Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Determination 33 for Significant New Alternatives Policy Program, 33809-33825 [2017-15379]
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Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 139 / Friday, July 21, 2017 / Rules and Regulations
• does not provide EPA with the
discretionary authority to address, as
appropriate, disproportionate human
health or environmental effects, using
practicable and legally permissible
methods, under Executive Order 12898
(59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
The SIP is not approved to apply on
any Indian reservation land or in any
other area where EPA or an Indian tribe
has demonstrated that a tribe has
jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian
country, the rule does not have tribal
implications as specified by Executive
Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9,
2000), nor will it impose substantial
direct costs on tribal governments or
preempt tribal law.
The Congressional Review Act, 5
U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small
Business Regulatory Enforcement
Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides
that before a rule may take effect, the
agency promulgating the rule must
submit a rule report, which includes a
copy of the rule, to each House of the
Congress and to the Comptroller General
of the United States. EPA will submit a
report containing this action and other
required information to the U.S. Senate,
the U.S. House of Representatives, and
the Comptroller General of the United
States prior to publication of the rule in
the Federal Register. A major rule
cannot take effect until 60 days after it
is published in the Federal Register.
This action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ as
defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).
Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA,
petitions for judicial review of this
action must be filed in the United States
Court of Appeals for the appropriate
circuit by September 19, 2017. Filing a
petition for reconsideration by the
Administrator of this final rule does not
affect the finality of this action for the
purposes of judicial review nor does it
extend the time within which a petition
for judicial review may be filed, and
shall not postpone the effectiveness of
such rule or action. Parties with
objections to this direct final rule are
encouraged to file a comment in
response to the parallel notice of
proposed rulemaking for this action
published in the proposed rules section
of today’s Federal Register, rather than
file an immediate petition for judicial
review of this direct final rule, so that
EPA can withdraw this direct final rule
and address the comment in the
proposed rulemaking. This action may
not be challenged later in proceedings to
enforce its requirements. See section
307(b)(2).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52
Environmental protection, Air
pollution control, Incorporation by
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reference, Intergovernmental relations,
Particulate matter, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Volatile
organic compounds.
Dated: July 7, 2017.
V. Anne Heard,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4.
40 CFR part 52 is amended as follows:
PART 52—APPROVAL AND
PROMULGATION OF
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
1. The authority citation for part 52
continues to read as follows:
■
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Subpart K—Florida
§ 52.520
[Amended]
2. Section 52.520(c) is amended by
removing the entries for ‘‘62–210.100,’’
‘‘62–212.100,’’ ‘‘62–297.100,’’ and ‘‘62–
296.407.’’
■
[FR Doc. 2017–15268 Filed 7–20–17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Part 82
[EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118; FRL–9964–73–
OAR]
RIN 2060–AG12
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone:
Determination 33 for Significant New
Alternatives Policy Program
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Determination of acceptability.
AGENCY:
This determination of
acceptability expands the list of
acceptable substitutes pursuant to the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
(EPA) Significant New Alternatives
Policy (SNAP) program. This action lists
as acceptable additional substitutes for
use in the refrigeration and air
conditioning sector and the cleaning
solvents sector.
DATES: This determination is applicable
on July 21, 2017.
ADDRESSES: EPA established a docket
for this action under Docket ID No.
EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118
(continuation of Air Docket A–91–42).
All electronic documents in the docket
are listed in the index at
www.regulations.gov. Although listed in
the index, some information is not
publicly available, i.e., Confidential
Business Information (CBI) or other
information whose disclosure is
SUMMARY:
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33809
restricted by statute. Publicly available
docket materials are available either
electronically at www.regulations.gov or
in hard copy at the EPA Air Docket
(Nos. A–91–42 and EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118), EPA Docket Center (EPA/
DC), William J. Clinton West, Room
3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW.,
Washington, DC 20460. The Public
Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to
4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday,
excluding legal holidays. The telephone
number for the Public Reading Room is
(202) 566–1744, and the telephone
number for the Air Docket is (202) 566–
1742.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Gerald Wozniak by telephone at (202)
343–9624, by email at wozniak.gerald@
epa.gov, or by mail at U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Mail
Code 6205T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue
NW., Washington, DC 20460. Overnight
or courier deliveries should be sent to
the office location at 1201 Constitution
Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20004.
For more information on the Agency’s
process for administering the SNAP
program or criteria for the evaluation of
substitutes, refer to the initial SNAP
rulemaking published in the Federal
Register on March 18, 1994 (59 FR
13044). Notices and rulemakings under
the SNAP program, as well as other EPA
publications on protection of
stratospheric ozone, are available at
EPA’s Ozone Layer Protection Web site
at www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection
including the SNAP portion at
www.epa.gov/snap/.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
B. Cleaning Solvents
II. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements and Authority
for the SNAP Program
B. EPA’s Regulations Implementing
Section 612
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP
Program Work
D. Additional Information About the SNAP
Program
Appendix A: Summary of Decisions for
New Acceptable Substitutes
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
This action presents EPA’s most
recent decision to list as acceptable
several substitutes in the refrigeration
and air conditioning sector and the
cleaning solvents sector. New
substitutes are:
• Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-134a in
residential and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps (retrofit
equipment);
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• Hydrofluoroether (HFE)-7300 in
non-mechanical heat transfer systems
(new and retrofit equipment);
• R-407H in retail food refrigeration—
remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-442A in retail food refrigeration—
remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-448A in multiple refrigeration
and air conditioning end-uses (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-449A in multiple refrigeration
and air conditioning end-uses (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-449B in multiple refrigeration
and air conditioning end-uses (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-452A in multiple refrigeration
and air conditioning end-uses (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-452C in multiple refrigeration
and air conditioning end-uses (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-453A in multiple refrigeration
and air conditioning end-uses (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-458A in multiple refrigeration
and air-conditioning end-uses (new and
retrofit equipment);
• R-513A in residential dehumidifiers
(new and retrofit equipment); and
• HFE-7300 in electronics cleaning,
metals cleaning, and precision cleaning
end-uses.
EPA’s review of certain substitutes
listed in this document is pending for
other uses. Listing in the end-uses and
applications in this document does not
prejudge EPA’s listings of these
substitutes for other uses. For many of
the substitutes being added through this
document to the acceptable lists for
specific end-uses, there are other listed
substitutes for the end-use whose
overall risk is comparable except that
they have a lower risk in one SNAP
criterion, for example toxicity or
atmospheric effects. However, for the
end-uses addressed in this action, those
alternatives have not yet proven feasible
in those specific end-uses. If alternatives
that pose significantly less overall risk—
either those currently listed or new
alternatives added to the list—are
demonstrated in the future as feasible
for one or more of the relevant end-uses,
EPA may evaluate whether to change
the listing status of the substitutes
addressed in this document.
For copies of the full list of acceptable
substitutes for ozone depleting
substances (ODS) in all industrial
sectors, visit the SNAP portion of EPA’s
Ozone Layer Protection Web site at
www.epa.gov/snap/substitutes-sector.
Substitutes listed as unacceptable;
acceptable, subject to narrowed use
limits; or acceptable, subject to use
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conditions are also listed in the
appendices to 40 CFR part 82, subpart
G.
The sections below discuss each
substitute listing in detail. Appendix A
contains tables summarizing today’s
listing decisions for these new
substitutes. The statements in the
‘‘Further Information’’ column in the
tables provide additional information
but are not legally binding under section
612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In
addition, the ‘‘Further Information’’
column may not include a
comprehensive list of other legal
obligations you may need to meet when
using the substitute. Although you are
not required to follow recommendations
in the ‘‘Further Information’’ column of
the table to use a substitute consistent
with section 612 of the CAA, some of
these statements may refer to obligations
that are enforceable or binding under
federal or state programs other than the
SNAP program. In many instances, the
information simply refers to standard
operating practices in existing industry
standards and/or building codes. When
using these substitutes, EPA strongly
encourages you to apply the information
in this column. Many of these
recommendations, if adopted, would
not require significant changes to
existing operating practices.
You can find submissions to EPA for
the substitutes listed in this document,
as well as other materials supporting the
decisions in this action, in Docket EPA–
HQ–OAR–2003–0118 at
www.regulations.gov.
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1. HFC-134a
EPA’s decision: EPA finds HFC-134a
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Residential and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps (retrofit
equipment only)
HFC-134a is also known as R-134a, or
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No.
811–97–2). EPA has previously listed
HFC-134a as acceptable for use in
residential and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps in new
equipment, as well as in a number of
other end-uses and sectors.
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
HFC-134a in Residential and Light
Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat
Pumps. SNAP Submission Received
February 3, 2014.’’ EPA performed an
assessment to examine the health and
environmental risks of this substitute.
This assessment is available in Docket
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EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118 under the
following name:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Residential and Light Commercial Air
Conditioning and Heat Pumps
Substitute: HFC-134a’’
Environmental information: HFC-134a
has an ozone depletion potential (ODP)
of approximately zero.1 Its global
warming potential (GWP) is 1,430, and
it has an atmospheric lifetime 2 of
approximately 14 years.3 HFC-134a is
excluded from the definition of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of state
implementation plans (SIPs) to attain
and maintain the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS). Knowingly
venting or releasing this refrigerant is
limited by the venting prohibition under
section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at
40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: HFC-134a
is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat when inhaled. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if
air is displaced by vapors in a confined
space. These potential health effects are
common to many refrigerants.
The American Industrial Hygiene
Association (AIHA) has established a
workplace environmental exposure
limit (WEEL) of 1,000 ppm as an eighthour time-weighted average (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-134a. EPA anticipates that users
will be able to meet the AIHA WEEL
and address potential health risks by
following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
Safety Data Sheet (SDS), in the
American Society for Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 15, and
other safety precautions common to the
refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
1 EPA assumes that compounds containing no
chlorine, bromine, or iodine have an ODP of zero.
2 We provide information on the atmospheric
lifetime of individual chemicals where we have
such information.
3 Unless otherwise stated, all GWPs in this
document are 100-year values from: IPCC, 2007:
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change [Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning,
M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor M.,
and Miller, H.L. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY,
USA. This document is accessible at www.ipcc.ch/
publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html.
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Comparison to other substitutes in
this end-use: HFC-134a has an ODP of
zero, comparable 4 to the other listed
substitutes in this end-use, all with an
ODP of zero.
HFC-134a has a GWP of 1,430. All
other substitutes listed as acceptable for
residential and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps in retrofit
equipment have higher GWPs than HFC134a, such as R-407C, R-438A, and R507A with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to
3,990.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduse. Toxicity risks can be minimized by
use consistent with the AIHA WEELs,
ASHRAE 15 and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds HFC-134a acceptable in the
end-use listed above, because it does not
pose greater overall environmental and
human health risk than other available
substitutes in the same end-use.
2. HFE-7300 (1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5decafluoro-3-methoxy-4(trifluoromethyl)pentane)
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EPA’s decision: EPA finds HFE-7300
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Non-mechanical heat transfer systems
(new and retrofit equipment) 5
HFE-7300 is also known as
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)pentane
(CAS Reg. No. 132182–92–4) and goes
by the trade name of 3MTM NovecTM
7300 Engineered Fluid.
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
HFE-7300 in Solvent Cleaning and NonMechanical Heat Transfer Systems.
SNAP Submission Received October 13,
2016.’’ EPA performed an assessment to
examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. This assessment
is available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following name:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in Heat
Transfer: HFE-7300’’
Environmental information: HFE-7300
has an ODP of zero. The GWP of HFE4 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
5 Acceptable substitutes for organic Rankine cycle
have typically been included through listings in the
non-mechanical heat transfer end-use. EPA may
review organic Rankine cycle applications
separately in the future.
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7300 is approximately 310, and it has an
atmospheric lifetime of approximately
3.8 years.6 HFE-7300 is excluded from
the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS. This
substitute is subject to a Toxic
Substance Control Act (TSCA) section
5(a)(2) Significant New Use Rule
(SNUR) (40 CFR 721.10061) which
requires notification to EPA before
release of manufacturing, process, or use
streams containing the substitute into
the waters of the United States.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant is limited by the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: HFE-7300
is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include eye irritation, skin
irritation, and respiratory tract irritation.
Ingestion of HFE-7300 may also be
harmful. The substitute could cause
asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that HFE-7300 will be
used in a manner consistent with the
recommendations specified in the SDS.
The manufacturer recommends an
acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 100
ppm on an 8-hour TWA. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet the manufacturer’s AEL and
address potential health risks by
following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
SDS and in any other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
this end-use: HFE-7300 has an ODP of
zero, comparable 7 to or lower than
other acceptable substitutes in this same
end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.00034.8
For non-mechanical heat transfer
systems, HFE-7300’s GWP of 310 is
lower than or comparable to that of
acceptable substitutes, such as HFE7100, HFC-245fa, and HFC-236fa with
GWPs ranging from about 300 to 9,810.
HFE-7300’s GWP is higher than the
GWPs of other acceptable substitutes in
non-mechanical heat transfer systems,
including C7 Fluoroketone, HFO(2016) as per IPCC 4th Assessment Report.
is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and HCFC-22
with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
8 Unless otherwise stated, all ODPs in this
document are from EPA’s regulations at appendix
A to subpart A of 40 CFR part 82.
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1234ze(E), and HFE-7200 with GWPs
ranging from one to approximately 60.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduse. Toxicity risks can be minimized by
use consistent with the manufacturer’s
AEL, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable in the
end-use listed above because it does not
pose greater overall environmental and
human health risk than other available
substitutes in the same end-use.
3. R-407H
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-407H
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units (new and retrofit
equipment)
R-407H, marketed under the trade
name D407, is a weighted blend of 52.5
percent HFC-134a, which is also known
as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg.
No. 811–97–2); 32.5 percent HFC-32,
which is also known as difluoromethane
(CAS Reg. No. 75–10–5); and 15 percent
HFC-125, which is also known as
1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg.
No. 354-33-6).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR2003-0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-407H in Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units). SNAP
Submission Received January 26, 2017.’’
EPA has performed an assessment to
examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. This assessment
is available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following name:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Retail Food Refrigeration Substitute:
R-407H’’
Environmental information: R-407H
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, have
GWPs of 1,430, 675, and 3,500,
respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R407H has a GWP of about 1,500. The
components of R-407H are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
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Flammability information: R-407H, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that R-407H will be
used in a manner consistent with the
recommendations specified in the SDS.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, the
components of R-407H. The
manufacturer recommends an AEL of
1,000 ppm on an 8-hour TWA for the
blend. EPA anticipates that users will be
able to meet the manufacturer’s AEL
and the AIHA WEELs and to address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer’s SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
and other safety precautions common to
the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
this end-use: R-407H has an ODP of
zero, comparable 9 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in this end-use,
with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
For retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units, R-407H’s GWP of
about 1,500 is lower than that of
acceptable substitutes, such as R-407A,
R-407C, R-407F, R-410B, and R-421A,
with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 2,630.
R-407H’s GWP is higher than the GWPs
of other acceptable substitutes in retail
food refrigeration—remote condensing
units, including CO2, R-450A, and R513A, with GWPs ranging from one to
about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduse. Toxicity risks can be minimized by
use consistent with the AIHA WEELs,
manufacturer’s AEL, ASHRAE 15, and
other industry standards,
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-407H acceptable in the
end-use listed above because it does not
9 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, HCFC-22, and R-502, with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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pose greater overall environmental and
human health risk than other available
substitutes in the same end-use.
4. R-442A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-442A
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units (new and retrofit
equipment)
R-442A, marketed under the trade
name RS-50, is a weighted blend of 31
percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75–10–
5); 31 percent HFC-125, which is also
known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); 30 percent
HFC-134a, which is also known as
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No.
811–97–2); five percent HFC-227ea,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 431–
89–0); and three percent HFC-152a,
which is also known as 1,1difluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 75–37–6).
EPA previously listed R-442A as an
acceptable refrigerant in a number of
other refrigeration and air conditioning
end-uses (May 17, 2013; 78 FR 29034).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-442A (RS 50) in Retail Food
Refrigeration (Remote Condensing
Units). SNAP Submission Received July
26, 2011.’’ EPA has performed an
assessment to examine the health and
environmental risks of this substitute.
This assessment is available in Docket
EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118 under the
following name:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Retail Food Refrigeration Substitute:
R-442A’’
Environmental information: R-442A
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC227ea, and HFC-152a, have GWPs of
675; 3,500; 1,430; 3,220; and 124,
respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R442A has a GWP of about 1,890. The
components of R-442A are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-442A, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
PO 00000
Frm 00038
Fmt 4700
Sfmt 4700
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32,
HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and
HFC-152a, the components of R-442A.
The manufacturer of R-442A
recommends an AEL of 1,000 ppm on
an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet the AIHA WEELs and address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer’s SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
and other safety precautions common to
the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
this end-use: R-442A has an ODP of
zero, comparable 10 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in this end-use,
with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
For retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units, R-442A’s GWP of
about 1,890 is lower than or comparable
to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-407A, R-407F, R-410B, and R-421A
with GWPs ranging from 1,820 to 2,630.
R-442A’s GWP is higher than the GWPs
of other acceptable substitutes in retail
food refrigeration—remote condensing
units, including CO2 with a GWP of one
and HFC-134a, R-407C, R-448A, R449A, R-449B, R-450A, and R-513A
with GWPs of about 600 to 1,770.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduse. Toxicity risks can be minimized by
use consistent with the AIHA WEELs,
ASHRAE 15, and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-442A acceptable in the
end-use listed above because it does not
pose greater overall environmental and
human health risk than other available
substitutes in the same end-use.
5. R-448A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-448A
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
10 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, HCFC-22, and R-502, with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
• Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment)
• Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment)
R-448A, marketed under the trade
name Solstice® N-40, is a weighted
blend of 26 percent HFC-32, which is
also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5); 26 percent HFC-125,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6); 21 percent HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2); 20 percent
HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg.
No 754–12–1); and seven percent HFO1234ze(E), which is also known as
trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS
Reg. No. 29118-24-9).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-448A (N-40) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration and Cold Storage
Warehouses. SNAP Submission
Received May 29, 2014.’’ EPA
performed assessments to examine the
health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are
available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following names:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold
Storage Warehouses Substitute: R448A (Solstice® N-40)’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Industrial Process Refrigeration
Substitute: R-448A (Solstice® N-40)’’
EPA previously listed R-448A as an
acceptable refrigerant in a number of
other refrigeration and air conditioning
end-uses (e.g., July 16, 2015, 80 FR
42053; October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
Environmental information: R-448A
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO1234yf, and HFO-1234ze(E) have GWPs
of 675; 3,500; 1,430; one to four; 11 12 and
one to six; 13 respectively. If these values
are weighted by mass percentage, then
R-448A has a GWP of about 1,390. The
components of R-448A are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant blend is limited by the
11 Hodnebrog
et al., 2013. Op. cit.
O.J., Javadi, M.S., Sulbaek Andersen,
M.P., Hurley, M.D., Wallington, T.J., Singh, R.
Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CF=CH2: Kinetics and
mechanisms of gas-phase reactions with Cl atoms,
OH radicals, and O3. Chemical Physics Letters 439,
18–22, 2007.
13 Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Javadi et al., 2008.
Op. cit.
12 Nielsen,
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16:05 Jul 20, 2017
Jkt 241001
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-448A, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32,
HFC-125, and HFC-134a; 500 ppm for
HFO-1234yf; and 800 ppm for HFO1234ze(E), the components of R-448A.
The manufacturer of R-448A
recommends an AEL of 890 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet the AIHA WEELs and
manufacturer’s AEL and address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer’s SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
and other safety precautions common to
the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: R-448A has an ODP of
zero, comparable 14 to or lower than
other listed substitutes in these enduses, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.057.
For cold storage warehouses, R448A’s GWP of 1,390 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F, with GWPs ranging from
1,430 to 1,820. R-448A’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for cold storage warehouses,
including ammonia absorption,
desiccant cooling, evaporative cooling,
R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 630.
For industrial process refrigeration, R448A’s GWP of 1,390 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-404A,
R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging
from 1,430 to 14,800. R-448A’s GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes for industrial
process refrigeration, including
ammonia absorption, ammonia vapor
compression, Sterling cycle, CO2,
14 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
PO 00000
Frm 00039
Fmt 4700
Sfmt 4700
33813
propane, R-450A, and R-513A with
GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the AIHA
WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-448A acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
6. R-449A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-449A
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment)
• Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment)
R-449A, marketed under the trade
name Opteon® XP 40, is a weighted
blend of 24.3 percent HFC-32, which is
also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); 24.7 percent HFC125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6); 25.7 percent HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2); and 25.3
percent HFO-1234yf, which is also
known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-449A (XP40) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration and Cold Storage
Warehouses. SNAP Submission
Received August 26, 2014.’’ EPA
performed assessments to examine the
health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are
available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following names:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold
Storage Warehouses Substitute: R449A (Opteon® XP40)’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Industrial Process Refrigeration
Substitute: R-449A (Opteon® XP40)’’
EPA previously listed R-449A as an
acceptable refrigerant in a number of
other refrigeration and air conditioning
end-uses (e.g., July 16, 2015, 80 FR
42053; October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
Environmental information: R-449A
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFO-
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21JYR1
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
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Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 139 / Friday, July 21, 2017 / Rules and Regulations
1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430;
and one to four,15 respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage,
then R-449A has a GWP of about 1,400.
The components of R-449A are
excluded from the definition of VOC
under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR
51.100(s)) addressing the development
of SIPs to attain and maintain the
NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing
this refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-449A, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32,
HFC-125, and HFC-134a and 500 ppm
for HFO-1234yf, the components of R449A. The manufacturer of R-449A
recommends an AEL of 830 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and the
manufacturer’s AEL and address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer’s SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
and other safety precautions common to
the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: R-449A has an ODP of
zero, comparable 16 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in this end-use,
with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
For cold storage warehouses, R449A’s GWP of 1,400 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F with GWPs ranging from
1,430 to 1,820. R-449A’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for cold storage warehouses,
including ammonia absorption,
desiccant cooling, evaporative cooling,
R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 630.
15 Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007.
Op. cit.
16 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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Jkt 241001
For industrial process refrigeration, R449A’s GWP of 1,400 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-404A,
R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging
from 1,430 to 14,800. R-449A’s GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes for industrial
process refrigeration including ammonia
absorption, ammonia vapor
compression, Sterling cycle, CO2,
propane, R-450A, and R-513A with
GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the AIHA
WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-449A acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
7. R-449B
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-449B
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment)
• Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment)
R-449B, marketed under the trade
name Forane® 449B, is a weighted blend
of 25.2 percent HFC-32, which is also
known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5); 24.3 percent HFC-125,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6); 27.3 percent HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2); and 23.2
percent HFO-1234yf, which is also
known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-449B in Industrial Process
Refrigeration and Cold Storage
Warehouses. SNAP Submission
Received October 2, 2015.’’ EPA
performed assessments to examine the
health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are
available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following names:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold
Storage Warehouses Substitute: R449B (Forane® 449B)’’
PO 00000
Frm 00040
Fmt 4700
Sfmt 4700
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Industrial Process Refrigeration
Substitute: R-449B (Forane® 449B)’’
EPA previously listed R-449B as an
acceptable refrigerant in a number of
other refrigeration and air conditioning
end-uses (i.e., October 11, 2016, 81 FR
70029).
Environmental information: R-449B
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFO1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430;
and one to four,17 respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage,
then R-449B has a GWP of about 1,410.
The components of R-449B are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-449B, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32,
HFC-125, and HFC-134a and 500 ppm
for HFO-1234yf, the components of R449B. The manufacturer of R-449B
recommends an AEL of 850 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and the
manufacturer’s AEL and address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer’s SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
and other safety precautions common to
the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: R-449B has an ODP of
zero, comparable 18 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in this end-use,
with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
For cold storage warehouses, R-449B’s
GWP of 1,410 is lower than or
17 Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007.
Op. cit.
18 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F with GWPs ranging from
1,430 to 1,820. R-449B’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for cold storage warehouses
including ammonia absorption,
desiccant cooling, evaporative cooling,
R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 630.
For industrial process refrigeration,
many substitutes listed as acceptable
have comparable or higher GWPs than
R-449B’s GWP of about 1,410, such as
HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23
with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to
14,800; other substitutes listed as
acceptable substitutes for industrial
process refrigeration have a lower GWP
including ammonia absorption,
ammonia vapor compression, Sterling
cycle, CO2, propane, R-450A, and R513A with GWPs ranging from zero to
about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the AIHA
WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-449B acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
8. R-452A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-452A
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Refrigerated transport—refrigerated
trucks and trailers 19 (new and retrofit
equipment)
• Retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units (new and retrofit
equipment)
R-452A, marketed under the trade
name Opteon® XP 44, is a weighted
blend of 11 percent HFC-32, which is
also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); 59 percent HFC-125,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
19 This
end-use category covers a subset of onroad vehicles, i.e., refrigerated trucks and trailers
with a separate refrigeration unit with the
condenser typically located either in the main
engine compartment or at the front of a refrigerated
trailer. It does not include refrigerated vans or other
vehicles where a single system also supplies
passenger comfort cooling, refrigerated intermodal
shipping containers (e.g., containers designed to be
moved between ships, trucks, or other modes of
transportation for uninterrupted storage), railway
refrigeration, or ship holds.
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Jkt 241001
pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6); and 30 percent HFO-1234yf,
which is also known as 2,3,3,3tetrafluoro-prop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No.
754–12–1).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-452A (XP44) in Refrigerated Transport
(Refrigerated Trucks and Trailers) and
Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote
Condensing Units). SNAP Submission
Received August 8, 2014.’’ EPA has
performed assessments to examine the
health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are
available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following names:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Refrigerated Transport Substitute: R452A’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Retail Food Refrigeration Substitute:
R-452A’’
Environmental information: R-452A
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf,
have GWPs of 675; 3,500; and one to
four, respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R452A has a GWP of about 2,140. The
components of R-452A are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-452A, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of this substitute include
drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute
may also irritate the skin or eyes or
cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs for
the components of R-452A of 1,000 ppm
as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32 and HFC125, and of 500 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for
HFO-1234yf. The manufacturer of R452A recommends an AEL of 786 ppm
on an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and
address potential health risks by
PO 00000
Frm 00041
Fmt 4700
Sfmt 4700
33815
following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety
precautions common to the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: R-452A has an ODP of
zero, comparable 20 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in these enduses, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.057.
For refrigerated transport—
refrigerated trucks and trailers, R-452A’s
GWP of about 2,140 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-404A, R-507A,
and a number of HFC refrigerant blends
(with GWPs ranging from approximately
2,230 to 3,990). R-452A’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for refrigerated transport,
including CO2, direct nitrogen
expansion, HFC-134a, R-407A, R-407C,
R-407F, R-410A, R-448A, R-449A, R450A, R-513A, and Stirling cycle, with
GWPs ranging from zero to about 2,110.
For retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units, R-452A’s GWP of
about 2,140 is lower than or comparable
to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-410B and R-421A, with GWPs ranging
from 2,230 to 2,630. R-452A’s GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes in retail food
refrigeration—remote condensing units,
including CO2 with a GWP of one, and
HFC-134a and a number of HFC blends
and HFC/HFO blends with GWPs of
about 600 to 2,110.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the AIHA
WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-452A acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
9. R-452C
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-452C
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Refrigerated transport—refrigerated
trucks and trailers (new and retrofit
equipment)
20 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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• Retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units (new and retrofit
equipment)
R-452C, marketed under the trade
name Forane® 452C, is a weighted blend
of 12.5 percent HFC-32, which is also
known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5); 61 percent HFC-125,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6); and 26.5 percent HFO-1234yf,
which is also known as 2,3,3,3tetrafluoro-prop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No.
754–12–1).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-452C in Refrigerated Transport
(Refrigerated Trucks and Trailers) and
Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote
Condensing Units). SNAP Submission
Received July 8, 2016.’’ EPA has
performed assessments to examine the
health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are
available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following names:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Refrigerated Transport Substitute: R452C’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Retail Food Refrigeration Substitute:
R-452C’’
Environmental information: R-452C
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf,
have GWPs of 675; 3,500; and one to
four,21 respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R452C has a GWP of about 2,220. The
components of R-452C are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-452C, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of this substitute include
drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute
may irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
21 Hodnebrog
et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007.
Op. cit.
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potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs for
the components of R-452C of 1,000 ppm
as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32 and HFC125 and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and
address potential health risks by
following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety
precautions common to the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: R-452C has an ODP of
zero, comparable 22 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in these enduses, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.057.
For refrigerated transport—
refrigerated trucks and trailers, R-452C’s
GWP of about 2,220 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-404A, R-507A,
and a number of HFC refrigerant blends
(with GWPs ranging from approximately
2,230 to 3,990). R-452C’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for refrigerated transport,
including CO2, direct nitrogen
expansion, HFC-134a, R-407A, R-407C,
R-407F, R-410A, R-448A, R-449A, R450A, R-513A, and Stirling cycle, with
GWPs ranging from zero to about 2,110.
For retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units, R-452C’s GWP of
about 2,220 is lower than or comparable
to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-410B and R-421A, with GWPs ranging
from 2,230 to 2,630. R-452C’s GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes in retail food
refrigeration—remote condensing units,
including CO2 with a GWP of one and
HFC-134a and a number of HFC blends
and HFC/HFO blends of about 600 to
2,110.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the AIHA
WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-452C acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
22 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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10. R-453A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-453A
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment)
• Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment)
• Retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units (new and retrofit
equipment)
R-453A, marketed under the trade
name RS-70, is a weighted blend of 20.0
percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75–10–
5); 20.0 percent HFC-125, which is also
known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 53.8 percent
HFC-134a, which is also known as
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No.
811–97–2); five percent HFC-227ea,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 439–
89–0); 0.6 percent R-600, which is also
known as butane (CAS Reg. No. 75–28–
5); and 0.6 percent R-601a, which is also
known as isopentane (CAS Reg. 78–78–
4).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-453A (RS-70) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration, Cold Storage Warehouses,
and Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote
Condensing Units). SNAP Submission
Received March 12, 2015.’’ EPA
performed assessments to examine the
health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are
available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following names:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold
Storage Warehouses Substitute: R453A (RS-70)’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Industrial Process Refrigeration
Substitute: R-453A (RS-70)’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Retail Food Refrigeration Substitute:
R-453A’’
Environmental information: R-453A
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC227ea, butane, and isopentane, have
GWPs of 675, 3,500, 1,430, 3,220, 4, and
5, respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R453A has a GWP of about 1,770. Except
for butane and isopentane, which
together make up approximately 1.2
percent of the blend, the components of
R-453A are excluded from the definition
of VOC under CAA regulations (see 40
CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly
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venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-453A, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
For the components of R-453A, the
AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000
ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32, HFC125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227ea, and the
American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has
established a Threshold Limit Value
(TLV) of 1,000 ppm for R-600 and a TLV
of 600 ppm for R-601a, both as an 8-hr
TWA. The manufacturer of R-453A
recommends an AEL of 1,000 ppm on
an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs, the
ACGIH’s TLVs, and the manufacturer’s
AEL and address potential health risks
by following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety
precautions common to the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: R-453A has an ODP of
zero, comparable 23 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in these enduses, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.057.
For cold storage warehouses, R453A’s GWP of about 1,770 is lower
than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-407C and R-407F,
with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 1,820.
R-453A’s GWP is higher than the GWPs
of other acceptable substitutes for cold
storage warehouses, including ammonia
absorption, desiccant cooling,
evaporative cooling, HFC-134a, R-450A,
and R-513A with GWPs ranging from
zero to 1,510.
For industrial process refrigeration, R453A’s GWP of about 1,770 is lower
than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-404A, R-407C,
and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging from
23 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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1,770 to 14,800. R-453A’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for industrial process
refrigeration, including ammonia
absorption, ammonia vapor
compression, Sterling cycle, CO2, HFC134a, propane, R-426A, R-450A, and R513A with GWPs ranging from zero to
about 1,510.
For retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units, R-453A’s GWP of
about 1,770 is lower than or comparable
to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-407A, R-407C, R-410B, and R-421A,
with GWPs ranging from about 1,770 to
2,630. R-453A’s GWP is higher than the
GWPs of other acceptable substitutes in
remote condensing units, including CO2
with a GWP of one and HFC-134a, R426A, R-448A, R-449A, R-449B, R-450A,
and R-513A with GWPs of about 600 to
1,510.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the AIHA
WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-453A acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
11. R-458A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-458A
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment)
• Residential and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps (retrofit
equipment only)
• Retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units (new and retrofit
equipment)
R-458A, marketed under the trade
name Bluon TdX 20, is a weighted
blend of 20.5 percent HFC-32, which is
also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); 4.0 percent HFC-125,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6); 61.4 percent HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2); 13.5 percent
HFC-227ea, which is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CAS
Reg. No. 431–89–0); and 0.6 percent
HFC-236fa, which is also known as
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CAS Reg.
No. 690–39–1).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
PO 00000
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33817
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-458A (TdX20) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration, Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units), and
Residential and Light Commercial Air
Conditioning and Heat Pumps. SNAP
Submission Received November 7,
2014.’’ EPA performed assessments to
examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. These
assessments are available in Docket
EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118 under the
following names:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Industrial Process Refrigeration
Substitute: R-458A (TdX 20)’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Residential and Light Commercial Air
Conditioning and Heat Pumps
Substitute: R-458A (TdX 20)’’
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Retail Food Refrigeration Substitute:
R-458A (TdX 20)’’
Environmental information: R-458A
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC227ea, and HFC-236fa, have GWPs of
675, 3,500, 1,430, 3,220, and 9,810,
respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R458A has a GWP of about 1,650. The
components of R-458A are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this
refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section
608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-458A, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat when inhaled. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if
air is displaced by vapors in a confined
space. These potential health effects are
common to many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32,
HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and
HFC-236fa, the components of R-458A.
EPA anticipates that users will be able
to meet the AIHA WEELs and address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer’s SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
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and other safety precautions common to
the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: R-458A has an ODP of
zero, comparable 24 to or lower than the
other listed substitutes in these enduses, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.057.
For industrial process refrigeration, R458A’s GWP of about 1,650 is lower
than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-404A, R-407C,
and HFC-23, with GWPs ranging from
1,770 to 14,800. R-458A’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for industrial process
refrigeration, including ammonia
absorption, ammonia vapor
compression, Sterling cycle, CO2, HFC134a, propane, R-426A, R-450A, and R513A, with GWPs ranging from zero to
about 1,510.
For residential and light commercial
air conditioning and heat pumps in
retrofit equipment, R-458A’s GWP of
about 1,650 is lower than all other
substitutes listed as acceptable, such as
R-407C, R-438A, and R-507A, with
GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 3,990.
For retail food refrigeration—remote
condensing units, R-458A’s GWP of
about 1,650 is lower than that of
acceptable substitutes, such as R-407A,
R-407C, R-410B, and R-421A, with
GWPs ranging from about 1,770 to
2,630. R-458A’s GWP is higher than the
GWPs of other acceptable substitutes in
remote condensing units, including CO2
with a GWP of one and HFC-134a, R426A, R-448A, R-449A, R-449B, R-450A,
and R-513A, with GWPs of about 600 to
1,510.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the AIHA
WEELs, ASHRAE 15, and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-458A acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
12. R-513A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R-513A
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
24 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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• Residential dehumidifiers (new and
retrofit equipment)
R-513A, marketed under the trade
name Opteon® XP 10, is a weighted
blend of 44 percent HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2), and 56
percent HFO-1234yf, which is also
known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
R-513A (XP10) in Residential
Dehumidifiers. SNAP Submission
Received July 24, 2014.’’ EPA performed
an assessment to examine the health
and environmental risks of this
substitute. This assessment is available
in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118
under the following name:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in
Residential Dehumidifiers Substitute:
R-513A’’
EPA previously listed R-513A as
acceptable for use as a refrigerant in
several refrigeration and air
conditioning end-uses (May 23, 2016, 81
FR 32241; July 16, 2015, 80 FR 42053).
Environmental information: R-513A
has an ODP of zero. Its components,
HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs
of 1,430 and one to four,25 respectively.
If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-513A has a GWP of
about 630. The components of R-513A
are both excluded from the definition of
VOC under CAA regulations (see 40
CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly
venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-513A, as
formulated and even considering the
worst-case of fractionation for
flammability, is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of exposure to this
substitute include drowsiness or
dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause
frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm and 500 ppm as an 8-hour
25 Hodnebrog
et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007.
Op. cit.
PO 00000
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TWA for HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf,
respectively, the components of R-513A.
The manufacturer of R-513A
recommends an AEL of 653 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the manufacturer’s AEL
and AIHA WEELs and address potential
health risks by following requirements
and recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
and other safety precautions common to
the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
this end-use: R-513A has an ODP of
zero, comparable 26 to other listed
substitutes in this end-use, with ODPs
ranging from zero to 0.057.
For residential dehumidifiers, R513A’s GWP of 630 is lower than that
of other acceptable substitutes, such as
HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, R-410A,
and R-507A with GWPs ranging from
1,430 to 3,990.
Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduse. Toxicity risks can be minimized by
use consistent with the AIHA WEELs,
ASHRAE 15, and other industry
standards, recommendations in the
manufacturer’s SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-513A acceptable in the
end-use listed above because it does not
pose greater overall environmental and
human health risk than other available
substitutes in the same end-use.
B. Cleaning Solvents
1. HFE-7300
EPA’s decision: EPA finds HFE-7300
acceptable as a substitute for use in:
• Electronics cleaning
• Metals cleaning
• Precision cleaning
HFE-7300 is also known as
1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)pentane
(CAS Reg. No. 132182–92–4) and goes
by the trade name of 3MTM
NovecTM7300 Engineered Fluid.
You may find the redacted
submission in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 at www.regulations.gov
under the name, ‘‘Supporting
Documentation for Notice 33 Listing of
HFE-7300 in Solvent Cleaning and NonMechanical Heat Transfer Systems.
SNAP Submission Received October 13,
2016.’’ EPA performed an assessment to
26 This is in contrast to the historically used ODS
CFC-12, R-502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging
from 0.055 to 1.0.
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examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. This assessment
is available in Docket EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118 under the following name:
• ‘‘Risk Screen on Substitutes in
Electronics Cleaning, Metals Cleaning,
and Precision Cleaning Substitute:
HFE-7300.’’
Environmental information: The
environmental information for this
substitute is set forth in the
‘‘Environmental information’’ section in
listing I.A.2.
Flammability information: HFE-7300
is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The
toxicity information for this substitute is
set forth in the ‘‘Toxicity and exposure
data’’ section in listing I.A.2. The
potential health effects of HFE-7300 are
common to many solvents. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet the manufacturer’s AEL of 100
ppm on an 8-hr TWA and address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer’s SDS and in any other
safety precautions common to the
solvent cleaning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in
these end-uses: HFE-7300 has an ODP of
zero, comparable 27 to or lower than the
ODP of other substitutes in the same
end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero
to 0.033.
For both electronics cleaning and
precision cleaning, HFE-7300’s GWP of
310 is lower than or comparable to that
of acceptable substitutes, such as HFE7000, HFE-7100, HFC-365mfc, and HFC43-10mee, with GWPs ranging from
about 300 to 1,640. HFE-7300’s GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes for these enduses, including acetone, trans-1,2dichloroethylene, and HFE-7200 with
GWPs ranging from less than 1 to 59. Its
climate impacts cannot be compared
directly to those of aqueous cleaners,
which have zero GWP.
For metals cleaning, HFE-7300’s GWP
of 310 is lower than or comparable to
that of acceptable substitutes, such as
HFE-7100, HFC-365mfc and HFC-4310mee, with GWPs ranging from about
300 to 1,640. HFE-7300’s GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for this end-use including
acetone, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and
HFE-7200 with GWPs ranging from less
than 1 to 59. Its climate impacts cannot
be compared directly to those of
aqueous cleaners, which have zero
GWP.
27 In contrast, the historically used ODS CFC-113,
methyl chloroform, HCFC-225ca, and HCFC-225cb
have ODPs ranging from 0.02 to 0.8.
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Flammability and toxicity risks are
comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other
available substitutes in the same enduses. Toxicity risks can be minimized
by use consistent with the
manufacturer’s AEL, recommendations
in the SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the solvent cleaning
industry.
EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable in the
end-uses listed above because it does
not pose greater overall environmental
and human health risk than other
available substitutes in the same enduses.
II. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements and
Authority for the SNAP Program
Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA
to develop a program for evaluating
alternatives to ozone-depleting
substances. EPA refers to this program
as the Significant New Alternatives
Policy (SNAP) program. The major
provisions of section 612 are:
1. Rulemaking
Section 612(c) requires EPA to
promulgate rules making it unlawful to
replace any class I substance (CFC,
halon, carbon tetrachloride, methyl
chloroform, methyl bromide,
hydrobromofluorocarbon, and
chlorobromomethane) or class II
substance (HCFC) with any substitute
that the Administrator determines may
present adverse effects to human health
or the environment where the
Administrator has identified an
alternative that (1) reduces the overall
risk to human health and the
environment, and (2) is currently or
potentially available.
2. Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable
Substitutes
Section 612(c) requires EPA to
publish a list of the substitutes
unacceptable for specific uses and to
publish a corresponding list of
acceptable alternatives for specific uses.
The list of ‘‘acceptable’’ substitutes is
found at www.epa.gov/snap/substitutessector and the lists of ‘‘unacceptable,’’
‘‘acceptable subject to use conditions,’’
and ‘‘acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits’’ substitutes are found in the
appendices to 40 CFR part 82 subpart G.
3. Petition Process
Section 612(d) grants the right to any
person to petition EPA to add a
substance to, or delete a substance from,
the lists published in accordance with
section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days
to grant or deny a petition. Where the
Agency grants the petition, EPA must
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33819
publish the revised lists within an
additional six months.
4. 90-Day Notification
Section 612(e) directs EPA to require
any person who produces a chemical
substitute for a class I substance to
notify the Agency not less than 90 days
before new or existing chemicals are
introduced into interstate commerce for
significant new uses as substitutes for a
class I substance. The producer must
also provide the Agency with the
producer’s unpublished health and
safety studies on such substitutes.
5. Outreach
Section 612(b)(1) states that the
Administrator shall seek to maximize
the use of federal research facilities and
resources to assist users of class I and
II substances in identifying and
developing alternatives to the use of
such substances in key commercial
applications.
6. Clearinghouse
Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency
to set up a public clearinghouse of
alternative chemicals, product
substitutes, and alternative
manufacturing processes that are
available for products and
manufacturing processes which use
class I and II substances.
B. EPA’s Regulations Implementing
Section 612
On March 18, 1994, EPA published
the initial SNAP rule (59 FR 13044)
which established the process for
administering the SNAP program and
issued EPA’s first lists identifying
acceptable and unacceptable substitutes
in the major industrial use sectors
(subpart G of 40 CFR part 82). These
sectors are the following: Refrigeration
and air conditioning; foam blowing;
solvents cleaning; fire suppression and
explosion protection; sterilants;
aerosols; adhesives, coatings and inks;
and tobacco expansion. These sectors
comprise the principal industrial sectors
that historically consumed the largest
volumes of ODS.
Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA
to list as acceptable those substitutes
that do not present a significantly
greater risk to human health and the
environment as compared with other
substitutes that are currently or
potentially available.
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP
Program Work
Under the SNAP regulations, anyone
who plans to market or produce a
substitute to replace a class I substance
or class II substance in one of the eight
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major industrial use sectors must
provide the Agency with notice and the
required health and safety information
on the substitute at least 90 days before
introducing it into interstate commerce
for significant new use as an alternative
(40 CFR 82.176(a)). While this
requirement typically applies to
chemical manufacturers as the entity
likely to be planning to introduce the
substitute into interstate commerce,28 it
may also apply to importers,
formulators, equipment manufacturers,
and end users 29 when they are
responsible for introducing a substitute
into commerce. The 90-day SNAP
review process begins once EPA
receives the submission and determines
that the submission includes complete
and adequate data (40 CFR 82.180(a)).
The CAA and the SNAP regulations, 40
CFR 82.174(a), prohibit use of a
substitute earlier than 90 days after
notice has been provided to the Agency.
The Agency has identified four
possible decision categories for
substitute submissions: Acceptable;
acceptable subject to use conditions;
acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits; and unacceptable (40 CFR
82.180(b)).30 Use conditions and
narrowed use limits are both considered
‘‘use restrictions’’ and are explained
below. Substitutes that are deemed
acceptable without use conditions may
be used for all applications within the
relevant end-uses within the sector and
without limits under SNAP on how they
may be used. Substitutes that are
acceptable subject to use restrictions
may be used only in accordance with
those restrictions. Substitutes that are
found to be unacceptable may not be
used after the date specified in the
rulemaking adding such substitute to
the list of unacceptable substitutes.31
28 As defined at 40 CFR 82.104, ‘‘interstate
commerce’’ means the distribution or transportation
of any product between one state, territory,
possession or the District of Columbia, and another
state, territory, possession or the District of
Columbia, or the sale, use or manufacture of any
product in more than one state, territory, possession
or District of Columbia. The entry points for which
a product is introduced into interstate commerce
are the release of a product from the facility in
which the product was manufactured, the entry into
a warehouse from which the domestic manufacturer
releases the product for sale or distribution, and at
the site of United States Customs clearance.
29 As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ‘‘end-use’’ means
processes or classes of specific applications within
major industrial sectors where a substitute is used
to replace an ODS.
30 The SNAP regulations also include ‘‘pending,’’
referring to submissions for which EPA has not
reached a determination, under this provision.
31 As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ‘‘use’’ means any
use of a substitute for a Class I or Class II ozonedepleting compound, including but not limited to
use in a manufacturing process or product, in
consumption by the end-user, or in intermediate
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After reviewing a substitute, the
Agency may make a determination that
a substitute is acceptable only if certain
conditions in the way that the substitute
is used are met to minimize risks to
human health and the environment.
EPA describes such substitutes as
‘‘acceptable subject to use conditions.’’
Entities that use these substitutes
without meeting the associated use
conditions are in violation of EPA’s
SNAP regulations (40 CFR 82.174(c)).
For some substitutes, the Agency may
permit a narrowed range of use within
an end-use or sector. For example, the
Agency may limit the use of a substitute
to certain end-uses or specific
applications within an industry sector.
The Agency generally requires a user of
a substitute subject to narrowed use
limits to demonstrate that no other
acceptable substitutes are available for
their specific application.32 EPA
describes these substitutes as
‘‘acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits.’’ A person using a substitute that
is acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits in applications and end-uses that
are not consistent with the narrowed
use limit is using the substitute in
violation of section 612 of the CAA and
EPA’s SNAP regulations (40 CFR
82.174(c)).
The section 612 mandate for EPA to
prohibit the use of a substitute that may
present risk to human health or the
environment where a lower risk
alternative is available or potentially
available’’ 33 provides EPA with the
authority to change the listing status of
a particular substitute if such a change
uses, such as formulation or packaging for other
subsequent uses. This definition of use
encompasses manufacturing process of products
both for domestic use and for export. Substitutes
manufactured within the United States exclusively
for export are subject to SNAP requirements since
the definition of use in the rule includes use in the
manufacturing process, which occurs within the
United States.
32 In the case of the July 20, 2015, final rule, EPA
established narrowed use limits for certain
substitutes over a limited period of time for specific
MVAC and foam applications, on the basis that
other acceptable alternatives would not be available
for those specific applications within broader enduses, but acceptable alternatives were expected to
become available over time, e.g., after military
qualification testing for foam blowing agents in
military applications or after development of
improved servicing infrastructure in a destination
country for MVAC in vehicles destined for export.
33 In addition to acceptable commercially
available substitutes, the SNAP program may
consider potentially available substitutes. The
SNAP program’s definition of ‘‘potentially
available’’ is ‘‘any alternative for which adequate
health, safety, and environmental data, as required
for the SNAP notification process, exist to make a
determination of acceptability, and which the
agency reasonably believes to be technically
feasible, even if not all testing has yet been
completed and the alternative is not yet produced
or sold.’’ (40 CFR 82.172)
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is justified by new information or
changed circumstance.
As described in this document and
elsewhere, including the initial SNAP
rule published in the Federal Register at
59 FR 13044 on March 18, 1994, the
SNAP program evaluates substitutes
within a comparative risk framework.
The SNAP program compares new
substitutes both to the ozone-depleting
substances being phased out under the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer and the CAA,
and to other available or potentially
available alternatives for the same enduses. The environmental and health risk
factors that the SNAP program considers
include ozone depletion potential,
flammability, toxicity, occupational and
consumer health and safety, as well as
contributions to global warming and
other environmental factors.
Environmental and human health
exposures can vary significantly
depending on the particular application
of a substitute—and over time,
information applicable to a substitute
can change. This approach does not
imply fundamental tradeoffs with
respect to different types of risk, either
to the environment or to human health.
Over the past twenty years, the menu of
substitutes has become much broader
and a great deal of new information has
been developed on many substitutes.
Because the overall goal of the SNAP
program is to ensure that substitutes
listed as acceptable do not pose
significantly greater risk to human
health and the environment than other
available substitutes, the SNAP criteria
should be informed by our current
overall understanding of environmental
and human health impacts and our
experience with and current knowledge
about available and potentially available
substitutes. Over time, the range of
substitutes reviewed by SNAP has
changed, and, at the same time,
scientific approaches have evolved to
more accurately assess the potential
environmental and human health
impacts of these chemicals and
alternative technologies. The Agency
publishes its SNAP program decisions
in the Federal Register. EPA uses
notice-and-comment rulemaking to
place any alternative on the list of
prohibited substitutes, to list a
substitute as acceptable only subject to
use conditions or narrowed use limits,
or to remove a substitute from either the
list of prohibited or acceptable
substitutes.
In contrast, EPA publishes ‘‘notices of
acceptability’’ or ‘‘determinations of
acceptability,’’ to notify the public of
substitutes that are deemed acceptable
with no restrictions. As described in the
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preamble to the rule initially
implementing the SNAP program (59 FR
13044; March 18, 1994), EPA does not
believe that rulemaking procedures are
necessary to list alternatives that are
acceptable without restrictions because
such listings neither impose any
sanction nor prevent anyone from using
a substitute.
Many SNAP listings include
‘‘comments’’ or ‘‘further information’’ to
provide additional information on
substitutes. Since this additional
information is not part of the regulatory
decision, these statements are not
binding for use of the substitute under
the SNAP program. However, regulatory
requirements so listed are binding under
other regulatory programs (e.g., worker
protection regulations promulgated by
OSHA). The ‘‘further information’’
classification does not necessarily
include all other legal obligations
pertaining to the use of the substitute.
While the items listed are not legally
binding under the SNAP program, EPA
encourages users of substitutes to apply
all statements in the ‘‘further
information’’ column in their use of
these substitutes. In many instances, the
information simply refers to sound
operating practices that have already
been identified in existing industry and/
or building codes or standards. Thus
many of the statements, if adopted,
would not require the affected user to
make significant changes in existing
operating practices.
D. Additional Information About the
SNAP Program
For copies of the comprehensive
SNAP lists of substitutes or additional
information on SNAP, refer to EPA’s
Ozone Depletion Web site at:
www.epa.gov/snap. For more
33821
information on the Agency’s process for
administering the SNAP program or
criteria for evaluation of substitutes,
refer to the initial SNAP rulemaking
published March 18, 1994 (59 FR
13044), codified at 40 CFR part 82,
subpart G. SNAP decisions and the
appropriate Federal Register citations
are found at: www.epa.gov/snap/snapregulations.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82
Environmental protection,
Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: June 28, 2017.
Reid P. Harvey,
Acting Director, Office of Atmospheric
Programs.
Appendix A: Summary of Decisions for
New Acceptable Substitutes
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment).
R-448A .....................
Acceptable ................
Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment).
R-449A .....................
Acceptable ................
Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment).
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
End-use
R-449B .....................
Acceptable ................
R-448A has a 100-yr global warming potential (GWP) of approximately
1,390. This substitute is a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also
known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6);
HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811–97–2); HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3tetrafluoro-prop-l-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1); and HFO-1234ze(E),
which is also known as trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (CAS Reg.
No. 29118–24–9).
The blend is nonflammable.
The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has established
Workplace Environmental Exposure Limits (WEELs) of 1,000 ppm on
an eight-hour time-weighted average (8-hr TWA) basis for HFC-32,
HFC-125, and HFC-134a; 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf; and 800 ppm for
HFO-1234ze(E). The manufacturer recommends an acceptable exposure limit (AEL) for the workplace for R-448A of 890 ppm (8-hr TWA).
R-449A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 1,400. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
and HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf. The
manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-449A of
830 ppm (8-hr TWA).
R-449B has a 100-year GWP of approximately 1,410. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
and HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf. The
manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-449B of
850 ppm (8-hr TWA).
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REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING—Continued
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Cold storage warehouses (new and
retrofit equipment).
R-453A .....................
Acceptable ................
Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-448A .....................
Acceptable ................
Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-449A .....................
Acceptable ................
Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-449B .....................
Acceptable ................
Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment).
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
End-use
R-453A .....................
Acceptable ................
R-453A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 1,770. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 439–89–0); R-;600, which is also known as butane
(CAS Reg. No. 75–28–5); and R-601a, which is also known as
isopentane (CAS Reg. No. 78–78–4).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227ea, and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has established a
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 1,000 ppm for R-600 and a TLV of
600 ppm for R-601a, both as an 8-hr TWA. The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-453A of 1000 ppm (8-hour
TWA).
R-448A has a 100-yr GWP of approximately 1,390. This substitute is a
blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-prop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1); and HFO-1234ze(E), which is also known
as trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (CAS Reg. No. 29118–24–9).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a; 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf; and 800 ppm
for HFO-1234ze(E). The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the
workplace for R-448A of 890 ppm (8-hr TWA).
R-449A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 1,400. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
and HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf. The
manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-449A of
830 ppm (8-hr TWA).
R-449B has a 100-year GWP of approximately 1,410. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
and HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf. The
manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-449B of
850 ppm (8-hr TWA).
R-453A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 1,770. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFC227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 439–89–0); R-600, which is also known as butane
(CAS Reg. No. 75–28–5); and R-601a, which is also known as
isopentane (CAS Reg. No. 78–78–4).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227ea, and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has established a
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 1,000 ppm for R-600 and a TLV of
600 ppm for R-601a, both as an 8-hr TWA. The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-453A of 1000 ppm (8-hour
TWA).
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33823
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING—Continued
End-use
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Industrial process refrigeration (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-458A .....................
Acceptable ................
Non-mechanical heat
transfer systems
(new and retrofit
equipment).
HFE-7300 .................
(1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5decafluoro-3methoxy-4(trifluoromethyl)pentane).
Acceptable ................
R-458A has a 100-yr GWP of approximately 1,650. This substitute is a
blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431–89–0); and HFC-236fa, which is also known as
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 690–39–1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa.
HFE-7300 (CAS Reg. No. 132182–92–4) has no ozone depletion potential (ODP) and a 100-year GWP of approximately 310.
R-452A .....................
Acceptable ................
Refrigerated transport—refrigerated
trucks and trailers
(new and retrofit
equipment).
R-452C .....................
Acceptable ................
Residential dehumidifiers (new and retrofit equipment).
R-513A .....................
Acceptable ................
Residential and light
commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps (retrofit
equipment).
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
Refrigerated transport—refrigerated
trucks and trailers
(new and retrofit
equipment).
HFC-134a .................
Acceptable ................
Residential and light
commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps (retrofit
equipment).
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16:05 Jul 20, 2017
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Acceptable ................
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This compound is nonflammable.
The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for HFE-7300
of 100 ppm (8-hr TWA).
This substitute is subject to a Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) section 5(a)(2) Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) (40 CFR 721.10061).
R-452A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 2,140. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); and HFO-1234yf, which
is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754–12–
1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC-32
and HFC-125; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf. The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-452A of 786 ppm (8-hour
TWA).
R-452C has a 100-year GWP of approximately 2,220. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); and HFO-1234yf, which
is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754–12–
1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC-32
and HFC-125; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf.
R-513A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 630. This substitute is a
blend of HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2); and HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754–12–1).
This blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm and 500 ppm (8-hr
TWA) for HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf, respectively. The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-513A of 653 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
HFC-134a has a 100-year GWP of 1,430. HFC-134a is also known as
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2).
HFC-134a is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established a WEEL of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC134a.
R-458A has a 100-yr GWP of approximately 1,650. This substitute is a
blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431–89–0); and HFC-236fa, which is also known as
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 690–39–1).
This blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa.
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33824
Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 139 / Friday, July 21, 2017 / Rules and Regulations
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING—Continued
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Retail food refrigeration—remote condensing units (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-407H .....................
Acceptable ................
Retail food refrigeration—remote condensing units (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-442A .....................
Acceptable ................
Retail food refrigeration—remote condensing units (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-452A .....................
Acceptable ................
Retail food refrigeration— remote condensing units (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-452C .....................
Acceptable ................
Retail food refrigeration—remote condensing units (new
and retrofit equipment).
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
End-use
R-453A .....................
Acceptable ................
Retail food refrigeration—remote condensing units (new
and retrofit equipment).
R-458A .....................
Acceptable ................
R-407H has a 100-yr GWP of approximately 1,500. This substitute is a
blend of HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2); HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75–10–5); and HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6).
This blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125. The manufacturer recommends an AEL
for the workplace for R-407H of 1,000 ppm (8-hour TWA).
R-442A has a 100-yr GWP of approximately 1,890. This substitute is a
blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431–89–0); and HFC-152a, which is known as 1,1difluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 75–37–6).
This blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-152a. The manufacturer of R-442A recommends an AEL of 1,000 ppm on an 8-hour
TWA for the blend.
R-452A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 2,140. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); and HFO-1234yf, which
is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754–12–
1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC-32
and HFC-125; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf. The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-452A of 786 ppm (8-hour
TWA).
R-452C has a 100-year GWP of approximately 2,220. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); and HFO-1234yf, which
is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-l-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754–12–
1).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC-32
and HFC-125; and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf.
R-453A has a 100-year GWP of approximately 1,770. This substitute is
a blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFC227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 439–89–0); R-600, which is also known as butane
(CAS Reg. No. 75–28–5); and R-601a, which is also known as
isopentane (CAS Reg. No. 78–78–4).
The blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227ea, and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has established a
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 1,000 ppm for R-600 and a TLV of
600 ppm for R-601a, both as an 8-hr TWA. The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for R-453A of 1000 ppm (8-hour
TWA).
R-458A has a 100-yr GWP of approximately 1,650. This substitute is a
blend of HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5); HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–33–6); HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–97–2);
HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431–89–0); and HFC–236fa, which is also known as
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 690–39–1).
This blend is nonflammable.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA) for HFC32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa.
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Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 139 / Friday, July 21, 2017 / Rules and Regulations
33825
CLEANING SOLVENTS
End-use
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Electronics cleaning,
metals cleaning,
precision cleaning.
HFE-7300 .................
(1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5decafluoro-3methoxy-4(trifluoromethyl)pentane).
Acceptable ................
HFE-7300 (CAS Reg. No. 132182–92–4) has no ozone depletion potential (ODP) and a 100-year GWP of approximately 310. It is excluded
from the definition of volatile organic compounds under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of state implementation plans (SIPs) to attain and maintain the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
This compound is nonflammable.
The manufacturer recommends an AEL for the workplace for HFE-7300
of 100 ppm (8-hr TWA).
This substitute is subject to a Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) section 5(a)(2) Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) (40 CFR 721.10061).
1 Observe
recommendations in the manufacturer’s SDS and guidance for all listed substitutes.
[FR Doc. 2017–15379 Filed 7–20–17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS
COMMISSION
47 CFR Parts 1, 73 and 74
[AU Docket No. 17–143; DA 17–533; DA 17–
668]
Filing Instructions for Cross-Service
FM Translator Auction Filing Window
for AM Broadcasters To Be Open July
26–August 2, 2017; Freeze on FM
Translator and Low-Power FM Station
Minor Change Applications and FM
Booster Applications July 19–August
2, 2017; Availability of Online Tutorial;
Clarification of Eligible Applicants
Federal Communications
Commission.
ACTION: Final rule.
AGENCY:
In the document released June
6, 2017, the Media Bureau and the
Wireless Telecommunications Bureau
released instructions for filing
applications in a filing window to be
open from July 26, 2017, through
August 2, 2017, in which certain AM
station licensees and proposed assignees
may seek new FM translator
construction permits to retransmit the
signals of the primary AM stations. In
addition, the Media Bureau announced
that it will not accept low-power FM
and FM translator minor change
construction permit applications and
FM booster construction permit
applications between July 19 and
August 2, 2017. In the document
released July 13, 2017, Commission staff
announced that an online tutorial would
be available for this auction, which is
designated as Auction 99, and
addressed a petition for clarification on
an issue of applicant eligibility for this
filing window opportunity.
DATES: From 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time
(ET) on July 19, 2017, until midnight ET
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with RULES
SUMMARY:
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16:05 Jul 20, 2017
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on August 2, 2017, there is a filing
freeze for low-power FM and FM
translator minor change construction
permit applications and for FM booster
construction permit applications.
Starting at 12:01 a.m. ET on July 26,
2017, and prior to 6:00 p.m. on August
2, 2017, an eligible applicant may file its
FCC Form 349. Starting at 9:00 a.m. ET
on July 26, 2017, and prior to 6:00 p.m.
ET on August 2, 2017, an eligible
applicant may file its FCC Form 175.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
About broadcast radio or FCC Form 349,
James Bradshaw, Lisa Scanlan or Tom
Nessinger in the Media Bureau’s Audio
Division at (202) 418–2700. About FCC
Form 175 and competitive bidding
rules, Lynne Milne in the Wireless
Telecommunications Bureau’s Auctions
and Spectrum Access Division at (202)
418–0660. About general auction
procedures, the Auctions Hotline at
(717) 338–2868.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This is a
summary of a public notice released on
June 6, 2017, supplemented by a related
public notice released on July 13, 2017.
The complete texts of these documents
are available for public inspection and
copying from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. ET
Monday through Thursday or from 8:00
a.m. to 11:30 a.m. ET on Fridays in the
FCC Reference Information Center, 445
12th St. SW., Room CY–A257,
Washington, DC 20554. The complete
texts also are available on the
Commission’s Web site at https://
wireless.fcc.gov. Alternative formats are
available for persons with disabilities by
sending an email to FCC504@fcc.gov or
by calling the Consumer &
Governmental Affairs Bureau at (202)
418–0530 (voice), (202) 418–0432
(TTY).
1. The Media Bureau will institute a
freeze on the acceptance of FM booster
construction permit applications, as
well as minor change construction
permit applications for FM translators
or Low Power FM stations on all
PO 00000
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channels (channels 201–300) starting at
12:01 a.m. ET on July 19, 2017 until
midnight ET on August 2, 2017. Any
such applications filed during this
freeze will be dismissed.
2. On June 6, 2017, the Media Bureau
and the Wireless Telecommunications
Bureau announced in a public notice
(Filing Instructions Public Notice)
details and filing instructions for certain
AM broadcasters to apply for crossservice FM translator station
construction permits in Auction 99.
Eligibility for this filing opportunity is
limited to any Class C or D AM station
licensee or permittee, or the proposed
assignee of such an AM station, wishing
to file an application to establish a new
cross-service FM translator to retransmit
its AM station signal full time, provided
that the AM primary station was not
listed as the AM primary station in a FM
translator modification application filed
in either of the 2016 modification
windows.
3. During this upcoming filing
window, an applicant may propose only
one cross-service FM translator for each
Class C or D AM primary station to be
rebroadcast. Any FM translator awarded
through this filing window will only be
authorized to rebroadcast the AM
primary station identified in the
applicant’s FCC Form 349 Tech Box (or
to originate nighttime programming
during periods when a daytime-only
AM primary station is not operating), on
a permanent basis. The authorization for
any FM translator station awarded
through this filing window will be
subject to a condition that it may not be
assigned or transferred except in
conjunction with the AM primary
station that it rebroadcasts and with
which it is commonly owned.
4. An eligible licensee or permittee, or
proposed assignee if applicable, seeking
a new cross-service FM translator for its
AM station(s) must file electronically in
the Media Bureau’s Consolidated
Database System (CDBS) prior to 6:00
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]]>Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 139 (Friday, July 21, 2017)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 33809-33825]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-15379]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 82
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118; FRL-9964-73-OAR]
RIN 2060-AG12
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Determination 33 for
Significant New Alternatives Policy Program
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Determination of acceptability.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: This determination of acceptability expands the list of
acceptable substitutes pursuant to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA) Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program. This
action lists as acceptable additional substitutes for use in the
refrigeration and air conditioning sector and the cleaning solvents
sector.
DATES: This determination is applicable on July 21, 2017.
ADDRESSES: EPA established a docket for this action under Docket ID No.
EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 (continuation of Air Docket A-91-42). All
electronic documents in the docket are listed in the index at
www.regulations.gov. Although listed in the index, some information is
not publicly available, i.e., Confidential Business Information (CBI)
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically
at www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the EPA Air Docket (Nos. A-
91-42 and EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118), EPA Docket Center (EPA/DC), William J.
Clinton West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC
20460. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number
for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number
for the Air Docket is (202) 566-1742.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gerald Wozniak by telephone at (202)
343-9624, by email at wozniak.gerald@epa.gov, or by mail at U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code 6205T, 1200 Pennsylvania
Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460. Overnight or courier deliveries
should be sent to the office location at 1201 Constitution Avenue NW.,
Washington, DC 20004.
For more information on the Agency's process for administering the
SNAP program or criteria for the evaluation of substitutes, refer to
the initial SNAP rulemaking published in the Federal Register on March
18, 1994 (59 FR 13044). Notices and rulemakings under the SNAP program,
as well as other EPA publications on protection of stratospheric ozone,
are available at EPA's Ozone Layer Protection Web site at www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection including the SNAP portion at www.epa.gov/snap/.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
B. Cleaning Solvents
II. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements and Authority for the SNAP Program
B. EPA's Regulations Implementing Section 612
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP Program Work
D. Additional Information About the SNAP Program
Appendix A: Summary of Decisions for New Acceptable Substitutes
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
This action presents EPA's most recent decision to list as
acceptable several substitutes in the refrigeration and air
conditioning sector and the cleaning solvents sector. New substitutes
are:
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-134a in residential and light
commercial air conditioning and heat pumps (retrofit equipment);
[[Page 33810]]
Hydrofluoroether (HFE)-7300 in non-mechanical heat
transfer systems (new and retrofit equipment);
R-407H in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing
units (new and retrofit equipment);
R-442A in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing
units (new and retrofit equipment);
R-448A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
R-449A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
R-449B in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
R-452A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
R-452C in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
R-453A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
R-458A in multiple refrigeration and air-conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
R-513A in residential dehumidifiers (new and retrofit
equipment); and
HFE-7300 in electronics cleaning, metals cleaning, and
precision cleaning end-uses.
EPA's review of certain substitutes listed in this document is
pending for other uses. Listing in the end-uses and applications in
this document does not prejudge EPA's listings of these substitutes for
other uses. For many of the substitutes being added through this
document to the acceptable lists for specific end-uses, there are other
listed substitutes for the end-use whose overall risk is comparable
except that they have a lower risk in one SNAP criterion, for example
toxicity or atmospheric effects. However, for the end-uses addressed in
this action, those alternatives have not yet proven feasible in those
specific end-uses. If alternatives that pose significantly less overall
risk--either those currently listed or new alternatives added to the
list--are demonstrated in the future as feasible for one or more of the
relevant end-uses, EPA may evaluate whether to change the listing
status of the substitutes addressed in this document.
For copies of the full list of acceptable substitutes for ozone
depleting substances (ODS) in all industrial sectors, visit the SNAP
portion of EPA's Ozone Layer Protection Web site at www.epa.gov/snap/substitutes-sector. Substitutes listed as unacceptable; acceptable,
subject to narrowed use limits; or acceptable, subject to use
conditions are also listed in the appendices to 40 CFR part 82, subpart
G.
The sections below discuss each substitute listing in detail.
Appendix A contains tables summarizing today's listing decisions for
these new substitutes. The statements in the ``Further Information''
column in the tables provide additional information but are not legally
binding under section 612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In addition, the
``Further Information'' column may not include a comprehensive list of
other legal obligations you may need to meet when using the substitute.
Although you are not required to follow recommendations in the
``Further Information'' column of the table to use a substitute
consistent with section 612 of the CAA, some of these statements may
refer to obligations that are enforceable or binding under federal or
state programs other than the SNAP program. In many instances, the
information simply refers to standard operating practices in existing
industry standards and/or building codes. When using these substitutes,
EPA strongly encourages you to apply the information in this column.
Many of these recommendations, if adopted, would not require
significant changes to existing operating practices.
You can find submissions to EPA for the substitutes listed in this
document, as well as other materials supporting the decisions in this
action, in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 at www.regulations.gov.
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1. HFC-134a
EPA's decision: EPA finds HFC-134a acceptable as a substitute for
use in:
Residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps (retrofit equipment only)
HFC-134a is also known as R-134a, or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2). EPA has previously listed HFC-134a as acceptable
for use in residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps in new equipment, as well as in a number of other end-uses and
sectors.
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of HFC-134a in Residential and Light Commercial Air
Conditioning and Heat Pumps. SNAP Submission Received February 3,
2014.'' EPA performed an assessment to examine the health and
environmental risks of this substitute. This assessment is available in
Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following name:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Residential and Light
Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Substitute: HFC-134a''
Environmental information: HFC-134a has an ozone depletion
potential (ODP) of approximately zero.\1\ Its global warming potential
(GWP) is 1,430, and it has an atmospheric lifetime \2\ of approximately
14 years.\3\ HFC-134a is excluded from the definition of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of state implementation plans (SIPs) to
attain and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant is limited by the
venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40
CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ EPA assumes that compounds containing no chlorine, bromine,
or iodine have an ODP of zero.
\2\ We provide information on the atmospheric lifetime of
individual chemicals where we have such information.
\3\ Unless otherwise stated, all GWPs in this document are 100-
year values from: IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt,
K.B., Tignor M., and Miller, H.L. (eds.)]. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. This
document is accessible at www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/
en/contents.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: HFC-134a is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat when
inhaled. The substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These potential health effects are common
to many refrigerants.
The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has established
a workplace environmental exposure limit (WEEL) of 1,000 ppm as an
eight-hour time-weighted average (8-hr TWA) for HFC-134a. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to meet the AIHA WEEL and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's Safety Data Sheet (SDS), in the American Society for
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Standard 15, and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.
[[Page 33811]]
Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: HFC-134a has an
ODP of zero, comparable \4\ to the other listed substitutes in this
end-use, all with an ODP of zero.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
HFC-134a has a GWP of 1,430. All other substitutes listed as
acceptable for residential and light commercial air conditioning and
heat pumps in retrofit equipment have higher GWPs than HFC-134a, such
as R-407C, R-438A, and R-507A with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 3,990.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds HFC-134a acceptable in the end-use listed above, because
it does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk
than other available substitutes in the same end-use.
2. HFE-7300 (1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-
(trifluoromethyl)pentane)
EPA's decision: EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable as a substitute for
use in:
Non-mechanical heat transfer systems (new and retrofit
equipment) \5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ Acceptable substitutes for organic Rankine cycle have
typically been included through listings in the non-mechanical heat
transfer end-use. EPA may review organic Rankine cycle applications
separately in the future.
HFE-7300 is also known as 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-
4-(trifluoromethyl)pentane (CAS Reg. No. 132182-92-4) and goes by the
trade name of 3MTM NovecTM 7300 Engineered Fluid.
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of HFE-7300 in Solvent Cleaning and Non-Mechanical
Heat Transfer Systems. SNAP Submission Received October 13, 2016.'' EPA
performed an assessment to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. This assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-
2003-0118 under the following name:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Heat Transfer: HFE-7300''
Environmental information: HFE-7300 has an ODP of zero. The GWP of
HFE-7300 is approximately 310, and it has an atmospheric lifetime of
approximately 3.8 years.\6\ HFE-7300 is excluded from the definition of
VOC under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. This substitute
is subject to a Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) section 5(a)(2)
Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) (40 CFR 721.10061) which requires
notification to EPA before release of manufacturing, process, or use
streams containing the substitute into the waters of the United States.
Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant is limited by the
venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40
CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\ 3M (2016) as per IPCC 4th Assessment Report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: HFE-7300 is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include eye irritation, skin irritation, and
respiratory tract irritation. Ingestion of HFE-7300 may also be
harmful. The substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These potential health effects are common
to many refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that HFE-7300 will be used in a manner consistent
with the recommendations specified in the SDS. The manufacturer
recommends an acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 100 ppm on an 8-hour
TWA. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet the manufacturer's
AEL and address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS and in any other safety
precautions common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: HFE-7300 has an
ODP of zero, comparable \7\ to or lower than other acceptable
substitutes in this same end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.00034.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-11,
CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055
to 1.0.
\8\ Unless otherwise stated, all ODPs in this document are from
EPA's regulations at appendix A to subpart A of 40 CFR part 82.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For non-mechanical heat transfer systems, HFE-7300's GWP of 310 is
lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
HFE-7100, HFC-245fa, and HFC-236fa with GWPs ranging from about 300 to
9,810. HFE-7300's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes in non-mechanical heat transfer systems, including C7
Fluoroketone, HFO-1234ze(E), and HFE-7200 with GWPs ranging from one to
approximately 60.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the manufacturer's AEL, recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and
other safety precautions common in the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable in the end-use listed above because
it does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk
than other available substitutes in the same end-use.
3. R-407H
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-407H acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)
R-407H, marketed under the trade name D407, is a weighted blend of
52.5 percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2); 32.5 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); and 15 percent HFC-125, which
is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-407H in Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote
Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received January 26, 2017.'' EPA has
performed an assessment to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. This assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-
2003-0118 under the following name:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-407H''
Environmental information: R-407H has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, have GWPs of 1,430, 675, and
3,500, respectively. If these values are weighted by mass percentage,
then R-407H has a GWP of about 1,500. The components of R-407H are
excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR
51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and maintain
the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant blend is
limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA,
codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
[[Page 33812]]
Flammability information: R-407H, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that R-407H will be used in a manner consistent
with the recommendations specified in the SDS. The AIHA has established
WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125,
the components of R-407H. The manufacturer recommends an AEL of 1,000
ppm on an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be
able to meet the manufacturer's AEL and the AIHA WEELs and to address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: R-407H has an ODP
of zero, comparable \9\ to or lower than the other listed substitutes
in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12,
HCFC-22, and R-502, with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-407H's
GWP of about 1,500 is lower than that of acceptable substitutes, such
as R-407A, R-407C, R-407F, R-410B, and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from
1,770 to 2,630. R-407H's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing
units, including CO2, R-450A, and R-513A, with GWPs ranging
from one to about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, manufacturer's AEL, ASHRAE 15, and other industry
standards, recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-407H acceptable in the end-use listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-use.
4. R-442A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-442A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)
R-442A, marketed under the trade name RS-50, is a weighted blend of
31 percent HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No.
75-10-5); 31 percent HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 30 percent HFC-134a, which
is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2);
five percent HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 431-89-0); and three percent HFC-152a,
which is also known as 1,1-difluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-37-6).
EPA previously listed R-442A as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (May 17,
2013; 78 FR 29034).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-442A (RS 50) in Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received July 26, 2011.''
EPA has performed an assessment to examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. This assessment is available in Docket EPA-
HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following name:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-442A''
Environmental information: R-442A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-152a, have
GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430; 3,220; and 124, respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-442A has a GWP of about
1,890. The components of R-442A are excluded from the definition of VOC
under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development
of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or
releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting prohibition
under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-442A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-152a, the components of R-
442A. The manufacturer of R-442A recommends an AEL of 1,000 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet the AIHA WEELs and address potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE
15, and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: R-442A has an ODP
of zero, comparable \10\ to or lower than the other listed substitutes
in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12,
HCFC-22, and R-502, with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-442A's
GWP of about 1,890 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-407A, R-407F, R-410B, and R-421A with GWPs
ranging from 1,820 to 2,630. R-442A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of
other acceptable substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote
condensing units, including CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-
134a, R-407C, R-448A, R-449A, R-449B, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs of
about 600 to 1,770.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15, and other industry standards,
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-442A acceptable in the end-use listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-use.
5. R-448A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-448A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
[[Page 33813]]
Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)
R-448A, marketed under the trade name Solstice[supreg] N-40, is a
weighted blend of 26 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 26 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 21
percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2); 20 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No 754-12-1); and seven percent
HFO-1234ze(E), which is also known as trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-
ene (CAS Reg. No. 29118-24-9).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-448A (N-40) in Industrial Process Refrigeration
and Cold Storage Warehouses. SNAP Submission Received May 29, 2014.''
EPA performed assessments to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-448A (Solstice[supreg] N-40)''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-448A (Solstice[supreg] N-40)''
EPA previously listed R-448A as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (e.g., July
16, 2015, 80 FR 42053; October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
Environmental information: R-448A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234yf, and HFO-1234ze(E)
have GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430; one to four; 11 12 and one
to six; \13\ respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-448A has a GWP of about 1,390. The components of R-
448A are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see
40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013. Op. cit.
\12\ Nielsen, O.J., Javadi, M.S., Sulbaek Andersen, M.P.,
Hurley, M.D., Wallington, T.J., Singh, R. Atmospheric chemistry of
CF3CF=CH2: Kinetics and mechanisms of gas-
phase reactions with Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3.
Chemical Physics Letters 439, 18-22, 2007.
\13\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Javadi et al., 2008. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: R-448A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a; 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf; and 800 ppm for HFO-
1234ze(E), the components of R-448A. The manufacturer of R-448A
recommends an AEL of 890 ppm on an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to meet the AIHA WEELs and
manufacturer's AEL and address potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE
15, and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-448A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \14\ to or lower than other listed substitutes
in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\14\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For cold storage warehouses, R-448A's GWP of 1,390 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F, with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 1,820. R-448A's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses, including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling,
evaporative cooling, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to
about 630.
For industrial process refrigeration, R-448A's GWP of 1,390 is
lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to
14,800. R-448A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for industrial process refrigeration, including ammonia
absorption, ammonia vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2,
propane, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-448A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
6. R-449A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-449A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)
R-449A, marketed under the trade name Opteon[supreg] XP 40, is a
weighted blend of 24.3 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 24.7 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 25.7
percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2); and 25.3 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-449A (XP40) in Industrial Process Refrigeration
and Cold Storage Warehouses. SNAP Submission Received August 26,
2014.'' EPA performed assessments to examine the health and
environmental risks of this substitute. These assessments are available
in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-449A (Opteon[supreg] XP40)''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-449A (Opteon[supreg] XP40)''
EPA previously listed R-449A as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (e.g., July
16, 2015, 80 FR 42053; October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
Environmental information: R-449A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFO-
[[Page 33814]]
1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430; and one to four,\15\
respectively. If these values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-
449A has a GWP of about 1,400. The components of R-449A are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40
CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\15\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: R-449A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf, the components of
R-449A. The manufacturer of R-449A recommends an AEL of 830 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and the manufacturer's AEL and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-449A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \16\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\16\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For cold storage warehouses, R-449A's GWP of 1,400 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 1,820. R-449A's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses, including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling,
evaporative cooling, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to
about 630.
For industrial process refrigeration, R-449A's GWP of 1,400 is
lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to
14,800. R-449A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for industrial process refrigeration including ammonia
absorption, ammonia vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2,
propane, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-449A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
7. R-449B
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-449B acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)
R-449B, marketed under the trade name Forane[supreg] 449B, is a
weighted blend of 25.2 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 24.3 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 27.3
percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2); and 23.2 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-449B in Industrial Process Refrigeration and
Cold Storage Warehouses. SNAP Submission Received October 2, 2015.''
EPA performed assessments to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-449B (Forane[supreg] 449B)''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-449B (Forane[supreg] 449B)''
EPA previously listed R-449B as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (i.e.,
October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
Environmental information: R-449B has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of
675; 3,500; 1,430; and one to four,\17\ respectively. If these values
are weighted by mass percentage, then R-449B has a GWP of about 1,410.
The components of R-449B are excluded from the definition of VOC under
CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of
SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing
this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting prohibition under
section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\17\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: R-449B, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf, the components of
R-449B. The manufacturer of R-449B recommends an AEL of 850 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and the manufacturer's AEL and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-449B has an
ODP of zero, comparable \18\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\18\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For cold storage warehouses, R-449B's GWP of 1,410 is lower than or
[[Page 33815]]
comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 1,820. R-449B's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling, evaporative
cooling, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
For industrial process refrigeration, many substitutes listed as
acceptable have comparable or higher GWPs than R-449B's GWP of about
1,410, such as HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging
from 1,430 to 14,800; other substitutes listed as acceptable
substitutes for industrial process refrigeration have a lower GWP
including ammonia absorption, ammonia vapor compression, Sterling
cycle, CO2, propane, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 630.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-449B acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
8. R-452A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-452A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers \19\
(new and retrofit equipment)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\19\ This end-use category covers a subset of on-road vehicles,
i.e., refrigerated trucks and trailers with a separate refrigeration
unit with the condenser typically located either in the main engine
compartment or at the front of a refrigerated trailer. It does not
include refrigerated vans or other vehicles where a single system
also supplies passenger comfort cooling, refrigerated intermodal
shipping containers (e.g., containers designed to be moved between
ships, trucks, or other modes of transportation for uninterrupted
storage), railway refrigeration, or ship holds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)
R-452A, marketed under the trade name Opteon[supreg] XP 44, is a
weighted blend of 11 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 59 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); and
30 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-prop-
1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-452A (XP44) in Refrigerated Transport
(Refrigerated Trucks and Trailers) and Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received August 8, 2014.''
EPA has performed assessments to examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket
EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Refrigerated Transport
Substitute: R-452A''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-452A''
Environmental information: R-452A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500;
and one to four, respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-452A has a GWP of about 2,140. The components of R-
452A are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see
40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-452A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs for the components of R-452A of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32 and HFC-125, and of 500 ppm as an
8-hr TWA for HFO-1234yf. The manufacturer of R-452A recommends an AEL
of 786 ppm on an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users
will be able to meet each of the AIHA WEELs and address potential
health risks by following requirements and recommendations in the
manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions common
to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-452A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \20\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\20\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers, R-
452A's GWP of about 2,140 is lower than or comparable to that of
acceptable substitutes, such as R-404A, R-507A, and a number of HFC
refrigerant blends (with GWPs ranging from approximately 2,230 to
3,990). R-452A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for refrigerated transport, including CO2,
direct nitrogen expansion, HFC-134a, R-407A, R-407C, R-407F, R-410A, R-
448A, R-449A, R-450A, R-513A, and Stirling cycle, with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 2,110.
For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-452A's
GWP of about 2,140 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-410B and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from 2,230 to
2,630. R-452A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units,
including CO2 with a GWP of one, and HFC-134a and a number
of HFC blends and HFC/HFO blends with GWPs of about 600 to 2,110.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-452A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
9. R-452C
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-452C acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers (new
and retrofit equipment)
[[Page 33816]]
Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)
R-452C, marketed under the trade name Forane[supreg] 452C, is a
weighted blend of 12.5 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 61 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); and
26.5 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
prop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-452C in Refrigerated Transport (Refrigerated
Trucks and Trailers) and Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote Condensing
Units). SNAP Submission Received July 8, 2016.'' EPA has performed
assessments to examine the health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-
0118 under the following names:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Refrigerated Transport
Substitute: R-452C''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-452C''
Environmental information: R-452C has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500;
and one to four,\21\ respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-452C has a GWP of about 2,220. The components of R-
452C are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see
40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\21\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: R-452C, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may irritate
the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs for the components of R-452C of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32 and HFC-125 and 500 ppm for HFO-
1234yf. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet each of the
AIHA WEELs and address potential health risks by following requirements
and recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other
safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-452C has an
ODP of zero, comparable \22\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\22\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers, R-
452C's GWP of about 2,220 is lower than or comparable to that of
acceptable substitutes, such as R-404A, R-507A, and a number of HFC
refrigerant blends (with GWPs ranging from approximately 2,230 to
3,990). R-452C's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for refrigerated transport, including CO2,
direct nitrogen expansion, HFC-134a, R-407A, R-407C, R-407F, R-410A, R-
448A, R-449A, R-450A, R-513A, and Stirling cycle, with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 2,110.
For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-452C's
GWP of about 2,220 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-410B and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from 2,230 to
2,630. R-452C's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units,
including CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-134a and a number of
HFC blends and HFC/HFO blends of about 600 to 2,110.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-452C acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
10. R-453A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-453A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)
Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)
R-453A, marketed under the trade name RS-70, is a weighted blend of
20.0 percent HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75-10-5); 20.0 percent HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 53.8 percent HFC-134a, which
is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2);
five percent HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 439-89-0); 0.6 percent R-600, which is
also known as butane (CAS Reg. No. 75-28-5); and 0.6 percent R-601a,
which is also known as isopentane (CAS Reg. 78-78-4).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-453A (RS-70) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration, Cold Storage Warehouses, and Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received March 12, 2015.''
EPA performed assessments to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-453A (RS-70)''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-453A (RS-70)''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-453A''
Environmental information: R-453A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, butane, and
isopentane, have GWPs of 675, 3,500, 1,430, 3,220, 4, and 5,
respectively. If these values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-
453A has a GWP of about 1,770. Except for butane and isopentane, which
together make up approximately 1.2 percent of the blend, the components
of R-453A are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations
(see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly
[[Page 33817]]
venting or releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-453A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
For the components of R-453A, the AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227ea,
and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has established a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 1,000 ppm for
R-600 and a TLV of 600 ppm for R-601a, both as an 8-hr TWA. The
manufacturer of R-453A recommends an AEL of 1,000 ppm on an 8-hour TWA
for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet each of
the AIHA WEELs, the ACGIH's TLVs, and the manufacturer's AEL and
address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other
safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-453A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \23\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\23\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For cold storage warehouses, R-453A's GWP of about 1,770 is lower
than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as R-407C
and R-407F, with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 1,820. R-453A's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses, including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling,
evaporative cooling, HFC-134a, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging
from zero to 1,510.
For industrial process refrigeration, R-453A's GWP of about 1,770
is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 14,800. R-
453A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for
industrial process refrigeration, including ammonia absorption, ammonia
vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2, HFC-134a, propane,
R-426A, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 1,510.
For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-453A's
GWP of about 1,770 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-407A, R-407C, R-410B, and R-421A, with GWPs
ranging from about 1,770 to 2,630. R-453A's GWP is higher than the GWPs
of other acceptable substitutes in remote condensing units, including
CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-134a, R-426A, R-448A, R-449A,
R-449B, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs of about 600 to 1,510.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-453A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
11. R-458A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-458A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)
Residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps (retrofit equipment only)
Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)
R-458A, marketed under the trade name Bluon TdX 20, is a weighted
blend of 20.5 percent HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane
(CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 4.0 percent HFC-125, which is also known as
1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 61.4 percent HFC-
134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No.
811-97-2); 13.5 percent HFC-227ea, which is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 431-89-0); and 0.6
percent HFC-236fa, which is also known as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 690-39-1).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-458A (TdX20) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration, Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote Condensing Units), and
Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps. SNAP
Submission Received November 7, 2014.'' EPA performed assessments to
examine the health and environmental risks of this substitute. These
assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the
following names:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-458A (TdX 20)''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Residential and Light
Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Substitute: R-458A (TdX
20)''
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-458A (TdX 20)''
Environmental information: R-458A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa, have
GWPs of 675, 3,500, 1,430, 3,220, and 9,810, respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-458A has a GWP of about
1,650. The components of R-458A are excluded from the definition of VOC
under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development
of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or
releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting prohibition
under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
Flammability information: R-458A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat when
inhaled. The substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These potential health effects are common
to many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa, the components of R-
458A. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet the AIHA WEELs
and address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15,
[[Page 33818]]
and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-458A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \24\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\24\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For industrial process refrigeration, R-458A's GWP of about 1,650
is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23, with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 14,800. R-
458A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for
industrial process refrigeration, including ammonia absorption, ammonia
vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2, HFC-134a, propane,
R-426A, R-450A, and R-513A, with GWPs ranging from zero to about 1,510.
For residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps in retrofit equipment, R-458A's GWP of about 1,650 is lower than
all other substitutes listed as acceptable, such as R-407C, R-438A, and
R-507A, with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 3,990.
For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-458A's
GWP of about 1,650 is lower than that of acceptable substitutes, such
as R-407A, R-407C, R-410B, and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from about
1,770 to 2,630. R-458A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes in remote condensing units, including
CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-134a, R-426A, R-448A, R-449A,
R-449B, R-450A, and R-513A, with GWPs of about 600 to 1,510.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15, and other industry standards,
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-458A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
12. R-513A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-513A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:
Residential dehumidifiers (new and retrofit equipment)
R-513A, marketed under the trade name Opteon[supreg] XP 10, is a
weighted blend of 44 percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2
tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2), and 56 percent HFO-1234yf,
which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-
12-1).
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-513A (XP10) in Residential Dehumidifiers. SNAP
Submission Received July 24, 2014.'' EPA performed an assessment to
examine the health and environmental risks of this substitute. This
assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the
following name:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Residential
Dehumidifiers Substitute: R-513A''
EPA previously listed R-513A as acceptable for use as a refrigerant
in several refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (May 23, 2016,
81 FR 32241; July 16, 2015, 80 FR 42053).
Environmental information: R-513A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of 1,430 and one to
four,\25\ respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-513A has a GWP of about 630. The components of R-
513A are both excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations
(see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\25\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: R-513A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm and 500 ppm as an 8-
hour TWA for HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf, respectively, the components of
R-513A. The manufacturer of R-513A recommends an AEL of 653 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the manufacturer's AEL and AIHA WEELs and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: R-513A has an ODP
of zero, comparable \26\ to other listed substitutes in this end-use,
with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\26\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For residential dehumidifiers, R-513A's GWP of 630 is lower than
that of other acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C,
R-410A, and R-507A with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 3,990.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15, and other industry standards,
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
EPA finds R-513A acceptable in the end-use listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-use.
B. Cleaning Solvents
1. HFE-7300
EPA's decision: EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable as a substitute for
use in:
Electronics cleaning
Metals cleaning
Precision cleaning
HFE-7300 is also known as 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-
4-(trifluoromethyl)pentane (CAS Reg. No. 132182-92-4) and goes by the
trade name of 3MTM NovecTM7300 Engineered Fluid.
You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of HFE-7300 in Solvent Cleaning and Non-Mechanical
Heat Transfer Systems. SNAP Submission Received October 13, 2016.'' EPA
performed an assessment to
[[Page 33819]]
examine the health and environmental risks of this substitute. This
assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the
following name:
``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Electronics Cleaning, Metals
Cleaning, and Precision Cleaning Substitute: HFE-7300.''
Environmental information: The environmental information for this
substitute is set forth in the ``Environmental information'' section in
listing I.A.2.
Flammability information: HFE-7300 is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The toxicity information for this
substitute is set forth in the ``Toxicity and exposure data'' section
in listing I.A.2. The potential health effects of HFE-7300 are common
to many solvents. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet the
manufacturer's AEL of 100 ppm on an 8-hr TWA and address potential
health risks by following requirements and recommendations in the
manufacturer's SDS and in any other safety precautions common to the
solvent cleaning industry.
Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: HFE-7300 has an
ODP of zero, comparable \27\ to or lower than the ODP of other
substitutes in the same end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.033.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\27\ In contrast, the historically used ODS CFC-113, methyl
chloroform, HCFC-225ca, and HCFC-225cb have ODPs ranging from 0.02
to 0.8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For both electronics cleaning and precision cleaning, HFE-7300's
GWP of 310 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFC-365mfc, and HFC-43-10mee,
with GWPs ranging from about 300 to 1,640. HFE-7300's GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for these end-uses,
including acetone, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and HFE-7200 with GWPs
ranging from less than 1 to 59. Its climate impacts cannot be compared
directly to those of aqueous cleaners, which have zero GWP.
For metals cleaning, HFE-7300's GWP of 310 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFE-7100, HFC-
365mfc and HFC-43-10mee, with GWPs ranging from about 300 to 1,640.
HFE-7300's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes
for this end-use including acetone, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and
HFE-7200 with GWPs ranging from less than 1 to 59. Its climate impacts
cannot be compared directly to those of aqueous cleaners, which have
zero GWP.
Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the manufacturer's AEL, recommendations in the SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the solvent cleaning industry.
EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable in the end-uses listed above because
it does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk
than other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
II. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements and Authority for the SNAP Program
Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA to develop a program for
evaluating alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. EPA refers to
this program as the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program.
The major provisions of section 612 are:
1. Rulemaking
Section 612(c) requires EPA to promulgate rules making it unlawful
to replace any class I substance (CFC, halon, carbon tetrachloride,
methyl chloroform, methyl bromide, hydrobromofluorocarbon, and
chlorobromomethane) or class II substance (HCFC) with any substitute
that the Administrator determines may present adverse effects to human
health or the environment where the Administrator has identified an
alternative that (1) reduces the overall risk to human health and the
environment, and (2) is currently or potentially available.
2. Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable Substitutes
Section 612(c) requires EPA to publish a list of the substitutes
unacceptable for specific uses and to publish a corresponding list of
acceptable alternatives for specific uses. The list of ``acceptable''
substitutes is found at www.epa.gov/snap/substitutes-sector and the
lists of ``unacceptable,'' ``acceptable subject to use conditions,''
and ``acceptable subject to narrowed use limits'' substitutes are found
in the appendices to 40 CFR part 82 subpart G.
3. Petition Process
Section 612(d) grants the right to any person to petition EPA to
add a substance to, or delete a substance from, the lists published in
accordance with section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days to grant or deny
a petition. Where the Agency grants the petition, EPA must publish the
revised lists within an additional six months.
4. 90-Day Notification
Section 612(e) directs EPA to require any person who produces a
chemical substitute for a class I substance to notify the Agency not
less than 90 days before new or existing chemicals are introduced into
interstate commerce for significant new uses as substitutes for a class
I substance. The producer must also provide the Agency with the
producer's unpublished health and safety studies on such substitutes.
5. Outreach
Section 612(b)(1) states that the Administrator shall seek to
maximize the use of federal research facilities and resources to assist
users of class I and II substances in identifying and developing
alternatives to the use of such substances in key commercial
applications.
6. Clearinghouse
Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency to set up a public
clearinghouse of alternative chemicals, product substitutes, and
alternative manufacturing processes that are available for products and
manufacturing processes which use class I and II substances.
B. EPA's Regulations Implementing Section 612
On March 18, 1994, EPA published the initial SNAP rule (59 FR
13044) which established the process for administering the SNAP program
and issued EPA's first lists identifying acceptable and unacceptable
substitutes in the major industrial use sectors (subpart G of 40 CFR
part 82). These sectors are the following: Refrigeration and air
conditioning; foam blowing; solvents cleaning; fire suppression and
explosion protection; sterilants; aerosols; adhesives, coatings and
inks; and tobacco expansion. These sectors comprise the principal
industrial sectors that historically consumed the largest volumes of
ODS.
Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA to list as acceptable those
substitutes that do not present a significantly greater risk to human
health and the environment as compared with other substitutes that are
currently or potentially available.
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP Program Work
Under the SNAP regulations, anyone who plans to market or produce a
substitute to replace a class I substance or class II substance in one
of the eight
[[Page 33820]]
major industrial use sectors must provide the Agency with notice and
the required health and safety information on the substitute at least
90 days before introducing it into interstate commerce for significant
new use as an alternative (40 CFR 82.176(a)). While this requirement
typically applies to chemical manufacturers as the entity likely to be
planning to introduce the substitute into interstate commerce,\28\ it
may also apply to importers, formulators, equipment manufacturers, and
end users \29\ when they are responsible for introducing a substitute
into commerce. The 90-day SNAP review process begins once EPA receives
the submission and determines that the submission includes complete and
adequate data (40 CFR 82.180(a)). The CAA and the SNAP regulations, 40
CFR 82.174(a), prohibit use of a substitute earlier than 90 days after
notice has been provided to the Agency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\28\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.104, ``interstate commerce'' means
the distribution or transportation of any product between one state,
territory, possession or the District of Columbia, and another
state, territory, possession or the District of Columbia, or the
sale, use or manufacture of any product in more than one state,
territory, possession or District of Columbia. The entry points for
which a product is introduced into interstate commerce are the
release of a product from the facility in which the product was
manufactured, the entry into a warehouse from which the domestic
manufacturer releases the product for sale or distribution, and at
the site of United States Customs clearance.
\29\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ``end-use'' means processes or
classes of specific applications within major industrial sectors
where a substitute is used to replace an ODS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Agency has identified four possible decision categories for
substitute submissions: Acceptable; acceptable subject to use
conditions; acceptable subject to narrowed use limits; and unacceptable
(40 CFR 82.180(b)).\30\ Use conditions and narrowed use limits are both
considered ``use restrictions'' and are explained below. Substitutes
that are deemed acceptable without use conditions may be used for all
applications within the relevant end-uses within the sector and without
limits under SNAP on how they may be used. Substitutes that are
acceptable subject to use restrictions may be used only in accordance
with those restrictions. Substitutes that are found to be unacceptable
may not be used after the date specified in the rulemaking adding such
substitute to the list of unacceptable substitutes.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\30\ The SNAP regulations also include ``pending,'' referring to
submissions for which EPA has not reached a determination, under
this provision.
\31\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ``use'' means any use of a
substitute for a Class I or Class II ozone-depleting compound,
including but not limited to use in a manufacturing process or
product, in consumption by the end-user, or in intermediate uses,
such as formulation or packaging for other subsequent uses. This
definition of use encompasses manufacturing process of products both
for domestic use and for export. Substitutes manufactured within the
United States exclusively for export are subject to SNAP
requirements since the definition of use in the rule includes use in
the manufacturing process, which occurs within the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
After reviewing a substitute, the Agency may make a determination
that a substitute is acceptable only if certain conditions in the way
that the substitute is used are met to minimize risks to human health
and the environment. EPA describes such substitutes as ``acceptable
subject to use conditions.'' Entities that use these substitutes
without meeting the associated use conditions are in violation of EPA's
SNAP regulations (40 CFR 82.174(c)).
For some substitutes, the Agency may permit a narrowed range of use
within an end-use or sector. For example, the Agency may limit the use
of a substitute to certain end-uses or specific applications within an
industry sector. The Agency generally requires a user of a substitute
subject to narrowed use limits to demonstrate that no other acceptable
substitutes are available for their specific application.\32\ EPA
describes these substitutes as ``acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits.'' A person using a substitute that is acceptable subject to
narrowed use limits in applications and end-uses that are not
consistent with the narrowed use limit is using the substitute in
violation of section 612 of the CAA and EPA's SNAP regulations (40 CFR
82.174(c)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\32\ In the case of the July 20, 2015, final rule, EPA
established narrowed use limits for certain substitutes over a
limited period of time for specific MVAC and foam applications, on
the basis that other acceptable alternatives would not be available
for those specific applications within broader end-uses, but
acceptable alternatives were expected to become available over time,
e.g., after military qualification testing for foam blowing agents
in military applications or after development of improved servicing
infrastructure in a destination country for MVAC in vehicles
destined for export.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The section 612 mandate for EPA to prohibit the use of a substitute
that may present risk to human health or the environment where a lower
risk alternative is available or potentially available'' \33\ provides
EPA with the authority to change the listing status of a particular
substitute if such a change is justified by new information or changed
circumstance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\33\ In addition to acceptable commercially available
substitutes, the SNAP program may consider potentially available
substitutes. The SNAP program's definition of ``potentially
available'' is ``any alternative for which adequate health, safety,
and environmental data, as required for the SNAP notification
process, exist to make a determination of acceptability, and which
the agency reasonably believes to be technically feasible, even if
not all testing has yet been completed and the alternative is not
yet produced or sold.'' (40 CFR 82.172)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
As described in this document and elsewhere, including the initial
SNAP rule published in the Federal Register at 59 FR 13044 on March 18,
1994, the SNAP program evaluates substitutes within a comparative risk
framework. The SNAP program compares new substitutes both to the ozone-
depleting substances being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the CAA, and to other
available or potentially available alternatives for the same end-uses.
The environmental and health risk factors that the SNAP program
considers include ozone depletion potential, flammability, toxicity,
occupational and consumer health and safety, as well as contributions
to global warming and other environmental factors. Environmental and
human health exposures can vary significantly depending on the
particular application of a substitute--and over time, information
applicable to a substitute can change. This approach does not imply
fundamental tradeoffs with respect to different types of risk, either
to the environment or to human health. Over the past twenty years, the
menu of substitutes has become much broader and a great deal of new
information has been developed on many substitutes. Because the overall
goal of the SNAP program is to ensure that substitutes listed as
acceptable do not pose significantly greater risk to human health and
the environment than other available substitutes, the SNAP criteria
should be informed by our current overall understanding of
environmental and human health impacts and our experience with and
current knowledge about available and potentially available
substitutes. Over time, the range of substitutes reviewed by SNAP has
changed, and, at the same time, scientific approaches have evolved to
more accurately assess the potential environmental and human health
impacts of these chemicals and alternative technologies. The Agency
publishes its SNAP program decisions in the Federal Register. EPA uses
notice-and-comment rulemaking to place any alternative on the list of
prohibited substitutes, to list a substitute as acceptable only subject
to use conditions or narrowed use limits, or to remove a substitute
from either the list of prohibited or acceptable substitutes.
In contrast, EPA publishes ``notices of acceptability'' or
``determinations of acceptability,'' to notify the public of
substitutes that are deemed acceptable with no restrictions. As
described in the
[[Page 33821]]
preamble to the rule initially implementing the SNAP program (59 FR
13044; March 18, 1994), EPA does not believe that rulemaking procedures
are necessary to list alternatives that are acceptable without
restrictions because such listings neither impose any sanction nor
prevent anyone from using a substitute.
Many SNAP listings include ``comments'' or ``further information''
to provide additional information on substitutes. Since this additional
information is not part of the regulatory decision, these statements
are not binding for use of the substitute under the SNAP program.
However, regulatory requirements so listed are binding under other
regulatory programs (e.g., worker protection regulations promulgated by
OSHA). The ``further information'' classification does not necessarily
include all other legal obligations pertaining to the use of the
substitute. While the items listed are not legally binding under the
SNAP program, EPA encourages users of substitutes to apply all
statements in the ``further information'' column in their use of these
substitutes. In many instances, the information simply refers to sound
operating practices that have already been identified in existing
industry and/or building codes or standards. Thus many of the
statements, if adopted, would not require the affected user to make
significant changes in existing operating practices.
D. Additional Information About the SNAP Program
For copies of the comprehensive SNAP lists of substitutes or
additional information on SNAP, refer to EPA's Ozone Depletion Web site
at: www.epa.gov/snap. For more information on the Agency's process for
administering the SNAP program or criteria for evaluation of
substitutes, refer to the initial SNAP rulemaking published March 18,
1994 (59 FR 13044), codified at 40 CFR part 82, subpart G. SNAP
decisions and the appropriate Federal Register citations are found at:
www.epa.gov/snap/snap-regulations.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: June 28, 2017.
Reid P. Harvey,
Acting Director, Office of Atmospheric Programs.
Appendix A: Summary of Decisions for New Acceptable Substitutes
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Further information
End-use Substitute Decision \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cold storage warehouses (new R-448A...................... Acceptable.................. R-448A has a 100-yr
and retrofit equipment). global warming
potential (GWP) of
approximately 1,390.
This substitute is a
blend of HFC-32,
which is also known
as difluoromethane
(CAS Reg. No. 75-10-
5); HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFO-1234yf, which
is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
prop-l-ene (CAS Reg.
No. 754-12-1); and
HFO-1234ze(E), which
is also known as
trans-1,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 29118-
24-9).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The American
Industrial Hygiene
Association (AIHA)
has established
Workplace
Environmental
Exposure Limits
(WEELs) of 1,000 ppm
on an eight-hour time-
weighted average (8-
hr TWA) basis for HFC-
32, HFC-125, and HFC-
134a; 500 ppm for HFO-
1234yf; and 800 ppm
for HFO-1234ze(E).
The manufacturer
recommends an
acceptable exposure
limit (AEL) for the
workplace for R-448A
of 890 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
Cold storage warehouses (new R-449A...................... Acceptable.................. R-449A has a 100-year
and retrofit equipment). GWP of approximately
1,400. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
and HFC-134a; and 500
ppm for HFO-1234yf.
The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
449A of 830 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
Cold storage warehouses (new R-449B...................... Acceptable.................. R-449B has a 100-year
and retrofit equipment). GWP of approximately
1,410. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
and HFC-134a; and 500
ppm for HFO-1234yf.
The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
449B of 850 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
[[Page 33822]]
Cold storage warehouses (new R-453A...................... Acceptable.................. R-453A has a 100-year
and retrofit equipment). GWP of approximately
1,770. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC-227ea, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 439-89-
0); R-;600, which is
also known as butane
(CAS Reg. No. 75-28-
5); and R-601a, which
is also known as
isopentane (CAS Reg.
No. 78-78-4).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
HFC-134a, and HFC-
227ea, and the
American Conference
of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists
has established a
Threshold Limit Value
(TLV) of 1,000 ppm
for R-600 and a TLV
of 600 ppm for R-
601a, both as an 8-hr
TWA. The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
453A of 1000 ppm (8-
hour TWA).
Industrial process R-448A...................... Acceptable.................. R-448A has a 100-yr
refrigeration (new and GWP of approximately
retrofit equipment). 1,390. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFO-1234yf, which
is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
prop-l-ene (CAS Reg.
No. 754-12-1); and
HFO-1234ze(E), which
is also known as
trans-1,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 29118-
24-9).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
and HFC-134a; 500 ppm
for HFO-1234yf; and
800 ppm for HFO-
1234ze(E). The
manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
448A of 890 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
Industrial process R-449A...................... Acceptable.................. R-449A has a 100-year
refrigeration (new and GWP of approximately
retrofit equipment). 1,400. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
and HFC-134a; and 500
ppm for HFO-1234yf.
The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
449A of 830 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
Industrial process R-449B...................... Acceptable.................. R-449B has a 100-year
refrigeration (new and GWP of approximately
retrofit equipment). 1,410. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
and HFC-134a; and 500
ppm for HFO-1234yf.
The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
449B of 850 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
Industrial process R-453A...................... Acceptable.................. R-453A has a 100-year
refrigeration (new and GWP of approximately
retrofit equipment). 1,770. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC227ea, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 439-89-
0); R-600, which is
also known as butane
(CAS Reg. No. 75-28-
5); and R-601a, which
is also known as
isopentane (CAS Reg.
No. 78-78-4).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
HFC-134a, and HFC-
227ea, and the
American Conference
of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists
has established a
Threshold Limit Value
(TLV) of 1,000 ppm
for R-600 and a TLV
of 600 ppm for R-
601a, both as an 8-hr
TWA. The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
453A of 1000 ppm (8-
hour TWA).
[[Page 33823]]
Industrial process R-458A...................... Acceptable.................. R-458A has a 100-yr
refrigeration (new and GWP of approximately
retrofit equipment). 1,650. This
substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC-227ea, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431-89-
0); and HFC-236fa,
which is also known
as 1,1,1,3,3,3-
hexafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 690-39-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
HFC-134a, HFC-227ea,
and HFC-236fa.
Non-mechanical heat transfer HFE-7300.................... Acceptable.................. HFE-7300 (CAS Reg. No.
systems (new and retrofit (1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5- 132182-92-4) has no
equipment). decafluoro-3-methoxy-4- ozone depletion
(trifluoromethyl)pentane). potential (ODP) and a
100-year GWP of
approximately 310.
This compound is
nonflammable.
The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for HFE-
7300 of 100 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
This substitute is
subject to a Toxic
Substance Control Act
(TSCA) section
5(a)(2) Significant
New Use Rule (SNUR)
(40 CFR 721.10061).
Refrigerated transport-- R-452A...................... Acceptable.................. R-452A has a 100-year
refrigerated trucks and GWP of approximately
trailers (new and retrofit 2,140. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32 and HFC-
125; and 500 ppm for
HFO-1234yf. The
manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
452A of 786 ppm (8-
hour TWA).
Refrigerated transport-- R-452C...................... Acceptable.................. R-452C has a 100-year
refrigerated trucks and GWP of approximately
trailers (new and retrofit 2,220. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32 and HFC-
125; and 500 ppm for
HFO-1234yf.
Residential dehumidifiers R-513A...................... Acceptable.................. R-513A has a 100-year
(new and retrofit GWP of approximately
equipment). 630. This substitute
is a blend of HFC-
134a, which is also
known as 1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
This blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm and 500 ppm
(8-hr TWA) for HFC-
134a and HFO-1234yf,
respectively. The
manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
513A of 653 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
Residential and light HFC-134a.................... Acceptable.................. HFC-134a has a 100-
commercial air conditioning year GWP of 1,430.
and heat pumps (retrofit HFC-134a is also
equipment). known as 1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2).
HFC-134a is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established a WEEL of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-134a.
Residential and light R-458A...................... Acceptable.................. R-458A has a 100-yr
commercial air conditioning GWP of approximately
and heat pumps (retrofit 1,650. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC-227ea, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431-89-
0); and HFC-236fa,
which is also known
as 1,1,1,3,3,3-
hexafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 690-39-
1).
This blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
HFC-134a, HFC-227ea,
and HFC-236fa.
[[Page 33824]]
Retail food refrigeration-- R-407H...................... Acceptable.................. R-407H has a 100-yr
remote condensing units GWP of approximately
(new and retrofit 1,500. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
and HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6).
This blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-134a, HFC-32,
and HFC-125. The
manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
407H of 1,000 ppm (8-
hour TWA).
Retail food refrigeration-- R-442A...................... Acceptable.................. R-442A has a 100-yr
remote condensing units GWP of approximately
(new and retrofit 1,890. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC-227ea, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431-89-
0); and HFC-152a,
which is known as 1,1-
difluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-37-6).
This blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
HFC-134a, HFC-227ea,
and HFC-152a. The
manufacturer of R-
442A recommends an
AEL of 1,000 ppm on
an 8-hour TWA for the
blend.
Retail food refrigeration-- R-452A...................... Acceptable.................. R-452A has a 100-year
remote condensing units GWP of approximately
(new and retrofit 2,140. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32 and HFC-
125; and 500 ppm for
HFO-1234yf. The
manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
452A of 786 ppm (8-
hour TWA).
Retail food refrigeration-- R-452C...................... Acceptable.................. R-452C has a 100-year
remote condensing units GWP of approximately
(new and retrofit 2,220. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); and HFO-1234yf,
which is also known
as 2,3,3,3-
tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
(CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
1).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32 and HFC-
125; and 500 ppm for
HFO-1234yf.
Retail food refrigeration-- R-453A...................... Acceptable.................. R-453A has a 100-year
remote condensing units GWP of approximately
(new and retrofit 1,770. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC227ea, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 439-89-
0); R-600, which is
also known as butane
(CAS Reg. No. 75-28-
5); and R-601a, which
is also known as
isopentane (CAS Reg.
No. 78-78-4).
The blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
HFC-134a, and HFC-
227ea, and the
American Conference
of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists
has established a
Threshold Limit Value
(TLV) of 1,000 ppm
for R-600 and a TLV
of 600 ppm for R-
601a, both as an 8-hr
TWA. The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for R-
453A of 1000 ppm (8-
hour TWA).
Retail food refrigeration-- R-458A...................... Acceptable.................. R-458A has a 100-yr
remote condensing units GWP of approximately
(new and retrofit 1,650. This
equipment). substitute is a blend
of HFC-32, which is
also known as
difluoromethane (CAS
Reg. No. 75-10-5);
HFC-125, which is
also known as
1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
6); HFC-134a, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2); HFC-227ea, which
is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 431-89-
0); and HFC-236fa,
which is also known
as 1,1,1,3,3,3-
hexafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 690-39-
1).
This blend is
nonflammable.
The AIHA has
established WEELs of
1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
for HFC-32, HFC-125,
HFC-134a, HFC-227ea,
and HFC-236fa.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 33825]]
Cleaning Solvents
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Further information
End-use Substitute Decision \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Electronics cleaning, metals HFE-7300.................... Acceptable.................. HFE-7300 (CAS Reg. No.
cleaning, precision (1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5- 132182-92-4) has no
cleaning. decafluoro-3-methoxy-4- ozone depletion
(trifluoromethyl)pentane). potential (ODP) and a
100-year GWP of
approximately 310. It
is excluded from the
definition of
volatile organic
compounds under CAA
regulations (see 40
CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the
development of state
implementation plans
(SIPs) to attain and
maintain the National
Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS).
This compound is
nonflammable.
The manufacturer
recommends an AEL for
the workplace for HFE-
7300 of 100 ppm (8-hr
TWA).
This substitute is
subject to a Toxic
Substance Control Act
(TSCA) section
5(a)(2) Significant
New Use Rule (SNUR)
(40 CFR 721.10061).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Observe recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS and guidance for all listed substitutes.
[FR Doc. 2017-15379 Filed 7-20-17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
