory
requirements in place for credentialing of radon service providers and
implement a process accordingly (e.g., state license). While some of
these states require certification by one of the two currently
recognized national credentialing organizations (i.e., NRPP and/or
NRSB), there are states operating processes that do not require this
certification.
EPA is seeking comments on the feasibility, appropriateness and
potential impacts of requiring states that operate independent programs
(i.e., currently do not require certification by one of two recognized
national credentialing organizations) to meet the criteria if receiving
SIRG funding.
3. Requirements for Accreditation Organizations
Organizations providing independent, third party accreditation may
be required to demonstrate compliance with ISO/IEC 17011:2004 as a
signatory of the International Accreditation Forum's Multilateral
Recognition Agreement, or MRA.
EPA is seeking feedback on the value of including conditions for
organizations providing independent, third party accreditation.
4. Development of ISO/IEC 17024:2012 Program-Related Components
To help reduce the burden to credentialing organizations seeking
accreditation to the ISO/IEC 17024:2012 and to standardize competency
and testing requirements for radon service providers, EPA recognizes
that there may be value in the Agency supporting development of the
certification scheme, a requirement of ISO/IEC 17024:2012. It should be
noted that the choice of what role EPA plays ultimately will depend on
both what the community needs and what resources the Agency can
sustainably support.
EPA is seeking comments on the feasibility, appropriateness, and
potential impacts of each possible scenario presented below:
(a) EPA develops basic framework for credentialing organizations to
follow.
EPA would define parameters for the certification scheme (e.g.,
scope(s) of practice, use of existing American National Standards
Institute/American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists
(ANSI/AARST) measurement and mitigation voluntary consensus standards
when developing the job task analysis (JTA), recertification
requirements).
Credentialing organizations might enter into a Memorandum of
Understanding with EPA committing to develop and maintain a
certification scheme in compliance with specified parameters.
(b) EPA supports development of initial certification scheme.
EPA would support development of the initial certification scheme
and then would transfer ownership of the scheme to a third party or
individual credentialing organization(s) after a specified time-frame
(e.g., five years). In this case, new scheme owners might sign a
licensing agreement transferring ownership of the certification scheme
and stipulating conditions for use and maintenance of the scheme. For
example, the licensing agreement may specify that the scheme owner may
only make changes to the scheme that are deemed more stringent.
(c) EPA supports development and maintenance of certification
scheme.
EPA would retain ownership of the certification scheme, including
development and maintenance. Organizations seeking accreditation to
ISO/IEC 17024:2012 might enter into a licensing agreement with the
Agency which would specify requirements for use of the certification
scheme.
5. Scope of This Effort
EPA's RPP addressed labs and devices in addition to radon testing
and mitigation service providers. The proposed approach outlined above
does not directly address labs and devices. If the Agency were to
address labs, a different ISO/IEC standard would apply
[[Page 39997]]
(17025) and would require an independent process. Device requirements
for certified radon service providers will be incorporated within the
scope of this effort. (e.g., device must have demonstrated compliance
with the voluntary consensus standard MS-PC 2015, Performance
Specifications for Instrumentation Systems Designed to Measure Radon
Gas in Air).
EPA is seeking comments on the proposed scope for this effort,
including the planned approach for including devices. Comments are also
welcomed on job titles and scopes that should be included for radon
testing and mitigation providers.
Dated: August 3, 2017.
David Rowson,
Director, Indoor Environments Division.
[FR Doc. 2017-17860 Filed 8-22-17; 8:45 am]
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