Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of the Lesser Long-Nosed Bat From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, 1665-1676 [2016-31408]

Agencies

• Fish and Wildlife Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 4 (Friday, January 6, 2017)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 1665-1676]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-31408]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2016-0138; FXES11130900000 178 FF09E42000]
RIN 1018-BB91


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of the 
Lesser Long-Nosed Bat From the Federal List of Endangered and 
Threatened Wildlife

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule and 12-month petition finding; request for 
comments.

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SUMMARY: Under the authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 
amended (Act), we, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), 
propose to remove the lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae 
yerbabuenae) from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened 
Wildlife (List) due to recovery. This determination is based on a 
thorough review of the best available scientific and commercial 
information, which indicates that the threats to this subspecies have 
been eliminated or reduced to the point that the subspecies has 
recovered and no longer meets the definition of endangered or 
threatened under the Act. This document also serves as the 12-month 
finding on a petition to reclassify this subspecies from endangered to 
threatened on the List. We are seeking information, data, and comments 
from the public on the proposed rule to remove the lesser long-nosed 
bat from the List.

DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before 
March 7, 2017. Please note that if you are using the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES), the deadline for submitting an 
electronic comment is 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on this date. We must 
receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown 
in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section below by February 21, 
2017.

ADDRESSES: Written comments: You may submit comments by one of the 
following methods:
    (1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. In the Search box, enter FWS-R2-ES-2016-0138, 
which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, click on the 
Search button. On the resulting page, in the Search panel on the left 
side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, click on the 
Proposed Rules link to locate this document. You may submit a comment 
by clicking on ``Comment Now!''
    (2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: Public 
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-R2-ES-2016-0138, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, MS: BPHC, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803.
    We request that you send comments only by the methods described 
above. We will post all comments on https://www.regulations.gov. This 
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide 
us (see Public Comments, below, for more information).
    Copies of documents: This proposed rule and supporting documents, 
including the Species Status Assessment, are available on https://www.regulations.gov. In addition, the supporting file for this proposed 
rule will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during 
normal business hours, at the Arizona Ecological Services Field Office, 
2321 W. Royal Palm Road, Suite 103, Phoenix, AZ 85021.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Steve Spangle, Field Supervisor, U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Ecological Services Field Office, 
2321 W. Royal Palm Road, Suite 103, Phoenix, AZ 85021; by telephone 
(602-242-0210); or by facsimile (602-242-2513). If you use a 
telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Relay 
Service at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Information Requested

Public Comments

    Any final action resulting from this proposed rule will be based on 
the best

[[Page 1666]]

scientific and commercial data available and be as accurate and as 
effective as possible. Therefore, we request comments or information 
from other concerned governmental agencies, Native American Tribes, the 
scientific community, industry, or other interested parties concerning 
this proposed rule. The comments that will be most useful and likely to 
influence our decisions are those supported by data or peer-reviewed 
studies and those that include citations to, and analyses of, 
applicable laws and regulations. Please make your comments as specific 
as possible and explain the basis for them. In addition, please include 
sufficient information with your comments to allow us to authenticate 
any scientific or commercial data you reference or provide. In 
particular, we seek comments concerning the following:
    (1) New information on the historical and current status, range, 
distribution, and population size of lesser long-nosed bats, including 
the locations of any additional populations;
    (2) New information regarding the life history, ecology, and 
habitat use of the lesser long-nosed bat;
    (3) New information concerning the taxonomic classification and 
conservation status of the lesser long-nosed bat in general; and
    (4) New information related to any of the risk factors or threats 
to the lesser long-nosed bat identified in the Species Status 
Assessment or the proposed action.
    Please note that submissions merely stating support for or 
opposition to the action under consideration without providing 
supporting information, although noted, will not be considered in 
making a determination, as section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 
1531 et seq.) directs that determinations as to whether any species is 
an endangered or threatened species must be made ``solely on the basis 
of the best scientific and commercial data available.''
    Prior to issuing a final rule on this proposed action, we will take 
into consideration all comments and any additional information we 
receive. Such information may lead to a final rule that differs from 
this proposal. All comments and recommendations, including names and 
addresses, will become part of the administrative record.
    You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed 
rule by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. We will not consider 
comments sent by email, fax, or to an address not listed in ADDRESSES. 
We will not consider hand-delivered comments that we do not receive, or 
mailed comments that are not postmarked by the date specified in DATES. 
If you submit information via https://www.regulations.gov, your entire 
submission--including any personal identifying information--will be 
posted on the Web site. Please note that comments posted to this Web 
site are not immediately viewable. When you submit a comment, the 
system receives it immediately. However, the comment will not be 
publicly viewable until we post it, which might not occur until several 
days after submission.
    If you mail or hand-deliver hardcopy comments that includes 
personal identifying information, you may request at the top of your 
document that we withhold this information from public review. However, 
we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. To ensure that the 
electronic docket for this rulemaking is complete and all comments we 
receive are publicly available, we will post all hardcopy submissions 
on https://www.regulations.gov.
    In addition, comments and materials we receive, as well as 
supporting documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will 
be available for public inspection in two ways:
    (1) You can view them on https://www.regulations.gov. In the Search 
box, enter FWS-R2-ES-2016-0138, which is the docket number for this 
rulemaking.
    (2) You can make an appointment, during normal business hours, to 
view the comments and materials in person at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service's Arizona Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT).

Public Hearing

    Section 4(b)(5)(E) of the Act provides for one or more public 
hearings on this proposed rule, if requested. We must receive requests 
for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown in FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT by the date shown in DATES, above. We will schedule 
at least one public hearing on this proposal, if any are requested, and 
announce the location(s) of any of hearings, as well as how to obtain 
reasonable accommodations, in the Federal Register at least 15 days 
before any hearing.

Background

Previous Federal Actions

    On September 30, 1988, we published a final rule in the Federal 
Register (53 FR 38456) to list the Mexican long-nosed bat 
(Leptonycteris nivalis) and Sanborn's long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris 
sanborni (=L. yerbabuenae)) as endangered species. That rule became 
effective on October 31, 1988, and did not include a critical habitat 
designation for either bat. In 1993, we amended the List by revising 
the entry for the Sanborn's long-nosed bat to ``Bat, lesser 
(=Sanborn's) long-nosed'' with the scientific name ``Leptonycteris 
curasoae yerbabuenae.'' We issued a recovery plan for the lesser long-
nosed bat on March 4, 1997. The recovery plan has not been revised. In 
2001, we again amended the List by revising the entry for the lesser 
long-nosed bat to remove the synonym of ``Sanborn's''; the listing 
reads, ``Bat, lesser long-nosed'' and retains the scientific name 
``Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae.'' Cole and Wilson (2006) 
recommended that L. c. yerbabuenae be recognized as Leptonycteris 
yerbabuenae. Additionally, Wilson and Reeder's (2005) ``Mammal Species 
of the World (Third Edition), an accepted standard for mammalian 
taxonomy, also indicates that L. yerbabuenae is a species distinct from 
L. curasoae. Currently, the most accepted and currently used 
classification for the lesser long-nosed bat is L. yerbabuenae, 
however, the Service continues to classify the listed entity as 
Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae. We recommended, as part of the 
status review, that the Service recognize and change the taxonomic 
nomenclature for the lesser long-nosed bat to be consistent with the 
most recent classification of this species, L. yerbabuenae. However, 
throughout this proposed rule, we will refer to the lesser long-nosed 
bat as a subspecies. On August 30, 2007, we completed a 5-year review, 
in which the Service recommended reclassifying the species from 
endangered to threatened status (i.e., ``downlisting'') under the Act 
(USFWS 2007; available online at https://www.regulations.gov or https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Lesser.htm). The reclassification 
recommendation was made because information generated since the listing 
of the lesser long-nosed bat indicated that the subspecies is not in 
imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion 
of its range (higher population numbers, increased number of known 
roosts, reduced impacts from known threats, and improved protection 
status) and thus, does not meet the definition of endangered. On July 
16, 2012, the Service received a petition from The Pacific Legal 
Foundation and others requesting that the Service downlist the lesser 
long-nosed bat as recommended in the 5-year review (as well as delist 
one species and downlist three other listed species). On September 9, 
2013, the Service

[[Page 1667]]

published a 90-day petition finding stating that the petition contained 
substantial scientific or commercial information indicating the 
petitioned action for the lesser long-nosed bat may be warranted (78 FR 
55046). On November 28, 2014, the Service received a ``60-day Notice of 
Intent to Bring Citizen Suit,'' and on November 20, 2015, the New 
Mexico Cattle Growers Association and others filed a complaint 
challenging the Service's failure to complete in a timely manner the 
12-month findings on five species, including the lesser long-nosed bat 
(New Mexico Cattle Growers Association, et al. v. United States 
Department of the Interior, et al., No. 1:15-cv-01065-PJK-LF (D.N.M)), 
asking the Court to compel the Service to make 12-month findings on the 
five species. On September 29, 2016, the parties settled the lawsuit 
with the requirement that the Service submit a 12-month finding for the 
lesser long-nosed bat to the Federal Register for publication on or 
before December 30, 2016, among other obligations. This document 
fulfills the portion of the settlement agreement that concerns the 
lesser long-nosed bat.

Species Information

    A thorough review of the taxonomy, life history, ecology, and 
overall viability of the lesser long-nosed bat is presented in the 
Species Status Assessment (SSA) report for the lesser long-nosed bat 
(USFWS 2016), which is available online at https://www.regulations.gov 
or https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Lesser.htm, or in person at 
the Arizona Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES, above). 
The SSA report documents the results of the biological status review 
for the lesser long-nosed bat and provides an account of the 
subspecies' overall viability through forecasting of the subspecies' 
condition in the future (USFWS 2016; entire). In the SSA report, we 
summarize the relevant biological data and a description of past, 
present, and likely future stressors to the subspecies, and conduct an 
analysis of the viability of the subspecies. The SSA report provides 
the scientific basis that informs our regulatory determination 
regarding whether this subspecies should be listed as an endangered or 
a threatened species under the Act. This determination involves the 
application of standards within the Act, its implementing regulations, 
and Service policies (see Delisting Proposal, below) to the scientific 
information and analysis in the SSA. The following discussion is a 
summary of the results and conclusions from the SSA report. We 
solicited expert review of the draft SSA report from lesser long-nosed 
bat experts, as well as experts in climate change modeling and plant 
phenology (the scientific study of periodic biological phenomena, such 
as flowering, in relation to climatic conditions). Additionally, and in 
compliance with our policy, ``Notice of Interagency Cooperative Policy 
for Peer Review of Endangered Species Act Activities,'' which was 
published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited peer reviews on 
the draft SSA report from four objective and independent scientific 
experts in November 2016.
    The lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae) is 
one of three nectar-feeding bats in the United States; the others are 
the Mexican long-nosed bat (L. nivalis) and the Mexican long-tongued 
bat (Choeronycteris mexicana). The lesser long-nosed bat is a migratory 
pollinator and seed disperser that provides important ecosystem 
services in arid forest, desert, and grassland systems throughout its 
range in the United States and Mexico, contributing to healthy soils, 
diverse vegetation communities, and sustainable economic benefits for 
communities. The range of the lesser long-nosed bat extends from the 
southwestern United States southward through Mexico.
    The Service has assigned a recovery priority number of 8 to the 
lesser long-nosed bat. This recovery priority number means that the 
lesser long-nosed bat was considered to have a moderate degree of 
threat and a high recovery potential. Because the lesser long-nosed bat 
is a colonial roosting species known to occur at a limited number of 
roosts across its range in Mexico and the United States (Arizona and 
New Mexico), impacts at roost locations could have a significant impact 
on the population, particularly if the impacts occur at maternity 
roosts. However, because approximately 60 percent (eight out of 
fourteen) of the roost locations known at the time of listing were on 
``protected'' lands in both the United States and Mexico, the degree of 
threat was determined to be moderate. The primary recovery actions 
outlined in the recovery plan were to monitor and protect known roost 
sites and foraging habitats. Because both of these actions could be 
potentially be accomplished through management at all of the known 
roost sites known at that time, the recovery potential for the lesser 
long-nosed bat was determined to be high. A U.S. recovery plan was 
completed for the lesser long-nosed bat in 1997 (USFWS 1997, entire) 
and the Program for the Conservation of Migratory Bats in Mexico was 
formed in 1994 (Bats 1995, p. 1-6).
    The Service completed a 5-year review of the status of the lesser 
long-nosed bat in 2007. This review recommended downlisting this bat 
from endangered to threatened status under the Act (USFWS 2007; 
available at https://www.regulations.gov or https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Lesser.htm). In Mexico, the lesser long-nosed bat 
was recently removed from that nation's equivalent of the endangered 
species list (SEMARNAT 2010, entire; Medellin and Knoop 2013, entire). 
According to SEMARNAT (2010), over the last twenty years, Mexican 
researchers have carried out a wide range of studies that have 
demonstrated that the lesser long-nosed bat is no longer in the 
critical condition that led it to be listed as in danger of extinction 
in Mexico. Specifically, the evaluation to delist in Mexico showed 1) 
the distribution of lesser long-nosed bats is extensive within Mexico, 
covering more than 40 percent of the country; 2) the extent and 
condition of lesser long-nosed bat habitat is only moderately limiting 
and this species has demonstrated that it is adaptable to varying 
environmental conditions; 3) the species does not exhibit any 
particular characteristics that make it especially vulnerable; and 4) 
the extent of human impacts is average and increased education, 
outreach, and research have reduced the occurrence of human impacts and 
disturbance.

Subspecies Description and Needs

    The lesser long-nosed bat is a migratory bat characterized by a 
resident subpopulation that remains year round in central and southern 
Mexico to mate and give birth, and a migratory subpopulation that 
winters and mates in central and southern Mexico, but that migrates 
north in the spring to give birth in northern Mexico and the 
southwestern United States (Arizona). This migratory subpopulation then 
obtains the necessary resources (in Arizona and New Mexico in the 
United States) to be able to migrate south in the fall back to central 
and southern Mexico. The lesser long-nosed bat is a nectar, pollen, and 
fruit-eating bat that depends on a variety of flowering plants as food 
resources. These plants include columnar cacti, agaves, and a variety 
of flowering deciduous trees. The lesser long-nosed bat is a colonial 
roosting species that roosts in groups ranging from a few hundred to 
over 100,000. Roost sites are primarily caves, mines, and large 
crevices with appropriate temperatures and humidity; reduced access to 
predators; free of the disease-

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causing organisms (fungus that causes white-nose syndrome, etc.); 
limited human disturbance; structural integrity maintained; in a 
diversity of locations to provide for maternity, mating, migration, and 
transition roost sites.
    The primary life-history needs of this subspecies include 
appropriate and adequately distributed roosting sites; adequate forage 
resources for life-history events such as mating and birthing; and 
adequate roosting and forage resources in an appropriate configuration 
(a ``nectar trail'') to complete migration between central and southern 
Mexico and northern Mexico and the United States.
    For more information on this topic, see chapter 2 of the SSA Report 
(USFWS 2016), which is available online at https://www.regulations.gov 
or https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Lesser.htm, or in person at 
the Arizona Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES, above).

Current Conditions

    For the last 20 years following the completion of the lesser long-
nosed bat recovery plan, there has been a steadily increasing effort 
related to the conservation of this subspecies. Better methods of 
monitoring have been developed, including the use of infrared 
videography and radio telemetry. These monitoring efforts have led to 
an increase in the number of known roosts throughout its range, from 
approximately 14 known at the time of listing to approximately 75 
currently known roost sites, as well as more accurate assessments of 
the numbers of lesser long-nosed bats using these roosts. The 1988 
listing rule emphasized low populations numbers along with an apparent 
declining population trend. At this time, we have documented increased 
lesser long-nosed bat numbers and positive trends (stable or increasing 
numbers of bats documented over the past 20 years) at most roosts. 
There is no question that current population numbers of lesser long-
nosed bats exceed the levels known and recorded at the time of listing 
in 1988. A number of publications have documented numbers of lesser 
long-nosed bats throughout its range that far exceed the numbers used 
in the listing analysis (Fleming et al. 2003; Sidner and Davis 1988). 
For example, although numbers fluctuate from year to year, the numbers 
of lesser long-nosed bats estimated from 2010-2015 in the three known 
maternity roosts in the U.S. were an average of two and a half times 
higher than numbers presented in the Recovery Plan (USFWS 2016; p. 10). 
Furthermore, protection measures have been implemented at over half the 
roosts in both the United States and Mexico (approximately 40 roosts), 
including gating, road closures, fencing, implementation of management 
plans, public education, monitoring, and enforcement of access 
limitations. Generally, roosts on Federal lands benefit from monitoring 
by agency personnel and a law enforcement presence resulting in these 
roosts being exposed to fewer potential impacts than they otherwise 
would be. Efforts to physically protect roosts through the use of gates 
or barriers have been implemented at six roost sites in Arizona. The 
experimental fence at one roost (a mine site) worked initially, but was 
subsequently vandalized resulting in roost abandonment. The fencing was 
repaired and there have been no subsequent breeches and the bats have 
recolonized the site (USFWS 2016; p. 11).
    In addition, since the 1988 listing rule, increased public and 
academic interest, along with additional funding, has resulted in 
additional research leading to a better understanding of the life 
history of the lesser long-nosed bat. At the time of listing, we 
believed livestock grazing and fire were impacting the viability of 
this subspecies. We now know that livestock grazing and fire have less 
of an impact on the viability of this subspecies than previously 
thought. Other threats have been reduced such as reducing the killing 
of non-target bat species during vampire bat control activities in 
Mexico (i.e., poisoning, dynamiting, burning, shooting, anticoagulants, 
roost destruction, etc.) because of outreach and education and reducing 
human disturbance at roosts through the use of fencing, monitoring, and 
the use of gates. However, roost disturbance, particularly in the 
border region between the United States and Mexico; habitat loss due to 
various land uses; and, to an unknown extent, effects due to climate 
change continue to be threats to this subspecies. Nonetheless, these 
threats are being addressed or ongoing research is developing 
management strategies such that we have determined that the effects of 
these threats will not affect the future viability of the lesser long-
nosed bat.
    The lesser long-nosed bat's conservation status in Mexico has been 
determined to be secure enough that Mexico removed the subspecies from 
its endangered species list in 2013 because of the factors described 
above. The species has a greater distribution in Mexico than in the 
United States, but most of the same reasoning for the subspecies' 
removal from Mexico's endangered species list applies to our proposal 
to remove the lesser long-nosed bat from the U.S. List of Endangered 
and Threatened Wildlife. Much of the range of this species in the 
United States is on federally managed lands (>75 percent). Federal 
agencies have guidelines and requirements in place to protect lesser 
long-nosed bats and their habitats, particularly roost sites. As 
described above, roosts on Federal lands benefit from monitoring by 
agency personnel and a law enforcement presence resulting in these 
roosts being exposed to fewer potential impacts than they otherwise 
would be. Gating of roosts on Federal lands is being implemented and 
evaluated. If the lesser long-nosed bat is delisted, protection of 
their roost sites and forage resources will continue on Federal lands. 
Agency land-use plans and general management plans contain objectives 
to protect cave resources and restrict access to abandoned mines, both 
of which can be enforced by law enforcement officers. In addition, 
guidelines in these plans for grazing, recreation, off-road use, fire, 
etc. will continue to prevent or minimize impacts to lesser long-nosed 
bat forage resources. Examples of these agency plans include the Fort 
Huachuca Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan, the Coronado 
National Forest Land Use and Resource Management Plan, and the Safford 
District Resource Management Plan (DOD 2001, entire; USFS 2005, entire; 
BLM 1991, entire). As described above, roosts on Federal lands benefit 
from monitoring by agency personnel and a law enforcement presence 
resulting in these roosts being exposed to fewer potential impacts than 
they otherwise would be. Gating of roosts on Federal lands is being 
implemented and evaluated and, while the best design for such gates is 
still being developed, these gates do provide long-term protection of 
the sites. Further, outreach and education, particularly with regard to 
pollinator conservation, has increased and human attitudes regarding 
bats are more positive now than in the past; and the lesser long-nosed 
bat has demonstrated adaptability to potential adverse environmental 
conditions, such as changes in plant flowering phenology (see 
discussion under Factor E, below).
    Because of the occurrence of both resident and migratory 
subpopulations within the lesser long-nosed bat population, it is 
important for all of the necessary habitat elements to be appropriately 
distributed across the range of this species such that roost sites, 
forage resources, and migration

[[Page 1669]]

pathways are in the appropriate locations during the appropriate 
season. Currently, the distribution of the lesser long-nosed bat 
extends from southern Mexico into the southwestern United States. In 
Mexico, the distribution of the lesser long-nosed bat covers 
approximately 40 percent of the country when considering resident 
areas, migration pathways, and seasonally-occupied roosts within the 
range of this subspecies. Within both the United States and Mexico, the 
current distribution of the lesser long-nosed bat has not decreased or 
changed substantially from that described in the literature. It is 
important to note, however, that, as discussed in the SSA report, any 
given area within the range of the lesser long-nosed bat may be used in 
an ephemeral manner dictated by the availability of resources that can 
change on an annual and seasonal basis. Roost switching occurs in 
response to changing resources and areas that may be used during one 
year or season may not be used in subsequent years until resources are 
again adequate to support occupancy of the area. This affects if and 
how maternity and mating roosts, migration pathways, and transition 
roosts are all used during any given year or season. However, while the 
distribution of the lesser long-nosed bat within its range may be 
fluid, the overall distribution of this species has remained similar 
over time (USFWS 2016, Chapters 1 through 3).
    For more information on this topic, see chapter 5 of the SSA Report 
(USFWS 2016), which is available online at https://www.regulations.gov 
or https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Lesser.htm, or in person at 
the Arizona Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES, above).

Recovery Planning and Recovery Criteria

    Section 4(f) of the Act directs us to develop and implement 
recovery plans for the conservation and survival of endangered and 
threatened species unless we determine that such a plan will not 
promote the conservation of the species. Recovery plans identify site-
specific management actions that will achieve recovery of the species 
and objective, measurable criteria that set a trigger for review of the 
species' status. Methods for monitoring recovery progress may also be 
included in recovery plans.
    Recovery plans are not regulatory documents; instead they are 
intended to establish goals for long-term conservation of listed 
species and define criteria that are designed to indicate when the 
threats facing a species have been removed or reduced to such an extent 
that the species may no longer need the protections of the Act. They 
also identify suites of actions that are expected to facilitate 
achieving this goal of recovery. While recovery plans are not 
regulatory, they provide guidance regarding what recovery may look like 
and possible paths to achieve it. However, there are many paths to 
accomplishing recovery of a species, and recovery may be achieved 
without all recovery actions being implemented or criteria being fully 
met. Recovery of a species is a dynamic process requiring adaptive 
management that may, or may not, fully follow the guidance provided in 
a recovery plan.
    The 1997 lesser long-nosed bat recovery plan objective is to 
downlist the species to threatened (USFWS 1997, entire). The recovery 
plan does not explain why delisting was not considered as the objective 
for the recovery plan. The existing recovery plan does not explicitly 
tie the recovery criteria to the five listing factors at section 
4(a)(1) of the Act or contain explicit discussion of those five listing 
factors. In addition, the reasons for listing discussed in the recovery 
plan do not actually correspond with the five listing factors set forth 
in section 4(a)(1) of the Act. The recovery plan lists four criteria 
that should be considered for downlisting the subspecies, which are 
summarized below. A detailed review of the recovery criteria for the 
lesser long-nosed bat is presented in the 5-year Review for the Lesser 
Long-Nosed Bat (USFWS 2007; available online at https://www.regulations.gov or https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Lesser.htm).

Recovery Criterion 1 (Monitor Major Roosts for 5 Years)

    Significant efforts have been made to implement a regular schedule 
of monitoring at the known roost sites in Arizona. All thirteen of the 
roost sites identified in the recovery plan have had some degree of 
monitoring over the past 20 years. In the United States, all of the six 
roosts identified in the recovery plan for monitoring (Copper Mountain, 
Bluebird, Old Mammon, Patagonia Bat Cave, State of Texas, and Hilltop) 
have been monitored since 2001. This recovery criterion has been 
satisfied for roosts in Arizona. None of the New Mexico roosts were 
identified for monitoring in the recovery plan, but these roosts have 
been monitored sporadically since the completion of the recovery plan 
(USFWS 2007; p. 6-9). The seven roost sites in Mexico have been 
regularly monitored since the development of the recovery plan 
(Medell[iacute]n and Torres 2013, p. 11-13). For more information, see 
chapter 2 of the SSA Report (USFWS 2016).

Recovery Criterion 2 (Roost Numbers Stable or Increasing)

    Nearly all of the lesser long-nosed bat experts and researchers who 
provided input to the 5-year review indicated that they observed that 
the number of lesser long-nosed bats at most of the roost sites in both 
the United States and Mexico is stable or increasing. As discussed in 
the SSA report, current expert opinion supports this same conclusion 
(see chapter 2 of the SSA Report (USFWS 2016). The lesser long-nosed 
bat's conservation status in Mexico has been determined to be secure 
enough that Mexico removed the subspecies from its endangered species 
list in 2013 based on the factors discussed above.

Recovery Criterion 3 (Protect Roost and Forage Plant Habitats)

    More lesser long-nosed bat roost locations are currently known, and 
are being more consistently monitored, than at the time of listing in 
1988 (an increase from approximately 14 to approximately 75 currently 
known roosts). In related efforts, a number of studies have been 
completed that provide us with better information related to the forage 
requirements of the lesser long-nosed bat when compared to the time of 
listing and recovery plan completion. Because of improved information, 
land management agencies are doing a better job of protecting lesser 
long-nosed bat roost sites and foraging areas. For more information, 
see chapter 2 of the SSA Report (USFWS 2016).

Recovery Criterion 4 (Status of New and Known Threats)

    Our current state of knowledge with regard to threats to this 
subspecies has changed since the development of the recovery plan. 
Threats to the lesser long-nosed bat from grazing on food plants, the 
tequila industry, and prescribed fire, identified in the recovery plan, 
are likely not as severe as once thought. Effects from illegal border 
activity and the associated enforcement activities are a new and 
continuing threat to roost sites in the border region. Potential 
effects to forage species and their phenology as a result of climate 
change have been identified, but are characterized by uncertainty and 
lack of data specifically addressing those issues. Nonetheless, lesser 
long-nosed bats have shown the ability to adapt to adverse forage 
conditions and we find that the lesser long-nosed bat is characterized 
by flexible and adaptive behaviors that will allow it to remain

[[Page 1670]]

viable under changing climatic conditions. Some progress has been made 
toward protecting known lesser long-nosed bat roost sites; while the 
ultimate level of effectiveness of gates as a protection measure is 
still being evaluated and improved, they do provide long-term 
protection of roost sites. Gates are being currently being tested at a 
few additional lesser long-nosed bat roost sites. For more information, 
see chapter 4 of the SSA Report (USFWS 2016).
    As discussed in the SSA report and 5-year review, data relied upon 
to develop the 1988 listing rule and the recovery plan were incomplete. 
Subsequent to the completion of the listing rule and recovery plan, 
considerable additional data regarding the life history and status of 
the lesser long-nosed bat have been gathered and, as discussed above, 
have documented an increase in the number of known roost sites and the 
number of lesser long-nosed bats occupying those roosts. During the 
2007 5-year review of the status of this subspecies, it was determined 
that the 1997 recovery plan was outdated and did not reflect the best 
available information on the biology of this subspecies and its needs 
(USFWS 2007; p. 30; available online at https://www.regulations.gov or 
https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Lesser.htm). Therefore, rather 
than use the existing outdated recovery criteria, the Service assessed 
the species' viability, as summarized in the SSA report (USFWS 2016), 
in making the determination of whether or not the lesser long-nosed bat 
has recovered as defined by the Act.

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

    Section 4 of the Act and its implementing regulations (50 CFR part 
424) set forth the procedures for listing species, reclassifying 
species, or removing species from listed status. A species may be 
determined to be an endangered or threatened species due to one or more 
of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The 
present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its 
habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, 
scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the 
inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or 
manmade factors affecting its continued existence. A species may be 
reclassified or delisted on the same basis. Consideration of these 
factors was included in the SSA report in the discussion on ``threats'' 
or ``risk factors,'' and threats were projected into the future using 
scenarios to evaluate the current and future viability of the lesser 
long-nosed bat. The effects of conservation measures currently in place 
were also assessed in the SSA report as part of the current condition 
of the subspecies, and those effects were projected in future 
scenarios. The evaluation of the five factors as described in the SSA 
report is summarized below.

Factor A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or 
Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range

    The primary threat to this subspecies continues to be roost site 
disturbance or loss. The colonial roosting behavior of this subspecies, 
where high percentages of the population can congregate at a limited 
number of roost sites, increases the likelihood of significant declines 
or extinction due to impacts at roost sites. However, as discussed 
above, increased lesser long-nosed bat numbers and positive trends at 
most roosts have reduced concerns expressed in the 1988 listing rule 
with regard to low population numbers and an apparent declining 
population trend. Known roosts have had protective measures 
implemented, previously unknown roosts have been identified and 
agencies and conservation partners are implementing protective 
measures, and outreach and education has been effective in increasing 
the understanding of the general public, as well as conservation 
partners, with regard to the need to prevent disturbance at lesser 
long-nosed bat roosts while the bats are present (USFWS 2016, p. 45-
48). As discussed in the SSA report, we have determined that the 
current lesser long-nosed bat population is currently viable and is 
likely to remain so into the future based on the documentation of 
higher numbers of lesser long-nosed bats, increased numbers of known 
and protected roost sites, improved outreach and education, and a 
decrease in the effects of known threats and plans to assess and 
address known threats in the future (USFWS 2016, entire). We have 
determined that roost sites have and will be protected to the extent 
that roost disturbance is no longer a sufficient threat to warrant 
listing under the Act.
    In general, while actual numbers of bats observed at roost sites 
may not support a statistically valid population trend, the overall 
numbers of bats observed at roost sites can be used as an index of 
population status. Although most data related to lesser long-nosed bat 
roost counts and monitoring have not been collected in a way that is 
statistically rigorous enough to draw statistically-valid conclusions 
about the trend of the population, in the professional judgment of 
biologists and others involved in these efforts, the total numbers of 
bats observed at roost sites across the range of the lesser long-nosed 
bat are considered stable or increasing at nearly all roost sites being 
monitored. With a documented increase from an estimated 500 lesser 
long-nosed bats in the U.S. at the time of listing to over 100,000 
currently documented, the total number of bats currently being 
documented is many times greater than those numbers upon which the 
listing of this species relied, and while this may, in large part, 
reflect a better approach to survey and monitoring in subsequent years, 
it gives us better information upon which to evaluate the status of the 
lesser long-nosed bat population.
    Significant information regarding the relationship of lesser long-
nosed bats to their forage resources has been gathered over the past 
decade. Because lesser long-nosed bats are highly specialized nectar-, 
pollen-, and fruit-eaters, they have potential to be extremely 
vulnerable to loss of or impacts to forage species. However, lesser 
long-nosed bats are also highly effective at locating food resources, 
and their nomadic nature allows them to adapt to local conditions. For 
example, the resiliency of lesser long-nosed bats became evident in 
2004, when a widespread failure of saguaro and organ pipe bloom 
occurred. The failure was first noted in Organ Pipe Cactus National 
Monument, and such a failure had not been noted in the recorded history 
of the Monument (Billings 2005). The failure extended from Cabeza 
Prieta NWR on the west to Tucson on the east, and south into central 
Sonora, Mexico. The large-scale loss of this lesser long-nosed bat food 
resource was somewhat offset by the fact that small numbers of both 
saguaro and organ pipe flowers continued to bloom into August and 
September. Such a failure would have been expected to result in fewer 
lesser long-nosed bats using roosts in this area or reduced 
productivity at these roosts. However, this was not the case. Maternity 
roost numbers remained as high as or higher than previous years, with 
some 25,000 adult females counted during 2004 monitoring (Billings 
2005). Ultimately, it appears lesser long-nosed bats were able to 
subsist and raise young in southwestern Arizona in this atypical year. 
Other observations over the past 20 years, including some years of 
significantly reduced agave availability, have indicated that the 
lesser long-nosed bat is more adaptable than previously believed to 
changing forage resource availability. This adaptability

[[Page 1671]]

leads us to a determination that forage availability will not 
significantly affect the viability of the lesser long-nosed bat 
population.
    Additionally, the effects of livestock grazing and prescribed fire 
on long-nosed bat food sources are also not as significant as 
originally thought. For example, Widmer (2002) found that livestock 
were not responsible for all of the utilization of agave flower stalks 
their study area. Wildlife such as javelina, white-tailed deer, and 
small mammals also utilized agave flower stalks as a food resource. The 
extent of livestock use of agave flower stalks appears to be related to 
standing biomass and distance from water. Further, Bowers and 
McLaughlin (2000) found that the proportion of agave flower stalks 
broken by cattle did not differ significantly between grazed and 
ungrazed areas. All of which indicate that livestock do not have a 
significant effect on lesser long-nosed bat food sources, over and 
above native grazers. Thomas and Goodson (1992) and Johnson (2001, p. 
37) reported 14% and 19% mortality of agaves following burns. Some 
agency monitoring has occurred post-fire for both wildfires and 
prescribed burns. This monitoring indicates that agave mortality in 
burned areas is generally less than 10% (USFS 2015, p. 82-83; USFS 
2013, p. 10-11). Contributing to this relatively low mortality rate is 
the fact that most fires burn in a mosaic, where portions of the area 
do not burn. Impacts of fire on agave as a food source for lesser long-
nosed bats may not be a significant concern for the following reasons: 
Fire-caused mortality of agaves appears to be low; alternative foraging 
areas typically occur within the foraging distance from lesser long-
nosed bat roosts; and most agave concentrations occur on steep, rocky 
slopes with low fuel loads (Warren 1996). In addition, Johnson (2001, 
p. 35-36) reported that recruitment of new agaves occurred at higher 
rates in burned plots than in unburned plots, indicating that there may 
be an increased availability over time of agaves in areas that have 
burned, if the return rate of fire is greater than seven years. The 
effects of agave harvesting are limited to bootleggers, which is likely 
occurring at the same levels as when the species was listed in 1988, 
however, this is not considered significant. In addition, increased 
outreach and education are being provided to tequila producers in an 
effort to reduce the effects of agave harvesting on lesser long-nosed 
bats.
    While not currently a threat affecting the viability of the lesser 
long-nosed bat population, the potential for migration corridors to be 
truncated or interrupted is a concern. Significant gaps in the presence 
of important roosts and forage species along migration routes would 
affect the population dynamics of this subspecies. While the lesser 
long-nosed bat continues to be faced with loss and modification of its 
habitat throughout its range, the habitats used by this subspecies 
occur over an extensive range that covers a wide diversity of 
vegetation and ecological communities. These are habitat 
characteristics that would not make this subspecies intrinsically 
vulnerable with regard to habitat limitations. That is to say, the wide 
variety of ecosystems that this subspecies uses, over a relatively 
expansive range, results in available areas characterized by the 
asynchronous flowering of forage resources making up the diet of the 
lesser long-nosed bat and buffers this subspecies from potential loss 
or reduction of habitats as a result of stochastic events, including 
the effects of climate change, among others.
    There is no question that current population numbers of lesser 
long-nosed bats exceed the levels known and recorded at the time of 
listing in 1988. A number of publications have documented numbers of 
lesser long-nosed bats throughout its range that far exceed the numbers 
used in the listing analysis with an estimated increase from fewer than 
1,000 bats to approximately 200,000 bats (Fleming et al. 2003, pp. 64-
65; Sidner and Davis 1988, p. 494). Also, in general, the trend in 
overall numbers of lesser long-nosed bats estimated at roost sites has 
been stable or increasing in both the United States and Mexico 
(Medell[iacute]n and Knoop 2013, p. 13; USFWS 2016). Increased roost 
occupancy and the positive trend in numbers of lesser long-nosed bats 
occupying these roosts appear to be supported by adequate forage 
resources. The adaptability of the lesser long-nosed bat to changing 
forage conditions seems to allow the lesser long-nosed bat to sustain a 
positive population status under current environmental conditions.
    While some threats are ongoing with regard to lesser long-nosed bat 
habitat, in general, we find that threats to this species' habitat have 
been reduced or are being addressed in such a way that lesser long-
nosed bat habitat is being enhanced and protected at a level that has 
increased since the 1988 listing of this species. In particular, areas 
that were vulnerable to threats have been protected or are now managed 
such that those threats have been reduced. Outreach and education have 
increased the understanding of what needs to be done to protect lesser 
long-nosed bat habitat. Therefore, based on the analysis completed in 
the SSA report (USFWS 2016; p. 54-61), we have determined that threats 
to the habitat of this species are currently reduced and will continue 
to be addressed in the foreseeable future, or are not as significant as 
previously thought. We find that threats to the habitat of this species 
have been eliminated, reduced, or mitigated to the extent that the 
subspecies no longer is an endangered or threatened species under the 
Act. Lesser long-nosed bat habitat conditions are currently, and are 
predicted to remain at levels that have and will improve the viability 
of the lesser long-nosed bat to the point that the species is no longer 
endangered.

Factor B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or 
Educational Purposes

    Lesser long-nosed bats are not known to be taken for commercial 
purposes, and scientific collecting is not thought to be a problem 
(USFWS 1988, p. 38459). Caves and mines continue to attract 
recreational users interested in exploring these features but this 
threat has probably not increased since the listing. For example, Pima 
County, in southeastern Arizona, is implementing mine closures on lands 
that they have acquired for conservation purposes. Other land 
management agencies also carry out abandoned mine closures for public 
recreational safety purposes. A positive aspect of these mine closure 
processes is that most agencies and landowners now understand the value 
of these features to bats and other wildlife and are implementing 
measures to maintain those values while still addressing public health 
and safety concerns. The 1988 listing rule stated that bats were often 
killed by vandals (USFWS 1988, p. 38459). However, significant changes 
in the public perception of bats are occurring. Educational efforts are 
beginning to make a difference.
    In both the U.S. and Mexico, public education, in the form of radio 
and television spots, and educational materials have been implemented. 
Agencies now receive calls for assistance in nonlethal solutions to bat 
issues. Often, the general public does take the time to understand or 
differentiate when it comes to emotional issues such as rabies or 
vampire bats, but outreach and education are improving the 
understanding and knowledge of facts when it comes to the reality of 
the extent of these issues. There has been a focused effort in Mexico 
to reduce the mortality of non-target species in relation to vampire 
bat

[[Page 1672]]

control (see chapter 4 of the SSA Report (USFWS 2016).
    In summary, we determine that the viability of the lesser long-
nosed bat is not being significantly affected by threats from 
scientific research or public recreational activities.

Factor C. Disease or Predation

    Disease does not currently appear to be a significant risk factor 
for the lesser long-nosed bat. Emerging disease issues, such as those 
associated with white-nose syndrome, may become more significant, 
however our current scientific assessment indicates that white-nose 
syndrome will not affect this non-hibernating species. Therefore, 
because lesser long-nosed bats do not hibernate, we do not anticipate 
that white-nose syndrome will be a significant risk factor for lesser 
long-nosed bats (see chapter 4 of the SSA Report (USFWS 2016).
    Predation does contribute to the mortality of lesser long-nosed 
bats at roost sites. Likely predators include snakes, raccoons, skunks, 
ringtails, bobcats, coyotes, barn owls, great-horned owls, and screech 
owls. Specifically, barn owls have been observed preying on lesser 
long-nosed bats at the maternity roost at Organ Pipe Cactus National 
Monument for many years and snakes have been observed preying on lesser 
long-nosed bats in Baja California Sur, Mexico. However, at large 
aggregations, such as bat roosts, predation is an insignificant impact 
on the population. Therefore, we find that neither disease nor 
predation are currently or is likely in the future to affect the 
viability of the lesser long-nosed bat.

Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

    The current listing of the lesser long-nosed bat in the United 
States and the former listing of the bat in Mexico as an endangered 
species have provided this species with some level of protection. 
Outside of this, there are no laws or regulations protecting this 
species in Mexico. In fact, the lack of regulation related to control 
of vampire bats in Mexico is continuing to result in the mortality of 
the lesser long-nosed bat due to the lack of requirements to properly 
identify the target species. However, increased education and outreach 
is improving this situation in Mexico. In the United States, State laws 
and regulations provide some additional level of protection. For 
example, Arizona State Law in ARS Title 17 prohibits the taking of bats 
outside of a prescribed hunting season and, per Commission Order 14, 
there is no open hunting season on bats, meaning it is always illegal 
to take them. Provisions for special licenses to take bats and other 
restricted live wildlife are found in Arizona Game and Fish Commission 
Rule 12, Article 4 and are administered by the Arizona Game and Fish 
Department. However, this protection is for individual animals only, 
and does not apply to the loss or destruction of habitat. As discussed 
in the SSA report (USFWS 2016; p. 14), there is one Federal Act and one 
State Statute in the United States that provide some measure of 
protection at cave roosts. The Federal Cave Protection Act of 1988 
prohibits persons from activities that ``destroy, disturb, deface, mar, 
alter, remove, or harm any significant cave or alters free movement of 
any animal or plant life into or out of any significant cave located on 
Federal lands, or enters a significant cave with the intent of 
committing any act described . . .'' Arizona Revised Statute 13-3702 
makes it a class 2 misdemeanor to ``deface or damage petroglyphs, 
pictographs, caves, or caverns.'' Activities covered under ARS 13-3702 
include ``kill, harm, or disturb plant or animal life found in any cave 
or cavern, except for safety reasons.''
    The above laws and regulations will continue to protect lesser 
long-nosed bats and their habitats after delisting. We have determined 
that these existing regulations address the most important threats to 
the lesser long-nosed bat as discussed in the SSA report (USFWS 2016; 
p. 54-61).

Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued 
Existence

    Ecosystems within the southwestern United States are thought to be 
particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change and 
variability (Strittholt et al. 2012, p. 104-152; Munson et al. 2012, p. 
1-2; Archer and Predick 2008). Documented trends and model projections 
most often show changes in two variables: Temperature and 
precipitation. Recent warming in the southwest is among the most rapid 
in the nation, significantly more than the global average in some areas 
(Garfin et al. 2014, p. 463; Strittholt et al. 2012, p. 104-152; Munson 
et al. 2012, p. 1-2; Guido et al. 2009). Precipitation predictions have 
a larger degree of uncertainty than predictions for temperature, 
especially in the Southwest (Sheppard et al. 2002), but indicate 
reduced winter precipitation with more intense precipitation events 
(Global Climate Change 2009, p. 129-134; Archer and Predick 2008, p. 
24). Further, some models predict dramatic changes in Southwestern 
vegetation communities as a result of the effects of climate change 
(Garfin et al. 2014, p. 468; Munson et al. 2012, p. 9-12; Archer and 
Predick 2008, p. 24). In the most recent assessment of climate change 
impacts by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the 
IPCC indicated that there would be a decrease in the number of cold 
days and nights and an increase in the number of warm days and warm 
nights which would favor frost-intolerant lesser long-nosed bat forage 
species like saguaro and organ pipe cacti, but may also affect the 
blooming phenology of those same species (IPCC 2014, p. 53). They also 
indicted that precipitation events would likely become more intense and 
that we are more likely to see climate-related extremes such as heat 
waves, droughts, floods, wildfires, etc. (IPCC 2014, p. 53).
    The U.S. Geological Survey produced a mapping tool that allows 
climate change projections to be downscaled to local areas including 
states, counties, and watershed units. We used this National Climate 
Change Viewer (U.S. Geological Survey 2016) to compare past and 
projected future climate conditions for Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise 
counties, Arizona. The baseline for comparison was the observed mean 
values from 1950 through 2005, and 30 climate models were used to 
project future conditions for 2050 through 2074. We selected the 
climate parameters of April maximum temperature and August and December 
mean precipitation to evaluate potential effects on lesser long-nosed 
bat forage resources. These particular parameters were selected from 
those available because they represented those most likely to impact 
the survival and flowering phenology of individual forage species.
    Similar to the more general climate change effects discussed above, 
the downscaled analysis also showed warming spring temperatures which 
could result in an early blooming period for lesser long-nosed bat 
forage species (USGS 2016). Precipitation changes were evaluated for 
changes to monsoon and winter precipitation. In line with the general 
climate projections, changes during the evaluated time periods were 
greater for winter precipitation than for monsoon precipitation. 
Changes projected for monsoon precipitation were minimal, but projected 
to be reduced by approximately one inch per 100 days for winter 
precipitation (USGS 2016).
    The best available information indicates that ongoing climate 
change will probably have some effect on lesser long-nosed bat forage 
resources. Such

[[Page 1673]]

effects will occur as a result of changes in the phenology (periodic 
biological phenomena, such as flowering, in relation to climatic 
conditions) and distribution of lesser long-nosed bat's forage 
resources. How this affects the viability of the lesser long-nosed bat 
population is not clear. There is much uncertainty and a lack of 
information regarding the effects of climate change and specific 
impacts to forage for this subspecies. The biggest effect to the lesser 
long-nosed bat will occur if forage availability gets out of sync along 
the ``nectar trail'' such that bats arrive at the portion of the range 
they need to meet life-history requirements (migration, mating, 
birthing) and there are inadequate forage resources to support that 
activity. If the timing of forage availability changes, but changes 
consistently in a way that maintains the nectar trail, this subspecies 
is expected to adapt to those timing changes as stated above (see 
chapter 4 of the SSA Report (USFWS 2016). For example, as noted 
earlier, the resiliency of lesser long-nosed bats became evident in 
2004, when a widespread failure of saguaro and organ pipe bloom 
occurred and lesser long-nosed bats were still, ultimately, able to 
subsist and raise young in southwestern Arizona in this atypical year. 
It is likely they did so by feeding more heavily on agaves (evident by 
agave pollen found on captured lesser long-nosed bats) than they 
typically do (see additional discussion under Factor A above). Although 
we are still not sure to what extent the environmental conditions 
described in climate change predictions will affect lesser long-nosed 
bat forage resource distribution and phenology, we have documented that 
lesser long-nosed bats have the ability to change their foraging 
patterns and food sources in response to a unique situation, providing 
evidence that this species is more resourceful and resilient than may 
have been previously thought. We find that the lesser long-nosed bat is 
characterized by flexible and adaptive behaviors that will allow it to 
remain viable under changing climatic conditions.

Species Future Conditions and Viability

    We evaluated overall viability of the lesser long-nosed bat in the 
SSA report (USFWS 2016) in the context of resiliency, redundancy, and 
representation. Species viability, or the ability to survive long term, 
is related to the species' ability to withstand catastrophic population 
and species-level events (redundancy); the ability to adapt to changing 
environmental conditions (representation); and the ability to withstand 
disturbances of varying magnitude and duration (resiliency). The 
viability of this species is also dependent on the likelihood of new 
threats or risk factors or the continuation of existing threats now and 
in the future that act to reduce a species' redundancy, resiliency, and 
representation.
    As described in the SSA report, we evaluated the viability of the 
lesser long-nosed bat population at two timeframes, 15 years and 50 
years. The 15-year timeframe represents the time it generally takes to 
document the effectiveness of various research, monitoring, and 
management approaches that have been or are implemented related to 
lesser long-nosed bat conservation. Therefore, the 15-year timeframe is 
a reasonable period of time within which we can predict outcomes of 
these activities in relation to the viability of the lesser long-nosed 
bat population. The 50-year timeframe is related primarily to the 
ability of various climate change models to reasonably and consistently 
predict or assess likely affects to lesser long-nosed bats and their 
forage resources. For each of these timeframes, we evaluated three 
future scenarios, a best-case scenario, a moderate-case scenario, and a 
worst-case scenario with respect to the extent and degree to which 
threats will affect the future viability of the lesser long-nosed bat 
population. We also determined how likely it would be that each of 
these three scenarios would actually occur. The SSA report details 
these scenarios and our analysis of the effects of these scenarios, 
over the two timeframes, on redundancy, resiliency, and representation 
of the lesser long-nosed bat population.
    During our decision-making process, we evaluated our level of 
comfort making predictions at each of the two timeframes. Ultimately, 
while the SSA report evaluates both timeframes, there was some 
discomfort expressed by decision makers for extending predictions of 
the future viability of the lesser long-nosed bat out to 50 years due 
to the uncertainty of climate change models and the difficulty of 
predicting what will happen in Mexico where the majority of this 
species' habitat occurs, but where we have less information with regard 
to the threats affecting the lesser long-nosed bats. In the SSA report, 
all three scenarios were evaluated over both time frames (USFWS 2016, 
p. 52-56). The evaluation results of future viability in the SSA report 
were identical for both timeframes (high viability), except in the 
worst-case scenario where, unlike the moderate- and best-case 
scenarios, the viability was moderate for the 15-year timeframe and low 
for the 50-year timeframe. For each future scenario, we describe how 
confident we are that that particular scenario will occur. This 
confidence is based on the following confidence categories: Highly 
likely (greater than 90 percent sure of the scenario occurring); 
moderately likely (70 to 90 percent sure); somewhat likely (50 to 70 
percent sure); moderately unlikely (30 to 50 percent sure); unlikely 
(10 to 30 percent sure); and highly unlikely (less than 10 percent 
sure). The SSA report concluded that it is unlikely that the worst-case 
scenario will actually occur. The worst case scenario describes a 
drastic increase in negative public attitudes towards bats and lesser 
long-nosed bat conservation, a greater influence from white-nose 
syndrome, and the worst possible effects from climate change. Based on 
our experience and the past and ongoing actions of the public and the 
commitment of management agencies in their land-use planning documents 
to address lesser long-nosed bat conservation issues, both now and in 
the future in both the United States and Mexico, such drastic impacts 
are unlikely to occur (10 to 30 percent sure this scenario will occur). 
In fact, for the conditions outlined in the worst-case scenario, we 
find that certainty of the worst-case scenario occurring is closer to 
10 percent than to 30 percent sure that this scenario would actually 
occur based on the commitment to conservation of this species and the 
adaptability of the lesser long-nosed bat. If the lesser long-nosed bat 
is delisted and prior to the final rule, we will confirm with our 
public and agency conservation partners that they will continue to 
coordinate and implement existing and future conservation actions 
related to the lesser long-nosed bat. For additional discussion related 
to the worst-case scenario, see the SSA report (USFWS 2016; p. 51-53). 
Such ongoing commitment to lesser long-nosed bat conservation has 
already been seen subsequent to the delisting of this bat in Mexico and 
our experience has been that it will also continue in the U.S. after 
delisting.
    Although the worst-case scenario was evaluated in the SSA report, 
because we found that it was unlikely to actually occur, the focus of 
our consideration was on the scenarios that had the greatest likelihood 
of occurring, the best- and moderate-case scenarios, where redundancy, 
resiliency, and representation remain high regardless of the timeframe 
or scenario considered. Under the current condition for the lesser 
long-nosed bat, as well as in both

[[Page 1674]]

the best-case (somewhat likely to occur) and moderate-case (moderately 
likely to occur) future scenarios, redundancy, resiliency, and 
representation of the lesser long-nosed bat population remain high and 
the viability of the subspecies is maintained (USFWS 2016, p. 64-66).

Delisting Proposal

    Section 4 of the Act and its implementing regulations, 50 CFR part 
424, set forth the procedures for listing, reclassifying, or removing 
species from the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 
and Plants. ``Species'' is defined by the Act as including any species 
or subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct 
vertebrate population segment of fish or wildlife that interbreeds when 
mature (16 U.S.C. 1532(16)). Once the ``species'' is determined, we 
then evaluate whether that species may be endangered or threatened 
because of one or more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1) 
of the Act. We must consider these same five factors in reclassifying 
or delisting a species. For species that are already listed as 
endangered or threatened, the analysis of threats must include an 
evaluation of both the threats currently facing the species, and the 
threats that are reasonably likely to affect the species in the 
foreseeable future following the delisting or downlisting and the 
removal or reduction of the Act's protections. We may delist a species 
according to 50 CFR 424.11(d) if the best available scientific and 
commercial data indicate that the species is neither endangered or 
threatened for the following reasons: (1) The species is extinct; (2) 
the species has recovered and is no longer endangered or threatened; 
and/or (3) the original scientific data used at the time the species 
was classified were in error. We conclude that the lesser-long nosed 
bat has recovered and no longer meets the definition of endangered or 
threatened under the Act.
    Although most data related to lesser long-nosed bat roost counts 
and monitoring have not been collected in a way that is rigorous enough 
to draw statistically calculable conclusions about the trend of the 
population, the total numbers of bats observed at roost sites across 
the range of the lesser long-nosed bat are considered stable or 
increasing at nearly all roost sites being monitored based on the 
professional judgment of biologists and others involved in these 
efforts. The total number of bats currently documented is many times 
greater than the total number of bats documented at the time of listing 
in 1988. At the time of listing, there were estimated to be less than 
500 lesser long-nosed bats in the United States; current estimates are 
greater than 100,000. Rangewide, at the time of listing, it was 
estimated that there were less than 1,000 lesser long-nosed bats. 
Current rangewide estimates are approximately 200,000 lesser long-nosed 
bats. While this may, in large part, reflect a better approach to 
survey and monitoring in subsequent years, it gives us better 
information upon which to evaluate the status of the lesser long-nosed 
bat population. This better information is related to the species' 
population and the number of roosts, and its distribution. Better 
information and increased efforts related to habitat protection 
(identification of roost sites and forage resources in planning 
efforts, implementation of protective measures for roosts and forage 
resources, increased awareness of habitat needs, etc.) have occurred 
and are planned to be implemented in the future, regardless of the 
listing status of this subspecies. This increased level of information 
and conservation, combined with the current state of its threats allow 
us to conclude that the subspecies is not in danger of extinction and 
is not expected to become endangered in the foreseeable future. Our 
thorough evaluation of the available data for occupancy, distribution, 
and threat factors, as well as the opinions of experts familiar with 
this subspecies, indicates a currently viable population status with a 
stable to increasing trend.
    Predicting the future viability of the lesser long-nosed bat is 
somewhat more difficult than for species that occur in discrete, mostly 
consistent habitats (ponds, springs, specific soil types, etc.). The 
lesser long-nosed bat population is fluid and constantly adapts to 
changing environmental conditions over a large, bi-national range. 
Lesser long-nosed bat roost sites are discrete and consistent, but the 
lesser long-nosed bat may use these roost sites in a changing and 
adaptable manner to take advantage of ephemeral and constantly changing 
forage resources with both seasonal and annual differences of 
occurrence. Therefore, observations of occupancy and numbers of bats 
using these roosts may not be a complete or accurate representation of 
the status of the subspecies across its range. However, the information 
regarding the status of the lesser long-nosed bat population is much 
more accurate and complete than it was as the time of the 1988 listing 
rule.
    The future viability of this subspecies is dependent on a number of 
factors. First, an adequate number of roosts in the appropriate 
locations is needed. As detailed in the SSA report, adequate roosts of 
all types (maternity, mating, transition, and migratory) currently 
exist and are likely to exist into the foreseeable future (USFWS 2016; 
p. 8-14). Second, sufficient available forage resources are located in 
appropriate areas, including in proximity to maternity roosts and along 
the ``nectar trail'' used during migration. The discussion above and 
the SSA report detail our analysis and determination that forage 
resources are adequate and that the lesser long-nosed bat is likely to 
adapt to any changes in forage availability in the future (USFWS 2016; 
p. 15-20). In addition, the SSA report analyses the contribution of 
current and future management of threats to the subspecies' long-term 
viability. The future viability of the lesser long-nosed bat will also 
depend on continued positive human attitudes towards the conservation 
of bats, implementation of conservation actions protecting roost sites 
and forage and migration resources, and implementation of needed 
research and monitoring will inform adaptive management that will 
contribute to the future viability of the lesser long-nosed bat 
population. The SSA report discusses the improved status of these 
issues across the range of the lesser long-nosed bat in much more 
detail (USFWS 2016; p. 43-46). The results of the SSA also indicate 
that the status of the lesser long-nosed bat has further improved in 
the years since the 2007 5-Year Review (FWS 2007).
    Based on the analysis in the SSA report for the lesser long-nosed 
bat (USFWS 2016 and summarized above, the lesser long-nosed bat does 
not currently meet the Act's definition of endangered because it is not 
in danger of extinction throughout all of its range. Additionally, the 
lesser long-nosed bat is not a threatened species because it is not 
likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all of 
its range.

Significant Portion of the Range Analysis

    Under the Act and our implementing regulations, a species may 
warrant listing if it is in danger of extinction or likely to become so 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Having determined 
that the lesser long-nosed bat is not endangered or threatened 
throughout all of its range, we next consider whether there are any 
significant portions of its range in which the lesser long-nosed bat is 
in danger of extinction or likely to become so. We published a final 
policy interpreting the phrase ``significant portion of its range'' 
(SPR) (79 FR 37578; July 1, 2014). The

[[Page 1675]]

final policy states that: (1) If a species is found to be endangered or 
threatened throughout a significant portion of its range, the entire 
species is listed as endangered or threatened, respectively, and the 
Act's protections apply to all individuals of the species wherever 
found; (2) a portion of the range of a species is ``significant'' if 
the species is not currently endangered or threatened throughout all of 
its range, but the portion's contribution to the viability of the 
species is so important that, without the members in that portion, the 
species would be in danger of extinction, or likely to become so in the 
foreseeable future, throughout all of its range; (3) the range of a 
species is considered to be the general geographical area within which 
that species can be found at the time the Service makes any particular 
status determination; and (4) if a vertebrate species is endangered or 
threatened throughout a significant portion of its range, and the 
population in that significant portion is a valid distinct population 
segment (DPS), we will list the DPS rather than the entire taxonomic 
species or subspecies.
    The procedure for analyzing whether any portion is an SPR is 
similar, regardless of the type of status determination we are making. 
The first step in our analysis of the status of a species is to 
determine its status throughout all of its range. If we determine that 
the species is in danger of extinction, or likely to become endangered 
in the foreseeable future, throughout all of its range, we list the 
species as an endangered species or threatened species, and no SPR 
analysis will be required. If the species is neither in danger of 
extinction, nor likely to become so throughout all of its range, as we 
have found here, we next determine whether the species is in danger of 
extinction or likely to become so throughout a significant portion of 
its range. If it is, we will continue to list the species as an 
endangered species or threatened species, respectively; if it is not, 
we conclude that listing the species is no longer warranted.
    When we conduct an SPR analysis, we first identify any portions of 
the species' range that warrant further consideration. The range of a 
species can theoretically be divided into portions in an infinite 
number of ways. However, there is no purpose in analyzing portions of 
the range that have no reasonable potential to be significant or in 
analyzing portions of the range in which there is no reasonable 
potential for the species to be endangered or threatened. To identify 
only those portions that warrant further consideration, we determine 
whether substantial information indicates that: (1) The portions may be 
``significant''; and (2) the species may be in danger of extinction 
there or likely to become so within the foreseeable future. Depending 
on the biology of the species, its range, and the threats it faces, it 
might be more efficient for us to address the significance question 
first or the status question first. Thus, if we determine that a 
portion of the range is not ``significant,'' we do not need to 
determine whether the species is endangered or threatened there; if we 
determine that the species is not endangered or threatened in a portion 
of its range, we do not need to determine if that portion is 
``significant.'' In practice, a key part of the determination that a 
species is in danger of extinction in a significant portion of its 
range is whether the threats are geographically concentrated in some 
way. If the threats to the species are affecting it uniformly 
throughout its range, no portion is likely to have a greater risk of 
extinction, and thus would not warrant further consideration. Moreover, 
if any concentration of threats apply only to portions of the range 
that clearly do not meet the biologically based definition of 
``significant'' (i.e., the loss of that portion clearly would not be 
expected to increase the vulnerability to extinction of the entire 
species), those portions would not warrant further consideration.
    We identified portions of the lesser long-nosed bat's range that 
may be significant, and examined whether any threats are geographically 
concentrated in some way that would indicate that those portions of the 
range may be in danger of extinction, or likely to become so in the 
foreseeable future. Within the current range of the lesser long-nosed 
bat, some distinctions can be made between Mexico and the United States 
(international border, vegetation communities, etc.). While these 
geographic distinctions may be significant, our analysis indicates that 
the species is unlikely to be in danger of extinction or to become so 
in the foreseeable future in any geographic region within the range of 
the lesser long-nosed bat given that factors such as roost sites, 
forage resources, and migration pathways are well distributed across 
the entire range and that the status of the species is stable or 
increasing in both the United States and Mexico, with conservation 
actions being implemented to address ongoing threats. Therefore, we 
have not identified any portion of the range that warrants further 
consideration to determine whether they are a significant portion of 
its range.
    We also evaluated representation across the lesser long-nosed bat's 
range to determine if certain areas were in danger of extinction, or 
likely to become so, due to isolation from the larger range. Ramirez 
(2011) investigated population structure of the lesser long-nosed bat 
through DNA sampling and analysis and reported that combined results 
indicated sampled individuals belong to single population including 
both the United States and Mexico. Consequently, individuals found in 
the northern migratory range (United States) and in Mexico should be 
managed as a single population.
    Our analysis indicates that there is no significant geographic 
portion of the range that is in danger of extinction or likely to 
become so in the foreseeable future. Therefore, based on the best 
scientific and commercial data available, no portion warrants further 
consideration to determine whether the species may be endangered or 
threatened in a significant portion of its range.

Conclusion

    We have determined that none of the existing or potential threats 
cause the lesser long-nosed bat to be in danger of extinction 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range, nor is the 
subspecies likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range. We may delist a 
species according to 50 CFR 424.11(d) if the best available scientific 
and commercial data indicate that: (1) The species is extinct; (2) the 
species has recovered and is no longer endangered or threatened; or (3) 
the original scientific data used at the time the species was 
classified were in error. On the basis of our evaluation, we conclude 
that, due to recovery, the lesser long-nosed bat is not an endangered 
or threatened species. We therefore propose to remove the lesser long-
nosed bat from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 
at 50 CFR 17.11(h).

Effects of This Proposed Rule

    This proposed rule, if made final, would revise our regulations at 
50 CFR 17.11(h) by removing the lesser long-nosed bat from the Federal 
List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. The prohibitions and 
conservation measures provided by the Act, particularly through 
sections 7 and 9, would no longer apply to this subspecies. Federal 
agencies would no longer be required to consult with the Service under 
section 7 of the Act in the

[[Page 1676]]

event that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out may affect the 
lesser long-nosed bat. Because no critical habitat was ever designated 
for the lesser long-nosed bat, this rule would not affect 50 CFR 17.95. 
State laws related to the lesser long-nosed bat would remain in place 
and be enforced and would continue to provide protection for this 
subspecies. State and Federal laws related to protection of habitat for 
the lesser long-nosed bat, such as those addressing effects to caves 
and abandoned mines, as well as protected plant species such as 
columnar cacti and agaves, would remain in place and afford lesser 
long-nosed bat habitat some level of protection.

Post-Delisting Monitoring

    Section 4(g)(1) of the Act requires the Secretary of Interior, 
through the Service and in cooperation with the States, to implement a 
system to monitor for not less than 5 years for all species that have 
been recovered and delisted. The purpose of this requirement is to 
develop a program that detects the failure of any delisted species to 
sustain populations without the protective measures provided by the 
Act. If, at any time during the monitoring period, data indicate that 
protective status under the Act should be reinstated, we can initiate 
listing procedures, including, if appropriate, emergency listing.
    We will coordinate with other Federal agencies, State resource 
agencies, interested scientific organizations, and others as 
appropriate to develop and implement an effective post-delisting 
monitoring (PDM) plan for the lesser long-nosed bat. The PDM plan will 
build upon current monitoring techniques and research, as well as 
emerging technology and techniques. Monitoring will assess the species 
numbers, distribution, and threats status, as well as ongoing 
management and conservation efforts that have improved the status of 
this subspecies since listing. The PDM plan will identify, to the 
extent practicable and in accordance with our current understanding of 
the subspecies' life history measurable thresholds and responses for 
detecting and reacting to significant changes in the lesser long-nosed 
bat's populations, distribution, and persistence. If declines are 
detected equaling or exceeding these thresholds, the Service, in 
combination with other PDM participants, will investigate causes of 
these declines, including considerations of habitat changes, 
substantial human persecution, stochastic events, or any other 
significant evidence. The result of the investigation will be to 
determine if the lesser long-nosed bat warrants expanded monitoring, 
additional research, additional habitat protection, or resumption of 
Federal protection under the Act. The draft PDM plan will be made 
available for public comment in a future publication in the Federal 
Register and will be finalized concurrent with finalization of this 
rule.

Required Determinations

Clarity of the Rule

    We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the 
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain 
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
    (1) Be logically organized;
    (2) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
    (3) Use clear language rather than jargon;
    (4) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
    (5) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
    If you feel we have not met these requirements, send us comments by 
one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. To better help us revise the 
rule, your comments should be as specific as possible. For example, you 
should tell us the numbers of the sections or paragraphs that are 
unclearly written, which sections or sentences are too long, the 
sections where you feel lists or tables would be useful, etc.

National Environmental Policy Act

    We have determined that environmental assessments and environmental 
impact statements, as defined under the authority of the National 
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), need not be 
prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 
4(a) of the Act. We published a notice outlining our reasons for this 
determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 
49244).

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and the Department 
of Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal 
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. Therefore, we have and will 
solicit information from Native American Tribes during the comment 
period to determine potential effects on them or their resources that 
may result from the proposed delisting of the lesser long-nosed bat, 
and we will fully consider their comments on the proposed rule 
submitted during the public comment period.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited in this rule is available 
on https://www.regulations.gov, or upon request from the Field 
Supervisor, Arizona Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT).

Authors

    The primary authors of this document are the staff members of the 
Arizona Ecological Services Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; 4201-4245, unless 
otherwise noted.


Sec.  17.11  [Amended]

0
2. Amend Sec.  17.11(h) by removing the entry for ``Bat, lesser long-
nosed'' under MAMMALS from the List of Endangered and Threatened 
Wildlife.

     Dated: December 16, 2016.
Marty J. Kodis.
Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service .
[FR Doc. 2016-31408 Filed 1-5-17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P