Railroad Workplace Safety; Roadway Worker Protection Miscellaneous Revisions (RRR), 37839-37892 [2016-13057]

Agencies

• Federal Railroad Administration
• DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 112 (Friday, June 10, 2016)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 37839-37892]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-13057]



[[Page 37839]]

Vol. 81

Friday,

No. 112

June 10, 2016

Part III





Department of Transportation





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Federal Railroad Administration





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49 CFR Part 214





Railroad Workplace Safety; Roadway Worker Protection Miscellaneous 
Revisions (RRR); Final Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 81 , No. 112 / Friday, June 10, 2016 / Rules 
and Regulations

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Railroad Administration

49 CFR Part 214

[Docket No. FRA-2008-0086]
RIN 2130-AB89


Railroad Workplace Safety; Roadway Worker Protection 
Miscellaneous Revisions (RRR)

AGENCY: Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Department of 
Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Final rule; retrospective regulatory review (RRR).

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SUMMARY: FRA is amending its Roadway Worker Protection (RWP) regulation 
to resolve interpretative issues that have arisen since the 1996 
promulgation of that rule. In particular, this final rule adopts 
certain terms, resolves miscellaneous interpretive issues, codifies 
certain FRA Technical Bulletins, adopts new requirements governing 
redundant signal protections and the movement of roadway maintenance 
machinery over signalized non-controlled track, and amends certain 
qualification requirements for roadway workers. This final rule also 
deletes three outdated incorporations by reference of industry 
standards in FRA's Bridge Worker Safety Standards, and cross references 
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) regulations 
on the same point.

DATES: This final rule is effective April 1, 2017. The incorporation by 
reference of certain publications listed in the rule is approved by the 
Director of the Federal Register as of April 1, 2017. Petitions for 
reconsideration must be received on or before August 9, 2016. Petitions 
for reconsideration will be posted in the docket for this proceeding. 
Comments on any submitted petition for reconsideration must be received 
on or before September 13, 2016.

ADDRESSES: 
    Petitions for reconsideration and comments on petitions for 
reconsideration: Any petitions for reconsideration to the Federal 
Railroad Administrator or comments on petitions for reconsideration 
related to this docket may be submitted by any of the following 
methods:
     Online: Federal eRulemaking Portal, https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting 
documents.
     Fax: 202-493-2251.
     Mail: Docket Management Facility, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Room W12-140, Washington, 
DC 20590.
     Hand Delivery: Room W12-140 on the Ground level of the 
West Building, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC, between 9 
a.m. and 5 p.m. ET, Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.
    Instructions: All submissions must include the agency name and 
docket number or Regulatory Identification Number (RIN) for this 
rulemaking. Note that all submissions received will be posted without 
change to https://www.regulations.gov including any personal 
information. Please see the Privacy Act heading in the SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION section of this document for Privacy Act information 
related to any submitted comments or materials.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments received, go to https://www.regulations.gov at any time or to 
Room W12-140 on the Ground level of the West Building, 1200 New Jersey 
Avenue SE., Washington, DC between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. Monday through 
Friday, except Federal Holidays.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Joseph Riley, Track Specialist, Track 
Division, Office of Safety Assurance and Compliance, FRA, 1200 New 
Jersey Avenue SE., RRS-15, Mail Stop 25, Washington, DC 20590 
(telephone (202) 493-6357); or Joseph St. Peter, Trial Attorney, Office 
of Chief Counsel, FRA, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., RCC-10, Mail Stop 
10, Washington, DC 20590 (telephone (202) 493-6047 or 202-493-6052).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents for Supplementary Information

I. Executive Summary
II. Executive Order 13563 Retrospective Review
III. Rulemaking Authority and Background of the Existing RWP Rule
IV. Railroad Safety Advisory Committee (RSAC) Overview
V. RWP RSAC Working Group
VI. Proceedings Concerning On-Track Safety Procedures for Adjacent 
Tracks
VII. Proceedings in This Rulemaking to Date
VIII. Public Comments Received
    A. Comments on NPRM Proposals Not Addressed in the Final Rule
    B. Effective Date
    C. Other Comments
IX. Section-by-Section Analysis
X. Regulatory Impact and Notices
    A. Executive Order 12866, Executive Order 13563 and DOT 
Regulatory Policies and Procedures
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272; 
Regulatory Flexibility Assessment
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act
    D. Federalism Implications
    E. Environmental Impact
    F. Executive Order 12898 (Environmental Justice)
    G. Executive Order 13175 (Tribal Consultation)
    H. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    I. Energy Impact
    J. Trade Impact
    K. Privacy Act
    L. Analysis Under 1 CFR Part 51

I. Executive Summary

    On August 20, 2012, FRA published a notice of proposed rulemaking 
(NPRM) proposing amendments to its regulation on railroad workplace 
safety to resolve interpretative issues that have arisen since the 1996 
promulgation of the original RWP regulation. 77 FR 50324. As detailed 
in the NPRM, FRA based its proposed amendments, in large part, on 
recommendations of FRA's Railroad Safety Advisory Committee (RSAC).
    Noteworthy RSAC recommendations that FRA is adopting in this final 
rule include: A job briefing requirement regarding the accessibility of 
the roadway worker in charge; the adoption of procedures for how 
roadway workers cross railroad track; a new exception for railroads 
conducting snow removal and weed spraying operations; a clarification 
of the existing ``foul time'' provision; three new permissible methods 
of establishing working limits on non-controlled track; the expanded 
use of individual train detection at controlled points; an amended 
provision governing train audible warnings for roadway workers; and, 
amendment of certain roadway worker training requirements.
    FRA is also addressing other items on which RSAC did not reach 
consensus and certain miscellaneous other revisions proposed in the 
NPRM. Noteworthy among these items are: Redundant signal protections; 
the electronic display of working limits authorities; amendments to the 
existing provision governing the qualification of roadway workers in 
charge; a new provision establishing minimum safety standards governing 
the use of ``occupancy behind'' or ``conditional'' working limit 
authorities; the phase-out of the use of definite train location and 
informational train line-ups; amendments to clarify the existing 
roadway worker protection and blue signal protection requirements for 
work performed within shop areas; the use of existing tunnel niches and 
clearing bays as a place of safety; and, the use of other railroad 
tracks as a place of safety. This final rule also deletes certain 
outdated incorporations by reference of personal protective equipment 
standards in FRA's Bridge Worker Safety Standards

[[Page 37841]]

at subpart B of part 214, and instead cross references the relevant 
OSHA's regulations.
    For the 20-year period analyzed, the estimated quantified costs to 
the railroad industry total $20,965,962, discounted to $11,491,330 
(present value (PV), 7 percent) and $15,832,099 (PV, 3 percent). For 
the same 20-year period, the estimated quantified benefits total 
$53,109,702, discounted to $28,132,247 (PV, 7 percent) and $39,506,913 
(PV, 3 percent). Net benefits total $32,143,740, discounted to 
$16,640,917 (PV, 7 percent) and $23,674,814 (PV, 3 percent). Table 1 
presents the estimated quantified costs and benefits broken down by 
section of the final rule.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR10JN16.000

II. Executive Order 13563 Retrospective Review

    Consistent with the requirements of Executive Order 13563, this 
final rule modifies the existing RWP requirements, in part, based on 
what FRA learned from its retrospective review of the existing 
regulation. Executive Order 13563 requires agencies to review existing 
regulations ``that may be outmoded, ineffective, insufficient, or 
excessively burdensome, and to modify, streamline, expand, or repeal 
them in accordance with what has been learned.''\1\ As a result of its 
retrospective review, FRA is deleting or sun setting several sections 
of the existing RWP regulation it believes to be outdated or 
superfluous (Sec. Sec.  214.302, 214.305, 214.331 and 214.333), and is 
also increasing flexibility for compliance in several other sections 
(Sec. Sec.  214.317, 214.327 and 214.337).
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    \1\ Executive Order No. 13563, 76 FR 3821, Jan. 21, 2011; 
available online at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-01-21/pdf/2011-1385.pdf.
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III. Rulemaking Authority and Background of the Existing RWP Rule

    The Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970, as codified at 49 U.S.C. 
20103, provides that, ``[t]he Secretary of Transportation, as 
necessary, shall prescribe regulations and issue orders for every area 
of railroad safety supplementing laws and regulations in effect on 
October 16, 1970.'' The Secretary's responsibility under this provision 
and the balance of the railroad safety laws have been delegated to the 
FRA Administrator. 49 CFR 1.89(a). As noted in the NPRM, in the field 
of railroad workplace safety, FRA has traditionally pursued a 
conservative course of regulation, relying upon the industry to 
implement suitable railroad safety rules and mandating in the broadest 
ways that employees be ``instructed'' in the requirements of those 
rules and that railroads create and administer programs of operational 
tests and inspections to verify compliance. This approach is based on 
several factors, including recognition of the strong interest of 
railroads in avoiding costly accidents and personal injuries, the 
limited resources available to FRA to directly enforce railroad safety 
rules, and the apparent success of management and employees 
accomplishing most work in a safe manner.
    Over the years, however, it became necessary to codify certain 
requirements, either to remedy

[[Page 37842]]

perceived shortcomings in the railroads' rules, emphasize the 
importance of compliance, or give FRA a more direct means of promoting 
compliance. A detailed description of the background and history of 
FRA's RWP regulation is found in the NPRM.

IV. RSAC Overview

    As explained in the preamble to the NPRM, FRA's RSAC provides a 
forum for collaborative rulemaking and program development. The RSAC 
includes representatives from all of the railroad industry's major 
stakeholder groups, including railroads, labor organizations, suppliers 
and manufacturers, and other interested parties.\2\ When appropriate, 
FRA assigns a task to the RSAC, and, after consideration and debate, 
the RSAC may accept or reject the task. If the task is accepted, the 
RSAC establishes a working group that possesses the appropriate 
expertise and representation of interests to develop consensus 
recommendations to FRA for action on the task. A working group may 
establish one or more task forces to develop facts and options on a 
particular aspect of a given task. The individual task force then 
provides that information to the working group for consideration.
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    \2\ RSAC member groups are: American Association of Private 
Railroad Car Owners (AAPRCO); American Association of State Highway 
and Transportation Officials (AASHTO); American Chemistry Council; 
American Petroleum Institute; American Public Transportation 
Association (APTA); American Short Line and Regional Railroad 
Association (ASLRRA); American Train Dispatchers Association (ATDA); 
Association of American Railroads (AAR); Association of Railway 
Museums; Association of State Rail Safety Managers (ASRSM); 
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET); Brotherhood 
of Maintenance of Way Employees Division (BMWED); Brotherhood of 
Railroad Signalmen (BRS); Chlorine Institute; Federal Transit 
Administration (FTA);* Fertilizer Institute; High Speed Ground 
Transportation Association (HSGTA); Institute of Makers of 
Explosives; International Association of Machinists and Aerospace 
Workers; International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and 
Transportation Workers (SMART), including the Sheet Metal Workers' 
International Association (SMWIA) and United Transportation Union 
(UTU); International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW); Labor 
Council for Latin American Advancement (LCLAA);* League of Railway 
Industry Women;* National Association of Railroad Passengers (NARP); 
National Association of Railway Business Women;* National Conference 
of Firemen & Oilers; National Railroad Construction and Maintenance 
Association (NRCMA); National Railroad Passenger Corporation 
(Amtrak); National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB);* Railway 
Supply Institute (RSI); Safe Travel America (STA); Secretaria de 
Comunicaciones y Transporte (Mexico);* Tourist Railway Association, 
Inc.; Transport Canada;* Transport Workers Union of America (TWU); 
Transportation Communications International Union/BRC (TCIU/BRC); 
and Transportation Security Administration (TSA).* *Indicates 
associate membership.
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    When a working group comes to unanimous consensus on 
recommendations for action, the package is presented to the full RSAC 
for a vote. If the proposal is accepted by a simple majority of RSAC 
members, the proposal is formally recommended to the FRA Administrator. 
FRA then determines what action to take on the recommendation. Because 
FRA staff members play an active role at the working group level 
discussing the issues and options and drafting the consensus 
recommendation, FRA often adopts the RSAC recommendation.
    FRA is not bound to follow the RSAC's recommendation, and the 
agency exercises its independent judgment on whether a recommendation 
achieves the agency's regulatory goal(s), is soundly supported, and is 
consistent with policy and legal requirements. Often, FRA varies in 
some respects from the RSAC recommendation in developing the actual 
regulatory proposal or final rule. FRA explains any such variations in 
the rulemaking. If RSAC is unable to reach consensus on a 
recommendation for action, the task is withdrawn and FRA determines the 
best course of action.

V. RWP RSAC Working Group

    As detailed in the NPRM, on January 26, 2005, the RSAC formed the 
RWP Working Group (Working Group) \3\ to consider specific actions to 
advance the on-track safety of railroad employees and their contractors 
engaged in maintenance-of-way activities throughout the general system 
of railroad transportation. FRA tasked the Working Group with reviewing 
the existing RWP regulation, technical bulletins, and a safety advisory 
dealing with on-track safety for roadway workers, and, as appropriate, 
to consider enhancements to the existing rule to further reduce the 
risk of serious injury or death to roadway workers.
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    \3\ The Working Group included members representing the 
following organizations: Amtrak; APTA; ASLRRA; ATDA; AAR, including 
members from BNSF Railway Company (BNSF), Canadian National Railway 
Company (CN), Canadian Pacific Railway, Limited (CP), Consolidated 
Rail Corporation (Conrail), CSX Transportation, Inc. (CSXT), The 
Kansas City Southern Railway Company (KCS), Norfolk Southern 
Corporation railroads (NS), and Union Pacific Railroad Company (UP); 
Belt Railroad of Chicago; BLET; BMWED; BRS; FRA; Indiana Harbor Belt 
Railroad (IHB); Long Island Rail Road (LIRR); Metro-North Commuter 
Railroad Company (Metro-North); Montana Rail Link; NRC; Northeast 
Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation (Metra); 
RailAmerica, Inc.; Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation 
Authority (SEPTA); UTU; and Western New York and Pennsylvania 
Railroad (WNY&P).
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    The Working Group held 12 multi-day meetings and worked diligently 
to reach consensus on 32 separate items. The Working Group's consensus 
recommendations included adding or amending various provisions in the 
following sections in part 214, subpart C:
     Sec.  214.7--add two new definitions; revise an existing 
definition; and incorporate three other existing definitions from part 
236.
     Sec.  214.309--revision to address on-track safety manual 
for lone workers and changes to the manual.
     Sec.  214.315--requirement that on-track safety job 
briefings include information concerning adjacent tracks and 
accessibility of the roadway worker in charge.
     Sec.  214.317--new paragraph to formalize procedures for 
roadway workers to walk across tracks; new paragraph for on-track weed 
spray and snow blowing operations on non-controlled track.
     Sec.  214.321--new paragraph to address the use of work 
crew numbers.
     Sec.  214.323--clarification of foul time provision 
prohibiting roadway worker in charge or train dispatcher from 
permitting movements into working limits.
     Sec.  214.324--new section called ``verbal protection'' 
for abbreviated working limits within manual interlocking and 
controlled points.
     Sec.  214.327--three new paragraphs to formalize the 
following methods of making non-controlled track inaccessible: Occupied 
locomotive as a point of inaccessibility; block register territory; 
and, the use of track bulletins to make track inaccessible within yard 
limits.
     Sec.  214.335--revision of paragraph (c) concerning on-
track safety for tracks adjacent to occupied tracks. Key elements are 
the elimination of ``large-scale'' and the addition of a new 
requirement for on-track safety for tracks adjacent to occupied tracks 
for specific work activities (addressed in separate rulemaking 
proceeding as discussed below).
     Sec.  214.337--allow the use of individual train detection 
at controlled points consisting only of signals and a new paragraph 
limiting equipment/materials that can only be moved by hand by a lone 
worker.
     Sec.  214.339--revision of this section concerning train 
audible warnings to address operational considerations.
     Sec.  214.343--new paragraph to ensure contractors receive 
requisite training/and or qualification before engaged by a railroad.
     Sec.  214.345--lead-in phrase requiring all training to be 
consistent with initial

[[Page 37843]]

or recurrent training, as specified in Sec.  214.343(b).
     Sec. Sec.  214.347, 214.349, 214.351, 214.353, and 
214.355--consistent requirements for various roadway worker 
qualifications and a maximum 24-month time period between 
qualifications.
    On June 26, 2007, the full RSAC voted to accept the above 
recommendations presented by the Working Group. In addition to the 
above, the Working Group worked on a proposal to use electronic display 
of authorities as a provision under exclusive track occupancy. The 
Working Group developed lead-in regulatory text and agreed to some 
conceptual items. When circulated back to the Working Group prior to 
the full RSAC vote, however, technical issues were raised that could 
not be resolved in the time available. Accordingly, in the NPRM, FRA 
addressed the electronic display issue, and certain other issues the 
Working Group did not reach consensus on, and FRA is addressing certain 
of those items in this final rule. Other items the Working Group did 
not reach consensus on include:
     Sec.  214.7--new term and definition for a ``remotely 
controlled hump yard facility.''
     Sec.  214.7--revision to the definition for the term 
``roadway worker.''
     Sec.  214.317--use of tunnel clearing bays.
     Sec.  214.321--track occupancy after passage of a train.
     Sec.  214.329--removal of objects from the track under 
train approach warning.
     Sec.  214.336--passenger station platform snow removal and 
cleaning.
     Sec.  214.337--consideration of allowance for the use of 
individual train detection at certain types of manual interlockings or 
controlled points.
     Sec.  214.353--qualification of employees other than 
roadway workers who directly provide for the on-track safety of a 
roadway work group.
    As described further in either the preamble to the NPRM or below, 
FRA is not addressing all of these non-consensus items in this final 
rule. This rule does not address revisions to the terms ``roadway 
worker'' or ``remotely controlled hump yard facility,'' the removal of 
objects from the track under train approach warning, the addition of a 
new ``verbal protection'' section, or passenger station platform snow 
removal and cleaning, but the remaining non-consensus items this rule 
does address are discussed in detail in the relevant Section-by-Section 
analyses below.

VI. Proceedings Concerning On-Track Safety Procedures for Adjacent 
Tracks

    As mentioned above, the Working Group reached consensus on items 
that dealt specifically with adjacent-track on-track safety issues. In 
light of roadway worker fatality trends involving adjacent track 
protections, and to expedite lowering the safety risk associated with 
roadway workers fouling adjacent tracks, FRA undertook a rulemaking 
proceeding to separately address the adjacent-track safety issues the 
Working Group contemplated. FRA then published an NPRM addressing 
adjacent-track on-track safety on July 17, 2008 (73 FR 41214), but 
formally withdrew the NPRM on August 13, 2008 (73 FR 47124). FRA then 
published a revised NPRM on November 25, 2009 (74 FR 61633), and a 
final rule on November 30, 2011 (76 FR 74586). FRA received two 
petitions for reconsideration of the final rule, and five public 
comments on those petitions for reconsideration. See Docket No. FRA-
2008-0059, available at www.regulations.gov. On December 27, 2013, FRA 
issued an amended final rule which made certain modifications to the 
adjacent track final rule in light of issues the petitions for 
reconsideration raised. 79 FR 1743. The final rule, as amended, became 
effective on July 1, 2014. The provisions in that rulemaking have 
limited interaction with the miscellaneous revisions in this final rule 
amending subpart C. However, as a result of the adjacent track 
rulemaking, the subpart C section numbering in this final rule for the 
RSAC's consensus recommendations is slightly different from that 
recommended. Any relevant numbering changes are noted in the Section-
by-Section analysis below.

VII. Proceedings in This Rulemaking to Date

    On August 20, 2012, FRA published an NPRM in the Federal Register 
proposing nearly all the RSAC consensus recommendations the adjacent 
track rulemaking did not address and requesting public comment on a 
variety of other proposals. 77 FR 50324. Noteworthy consensus 
recommendations proposed in the NPRM include: A job briefing 
requirement regarding the accessibility of the roadway worker in 
charge; the adoption of procedures for how roadway workers walk across 
railroad track; a new allowance for railroad's conducting on-track snow 
removal and weed spraying operations; a clarification of the existing 
``foul time'' provision; a new ``verbal protection'' provision; three 
new permissible methods of establishing working limits on non-
controlled track; the expanded use of individual train detection at 
controlled points; an amended provision governing audible warnings by 
trains for roadway workers; and, clarification of training requirements 
for roadway workers.
    The NPRM also addressed items on which the Working Group did not 
reach consensus and certain miscellaneous other revisions. These items 
include: electronic display of track authorities, NTSB Safety 
Recommendation R-08-06 (redundant signal protections), using certain 
tunnel niches as a place of safety for roadway workers; a new provision 
for the removal of objects from railroad track when train approach 
warning is used as the method of on-track safety; amendments to the 
existing provision governing the qualification of roadway workers in 
charge (RWIC); a new section addressing passenger station platform snow 
removal; a new provision governing using ``occupancy behind'' or 
``conditional'' working limit authorities; the phase-out of using 
definite train location and informational train line-ups, potential 
amendments to the existing RWP and blue signal protection requirements 
for work performed within shop areas, and, using other railroad track 
as a place of safety when train approach warning is used as the method 
of on-track safety. Finally, the NPRM also proposed to delete certain 
incorporations by reference of personal protective equipment standards 
in FRA's Bridge Worker Safety Standards at subpart B of part 214, and 
instead cross reference OSHA's regulations on the same point.

VIII. Public Comments Received

    FRA received 14 comments in response to the NPRM. Commenters 
include: AAR, APTA, ASLRRA, BMWED and BRS (jointly; BMWED/BRS comment), 
Kimberly Clark Professional, Metro-North and LIRR jointly (MTA 
comment), New Jersey Transit (NJT), NTSB, Reflective Apparel Factory, 
SEPTA, and 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division 
(3M). FRA also received two comments from individuals, and an 
additional late comment from BMWED. Section VIII.A below contains a 
summary and analysis of the comments FRA received that FRA is not 
adopting in this final rule. Section VIII.B below addresses the 
effective date of the final rule. Section VIII.C below contains a 
discussion of the general comments FRA received in response to the 
NPRM. Section IX contains the Section-by-Section discussion of the 
final rule, and addresses comments received in response to the NPRM on

[[Page 37844]]

each respective section of the regulation.

A. Comments on NPRM Proposals Not Included in Final Rule

1. Passenger Station Platform Snow Removal and Cleaning
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed a new Sec.  214.338 addressing snow 
removal and cleaning on passenger station platforms. As proposed, under 
certain circumstances a single RWIC could oversee several ``station 
platform work coordinators'' each responsible for directing the on-
track safety of a roadway worker or workgroup performing snow removal 
or cleaning at passenger stations. FRA intended the proposal to address 
issues associated with snow removal and routine maintenance operations, 
and to ensure roadway worker safety while facilitating railroads' 
ability to carry out these tasks on passenger stations platforms.
    FRA received seven comments on this proposal. NTSB's comment 
opposed FRA's proposal, stating it would detract from safety. The 
BMWED/BRS comment also opposed the proposal, asserting it would weaken 
existing safety protections and that the existing regulation already 
facilitates timely removal of snow from passenger station platforms. 
AAR's comment indicated proposed Sec.  214.338 is confusing and 
suggested changes to the proposal (including removal of the 79 mph 
speed limitation and increased exceptions for snow removal on 
crosswalks). APTA also opposed FRA's proposal, and specifically noted 
it disagreed with FRA's stated position that part 214 applies to 
routine passenger station maintenance activities. APTA and BMWED/BRS's 
comment also opposed this provision's related training section 
(proposed Sec.  214.352). MTA opposed FRA's proposal, citing an alleged 
lack of benefits and implying FRA's NPRM preamble discussion attempted 
to expand the existing requirements of part 214. SEPTA commented that 
snow removal and maintenance activities do fall under the scope of 
existing part 214's on-track safety requirements and supported the 
proposal. NJT commented that it successfully utilizes snow removal 
procedures like those proposed on the Northeast corridor, but stated 
the proposed 79 mph speed limit would impose financial burdens on the 
railroad with no resulting safety benefit.
    After evaluating the issue and comments received, FRA is not 
adopting proposed Sec.  214.338 in this final rule. After recent 
winters in which many States received heavy snowfalls, FRA's evaluation 
of this issue indicates the existing regulation is not problematic. 
Thus, FRA concludes the proposed amendments are not necessary. Further, 
several commenters opposed all or parts of FRA's proposal, with two 
commenters asserting that adopting the proposal would decrease safety. 
Because FRA is not adopting proposed Sec.  214.338 in this final rule, 
FRA is not adopting that provision's related training at proposed Sec.  
214.352. Similarly, FRA is not adopting the proposed revisions to 
existing Sec.  214.329(a) or to Sec.  214.7's definition of the term 
``watchmen/lookouts'' that both related to the sight distance exception 
of proposed Sec.  214.338.
    While FRA is not including the station platform snow removal and 
cleaning proposal in this final rule, FRA believes it is important to 
clarify that snow removal activities involving railroad employees or 
contractors fouling track are subject to the requirements of existing 
part 214. The definition of a roadway worker includes employees or 
contractors to a railroad who perform maintenance of roadway or roadway 
facilities on or near track, or with the potential of fouling a track, 
which includes snow removal activities. Whether a roadway worker sweeps 
snow from a switch, a signal appliance, or at a passenger station, if 
the roadway worker is fouling track (or could potentially foul the 
track), the risk of injury or death to the roadway worker is the same. 
FRA recognizes the risks of fouling track may be somewhat mitigated 
when snow removal is conducted on elevated station platforms (railroad 
passengers safely occupy the same area where these activities occur). 
However, not all station platforms are high platforms, and often 
roadway workers face risks when they foul track with their bodies or 
equipment while removing snow or performing other routine maintenance 
activities (e.g., a roadway worker clearing snow from an outside 
station platform may foul the track with his or her shovel). Before 
receiving the comments, FRA believed industry understood part 214 
applies to snow removal activities. For example, in 2011, Amtrak 
petitioned FRA for relief from part 214's definition of ``fouling a 
track'' when hand tools are used to remove snow from a station 
platform's tactile warning area. See Docket No. FRA 2011-0077, 
available at www.regulations.gov. As noted in BMWED/BRS's comment, FRA 
granted that waiver.
    In the NPRM, FRA also requested comment on whether station platform 
work coordinators should be required to wear highly visible garments 
conforming to the standards of the American National Standards 
Institute/International Safety Equipment Association. In response, 
APTA, BMWED/BRS, 3M, Kimberly-Clark Professional, the Reflective 
Apparel Factory, and NTSB commented. The BMWED/BRS commented that 
individual railroads should determine the selection and their 
employees' use of highly visible protective equipment. NTSB commented 
that most railroads currently require roadway workers to wear highly 
visible vests, and, because of the low visibility conditions that 
typically exist during snow removal operations on station platforms, 
FRA should require highly visible safety apparel for all work performed 
in those conditions. APTA's comment supported using high visibility 
apparel to help differentiate passengers on the platform from workers, 
but stated it did not support considering these workers ``roadway 
workers.'' Kimberly-Clark Professional, the Reflective Apparel Factory, 
and 3M all expressed general support for a highly visible garment 
requirement for station platform work coordinators. As discussed above, 
FRA is not adopting proposed Sec.  214.338 in this final rule. 
Accordingly, FRA is not adopting a highly visible garment requirement. 
As noted in NTSB's comment, FRA understands most railroads already 
require roadway workers to wear highly visible garments.
2. Verbal Protection
    Consistent with a recommendation of the Working Group, in the NPRM, 
FRA proposed new Sec.  214.324, designed to enable roadway workers to 
establish working limits using ``verbal protection.'' In the NPRM, FRA 
explained that by proposing to adopt the Working Group's ``verbal 
protection'' recommendations, it intended to address discrepancies 
discussed by the Working Group regarding how on-track safety 
terminology and use varies in different parts of the country. As 
proposed, verbal protection nearly mirrored the requirements of foul 
time. For example, as proposed, if a RWIC established working limits 
utilizing either verbal protection or foul time, he or she would not 
have to copy a written authority and maintain possession of it while 
working limits were in effect. Instead, the RWIC would only have to 
correctly repeat back the applicable working limits information to the 
train dispatcher or control operator. The primary difference between 
verbal protection as proposed and the existing rule allowing 
establishment of working limits via foul time is that under verbal 
protection, a RWIC could authorize on-track equipment and trains to 
move into

[[Page 37845]]

and within working limits. Under existing Sec.  214.323, foul time can 
be utilized both within and outside of manual interlockings or 
controlled points, but trains and on-track equipment are prohibited 
from moving into working limits until the roadway worker who obtained 
the foul time reports clear of the track.
    In the NPRM, FRA requested comment on whether a RWIC using verbal 
protection to establish working limits should be required to make and 
maintain a copy of the working limits information. FRA noted that such 
a requirement would ensure a RWIC could reference a written document if 
any question regarding the working limits arose. FRA believes this 
would be particularly important when a RWIC utilizing verbal protection 
is asked to clear track to permit trains or other on-track equipment to 
move through his or her working limits and then resume work.
    In response to this request for comment, FRA received comments from 
AAR, MTA, and the BMWED/BRS. AAR's comment stated the rule should not 
require a RWIC to make and maintain a written copy of working limits 
when using verbal protection, as there is no ``significant opportunity 
for confusion if the procedures for verbal protection are followed.'' 
AAR further stated the use of a written authority would defeat the 
purpose of verbal protection. MTA's comment made the same point and 
added that requiring a RWIC to copy the information could potentially 
distract that RWIC. BMWED/BRS's comment indicated this proposal would 
exclude lone workers from being able to establish verbal protection 
working limits (due to Sec.  214.7's proposed definition of the term 
``roadway worker in charge'') and advocated requiring the RWIC to make 
a written copy of working limits authority via verbal protection. 
BMWED/BRS indicated that because an RWIC could authorize train and on-
track equipment movements into working limits authorized by verbal 
protection, a written document would enhance safety and eliminate 
mental errors regarding the working limits.
    In light of the comments received, FRA again reviewed the records 
of the Working Group's discussions on verbal protection. Those records 
indicate the Working Group may have primarily intended verbal 
protection as a method for roadway maintenance machines to occupy and 
move through interlockings and controlled points and to perform short 
duration work as necessary. FRA notes that existing part 214 already 
accommodates these activities through the establishment of working 
limits via foul time (Sec.  214.323) and exclusive track occupancy 
(Sec.  214.321). Existing Sec.  214.323 permits the establishment of 
foul time working limits within a manual interlocking or controlled 
point, and permits the working limits to be established verbally by the 
RWIC and dispatcher. Although part 214 does not specify any time limit 
on the duration of foul time, typically, foul time is used for short 
durations. If longer duration work needs to be performed, and a RWIC 
desires to let trains through working limits without giving up his or 
her authority, the RWIC can use the exclusive track occupancy 
procedures at existing Sec.  214.321. Further, FRA notes that part 214 
does not always require the establishment of working limits to move 
roadway maintenance machines through an interlocking or controlled 
point. Existing Sec.  214.301(c) allows roadway maintenance machine 
movements in travel mode (not performing work such that working limits 
are required) to do so under the authority of a dispatcher or control 
operator. Because existing part 214 already provides the flexibility 
FRA intended the proposal for verbal protection to achieve, and 
consistent with AAR's comment, FRA believes requiring a RWIC to write 
down his or her working limits information would make verbal protection 
somewhat indistinguishable from existing exclusive track occupancy 
procedures under Sec.  214.321.
    FRA also believes that in some instances using verbal protection 
could raise safety issues if not utilized as intended (e.g., a roadway 
work group's establishment of working limits within an interlocking to 
perform work requiring the group to repeatedly clear and then re-occupy 
track to let trains travel through working limits). After careful 
consideration of this issue, FRA strongly believes that if a work group 
wants to let trains or other on-track equipment travel through working 
limits without releasing its authority, the RWIC should have a written 
(or electronic) document to refer to containing all relevant 
information for that authority (e.g., the exact limits of the 
authority, track number(s)). The existing exclusive track occupancy 
procedures at Sec.  214.321 provide for such a document for the work 
group to reference.
    FRA understands the operating rules of railroads may utilize 
different terminology than exists in part 214 (e.g., some railroads' 
rules may refer to Sec.  214.321's exclusive track occupancy 
requirements as ``foul time''). FRA also understands some railroads' 
rules may differ from part 214 in not permitting using certain forms of 
working limits within the limits of an interlocking or controlled 
point. However, existing part 214 has no such restrictions. A new 
verbal protection section would not create any flexibility in 
establishing working limits within a manual interlocking or controlled 
point that part 214 does not already provide, and could potentially 
introduce safety concerns that do not currently exist if not used as 
the Working Group seems to have originally intended. Thus, FRA declines 
to adopt the proposed ``verbal protection'' section in this final rule.
3. Physical Characteristics Qualification for Watchmen/Lookouts and 
Lone Workers
    Existing Sec.  214.353 governs the qualification and training of 
RWICs and includes training on the ``relevant physical characteristics 
of the territory of the railroad upon which the roadway worker is 
qualified.'' However, similar training and qualification is not 
required for lone workers or watchmen/lookouts. See Sec. Sec.  214.347 
and 214.349. In the NPRM, FRA requested comment on whether lone workers 
and watchman/lookouts should be trained and qualified on the physical 
characteristics of a territory similar to the qualification requirement 
for RWICs. Lone workers are similar to RWICs because they establish on-
track safety, but only for themselves rather than for an entire roadway 
work group like an RWIC. FRA sought comment on this issue to determine 
if such a requirement could potentially improve the safety of lone 
workers and better enable watchmen/lookouts to provide effective train 
approach warning at particular locations.
    BMWED/BRS, AAR, SEPTA, NJT, and MTA each commented on this 
proposal. The BMWED/BRS comment supported including physical 
characteristics qualification and training for lone workers, noting 
they must be able to establish working limits when necessary, and be 
familiar with their assigned territory. Both BMWED/BRS and SEPTA 
opposed physical characteristics training for watchmen/lookouts because 
such employees work under the supervision of a RWIC who must be 
qualified on the physical characteristics and have cost concerns. 
Noting the lack of accidents attributed to roadway workers lacking 
familiarity with the physical characteristics of a territory, AAR's 
comment opposed this proposal, stating there is no evidence to support 
the requirement and citing cost concerns. NJT's comment stated lone 
workers already have to be qualified on

[[Page 37846]]

physical characteristics to foul track. FRA agrees with NJT to the 
extent a railroad chooses to require physical characteristics training 
to consider a lone worker ``qualified,'' as that term is defined at 
existing Sec.  214.7. With regard to watchmen/lookouts, NJT's comment 
stated that physical characteristics qualification would not always 
help an employee determine proper sight distances and such a 
requirement would not significantly enhance safety. Rather, NJT 
suggested FRA should clarify job briefing requirements when roadway 
work groups utilize watchmen/lookouts. MTA's comment stated it does not 
believe watchmen/lookouts should be required to have physical 
characteristics qualification.
    After evaluating the comments, FRA is not adopting either the lone 
worker or watchmen/lookouts physical characteristics qualification 
requirement. First, no commenters supported the proposal on watchmen/
lookouts, pointing to cost prohibitions, the fact that each roadway 
work group is already required to have a RWIC qualified on the physical 
characteristics, and issues with logistics and efficiency. Although 
some commenters did support such a requirement applying to lone 
workers, FRA is not aware of accident data to offset the costs such a 
requirement might entail and does not believe that specifically 
mandating the physical characteristics qualification of lone workers 
would yield any real safety benefit. As a practical matter, as NJT's 
comment recognized, lone workers are often already qualified on the 
physical characteristics of a territory, as they need to be conversant 
in which type of protection (working limits versus individual train 
detection) is appropriate at any given work location. FRA also notes 
that under the existing RWP regulation lone workers always have the 
absolute right to establish working limits when fouling track, which 
eliminates safety concerns regarding the use of individual train 
detection if the lone worker is not comfortable using that form of on-
track safety at any location. See 49 CFR 214.337(b).
4. Removal of Objects by Hand Under Train Approach Warning
    Consistent with the Working Group's consensus recommendation, in 
the NPRM FRA proposed to add new paragraph (g) to Sec.  214.337. 
Paragraph (g) is adopted in this final rule and prohibits lone workers 
from utilizing individual train detection to provide on-track safety 
when using a roadway maintenance machine, equipment, or material that 
cannot be readily removed from the track by hand. As noted in the NPRM, 
the Working Group also discussed the use of train approach warning 
(Sec.  214.329) by roadway work groups using roadway maintenance 
machines, equipment, or material not easily removed from the track. 
Although the Working Group did not reach consensus on this point, 
because the existing RWP regulation is silent on this issue, FRA 
proposed in the NPRM new Sec.  214.329(h). FRA intended paragraph (h) 
to prohibit using train approach warning as the form of on-track safety 
when a roadway work group is using equipment they cannot easily remove 
from the track and to clarify the establishment of working limits is 
necessary in such situations. FRA is not adopting proposed Sec.  
214.329(h) in this final rule for the reasons explained below.
    NTSB and BMWED/BRS comments opposed adding proposed paragraph (h) 
to Sec.  214.329. NTSB stated the purpose of existing Sec.  214.329 
governing train approach warning provided by watchmen/lookouts is to 
ensure roadway workers can occupy a place of safety not less than 15 
seconds before a train arrives. Further, NTSB notes the section is 
intended to protect roadway workers by allowing them to immediately 
move to occupy a place of safety when train approach warning is 
provided, not to allow the coordination of equipment removal.
    Like NTSB's comments, BMWED/BRS commented that train approach 
warning is limited to warning persons to clear the track and is not 
intended to protect equipment fouling a track. BMWED/BRS noted that 
issues with removing equipment from track have not arisen in situations 
involving the train approach warning regulation. BMWED/BRS explained 
that if a roadway worker is holding a hand tool or a small handheld 
power tool, he or she will normally carry that tool with them to the 
place of safety. BMWED/BRS argued proposed paragraph (h) is unsafe, 
would increase the risk of roadway workers being struck by trains or 
on-track equipment, and that ``FRA should not require roadway workers 
to do anything except immediately move to a predetermined place of 
safety upon receiving a train approach warning.''
    After FRA published the NPRM, on January 6, 2014, the rail 
industry's Fatality Analysis of Maintenance-of-Way Employees and 
Signalmen (FAMES) Committee \4\ published a report analyzing fatal 
accidents which occurred under train approach warning.\5\ The report 
noted that three of the 10 fatal accidents analyzed, which occurred 
when roadway workers used train approach warning to establish on-track 
safety, resulted from watchmen/lookouts not being fully focused on the 
task of detecting approaching trains. The FAMES report emphasized 
compliance with certain practices required by existing Sec.  214.329. 
That existing regulatory provision requires watchmen/lookouts to devote 
their full attention to detecting the approach of trains and 
communicating the appropriate warnings to roadway workers. That section 
further prohibits assigning any other duties to the watchman/lookout 
while that individual is functioning as a watchmen/lookout. After 
careful consideration of the comments received and the findings of the 
FAMES report, FRA believes that emphasis on the existing requirements 
of Sec.  214.329 and continued vigilant enforcement efforts are the 
best methods to ensure roadway worker safety when train approach 
warning is used to establish on-track safety. Accordingly, FRA is not 
adopting proposed paragraph (h) in this final rule. FRA believes the 
commenters raised valid points regarding the safety of roadway workers 
and that the regulation is intended to protect roadway workers, not 
equipment. FRA also agrees a roadway worker's first responsibility upon 
receiving train approach warning is to move to occupy a place of 
safety. While FRA intended this proposal to improve safety, it appears 
safety is best improved by reinforcing strict compliance with existing 
Sec.  214.329. That section, if followed, provides for effective on-
track safety for roadway workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ The FAMES Committee consists of safety representatives from 
a cross section of railroad labor, railroad management, and federal 
regulators. FAMES analyzed all fatalities and selected related 
incidents to make recommendations to reduce the risk of future 
occurrences and eliminate fatalities to roadway workers.
    \5\ https://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L04902.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Effective Date

    In the NPRM, FRA requested comment regarding the appropriate 
effective date of this final rule. SEPTA, MTA, BMWED/BRS, and AAR 
submitted comments in response to this request. SEPTA agreed with the 
NPRM's preamble discussion noting that the effective date of this final 
rule should consider railroad training schedules. MTA commented that 
FRA should consider the time needed for the preparation of training 
materials to select an effective date. MTA's comment also indicated 
that if this final rule required certain employees to be trained

[[Page 37847]]

on both part 218's blue signal protections and subpart C's roadway 
worker protections, additional time for developing training would be 
necessary. FRA is not adopting a requirement that employees be trained 
on the protections in both part 218 (blue signal) and part 214 (on-
track safety) in this final rule.
    BMWED/BRS requested the effective date to be timed to coincide with 
the effective date of the adjacent track final rule. However, that rule 
already took effect on July 1, 2014. AAR's comment urged FRA to choose 
an effective date providing sufficient time to allow for the 
preparation of training materials for training classes.
    In light of the comments received and consideration of the safety 
benefits to be gained from implementation of this rule, the effective 
date of this final rule is April 1, 2017. As this final rule is being 
published in the first half of 2016, railroads have adequate time to 
adjust training materials used for training classes to be conducted in 
the first quarter of 2017, or during the time period when annual 
training is typically conducted for roadway workers. Industry practice 
is for railroads to finalize their annual rules instruction programs in 
the fourth quarter of the calendar year, and then to actually instruct 
their employees in the first quarter of the next calendar year. Based 
on the implementation date chosen, railroads will not have to alter the 
timing of their instruction programs for the rule to take effect after 
the first quarter of 2017.

C. Discussion of General Comments Received

    SEPTA recommended that FRA limit this rulemaking to issues the RSAC 
addressed. As noted in the NPRM and discussed above, the Working Group 
meetings that form the basis for much of this final rule took place 
between 2005 and 2007. Since these meetings, FRA focused its efforts 
and resources on the adjacent track rulemaking discussed above and 
other safety issues and Congressional mandates (most notably 
implementation of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (Pub. L. 110-
432, Division A, 122 Stat. 4848) (RSIA), which required significant new 
FRA regulatory efforts). In the interim time, however, FRA continued to 
address safety issues related to roadway worker protection in general, 
including NTSB Safety Recommendation R-08-06. Therefore, issuing a 
regulation not taking into consideration the latest relevant 
developments and safety issues would be an inefficient and ineffective 
use of FRA's resources.
    APTA requested that FRA publish specific proposed rule text to 
comment on so the public can appropriately focus their comments and 
increase the effectiveness of public comments. The Administrative 
Procedure Act (see 5 U.S.C. 553(b)(3)), does not require an agency to 
propose specific regulatory text in proposed rules, but instead allows 
an agency to provide ``a description of the subjects and issues 
involved.'' Nevertheless, in the NPRM, FRA proposed specific regulatory 
text for almost all its proposals. In this final rule, FRA is adopting 
three of the items proposed without specific regulatory text (tunnel 
niches (Sec.  214.317(d)), blue signal allowances (Sec.  214.318), and 
redundant signal protections (Sec.  214.319(b)). FRA believes the 
public comments received addressing the benefits and/or drawbacks and 
potential burdens of these proposals sufficiently inform FRA's 
reasonable regulatory decisions, particularly in light of the past RSAC 
discussions. Further, on certain proposals, such as whether FRA should 
permit using blue signal protections for certain maintenance performed 
within locomotive and car shop areas, FRA reasonably sought comments 
broadly addressing how best to implement the proposals if adopted in a 
final rule (see new Sec.  214.318 below). Last, AAR commented that the 
NPRM's accompanying cost-benefit analysis relied on business benefits. 
AAR stated that where NPRM proposals would impose burdens on the 
railroad industry, to adopt those provisions in a final rule, the 
proposals must be modified if there are no offsetting safety benefits. 
FRA addresses this comment further in the Regulatory Impact Analysis 
(RIA) accompanying this rule.

IX. Section-by-Section Analysis

Section 214.7 Definitions

    In the NPRM, FRA proposed amending the existing part 214 
definitions to add both new definitions and revise existing 
definitions. In this final rule, FRA is adding new definitions for the 
following terms: controlled point; interlocking, manual; maximum 
authorized speed; on-track safety manual; and roadway worker in charge 
(RWIC). FRA is also amending part 214's existing definitions for 
``effective securing device'' and ``watchman/lookout.''
    Consistent with the consensus recommendation of the Working Group, 
in the NPRM, FRA proposed to add the same definition of ``controlled 
point'' to part 214 as in FRA's signal regulations at 49 CFR 236.782. 
In this final rule, FRA is adopting the definition as proposed. As 
explained in the NPRM, a definition of ``controlled point'' in part 214 
is necessary because existing Sec.  214.337 prohibits using individual 
train detection by a lone worker inside the limits of a ``controlled 
point.'' See Sec.  214.337(c)(3). However, the term ``controlled 
point'' is not defined in the existing RWP regulation. As also 
explained in the NPRM, in 2005, in response to interpretation issues, 
FRA issued Technical Bulletin G-05-29. Technical Bulletin G-05-29 
adopted Sec.  236.782's definition of ``controlled point'' and that 
definition is used in the RWP regulation today.
    AAR and BMWED/BRS commented on this proposal. AAR expressed concern 
that under the proposed definition any location with a remote 
controlled power switch would be considered a controlled point. AAR 
stated that absolute signals are not always at these locations (e.g., 
dual-control switches that may be manipulated either by hand or 
remotely, typically by a train dispatcher or control operator) in non-
signaled track warrant control territory. In addition, AAR stated the 
practical effect of this definition would be that railroads could not 
use individual train detection where there is a remote controlled power 
switch since it only permits using individual train detection outside 
the limits established by a controlled point. AAR also expressed 
concern that switch heaters, snow blowers, signal call lights, blue 
signal protection, electric switch locks, and bridges can be 
``controlled'' by dispatchers via the control system, but these 
locations are not considered ``controlled points'' as commonly 
understood in the industry. AAR urged FRA to delete the words ``and/or 
other functions of a traffic control system'' from the definition of 
``controlled point'' in this final rule.
    BMWED/BRS expressed concern about allowing roadway workers to use 
individual train detection at power-operated switches. BMWED/BRS 
asserted that power-operated switches can be manipulated by a train 
crew from a distance resulting in injury to a roadway worker performing 
work on such a switch while relying on individual train detection as 
his or her means of on-track safety. BMWED/BRS urged FRA to prohibit 
lone workers from using individual train detection as a method of on-
track safety while working on power-operated switches.
    FRA agrees with AAR's comments to the extent that FRA did not 
intend to include most of the mechanisms AAR listed in the definition 
of ``controlled point'' (switch heaters, blue signal protection, snow 
blowers, etc.). FRA

[[Page 37848]]

disagrees, however, with regard to remote-controlled power switches and 
to bridges that are moveable via a control machine (by train dispatcher 
or control operator). FRA does intend to include those mechanisms in 
the definition. Under the existing regulation, a lone worker working on 
a moveable bridge that is a controlled point is always required to 
establish working limits because a lone worker using individual train 
detection as his or her form of on-track safety is not required to 
notify a train dispatcher or control operator of the work they are 
performing. If a lone worker used individual train detection on a 
moveable bridge ``controlled point,'' the dispatcher or control 
operator may be unaware of the roadway worker's presence and could 
remotely move the bridge with the roadway worker on it, creating risk 
of injury or death to the roadway worker. Accordingly, FRA does not 
agree with AAR's comment regarding movable bridges has merit.
    In the NPRM, FRA explained that power-operated switches are not 
generally considered interlockings or controlled points when the 
switches have wayside indication devices that convey the position of a 
switch and are operated by train crews. However, FRA further noted that 
if a power operated switch can be remotely operated by a control 
operator or dispatcher, it may be considered a ``controlled point.'' 
See 77 FR 50333. The Working Group specifically contemplated whether to 
expand the allowable use of individual train detection in the otherwise 
prohibited ``controlled point'' locations, but did not reach consensus 
on this issue, largely for safety reasons. FRA agrees with the Working 
Group's concerns and does not believe it prudent to expand use of 
individual train detection to ``controlled points'' consisting of 
remote-controlled power switches. As explained in the original 1996 RWP 
final rule, using individual train detection is appropriate only in 
very limited circumstances. 61 FR 65959, 65971.
    In response to the BMWED/BRS comment, in the NPRM, FRA addressed 
power-operated switches (77 FR 50333), explaining that use of 
individual train detection by a lone worker at power-operated switch 
installation locations is permitted if:
     The signals at these installations do not convey train 
movement authority; and
     The switch installation is not controlled by a train 
dispatcher or control operator, and is not part of a manual 
interlocking or controlled point.
    FRA does not believe it prudent to expand the definition of 
``controlled point'' to include all power-operated switches. Rather, 
the longstanding guidance described above from FRA Technical Bulletin 
G-05-11 regarding which power-operated switches constitute ``controlled 
points,'' will continue to control. Lone workers performing work at 
these installations, or at any other location where individual train 
detection use is permitted, maintain the absolute right to use a form 
of on-track safety other than individual train detection. See Sec.  
214.337(b). Thus, a blanket expansion of the definition to address all 
power-operated switches is not justified. Upon the effective date of 
this final rule, the definitions of ``controlled point'' and 
``interlocking, manual'' (discussed below) adopted in this rule 
supplant FRA Technical Bulletin G-05-29.
    Consistent with the Working Group recommendation, in the NPRM FRA 
proposed amending the existing definition of ``effective securing 
device'' to incorporate the contents of Technical Bulletin G-05-20. In 
this final rule, FRA is adopting the revised definition as proposed. 
FRA intended to clearly identify effective securing devices and to 
prevent railroad employees from being injured attempting to operate a 
secured device. Therefore, FRA proposed to specify in the definition of 
``effective securing device'' that any such device must be equipped 
with a ``unique tag'' clearly indicating to other railroad employees 
that the switch is secured by roadway workers.
    AAR, BMWED/BRS, and an individual submitted comments on FRA's 
proposed amendment to this definition. BMWED/BRS advocated for a tag 
affixed to an effective securing device to be either a generic or a 
unique tag if the tag clearly indicates inaccessible track working 
limits and the railroad's rules prohibit operating in those limits 
except as the RWIC permits. AAR similarly commented that FRA should 
clarify the meaning of ``unique'' tag. AAR stated unique tags should be 
craft-specific, and not unique to an individual employee. AAR also 
stated that requiring an individual employee to sign the tag would be 
unnecessary and burdensome. Finally, an individual commenter asked if 
an RWP-specific tag would suffice or whether FRA's proposed amendment 
would require an additional ``unique'' tag.
    FRA is adopting the revised definition as proposed. In response to 
the comments received, FRA clarifies that the tag does not have to be 
``unique'' to a specific person or work gang. Rather, a craft-specific 
tag is considered unique.
    In this final rule, as proposed in the NPRM and consistent with 
BMWED/BRS's comment supporting the proposal, FRA is adopting the 
Working Group's recommended definition for the new term ``interlocking, 
manual.'' This definition mirrors the existing definition for the same 
term in FRA's signal and train control regulation (Sec.  236.751).
    Because we are not making substantive revisions in this final rule 
to the proposals in the NPRM for the definitions of ``controlled 
point'' or ``interlocking, manual,'' for ease of reference, below, FRA 
is duplicating the table included in the NPRM, summarizing the 
applicability of individual train detection on various types of track 
arrangements:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Track arrangement           Individual train detection permitted
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Controlled point/manual            No.
 interlocking with switches,
 crossings (diamonds), or
 moveable bridges.
Controlled point with signals      Yes.
 only--see Sec.   214.337(c)(3).
Manual interlocking..............  No.
Automatic interlocking...........  Yes.
Power-operated switch              See discussion above.
 installations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this final rule FRA is adopting the new definition for the term 
``maximum authorized speed'' proposed in the NPRM. Existing Sec.  
214.329(a) requires that train approach warning be given in sufficient 
time for a roadway worker to occupy a previously arranged place of 
safety not less than 15 seconds before a train moving at the maximum 
speed authorized on that track can pass the location of the roadway 
worker. Existing Sec.  214.337(c) contains a similar requirement for 
lone workers. However, no definition for ``maximum authorized speed'' 
exists in the current RWP

[[Page 37849]]

regulation. Accordingly, the Working Group recommended that FRA define 
the term ``maximum authorized speed'' as the speed designated for a 
track in a railroad's timetable, special instructions, or bulletin. The 
Working Group agreed that using a temporary speed restriction as the 
basis to determine the appropriate train approach warning distance 
could pose inherent dangers. That danger can occur when someone removes 
a temporary restriction from a particular segment of track without 
notifying the roadway work group or lone worker using that temporary 
speed restriction so they can determine the appropriate train approach 
warning distance.
    In response to the NPRM proposal, both NJT and BMWED/BRS comments 
agreed temporary speed restrictions should not be used to determine 
appropriate train approach warning distances and supported the proposed 
definition. Therefore, FRA is adopting the new definition as proposed. 
FRA notes this new definition also applies to the RWP requirements in 
the adjacent track rulemaking. See Sec.  214.336.
    Consistent with the consensus recommendation of the Working Group, 
in the NPRM, FRA proposed to define ``on-track safety manual.'' FRA 
intended the proposed definition to provide clarity. FRA is adopting 
the definition substantially as proposed, with minor clarifying 
language suggested by BMWED/BRS.
    As noted in the NPRM, existing Sec.  214.309 requires each RWIC and 
lone worker to have with them a manual containing the rules and 
operating procedures governing track occupancy and protection. To 
clarify the materials that must be included in such a manual, FRA 
proposed to define the term ``on-track safety manual,'' in part, as 
``the entire set of instructions designed to prevent roadway workers 
from being struck by trains or other on-track equipment.'' BMWED/BRS 
suggested that the definition require ``the entire set of on-track 
safety rules and instructions'' to be in the manual and to expressly 
state the on-track safety rules and instructions must be maintained 
together in one manual. FRA agrees with both of BMWED/BRS's 
suggestions. First, BMWED/BRS's suggested reference to ``the entire set 
of on-track safety rules and instructions'' more accurately captures 
the manual's required contents. Second, consistent with the existing 
RWP regulation, FRA intended to require that the ``on-track safety 
manual'' be a single manual. As discussed in the NPRM preamble, and in 
the 1996 final rule preamble BWMWED/BRS quoted in their comment, that 
single manual may be divided into binders (separate sections where 
appropriate), rather than requiring railroads to issue new manuals each 
time it amends a rule or issues a new rule. For example, the manual 
could be broken into separate sections addressing on-track safety 
rules, good faith challenge procedures, roadway maintenance machine 
procedures, and other relevant issues.
    As discussed in the NPRM, FRA Technical Bulletins G-05-12 and G-05-
25 both address concerns regarding the requirement to maintain on-track 
safety manuals. Because this final rule's adoption of a definition for 
``on-track safety manual'' alleviates the need for Technical Bulletins 
G-05-12 and G-05-25, those Technical Bulletins are supplanted upon the 
effective date of this final rule.
    Next, in the NPRM FRA proposed a definition for the term ``roadway 
worker in charge'' (RWIC). The term is used in existing Sec.  214.321, 
and is also described interchangeably throughout the existing 
regulation as the ``roadway worker responsible for the on-track safety 
of others,'' the ``roadway worker designated by the employer to provide 
for on-track safety for all members of the group,'' the ``roadway 
workers in charge of the working limits,'' and other similarly 
descriptive terms. The Working Group's consensus recommendations for 
this rulemaking also used the term ``roadway worker in charge'' in 
several places. However, that term is not defined in the existing 
regulation, and the Working Group did agree on a recommended definition 
of the term.
    The NPRM's proposed definition of RWIC mirrored the existing 
definition for the term in FRA's Railroad Operating Practices 
Regulation (see Sec.  218.93). FRA also proposed to amend numerous 
sections of part 214 to substitute the term ``roadway worker in 
charge'' for the wide variety of terms currently used to describe the 
roadway worker who is in charge of a roadway work group and establishes 
on-track safety for that group.
    In its comments on FRA's proposed definition of RWIC, BMWED/BRS 
recommended that FRA revise the proposed definition to include lone 
workers. BMWED/BRS supported including lone workers in the definition 
of ``roadway worker in charge'' to permit a lone worker to establish 
on-track safety for his or her self (without unnecessary regulatory 
text referring to both RWICs and lone workers). Specifically, BMWED/BRS 
suggested adding the words ``and lone workers qualified in accordance 
with Sec.  214.347 for the purpose of establishing on-track safety for 
themselves'' to the end of the proposed definition.
    FRA concurs with the BMWED/BRS comment, and, in this final rule, is 
adopting a slightly different definition of RWIC than the suggested 
language. FRA is defining ``roadway worker in charge'' as a roadway 
worker who is qualified under Sec.  214.353 to establish on-track 
safety for roadway work groups, and lone workers qualified under Sec.  
214.347 to establish on-track safety for themselves. Under the current 
regulation, lone workers can establish on-track safety for their own 
protection, either via individual train detection or by establishing 
working limits. In the NPRM, FRA did not intend to prohibit lone 
workers from establishing working limits for their own protection. FRA 
emphasizes, however, that consistent with the existing regulation, a 
lone worker who is qualified under Sec.  214.347 may establish the 
appropriate form of on-track safety for his or herself. However, if a 
lone worker is establishing on-track safety for any other roadway 
workers, he or she must be qualified under Sec.  214.353 as a RWIC.
    Finally, FRA noted in the preamble of the NPRM that a RWIC may only 
perform watchman/lookout duties if the requirements of Sec.  214.329 
are met. Section 214.329(b) requires that watchmen/lookouts devote full 
attention to detecting the approach of trains and communicating warning 
thereof, and shall not be assigned any other duties while functioning 
as watchmen/lookouts. Thus, a RWIC could not perform any other duties, 
such as providing direction to a roadway work group, while 
simultaneously serving as a watchmen/lookout. The limitation on 
performing other tasks while simultaneously serving as a watchman/
lookout severely limits the instances when a RWIC may permissibly fill 
both roles.
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed to amend the definition of ``watchman/
lookout'' to account for the proposed use of station platform work 
coordinators and requested comment on potentially amending the existing 
definition to more accurately reflect the training and qualification 
requirements for a watchman/lookouts. In this final rule, FRA is not 
adopting the proposed station platform work coordinators provisions. 
Thus, the proposed revision to the watchman/lookout definition is 
unnecessary. With regard to watchman/lookout training and qualification 
requirements, the existing regulation defines a watchman/lookout, in 
part as, an employee who has been annually trained and qualified to 
provide train

[[Page 37850]]

approach warning to roadway workers of approaching trains or on-track 
equipment. See Sec.  214.7. However, as discussed below in the Section-
by-Section analysis for Sec.  214.347, the current regulation does not 
specify the frequency of ``periodic'' qualification requirements for 
specific roadway worker qualifications (e.g., lone worker, watchman/
lookout, flagman, or RWIC qualification). Existing Sec.  214.349(b) 
requires initial and periodic qualification of a watchman/lookout to be 
evidenced by demonstrated proficiency, mirroring the other existing 
additional roadway worker qualification sections. FRA requested comment 
on whether it should remove the word ``annually'' from the existing 
definition of ``watchman/lookout'' so the definition more accurately 
reflects both the current and any future RWP refresher qualification 
and training requirements and is consistent with the other existing 
roadway worker qualification definitions.
    BMWED/BRS submitted a joint comment in response to the proposal, 
and BMWED, submitted its own additional late comment. Noting that the 
Working Group reached consensus on annual training and qualification 
requirements for roadway workers, in their comments, BMWED/BRS opposed 
removing the word ``annual'' from the definition of watchman/lookout.
    After consideration of BMWED/BRS's comment, in this final rule FRA 
is removing the word ``annually'' from the definition of ``watchman/
lookout.'' As stated above, removing the reference to ``annual'' is for 
consistency with the definitions of the other roadway worker 
qualifications, and because the ``periodic'' qualification requirement 
is not considered an ``annual'' requirement under the RWP regulation. 
FRA's longstanding position since the RWP rule became effective in 1997 
is that roadway worker training is an annual requirement (see Section-
by-Section analysis discussion for Sec. Sec.  214.343, 214.345, 
214.347, 214.349, 214.351 and 214.353). As discussed in the Section-by-
Section analysis for the roadway worker training sections below, the 
RSAC consensus recommendation was for a 24-month ``periodic'' re-
qualification requirement, and the training standards rulemaking at 49 
CFR part 243 requires a minimum three-year qualification interval. FRA 
is not amending the annual training requirement for watchmen/lookouts 
or for roadway workers generally. However, as discussed in the Section-
by-Section analysis for the training sections below, FRA is adopting a 
definite interval for periodic re-qualification in this final rule.
    The BMWED's later comment expressed concern that some railroads are 
not providing watchmen/lookouts with any audible or visual warning 
devices to provide appropriate train approach warning. The comment 
points out the existing definition of the term ``watchman/lookout'' in 
Sec.  214.7 requires, in part, that roadway workers acting as watchmen/
lookouts be properly equipped to provide visual and auditory warning, 
such as whistle, air horn, white disk, red flag, lantern, fusee. The 
comment urges FRA to clarify in this final rule that use of such 
audible and/or visible warning devices are mandatory to provide train 
approach warning under Sec.  214.329. FRA concurs with the BMWED. Both 
the definition of watchman/lookout, and the operative train approach 
warning regulation at Sec.  214.329(c) and (g), provide that watchmen/
lookouts must be properly equipped to provide train approach warning. 
As explained in the preamble to the 1996 final rule implementing 
subpart C:

[t]his section further imposes a duty upon the employer to provide 
the watchman/lookout employee with the requisite equipment necessary 
to carry out his on-track safety duties. It is intended that a 
railroad's on-track safety program would specify the means to be 
used by watchmen/lookouts to communicate a warning, and that they be 
equipped according to that provision.

61 FR 65970, Dec. 16, 1996. Thus, FRA emphasizes that under the 
existing RWP regulation, a railroad must properly equip a watchman/
lookout with the equipment specified by the railroad's on-track safety 
program to properly communicate a warning. Except in limited 
circumstances (e.g., a watchman/lookout assigned to provide train 
approach warning for a single welder and who is located immediately 
next to the welder to provide a warning), if a railroad does not 
provide equipment with the specified auditory or visual warning 
capabilities to the roadway workers a watchman/lookout is protecting, 
the railroad is in violation of Sec.  214.329. If an on-track safety 
program fails to specify the ``requisite equipment necessary'' for a 
watchman/lookout to provide on-track safety for a roadway work group, 
the program also is not compliant with part 214.

Subpart B--Bridge Worker Safety Standards

    In the NPRM, FRA proposed to delete the existing incorporations by 
reference of certain outdated industry standards for personal 
protective equipment (PPE) in subpart B of part 214 (Bridge Worker 
Protection). Specifically, Sec. Sec.  214.113, 214.115, and 214.117 
incorporate by reference certain American National Standards Institute 
(ANSI) standards governing head, foot, eye, and face protection, 
respectively. FRA originally promulgated those sections in 1992 and 
they reference standards from 1986. 57 FR 28116, Jun. 24, 1992. 
Although the regulatory requirements have not been substantively 
updated in some time, ANSI has updated the standards themselves. 
Employers and employees may not be able to obtain PPE manufactured 
using the older standards currently incorporated by reference. As such, 
FRA proposed to (1) amend these existing sections to reflect the 
updated ANSI standards, (2) allow the continued use of any existing 
equipment which meets the standards currently incorporated by reference 
in part 214, and (3) allow the use of equipment meeting updated 
versions of those standards. FRA received no comments on these NPRM 
proposals and is adopting the revisions to Sec. Sec.  214.113, 214.115, 
and 214.117 as proposed. For a detailed discussion of these amendments, 
see the preamble to the proposed rule at 77 FR at 50335-36.

Subpart C--Roadway Worker Protection

Section 214.301 Purpose and Scope
    Section 214.301 sets forth the purpose and scope of subpart C of 
part 214. Existing paragraph (c) explains that subpart C prescribes 
safety standards for the movement of roadway maintenance machines when 
such movements affect the safety of roadway workers. Paragraph (c) 
further explains that subpart C does not affect the movements of 
roadway maintenance machines that are conducted under the authority of 
a train dispatcher, a control operator, or the operating rules of a 
railroad. To clarify the paragraph's meaning, FRA proposed regulatory 
text explicitly stating that while roadway maintenance machines are 
traveling under the authority of a train dispatcher, a control 
operator, or the operating rules of the railroad, the operator is not 
required to establish on-track safety under part 214. FRA did not 
intend this proposed amendment to be substantive but rather to clarify 
the existing meaning of paragraph (c) consistent with FRA Technical 
Bulletin G-05-14. Technical Bulletin G-05-14 explains that the 
regulation does not affect movements of roadway maintenance machines 
over non-controlled track being made under the operating rules of the 
railroad, but, those same machines, while actually conducting work, 
must establish on-track safety. After careful consideration

[[Page 37851]]

of the issue and comments received, FRA concluded the meaning of 
paragraph (c) is already well understood and the proposed amendment is 
unnecessary. Thus, in this final rule, FRA is not adopting this 
proposed amendment to paragraph (c).
    However, FRA is adding a reference in paragraph (c) to new Sec.  
214.320 adopted in this final rule. Section 214.320 pertains to the 
NPRM's proposed revisions to Sec.  214.301 on the movement of roadway 
maintenance machines over non-controlled track equipped with automatic 
block signal (ABS) systems where trains are permitted to travel at 
greater than restricted speed. The discussion of that issue, and of the 
comments received, appears below in the Section-by-Section analysis for 
new Sec.  214.320.
    As a result of the amendments this final rule makes to Sec. Sec.  
214.301, 214.320, and 214.329, and as noted in the NPRM, upon the 
effective date of this final rule Technical Bulletin G-05-14 is 
supplanted.
Section 214.302 Information Collection Requirements
    FRA received no comments in response to this proposal. Therefore, 
as proposed in the NPRM, FRA is deleting this existing section from 
part 214. For a detailed summary of the information collection 
requirements, please see the Paperwork Reduction Act discussion in 
Section X of the preamble below.
Section 214.305 Compliance Dates
    As proposed in the NPRM, FRA is deleting existing Sec.  214.305, 
because the compliance dates in the section are obsolete. FRA received 
no comments in response to this proposal.
Section 214.307 On-Track Safety Programs
    Existing Sec.  214.307 requires a railroad to notify FRA in writing 
at least one-month in advance of its on-track safety program becoming 
effective, and sets forth FRA's formal review and approval process for 
such programs. In the NPRM, FRA proposed to amend this section by: (1) 
Rescinding the requirement that railroads provide FRA advance notice of 
the effective date of their on-track safety programs; and (2) modifying 
the existing on-track safety program formal approval process. Instead, 
FRA proposed to review railroads' on-track safety programs upon 
request. FRA proposed these amendments intending to alleviate burdens 
as part of its retrospective review of subpart C. Related to this 
proposed revision, FRA proposed a new paragraph (b) mirroring other 
provisions FRA recently adopted in the Federal railroad safety 
regulations (see 49 CFR 220.313). In new paragraph (b), FRA proposed 
that the FRA Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and Chief 
Safety Officer could disapprove a program for cause stated, and 
proposed requiring a railroad to respond to any such disapproval within 
35 days by either (1) amending its program and submitting the 
amendments for approval, or (2) providing a written response in support 
of its program. As proposed, FRA's Associate Administrator for Railroad 
Safety and Chief Safety Officer would subsequently render a decision in 
writing either approving or disapproving the program. Under this 
proposal, FRA would consider a failure to submit an amended program or 
provide a written response as the section requires a failure to 
implement a program under this part. Finally, in the NPRM, FRA proposed 
removing the outdated reference to the compliance dates of Sec.  
214.305.
    BMWED/BRS submitted comments recommending that FRA retain and 
clarify the advance notification requirement of the section, and 
additionally suggested language clarifying the requirement for 
railroads to maintain an on-track safety program approved by FRA. 
BMWED/BRS also recommended requiring railroads amending or adopting an 
on-track safety program notify FRA one month prior to the effective 
date of any amendments to a program or implementation of a new program.
    FRA agrees with BMWED/BRS's comment regarding the retention of the 
advance notification requirement. FRA is retaining that existing 
provision but moving it to paragraph (b) of this section. FRA agrees it 
should continue to have advance notice so it can review new on-track 
safety programs (or railroads' amendments to existing FRA-approved 
programs). FRA is, however, amending this section to eliminate the 
required formal review process for each new program and each amendment 
to existing FRA-approved programs. Specifically, FRA is amending 
paragraph (a) of this section to require railroads to maintain and make 
their programs available to FRA upon request. This amendment will 
enable FRA to better utilize its limited resources to focus on 
addressing legitimate safety concerns with railroads' on-track safety 
programs, rather than conducting mandatory formal reviews of programs 
that, in some instances, been established and approved by FRA for many 
years.
    As proposed in the NPRM, FRA is also amending this section to 
eliminate reference to the compliance dates in Sec.  214.305, because 
as explained above, those dates are obsolete and this final rule 
deletes Sec.  214.305. Given the deletion of Sec.  214.305, however, 
FRA is amending paragraph (a) of Sec.  214.307 to specifically require 
railroads to have an on-track safety program in effect by the date on 
which each railroad's operations commence. Finally, FRA is adopting 
proposed paragraph (b), but is re-designating it as paragraph (c) in 
this final rule.
Section 214.309 On-Track Safety Manual
    Existing Sec.  214.309, titled ``On-track safety program 
documents,'' mandates, in part, that rules and operating procedures 
governing track occupancy and protection be maintained together in one 
manual and be readily available to all roadway workers. In the NPRM, 
FRA proposed amendments to this section consistent with the consensus 
language recommended by the Working Group. In this final rule, FRA is 
amending this section to incorporate the definition for the new term 
``on-track safety manual'' (see discussion of Sec.  214.7 above for 
background on this newly-defined term). As proposed in the NPRM, FRA is 
also amending the title of this section to reflect the new term ``on-
track safety manual.'' As proposed in the NPRM, new paragraph (a) of 
this section incorporated the term ``on-track safety manual,'' and then 
repeated the current existing text of Sec.  214.309. In response to 
this proposal, for consistency with the new term ``roadway workers in 
charge,'' BMWED/BRS suggested that FRA add the words ``in charge'' to 
the second sentence of this paragraph (so that the sentence would 
require RWICs responsible for the on-track safety of others and lone 
workers to have and maintain a copy of the on-track safety manual). FRA 
concurs, and, in final rule, is amending paragraph (a) consistent with 
BMWED/BRS's suggestion.
    In the NPRM, FRA intended new paragraph (b) to address the 
difficulty a lone worker, such as a signal maintainer or a walking 
track inspector, might experience carrying a large on-track safety 
manual. FRA proposed that a railroad must provide an alternate process 
for a lone worker to obtain on-track safety information. As proposed, 
the alternate process could include use of a phone or radio for a lone 
worker to contact an employee who has the on-track safety manual 
readily accessible. In response to this proposal, BMWED/BRS suggested 
FRA remove the reference to situations where it is impracticable for a 
lone worker to

[[Page 37852]]

``carry'' the on-track safety manual, and instead refer to situations 
where it is ``impracticable for the on-track safety manual to be 
readily available'' to a lone worker. FRA agrees BMWED/BRS's proposed 
language more accurately captures the requirement with regard to access 
to the on-track safety manual, and is adopting that change in this 
final rule.
    Related to the ``alternative access'' provision of paragraph (b), 
FRA is also adopting the Working Group's recommendation to require each 
railroad's lone worker training program to include training on the on-
track safety manual alternative access requirement (see discussion of 
Sec.  214.347 below).
    As proposed, new paragraph (c) of this section provides for the 
temporary publication of changes to a railroad's on-track safety manual 
in bulletins or notices carried along with the on-track safety manual. 
This proposed change recognizes that railroads often need to make 
temporary or permanent changes to on-track safety rules and procedures 
and to publish and distribute those new or revised requirements on an 
as-needed basis. While any permanent amendments to a railroad's on-
track safety program must be incorporated into the on-track safety 
manual, existing Sec.  214.309 does not allow for the temporary nature 
of some documents or the practical difficulties with incorporating 
permanent changes immediately after issuance.
    In response to this proposal, consistent with their recommendation 
in paragraph (b) of this section and noting that bulletins and notices 
are not always literally ``carried'' by a RWIC or lone worker, the 
BMWED/BRS suggested that FRA not require temporary bulletins and 
notices to be ``carried'' with the on-track safety manual, but rather 
any temporary publications be ``retained'' with the on-track safety 
manual. FRA concurs with this suggestion and is adopting this change in 
the final rule.
    In response to proposed paragraph (c), BMWED/BRS also suggested 
that to prevent ``an open-ended process where stacks of `temporary' 
notices will ultimately supplant'' a railroad's on-track safety manual, 
FRA should require employers to update their on-track safety manual at 
least annually to incorporate any relevant changes. FRA declines to 
adopt an annual update requirement because the RSAC did not recommend 
the requirement, FRA did not propose the requirement in the NPRM, and 
FRA data does not demonstrate a pattern of problems or accidents 
resulting from a lack of updates to railroads' on-track safety manuals. 
Even so, FRA encourages railroads to regularly update their on-track 
safety manuals to ensure roadway workers have clear access to the most 
current on-track safety rules.
Section 214.315 Supervision and Communication
    Existing Sec.  214.315 mandates that railroads provide job 
briefings to roadway workers assigned duties requiring the worker to 
foul a track. Section 214.315 sets forth certain communication 
requirements between members of a roadway work group, and, in the case 
of a lone worker, between that lone worker and his or her supervisor or 
other designated employee. The Working Group recommended FRA add new 
requirements to this existing section, mainly addressing job briefing 
terminology and the substance of the required job briefings. FRA 
addressed most of these consensus recommendations in the adjacent track 
rulemaking. 74 FR 74614. One recommendation FRA did not address in the 
adjacent track rulemaking is the Working Group's recommendation to 
require job briefing's to include information regarding the 
accessibility of the RWIC to individual roadway workers and alternative 
procedures if the RWIC is not accessible to members of the roadway work 
group. In the NPRM, FRA proposed the Working Group's recommended 
consensus language requiring employers to designate a substitute 
employee with the relevant qualifications to serve as RWIC when a 
roadway work group's original RWIC departs a work site for an extended 
period of time. FRA is adopting that language in this final rule.
    SEPTA commented on this proposed amendment noting the inconsistency 
of the proposal with FRA Technical Bulletin G-05-07. Specifically, 
SEPTA noted that Technical Bulletin G-05-07 states `` `when a RWIC 
departs a work site for an extended period, a substitute employee with 
relevant qualifications may be designated.' '' (Emphasis added.) SEPTA 
specifically took exception to FRA's use of the word ``must'' in the 
NPRM's preamble rather than the word ``may'' used in the technical 
bulletin.
    An RWIC is the person who establishes and directs the on-track 
safety for a roadway work group, and it is critical that each roadway 
worker in a roadway work group have access to the RWIC. Access is 
necessary when a member of the group invokes a good faith challenge, or 
when he or she has questions concerning the established on-track safety 
protection. As discussed in FRA Technical Bulletin G-05-07, generally a 
RWIC must be located in the immediate vicinity of the work activity, 
but it may be necessary for a RWIC to depart a work location for a 
short period to travel to another area encompassing the same work 
activity (e.g., to conduct on-track safety checks throughout a large 
mechanized production activity). When an RWIC is away from a work site 
for a short period, it is imperative the roadway work group have a 
readily available means to communicate with that person. When a RWIC 
departs a work site for an extended period and is not readily available 
to communicate with members of the roadway work group, the roadway work 
group members effectively do not have a RWIC, as he or she is not at 
the work group's location and cannot communicate with the group.
    After carefully considering SEPTA's comment, FRA finds that 
``must'' is correct. The RWIC is responsible for ensuring the on-track 
safety of members of a roadway work group and must be readily available 
to communicate with members of the group. Thus, FRA is adopting this 
recommended consensus item as the NPRM proposed.
    In the NPRM, FRA also proposed minor changes to existing paragraphs 
(b), (c), and (d) to reflect that roadway work groups often include 
multiple roadway workers and to ensure consistent use of the term 
``roadway worker in charge'' and ``on-track safety job briefing'' 
throughout subpart C. FRA received no comments on these minor proposed 
amendments and is adopting them in this final rule. For more background 
on these amendments see the discussion in the preamble to the NPRM. 77 
FR 50338.
Section 214.317 On-Track Safety Procedures, Generally
    Existing Sec.  214.317 generally requires employers to provide on-
track safety for roadway workers by adopting on-track safety programs 
compliant with Sec. Sec.  214.319 through 214.337. In the NPRM, FRA 
proposed adopting two substantive amendments to this section 
recommended by the Working Group. The first recommendation would impose 
requirements for roadway workers who walk across railroad track in new 
paragraph (b), and the second recommendation would provide new 
exceptions for roadway workers conducting snow removal or weed spraying 
operations on non-controlled track in new paragraph (c). FRA also 
requested comment on whether it should amend subpart C to address using 
tunnel niches or clearing bays less than four feet from the field side 
of the

[[Page 37853]]

near rail. After consideration of comments received, FRA is adopting a 
slightly modified new paragraph (b), paragraph (c) substantially as 
proposed, and a new paragraph (d) to address the use of certain tunnel 
niches and clearing bays. FRA is also redesignating the existing text 
of Sec.  214.317 as paragraph (a) of the section to account for new 
paragraphs (b), (c), and (d).
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed new paragraph (b) in this section to 
require roadway workers to (1) stop and look before crossing track and 
(2) move directly and promptly across tracks. Proposed paragraph (b) 
would also require railroads to adopt rules governing how roadway 
workers determine if it is safe to cross track and clarify the section 
is not a substitute for required on-track safety when roadway workers 
are required to foul the track to perform roadway worker duties. As 
explained in the NPRM, this proposal addresses the practical reality 
that roadway workers often need to walk across tracks while not 
directly engaged in activities covered by the existing RWP regulation. 
For example, a roadway worker might incidentally walk from a work site 
on a track in which working limits are in effect to a vehicle adjacent 
to the right of way. While walking to the vehicle, a roadway worker may 
have to cross over other ``live'' tracks where working limits or 
another form of on-track safety is not in effect. Proposed paragraph 
(b) is intended to prevent roadway workers from being struck by trains 
or other on-track equipment when incidentally crossing track, while at 
the same time recognizing the need for procedures enabling roadway 
workers to cross tracks safely without formal on-track safety in place.
    As proposed, paragraph (b) would have required roadway workers to 
first stop and look in all directions a train or other on-track 
equipment could approach from before starting across a track to ensure 
they could safely clear the track before the arrival of any train or 
other on-track equipment. FRA intended the proposal to provide an 
opportunity for roadway workers to physically stop what they are doing 
and consider the on-track circumstances before crossing live track.
    SEPTA, BMWED/BRS, NJT, and AAR submitted comments in response to 
this proposal. SEPTA's comment opposed a requirement that roadway 
workers stop before crossing each track, explaining that a person who 
would attempt to cross a track without proper sight distance or in a 
high traffic area is not likely to stop and look in all directions 
anyway, so the utility of such a provision would be minimal. NJT's 
comment supported the requirement that roadway workers look in both 
directions before crossing a track. BMWED/BRS supported requiring 
roadway workers to look in all directions before starting across track, 
but opposed requiring roadway workers to ``stop'' before crossing. The 
labor organizations stated a requirement to stop: (1) Is unnecessary; 
(2) would cause delays; (3) could lead to increases in slips, trips, 
and falls; (4) is over-prescriptive; and (5) could subject roadway 
workers to abuse by managers or FRA inspectors conducting safety 
audits. AAR also opposed the requirement to ``stop'' before crossing, 
stating there could be no expectation such a requirement would 
regularly be followed, and railroads would then be liable for such 
noncompliance.
    After evaluating the comments, in this final rule FRA is not 
adopting the proposed requirement that roadway workers stop and look in 
all directions before crossing track. Commenters expressed unanimous 
opposition to the proposed requirement and FRA recognizes it would be 
very difficult to enforce. FRA believes stopping and looking before 
crossing railroad track is also a matter of common sense and a 
necessary reality roadway workers are already faced with. Thus, while 
in this final rule FRA is not adopting the proposed language requiring 
roadway workers to stop and look before crossing tracks, FRA is 
adopting the remaining portions of proposed paragraph (b). New 
paragraph (b) requires roadway workers to move directly and promptly 
across tracks and railroads to adopt rules governing how roadway 
workers determine if it is safe to cross track. Consistent with the 
proposal in the NPRM, as adopted in this final rule, paragraph (b) also 
clarifies the requirements of the paragraph are not a substitute for 
required on-track safety when roadway workers are required to foul the 
track to perform roadway worker duties. For further background on when 
on-track safety is required for roadway workers, see the discussion in 
the preamble to the NPRM. 77 FR 50339-50340.
    FRA is also adopting the Working Group's recommendation to require 
a railroad's safety rules governing walking across railroad tracks to 
be included in all roadway worker training. As proposed in the NPRM, 
FRA has adopted this recommended training requirement in the roadway 
worker training provision at Sec.  214.345 (discussed below).
    New paragraph (c) of this section addresses the Working Group's 
recommendation for on-track snow removal and weed spraying on non-
controlled track. As proposed, paragraph (c) permits on-track snow 
removal and weed spraying operations on non-controlled track without 
requiring the track to be made inaccessible under Sec.  214.327. FRA 
intends the provision to alleviate the difficulty of establishing 
working limits on non-controlled track for operating equipment moving 
over long distances, and where roadway workers are conducting limited 
to no on-ground work activities.
    After careful consideration of comments responding to proposed 
paragraph (c), in this final rule, FRA is adopting the paragraph 
substantially as proposed. Paragraph (c) allows weed spraying and snow 
removal operations under Sec.  214.301, with the limitations and/or 
conditions listed in paragraphs (c)(1) through (4) of the paragraph. 
AAR's comments advocated expanding this provision to allow inspection 
activities under the same circumstances, but noted the Working Group 
did not discuss this possibility. Because the Working Group did not 
discuss this possibility, and FRA did not propose it, FRA declines to 
include inspection activities in the activities covered by paragraph 
(c). Also, FRA believes allowing expansion of this exception to include 
inspection activities would present safety risks as ``inspection 
activities'' may entail many different roadway worker activities, and 
are not of the specialized and more limited nature of the specific snow 
removal and weed spray operations the Working Group addressed. Further, 
Sec.  214.301 already covers certain inspection activities while 
roadway maintenance machines are in ``travel'' mode, and hi-rail 
inspection activities are also already subject to certain on-track 
safety exclusions under Sec.  214.336. Thus, FRA is retaining the 
existing on-track safety requirements for work activities other than 
the specific snow removal and weed spray operations the Working Group 
addressed.
    Paragraph (c)(1) requires railroads to adopt and comply with 
procedures for on-track snow removal and weed spraying operations if 
the allowances under paragraph (c) are utilized. Paragraphs (c)(1)(i) 
through (iv) set minimum standards for what those procedures must 
include. Paragraph (c)(1)(i) requires all on-track movements in the 
area where on-track snow removal or weed spraying operations are 
occurring be informed of those operations. AAR's comment opposed this 
requirement, stating it is unnecessary and problematic in areas

[[Page 37854]]

without radio reception. In response, FRA notes that in areas without 
radio reception it may be likely there are no other persons conducting 
on-track movements in the ``affected area'' required to be notified. 
Further, there are communication methods other than radio if a railroad 
wishes to utilize the exception in Sec.  214.317(c) in an area without 
radio reception. FRA also emphasizes paragraph (c) is an exception to 
the requirement to establish on-track safety, and FRA anticipates that 
in the majority of instances this exception can be utilized for, radio 
reception will not be an issue. If radio reception is an issue and 
there is no other way to inform others making on-track movements in the 
area of snow removal or weed spraying operations, railroads will have 
to follow existing methods of establishing on-track safety to perform 
the work.
    As proposed in the NPRM, paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this final rule 
requires railroads' procedures to ensure all weed spraying and snow 
removal operations conducted under paragraph (c) operate at restricted 
speed defined in Sec.  214.7; except on other than yard tracks and yard 
switching leads, where movements may operate at no more than 25 miles-
per-hour (mph) and must be prepared to stop within one-half the range 
of vision. Paragraph (c)(1)(iii) requires the procedure adopted by a 
railroad to ensure there is a means of communication between on-track 
equipment conducting snow removal and weed spraying operations and any 
other on-track movements in the area.
    Paragraph (c)(1)(iv) prohibits remotely controlled hump yard 
facility operations from being in effect while snow removal or weed 
spraying operations are in progress and also prohibits the kicking of 
cars unless agreed to by the RWIC of the snow removal or weed spraying 
operation. The prohibition on kicking cars is intended to help ensure 
there is no free rolling equipment near on-track snow removal or weed 
spraying operations. Thus, before machines can operate under this 
provision in remotely controlled hump yard facilities, humping 
operations must be suspended. As explained in the NPRM, in proposing to 
prohibit weed spraying and snow removal operations when hump yard 
operations are ``in effect,'' FRA considered AAR's post-RSAC 
recommendation to instead prohibit weed spraying and snow removal 
operations when hump operations are ``in progress.'' BMWED's post-RSAC 
comment stated it favored ``in effect,'' because that term is more 
inclusive as hump operations might be ``in effect'' but not actually 
``in progress'' (e.g., cars not literally being humped right at the 
moment that weed spraying operations begin). FRA agreed with the 
BMWED's position, and proposed the initial Working Group's consensus 
wording of ``in effect,'' but requested further comment on this issue 
from all interested parties.
    In response to the NPRM proposal, the BMWED/BRS comment reconfirmed 
the labor organizations' support for the term ``in effect'' for the 
status of hump yards. BMWED/BRS stated if ``hump yard operations are 
not `in effect', that would mean that humping operations have been 
suspended until released back to the hump by the RWIC.'' The labor 
organizations objected to using the term ``in progress'' because hump 
operations are not suspended just because humping may not actually be 
``in progress'' at a particular moment.
    After considering these additional comments, FRA continues to agree 
with BMWED/BRS's recommendation to prohibit snow removal and weed 
spraying operations when hump yard operations are ``in effect.'' This 
language makes clear FRA's intent for no humping operations to take 
place until a roadway work group utilizing this section reports clear 
of hump yard tracks that present the possibility of being struck by 
humped cars. Thus, FRA is adopting the language it proposed in the 
NPRM.
    FRA does not intend that the only way the exceptions in this 
section may be utilized is to shut down an entire classification yard. 
Rather, FRA's intent is the hump operations must not be in effect for 
the tracks (or group of tracks) that would be affected by snow removal 
or weed spray operations. For example, under this section it is 
permissible for a block to be placed on a group of tracks within a 
classification yard where snow blowing activities are taking place, 
such that equipment could not be humped into those tracks until the 
roadway work group utilizing this section reports clear of those 
tracks.
    Paragraph (c)(2) provides that roadway workers engaged in snow 
removal or weed spraying operations retain an absolute right to utilize 
the provisions of Sec.  214.327 (inaccessible track). FRA is adopting 
this provision as proposed.
    Paragraph (c)(3) provides that roadway workers engaged in snow 
removal or weed spraying operations subject to Sec.  214.317 can line 
switches for the machine's movement without establishing a form of on-
track safety under Sec. Sec.  214.319 through 214.337, but may not 
engage in any roadway work activity. In its comments, AAR recommends 
amending this provision to include the lining of derails. FRA agrees 
with AAR's recommendation as applied to derails lined via switch 
stands. The lining of derails by switch stand does not typically 
require fouling the track. FRA does not agree with AAR's recommendation 
for derails not operated via switch stands. These derails require 
roadway workers to bend down onto the rail (or directly adjacent to and 
in the foul of the rail) to operate the derail. Thus, FRA is adding the 
words ``or derails operated by switch stand'' to this provision. For 
derails not operated by switch stand, a method of on-track safety 
complaint with subpart C is required.
    As proposed and adopted in this final rule, paragraph (c)(4) 
contains the consensus recommendation of the Working Group for the 
roadway equipment utilized under this provision. Paragraph (c)(4) 
requires that each machine engaged in snow removal or weed spraying 
operations under Sec.  214.317(c) be equipped with: (1) An operative 
360-degree intermittent warning light or beacon; (2) an illumination 
device, such as a headlight, capable of illuminating obstructions on 
the track ahead in the direction of travel for a distance of 300 feet 
under normal weather and atmospheric conditions; (3) a brake light 
activated by the application of the machine braking system, and 
designed to be visible for a distance of 300 feet under normal weather 
and atmospheric conditions; and, (4) a rearward viewing device, such as 
a rearview mirror. If a machine is utilized in snow removal or weed 
spraying operations conducted during the period between one-half hour 
after sunset and one-half hour before sunrise, or in dark areas such as 
tunnels, that machine must also be equipped with work lights, unless 
equivalent lighting is otherwise provided. AAR commented that paragraph 
(c)(4) does not address what happens when there is an equipment 
failure, such as if a machine's headlight burns out. AAR suggested that 
railroads be permitted to operate the equipment under Sec.  214.317 for 
seven days after learning of a failed component. FRA declines to adopt 
AAR's suggested amendment. As noted above, Sec.  214.317(c) is designed 
as an exception to the current requirement to establish on-track safety 
while certain roadway work activities are performed. FRA believes under 
the provisions of this paragraph the specified activities can be 
conducted safely. When equipment fails, such as a headlight in AAR's 
example, the safety of the operation is potentially compromised. 
Accordingly, when equipment required

[[Page 37855]]

by this section fails, railroads must default to part 214's existing 
on-track safety requirements until the equipment is repaired and 
operating.
    Finally, in the NPRM, FRA requested comment on using certain 
existing tunnel niches (also referred to as clearing bays) as places of 
safety for roadway workers. As explained in detail in the NPRM (77 FR 
50331), some existing railroad tunnels have niches built into the 
sidewalls that roadway workers occupy as places of safety while 
performing work in tunnels (typically inspection work). Some of the 
niches may, by design, be slightly less than four feet from the field 
side of the near rail. Because existing subpart C does not address 
using tunnel niches as places of safety, the use of niches less than 
four feet from the field side of the near rail as a place of safety 
technically violates the existing regulation because a roadway worker 
occupying the niche would be ``fouling a track'' as defined by Sec.  
214.7. The Working Group discussed this issue but did not reach 
consensus. The Working Group did, however, decide against modifying the 
definition of ``fouling a track'' to accommodate using tunnel niches. 
Working Group discussions indicated tunnel niches outside the clearance 
envelope, but less than four feet from the field side of the rail, 
existed on a small number of railroads, primarily in the Eastern United 
States, and those railroads have a long history of safely utilizing the 
niches.
    FRA did not propose specific regulatory text regarding the use of 
tunnel niches, but requested comment on whether, and how, to address 
the issue in a final rule. FRA listed certain items it anticipated a 
regulatory provision allowing using tunnel niches would need to include 
(e.g., railroad designation of niches, time for a roadway worker to 
move into a niche upon the approach of a train, that niches must be 
free from debris).
    In response to its request for comments on tunnel niches, FRA 
received comments from SEPTA, MTA, BMWED/BRS, APTA, and AAR. SEPTA's 
comment stated that using tunnel niches as a safe place should be 
allowed if individuals using the niches are not at risk of being struck 
by moving on-track equipment. MTA's comment supported using niches as a 
safe place for roadway workers, and indicated railroads should review 
each niche location before designating it as a safe place. BMWED/BRS's 
comment opposed using tunnel niches less than four feet from the near 
running rail as a place of safety. Citing the presence of debris, 
vagrants, rats, spiders, mice, raccoons and other hazards, and noting 
that conditions such as claustrophobia could cause roadway workers to 
panic and jump out of a tunnel niche into the path of an oncoming 
train, BMWED/BRS indicated its members typically establish working 
limits before entering tunnels with close side clearances. BMWED/BRS 
also expressed concern about roadway work groups exceeding the capacity 
of a tunnel niche, potentially resulting in one or more roadway workers 
being left out in the foul with no ability to reach an alternative 
place of safety.
    In its comments, AAR disagreed with BMWED/BRS noting that, 
particularly in the Northeast United States, railroads have safely used 
tunnel niches for a century. AAR specifically noted Amtrak's use of 
tunnel niches as places of safety for inspectors and argued that given 
the decades of experience demonstrating that tunnel niches can be 
safely used, FRA should permit Amtrak to continue to use tunnel niches.
    APTA's comment indicated that tunnel niches, clearing bays on 
bridges, and passenger platforms all provide appropriate clearance of 
the envelope of train and equipment passage and all are safe places 
with ``no historical incident data'' supporting the need for FRA to 
establish additional regulatory provisions to improve their safety. 
Finally, APTA recommended FRA allow using tunnel niches, clearing bays 
on bridges, and platforms as designated places of safety and require 
analysis of any related potential safety issues under FRA's future risk 
reduction and system safety regulations.
    After further evaluating this issue and considering the comments 
received, in this final rule FRA is adopting new paragraph (d) in Sec.  
214.317 authorizing, subject to certain conditions, the use of existing 
tunnel niches or clearing bays less than four feet from the nearest 
rail as places of safety for roadway workers. Although FRA recognizes 
some railroads have successfully used tunnel niches and clearing bays 
as designated places of safety for roadway workers for some time, 
existing subpart C technically prohibits such use. New paragraph (d) of 
Sec.  214.317 sets minimum standards for the use of such existing 
niches to ensure their continued safe use. Consistent with existing 
Sec.  214.337(b) applicable to lone workers and Sec.  214.317(c)(2) 
adopted in this final rule for certain snow removal and weed spraying 
operations, paragraph (d) also makes clear RWICs and lone workers 
maintain the absolute right to designate a place of safety in a 
location other than a tunnel niche or to establish working limits if 
appropriate.
    Paragraph (d) authorizes only using tunnel niches and clearing bays 
that have a place of safety less than four feet from the field side of 
the near rail in existence on the effective date of this final rule, if 
the conditions of paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) are met. Paragraph (d)(1) 
requires RWICs or lone workers to inspect each tunnel niche or clearing 
bay prior to determining the niche is suitable to use as a place of 
safety. Consistent with the requirements of Sec. Sec.  214.329 and 
214.337, paragraph (d)(2) requires a RWIC or lone worker to determine 
if there is adequate sight distance to permit roadway worker(s) to 
occupy the place of safety in the niche or clearing bay at least 15 
seconds prior to the arrival of a train or other on-track equipment at 
the work location.
    Finally, like existing Sec.  214.337's provision providing lone 
workers with the absolute right to establish alternate methods of on-
track safety, paragraph (d)(3) gives the RWIC or lone worker the 
absolute right to designate a place of safety in a location other than 
a tunnel niche or clearing bay, or to establish working limits if 
appropriate.
    Compliance with this new paragraph will ensure the continued safe 
use of existing tunnel niches, as the RWIC or lone worker is required 
to visually inspect each niche and determine the proper sight distance 
to utilize each niche before designating the niche a safe place. 
Moreover, by providing RWICs and lone workers the absolute right to 
designate a place of safety other than a tunnel niche which might be 
less than four feet from a running rail, or to utilize another method 
of establishing on-track safety, FRA believes BMWED/BRS's safety 
concerns are alleviated.
Section 214.318 Locomotive and Car Shop Repair Track Areas
    In the NPRM, FRA requested comment on potentially amending subpart 
C and/or the existing blue signal regulations in part 218, subpart B to 
provide a limited exception from part 214's on-track safety 
requirements for using blue signal protections for certain incidental 
work performed by mechanical employees within the limits of locomotive 
servicing and car shop repair track areas (shop areas). FRA did not 
propose specific regulatory text on this issue, but indicated it might 
adopt a provision addressing this topic in a final rule. For the 
reasons explained below, in this final rule FRA is amending subpart C 
by adding a new Sec.  214.318 addressing incidental work performed in 
locomotive servicing and car shop repair track areas. This amendment 
allows ``workers,'' as defined by Sec.  218.5, to utilize blue signal

[[Page 37856]]

protections in place of subpart C's on-track safety procedures.
    As discussed in the NPRM, subpart C currently requires ``roadway 
workers'' performing work with the potential to foul a track within a 
locomotive servicing or car shop repair track area (including 
performing work on signals or structures within those areas that may 
involve fouling track) to utilize the on-track safety procedures of 
subpart C. Conversely, any ``workers,'' as defined by Sec.  218.5 
(typically mechanical department employees), performing work involving 
the inspection, testing, repairing, or servicing of rolling equipment 
within locomotive servicing or car shop repair track areas are required 
to do so in compliance with the blue signal regulations. Because 
certain incidental duties ``workers'' under Sec.  218.5 typically 
perform in shop areas often technically meet the definition of the type 
of work a ``roadway worker'' would do (e.g., mechanical department 
employee performing work on the overhead door of a locomotive 
maintenance building when such work involves fouling a track), 
questions arose over what protections are appropriate within shop 
facilities for certain types of ``incidental'' work performed by 
mechanical department employees (i.e., ``workers'' under Sec.  218.5).
    FRA's Technical Bulletin G-08-03 addresses this issue, and explains 
FRA will not take enforcement action for ``incidental'' work performed 
in shop areas similar to roadway worker duties (e.g., sweeping a shop 
floor or changing a light bulb in an inspection pit). Despite Technical 
Bulletin G-08-03, many railroads argue shop personnel (``workers'' 
under Sec.  218.5) are already trained on the blue signal regulations 
and believe FRA should exempt certain work within shop areas from the 
subpart C on-track safety requirements. Railroads argue shop employees 
perform the work safely utilizing the blue signal protections they are 
trained on and most familiar with. Railroads further argue that 
training shop personnel on two different protection regimes is both 
costly and confusing for the employees. Thus, railroads argue the 
requirement to require using the on-track safety protections of subpart 
C by ``worker'' in shop areas is detrimental to safety.
    In the NPRM, FRA requested comment on potential amendments to the 
existing part 214 or 218 to address this issue. Because contractor 
employees are subject to part 214 but not part 218's blue signal 
requirements, FRA also specifically asked how best to address applying 
these requirements to contractor employees.
    FRA received six comments in response to this request from APTA, 
AAR, BMWED/BRS, ASLRRA, MTA, and SETPA. According to APTA, the existing 
blue signal and RWP regulations are adequate for work performed in shop 
areas and there is no accident history supporting concerns about this 
issue. AAR's comment acknowledged the controversy, but noted that for 
decades blue signal protection has proven to be an effective way to 
provide for the safety of employees in shop areas. AAR reasoned if blue 
signal protection adequately protects employees when working on rolling 
stock, it also will adequately protect employees performing other 
incidental activities in shop areas. From a safety perspective, AAR 
stated employees should be permitted to utilize the method of 
protection they are most familiar with--for mechanical employees within 
shop areas, that is blue signal protection (part 218), and for roadway 
workers it is roadway worker protections under part 214, subpart C. AAR 
also recommended FRA treat contractors the same as railroad employees.
    AAR also asserted significant additional costs would result if FRA 
does not permit mechanical employees who might foul track while 
performing their duties inside a shop area to utilize blue signal 
protection as opposed to RWP protection, and noted certain potential 
drug and alcohol testing implications. AAR explained costs would be 
incurred for: (1) Providing additional training; (2) placing RWICs in 
shop areas; and (3) purchasing additional switch locks. AAR indicated 
one large railroad estimated initial costs at $1.2 million, and costs 
of $700,000 in subsequent years. AAR proposed specific rule text for 
parts 214 and 218 to permit employees in shop areas to use blue signal 
protections under part 218, instead of complying with the RWP 
requirements of part 214.
    In its comments, ASLRRA disagreed with FRA's explanation in the 
NPRM of certain activities within shop areas being subject to the on-
track safety regulations of part 214. ASLRRA said FRA's position, 
consistently applied, would require railroads to use blue signal 
protection to repair a roadway maintenance machine irrespective of the 
repair location. ASLRRA urged FRA to not change the regulations.
    BMWED/BRS's comment stated the type of work being performed governs 
whether the blue signal regulations or the RWP regulations apply and 
argued against any change eliminating the distinction between the two 
different forms of protection.
    Noting the existing blue signal protection requirements provide a 
proven level of Safety, SEPTA's comment indicated the railroad industry 
would be better served if mechanical department employees could perform 
certain facility-maintenance work within the limits of shop areas using 
blue signal protection rather than the on-track safety requirements of 
part 214. Further, SEPTA stated any inconsistency in the forms of 
protection employees utilize increases the potential for confusion and 
reduces safety. SEPTA also questioned if the original RWP rulemaking 
even considered applying the on-track safety requirements in shop areas 
and expressed doubt that the intended scope of the original RWP 
regulation even covered work in shop areas.
    MTA's comment indicated the primary consideration in deciding what 
protections to follow in shop areas should be whether employees are 
adequately protected while performing their assigned duties. MTA 
asserted it would be overly prescriptive to require employees to be 
familiar with different types of protection and recommended individual 
railroads determine the appropriate type of protection employee's 
should use based on the specific task being performed.
    FRA believes the assertion that part 214 as it currently exists 
does not apply in shop areas is without merit. FRA notes the discussion 
in the NPRM preamble titled ``RWP and Blue Signal Protection in Shop 
Areas'' (77 FR 50329-50330) did not, as AAR and ASLRRA suggested in 
their comments, attempt to expand the scope of the existing RWP and 
blue signal regulations. Rather, the discussion described the existing 
state of interplay between the two regulations. FRA is puzzled by AAR's 
comment asserting estimated additional costs would be incurred to 
comply with the requirements of the RWP regulation in place since 1997. 
FRA agrees it is not in the best interests of safety to apply the 
requirements of part 214 to certain activities in shop areas not 
involving work on, under, or between rolling equipment. FRA notes, 
however, the existing regulations do not allow certain work to be 
conducted in shop areas without on-track protection under part 214. 
Thus, compliance with the existing regulation could not impose 
additional new costs to railroads as AAR's comment states.
    FRA also disagrees with the ASLRRA comment asserting ``[i]f one 
were to apply FRA's logic consistently . . .

[[Page 37857]]

every time a roadway maintenance machine broke down and had to be 
repaired on any track, blue signal protections would have to be 
applied, whether in a yard or on a main track.'' FRA cannot envision 
how the existing regulations could require blue signal protections be 
applied to repair of roadway maintenance machines as ASLRRA's comment 
asserted. The existing blue signal protection regulation (part 218, 
subpart B) applies to work performed on, under, or between ``rolling 
equipment.'' The part 218 definition of the term ``rolling equipment'' 
(locomotives and cars), and the corresponding definition of the term 
``locomotive,'' do not include roadway maintenance machines. Repairs to 
roadway maintenance machines are specifically covered by the definition 
of ``roadway worker'' in part 214. Therefore, the literal application 
of the regulations would not require blue signal protections be applied 
to repair of roadway maintenance machines as ASLRRA's comment asserted.
    FRA generally agrees with the comments of BMWED/BRS, SEPTA, and MTA 
and believes allowing railroad employees and contractors to utilize the 
procedures they are trained on and most familiar with provides clear 
direction and consistency and will actually eliminate confusion and 
increase safety. FRA agrees with SEPTA's comment that the original RWP 
rule did not specifically discuss maintenance work performed in shop 
areas. BMWED/BRS argued against FRA eliminating any distinction between 
RWP protection and blue signal protection and warned doing so could 
present unforeseen consequences. FRA does not believe providing 
railroads with the flexibility to use blue signal protection or RWP 
protection in certain instances within shop facilities in any way 
eliminates a distinction between the two forms of protection. Finally, 
FRA believes new Sec.  214.318 addresses both SEPTA and MTA's stated 
concerns as ``workers'' in shop areas will be permitted to utilize blue 
signal protections in most instances to ensure they are protected while 
performing their assigned duties.
    For all the reasons discussed above, in this final rule, FRA is 
amending part 214 to permit ``workers'' (as defined by Sec.  218.5), in 
certain instances, to utilize the blue signal protections of part 218, 
subpart B (as opposed to the on-track safety requirements of part 214) 
in locomotive servicing and car shop repair track areas when fouling 
track while performing duties incidental to inspecting, testing, 
servicing, or repairing rolling equipment. FRA believes this is the 
reasonable and logical application of parts 214 and 218 in locomotive 
servicing and car shop repair track areas. Although FRA is not adopting 
the specific regulatory language amending both parts 214 and 218 AAR 
suggested, FRA believes new Sec.  214.318 accomplishes the same goal.
    As noted by several commenters, for decades ``workers'' have 
successfully used blue signal protections in shop areas. In general, 
when blue signal protections are applied on a track, the regulations 
prohibit: (1) The movement of equipment on the track (except under the 
very specific conditions described in Sec.  218.29); (2) coupling to 
any equipment on the track; and (3) rolling equipment from passing a 
blue signal. These requirements ensure worker safety by prohibiting the 
movement of equipment on a protected track. As SEPTA's comments noted, 
the conditions in shop areas (where mechanical employees repair rolling 
equipment secured from movement) are different than situations the RWP 
regulation typically addresses (e.g., maintenance-of-way workers 
working along the railroad right-of-way where trains and other on-track 
equipment pass). FRA does not believe safety is improved by mandating 
that a railroad employee be trained on, and comply with, the 
requirements of the blue signal regulation to safely tighten a bolt on 
a locomotive, and also be trained on and apply the differing 
requirements of the RWP regulation while standing in the exact same 
location to perform the incidental work of tightening a bolt on an 
overhead door. Such a literal approach to the regulations introduces 
the potential for confusion and the misapplication of the differing 
requirements, and is also not cost effective, efficient, or reasonable.
    Accordingly, new Sec.  214.318(a) reasonably allows ``workers'' (as 
defined by Sec.  218.5) within the limits of locomotive servicing and 
car shop repair track areas (as also defined by Sec.  218.5) to utilize 
a railroad's blue signal protection procedures to perform duties 
incidental to their work on, under, or between rolling equipment while 
fouling a track protected by blue signal(s). If a railroad chooses to 
allow ``workers'' to use blue signal protections authorized by this new 
section, paragraph (a) also requires the railroad rules address how 
those protections apply to the incidental duties ``workers'' perform. 
By ``incidental'' duties, FRA means duties within the shop area such as 
working on a shop door, sweeping excess ballast off a shop floor or 
away from a work area, cleaning up fluid spills in the gage of the 
track in a work area, or performing electrical work in a locomotive 
shop to an appliance such as an exhaust hood above a track. FRA 
emphasizes that for this new section to apply, all work must be 
performed on a track protected by blue signals as required by part 218, 
subpart B.
    This new section does not require railroads to use blue signal 
protections instead of part 214 on-track safety procedures where 
applicable inside shop areas. Instead, this new section only gives 
railroad's the option to decide the appropriate form of protection for 
``workers'' in shop areas. Roadway workers still must comply with part 
214 when fouling track within a shop area. For example, if a signal 
department employee fouls a track in a shop area while performing work 
on an electronic system controlling the blue signal display within the 
shop area, that employee must comply with part 214's on-track safety 
requirements because as a signal department employee, he or she is not 
a ``worker'' under Sec.  218.5 who inspects, tests, services, or 
repairs rolling equipment. Similarly, bridge and building department 
employees required to foul track while building a structure within a 
shop area also still must establish on-track safety under part 214 
because bridge and building department employees are clearly not 
``workers'' under part 218 (they do not inspect, test, service, or 
repair rolling equipment).
    Paragraph (b) of this section addresses how this section applies to 
contractor employees. As discussed in the NPRM, although the on-track 
safety requirements of part 214 apply to contractor employees, FRA's 
blue signal regulations do not. Typically, however, railroad rules 
require contractors to follow the railroad's blue signal procedures 
when performing work within shop areas. As noted above, AAR recommended 
FRA treat contractors the same as railroad employees for purposes of 
what protections apply to those employees while performing the same 
work as railroad employees. FRA agrees, but because contractor 
employees do not meet part 218's definition of ``workers,'' FRA cannot 
enforce part 218's requirements on contractors. Accordingly, in 
paragraph (b), FRA is extending application of paragraph (a) of this 
section to contractor employees, but only if the contractor employee's 
work is supervised by a railroad employee qualified on the railroad's 
rules and procedures implementing the requirements of part 218, subpart 
B. Thus, if a railroad elects to use the exception in paragraph (a), a 
contractor within a shop area performing duties incidental to those of 
inspecting, testing, servicing, and repairing rolling equipment may 
perform the work

[[Page 37858]]

utilizing the railroad's blue signal protections, if the contractor 
employee is supervised by a railroad employee qualified (as defined by 
Sec.  217.9) on the railroad's blue signal rules
    For example, if a railroad elects to use the exception in paragraph 
(a) of this section, a contractor employee servicing a shop building's 
exhaust hood above idling locomotives on a track protected by blue 
signals may do so under the supervision of a blue signal-qualified 
railroad employee. If a railroad does not elect to use the exception in 
paragraph (a), or the contractor employee is not supervised by a blue-
signal qualified railroad employee, the contractor would be subject to 
the RWP requirements of subpart C of part 214 when servicing the 
exhaust hood because the employee would be a ``roadway worker,'' under 
Sec.  214.7.
    Similarly, if a railroad elects to use the exception in paragraph 
(a), and implements rules governing its use, if a contractor employee 
vacuums water from a switch in a locomotive shop on track protected by 
blue signals and his her work is supervised by a blue signal-qualified 
railroad employee, the contractor need only comply with the railroad's 
blue signal requirements. If the contractor employee is not supervised 
by a blue signal-qualified employee while performing this duty, the 
contractor must comply with the on-track safety requirements of part 
214 because the work performed makes the contractor a ``roadway 
worker'' per existing Sec.  214.7.
    Paragraph (c) of this new section requires compliance with part 
214, subpart C, for any work performed within a shop area requiring the 
presence of a person qualified under Sec.  213.7 of FRA's Track Safety 
Standards. FRA intends this paragraph to make clear traditional 
inspection, construction, maintenance, or repair of railroad track 
affecting the ability of rolling equipment to move safely over that 
track continues to be governed by the on-track safety requirements of 
part 214, regardless of the craft of a particular employee (or whether 
the employee(s) are railroad employees or contractors) performing the 
work. FRA intends this provision to prevent situations where 
``workers'' who are not qualified to perform maintenance-of- way duties 
perform such duties in a shop or locomotive repair area, potentially 
affecting the safe movement of rolling equipment over track structures.
    To determine if railroad employees or contractors working in shop 
areas are ``workers'' under Sec.  218.5 (and can use blue signal 
protection) or roadway workers under Sec.  214.7 (and required to 
establish on-track safety under part 214), FRA will look to the 
employee's primary duties and the primary purpose of the work performed 
(whether the work is performed on, under, or between rolling equipment 
or incidental to work performed on, under, or between rolling 
equipment). Examples include:
     A mechanical department employee whose primary duty is 
performing electrical work on locomotives, but to access part of a 
locomotive to perform such work, fouls a track while shoveling snow 
from the gauge of the track on which the locomotive is located (and on 
which blue signal is applied). This mechanical department employee's 
primary duties involve the inspection, testing, repair, or servicing of 
rolling equipment. As such, shoveling snow off the track to access the 
locomotive is performing duties incidental to his or her primary 
duties. FRA would consider this employee a ``worker'' under Sec.  
218.5, and if the railroad elected to utilize the paragraph (a) 
exception in this section, the employee could use the railroad's blue 
signal procedures as opposed to establishing on-track safety under part 
214.
     A railroad engineering department employee who is assigned 
to repair a switch in a locomotive shop area is a ``roadway worker'' 
who requires on-track safety compliant with part 214 because the 
primary duties of engineering department employees do not typically 
include testing, inspecting, servicing, or repairing rolling equipment. 
Rather, the primary duties of engineering department employees 
typically involve the maintenance and repair of railroad track.
     A railroad employee replacing concrete in front of the 
doors of a shop to ensure an adequate flangeway for the wheels on 
rolling stock must establish on-track safety under part 214, because 
such duties are not ``incidental'' to work on, under, or between 
rolling equipment and because the work likely requires the presence of 
a person qualified under Sec.  213.7.
    FRA understands not all examples will be so obvious, particularly 
on smaller railroads where one employee may fill many roles. In such 
instances FRA would look to the primary purpose of the work being 
performed, and whether such work was related to that performed on, 
under, or between rolling equipment. As a practical matter, if an 
employee of a small railroad routinely performs varying jobs' functions 
involving both maintenance-of-way work, work traditionally thought of 
as mechanical work on rolling equipment, the employee already must be 
trained the on-track safety requirements of part 214 when performing 
``roadway worker'' duties, and likewise, must be trained on blue signal 
protection under part 218 when working on, under, or between rolling 
equipment.
    In developing this final rule, FRA considered adopting a 
requirement for RWICs of roadway work groups performing work within the 
limits of locomotive shop or car shop repair track areas to notify the 
person in charge of workers in the shop prior to beginning work. FRA 
believes such a notification procedure may be useful in situations 
where unknown to the person in charge of the workers in the shop area, 
a roadway work group uses derails or other protections to establish 
working limits in the shop area. Due to cost considerations, FRA is not 
adopting such a notification requirement in this rule. However, FRA 
encourages railroads, as circumstances may warrant, to adopt such a 
procedure. FRA will continue to monitor this issue and may implement 
such a notification requirement in a future rulemaking.
    Upon the effective date of this final rule, FRA Technical Bulletins 
G-05-21 and G-08-03 are supplanted. Those technical bulletins are no 
longer valid in light of the adoption of new Sec.  214.318 here.
Section 214.319 Working Limits, Generally
    Existing Sec.  214.319 sets forth the requirements for establishing 
working limits consistent with subpart C. FRA is making several changes 
to this section in the final rule. First, FRA redesignated the last 
sentence of the existing introductory text of this section as paragraph 
(a), and redesignated existing paragraphs (a)-(c) of this section as 
paragraphs (a)(1) through (3). This amendment is only structural and 
not intended to be substantive in nature to accommodate adding new 
paragraph (b) of this section (discussed below).
    As proposed in the NPRM, FRA is replacing ``roadway worker'' in 
newly designated paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) with ``roadway worker in 
charge.'' These revisions are consistent with the use of the new term 
``roadway worker in charge'' discussed in the Section-by-Section 
analysis of that term in Sec.  214.7 and clarify that only a roadway 
worker who is qualified in accordance with Sec.  214.353 can establish 
or have control over working limits for the purpose of establishing on-
track safety.
    In the NPRM, FRA also proposed amending the introductory paragraph 
of Sec.  214.319 to reference the ``verbal protection'' method of 
establishing

[[Page 37859]]

working limits proposed in new Sec.  214.324. However, as explained 
above, in this final rule FRA is not adopting the proposed ``verbal 
protection'' provision, so the reference to that section is no longer 
necessary.
    Next, FRA is adding new paragraphs (b) and (c) to this section. In 
the NPRM, in response to NTSB Safety Recommendation R-08-06, FRA asked 
if railroads should be required to utilize redundant forms of working 
limits protection when a roadway work group depends on a train 
dispatcher or control operator to provide signal protection when 
working limits are established in signalized controlled track 
territories. NTSB issued Safety Recommendation R-08-06, after a 2007 
accident near Woburn, Massachusetts in which two Massachusetts Bay 
Transportation Authority (MBTA) maintenance-of-way employees died. At 
the time of the accident, MBTA's rules required roadway workers to 
shunt track circuits to provide redundant signal protections to prevent 
trains or other rolling equipment from entering working limits. NTSB 
found the roadway work group involved in the accident did not comply 
with that rule and cited two probable causes of the accident: (1) The 
roadway work group's failure to apply a shunting device under the 
railroad's rule; and (2) the train dispatcher's failure to maintain 
blocking that provided signal protection for the track segment occupied 
by the working group.\6\ In Safety Recommendation R-08-06, NTSB 
recommends that FRA ``[r]equire redundant signal protection, such as 
shunting, for maintenance of way work crews who depend on the train 
dispatcher to provide signal protection.'' In 2013, NTSB reiterated 
Safety Recommendation R-08-06 to FRA after an accident in which a 
Metro-North maintenance-of-way employee was struck and killed by a 
train in Connecticut.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ See NTSB Accident Report NTSB/RAR-0801, ``Collision of 
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Train 322 and Track 
Maintenance Equipment near Woburn, Massachusetts, January 9, 2007;'' 
available online at: https://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2008/RAR0801.pdf.
    \7\ https://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/recletters/2013/R-13-17.pdf .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA notes that both the 2007 MBTA and the 2013 Metro-North 
accidents involved violations of the existing requirements of subpart 
C. In both instances the train dispatchers did not maintain the 
required blocking devices, allowing train movements into the roadway 
work groups' established working limits without the relevant RWIC's 
knowledge. See, e.g., Sec.  214.321(d). Despite the fact that FRA's 
regulations already prohibit the actions that led to these accidents, 
FRA recognizes more can be done to try to prevent these types of 
mistakes from causing future tragedies.
    In response to FRA's request for comment regarding a potential 
redundant protection requirement, AAR, NTSB, SEPTA, BMWED/BRS, APTA, 
MTA, NJT, and an individual, submitted comments. NTSB urged FRA to add 
a provision in this final rule requiring using redundant forms of 
protection such as shunting. AAR urged FRA not to adopt such a 
provision, indicating it would be counterproductive from a safety 
perspective. AAR stated such a provision would be counterproductive 
because shunting cannot be relied on due to: (1) The characteristics of 
track infrastructure that lead to periodic loss of shunt for certain 
equipment; (2) the susceptibility of shunts to work only intermittently 
when used near signal islands; and (3) the lack of reliability of 
individual locomotives or roadway maintenance machines to shunt. AAR's 
comment pointed to the safety issues shunting presents in some 
circumstances, specifically grade crossing warning device malfunctions 
and signal system interference, and to concerns related to cost, 
training, and the practicality of shunting requirements (e.g., trying 
to shunt as a roadway worker conducts walking track inspections or 
mobile weed spray operations). BMWED/BRS supported using redundant 
forms of protection, if it does not interfere with grade crossing 
warning devices. BMWED/BRS also indicated a requirement for roadway 
workers to use shunts would necessitate additional training to ensure 
using shunts did not interfere with grade crossing warning devices or 
signal systems' operation.
    In its comment, SEPTA recommended that the use of redundant 
protections be left up to individual railroads because each railroad is 
in the best position to evaluate the using such a requirement on its 
property. NJT commented a requirement to use shunts could pose a 
problem when work is performed within the limits of an interlocking 
containing a moveable bridge, because if a roadway work group planned 
to let a train(s) pass through the group's working limits, the shunts 
would have to be removed and replaced for each train to allow the 
signal system to clear to permit the bridge operator to open or close 
the bridge. MTA commented shunting can result in unintended 
consequences, including grade crossing malfunctions and signal system 
disruptions. Citing a discussion in the preamble to a 2003 FRA rule (68 
FR 44388, 44390) addressing roadway maintenance machines (RMMs), 
individual commenters expressed support for a redundant protection 
requirement. Noting that RMMs do not reliably shunt signal systems, 
these commenters stated a uniform requirement for protection beyond 
those provided by a dispatcher would improve safety.
    Subsequent to publication of the NPRM and NTSB issuing Safety 
Recommendations R-08-06 and R-13-17, on December 4, 2015, the President 
signed into law the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act, Public 
Law 114-94, 129 Stat. 1686 (Dec. 4, 2015) (FAST Act). Section 11408 of 
the FAST Act (Section 11408) addresses redundant signal protections and 
requires FRA (as the Secretary of Transportation's delegate) to 
promulgate a rule requiring railroads, whenever practicable and 
consistent with other safety requirements, to implement redundant 
signal protections for roadway work groups who depend on train 
dispatchers to provide signal protection. Section 11408 also requires 
FRA to consider exempting from any redundant signal protection 
requirements each segment of track for which operations are governed by 
a PTC system. Thus, to fulfill the mandates of Section 11408 and 
address the NPRM's request for comment, FRA is adopting new paragraphs 
(b) and (c) of this section. Paragraph (b) requires Class I and II 
railroads and intercity passenger and commuter railroads utilizing 
controlled track working limits in signalized territory to establish 
on-track safety to adopt redundant signal protection procedures. 
Paragraph (c) explains the procedures to request an exemption from the 
redundant signal protections for segments of track governed by a 
functioning PTC system.
    Under the discretion Section 11408 affords, FRA is not specifically 
requiring railroads to utilize shunting as a redundant signal 
protection. Consistent with the views of several commenters, including 
BMWED/BRS and AAR, FRA is concerned that in many instances shunting 
presents new risks. As the NTSB stated in its report on the 2007 MBTA 
accident at Woburn, shunting by maintenance-of-way crews is not a 
common practice in the railroad industry. Track shunts have 
traditionally been designed as a tool to test signal systems rather 
than to provide protection to roadway workers. Shunting procedures can 
be disruptive to signal systems and grade crossing warning systems 
(improper use may violate 49 CFR parts 234 and 236) and,

[[Page 37860]]

in certain situations, employees applying shunts may be unnecessarily 
exposed to electrical hazards and other environmental hazards along the 
railroad right-of-way. Shunts are also not failsafe and do not 
guarantee the signal system will protect a roadway work group. FRA is 
concerned a mandatory shunting requirement nationwide could increase 
certain railroad safety risks involving highway-rail grade crossing 
warning devices and railroad signal systems. Further illustrating the 
risks shunting can present, FRA is currently investigating a fatality 
that occurred in February 2016 when a railroad employee was attempting 
to install shunts to conduct an operational test and was struck by a 
train.
    In developing this final rule, FRA conducted a preliminary cost-
benefit analysis of a nationwide requirement to shunt, or to otherwise 
adopt a redundant signal protection involving manipulating the signal 
system or implementing a technology-based solution allowing roadway 
work groups to prevent train incursions into established working 
limits. FRA's analysis indicates the costs of a specific shunting or 
similar requirement would significantly outweigh the potential benefits 
and would cost the railroad industry well in excess of $100 million 
annually.
    For the above reasons, FRA concurs with SEPTA's comment that an 
individual railroad is in the best position to determine what method of 
providing redundant signal protections is appropriate for its own 
operations. Thus, paragraph (b) requires Class I or II and passenger 
railroads that establish on-track safety using controlled track working 
limits (Sec. Sec.  214.321-214.323) in signalized territories to 
evaluate their particular operations and identify what type of 
redundant signal protection(s) is appropriate. This evaluation must be 
completed by July 1, 2017. Varying signal systems, physical 
characteristics, equipment, operating rules, and other factors make a 
one-size fits all Federal mandate to shunt, or to adopt a specific form 
of redundant signal protection, impractical and not the safest course 
of action.
    After railroads conduct the required evaluation, paragraph (b) 
requires them to adopt (if such procedures are not currently in place) 
an appropriate method of redundant signal protections in their on-track 
safety program by January 1, 2018, and to comply with the adopted 
procedure(s). FRA may object to a railroad's method of providing 
redundant signal protections under the review procedures specified in 
Sec.  214.307, or may take other appropriate enforcement action if a 
railroad neglects to evaluate, adopt, and comply with appropriate 
redundant protection procedures.
    Paragraph (b)(1) explains that for purposes of this section, the 
term ``redundant signal protections'' means risk mitigation measures or 
safety redundancies adopted to ensure the proper establishment and 
maintenance of signal protections for controlled track working limits 
until such working limits are released by the roadway worker in charge. 
In other words, ``redundant signal protections'' are intended to 
protect against dispatchers or control operators unintentionally or 
mistakenly allowing train or other on-track movements into working 
limits before a roadway work group has released its authority (e.g., by 
removing a signal blocking device). Redundant signal protections could 
include various individual risk mitigation measures (or a combination 
of measures) such as technology, training, supervision, or operating-
based procedures; or could include use of redundant signal protection 
such as shunting, designed to prevent signal system-related incursions 
into established controlled track working limits.
    Permissible redundant signal protections under new paragraph (b) do 
not have to require members of the roadway work group or the RWIC to 
manipulate the signal system. Instead, redundant protections under this 
section could involve redundant actions by the control operator or 
train dispatcher operating the signal system. As noted above, NTSB 
cited apparent errors by the train dispatchers involved in both the 
2007 MBTA and 2013 Metro-North accidents as probable causes of the 
accidents. Thus, FRA intends that appropriate redundant procedures 
required of the dispatcher involving operation of the signal system 
could also fulfill the requirement of new paragraph (b).
    FRA notes a railroad is free to utilize shunting procedures to 
comply with paragraph (b) if the railroad's evaluation identifies such 
procedures as an appropriate way to provide redundant protections. FRA 
believes many railroads have already implemented redundant protections 
other than shunting procedures meeting the requirements of new 
paragraph (b). For example, at least one Class I railroad utilizes a 
technology-based procedure in its dispatching system that, if 
implemented properly, could satisfy the requirements of paragraph (b). 
FRA understands that dispatching system will not allow a dispatcher to 
release controlled track working limits until the RWIC affirmatively 
indicates via an electronic prompt that he or she is releasing working 
limits authority. Other railroads use extended job briefing procedures 
between the RWIC and dispatcher before a dispatcher may remove a 
blocking device, and/or monitor dispatcher job performance with extra 
operational tests and audits involving the removal of blocking devices. 
As an example of an additional briefing procedure (via radio 
communication) that would be an appropriate component of a railroad's 
redundant signal protections, a railroad could adopt in its railroad 
rules a prohibition on dispatchers releasing working limits and 
removing blocking devices until the RWIC confirms all roadway workers 
and equipment are clear of the track to be released. Similarly, a 
railroad rule requiring an additional member of the roadway work group 
to make the same confirmation to the dispatcher that the track to be 
released is clear of roadway workers and equipment could also be one 
component of a railroad's procedures adopted to comply with this new 
redundant signal protections requirement.
    As additional background, on November 25, 2014, FRA published 
Safety Advisory 2014-02 (Advisory) regarding clear communication, 
compliance with existing rules and procedures, and ensuring appropriate 
safety redundancies are in place. 79 FR 70268; correction published at 
79 FR 71152, Dec. 1, 2014. The Advisory recommended, in part, that 
railroads monitor their employees for compliance with existing 
applicable rules and procedures and examine their train dispatching 
systems, rules, and procedures to ensure appropriate safety 
redundancies are in place in the event of miscommunication or error. 
Id. at 70270. FRA issued the Advisory in response to then-open NTSB 
Safety Recommendation R-08-05, open Safety Recommendation R-08-06, and 
other incidents where roadway workers were either outside of working 
limits authority, or where working limits were no longer protected due 
to dispatcher error. The Advisory discussed available technologies to 
establish redundant signal protections for roadway work groups (not 
involving shunting) that, depending on a railroad's specific operating 
situation, could serve as appropriate forms of redundant protection 
under new paragraph (b) of this section. Specifically, the Advisory 
discussed the Enhanced Employee Protection System (EEPS). Id. at 70269. 
FRA understands certain railroads are

[[Page 37861]]

deploying the EEPS system. And, the NTSB deemed Metro-North's response 
to Safety Recommendation R-13-17 (redundant signal protections 
recommendation to Metro-North specifically) as ``Closed-Acceptable 
Action'' after Metro-North implemented EEPS on its system.\8\ FRA 
encourages railroads to use new technologies such as EEPS as they 
become available to provide redundant signal protections for roadway 
work groups and to comply with new paragraph (b). As is FRA's practice, 
it polled railroads to evaluate what, if any, actions railroads took to 
address the recommendations in the Advisory. A review of responses 
indicates many railroads' existing procedures already comply with new 
paragraph (b), as redundancies currently exist within their train 
dispatching procedures and procedures governing the release of 
controlled track working limits in signalized territory. FRA is also 
aware that in addition to these existing safety redundancies, many 
railroads' roadway maintenance machines are being equipped with modern 
shunting devices that more effectively shunt track while operating.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/_layouts/ntsb.recsearch/Recommendation.aspx?Rec=R-13-017.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Each railroad subject to paragraph (b) must conduct the required 
evaluation of its on-track safety program by July 1, 2017. This 
evaluation must be completed even if the railroad believes its existing 
on-track safety program already provides appropriate redundancies. A 
railroad's on-track safety program must specifically identify and 
implement any redundancies by January 1, 2018. FRA believes this amount 
of time is adequate for each railroad to conduct the evaluation 
required by paragraph (b), formulate any necessary additions to the on-
track safety program, and train roadway workers, train dispatchers, and 
control operators on any new redundant protections a railroad adopts.
    Given operational and practicability considerations, new paragraph 
(b), requiring redundant protections, applies only to Class I and II 
railroads and intercity passenger and commuter railroads. By limiting 
the applicability of this requirement to these larger railroads, FRA is 
addressing nearly all of the controlled, signalized track in this 
country, and not imposing an unnecessary burden on smaller entities 
(Class III railroads). For purposes of this final rule, FRA considers 
carriers providing ``intercity rail passenger transportation'' and 
``commuter rail passenger transportation'' to be the same as those 
defined at 49 U.S.C. 24102 (definitions of passenger railroads required 
to install PTC systems under 49 U.S.C. 20157(a)).
    FRA must evaluate the costs and benefits of all new regulatory 
requirements and the burdens of those requirements on small businesses. 
In short, the safety issues requiring the redundant signal protections 
contemplated by paragraph (b) of this section are not typically present 
on the smallest railroads. Generally, Class III railroads do not have 
signalized controlled track where the redundant protections provision 
of paragraph (b) would even apply and Class III railroad operations are 
typically lower speed operations as compared to passenger and Class I 
or II railroad operations. The accidents NTSB's Safety Recommendation 
R-08-06 and R-13-07 address both occurred on commuter railroads and the 
more recent notable accidents described in the Advisory all occurred on 
either Class I or commuter railroads. Regarding the costs/burden of 
this new requirement, as discussed above, FRA polled the Class I and II 
railroads and certain passenger railroads to determine what actions 
railroads have taken to implement the recommendations in the Advisory. 
Most railroads that responded indicated they had redundant protections 
in place prior to FRA issuing the Advisory through their existing 
dispatching and on-track safety procedures. FRA does not believe there 
will be prohibitive costs to implement this new requirement, 
particularly with the flexibility that this final rule provides. A more 
detailed discussion of the estimated costs and benefits of this new 
provision is in the RIA accompanying this final rule.
    New paragraph (c) of Sec.  214.319 implements the ``alternative 
safety measures'' provision of Section 11408 paragraph (b). That 
paragraph requires FRA to consider exempting from the redundant signal 
protections requirements ``a segment of track for which operations are 
governed by a [PTC] system certified under [49 U.S.C. 20157], or any 
other safety technology or practice that would achieve an equivalent or 
greater level of safety in providing additional signal protection.'' 
Paragraph (c) establishes how railroads may request FRA consideration 
of such an exemption for a segment of track.
    FRA's regulations governing the implementation of PTC systems are 
in 49 CFR part 236, subpart I. Among other safety protections, part 236 
requires PTC systems to prevent incursions into established roadway 
worker working limits. 49 CFR 236.1005(a)(1)(iii). To comply with this 
requirement, railroads generally have numerous system design options. 
In FRA's 2010 initial final rule on PTC, however, FRA explained it 
would scrutinize a railroad's PTC development and safety plans to 
determine if the plans left any opportunity for a single point human 
failure with regard to incursions into work zones (e.g., any 
opportunity for a dispatcher to remove a blocking device in error as 
occurred in the 2007 MBTA accident described above). 75 FR 2598, 2613. 
As noted in that rule, FRA funded the development of a portable 
terminal allowing an RWIC to control the entry of trains (and restrict 
train speed) into established working limits, and prohibiting a 
dispatcher from releasing working limits in the absence of verification 
of a desired release from the RWIC. Id. In the 2010 final rule, FRA 
strongly recommended railroads utilize terminals with such 
functionality in implementing PTC. Id.
    FRA believes a PTC system involving dual protections for roadway 
work groups (such as described above) would improve roadway worker 
safety and be consistent with allowing an appropriate PTC exemption 
from the redundant protection requirements in paragraph (b) of this 
section. However, without knowing the particular PTC system a railroad 
is using at a given location, and to ensure this type of dual 
protection system is successfully implemented, FRA cannot provide a 
universal exemption without performing a detailed review of each PTC 
system's working limits' incursion protections. Moreover, a railroad 
may use a solution to the PTC standard that is not necessarily 
redundant and would not fulfill the FAST Act's signal protections 
mandate.
    Thus, new paragraph (c) requires a railroad seeking to exempt a 
segment of track governed by a PTC system from the redundant signal 
protections requirement of paragraph (b) to submit a written request 
for exemption to FRA's Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and 
Chief Safety Officer. The written request for approval must include all 
relevant details regarding how the PTC system at a given location 
prevents train incursions into established working limits, and discuss 
how such a PTC system eliminates a single point human failure in the 
enforcement of established working limits. Paragraph (c) specifies that 
FRA will provide notice of approval or disapproval of a railroad's 
request within 90 days, and will specify the basis for FRA's decision 
if the request is disapproved. Of course, a railroad may choose to 
implement appropriate

[[Page 37862]]

redundant signal protections under new Sec.  214.319(b) on segments of 
track governed by an operative PTC system to provide an extra measure 
of safety for roadway workers.
    Both MBTA and Metro-North (the railroads that experienced the 
accidents which led NTSB to issue Safety Recommendation R-08-06) are 
required to install PTC. FRA already accounted for the cost of PTC 
installation and the corresponding benefits of preventing other types 
of unintended work zone incursions in the final PTC rule. 75 FR 2598; 
see accompanying FRA RIA, Docket No. 2008-0132-0060; available online 
at www.regulations.gov. The Advisory discussed above also reiterated 
the probability of certain types of work zone incidents occurring as a 
result of non-compliance with existing rules and regulations could be 
significantly reduced by effective implementation of PTC systems. FRA 
believes paragraph (b)'s new redundant protections provision, along 
with implementation of PTC systems under part 236, will greatly reduce 
the likelihood of future injuries and deaths resulting from incursions 
into controlled track working limits in signalized territory. However, 
FRA will continue to evaluate this issue, and, as new technologies 
evolve, may revisit the topic of redundant signal protections.
Section 214.320 Roadway Maintenance Machine Movements Over Signalized 
Non-Controlled Track
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed to amend Sec.  214.301 to address a 
potential safety issue resulting from roadway maintenance machine 
movements under that section on non-controlled track. Section 214.301 
allows train or on-track equipment movements on non-controlled track 
without authorization from a train dispatcher or control operator.\9\ 
Typically, movements on non-controlled track are governed by railroad 
operating rules limiting movements to speeds not exceeding restricted 
speed. Section 214.7 defines restricted speed as a speed that will 
permit a train or other equipment to stop within one-half the range of 
vision of the person operating the train or other equipment, but not 
exceeding 20 miles per hour, unless further restricted by the operating 
rules of the railroad. The requirement to stop within one-half the 
range of vision prevents collisions between any equipment operating on 
the same non-controlled track. As such, under existing Sec.  
214.301(c), operations at restricted speed allow roadway maintenance 
machines to safely travel over non-controlled track without having to 
establish working limits. However, some non-controlled track is 
equipped with automatic block signal (ABS) systems. ABS systems are 
designed to prevent collisions while allowing trains to operate at 
speeds greater than restricted speed. As discussed in the NPRM, this 
scenario is problematic for purposes of the movement of roadway 
maintenance machines on non-controlled track under existing paragraph 
(c) because roadway maintenance machines do not all shunt track 
circuits. Absent the establishment of inaccessible track working limits 
or other protections, nothing in existing part 214 prevents a train 
operating on non-controlled ABS-signaled track at greater than 
restricted speed from colliding with roadway maintenance machines 
traveling on the same track that do not shunt the signal system (no 
authority is needed to occupy non-controlled track and trains are not 
required to stop within one-half their operator's range of vision).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Section 214.7 defines ``non-controlled track'' as track upon 
which trains are permitted by railroad rule or special instruction 
to move without receiving authorization from a train dispatcher or 
control operator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the NPRM, one Class I railroad had a significant 
stretch of ABS non-controlled track and a train traveling at greater 
than restricted speed struck a hi-rail vehicle.\10\ To address this 
safety concern, in the NPRM, FRA proposed allowing roadway maintenance 
machine movements on signalized non-controlled track under Sec.  
214.301(c) (i.e., without establishing working limits) only if train 
and locomotive speeds on the track are limited to speeds at or below 
restricted speed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Another Class I railroad with non-controlled, signaled 
track, moves roadway maintenance machines over the track by creating 
working limits via a dispatcher controlling the signals at either 
end of the non-controlled limits to make the track inaccessible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With the exception of block register territories (addressed in 
proposed Sec.  214.327(a)(7) below), FRA believes railroad operations 
over most non-controlled track are already limited to restricted speed. 
For example, FRA understands yard track is typically non-controlled 
track with operations limited to restricted speed. Thus, FRA did not 
believe this proposed requirement would represent a cost burden to the 
industry. To provide additional flexibility on this point, however, in 
the NPRM FRA also proposed allowing the movement of roadway maintenance 
machines over non-controlled track without establishing working limits 
under operating rules other than restricted speed that are demonstrated 
to provide an equivalent level of protection as restricted speed rules. 
This proposal only referred to train and locomotive speeds on non-
controlled track, and not to the speeds at which roadway maintenance 
machines are authorized to travel over non-controlled track. Existing 
Sec.  214.341 already requires each railroad's on-track safety program 
to address the spacing between machines and the maximum working and 
travel speeds for machines depending on weather, visibility, and 
stopping capabilities. Roadway maintenance machines typically have 
stopping capabilities far in excess of that of trains. FRA intended 
this proposal to address situations where trains and locomotives are 
not required to stop within one-half the range of vision on non-
controlled track, and could collide with roadway maintenance machines 
in travel mode under railroad operating rules that do not shunt signal 
systems.
    AAR commented on this proposal. AAR's comment suggested altering 
FRA's proposed language by specifying that ``restricted speed'' would 
permit train and equipment movements at up to 25 miles per hour (mph). 
AAR also suggested specific rule text for alternate procedures if FRA 
allowed speeds greater than restricted speed (versus the NPRM proposal 
requiring FRA approve or disapprove of any alternative procedures 
adopted by railroads). AAR's comment estimated a cost of $297 million 
over a 20-year period for one railroad ``if no other relief were 
granted.'' \11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ FRA notes the calculation in AAR's comment incorrectly 
indicates AAR's $297 million estimated cost relates to the NPRM's 
proposed RSAC consensus definition of the term ``controlled point'' 
(see the title of Attachment B to AAR's comment). In reviewing AAR's 
comment, however, it is clear the $297 million cost estimate 
actually pertains to FRA's proposal to amend existing Sec.  
214.301(c) to address a safety risk that occurs when roadway 
maintenance machines travel over signalized non-controlled track.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this final rule, FRA is adding new Sec.  214.320 addressing the 
movement of roadway maintenance machines on non-controlled track 
without establishing working limits. For purposes of this new section, 
FRA defines restricted speed as movements prepared to stop within one-
half the range of vision but not exceeding 25 mph. The 25-mph maximum 
speed is consistent with the meaning of restricted speed for purposes 
of new Sec.  214.317(c) (discussed above) in which FRA adopted an RSAC-
consensus provision allowing on-track roadway maintenance machines to 
conduct snow removal and weed spraying operations while traveling over 
non-controlled track without establishing working

[[Page 37863]]

limits. The 25-mph maximum speed is also consistent with AAR's 
recommended revisions and will minimize the potential costs, if any, of 
this new paragraph. This new section requires roadway workers moving 
roadway maintenance machines over non-controlled track equipped with an 
ABS signal system, and over which trains are permitted to operate at 
speeds over restricted speed (above 25 mph), to establish working 
limits under Sec.  214.327. Because no control operator or dispatcher 
controls movements over non-controlled track, and roadway maintenance 
machines may not shunt the track while traveling over it, this new 
section helps prevent roadway maintenance machines from colliding with 
trains or other on track equipment where movements are made at speeds 
in excess of restricted speed on non-controlled track.
    To address this situation, AAR suggested specific rule text 
requiring dispatchers or control operators to provide permission for a 
train to move into or within non-controlled track. By definition, 
however, FRA believes this would make the track ``controlled track.'' 
See Sec.  214.7 definition of ``controlled track''. If track is 
``controlled track,'' then this provision as proposed and as adopted in 
new Sec.  214.320 would not even apply. FRA also notes AAR's 
recommended procedure is very similar to the procedures in new Sec.  
214.327(a)(8) adopted in this final rule for establishing working 
limits on non-controlled track. Thus, a railroad may choose to comply 
with new Sec.  214.327(a)(8) if it does not want to comply with the 
restricted speed provision of new Sec.  214.320 or an FRA-approved 
alternate procedure under that section.
    In this new section, FRA provides flexibility for railroads to 
adopt alternate procedures to move roadway maintenance machines over 
non-controlled track and to utilize those procedures instead of 
establishing working limits or restricting on-track movements to 
restricted speed. With the new methods of establishing working limits 
on non-controlled track discussed below in Sec.  214.327, the 
flexibility provided in this new Sec.  214.320, and the small number of 
situations when Sec.  214.320 will apply, FRA believes railroads have 
sufficient flexibility to conduct train movements at track speed over 
signalized non-controlled track, while at the same time providing for 
the safe movement of non-shunting roadway maintenance machines 
traveling over the same non-controlled track.
    AAR's comment estimated one railroad would incur costs of $297 
million as a result of this provision. FRA disagrees with AAR's 
calculation. According to AAR, this one railroad identified 13 
locations covered by the NPRM proposal. The railroad then estimated 252 
trains operating over those 13 locations daily, with an additional 126 
``opposing trains delayed'' per day at these locations, for a total of 
378 trains affected daily. AAR then estimated delay costs for each of 
the 378 trains, for every single day of the year, for a 20-year period. 
AAR stated the delay costs are due to trains being delayed as a result 
of having to travel at restricted speed.
    AAR's calculation is flawed. Nothing in the NPRM or this final rule 
requires trains to travel at restricted speed at any of the identified 
13 locations. This provision merely requires roadway workers, at the 
periodic times when roadway maintenance machines travel over non-
controlled track, to establish working limits under Sec.  214.327. If a 
railroad does not want to require its roadway workers to establish 
working limits under these circumstances, new Sec.  214.320 allows 
railroads to adopt alternative procedures providing an equivalent level 
of protection to restricted speed protections. These alternative 
procedures, once demonstrated to provide an equivalent level of safety 
as restricted speed protections and approved by FRA, would permit 
roadway maintenance machines to travel over these locations without 
establishing working limits.
    AAR's basis for its train delay estimate is also unfounded because 
as mentioned above, neither the NPRM nor this final rule require any 
trains to travel at restricted speed. This provision only requires 
roadway workers to establish working limits if no alternative 
procedures are adopted, which would only affect a fraction of train 
traffic at these 13 locations. If for some reason a railroad chooses 
not to adopt alternative procedures providing an equivalent level of 
protection for roadway maintenance machines movements, FRA is unsure 
any of these trains would be affected, because even under the existing 
railroad rules, trains permitted to operate at greater than restricted 
speed on non-controlled track already have to somehow yield to roadway 
maintenance machine movements travelling over the same track to avoid 
colliding with the machines. As explained in the accompanying RIA, FRA 
does not believe new Sec.  214.320 will impose any significant costs. 
FRA understands the one railroad estimating costs for this NPRM 
provision revised its procedures to designate some track in question 
``controlled track'' and is now using new procedures that may already 
comply with this section. Thus, via existing industry practices, FRA 
does not believe there are any large costs to implement this provision. 
FRA believes this final rule will, at most, only impose de minimis 
costs in light of the additional methods of establishing working limits 
via Sec.  214.327 proposed in the NPRM that are akin to AAR's proposal 
in its comment discussed above. Also, as explained above, FRA has 
specified restricted speed is a maximum of 25 mph (stopping within one-
half the range of vision) for purposes of this provision, per the 
request made in AAR's comment. This further alleviates any stated cost 
concerns.
Section 214.321 Exclusive Track Occupancy
    Existing Sec.  214.321 sets forth the requirements for establishing 
working limits on controlled track through exclusive track occupancy 
procedures. In the NPRM, FRA proposed several amendments to this 
section, including both Working Group consensus items and non-consensus 
items. FRA proposed to replace the words ``roadway worker'' in existing 
paragraphs (a) and (b) with ``roadway worker in charge.'' As discussed 
previously, this change is intended to clarify the existing variety of 
generic references to roadway workers in charge and, in this section in 
particular, to clarify that an authority for exclusive track occupancy 
must be communicated to the ``roadway worker in charge,'' as opposed to 
the ``roadway worker'' as currently stated in existing paragraph (b) of 
this section (per existing Sec.  214.319, only a roadway worker in 
charge can establish working limits).
    Next, existing paragraph (b) of this section states a ``data 
transmission'' may be used to transmit an exclusive track occupancy 
authority to a roadway worker (i.e., a roadway worker in charge). 
However, existing paragraph (b)(2) states only that the roadway worker 
in charge must maintain possession of a ``written or printed 
authority'' while the authority for working limits is in effect, and 
does not currently account for authorities conveyed via data 
transmission displayed on the screen of an electronic device. In the 
NPRM, FRA proposed to amend paragraph (b)(2) to clarify that an 
authority displayed on an electronic screen may be used in place of the 
``written or printed'' authority existing Sec.  214.321(b)(2) requires. 
FRA is adopting this amendment in this final

[[Page 37864]]

rule. FRA notes that electronic authorities must also comply with the 
requirements of new Sec.  214.322, discussed in the Section-by-Section 
analysis below.
    The Working Group recommended consensus language requiring 
exclusive track occupancy authorities to specify a unique roadway work 
group number, an employee name, or other unique identifier. In the 
NPRM, FRA proposed language consistent with this Working Group 
recommendation as new paragraph (b)(4) to Sec.  214.321.
    AAR and NJT submitted comments about this proposal. AAR supported 
this proposal, but noted an inconsistency between the preamble 
discussion and proposed rule text. AAR noted the preamble discussion 
implied using an employee name to identify an exclusive track occupancy 
authority when conveying working limits would not be permitted, but the 
proposed rule text allowed using an employee name. FRA agrees and notes 
that as proposed and as adopted in this final rule, paragraph (b)(4) of 
this section permits using an employee's name to identify an exclusive 
track occupancy authority.
    NJT requested clarification of the language in paragraph (b)(4) 
which required railroads to adopt procedures requiring precise 
communication between trains and other on-track equipment and the RWIC 
or lone worker controlling the working limits in accordance with Sec.  
214.319. Specifically, NJT asked if the language was meant to require a 
train to communicate with every piece of on-track equipment in a 
roadway work group, in addition to communicating with the RWIC, when 
seeking to pass through working limits. NJT indicated that if this 
proposal required such communication, both locomotive engineers and 
roadway work groups could become distracted due to excessive sounding 
of the locomotive horn as the train passed through working limits. FRA 
clarifies this language, as proposed in the NPRM and adopted in this 
final rule, is intended to require a train or other on-track equipment 
to communicate only with the RWIC (or lone worker) of the working 
limits through which the train or on-track equipment seeks to enter or 
travel through. FRA addresses NJT's comment on potential excessive 
sounding of the locomotive horns in these circumstances in the Section-
by-Section analysis for Sec.  214.339 below.
    Next, as proposed, FRA is amending existing paragraph (d) to refer 
to the ``roadway worker in charge'' rather than to the ``roadway 
worker'' having control over the working limits. As discussed elsewhere 
in this preamble, FRA is making similar changes in multiple locations 
in this final rule to replace the varying existing language generically 
referring to the ``roadway worker in charge'' throughout subpart C. 
Existing paragraph (d) of this section requires the movement of trains 
and other on-track equipment within exclusive track occupancy working 
limits be made only under the direction of the RWIC. As discussed in 
the preamble to the NPRM, in 2005 FRA issued Technical Bulletin G-05-22 
addressing paragraph (d) and recognizing there may be times, such as 
during an emergency, when a RWIC cannot be contacted by a train or 
other on-track equipment seeking to move into or through the RWIC's 
working limits. In this final rule, FRA intends new paragraph (b)(4) to 
work in conjunction with the requirements of existing paragraph (d). 
New paragraph (b)(4) requires railroads to adopt procedures governing 
communications between trains and RWICs. FRA expects railroads to adopt 
procedures addressing what actions employees must take if there is an 
emergency and a RWIC cannot be contacted by a train crew or the 
operator of other on-track equipment. Upon the effective date of this 
final rule, Technical Bulletin G-05-22 is supplanted.
    In addition, as explained in the NPRM, the existing text of the 
beginning of the second sentence of paragraph (d) currently reads that 
``[s]uch movements shall be restricted speed.'' FRA proposed to amend 
that text to instead state ``[s]such movements shall be made at 
restricted speed.'' (Emphasis added.) For clarity and readability, FRA 
is adopting this proposed revision.
    Finally, in the NPRM, FRA proposed adding new paragraph (e) to this 
section. This paragraph proposed minimum safety requirements when an 
exclusive track occupancy authority is given to a RWIC (or lone worker) 
before the roadway work group (or lone worker) is to occupy the limits, 
or when train(s) may be occupying the same limits. As explained in the 
NPRM, these authorities are referred to as ``occupancy behind,'' 
``conditional,'' or ``do not foul the limits ahead of'' authorities 
\12\ and enable a train dispatcher or control operator to issue an 
authority allowing a roadway work group (or lone worker) to occupy a 
track, if such occupancy only occurs after certain trains or other on-
track equipment pass. At the time occupancy behind authorities are 
issued to roadway work groups (or lone workers), trains may still be 
ahead of the point the roadway worker(s) will be occupying, or in some 
cases may be past the point to be occupied but still within the working 
limits. Railroads have a history of using ``occupancy behind'' 
authorities and expressed to FRA using such authorities is crucial for 
efficient railroad operations. The Working Group discussed potential 
problems with miscommunications involving ``occupancy behind'' 
authorities, but did not reach consensus on recommended regulatory text 
addressing the issue. However, FRA believes it is necessary to adopt 
minimum safety requirements for using such authorities when RWICs (or 
lone workers) are establishing exclusive track occupancy working 
limits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ FRA notes 49 CFR 220.61 requires issuing ``mandatory 
directives'' via radio transmission for both trains and on-track 
equipment. Exclusive track occupancy authority to establish working 
limits granted by a train dispatcher or control operator to a RWIC 
are sometimes also considered ``mandatory directives'' under that 
section. The existing requirements in Sec.  214.321 are in addition 
to the requirements of existing Sec.  220.61.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, paragraph (e)(1) requires the RWIC or lone worker to 
confirm affected train(s) are past the point the roadway worker(s) 
intend to occupy or foul before working limits may be established under 
paragraph (e). Paragraph (e)(2), as proposed, requires a railroad's 
operating rules to include procedures prohibiting affected train(s) 
from making reverse moves into the limits roadway worker(s) are 
authorized to foul or occupy when a RWIC or lone worker confirms the 
passage of affected train(s) by visually identifying the train(s). 
Paragraph (e)(3), as proposed, requires the RWIC or lone worker, after 
confirming the affected train(s) had passed the point the roadway 
worker(s) intended to occupy or foul, to record ``on the authority'' 
the time the train(s) passed and locomotive number(s) of the affected 
train(s). As proposed, paragraph (e)(4) prohibits roadway workers 
located between the rear end of the last affected train and the RWIC, 
or who are still located ahead of any affected train, from fouling or 
occupying the track until the RWIC confirms and records affected 
train(s) passed under paragraphs (e)(1) and (3) and provides the 
roadway worker(s) permission to occupy or foul the track.
    NTSB, SEPTA, BMWED/BRS, and AAR commented on this proposal. After 
careful consideration of each of these comments, in this final rule, 
FRA is adopting paragraphs (e)(1) through (3) as proposed and paragraph 
(e)(4) with slight modifications from that proposed. FRA believes 
adoption of this paragraph's minimum standards for establishing 
``occupancy behind'' working limit authorities codifies best practices 
and will help ensure safety. A detailed discussion of FRA's responses

[[Page 37865]]

to comments received on to new paragraph (e) is below.
    NTSB indicated its awareness of the perceived benefits of 
``occupancy behind'' track authorities, but cited four train accidents 
occurring between 1996 and 2004 involving the use of these types of 
authorities. NTSB urged FRA not to adopt the proposed changes in a 
final rule, indicating such changes would diminish safety. FRA 
appreciates and understands NTSB's point of view on this issue, but FRA 
believes adopting minimum safety standards for ``occupancy behind'' 
authorities will improve safety. The use of conditional authorities, 
such as those contemplated by paragraph (e), currently occurs in the 
railroad industry. The existing on-track safety regulations of subpart 
C do not address this practice. By adopting paragraph (e) in this final 
rule, FRA is establishing minimum Federal safety requirements for this 
practice and believes these standards will further improve track-
related safety issues, as roadway workers and dispatchers will continue 
to be able to maximize the time available for roadway workers to 
perform quality track inspections as required by 49 CFR part 213. If 
FRA prohibited using occupancy behind authorities, the time available 
for roadway workers to conduct track inspections in busy rail corridors 
would likely decrease as authorities for roadway workers to occupy or 
foul track could not be issued until after all trains passed the point 
the roadway worker(s) need to occupy or foul track. FRA believes more 
frequent and quality track inspections will improve railroad safety, as 
track-caused derailments are one of the leading causes of railroad 
accidents.
    SEPTA requested clarification of the requirements in proposed 
paragraphs (e)(3) and (4). SEPTA asked how, under proposed paragraph 
(e)(3), a RWIC could confirm in writing the train passed if the roadway 
worker received the authority through a data transmission. SEPTA also 
asked if under proposed paragraph (e)(4) every roadway worker between 
the RWIC and the affected train(s) would have to be qualified to the 
level of a RWIC, or whether each additional work group would be 
required to have an employee qualified as a RWIC.
    In response, FRA clarifies that if an authority is conveyed 
electronically, a RWIC or lone worker may, under paragraph (e)(3), 
record the time of passage and engine numbers of trains passing the 
point to be occupied or fouled in one of two ways. First, a railroad 
could program its system to issue electronic authorities so roadway 
workers can enter the required information electronically onto the 
authority and maintain access to that information while the authority 
is in effect. Second, as discussed in the NPRM, an RWIC could write the 
time of passage and engine numbers on a paper and maintain that paper 
while the authority is in effect. This written information is 
considered part of the authority, and must be kept by the RWIC while 
the authority is in effect.
    In response to SEPTA's request for clarification of paragraph 
(e)(4), in this final rule, FRA is amending the text to clarify the 
paragraph refers to separate roadway work groups. FRA intended this 
provision to allow separate roadway work groups (or lone workers) 
located between the rear end of affected trains and the RWIC to have a 
roadway worker qualified under Sec.  214.353 communicate with the RWIC 
holding the authority.
    BMWED/BRS opposed amending the regulations to accommodate issuing 
``conditional authorities'' to establish working limits. Noting the 
Working Group did not reach consensus on this point, the labor 
organizations stated working limits should only be in effect after all 
trains and on-track equipment have reported clear of the working 
limits. BMWED/BRS indicated that if conditional authorities such as 
those proposed are permitted, all trains and on-track equipment 
traveling within working limits must be required to operate at 
restricted speed.
    In response, FRA notes that in many instances, particularly in 
high-volume corridors, the potential economic costs of requiring all 
trains to travel at restricted speed within authority limits in 
occupancy behind situations would likely outweigh the economic benefits 
of such a requirement. FRA also reiterates that in the absence of FRA 
action in this final rule, occupancy behind authorities would continue 
to be used regularly by the railroad industry without this final rule's 
minimum safety requirements addressing such use. Thus, FRA believes 
this provision improves safety.
    AAR's comment stated paragraph (e)(3)'s requirement that the RWIC 
record the time of passage and engine numbers of a train after the 
train has passed is problematic and unnecessary. AAR asked where a RWIC 
should record such information if an electronic authority is used. AAR 
also stated it is unaware of an instance where the information 
regarding time of passage and train engine numbers would have been 
useful.
    AAR's comment also stated that paragraph (e)(4)'s requirement 
regarding additional RWICs could be costly, as a RWIC might have 
roadway workers acting under his or her working limits authority 
located miles apart. AAR asserted this requirement could necessitate 
additional communication within a roadway group, and could lead to 
confusion in large work gangs accustomed to a single source for 
confirmation regarding whether it is safe to foul a track. Finally, 
AAR's comment questioned what constitutes a separate roadway work group 
under paragraph (e)(4), stating the reasonable approach is that when 
all the workers are engaged in a common task only one employee 
qualified as a RWIC should be required.
    In response to AAR's first question regarding where a roadway 
worker who is utilizing an electronic authority should copy the time of 
passage and engine numbers of a passing train, FRA refers to the 
response to SEPTA's similar inquiry above, and to the NPRM's discussion 
regarding a separate written document. 77 FR 50344. The RWIC can copy 
that information in writing so it can be compared to the information in 
the electronic authority. The written information must be kept by the 
RWIC while the authority is in effect under Sec.  214.321(b). 77 FR 
50344. FRA believes roadway workers must copy this information, because 
if a dispatcher gives a roadway worker authority behind or after the 
passage of a train(s), the engine numbers are a simple check to ensure 
the train that has passed the RWIC's location is indeed the train the 
dispatcher had intended would pass before roadway workers fouled track. 
FRA staff is aware of situations when there was confusion over whether 
the roadway workers could occupy a track after a particular train 
passed. This provision helps eliminate any confusion, and, in some 
instances, will save time by alleviating the need for additional 
dispatcher communication to verify the appropriate trains have passed 
the point to be occupied.
    Regarding paragraph (e)(4)'s requirement addressing an additional 
RWIC for roadway work groups that might piggyback within the working 
limits of the RWIC named on the authority, FRA also refers to the 
response to SEPTA's comment above. Consistent with FRA's intent in the 
NPRM, FRA is clarifying in this final rule that this requirement only 
applies to separate roadway work groups at a location away from the 
RWIC listed on the authority. Regarding AAR's inquiry about what 
constitutes a separate roadway work group, FRA agrees a roadway work 
group is composed of roadway workers ``. . . organized to work together 
on a common task'' as stated in the definition of the term ``roadway 
work group'' at existing Sec.  214.7. In this regard, roadway workers

[[Page 37866]]

who are part of the same group will continue to follow the instructions 
of the RWIC when fouling track, as is required in all instances under 
the existing regulation. So, a large roadway work group that might be 
spread out over some distance will not be permitted to foul the track 
in question until the RWIC indicates the members of the roadway work 
group may do so (and after the passage of the trains listed on the 
authority).
    In this final rule, FRA retains the NPRM's text addressing a RWIC 
of a roadway work group away from the location of the initial group. If 
a second roadway work group wishes to ``piggyback'' on an occupancy 
behind authority, the RWIC of the second group must also have a copy of 
the authority and confirm the affected trains have passed the group's 
location before the group occupies the track. As an example, if the 
RWIC of a tie gang establishes working limits authority under paragraph 
(e), and a bridge gang two miles away wishes to piggyback on that 
authority, the bridge gang must have its own RWIC communicate with the 
tie gang's RWIC before permitting the bridge gang to foul the track. In 
many regards, this is the same way roadway work groups are used under 
another RWIC's authority under existing part 214. FRA notes this 
procedure is not limited to two roadway work groups, but multiple 
groups may be involved.
    FRA believes that from a safety perspective these requirements are 
necessary. Where an additional roadway work group is located a distance 
from the RWIC listed on the authority, the only safe way for that 
additional roadway work group to ensure affected trains have passed 
their location is to make the required confirmation of train engine 
numbers. This is necessary because a second roadway work group may have 
arrived at location either before or after an affected train listed on 
the authority has already passed that location. Meaning, unless 
confirmation is made by each roadway work group, the group may not know 
how many affected trains have already passed (or if a train exited the 
track to be occupied, or stopped, before reaching a roadway work 
group's location). If the RWIC listed on an authority is not physically 
present at a separate roadway work group's location, which may be some 
distance away, he or she cannot know whether a train has actually 
passed that other location to be able to tell an additional roadway 
work group it is safe to foul the track yet. The RWIC at the particular 
location where the piggybacking group wishes to foul track must make 
that determination. This procedure is necessary to avoid 
miscommunications between separate roadway work groups on an occupancy 
behind authority, and addresses safety concerns regarding occupancy 
behind authorities discussed by the Working Group. Such qualification 
is necessary to ensure the RWIC of a separate work group utilizing 
another group's authority has been trained on, and can apply, the rules 
regarding occupancy behind procedures. It also ensures a RWIC is 
present to recognize whether appropriate on-track safety measures are 
in place and to address any potential good faith challenges.
    As mentioned above, FRA is slightly amending the rule text of 
(e)(4) based on further evaluation of this issue, to more clearly 
account for situations where additional roadway work groups are located 
at the same place as the RWIC listed on the authority. In that 
instance, the RWIC who obtained authority may confirm the passage of 
affected train(s), and may communicate to an additional roadway work 
group it is safe to foul the track (without need for an additional RWIC 
to have a copy of the authority). If the RWIC can see the affected 
trains are past a separate roadway work group's location, the RWIC of 
the authority can verbally inform the other roadway work group it is 
permissible to foul the track without need for that second group to 
have a copy of the authority per paragraphs (e)(4)(i) and (ii).
    With regard to the requirements and application of new paragraph 
(e) as a whole, paragraph (e)(1) states an authority is only in effect 
after the RWIC or lone worker confirms affected train(s) have passed 
the point to be occupied or fouled by the roadway work group or lone 
worker. This is necessary because in many instances the train(s) listed 
in the roadway worker in charge's authority may still be ahead of 
(i.e., may have not yet reached and traveled past) the point to be 
occupied or fouled. The text permits such confirmation to be made in 
three ways: (1) By visually identifying the affected train(s); (2) by 
direct radio contact with a crew member of the affected train(s); or 
(3) by receiving information about the affected train(s) from the 
dispatcher or control operator.
    Paragraph (e)(2) states that when such confirmation is made by the 
RWIC visually identifying the affected train(s), the railroad's 
operating rules must include procedures to prohibit such trains from 
making a reverse movement into the limits being fouled or occupied 
(this provision, in addition to the requirements of proposed Sec.  
214.321(e)(4) below, protects roadway worker(s) located ahead of the 
point to be occupied who intend to ``piggyback'' on a RWIC's exclusive 
track occupancy authority). FRA believes this is necessary, as this 
confirmation method does not require the RWIC to actually talk to the 
crew of the affected train(s) (or for the train dispatcher to talk with 
the crew or verify that that train is beyond the point to be occupied), 
such that the crew may not be cognizant of the working limits or point 
to be occupied. In this final rule, FRA has also added the word 
``within'' to this provision, as whether a reverse movement is made 
into, or within the working limits, by a train after having passed the 
point to be occupied presents the same risk to a roadway work group 
that will be fouling the track.
    Paragraph (e)(3) requires that after confirmation of the passage of 
affected train(s) is made, the RWIC must record on the authority 
document (or display) both the time of passage and the engine 
(locomotive) numbers of the affected train(s). If passage confirmation 
is made via radio communication with the train crew, the time of that 
communication along with the engine numbers must be recorded on the 
authority. When confirmation of the passage of the affected train(s) is 
made via the train dispatcher or control operator, the time of such 
confirmation and the engine numbers must be recorded on the authority. 
If the time and engine numbers are not recorded on the authority 
itself, as explained above (and in the NPRM), FRA considers a separate 
written document used to record information regarding passing trains to 
be a component of the authority. That separate document must be 
maintained with the authority while it is in effect.
    Paragraph (e)(4) states separate roadway work groups who are 
located away from the RWIC listed on the authority may only foul track 
under an occupancy behind authority after receiving permission to do so 
from the RWIC who received the authority and after the RWIC fulfilled 
the provisions of proposed Sec.  214.321(e)(1) and (3). As explained 
above in response to the AAR and SEPTA comments, FRA has amended the 
NPRM's reference to ``roadway workers'' in paragraph (e)(4) to instead 
refer to a ``separate roadway work group.'' FRA's intent was that each 
additional roadway work group piggybacking on the initial roadway work 
group's authority would also have its own roadway worker qualified 
under Sec.  214.353. For the reasons explained above, the RWIC of 
another roadway work group piggybacking on an occupancy behind 
authority is also

[[Page 37867]]

required to have a copy of such authority and fulfill the requirements 
of Sec.  214.321(e)(1) and (3) before working limits may be occupied or 
fouled at a particular location. The authority information may be 
verbally transmitted by the RWIC to the additional roadway work group 
utilizing the working limits.
    FRA removed what was proposed paragraph (e)(5) in the NPRM from 
this final rule. Proposed (e)(5) would have reiterated that lone 
workers who wished to utilize this occupancy behind procedure must 
comply with the same procedures a RWIC of a roadway work group is 
required to adhere to under paragraph (e). This paragraph was 
unnecessary, however, as paragraph (e)(1) and the amended definition of 
``roadway worker in charge'' already account for lone workers utilizing 
the procedures under this paragraph.
    New paragraph (e)(5) (formerly proposed paragraph (e)(6)) 
establishes any train movements within working limits after passage of 
the affected trains listed on the authority will continue to be 
governed by existing Sec.  214.321(d), or under the direction of the 
RWIC.
Section 214.322 Exclusive Track Occupancy, Electronic Display
    Existing Sec.  214.321(b) permits an exclusive track occupancy 
authority to be issued via data transmission from the train dispatcher 
or control operator to the RWIC. Certain railroads utilize electronic 
devices to display such authorities received via data transmission. FRA 
anticipates that using such electronic devices to display working 
limits authorities will continue to grow, especially with the 
implementation of PTC systems. As such, the Working Group considered 
this topic, and contemplated minimum requirements for using such 
electronic displays. The Working Group agreed in principle to basic 
concepts for using electronic display for working limits. However, the 
Working Group did not agree to consensus language.
    Paragraph (a), as proposed in the NPRM, contained the items agreed 
to in principle by the Working Group, and established that an 
electronically displayed authority must be readily viewable by the RWIC 
while such authority is in effect. Proposed paragraph (a)(1) stated 
that when a device malfunctions or fails, or cannot otherwise display 
an authority in effect (e.g., batteries powering the electronic device 
displaying the authority lose charge), the RWIC must instruct all 
roadway workers to stop and occupy a place of safety until a written or 
printed copy of the authority can be obtained, or another form of on-
track safety can be established. FRA requested comment regarding 
whether to first allow the RWIC the opportunity to obtain a written 
copy of an authority before requiring the members of the roadway work 
group to stop work and occupy a place of safety (and if a written 
authority could not immediately be obtained, then requiring the work 
group to occupy a place of safety).
    Paragraph (a)(2), as proposed in the NPRM, stated the RWIC must 
conduct an on-track job safety briefing to determine the safe course of 
action with the roadway work group. Proposed paragraph (a)(2) attempted 
to provide flexibility in situations where an electronic display fails 
and the RWIC cannot communicate with the train dispatcher via radio, 
which might occur in a deep rock cut or a tunnel, and a roadway work 
group may have to move within established working limits to a location 
where they can occupy a place of safety and/or re-establish 
communication with the dispatcher.
    FRA received comments from BMWED/BRS, AAR, and SEPTA about proposed 
paragraph (a). The BMWED/BRS comment supported proposed paragraph (a)'s 
requirement that, in the event of an electronic display failure, 
roadway workers must stop and occupy a place of safety until a copy of 
the authority could be obtained or another form of on-track safety 
could be established. The comment indicated there is no reason to delay 
the order to occupy a place of safety while the RWIC tries to get 
access to the authority or establish another form of on-track safety.
    AAR's comment stated a RWIC should have an opportunity to obtain a 
written copy of the authority expeditiously before work is required to 
stop, indicating there is no reason to stop work immediately when a 
momentary lapse in the visibility of the authority occurs. AAR stated 
the display failure will have no effect if a written copy of the 
authority is obtained without delay. AAR also stated that a roadway 
worker having a written copy of the authority at all times (either 
paper or on an electronic display) is inconsistent with authorization 
of verbal protection (as was proposed in the NPRM but not adopted in 
this final rule). AAR also questioned what would constitute a place of 
safety for a worker on a bridge or in a tunnel if the electronic 
display failed.
    The SEPTA comment disagreed with the proposed requirement that 
roadway workers stop work and occupy a place of safety until a written 
copy of the authority is obtained or another form of on-track safety is 
obtained. SEPTA stated that as long as the working limits are not 
released, the roadway workers would be no less safe than they were 
before the display failure. Rather than require a work stoppage, SEPTA 
suggested the RWIC should have an opportunity to obtain an alternate 
copy of the authority, stating that there is no logical reason to stop 
work unless the actual work conditions change.
    After evaluating this issue and the comments received, FRA decided 
to consolidate proposed (a)(1) and (2) into a single paragraph (b). FRA 
decided to allow the RWIC an opportunity to obtain a written or printed 
copy of an authority without delay before requiring roadway workers to 
occupy a place of safety. FRA believes that as long as an authority is 
still in effect, and the only issue is the display failure, in many 
instances the track on which working limits have been established is 
the safest place for a roadway worker to occupy. However, FRA is 
specifying that any moving roadway maintenance machines must stop if an 
electronic display fails, so if there is a question about the limits of 
an authority, there is no risk of roadway workers traveling outside of 
protected working limits on a moving machine. If a new authority cannot 
be obtained or another form of on-track safety cannot be established, 
work must stop and roadway workers are required to occupy a place of 
safety. A job safety briefing must then be conducted with the roadway 
work group to determine the safe course of action. FRA believes this is 
the appropriate course from a safety perspective when a new authority 
cannot be obtained, because if questions arise regarding the on-track 
safety being provided, the working limits authority cannot be 
referenced or amended if necessary. Of course, a method to prevent this 
situation from even occurring is for a RWIC to also print a copy of the 
authority after it is issued via data transmission. If a display fails, 
a copy of the authority is then already available for reference.
    FRA added the words ``without delay'' to describe how the RWIC must 
obtain another version of the authority if an electronic display fails. 
This means the RWIC must contact the dispatcher or obtain new authority 
directly upon noticing a display failure. If, for example, the 
dispatcher responds by instructing the RWIC to call back at a later 
time to obtain a new authority, then the roadway work group would have 
to stop work and occupy a place of safety until an authority can be 
obtained. If a dispatcher or control operator does not respond to 
contact attempts by the RWIC, the work group must stop work and occupy 
a place of

[[Page 37868]]

safety. In response to AAR's comment about a tunnel or bridge and what 
constitutes a place of safety, FRA understands the track on which 
working limits have been established may be the best, or only, place of 
safety in such instances. As such, FRA would not take exception to such 
situations, and expects the on-track job safety briefing following a 
display failure to be used to determine the safest course of action for 
the group, even if the safest course of action is to continue to occupy 
the track on which working limits had been established. In this final 
rule, FRA also added reference to hi-rail vehicles in paragraph (b), as 
FRA recognizes a hi-rail vehicle on track is not always considered an 
``on-track roadway maintenance machine'' as defined by Sec.  214.7 if 
used to inspect track. Thus, this provision also applies to an 
electronic authority being used by a roadway worker(s) occupying track 
in a hi-rail vehicle.
    Paragraphs (c)-(h) (proposed as paragraphs (b)-(g)) address 
technical attributes of the electronic display of exclusive track 
occupancy authorities, and are safety and security-related. FRA is 
largely adopting the rule text proposed as discussed below. FRA 
received comment on these proposals from the BMWED/BRS. Their comments 
supported these security provisions, but suggested four changes. The 
comment stated FRA should add a provision on display survivability, 
addressing the ability of an electronic device to stand up to 
environmental conditions such as heat and cold. The comment also 
suggested a provision regarding readability by a roadway worker, 
indicating the display must be legible in all environmental conditions 
and appearing in text, with supplemental graphic displays allowed. The 
comment next suggested that authorities transmitted electronically must 
be retained for one year (versus the proposed 72 hours) and the 
authority must be available for review, recall, and printing by the 
requesting employee during that time. Last, the comment suggested 
roadway workers should have the absolute right to speak to the 
dispatcher via voice communications rather than via data transmission 
to ensure proper on-track safety is in place.
    FRA is declining to adopt these suggested revisions. First, FRA 
believes the environmental requirements are unnecessary, as FRA has 
established requirements to provide for roadway worker safety if a 
display fails. Also, because of continuous improvement in technology, 
such technical standards for a display device would quickly become 
outdated, and also might be so costly they could not be justified 
economically. Nevertheless, FRA expects railroads to take into account 
the environment such devices will be subject to during use. As noted in 
the NPRM, railroads are always allowed to implement more restrictive 
security requirements provided the requirements do not conflict with 
Federal regulation.
    FRA also believes that regulation text requiring electronic 
authorities to be in text and the RWIC to have an absolute right to 
talk to a dispatcher via voice communication instead of via data 
transmission are unnecessary. Under existing Sec.  214.313(c), roadway 
workers are already required to ascertain that on-track safety is being 
provided before fouling a track. If there is any question regarding on-
track safety, FRA urges roadway workers to clarify the extent of the 
working limits (or any other questions that may arise), and notes Sec.  
214.313(d) already provides for a good faith challenge procedure. If 
roadway workers are required to foul track while uncertain of the 
extent of the on-track safety being provided, FRA urges roadway workers 
to raise a good faith challenge and to not foul track until those 
questions have been resolved. Further, the required on-track job safety 
briefing required to take place before track is fouled is also a tool 
to resolve any potential questions regarding the on-track safety being 
provided.
    With regard to the BMWED/BRS suggestion that all authorities be 
retained for one-year, FRA believes such a requirement is unnecessary. 
First, FRA is already specifying that for electronic devices used to 
obtain an authority where an accident is then involved, such authority 
data must be kept for one year, and for 72 hours in the absence of an 
accident. FRA notes there are no similar requirements for written 
authorities under the sections in part 214 addressing working limits. 
For cost reasons, FRA chose not to adopt any similar requirements for 
written authorities (though 49 CFR part 228's requirements apply to 
certain dispatcher-created records), and also because traditionally FRA 
has not had issue obtaining copies of written authorities after an 
accident, and can review dispatcher records and radio recordings. As 
such, FRA is not certain what utility a one-year electronic retention 
requirement in the absence of an accident would provide, and is not 
reasonably certain any utility would outweigh potential costs.
    With regard to application of new Sec.  214.322, paragraphs (c) and 
(d) require identification and authentication of users. A user is the 
RWIC and train dispatcher or control operator, as they are most often 
involved in an exclusive track occupancy authority transaction. A user 
could also be a process or a system that accesses or attempts to access 
an electronic display system to perform tasks or process an authority. 
Identification is the process through which a user presents an 
identifier uniquely associated with that user to gain access to an 
electronic authority display system.
    Authentication is the process through which an individual user's 
identity is validated. Most authentication techniques follow the 
``challenge-response'' model by prompting the user (the challenge) to 
provide some private information (the response). Basic authentication 
factors for individual users could involve information an individual 
knows, something an individual possesses, or something an individual is 
(e.g., personal characteristics or ``biometrics'' such as a fingerprint 
or voice pattern).
    Paragraph (d) requires any authentication scheme utilized to ensure 
the confidentiality of authentication data and protect that data from 
unauthorized access. Such schemes must utilize algorithms approved by 
the Federal government's National Institute of Standards and Technology 
(NIST), or any similarly recognized standards body.\13\ This 
requirement parallels a similar requirement for PTC systems at 49 CFR 
236.1033(b),\14\ and is intended to help prevent deliberate 
``spoofing'' or ``man in the middle'' attacks on exclusive track 
occupancy authority information communicated and displayed via 
electronic device.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ NIST is responsible for defining cryptographic algorithms 
for non-Department of Defense entities.
    \14\ 75 FR 2598, 2676, Jan. 15, 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (e) addresses transmission, reception, processing, and 
storing exclusive track occupancy authority data, and is proposed to 
help ensure the integrity of such data. Data integrity is the property 
of data not being altered since the time data was created, transmitted, 
or stored, and generally refers to the validity of the data. This 
paragraph establishes that new electronic authority display systems 
placed into service on or after July 1, 2017 are required to utilize 
message authentication codes (MACs) to ensure data integrity. Similar 
to the requirements of paragraph (d), MACs would have to utilize 
algorithms approved by NIST or a similarly recognized standards body. 
Unlike Cyclical Redundancy Codes (CRCs), MACs protect against malicious 
interference. Paragraph (e) permits the

[[Page 37869]]

use of systems implemented prior to July 1, 2017 to utilize CRCs, but 
requires that the collision rate for the CRCs' checks utilized be less 
than or equal to 1 in 2\32\ (i.e. two to the 32nd power). This 
collision rate helps provide reasonable protection against accidental 
or non-malicious errors on channels subject to transmission errors, and 
is based on a Department of Defense standard. Existing systems using 
CRCs that do not meet this minimum standard must be retired and 
replaced with systems that utilize MACs not later than July 1, 2018. 
Paragraph (e)(2) requires that MACs' or CRCs' checks only be used to 
verify the accuracy of a message, and that an authority must fail if 
the checks do not match.
    Paragraph (f) requires the actual electronic device used to display 
an authority issued via data transmission to retain any authorities 
issued for a minimum of 72-hours after expiration of such authority. 
This minimum requirement is primarily for investigation purposes, as it 
gives railroad safety investigating bodies such as FRA or the NTSB an 
opportunity to study authority data in non-reportable accident/incident 
situations, and to compare it to a dispatcher or control operator's 
corresponding electronic authority transmission records. This 
requirement will also be helpful for compliance audits.
    Paragraph (g) is the same as 49 CFR 229.135(e) of FRA's Railroad 
Locomotive Safety Standards. Section 229.135(e) governs preserving data 
from locomotive event recorders or other locomotive mounted recorders 
if there is an accident. Paragraph (g) requires railroads to preserve 
data from any electronic device used to display an authority for one 
year from the date of a reportable accident/incident under 49 CFR part 
225, unless FRA or the NTSB notifies the railroad in writing the data 
is desired for analysis.
    Paragraph (h) requires new electronic display systems implemented 
on or after July 1, 2017 to provide Level 3 assurance as defined by the 
August 2013, version of NIST Special Publication 800-63-2, ``Electronic 
Authentication Guideline.'' NIST is the Federal agency that works with 
industry to develop and apply technology, measurements, and standards. 
FRA is incorporating by reference this NIST Special Publication into 
this paragraph. NIST Special Publication 800-63-2 provides technical 
guidelines for widely used methods of electronic authentication, and is 
reasonably available to all interested parties online at https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63-2.pdf, or 
by contacting NIST via the contact information in new Sec.  214.322(h). 
Additionally, FRA will maintain a copy available for review.
    The incorporation of NIST Special Publication 800-63-2 is a change 
from the NPRM proposal that referenced the earlier version of the same 
standard, which was issued in December 2011 (NIST Special Publication 
800-63-1). The updated standard incorporated by reference in this 
paragraph is a limited update, and substantive changes are made only in 
section 5 of the document. FRA understands the changes in the more 
updated version are related to improvement in issuing credentials.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63-2.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Systems implemented prior to July 1, 2017 must provide at least 
Level 2 assurance as described in NIST Special Publication 800-63-2, 
and systems that do not provide Level 2 assurance or higher must be 
retired or updated to provide such assurance no later than July 1, 
2018. These assurance levels govern the elements of the authentication 
process. Level 2 assurance requires some identity proofing and 
passwords are accepted (but not PINS). Level 3 assurance requires more 
stringent identity proofing and multi-factor authentication, typically 
a password or a biometric factor used in combination with a software or 
hardware token.
    In the NPRM, FRA requested comment on whether existing electronic 
display systems in use already comply with the above requirements, to 
include potential cost on information. FRA received no comments in 
response to that request.
Section 214.323 Foul Time
    Existing Sec.  214.323 sets forth the requirements for establishing 
working limits on controlled track using foul time. In the NPRM, FRA 
proposed several amendments to this section. First, FRA proposed to add 
the words ``or other on track equipment'' to existing paragraph (a), 
which currently provides that foul time may be provided only after the 
relevant train dispatcher or control operator has withheld authority 
``of all trains'' to move into or within the working limits. This 
change is only for consistency within this existing section, as 
existing paragraph (c) prohibits the movement of both trains and on-
track equipment from moving into working limits while foul time is in 
effect. This revision also acknowledges that the incursion of on-track 
equipment into or within working limits while foul time is in effect 
presents the same safety risk to roadway workers as train movements 
into or within working limits.
    Consistent with the revisions made throughout this final rule, FRA 
also proposed to amend the reference to ``roadway worker'' in existing 
paragraph (b) to ``roadway worker in charge.''
    In the NPRM, FRA also proposed to add a new paragraph (d) to this 
section. As proposed, paragraph (d) would prohibit the RWIC from 
permitting the movement of trains or other on-track equipment into or 
within working limits protected by foul time.
    BMWED/BRS recommended paragraph (d) include lone workers in 
addition to RWICs, as lone workers are also permitted to establish foul 
time working limits. FRA concurs, and, as discussed above, the 
definition of ``roadway worker in charge'' in this final rule includes 
lone workers who establish working limits to provide on-track safety 
for themselves.
    Although not proposed in the NPRM, in this final rule FRA is also 
adding ``or track identifier'' to paragraph (b) of this section. 
Existing paragraph (b) requires an RWIC receiving foul time verbally to 
``repeat the track number, track limits and time limits'' of the foul 
time to the issuing employee for confirmation before the foul time is 
effective. FRA believes railroads and roadway workers understand 
existing subpart C allows them to use ``a track identifier'' (in 
addition to the track number and track limits) to positively identify 
the track(s) where working limits are being established. As discussed 
in the NPRM, AAR's post-RSAC comments to proposed Sec.  214.324 
addressing ``verbal protection'' also suggested adding ``track 
identifier,'' and proposed Sec.  214.324 shared much of the same 
language as existing Sec.  214.323. FRA is adding ``track identifier'' 
in this section. Other than BMWED/BRS's comment, FRA received no other 
comments on its proposed revisions to Sec.  214.343, so this final rule 
adopts the revisions to this section.
Section 214.325 Train Coordination
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed a minor amendment to existing Sec.  
214.325. Section 214.325 governs the establishment of working limits on 
controlled track by train coordination (direct coordination between the 
RWIC or lone worker and a train crew). Unlike the other controlled 
track working limits provisions (Sec. Sec.  214.321 and 214.323), the 
existing text of Sec.  214.325 does not state it applies to working 
limits established on controlled track. Therefore, FRA proposed to add 
``on controlled tracks'' to the first sentence of the introductory 
paragraph in Sec.  214.325. Consistent with

[[Page 37870]]

revisions made elsewhere in this final rule, FRA also proposed to add 
the words ``in charge'' after ``roadway worker'' in the first sentence 
of the introductory paragraph. FRA received no comments on this NPRM 
proposal, other than the BMWED/BRS comment recommending the definition 
of ``roadway worker in charge'' include ``lone workers.'' For the 
reasons explained above and in the NPRM, in this final rule, FRA is 
adopting the proposed amendments to Sec.  214.325.
Section 214.327 Inaccessible Track
    Section 214.327 governs the establishment of working limits on non-
controlled track.\16\ To establish working limits on non-controlled 
track, Sec.  214.327 requires the track to be made physically 
inaccessible and provides five methods to do so. In the NPRM, 
consistent with the recommendations of the Working Group, FRA proposed 
to add three new methods for making non-controlled track physically 
inaccessible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ ``Non-controlled track'' means ``track upon which railroads 
are permitted by railroad rule or special instruction to move 
without receiving authorization from a train dispatcher or control 
operator.'' 49 CFR 214.7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, proposed new paragraph (a)(6) would allow using a manned 
locomotive (with or without cars coupled to it) to establish a point of 
inaccessibility into working limits. In this final rule, FRA is 
adopting paragraph (a)(6) as proposed. To establish a locomotive as a 
point of inaccessibility under proposed Sec.  214.327(a)(6)(i), a RWIC 
must communicate with the train crew in control of the locomotive and 
determine that: (1) He or she can see the locomotive; and (2) the 
locomotive is stopped. Once this initial communication and 
determination is made, proposed paragraph (a)(6)(ii) prohibits further 
movement of the locomotive except as permitted by the RWIC.\17\ 
Paragraph (a)(6)(iii) prohibits the crew of the locomotive from leaving 
the locomotive unattended or going off duty unless the crew 
communicates with the RWIC and the RWIC establishes an alternate means 
of on track-track safety. As noted in the NPRM, ``attended'' means the 
crew is in a position to readily control the locomotive (the locomotive 
engineer does not need to remain at the control position for the entire 
time working limits are in effect). See 49 CFR 232.103(n).\18\ Finally, 
paragraph (a)(6)(iv) applies if cars are coupled to a locomotive being 
used to make a track inaccessible under this section. As proposed, this 
paragraph requires cars coupled to the end of the locomotive nearest 
the roadway workers to be connected to the train's air brake system, 
and the air brake system must be charged with air to initiate an 
emergency brake application in case of unintended uncoupling. Cars 
coupled to the locomotive on the opposite end of the roadway workers 
must have sufficient braking capability to control movement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ As FRA noted in the NPRM, these proposed requirements 
parallel the existing requirements of Sec.  214.325's train 
coordination provision, but this proposed procedure differs from 
train coordination because it is a way to establish working limits 
on non-controlled track (and as such additional trains could move 
into the same segment of track at any time).
    \18\ A remote control locomotive may be used to provide working 
limits under this proposal. If a remote control locomotive is used, 
the remote control operator must attend to (be on or near) the 
remote control locomotive while it is used to provide working 
limits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to proposed paragraph (a)(6), MTA suggested that FRA 
not limit this proposed provision to use of locomotives only and 
instead allow the use of other types of on-track equipment to render 
track inaccessible. After considering this request, for several 
reasons, FRA declines to adopt MTA's suggestion. First, the Working 
Group did not recommend it. Second, using other on-track equipment that 
may weigh substantially less than a locomotive, and might not have a 
similar level of positive air brake protection as provided by a 
locomotive, will not provide as much resistance to rolling equipment as 
a locomotive would. Third, another piece of on-track equipment adjacent 
to a roadway work group is likely part of the roadway work group and 
likely being used to perform roadway maintenance duties. FRA does not 
want to require an equipment operator engaged in the performance of 
substantive work to also be required to provide for the on-track safety 
of a roadway work group by serving as a physical block. FRA believes 
this could diminish the safety of the roadway workers being protected 
by the physical block and lead to confusion.
    Consistent with the Working Group's consensus recommendation, 
paragraph (a)(7) proposed to allow using a railroad's block register 
territory rules as a method to render track inaccessible and establish 
working limits on non-controlled track.\19\ In this final rule, FRA is 
adopting paragraph (a)(7) substantially as proposed, but is specifying 
a RWIC or lone worker maintains the absolute right to render track 
physically inaccessible by an alternative method authorized by this 
section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ As discussed in the NPRM, block register territory is 
generally considered non-controlled track, but when a train 
dispatcher or other employee must authorize occupancy or movement on 
a track in block register territory, the track becomes controlled 
track and proposed paragraph (a)(7) would not apply. Instead, the 
on-track safety methods for controlled track under subpart C would 
apply (Sec. Sec.  214.319, 214.321, 214.323 or 214.325).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Generally, in block register territory a train can occupy a block 
of track only after its crew reviews a log book or register to ensure 
no other trains or equipment are occupying that block. After verifying 
that no other trains are occupying a block, a train crew wishing to 
occupy a particular block would then indicate in the log book their 
train is occupying the block. Upon exiting the block, the crew would 
indicate in the log book, that their train cleared the block. The 
Working Group recommended a RWIC or lone worker be allowed to utilize a 
railroad's procedures governing block register territory to establish 
working limits on non-controlled track. Existing Sec.  214.313(a) 
requires roadway workers to follow a railroad's on-track safety rules 
and procedures.
    Under this new paragraph (a)(7), working limits are established 
when a RWIC or lone worker complies with all applicable railroad 
procedures for occupying a block register territory (including making 
the required log entries to indicate the block is occupied). When the 
log indicates a roadway worker or work group is occupying a track, the 
railroad's operating rules must prohibit the entry of any other trains 
or other on-track equipment into the block. Proposed paragraph (a)(7) 
provided the RWIC or lone worker with the absolute right to choose to 
use the procedures in paragraphs (a)(1) through (6) of this section 
(any of the five existing methods of establishing working limits on 
non-controlled track or the proposed method allowing for the use of a 
locomotive to make a track inaccessible) as opposed to a railroad's 
block register procedures. FRA requested comment on if newly proposed 
paragraph (a)(8) (providing for the establishment of working limits by 
bulletin on non-controlled main track within yard limits or restricted 
limits) should be included in that list, as proposed paragraph (a)(8) 
would be another method to establish inaccessible track working limits 
authorized by Sec.  214.327. In response, BMWED/BRS's comment stated 
the regulation must allow RWICs to render non-controlled block register 
territory and main tracks within yard limits or restricted limits (the 
tracks affected by proposed paragraph (a)(8)) physically inaccessible. 
FRA agrees, and has adopted in this final rule a provision providing a 
RWIC or lone worker with

[[Page 37871]]

the absolute right to use any other provision of Sec.  214.327 to make 
track in a block register territory inaccessible if, for any reason, 
they choose to do so. This amendment provides the flexibility for the 
RWIC or lone worker to utilize paragraphs (a)(1)-(6) or paragraph 
(a)(8) of this section to establish working limits rather than 
utilizing this block register territory procedure.
    As recommended by the Working Group, proposed paragraph (a)(8) of 
this section addressed establishing working limits by bulleting on non-
controlled main tracks within yard and restricted limits. As proposed, 
paragraph (a)(8) would require railroad operating rules to ensure train 
or engine crew or operators of on-track equipment are notified of any 
working limits in effect on main track in yard limits or restricted 
limits before entering the limits. Under paragraph (a)(8), railroad 
operating rules must prohibit movements on main track within yard 
limits or restricted limits unless the crew or operator of the on-track 
equipment is first required to receive notification of any working 
limits in effect. Before occupying the track where any notification of 
working limits are in effect, the crew or operator must receive 
permission from the RWIC to enter the working limits. The Working Group 
intended this provision to apply to planned work activities (activities 
railroads know about and plan for in advance enabling railroads to 
produce bulletins or other forms of notification ahead of time to be 
issued to train crews or operators).
    As proposed, if the maximum authorized speed is restricted speed 
(as defined by Sec.  214.7), paragraph (a)(8) requires the display of 
red flags or signs at the limits of the roadway worker(s) working 
limits. As noted in the NPRM, this requirement provides an extra 
measure of safety by providing train crews notice to stop their 
movement unless they have the RWIC's permission to enter the working 
limits. Where restricted speed is in effect, proposed paragraph (a)(8) 
requires train crews or operators to stop their movement within one-
half the range of vision (one-half the distance to the flag). Where the 
maximum authorized speed is over restricted speed, proposed paragraph 
(a)(8) requires advance warning flags or signs, as physical 
characteristics permit to ensure an approaching crew or operator is 
able to stop his or her train or other on-track equipment short of the 
working limits.
    In response to this proposal, BMWED/BRS's submitted comments 
opposing allowing any train to operate in excess of restricted speed 
under paragraph (a)(8). BMWED/BRS recommended revising paragraph (a)(8) 
to require a train or engine receiving notification of any working 
limits in effect to operate at restricted speed and prepared to stop 
within half the range of vision of any stop signs or flags marking 
working limits. BMWED/BRS also proposed amended rule text giving the 
RWIC or lone worker the absolute right to utilize another applicable 
provision of Sec.  214.327(a) to render track inaccessible other than 
proposed paragraph (a)(8).
    After carefully evaluating this issue and BMWED/BRS's comment, FRA 
is adopting paragraph (a)(8) as proposed, with a minor modification. 
FRA has added reference to ``other on-track equipment'' in addition to 
the Working Group's consensus reference to trains or engines in this 
paragraph. As discussed above in the analysis for Sec.  214.323 (foul 
time), an incursion into working limits by a piece of on-track 
equipment that might not be part of the roadway work group presents the 
same hazards to roadway workers as an incursion by a train or 
locomotive.
    FRA is not adopting BMWED/BRS's recommended modifications to 
paragraph (a)(8), because it is an RSAC consensus recommendation that 
both BMWED and BRS agreed to. Also, as discussed above, the procedure 
of paragraph (a)(8) is intended for use when railroads are conducting 
planned work activities and, as such, the procedure is comparable to 
longstanding existing requirements for establishing working limits on 
controlled track under Sec.  214.321. The procedures of Sec.  214.321 
are proven to be safe when complied with, even though those procedures 
are typically used on main track over which train operate at much 
higher speeds than that contemplated under paragraph (a)(8) of this 
section. Also, under existing paragraph Sec.  214.327(a)(1), railroads 
are permitted to use flagmen (without the benefit of bulletins to train 
crews or mandatory use of advance flags) to make non-controlled track 
inaccessible. Appropriately placed stop boards (or flags), designating 
the point at which trains or other on-track equipment may not travel 
any further without permission, effectively serves the same function as 
flagmen. Paragraph (a)(8)'s requirement that bulletins be issued to 
train crews before the crews can operate into a roadway worker or work 
group's limits, and that advance flags be placed, when possible, where 
speeds higher than restricted speed are authorized, represent two 
additional measures of safety not in Sec.  214.327's existing provision 
authorizing the use of flagmen. Further, FRA believes most situations 
will not involve speeds exceeding restricted speed, as U.S. railroads' 
operating rules traditionally require compliance with restricted speed 
operating rules when trains or other on-track equipment are traveling 
over main track within yard limits or restricted limits. Because it is 
not always possible (or useful) to place advance flags warning of 
upcoming working limits, FRA is not adopting an absolute requirement 
for advance flags for all movements above restricted speed. For 
example, if there are many entrance switches from a railroad yard to a 
section of non-controlled main track, advance flags might not be 
practical and may serve no useful purpose for a train leaving the yard 
track at restricted speed to enter the main track where a higher speed 
is authorized. Historically, railroads' own operating rules have 
addressed the use of advance flags, and contain specific provisions for 
when advance flags are not necessary (e.g., when entering a railroad's 
yard limits from a foreign railroad's track, where advance flags cannot 
be practically located).
Section 214.329 Train Approach Warning Provided by Watchmen/Lookouts
    Section 214.329 addresses using watchmen/lookouts to provide 
warning of approaching trains to roadway workers in a roadway work 
group who foul track outside of working limits. In the NPRM, FRA 
proposed four amendments to this section. First, FRA proposed to amend 
paragraph (a) of this section to accommodate proposed new Sec.  
214.338(a)(2)(iii) regarding passenger station platform snow removal. 
However, as discussed above, FRA is not adopting proposed Sec.  214.338 
in this final rule. Thus, FRA is not adopting the proposed amendment to 
paragraph (a) of Sec.  214.329 referencing the snow removal provision.
    In the NPRM, FRA also proposed to amend paragraph (a) to change the 
reference to ``maximum speed authorized'' to ``maximum authorized 
speed.'' This amendment reflects the Working Group's recommended 
consensus definition of ``maximum authorized speed'' to e clarify 
existing sections Sec. Sec.  214.329(a) and 214.337(c)(4). FRA proposed 
to amend these two sections merely to properly order the words in the 
Working Group recommended and which FRA adopted in this final rule.
    FRA also proposed to amend paragraph (a) of this section by adding 
a sentence to the end of the paragraph prohibiting the use of a track 
as a place of safety to be occupied upon the approach of a train, 
unless working

[[Page 37872]]

limits are established on that track. As explained in the NPRM, this 
language is already in existing Sec.  214.337(d), which governs on-
track safety procedures for lone workers. This requirement is also the 
subject of FRA Technical Bulletin G-05-10. As explained in that 
Technical Bulletin, it is expected that roadway workers would clear all 
tracks when given a train approach warning. Clearing onto another track 
where only train approach warning (or no form on-track safety) is 
provided presents an extremely dangerous situation which may 
potentially trap workers if multiple train movements occur 
simultaneously. FRA has long interpreted existing Sec.  214.329 to 
already prohibit using another track as a place of safety, and this 
amendment merely codifies that interpretation.
    AAR commented this proposal is infeasible for Amtrak. AAR stated 
that in Penn Station, roadway workers do clear to a live track 
protected by a watchman/lookout. AAR suggested revising this proposal 
in a final rule to allow such scenarios by adding ``. . . or that track 
is protected by a watchman/lookout'' to the rule text. FRA declines to 
alter this proposal for safety reasons. As explained above, FRA has 
long interpreted existing Sec.  214.329 to already prohibit using 
another track as a place of safety and issued Technical Bulletin G-05-
10 to address this particular situation. If a place of safety is 
designated as another track protected by a watchman/lookout, but a 
train approaches on that track (which is designated as the place of 
safety) while roadway workers clear toward it, the situation is the 
same as having no on-track safety at all. Common sense dictates that if 
roadway workers are given train approach warning and clear onto another 
track where nothing stops a train from also approaching on that track 
at the same time, it endangers roadway workers who are left without a 
place of safety to go to. Thus, a general exclusion in the regulation 
allowing such a situation to occur is not appropriate from a safety 
perspective. If a unique situation exists at a particular location such 
as Penn Station where roadway workers will always have an appropriate 
place of safety to occupy when a train approaches, FRA believes a 
waiver application from this safety-critical requirement could be 
appropriate to address such unique situations. FRA Technical Bulletin 
G-05-10 is supplanted upon the effective date of this final rule.
    Last, FRA proposed to add a new paragraph (h) to this section. This 
paragraph would have prohibited the use of train approach warning as an 
acceptable form of on-track safety for a roadway work group using 
equipment or material that cannot be readily removed by hand from the 
track to be cleared. FRA did not adopt this proposal in the final rule 
as explained in detail in section VIII.A.4 above.
    While FRA did not to adopt a provision in this final rule 
addressing the removal of equipment or material by hand under train 
approach warning, FRA is addressing a related matter where questions 
occasionally arise under part 214. In part 214, no rule text prohibits 
the use of train approach warning outside working limits to provide on-
track safety when on-track roadway maintenance machine foul track 
(except Sec.  214.336(f), which governs when a component of a roadway 
maintenance machine fouls an adjacent controlled track). Such blanket 
rule text is not appropriate because train approach warning (or 
individual train detection under Sec.  214.337) must sometimes be used 
when a hi-rail or other on-track machine sets on a track to begin 
traveling (perform roadway inspection duties) under the operating rules 
of the railroad. In certain instances, depending on applicable railroad 
operating rules and the operational conditions at a location, using 
train approach warning or individual train detection can be 
appropriate.
    However, FRA notes that using train approach warning to provide on-
track safety for roadway workers who are performing roadway work 
involving using on-track equipment would most often be in violation of 
existing Sec.  214.329. In a recent example, FRA inspectors observed a 
roadway work group using multiple pieces of on-track equipment spread 
out over nearly a mile. Upon investigation, FRA learned the roadway 
work gang was apparently using train approach warning under Sec.  
214.329 as a form of on-track safety, with a watchman/lookout stationed 
at each end of the roadway work group. The location where FRA observed 
this violation was on non-controlled track where trains were required 
to travel at restricted speed. In this situation, it was not possible 
for the railroad to comply with Sec.  214.329. The machine operators 
were operating noisy, distracting machinery that would require them to 
look in a particular direction at the time of the warning to receive 
such warning, in violation of Sec.  214.329(e). Second, the distance 
the group was spread over, and the type of work being performed by the 
group, made it impossible for a watchman/lookout far away to be able to 
provide train approach warning to all members of the roadway work 
group, which is also in violation of Sec.  214.329. It appears in this 
instance the railroad was relying on the requirement that movements 
must be made at restricted speed to protect the roadway work group. As 
explained in the 1996 RWP final rule, the RWP regulation does not 
recognize restricted speed as a sole means of providing on-track 
safety. 61 FR 65969. The final rule stated that ``unusual circumstances 
at certain locations where [restricted speed] might be considered 
sufficient would have to be addressed by the waiver process.'' Id. at 
65962. Thus, in the above-described instance, the use of qualified 
flagmen to establish working limits (or any other method of 
establishing working limits under Sec.  214.327) rather than the use of 
watchman/lookouts would have been appropriate.
    Aside from noise, distraction, and distance from a watchmen/
lookout, using train approach warning might also not be permissible to 
provide on-track safety under part 214 for another reason. Roadway 
workers who are operating such machines under train approach warning 
would have to be able to stop a machine, dismount a machine, and then 
move to occupy a place of safety at least 15 seconds prior to the 
arrival of a train traveling at maximum authorized speed at the roadway 
workers location. In such instances, compliance with Sec.  214.329 is 
not possible. An operator inside the cab of a machine requires much 
more time to occupy a place of safety versus a roadway worker who might 
merely be standing in the foul of a track and can easily move to a 
place of safety. In addition, where train speeds are permitted to 
exceed restricted speed, in almost all instances, only the 
establishment of working limits is appropriate to establish on-track 
safety. To illustrate, even assuming proper train approach warning 
could be given to roadway workers operating on-track machinery so they 
could occupy a place of safety at least 15 seconds before a train's 
arrival, if trains are permitted to travel in excess of restricted 
speed, nothing prevents a train from colliding with the on-track 
equipment left on the occupied track. Railroad operating rules are 
generally the mechanism relied upon to prevent the collision of trains 
and on-track roadway maintenance. However, the strict guidelines in 
Sec.  214.329 and common sense dictate that, in most instances where 
roadway workers are performing work on an occupied track with on-track 
machinery, approach warning is not an appropriate or permissible method 
to provide on-track safety for roadway workers.

[[Page 37873]]

    Last, as discussed in the NPRM, FRA Technical Bulletin G-05-28 
addresses using portable radios and cell phones. That technical 
bulletin explains that under existing Sec.  214.329, such devices 
cannot be used as the sole communication to provide train approach 
warning to roadway workers. These devices are not among those expressly 
listed in the existing watchman/lookout definition in Sec.  214.7. 
Further, FRA believes this practice is dangerous; especially if these 
devices fail in any manner as a train approaches a roadway work group. 
While FRA has no objection to using a radio or a cell phone to 
supplement the equipment issued to a watchman/lookout to provide train 
approach warning, these devices cannot be used to provide the sole 
auditory warning under this part.
Section 214.331 Definite Train Location
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed to amend Sec.  214.331 to require 
railroads to discontinue using definite train location as a form of on-
track safety within one year. NTSB and BMWED/BRS submitted comments 
supporting this proposal. Thus, FRA is adopting the proposal in this 
final rule.
Section 214.333 Informational Line-Ups of Trains
    For the reasons explained in the NPRM, FRA proposed to amend Sec.  
214.333 to require railroads to discontinue using informational line-
ups of trains within one year. NTSB and BMWED/BRS submitted comments 
supporting the NPRM proposal. Thus, FRA is adopting the proposal in 
this final rule.
Section 214.335 On-Track Safety Procedures for Roadway Work Groups, 
General
    Section 214.335 contains the general on-track safety procedures for 
roadway work groups. Under this section, before a member of a roadway 
work group fouls a track, on-track safety must be established under 
subpart C. FRA proposed four amendments to this section. FRA received 
no comments on these proposals, and, as explained below, has adopted 
two of the four proposed amendments. Because FRA is not adopting 
proposed new Sec.  214.324 (verbal protection) or Sec.  214.338 (snow 
removal), FRA is not amending existing paragraph (a) of this section to 
reference those sections as proposed. In the NPRM, FRA proposed to 
update the list of acceptable methods to establish working limits, FRA 
is amending paragraph (a) to reference Sec.  214.336 (adjacent track 
protections) because that section took effect on July 1, 2014. For the 
reasons explained in the NPRM, FRA is also removing ``and'' from the 
existing text of paragraph (a) listing the available acceptable methods 
of establishing working limits and replacing it with ``or.'' FRA is 
also incorporating the new term ``roadway worker in charge'' in 
existing paragraph (b) of this section for the reasons discussed above.
Section 214.337 On-Track Safety Procedures for Lone Workers
    Section 214.337 governs the on-track safety procedures for lone 
workers. In the NPRM, FRA proposed to adopt two Working Group consensus 
recommendations changing this section, including: (1) Amending existing 
paragraph (c)(3) to allow the use of individual train detection (ITD) 
at controlled points consisting of signals only; and (2) adding a new 
paragraph (g) prohibiting the use of ITD by lone workers using 
equipment or material that cannot be readily removed from a track by 
hand. In response to the proposed amendment to paragraph (c)(3), and in 
light of the new definitions FRA proposed for ``controlled point'' and 
``interlocking, manual'' in Sec.  214.7, both AAR and BMWED/BRS 
expressed concern about the effect of those definitions on Sec.  
214.337(c)(3)'s restrictions on the use of ITD by lone workers. FRA 
addresses these concerns in the Section-by-Section analysis of Sec.  
214.7 above.
    As discussed in the NPRM, existing paragraph (c)(3) of Sec.  
214.337 prohibits lone workers from using ITD to establish on-track 
safety within the limits of a manual interlocking, a controlled point, 
or a remotely controlled hump yard facility. The Working Group 
recommended expanding the locations where ITD can be used by lone 
workers to include controlled points consisting of signals only. FRA is 
adopting this consensus recommendation in this final rule as proposed.
    As noted above, in the NPRM, FRA also proposed to adopt the Working 
Group's consensus recommendation to add a new paragraph (g) to this 
section. As recommended by the Working Group, new paragraph (g) would 
prohibit using ITD as a form of on-track safety for a lone worker using 
machinery, equipment, or material they cannot readily remove from a 
track by hand. For the reasons discussed in the NPRM, FRA is adopting 
this revision as proposed.
Section 214.339 Audible Warning From Trains
    Based on the Working Group's recommendations, in the NPRM, FRA 
proposed revisions to existing Sec.  214.339's requirement that trains 
sound their locomotive whistles and bells when approaching roadway 
workers ``on or about the track.'' As recommended by the Working Group, 
FRA proposed to require railroads to adopt and comply with written 
procedures providing for ``effective . . . audible warning by horn and/
or bell for trains and locomotives approaching any roadway workers or 
roadway maintenance machines . . . on the track on which the movement 
is occurring, or about the track if the roadway workers or roadway 
maintenance machines are at a risk of fouling the track.''
    After considering comments received, in this final rule, FRA is 
adopting the revisions as proposed. As discussed in detail in the NPRM, 
four FRA Technical Bulletins (G-05-08, G-05-15, G-05-26, and G-05-27) 
currently provide guidance on the requirements of Sec.  214.339. These 
technical bulletins are supplanted upon the effective date of this 
final rule.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ The NPRM discussed these Technical Bulletins and various 
issues the bulletins addressed in detail (audible warnings during 
shoving movements, operation of multiple-unit passenger train 
equipment no equipped with a bell, audible warnings over a large 
work area and duration of those warnings). FRA refers the reader to 
the NPRM for more information. 77 FR 50324, 50354, Aug. 20, 2012.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    NJT, BMWED/BRS, and 3M commented on the proposed revisions to this 
section. 3M did not directly address the specifics of FRA's proposed 
revised requirements for audible warnings of trains approaching roadway 
workers. Like their comments on proposed Sec.  214.338, 3M recommended 
requiring roadway workers to wear high visibility safety apparel to 
alert approaching train crews to their presence on or near track. 
Referencing the NPRM's preamble discussion of the passage of large 
roadway work groups, such as tie and surfacing production crews spaced 
out over a long distance, NJT commented the requirement that the 
locomotive horn be sounded upon the approach of each unit of a work 
crew will create quality of life complaints about noise in many 
municipalities. BMWED/BRS supported FRA's proposed revisions to this 
section.
    In response to 3M's comment, FRA considered requiring certain 
roadway workers to wear highly visible clothing. See section VIII.A.1 
of this preamble discussing proposed Sec.  214.338 not

[[Page 37874]]

adopted in this final rule. Although in this final rule FRA is not 
adopting this specific requirement, FRA obviously encourages using 
highly visible reflective clothing and personal protective equipment to 
help clearly showed the presence of roadway workers on or near railroad 
tracks to locomotive engineers and other on-track equipment operators. 
FRA also notes most railroad rules already require roadway workers to 
wear highly visible clothing.
    In response to NJT's comment, FRA understands complaints railroads 
receive about field noise from train horns, particularly at highway-
rail grade crossings, and where a roadway work group is working at a 
particular point in time. FRA understands the potential sensitivity to 
noise of residents who live in close proximity to railroad tracks. 
However, providing an audible warning to roadway workers of an 
approaching train is a longstanding safety-critical component of the 
RWP regulation and any railroad's on-track safety program--even within 
highway-rail grade crossing quiet zones. FRA notes the amendments to 
this section in this final rule are not a substantive change to the 
particular issue raised by NJT, and FRA's discussion in the NPRM 
preamble merely restated FRA's longstanding expectation that trains 
must provide audible warning to roadway workers on or near the track 
upon the approach of each unit of a work crew. As explained in 
Technical Bulletin G-05-08 issued in 2005, existing Sec.  214.339 
requires trains to provide an audible warning when approaching each 
roadway worker or roadway work group located within a large scale 
maintenance project.
Sec.  214.343 Training and Qualification, General
    Existing Sec.  214.343 sets forth the general training and 
qualification requirements for roadway workers. Paragraph (c) of 
existing Sec.  214.343 requires railroad employees other than roadway 
workers associated with on-track safety procedures, and whose primary 
duties involve the movement and protection of trains, to be trained 
``to perform their functions related to on-track safety through the 
training and qualification procedures prescribed by the operating 
railroad for the primary position of the employee.''
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed to amend paragraph (c) to account for 
proposed new Sec.  214.353 addressing training employees other than 
roadway workers (typically transportation employees such as conductors) 
who act as RWICs. MTA commented on this proposal, supporting the 
training and qualification of transportation employees under the 
procedures the railroad prescribes for the primary position of the 
employee. Thus, FRA is adopting revision to paragraph (c) of this 
section as proposed. However, FRA did receive comments in response to 
the NPRM proposal for Sec.  214.353 that implicate this section and 
addresses those comments in the Section-by-Section analysis for Sec.  
214.353 below.
Sec.  214.345 Training for All Roadway Workers
    Existing Sec.  214.345 has the minimum training contents for 
roadway workers required by existing subpart C. FRA proposed to amend 
this section to incorporate two Working Group consensus 
recommendations. First, to clarify and reinforce the requirements of 
the existing RWP regulation, FRA proposed adding ``[c]onsistent with 
Sec.  214.343(b)'' to the beginning of the first sentence of the 
existing introductory paragraph of the section. Section 214.343(b) 
requires employers to provide all roadway workers initial or recurrent 
training once every calendar year on the on-track safety rules and 
procedures they are required to follow. In this final rule, FRA is 
adopting this revision as proposed. As noted in the NPRM, Technical 
Bulletin G-05-16 provides guidance on existing Sec.  214.345 and is 
supplanted upon the effective date of this final rule.
    In the NPRM, FRA also proposed adding a new paragraph (f) to this 
section reflecting the Working Group's consensus recommendation 
requiring all roadway workers' training to include instruction on an 
employer's procedures governing how roadway workers should determine if 
it is safe to walk across railroad tracks. FRA removed that consensus 
item from Sec.  214.317(b), and proposed to include it as new paragraph 
(f) of this section. In this final rule, FRA is adopting this 
requirement as proposed.
    In preparing this final rule, FRA noticed in the NPRM preamble 
discussion, it incorrectly intermingled discussion of the periodic 
``qualification'' of roadway workers with the existing roadway worker 
annual training requirement. See 77 FR 50330. Since the original RWP 
rule first took effect in 1997, it has required roadway workers to 
receive annual training on the on-track safety procedures they must 
follow. See 49 CFR 214.343(b). As exemplified by the inclusion of costs 
for annual training for all roadway workers (including lone workers, 
watchmen/lookouts, flagmen, and RWICs), in the RIA for the 1996 final 
rule, and the assessment of the paperwork burden for annual training in 
the Paperwork Reduction Act information collection estimates provided 
by FRA in the 1996 final rule, this annual training requirement 
includes training for all roadway worker qualifications. Further, in 
2005, FRA issued Technical Bulletin G-05-16, clarifying that the 
required time frame for the unspecified ``periodic'' qualification for 
additional roadway worker qualifications is separate from the annual 
training requirement of Sec.  214.345 and applies across all the 
additional roadway worker qualifications. The existing definition of 
the term ``watchmen/lookout'' also states it means an employee who has 
been annually trained and qualified to provide warning to roadway 
workers of approaching trains or on-track equipment. Technical Bulletin 
G-05-16 further explained that because subpart C does not specify a 
timeframe for the required ``periodic qualification'' of roadway 
workers, determining an appropriate timeframe is at the discretion of 
individual railroads and should be specified in each railroad's on-
track safety program. Therefore, the annual training requirement 
existing since the RWP regulations were promulgated is unchanged by 
this final rule.
Sec.  214.347 Training and Qualification for Lone Workers
    Section 214.347 sets forth the training and qualification 
requirements applicable to lone workers and requires the initial and 
``periodic'' qualification of lone workers to be ``evidenced by 
demonstrated proficiency.'' In the NPRM, FRA proposed to amend this 
section by incorporating the Working Group's consensus recommendation 
to require the training of lone workers on alternative means to access 
the information in a railroad's on-track safety manual when his or her 
duties make it impractical to carry the manual. In this final rule, FRA 
is adopting this provision substantially as proposed. FRA is making 
minor adjustments to the language in response to BMWED/BRS's comment on 
Sec.  214.309 noting that lone workers are not literally required to 
``carry'' the on-track safety manual at all times, but rather that the 
manual must be readily available to them at all times. FRA is also 
correcting a typographical error in the rule text of this proposed 
revision by removing the extra word ``to'' in proposed paragraph 
(a)(5).
    In the NPRM, FRA also asked for comment on two additional issues on 
the training and qualification of lone workers. First, FRA noted the 
Working Group's consensus recommendation to

[[Page 37875]]

require requalification of roadway workers every 24 months, and 
recurrent lone worker training every calendar year, did not parallel 
the separate RSAC recommendation resulting from the mandate of Section 
401 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (Section 401) for FRA to 
set minimum training standards for ``each class and craft of safety-
related railroad employee.'' \21\ Thus, FRA asked for comment on how to 
proceed regarding an appropriate time interval for ``periodic'' 
qualification in a final rule. Second, FRA asked if it should require a 
physical characteristics qualification for lone workers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Public Law 110-432, Division A, 122 Stat. 4848 (codified at 
49 U.S.C. 20162).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since publication of the NPRM, based on the recommendations of the 
RSAC Training Standards Working Group, FRA published a final rule 
addressing the mandate of Section 401. 79 FR 66460, Nov. 7, 2014 
(Training Standards Rule; part 243). The rule includes minimum training 
standards for roadway workers and extensive refresher qualification 
requirements for roadway workers.
    In response to this request for comment, SEPTA, BMWED/BRS, AAR, and 
two individuals submitted comments. SEPTA suggested that in this final 
rule, FRA should defer to the three-year interval for training and 
qualification in the Training Standards Rule. SEPTA asked why, when 
under the Training Standards Rule, training and re-certification for 
safety-critical positions such as conductors, engineers, and train 
dispatchers only has to occur every three years, roadway workers would 
be treated differently and trained annually. SEPTA asserted existing 
Sec.  217.9 (requiring operational testing of employees) and Sec.  
243.205 (Training Standards Rule training and qualification interval) 
are adequate to ensure employees know how to perform their work 
properly.
    Noting that at the time of its comment 44 roadway worker fatalities 
had occurred since 1997, BMWED/BRS supported an annual training and 
qualification requirement for all roadway workers, and opposed FRA not 
adopting the Working Group's consensus recommendation for a 24-month 
periodic qualification interval.
    Consistent with SEPTA's comment, AAR asserted no basis exists for 
determining more frequent refresher training or qualification should be 
required for roadway workers than for other safety-related employees 
under the Training Standards Rule. Pointing to FRA's RIA for the 
Training Standards NPRM, AAR also expressed the view that the Working 
Group's consensus recommendation could not be justified from a cost-
benefit perspective due to lack of a safety benefit from more frequent 
training.
    Individual commenters supported the Working Group's consensus 
recommendation to require annual training and periodic qualification 
every 24 months, stating generally that more frequent refresher 
training will have better results. These commenters believe the 
benefits of more frequent refresher programs would outweigh the cost of 
the programs' development and implementation. The individual commenters 
pointed to OSHA's training standards as a model, and urged FRA to adopt 
a uniform standard of appropriate time intervals for refresher 
training. The comment did note that implementing programs similar to 
OSHA's would be burdensome.
    As stated in the discussion of Sec.  214.343 above, in this final 
rule FRA is not amending the existing annual training requirements of 
subpart C. FRA did not intend this rulemaking to decrease the training 
roadway workers receive via existing requirements, and believes it 
reasonable to continue the existing annual training requirement. 
Because subpart C already requires annual training for roadway workers, 
this approach will not result in any additional costs.
    In this final rule, FRA is, however, adding a new paragraph Sec.  
214.347(b) requiring lone workers to be qualified under part 243 and to 
be based on evidence of a lone worker's demonstrated proficiency. Part 
243 requires covered employees to be qualified at least every three 
calendar years. The costs for this qualification requirement are 
already accounted for in the Training Standards Rule. Although FRA 
encourages railroads to conduct refresher qualifications more often 
than the minimum of once every three calendar years under part 243, FRA 
agrees with AAR that from a cost-benefit basis, the evidence does not 
support a more frequent qualification requirement for roadway workers 
than other safety-critical employees subject to part 243 (e.g., 
locomotive engineers). FRA also agrees with SEPTA that existing Sec.  
217.9's requirements for operational testing already provide a much 
more frequent opportunity for observations by railroad officials to 
determine employee proficiency with rules' compliance than does either 
a two- or three-year required interval for determining qualification 
via demonstrated proficiency.
    A lone worker's ``demonstrated proficiency'' under this new 
paragraph (b) refers to the longstanding requirement FRA explained in 
the original 1996 RWP rule. In that rule, FRA stated a roadway worker 
must show

sufficient understanding of the subject that the employee can 
perform the duties for which qualification is conferred in a safe 
manner. Proficiency may be demonstrated by successful completion of 
a written or oral examination, an interactive training program using 
a computer, a practical demonstration of understanding and ability, 
or an appropriate combination of these.

61 FR 65972.
    Many of part 243's requirements will not take effect for a number 
of years, depending on a railroad's total employee work hours. See 49 
CFR 243.101(a). In the interim, FRA encourages railroads to comply with 
part 243's requirements as soon as possible, and, consistent with 
Technical Bulletin G-05-16, continue to specify in their on-track 
safety programs the interval at which ``periodic'' roadway work 
qualifications will take place. Upon the relevant applicability date of 
part 243's requirements for a particular railroad, that railroad must 
comply with part 243's qualification requirements (and the 
requalification of roadway workers must be at least every three 
calendar years).
    Last, as discussed in section VIII.A above, in the NPRM, FRA asked 
if it should require physical characteristics qualification for lone 
workers. For the reasons explained in section VIII.A, FRA is not 
adopting this requirement in this final rule.
Sec.  214.349 Training and Qualification for Watchmen/Lookouts
    Section 214.349 sets forth the training and qualification 
requirements applicable to watchmen/lookouts and, consistent with 
existing Sec.  214.347 applicable to lone workers, requires the initial 
and ``periodic'' qualification of lone workers to be ``evidenced by 
demonstrated proficiency.'' In the NPRM, FRA requested comment on how 
to address the Working Group's consensus recommendation to require 
requalification of roadway workers, including watchmen/lookouts, every 
24 months. For the reasons discussed in the Section-by-Section analysis 
of Sec.  214.347 above, FRA is not adopting this consensus 
recommendation in this final rule. Instead, this final rule requires 
periodic qualification for watchmen/lookouts to be performed consistent 
with the Training Standards Rule (every three calendar years) and be

[[Page 37876]]

based on evidence of demonstrated proficiency.
    Consistent with its request for comment on Sec.  214.347 discussed 
above, FRA asked if it should require a physical characteristics 
qualification for watchmen/lookouts. For the reasons explained in 
section VIII.A above, FRA is not adopting such a requirement in this 
final rule.
Sec.  214.351 Training and Qualification for Flagmen
    Section 214.351 sets forth the training and qualification 
requirements applicable to flagmen and, consistent with existing Sec.  
214.347 applicable to lone workers and Sec.  214.349 applicable to 
watchmen/lookouts, requires the initial and ``periodic'' qualification 
of flagmen to be ``evidenced by demonstrated proficiency.'' In the 
NPRM, FRA requested comment on how to address the Working Group's 
consensus recommendation to require requalification of roadway workers, 
including flagmen, every 24 months. For the reasons discussed in the 
Section-by-Section analysis of Sec.  214.347 above, FRA is not adopting 
this consensus recommendation in this final rule. Instead, this final 
rule is requiring that periodic qualification for watchmen/lookouts be 
performed consistent with the Training Standards Rule (every three 
calendar years) and be based on evidence of demonstrated proficiency.
Section 214.353 Training and Qualification of Each Roadway Worker in 
Charge
    Existing Sec.  214.353 is titled ``Training and qualification of 
roadway workers who provide on-track safety for roadway work groups.'' 
Paragraph (a) of existing Sec.  214.353 lists the minimal contents of 
RWIC training and paragraph (b) specifies that a RWICs initial and 
periodic qualification must be evidenced by a ``recorded examination.'' 
In the NPRM, FRA proposed several changes to this section. BMWED/BRS 
and AAR submitted comments responding to some of the proposed changes.
    First, to reflect the new term ``roadway worker in charge,'' FRA 
proposed to change the title of this section to ``[t]raining and 
qualification of each roadway worker in charge.'' FRA received no 
comments on proposals and in this final rule is amending the title as 
proposed.
    Second, consistent with the Working Group's recommendation, FRA 
proposed to add a new paragraph (a)(5) to this section. Proposed 
paragraph (a)(5) would require RWICs to be trained on procedures 
ensuring they remain immediately accessible to the roadway workers 
working within the working limits they establish. This paragraph 
parallels new Sec.  214.315(a)(5) requiring on-track safety job 
briefings conducted by RWICs to include information on the 
accessibility of the RWIC, and on alternate procedures if the RWIC is 
no longer accessible to members of the roadway work group. FRA received 
no comments on this NPRM proposal, and in this final rule is adopting 
new paragraph (a)(5) as proposed.
    In its comment, BMWED/BRS recommended adding a new paragraph to 
this section requiring RWICs to be trained on the content and 
application of the railroad rules governing the resolution of good 
faith challenges. BMWED/BRS noted that regardless of class or craft of 
a RWIC, RWICs must understand the good faith challenge procedures and 
their responsibility to promptly and equitably resolve the challenges. 
FRA concurs with BMWED/BRS's statement that RWICs must understand the 
good faith challenge procedures and their responsibility to resolve 
such challenges, but believes the existing regulations already require 
RWICs to be trained on a railroad's good faith challenge procedures. 
Under existing Sec. Sec.  213.311-214.313, good faith challenges may be 
raised by roadway workers and must be promptly and equitably resolved. 
Indeed, under those sections, railroads must adopt procedures to 
address such good faith challenges. Existing Sec.  214.343(b) requires 
recurrent training every calendar year for the on-track safety rules 
and procedures each roadway worker is required to follow, and this 
includes a railroad's rules and procedures on good faith challenges for 
a RWIC. See also Sec.  214.353(b) (RWIC training requirements).
    Nonetheless, FRA believes BMWED/BRS's comment has merit because the 
RWIC is typically involved in resolving roadway workers' good faith 
challenges. As noted in the NPRM, Technical Bulletin G-05-04 specifies 
that persons acting as RWICs must be qualified on good faith challenge 
procedures, but the text of part 214 does not expressly state such. 
Given the importance of ensuring RWICs are trained in a railroad's good 
faith challenge procedures, FRA believes good faith challenge 
procedures should be included as a required training and qualification 
topic in paragraph (a) of Sec.  214.353. Thus, in this final rule FRA 
is adding the words ``including the railroad's procedures governing 
good faith challenges in Sec. Sec.  214.311(b) and (c) and 214.313(d)'' 
to existing paragraph (a)(1). While another railroad employee or 
supervisor other than a RWIC may ultimately resolve a roadway worker's 
good faith challenge to the on-track safety provided, an a RWIC is 
typically involved in that resolution and must at least know the 
railroad's procedures governing the handling of such a challenge.
    BMWED/BRS's comment also suggested FRA amend paragraph (b) of this 
section to require all RWICs, regardless of craft, to be annually 
trained and qualified. As discussed further below, FRA believes the 
amendments already made to paragraph (a) of this section, and to Sec.  
214.343 as discussed above, address this issue. As amended by this 
final rule, Sec.  214.353 clarifies that all RWICs, regardless of 
craft, must be trained annually on the items in Sec.  214.353. As 
discussed in the Section-by-Section analysis for Sec. Sec.  214.343, 
214.345, 214.347, and 214.351 above, FRA is deferring to the training 
standards rulemaking's three-year qualification interval for all 
roadway worker qualifications.
    In the NPRM, FRA proposed an additional amendment to existing 
paragraph (a) of this section to address situations where employees 
other than roadway workers act as RWICs. FRA proposed to expressly 
require in paragraph (a) that any employee acting as a RWIC (e.g., a 
conductor or a brakemen), who provides for the on-track safety of 
roadway workers through the establishment of working limits or the 
assignment and supervision of watchmen/lookouts or flagmen be trained 
and qualified consistent with Sec.  214.353. BMWED/BRS submitted a 
comment supporting this proposal and FRA is adopting it, as proposed, 
in this final rule. For a detailed discussion of this change, see the 
preamble to the NPRM. 77 FR 50356-50357.
    Regarding the training and qualification requirements of paragraph 
(b) of this section, for the reasons explained in the Section-by-
Section analysis of Sec.  214.347 above, FRA is addressing the 
frequency of training and qualification requirements for RWICs the same 
way as the requirements applicable to lone workers, flagmen, and 
watchmen/lookouts (Sec. Sec.  214.347, 214.349, and 214.351). While 
annual training for RWICs is still required under the existing 
regulation, the periodic qualification of RWICs will be controlled by 
the Training Standards Rule, which requires recurrent qualification 
every three calendar years.
    Also related to the training and qualification requirements 
applicable to RWICs, in the NPRM, FRA requested comment on the practice 
of bifurcating certain RWIC duties (i.e., splitting of RWIC duties 
between two individuals).

[[Page 37877]]

Specifically, in the NPRM FRA indicated it was contemplating whether it 
should continue to be allow bifurcation of RWIC duties, such as when 
one employee obtains a track permit for another employee who is acting 
as the RWIC. FRA was considering adopting a requirement that would only 
permit the splitting of qualifications in situations where a conductor 
or other railroad employee serves as a pilot to a RWIC (or employee 
acting as a RWIC) who was not qualified on the physical characteristics 
of a particular territory where work was being performed. FRA 
considered such because every roadway work group already must have a 
RWIC, and under the amendment to paragraph (a) in this final rule 
discussed above, any employee acting as a roadway worker in charge must 
be trained on the substantive requirements listed in Sec.  214.353.
    AAR commented on this proposal suggesting another situation where 
the bifurcating of RWIC duties should be acceptable. AAR suggested that 
in situations where one employee obtains a working limits authority for 
a roadway work group, but is not responsible for any other aspect of 
the group's on-track safety, requiring the employee to be trained and 
tested on all the responsibilities of a RWIC would not serve any 
purpose. Consistent with AAR's comment, FRA notes existing Technical 
Bulletin G-05-04 allows one employee to obtain a track permit for 
another employee who is acting as the RWIC. FRA can also envision other 
operating situations where one employee's ability to obtain authority 
on behalf of an RWIC is desirable and necessary. For example, in the 
case of a large system gang, a local track inspector may obtain 
authority from the dispatcher for the system gang's RWIC. The BMWED/BRS 
comment also addressed this topic, indicating that since each roadway 
work group must have a RWIC qualified on physical characteristics under 
Sec.  214.353, bifurcation was unnecessary and could cause confusion.
    After further evaluating this issue and considering the comments, 
FRA concludes bifurcation of RWIC duties can be safely done in the two 
limited scenarios discussed above involving physical characteristics 
qualifications (pilot) and when obtaining track authority for an RWIC. 
FRA will continue to allow the practice of splitting RWIC duties in 
these scenarios. For gangs working across a large system, FRA 
recognizes it may not always be possible for an RWIC to be qualified on 
the physical characteristics, and using a pilot who is qualified on the 
physical characteristics can help safely facilitate compliance with 
this section. As discussed more fully in the NPRM and Technical 
Bulletin G-05-04, FRA also does not take exception to providing a 
``limited'' qualification for a RWIC who would only perform certain 
RWIC duties in certain situations. For example, a RWIC who was 
performing such duties on a railroad consisting entirely of non-
controlled track could have a limited qualification only involving the 
RWIC being trained and qualified to establish working limits via the 
inaccessible track procedures (in addition to being trained on all 
other Sec. Sec.  214.343, 214.345, and 214.353 requirements).
Sec.  214.355 Training and Qualification in On-Track Safety for 
Operators of Roadway Maintenance Machines
    Section 214.355 sets forth the on-track safety training and 
qualification requirements for roadway maintenance machine operators. 
In the NPRM, FRA requested comment on one potential change to this 
existing section in the final rule on how best to proceed regarding the 
appropriate time interval for ``periodic'' qualification under existing 
paragraph (b). The Working Group recommended consensus amendments that 
would have expressly required recurrent qualification every 24 months 
for roadway maintenance machine operators. As discussed in the preamble 
above for Sec.  214.347, however, the RSAC consensus recommendation 
does not parallel the refresher qualification requirements in the 
statutorily mandated Training Standards Rule (minimum three calendar 
year interval).
    FRA received comments in response to this request from SEPTA, 
BMWED/BRS, AAR, and two individuals. Those comments are summarized 
above in the preamble discussion for Sec.  214.347. For the reasons 
also explained above, in this final rule, the Training Standards Rule 
requiring recurrent qualification at a minimum of every three calendar 
years will control.
    FRA notes the Training Standards Rule included a provision 
addressing the training and qualification for operators of roadway 
maintenance machines equipped with a crane. 79 FR 66501. Those 
requirements are in a new Sec.  214.357. FRA directs the public to the 
Training Standards Rule preamble's Section-by-Section analysis for an 
explanation of new Sec.  214.357's requirements. Id. at 66474-66476.
Appendix A to Part 214--Schedule of Civil Penalties
    FRA is amending appendix A of this part to add guidance on 
penalties for violations of new and amended sections of subpart C in 
this final rule. Appendix A specifies the civil penalty FRA will 
ordinarily assess for the violation of a particular provision of this 
rule. However, consistent with 49 CFR part 209, appendix A, FRA's 
Statement of Agency Policy Concerning Enforcement of the Federal 
Railroad Safety Laws, FRA reserves the right to assess a penalty up to 
the statutory maximum. Further, a penalty may be assessed against an 
individual only for a willful violation. FRA did not solicit public 
comment on appendix A as it is a statement of FRA policy.

X. Regulatory Impact and Notices

A. Executive Order 12866, Executive Order 13563 and DOT Regulatory 
Policies and Procedures

    This final rule has been evaluated consistent with existing 
policies and procedures and determined to be a non-significant 
regulatory action under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 and DOT 
policies and procedures. See 44 FR 11034, Feb. 26, 1979. FRA prepared 
and placed a RIA addressing the economic impact of this final rule in 
the Docket (No. FRA-2008-0086). Document inspection and copying 
facilities are available at Room W12-140 on the Ground level of the 
West Building, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590.
    As part of the RIA, FRA assessed quantitative measurements of the 
cost and benefit streams expected to result from the implementation of 
the final rule. Overall, the final rule would result in safety benefits 
and expected business benefits for the railroad industry. It would 
also, however, generate an additional burden on railroads mainly due to 
the additional requirements for job briefings under certain 
circumstances and various training requirements.
    Table 1 summarizes the quantified costs and benefits expected to 
accrue over a 20-year period. It presents costs associated with 
expanded job briefing requirements under Sec.  214.315 Supervision and 
Communication, the identification and implementation of redundant 
protections under Sec.  214.319 Working Limits, Generally, railroad 
policy change under Sec.  214.339 Audible Warning from Trains, and 
training of various types of employees under Sec. Sec.  214.318, 
214.345, 214.347, and 214.353.

[[Page 37878]]

    The RIA also presents the quantified benefits expected to accrue 
over a 20-year period. These benefits are primarily cost savings or 
business benefits. They largely accrue due to time savings because of 
the proposed amendments, including the new exception for on-track snow 
blowing and weed spraying operations under Sec.  214.317, new methods 
of using inaccessible track under Sec.  214.327, and using individual 
train detection under Sec.  214.337. Savings will also accrue due to 
the additional flexibility provided by new Sec.  214.318 allowing 
mechanical employees to utilize blue signal protection in some 
instances. All other amendments result in no cost or benefits because 
they represent current industry practice and/or the adoption of current 
FRA Technical Bulletins.
    For the 20-year period analyzed, the estimated quantified costs to 
the railroad industry total $20,965,962, discounted to $11,491,330 
(present value (PV), 7 percent) and $15,832,099 (PV, 3 percent). For 
the same 20-year period, the estimated quantified benefits total 
$53,109,702, discounted to $28,132,247 (PV, 7 percent) and $39,506,913 
(PV, 3 percent). Net benefits total $32,143,740, discounted to 
$16,640,917 (PV, 7 percent) and $23,674,814 (PV, 3 percent). This 
analysis demonstrates that the benefits for this final rule would 
exceed the costs.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR10JN16.001

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272; Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Assessment

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) and 
Executive Order 13272 (67 FR 53461, Aug. 16, 2002) require agency 
review of proposed and final rules to assess their impacts on small 
entities. FRA developed the final rule consistent with Executive Order 
13272, Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking, and 
DOT's procedures and policies to promote compliance with the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) to ensure potential impacts of 
rules on small entities are properly considered.
    The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires an agency to review 
regulations to assess their impact on small entities. An agency must 
conduct a threshold analysis to determine if the proposed rule will or 
may have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities (SEISNOSE) or not. Then, it must prepare an initial regulatory 
flexibility analysis (IRFA) unless it determines and certifies a rule 
is not expected to have a SEISNOSE.
    As discussed earlier, FRA is amending its regulations on railroad 
workplace safety to resolve interpretative issues that have arisen 
since the 1996 promulgation of the original RWP regulation. In 
particular, this final rule adopts certain terms, resolves 
miscellaneous interpretive issues, codifies certain FRA Technical 
Bulletins, adopts new requirements governing redundant signal 
protections and the movement of roadway maintenance machinery over 
signalized non-controlled track, amends certain qualification 
requirements for roadway workers, and codifies FAST Act mandates. FRA 
is also deleting three incorporations by reference of industry

[[Page 37879]]

standards in existing sections of part 214, subpart B that address 
Bridge Worker Safety Standards and instead is referencing existing OSHA 
regulations.
    The small entity segment of the railroad industry faces little in 
the way of intramodal competition. Small railroads generally serve as 
``feeders'' to the larger railroads, collecting carloads in smaller 
numbers and at lower densities than would be economical for the larger 
railroads. They transport those cars over relatively short distances 
and then turn them over to the larger systems which transport them 
relatively long distances to their ultimate destination, or for handoff 
back to a smaller railroad for final delivery. Although the relative 
interests of various railroads may not always coincide, the 
relationship between the large and small entity segments of the 
railroad industry are more supportive and co-dependent than 
competitive.
    It is also extremely rare for small railroads to compete with each 
other. Small railroads generally serve smaller, lower-density markets 
and customers. They exist, and often thrive, doing business in markets 
where there is not enough traffic to attract the larger carriers 
designed to handle large volumes over distance at a profit. As there is 
usually not enough traffic to attract service by a large carrier, there 
is also not enough traffic to sustain more than one smaller carrier. In 
combination with the huge barriers to entry in the railroad industry 
(due to the need to own the right-of-way, build track, purchase a 
fleet, etc.), small railroads rarely find themselves in competition 
with each other. Thus, even to the extent the proposed rule may have an 
economic impact, it should have no impact on the intramodal competitive 
position of small railroads.
1. Description of Regulated Entities and Impacts
    The ``universe'' of the entities under consideration includes only 
those small entities that can reasonably be expected to be directly 
affected by the provisions of this rule. For the rule there is only one 
type of small entity that is affected: small railroads.
    ``Small entity'' is defined in 5 U.S.C. 601. Section 601(3) defines 
a ``small entity'' as having the same meaning as ``small business 
concern'' under section 3 of the Small Business Act. This includes any 
small business concern that is independently owned and operated, and is 
not dominant in its field of operation. Section 601(4) likewise 
includes within the definition of ``small entities'' not-for-profit 
enterprises that are independently owned and operated, and are not 
dominant in their field of operations.
    The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) has authority to 
regulate issues related to small businesses, and stipulates in its size 
standards that a ``small entity'' in the railroad industry is a for 
profit ``line-haul railroad'' that has fewer than 1,500 employees, a 
``short line railroad with fewer than 500 employees, or a ``commuter 
rail system'' with annual receipts of less than seven million dollars. 
See ``Size Eligibility Provisions and Standards,'' 13 CFR part 121, 
subpart A.
    Federal agencies may adopt their own size standards for small 
entities in consultation with SBA and in conjunction with public 
comment. Under that authority, FRA published a final statement of 
agency policy that formally establishes ``small entities'' or ``small 
businesses'' as being railroads, contractors, and hazardous materials 
shippers that meet the revenue requirements of a Class III railroad as 
set forth in 49 CFR 1201.1-1, which is $20 million or less in 
inflation-adjusted annual revenues, and commuter railroads or small 
governmental jurisdictions that serve populations of 50,000 or less. 
See 68 FR 24891, May 9, 2003, codified at appendix C to 49 CFR part 
209. The $20 million limit is based on the Surface Transportation 
Board's (STB) revenue threshold for a Class III railroad carrier. 
Railroad revenue is adjusted for inflation by applying a revenue 
deflator formula in accordance with 49 CFR part 1201. The same dollar 
limit on revenues is established to determine whether a railroad 
shipper or contractor is a small entity. FRA is using this definition 
for this rulemaking. FRA received no comments pertinent to its use in 
response to the NPRM.
    Included in the entities impacted by this final rule are 
governmental jurisdictions or transit authorities--most of which are 
not small for purposes of this certification. There are two privately 
owned commuter railroads that would be considered small entities. 
However, both entities are owned by Class III freight railroads and, 
therefore, are already considered small entities for purposes of this 
certification.
Railroads
    There are approximately 729 small railroads.\22\ Class III 
railroads do not report to the STB, and the precise number of Class III 
railroads is difficult to ascertain due to conflicting definitions, 
conglomerates, and even seasonal operations. Potentially all small 
railroads (a substantial number) could be impacted by this regulation. 
However, because of certain characteristics these railroads typically 
have, there should be very little impact on most, if not all of them. A 
large number of these small railroads only have single-track 
operations. Some small railroads, such as the tourist and historic 
railroads, operate on the lines of other railroads that would bear the 
burden or impact of the final rule's requirements. Finally, other small 
railroads, if they do have more than a single track, typically have 
operations infrequent enough such that the railroads have generally 
always performed the pertinent trackside work with the track and right-
of-way taken out of service, or is conducted during hours that the 
track is not used.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ FRA data for 2014 shows there are 779 Railroads. Thus, 779 
Total Railroads--7 Class I Railroads--12 Class II Railroads 
(includes Alaska RR)--31 Commuter/Amtrak (non-small) = 729 Small 
Railroads.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Almost all commuter railroads do not qualify as small entities. 
This is likely because almost all passenger/commuter railroad 
operations in the United States are part of larger governmental 
entities whose jurisdictions exceed 50,000 in population. As noted 
above, two of these commuter railroads are privately owned and would be 
considered small. However, they are already considered to be small 
because they are owned by a Class III freight railroad. FRA is 
uncertain how many contractor companies would be involved with this 
issue. FRA is aware that some railroads hire contractors to conduct 
some of the functions of roadway workers on their properties. However, 
the costs for the burdens associated with the requirements of this 
final rule would get passed on to the pertinent railroad. Most likely 
the contracts would be written to reflect that, and the contractor 
would bear no additional burden for the proposed requirements. Since 
contractors would not be the entities directly impacted by any burdens, 
it is not necessary to assess them in the certification.
    No other small businesses (non-railroads) will be impacted by this 
final rule.
    The process used to develop most of this final rule provided 
outreach to small entities in two ways. First, the RSAC Working Group 
had at least one representative from a small railroad association, 
namely, ASLRRA. Second, members of the RSAC itself include the ASLRRA 
and other organizations that represent small entities. Thus, FRA 
concludes that small entities had an opportunity for input as part of 
the process to develop a consensus-based

[[Page 37880]]

RSAC recommendation made to the FRA Administrator.
Impacts
    The impacts from this regulation are primarily a result of the 
requirements for certain changes to the existing roadway worker 
protection regulations, particularly regarding job briefings and 
training of roadway workers.
    The RIA for this rulemaking estimates that for the 20-year period 
analyzed, the estimated quantified costs to the railroad industry total 
$20,965,962, discounted to $11,491,330 (present value (PV), 7 percent) 
and $15,832,099 (PV, 3 percent). FRA believes nearly all of this cost 
will fall to railroads other than small railroads. Short line 
railroads, the vast majority of which are Class III railroads, 
represent an estimated 8 percent of the railroad industry. Since small 
railroads generally collect carloads in such small numbers and low 
densities, at low speeds, they require much less track maintenance. 
Also, several parts of the new regulation do not apply to Class III 
railroads. Furthermore, generally, small railroads have single tracks 
that are not active around the clock. As such, road work can be done 
when the track is not active, greatly reducing the burden of having to 
provide roadway worker protection. As such, the cost of this rulemaking 
is very minimal to the small railroad segment of the industry. Eight 
percent of the total 20-year cost is $1,677,277 (an average annual cost 
of $115 per small railroad).\23\ Although the rule may impact a 
substantial number of small entities, FRA is confident that this final 
rule does not impose a significant burden.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ $20,965,962 * .08 = $1,677,277/20 years/729 small railroads 
= $115 per year per small railroad.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Certification
    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 605(b)), FRA 
certifies this final rule will not have a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities. FRA invited all interested 
parties to submit data and information regarding the potential economic 
impact that will result from the proposals in the NPRM. FRA did not 
receive any comments concerning this certification in the public 
comment process.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The information collection requirements in this final rule are 
being submitted upon publication in the Federal Register for Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act 
of 1995, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. The sections that contain the new and 
current information collection requirements and the estimated time to 
fulfill each requirement are as follows:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Total annual      Average time  per    Total annual
           CFR section             Respondent universe       responses             response        burden hours
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Form FRA F 6180.119--Part 214      350 Safety           120 forms..........  4 hours............             480
 Railroad Workplace Safety          Inspectors.
 Violation Report.
214.307--Railroad On-Track Safety  722 Railroads......  722 programs + 851   2 hours + 2 minutes           1,472
 Programs (Revised Requirements)--                       copies.
 RR Programs that comply with
 this Part + copies at System/
 Division Headquarters.
    --RR Notification to FRA not   722 Railroads......  825 notices........  20 minutes.........             275
     less than one month before
     on-track safety program
     takes effect.
    --RR Amended On-Track Safety   722 Railroads......  34 programs........  4 hours............             136
     Programs after FRA
     Disapproval.
    --RR Written Response in       722 Railroads......  2 written responses  40 hours...........              80
     Support of Disapproved
     Program.
214.309--New Requirements--On-     722 Railroads......  722 provisions.....  60 minutes.........             722
 Track Safety Manual.
    --RR Provisions for            60 Railroads.......  100 bulletins/       60 minutes.........             100
     Alternative Access to                               notices.
     Information in On-Track
     Safety Manual.
    --RR Publication of Bulletins/
     Notices reflecting changes
     in on-track safety manual.
214.311--RR Written Procedure to   50 New Railroads...  25 generic           30 minutes + 24                 613
 achieve prompt and equitable                            procedures + 25      hours.
 resolution of Good Faith                                developed
 Employee Challenges.                                    procedures.
214.313--Good Faith Challenges to  20 Railroads.......  80 challenges......  8 hours per                     640
 On-Track Safety Rules.                                                       challenge.
214.315/335--Supervision           50,000 Rdwy Workers  16,350,000 brf.....  2 minutes..........         545,000
 +communication.
    --Job Briefings..............
    --Adjacent-Track Safety        24,500 Rdwy Workers  2,403,450 brf......  30 seconds.........          20,029
     Briefings.
    --Information on               300 Roadway Work     594,000 briefings..  20 seconds.........           3,300
     Accessibility of Roadway       Gangs (10
     Worker in Charge (RWIC) and    Employees in each
     Alternative Procedures in      gang x 59,400
     Event RWIC is No Longer        briefings).
     Accessible to Work Gang (New
     Requirement).
214.317--On-Track Procedures for   20 Railroads.......  20 operating.......  60 minutes.........              20
 Snow Removal (New Requirements).
    --On-Track Procedures for      722 Railroads......  722 operating        60 minutes.........             722
     Weed Spray Equipment.                               procedures.
    --Roadway Worker in Charge     722 Railroads......  25 designation.....  5 minutes..........               2
     (RWIC) Designation of
     alternative place of safety
     other than tunnel niche or
     clearing bay.

[[Page 37881]]

 
214.318--Procedures established    722 Railroads......  722 rules/           3 hours............           2,166
 by Railroads for workers to                             procedures.
 perform duties incidental to
 those of inspecting, testing,
 servicing, or repairing rolling
 equipment (New Requirement).
214.319(b)(1)--New Requirements--  47 Railroads.......  47 On-track program  40 hours + 16 hours           1,568
 Class I & II Railroads                                  evaluations.
 evaluation of its on-track
 safety program and
 identification of appropriate
 method to provide redundant
 protections for roadway work
 groups.
    (b)(2)--Implementing           47 Railroads.......  77,394 safety        4 minutes..........           5,160
     redundant protections--                             briefings.
     safety briefings.
    (c) Railroad written request   47 Railroads.......  5 written requests.  60 minutes.........               5
     to FRA requesting exemption
     from requirements of section
     214.319(b) for each segment
     of track governed by
     Positive Train Control.
214.320--Roadway Maintenance       722 Railroads......  5 requests.........  4 hours............              20
 Machines Movement over
 Signalized Non-controlled Track--
 RR request to FRA for equivalent
 level of protection to that of
 Working Limits(New Requirement).
214.322--New Requirements)         3 Class I Railroads  500 written          10 minutes.........              83
 Exclusive Track Occupancy,                              authorities.
 Electronic Display--Written
 Authorities/Printed Authority
 Copy If Electronic Display Fails
 or Malfunctions.
    --On-Track Safety Briefings    722 Railroads......  100 briefings......  6 minutes..........              10
     in Event Written Authority/
     Printed Authority Copy
     Cannot Be Obtained.
    --Data File Records Relating   3 Class I Railroads  25 data file         2 hours............              50
     to Electronic Display Device                        records.
     Involved in Part 225
     Reportable Accident/Incident.
    --Request to FRA for NIST      722 Railroads......  3 requests + 3       30 minutes + 2                    2
     Publication 800-63-2,                               copies.              minutes.
     ``Electronic Authentication
     Guideline''.
214.325--Train Coordination        50,000 Roadway       36,500 verbal        15 seconds.........             152
 (Revised Requirement)--Working     Workers.             messages.
 Limits Established on Controlled
 Track through Train
 Coordination: Verbal
 communication by roadway worker
 establishing working limits.
214.327--Inaccessible Track--      10 Railroads.......  9,125 talks/         10 minutes.........           1,521
 Working Limits Established by                           messages.
 Locomotive With/Without Cars to
 Prevent Access--Communication by
 RWIC with Locomotive Crew Member
 (New Requirement).
    --Notification to Train or     10 Railroads.......  1,750 notices......  60 minutes.........           1,750
     Engine Crew on Any Working
     Limits in Effect That
     Prohibit Train Movement
     until RWIC gives permission
     to enter Working Limits (New
     Requirement).
    --Working Limits on Non-       722 Railroads......  50,000               10 minutes.........           8,333
     controlled Track:                                   notifications.
     Notifications.
214.329--Train Approach Warning    722 Railroads......  795,000 non- yard    30 seconds + 10               6,846
 Provided by Watchmen/Lookouts--                         messages + 79,500    seconds.
 Communications.                                         yard messages.
    --Written Designation of       722 Railroads......  26,250 designations  30 seconds.........             219
     Watchmen/Lookouts.
214.336--Procedures for Adjacent-  100 Railroads......  10,000 notices.....  15 seconds.........              42
 Track Movements Over 25 mph--
 Notifications/Watchmen/Lookout
 Warnings.
    --Roadway Worker               100 Railroads......  3,000 talks........  1 minute...........              50
     Communication with Train
     Engineers or Equipment
     Operators.
    --Procedures for Adjacent-     100 Railroads......  3,000 notices......  15 seconds.........              13
     Track Movements 25 mph or
     less--Notifications/Watchmen/
     Lookout Warnings.
    --Roadway Worker               100 Railroads......  1,500 talks........  1 minute...........              25
     Communication with Train
     Engineers or Equipment
     Operators.
    --Exceptions to the            100 Railroads......  2,403,450 briefings  15 seconds.........          10,014
     requirements in paragraphs
     (a), (b), and (c) for
     adjacent--controlled-track
     on-track safety: Work
     activities involving certain
     equipment and purposes--On-
     Track Job Safety Briefings.
214.337--On-Track Safety           722 Railroads......  2,080,000            30 seconds.........          17,333
 Procedures for Lone Workers:                            statements.
 Statements by Lone Workers.

[[Page 37882]]

 
    --Statement of On-Track        722 Railroads......  200 statements.....  30 seconds.........               2
     Safety Using Individual
     Train Detection on Track
     Outside Manual Interlocking,
     a Controlled Point, or a
     Remotely Controlled Hump
     Yard Facility.
214.339--Audible Warning from      44 Railroads.......  44 written           13 hours...........             572
 Trains (Revised Requirement)--                          procedures.
 Written Procedures That
 Prescribe Effective Requirements
 for Audible Warning by Horn and/
 or Bell for Trains.
214.343/345/347/349/351/353/355--  50,000 Rdwy Workers  50,000 tr. RW......  4.5 hours..........         225,000
 Annual Training for All Roadway
 Workers (RWs) (New/Revised
 Requirements).
    --Training of Trainmen         810 RR Workers.....  810 trained workers  2 hours............           1,620
     (Conductors & Brakemen) to
     Act as RWIC and Training of
     Station Platform Work
     Coordinators (New
     Requirement).
    --Additional adjacent on-      35,000 Rdwy Workers  35,000 tr. RW......  5 minutes..........           2,917
     track safety training for
     Roadway Workers.
    --Records of Training........  50,000 Roadway       50,000 records.....  2 minutes..........           1,667
                                    Workers.
214.503--Good Faith Challenges;    50,000 Rdwy Workers  125 notices........  10 minutes.........              21
 Procedures for Notification and
 Resolution--Notifications for
 Non-Compliant Roadway
 Maintenance Machines or Unsafe
 Condition.
    --Resolution Procedures......  644 Railroads/200    10 procedures......  2 hours............              20
                                    contractors.
214.505--Required Environmental    644 Railroads/200    500 lists..........  1 hour.............             500
 Control and Protection Systems     contractors.
 For New On-Track Roadway
 Maintenance Machines with
 Enclosed Cabs.
    --Designations/Additions to    644 Railroads/200    150 additions/       5 minutes..........              13
     List.                          contractors.         designations.
214.507--A-Built Light Weight on   644 Railroads/200    1,000 stickers/      5 minutes..........              83
 New Roadway Maintenance Machines.  contractors.         stencils.
214.511--Required Audible Warning  644 Railroads/200    3,700 identified     5 minutes..........             308
 Devices For New On-Track Roadway   contractors.         mechanisms.
 Maintenance Machines.
214.513--Retrofitting of Existing
 On-Track Roadway Maintenance
 Machines.
    --Identification of            703 Railroads/200    200 I.D. mechanisms  5 minutes..........              17
     Triggering Mechanism--Horns.   contractors.
214.515--Overhead Covers For       644 Railroads/200    500 requests + 500   10 minutes; 20                  250
 Existing On-Track Roadway          contractors.         responses.           minutes.
 Maintenance Machines.
214.517--Retrofitting of Existing  644 Railroads/200    500 stencils/        5 minutes..........              42
 On-Track Roadway Maintenance       contractors.         displays.
 Machines Manufactured On or
 After Jan. 1, 1991.
214.518--Safe and Secure Position  644 Railroads/200    1,000 stencils.....  5 minutes..........              83
 for riders.                        contractors.
    --Positions identified by
     stencilings/markings/notices.
214.523--Hi-Rail Vehicles........  644 Railroads/200    2,000 records......  60 minutes.........           2,000
                                    contractors.
    --Non-Complying Conditions...  644 Railroads/200    500 tags + 500       10 minutes + 15                 208
                                    contractors.         reports.             minutes.
214.527--Inspection for            644 Railroads/200    550 tags + 550       5 minutes + 15                  184
 Compliance; Repair Schedules.      contractors.         reports.             minutes.
214.533--Schedule of Repairs;      644 Railroads/200    250 records........  15 minutes.........              63
 Subject to Availability of Parts.  contractors.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    All estimates include the time to review instructions; search 
existing data sources; gather or maintain the needed data; and review 
the information. For information or a copy of the paperwork package 
submitted to OMB, contact Mr. Robert Brogan, FRA Office of Safety, 
Information Clearance Officer, at 202-493-6292, or Ms. Kim Toone, FRA 
Office of Information Technology, Information Clearance Officer, at 
202-493-6132.
    OMB must make a decision concerning the collection of information 
requirements this final rule between 30 and 60 days after publication 
of this document in the Federal Register. Therefore, a comment to OMB 
is best assured of having its full effect if OMB receives it within 30 
days of publication.
    FRA is not authorized to impose a penalty on persons for violating 
information collection requirements which do not display a current OMB 
control number. If required, FRA will obtain current OMB control 
numbers for any new information collection requirements resulting from 
this rulemaking action before the effective date of the final rule. The 
OMB control number, when assigned, will be

[[Page 37883]]

announced by separate notice in the Federal Register.

D. Federalism Implications

    Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, Aug. 10, 1999), 
requires FRA to develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful 
and timely input by State and local officials in the development of 
regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' ``Policies 
that have federalism implications'' are defined in the Executive Order 
to include regulations that have ``substantial direct effects on the 
States, on the relationship between the national government and the 
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government.'' Under Executive Order 13132, the agency 
may not issue a regulation with federalism implications that imposes 
substantial direct compliance costs and that is not required by 
statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to 
pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local 
governments, or the agency consults with State and local government 
officials early in the process of developing the regulation. Where a 
regulation has federalism implications and preempts State law, the 
agency seeks to consult with State and local officials in the process 
of developing the regulation.
    This final rule has been analyzed consistent with the principles 
and criteria in Executive Order 13132. This final rule would not have a 
substantial effect on the States or their political subdivisions; it 
would not impose any compliance costs; and it would not affect the 
relationships between the Federal government and the States or their 
political subdivisions, or the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government. Therefore, the 
consultation and funding requirements of Executive Order 13132 do not 
apply.
    However, this final rule could have preemptive effect by operation 
of law under certain provisions of the Federal railroad safety 
statutes, specifically the former Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970, 
repealed and recodified at 49 U.S.C. 20106. Section 20106 provides that 
States may not adopt or continue in effect any law, regulation, or 
order related to railroad safety or security that covers the subject 
matter of a regulation prescribed or order issued by the Secretary of 
Transportation (with respect to railroad safety matters) or the 
Secretary of Homeland Security (with respect to railroad security 
matters), except when the State law, regulation, or order qualifies 
under the ``essentially local safety or security hazard'' exception to 
section 20106.
    In sum, FRA has analyzed this final rule consistent with the 
principles and criteria in Executive Order 13132. As explained above, 
FRA has determined that this final rule has no federalism implications, 
other than the possible preemption of State laws under Federal railroad 
safety statutes, specifically 49 U.S.C. 20106. Accordingly, FRA has 
determined preparation of a federalism summary impact statement for 
this final rule is not required.

E. Environmental Impact

    FRA has evaluated this final rule under the National Environmental 
Policy Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), other environmental 
statutes, related regulatory requirements, and its ``Procedures for 
Considering Environmental Impacts'' (FRA's Procedures) (64 FR 28545, 
May 26, 1999). FRA has determined this final rule is categorically 
excluded from detailed environmental review under section 4(c)(20) of 
FRA's Procedures, ``Promulgation of railroad safety rules and policy 
statements that do not result in significantly increased emissions of 
air or water pollutants or noise or increased traffic congestion in any 
mode of transportation.'' See 64 FR 28547. Categorical exclusions (CEs) 
are actions identified in an agency's NEPA implementing procedures that 
do not normally have a significant impact on the environment and, thus, 
do not require either an environmental assessment (EA) or environmental 
impact statement (EIS). See 40 CFR 1508.4.
    In analyzing the applicability of a CE, the agency must also 
consider whether extraordinary circumstances are present that would 
warrant a more detailed environmental review through the preparation of 
an EA or EIS. Id. Under section 4(c) and (e) of FRA's Procedures, FRA 
has further concluded no extraordinary circumstances exist with respect 
to this regulation that might trigger the need for a more detailed 
environmental review. The purpose of this rulemaking is to finalize a 
number of railroad worker safety practices developed by the RSAC, some 
required by the FAST Act, and additional rules to decrease railroad 
worker accidents and injuries. FRA does not anticipate any 
environmental impacts from these requirements and finds that there are 
no extraordinary circumstances present in connection with this final 
rule.

F. Executive Order 12898 (Environmental Justice)

    Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations, and DOT 
Order 5610.2(a) (91 FR 27534, May 10, 2012) require DOT agencies to 
achieve environmental justice as part of their mission by identifying 
and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse 
human health or environmental effects, including interrelated social 
and economic effects, of their programs, policies, and activities on 
minority populations and low-income populations. The DOT Order 
instructs DOT agencies to address compliance with Executive Order 12898 
and requirements within the DOT Order in rulemaking activities, as 
appropriate. FRA evaluated this final rule under Executive Order 12898 
and the DOT Order and has determined it would not cause 
disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental 
effects on minority or low-income populations.

G. Executive Order 13175 (Tribal Consultation)

    FRA evaluated this final rule under the principles and criteria in 
Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal 
Governments, dated November 6, 2000. The final rule would not have a 
substantial direct effect on one or more Indian tribes, would not 
impose substantial direct compliance costs on Indian tribal 
governments, and would not preempt tribal laws. Therefore, the funding 
and consultation requirements of Executive Order 13175 do not apply, 
and a tribal summary impact statement is not required.

H. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    Under Section 201 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(Public Law 104-4, 2 U.S.C. 1531), each Federal agency ``shall, unless 
otherwise prohibited by law, assess the effects of Federal regulatory 
actions on State, local, and tribal governments, and the private sector 
(other than to the extent that such regulations incorporate 
requirements specifically set forth in law).'' Section 202 of the Act 
(2 U.S.C. 1532) further requires that

before promulgating any general notice of proposed rulemaking that 
is likely to result in the promulgation of any rule that includes 
any Federal mandate that may result in expenditure by State, local, 
and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, 
of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in any 1

[[Page 37884]]

year, and before promulgating any final rule for which a general 
notice of proposed rulemaking was published, the agency shall 
prepare a written statement

detailing the effect on State, local, and tribal governments and the 
private sector. This final rule will not result in the expenditure, in 
the aggregate, of $155,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for 
inflation) in any one year. Thus, preparation of such a statement is 
not required.

I. Energy Impact

    Executive Order 13211 requires Federal agencies to prepare a 
Statement of Energy Effects for any ``significant energy action.'' 66 
FR 28355, May 22, 2001. Under the Executive Order, a ``significant 
energy action'' is defined as any action by an agency (normally 
published in the Federal Register) that promulgates or is expected to 
lead to the promulgation of a final rule or regulation, including 
notices of inquiry, advance notices of proposed rulemaking, and notices 
of proposed rulemaking: (1)(i) That is a significant regulatory action 
under Executive Order 12866 or any successor order, and (ii) is likely 
to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or 
use of energy; or (2) that is designated by the Administrator of the 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs as a significant energy 
action. FRA evaluated this final rule consistent with Executive Order 
13211. FRA has determined this final rule is not likely to have a 
significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of 
energy, and, thus, is not a ``significant energy action'' under 
Executive Order 13211.

J. Trade Impact

    The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 19 U.S.C. 2501 et seq.) prohibits 
Federal agencies from engaging in any standards setting or related 
activities that create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of 
the United States. Legitimate domestic objectives, such as safety, are 
not considered unnecessary obstacles. The statute also requires 
consideration of international standards and, where appropriate, that 
they be the basis for U.S. standards. FRA has assessed the potential 
effect of this final rule on foreign commerce and believes its 
requirements are consistent with the Trade Agreements Act. The 
requirements imposed are safety standards, which, as noted, are not 
considered unnecessary obstacles to trade.

K. Privacy Act

    Interested parties should be aware that anyone can search the 
electronic form of all written comments received into any agency docket 
by the name of the individual submitting the document (or signing the 
document, if submitted on behalf of an association, business, labor 
union, etc.). You may review DOT's complete Privacy Act Statement in 
the Federal Register (65 FR 19477-19478, Apr. 11, 2000) or you may 
visit https://www.dot.gov/privacy.html.

L. Analysis Under 1 CFR Part 51

    As 1 CFR 51.5 requires, FRA has summarized the standard 
incorporated by reference and shown its reasonable availability in the 
Section-by-Section analysis above.

List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 214

    Bridges, Incorporation by reference, Occupational safety and 
health, Penalties, Railroad safety, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements.

The Rule

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, FRA amends part 214 of 
chapter II, subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, as 
follows:

PART 214--[AMENDED]

0
1. The authority citation for part 214 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 20102-20103, 20107, 21301-21302, 21304, 28 
U.S.C. 2461, note; and 49 CFR 1.89.

Subpart A--General

0
2. Amend Sec.  214.7 as follows:
0
a. Add the definitions, in alphabetical order, for ``controlled 
point'', ``interlocking, manual'', ``maximum authorized speed'', ``on-
track safety manual'', ``roadway worker in charge'';
0
b. Revise the definitions for ``effective securing device'' and 
``watchman/lookout''.
    The additions and revisions read as follows:


Sec.  214.7  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Controlled point means a location where signals and/or other 
functions of a traffic control system are controlled from the control 
machine.
* * * * *
    Effective securing device means a vandal and tamper resistant lock, 
keyed for application and removal only by the roadway worker(s) for 
whom the protection is provided. In the absence of a lock, it is 
acceptable to use a spike driven firmly into a switch tie or a switch 
point clamp to prevent the use of a manually operated switch. It is 
also acceptable to use portable derails secured with specifically 
designed metal wedges. Securing devices without a specially keyed lock 
shall be designed in such a manner that they require railroad track 
tools for installation and removal and the operating rules of the 
railroad must prohibit removal by employees other than the class, 
craft, or group of employees for whom the protection is being provided. 
Regardless of the type of securing device, the throwing handle or hasp 
of the switch or derail shall be uniquely tagged. If there is no 
throwing handle, the securing device shall be tagged.
* * * * *
    Interlocking, manual means an arrangement of signals and signal 
appliances operated from an interlocking machine and so interconnected 
by means of mechanical and/or electric locking that their movements 
must succeed each other in proper sequence, train movements over all 
routes being governed by signal indication.
* * * * *
    Maximum authorized speed means the highest speed permitted for the 
movement of trains permanently established by timetable/special 
instructions, general order, or track bulletin.
* * * * *
    On-track safety manual means the entire set of on-track safety 
rules and instructions maintained together in one manual designed to 
prevent roadway workers from being struck by trains or other on-track 
equipment. These instructions include operating rules and other 
procedures concerning on-track safety protection and on-track safety 
measures.
* * * * *
    Roadway worker in charge means a roadway worker who is qualified 
under Sec.  214.353 to establish on-track safety for roadway work 
groups, and lone workers qualified under Sec.  214.347 to establish on-
track safety for themselves.
* * * * *
    Watchman/lookout means an employee who has been trained and 
qualified to provide warning to roadway workers of approaching trains 
or on-track equipment. Watchmen/lookouts shall be properly equipped to 
provide visual and auditory warning such as whistle, air horn, white 
disk, red flag, lantern, fuse. A watchman/lookout's sole duty is to 
look out for approaching trains/on-track equipment and provide at least 
fifteen seconds advanced warning to employees before arrival of trains/
on-track equipment.
* * * * *

[[Page 37885]]


0
3. Revise Sec.  214.113(b) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.113  Head protection.

* * * * *
    (b) Helmets required by this section shall conform to the 
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.135(b), as established by the U.S. 
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

0
4. Revise Sec.  214.115(b) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.115  Foot protection.

* * * * *
    (b) Foot protection equipment required by this section shall 
conform to the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.136(b), as established by 
the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 
Administration.

0
5. Revise Sec.  214.117(b) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.117  Eye and face protection.

* * * * *
    (b) Eye and face protection equipment required by this section 
shall conform to the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.133(b), as established 
by the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health 
Administration.
* * * * *

Subpart C--Roadway Worker Protection

0
6. Revise Sec.  214.301(c) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.301  Purpose and scope.

* * * * *
    (c) This subpart prescribes safety standards related to the 
movement of roadway maintenance machines where such movements affect 
the safety of roadway workers. Except as provided for in Sec.  214.320, 
this subpart does not otherwise affect movements of roadway maintenance 
machines that are conducted under the authority of a train dispatcher, 
a control operator, or the operating rules of the railroad.


Sec.  214.302  [Removed and Reserved]

0
7. Remove and reserve Sec.  214.302.


Sec.  214.305  [Removed and Reserved]

0
8. Remove and reserve Sec.  214.305.
0
9. Revise Sec.  214.307 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.307  On-track safety programs.

    (a) Each railroad subject to this part shall maintain and have in 
effect an on-track safety program which complies with the requirements 
of this subpart. New railroads must have an on-track safety program in 
effect by the date on which operations commence. The on-track safety 
program shall be retained at a railroad's system headquarters and 
division headquarters, and shall be made available to representatives 
of the FRA for inspection and copying during normal business hours. 
Each railroad to which this part applies is authorized to retain its 
program by electronic recordkeeping in accordance with Sec. Sec.  
217.9(g) and 217.11(c) of this chapter.
    (b) Each railroad shall notify, in writing, the Associate 
Administrator for Safety and Chief Safety Officer, Federal Railroad 
Administration, RRS-15, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 
20590, not less than one month before its on-track safety program 
becomes effective. The notification shall include the effective date of 
the program and the name, title, address and telephone number of the 
primary person to be contacted with regard to review of the program. 
This notification procedure shall also apply to subsequent changes to a 
railroad's on-track safety program.
    (c) Upon review of a railroad's on-track safety program, the FRA 
Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and Chief Safety Officer 
may, for cause stated, may disapprove the program. Notification of such 
disapproval shall be made in writing and specify the basis for the 
disapproval decision. If the Associate Administrator for Railroad 
Safety and Chief Safety Officer disapproves the program:
    (1) The railroad has 35 days from the date of the written 
notification of such disapproval to:
    (i) Amend its program and submit it to the Associate Administrator 
for Railroad Safety and Chief Safety Officer for approval; or
    (ii) Provide a written response in support of its program to the 
Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and Chief Safety Officer.
    (2) FRA's Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and Chief 
Safety Officer will subsequently issue a written decision either 
approving or disapproving the railroad's program.
    (3) Failure to submit to FRA an amended program or provide a 
written response in accordance with this paragraph will be considered a 
failure to implement an on-track safety program under this subpart.

0
10. Revise Sec.  214.309 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.309  On-track safety manual.

    (a) The applicable on-track safety manual (as defined by Sec.  
214.7) shall be readily available to all roadway workers. Each roadway 
worker in charge responsible for the on-track safety of others, and 
each lone worker, shall be provided with and shall maintain a copy of 
the on-track safety manual.
    (b) When it is impracticable for the on-track safety manual to be 
readily available to a lone worker, the employer shall establish 
provisions for such worker to have alternative access to the 
information in the manual.
    (c) Changes to the on-track safety manual may be temporarily 
published in bulletins or notices. Such publications shall be retained 
along with the on-track safety manual until fully incorporated into the 
manual.

0
11. In Sec.  214.315, revise paragraphs (a)(3), (a)(4), (b), the first 
sentence of paragraphs (c) through (e) and add paragraph (a)(5) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  214.315  Supervision and communication.

    (a) * * *
    (3) Information about any adjacent tracks, on-track safety for such 
tracks, if required by this subpart or deemed necessary by the roadway 
worker in charge, and identification of any roadway maintenance 
machines that will foul such tracks;
    (4) A discussion of the nature of the work to be performed and the 
characteristics of the work location to ensure compliance with this 
subpart; and
    (5) Information on the accessibility of the roadway worker in 
charge and alternative procedures in the event the roadway worker in 
charge is no longer accessible to the members of the roadway work 
group.
    (b) A job briefing for on-track safety shall be deemed complete 
only after the roadway worker(s) has acknowledged understanding of the 
on-track safety procedures and instructions presented.
    (c) Every roadway work group whose duties require fouling a track 
shall have one roadway worker in charge designated by the employer to 
provide on-track safety for all members of the group. * * *
    (d) Before any member of a roadway work group fouls a track, the 
roadway worker in charge designated under paragraph (c) of this section 
shall inform each roadway worker of the on-track safety procedures to 
be used and followed during the performance of the work at that time 
and location. * * *
    (e) Each lone worker shall communicate at the beginning of each 
duty period with a supervisor or another designated employee to receive 
an on-track safety job briefing and to advise of his or her planned 
itinerary and the procedures that he or she intends to use for on-track 
safety. * * *

0
12. Revise Sec.  214.317 to read as follows:

[[Page 37886]]

Sec.  214.317  On-track safety procedures, generally.

    (a) Each employer subject to the provisions of this part shall 
provide on-track safety for roadway workers by adopting a program that 
contains specific rules for protecting roadway workers that comply with 
the provisions of Sec. Sec.  214.319 through 214.337.
    (b) Roadway workers may walk across any track provided that they 
can safely be across and clear of the track before a train or other on-
track equipment would arrive at the crossing point under the following 
circumstances:
    (1) Employers shall adopt, and roadway workers shall comply with, 
applicable railroad safety rules governing how to determine that it is 
safe to cross the track before starting across;
    (2) Roadway workers shall move directly and promptly across the 
track; and
    (3) On-track safety protection is in place for all roadway workers 
who are actually engaged in work, including inspection, construction, 
maintenance or repair, and extending to carrying tools or material that 
restricts motion, impairs sight or hearing, or prevents an employee 
from detecting and moving rapidly away from an approaching train or 
other on-track equipment.
    (c) On non-controlled track, on-track roadway maintenance machines 
engaged in weed spraying or snow removal may proceed under the 
provisions of Sec.  214.301(c), under the following conditions:
    (1) Each railroad shall establish and comply with an operating 
procedure for on-track snow removal and weed spray equipment to ensure 
that:
    (i) All on-track movements in the affected area are informed of 
such operations;
    (ii) All on-track movements shall operate at restricted speed as 
defined in Sec.  214.7, except on other than yard tracks and yard 
switching leads, where all on-track movements shall operate prepared to 
stop within one-half the range of vision but not exceeding 25 mph;
    (iii) A means for communication between the on-track equipment and 
other on-track movements is provided; and
    (iv) Remotely controlled hump yard facility operations are not in 
effect, and kicking of cars is prohibited unless agreed to by the 
roadway worker in charge.
    (2) Roadway workers engaged in such snow removal or weed spraying 
operations subject to this section shall retain an absolute right to 
use the provisions of Sec.  214.327 (inaccessible track).
    (3) Roadway workers assigned to work with this equipment may line 
switches (or derails operated via a switch stand) for the machine's 
movement but shall not engage in any roadway work activity unless 
protected by another form of on-track safety.
    (4) Each roadway maintenance machine engaged in snow removal or 
weed spraying under this provision shall be equipped with and utilize:
    (i) An operative 360-degree intermittent warning light or beacon;
    (ii) Work lights, if the machine is operated during the period 
between one-half hour after sunset and one-half hour before sunrise or 
in dark areas such as tunnels, unless equivalent lighting is otherwise 
provided;
    (iii) An illumination device, such as a headlight, capable of 
illuminating obstructions on the track ahead in the direction of travel 
for a distance of 300 feet under normal weather and atmospheric 
conditions;
    (iv) A brake light activated by the application of the machine 
braking system, and designed to be visible for a distance of 300 feet 
under normal weather and atmospheric conditions; and
    (v) A rearward viewing device, such as a rearview mirror.
    (d) Tunnel niches or clearing bays in existence prior to April 1, 
2017 that are designed to permit roadway workers to occupy a place of 
safety when trains or other on-track equipment pass the niche or 
clearing bay, but are less than four feet from the field side of the 
nearest rail, may continue to be used as a place of safety provided:
    (1) Such niches or clearing bays are visually inspected by the 
roadway worker in charge or lone worker prior to making the 
determination that the niche or clearing bay is suitable for use as a 
place of safety;
    (2) There is adequate sight distance to permit a roadway worker or 
lone worker to occupy the place of safety in the niche or clearing bay 
at least 15 seconds prior to the arrival of a train or other on-track 
equipment at the work location in accordance with Sec. Sec.  214.329 
and 214.337; and
    (3) The roadway worker in charge or lone worker shall have the 
absolute right to designate a place of safety as a location other than 
that of a tunnel niche or clearing bay described by this paragraph (d), 
or to establish working limits.

0
13. Add Sec.  214.318 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.318  Locomotive servicing and car shop repair track areas.

    (a) In lieu of the requirements of this subpart, workers (as 
defined by Sec.  218.5 of this chapter) within the limits of locomotive 
servicing and car shop repair track areas (as both are defined by Sec.  
218.5 of this chapter) may utilize procedures established by a railroad 
in accordance with part 218, subpart B, of this chapter (Blue Signal 
Protection) to perform duties incidental to inspecting, testing, 
servicing, or repairing rolling equipment when those incidental duties 
involve fouling a track that is protected by Blue Signal Protection. A 
railroad utilizing Blue Signal Protection in lieu of the requirements 
of this subpart must have rules in effect governing the applicability 
of those protections to the incidental duties being performed.
    (b) Paragraph (a) of this section applies to employees of a 
contractor to a railroad if such incidental duties are performed under 
the supervision of a railroad employee qualified (as defined by Sec.  
217.4 of this chapter) on the railroad's rules and procedures 
implementing the Blue Signal Protection requirements.
    (c) Any work performed within the limits of a locomotive servicing 
or car shop repair track area with the potential of fouling a track 
which requires a person qualified under Sec.  213.7 of this chapter to 
be present to inspect or supervise such work must be performed in 
accordance with the requirements of this subpart.

0
14. Revise Sec.  214.319 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.319  Working limits, generally.

    Working limits established on controlled track shall conform to the 
provisions of Sec.  214.321 Exclusive track occupancy, Sec.  214.323 
Foul time, or Sec.  214.325 Train coordination. Working limits 
established on non-controlled track shall conform to the provision of 
Sec.  214.327 Inaccessible track.
    (a) Working limits established under any procedure shall, in 
addition, conform to the following provisions:
    (1) Only a roadway worker in charge who is qualified in accordance 
with Sec.  214.353 shall establish or have control over working limits 
for the purpose of establishing on-track safety.
    (2) Only one roadway worker in charge who is qualified in 
accordance with Sec.  214.353 shall have control over working limits on 
any one segment of track.
    (3) All affected roadway workers shall be notified before working 
limits are released for the operation of trains. Working limits shall 
not be released until all affected roadway workers have either left the 
track or have been afforded on-track safety through train approach 
warning in accordance with Sec.  214.329.

[[Page 37887]]

    (b) Each Class I or Class II railroad or each railroad providing 
regularly scheduled intercity or commuter rail passenger transportation 
that utilizes controlled track working limits as a form of on-track 
safety (under Sec. Sec.  214.321 through 214.323) in signalized 
territory shall:
    (1) By July 1, 2017, evaluate its on-track safety program and 
identify an appropriate method(s) of providing redundant signal 
protections for roadway work groups who depend on a train dispatcher or 
control operator to provide signal protection in establishing 
controlled track working limits. For purposes of this section, 
redundant signal protections means risk mitigation measures or safety 
redundancies adopted to ensure the proper establishment and maintenance 
of signal protections for controlled track working limits until such 
working limits are released by the roadway worker in charge. 
Appropriate redundant protections could include the use of various risk 
mitigation measures (or a combination of risk mitigation measures) such 
as technology, training, supervision, or operating-based procedures; or 
could include use of redundant signal protection, such as shunting, 
designed to prevent signal system-related incursions into established 
controlled track working limits; and
    (2) By January 1, 2018, specifically identify, implement, and 
comply with the method(s) of providing redundant protections in its on-
track safety program.
    (c) Upon a railroad's request, FRA will consider an exemption from 
the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section for each segment of 
track(s) for which operations are governed by a positive train control 
system under part 236, subpart I, of this chapter. A request for 
approval to exempt a segment of track must be submitted in writing to 
the FRA Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and Chief Safety 
Officer. The FRA Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and Chief 
Safety Officer will review a railroad's submission and will notify a 
railroad of its approval or disapproval in writing within 90 days of 
FRA's receipt of a railroad's written request, and shall specify the 
basis for any disapproval decision.

0
15. Add Sec.  214.320 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.320  Roadway maintenance machine movements over signalized 
non-controlled track.

    Working limits must be established for roadway maintenance machine 
movements on non-controlled track equipped with automatic block signal 
systems over which trains are permitted to exceed restricted speed (for 
purposes of this section, on-track movements prepared to stop within 
on-half the range of vision but not exceeding 25 mph). This section 
applies unless the railroad's operating rules protect the movements of 
roadway maintenance machines in a manner equivalent to that provided 
for by limiting all train and locomotive movements to restricted speed, 
and such equivalent level of protection is first approved in writing by 
FRA's Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety and Chief Safety 
Officer.

0
16. In Sec.  214.321, revise paragraphs (a) introductory text, (b) 
introductory text, (b)(2), and (d) and add paragraphs (b)(4) and (e) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  214.321  Exclusive track occupancy.

* * * * *
    (a) The track within working limits shall be placed under the 
control of one roadway worker in charge by either:
* * * * *
    (b) An authority for exclusive track occupancy given to the roadway 
worker in charge of the working limits shall be transmitted on a 
written or printed document directly, by relay through a designated 
employee, in a data transmission, or by oral communication, to the 
roadway worker in charge by the train dispatcher or control operator in 
charge of the track.
* * * * *
    (2) The roadway worker in charge of the working limits shall 
maintain possession of the written or printed authority for exclusive 
track occupancy while the authority for the working limits is in 
effect. A data transmission of an authority displayed on an electronic 
screen may be used as a substitute for a written or printed document 
required under this paragraph. Electronic displays of authority shall 
comply with the requirements of Sec.  214.322.
* * * * *
    (4) An authority shall specify a unique roadway work group number, 
an employee name, or a unique identifier. A railroad shall adopt 
procedures that require precise communication between trains and other 
on-track equipment and the roadway worker in charge or lone worker 
controlling the working limits in accordance with Sec.  214.319. The 
procedures may permit communications to be made directly between a 
train or other on-track equipment and a roadway worker in charge or 
lone worker, or through a train dispatcher or control operator.
* * * * *
    (d) Movements of trains and roadway maintenance machines within 
working limits established through exclusive track occupancy shall be 
made only under the direction of the roadway worker in charge of the 
working limits. Such movements shall be at restricted speed unless a 
higher authorized speed has been specifically authorized by the roadway 
worker in charge of the working limits.
    (e) Working limits established by exclusive track occupancy 
authority may occur behind designated trains moving through the same 
limits in accordance with the following provisions:
    (1) The authority establishing working limits will only be 
considered to be in effect after it is confirmed by the roadway worker 
in charge or lone worker that the affected train(s) have passed the 
point to be occupied or fouled by:
    (i) Visually identifying the affected trains(s); or
    (ii) Direct radio contact with a crew member of the affected 
train(s); or
    (iii) Receiving information about the affected train from the train 
dispatcher or control operator.
    (2) When utilizing the provisions of paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this 
section, a railroad's operating rules shall include procedures 
prohibiting the affected train(s) from making a reverse movement into 
or within the limits being fouled or occupied.
    (3) After the roadway worker in charge or lone worker has confirmed 
that the affected trains(s) have passed the point to be occupied or 
fouled, the roadway worker in charge shall record on the authority the 
time of passage and engine number(s) of the affected trains(s). If the 
confirmation is by direct communication with the train(s), or through 
confirmation by the train dispatcher or control operator, the roadway 
worker in charge shall record the time of such confirmation and the 
engine number(s) of the affected trains on the authority.
    (4) A separate roadway work group afforded on-track safety by the 
roadway worker in charge of authority limits, and that is located away 
from the roadway worker in charge of authority limits, shall:
    (i) Occupy or foul the track only after receiving permission from 
the roadway worker in charge to occupy the working limits after the 
roadway worker charge has fulfilled the provisions of paragraph (e)(1) 
of this section; and
    (ii) Be accompanied by an employee qualified to the level of a 
roadway worker in charge who shall also have a copy of the authority 
and who shall

[[Page 37888]]

independently execute the required communication requirements of 
paragraphs (e)(1) and (3) of this section.
    (5) Any subsequent train or on-track equipment movements within 
working limits after the passage of the affected train(s) shall be 
governed by paragraph (d) of this section.

0
17. Add Sec.  214.322 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.322  Exclusive track occupancy, electronic display.

    (a) While it is in effect, all the contents of an authority 
electronically displayed shall be readily viewable by the roadway 
worker in charge that is using the authority to provide on-track safety 
for a roadway work group.
    (b) If the electronic display device malfunctions, fails, or cannot 
display an authority while it is in effect, the roadway worker in 
charge shall either obtain a written or printed copy of the authority 
in accordance with Sec.  214.321 (except that on-track roadway 
maintenance machine and hi-rail movements must stop) or establish 
another form of on-track safety without delay. In the event that a 
written or printed copy of the authority cannot be obtained or another 
form of on-track safety cannot be established after failure of an 
electronic display device, the roadway worker in charge shall instruct 
all roadway workers to stop work and occupy a place of safety and 
conduct an on-track safety job briefing to determine the safe course of 
action with the roadway work group.
    (c) All authorized users of an electronic display system shall be 
uniquely identified to support individual accountability. A user may be 
a person, a process, or some other system that accesses or attempts to 
access an electronic display system to perform tasks or process an 
authority.
    (d) All authorized users of an electronic display system must be 
authenticated prior to being granted access to such system. The system 
shall ensure the confidentiality and integrity of all internally stored 
authentication data and protect it from access by unauthorized users. 
The authentication scheme shall utilize algorithms approved by the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or any similarly 
recognized and FRA approved standards body.
    (e) The integrity of all data must be ensured during transmission/
reception, processing, and storage. All new electronic display systems 
implemented on or after July 1, 2017 shall utilize a Message 
Authentication Code (MAC) to ensure that all data is error free. The 
MAC shall utilize algorithms approved by NIST, or any similarly 
recognized and FRA approved standards body. Systems implemented prior 
to July 1, 2017 may utilize a Cyclical Redundancy Code (CRC) to ensure 
that all data is error free provided:
    (1) The collision rate for the CRC check utilized shall be less 
than or equal to 1 in 2\32\. Systems implemented prior to July 1, 2017 
that do not utilize a CRC with a collision rate less than or equal to 1 
in 2\32\ must be retired or updated to utilize a MAC no later than July 
1, 2018.
    (2) MAC and CRC checks shall only be used to verify the accuracy of 
an electronic authority data message and shall not be used in an error 
correction reconstruction of the data. An authority must fail if the 
MAC or CRC checks do not match.
    (f) Authorities transmitted to each electronic display device shall 
be retained in the device's non-volatile memory for not less than 72 
hours.
    (g) If any electronic display device used to obtain an authority is 
involved in an accident/incident that is required to be reported to FRA 
under part 225 of this chapter, the railroad or employer that was using 
the device at the time of the accident shall, to the extent possible, 
and to the extent consistent with the safety of life and property, 
preserve the data recorded by each such device for analysis by FRA. 
This preservation requirement permits the railroad or employer to 
extract and analyze such data, provided the original downloaded data 
file, or an unanalyzed exact copy of it, shall be retained in secure 
custody and shall not be utilized for analysis or any other purpose 
except by direction of FRA or the National Transportation Safety Board. 
This preservation requirement shall expire one (1) year after the date 
of the accident unless FRA or the National Transportation Safety Board 
notifies the railroad in writing that the data are desired for 
analysis.
    (h) New electronic display systems implemented on or after July 1, 
2017 shall provide Level 3 assurance as defined by NIST Special 
Publication 800-63-2, Electronic Authentication Guideline, ``Computer 
Security,'' August 2013. Systems implemented prior to July 1, 2017 
shall provide Level 2 assurance. Systems implemented prior to July 1, 
2017 that do not provide Level 2 or higher assurance must be retired, 
or updated to provide Level 2 assurance, no later than July 1, 2018. 
The incorporation by reference of this NIST Special Publication was 
approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. You may obtain a copy of the 
incorporated document from the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8930, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930, 
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-63-2.pdf. You may inspect a copy of the document at the Federal Railroad 
Administration, Docket Clerk, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, 
DC, or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For 
information on the availability of this material at NARA, call (202) 
741-6030, or go to: https://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.

0
18. In Sec.  214.323, revise paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) and add 
paragraph (d) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.323  Foul time.

* * * * *
    (a) Foul time may be given orally or in writing by the train 
dispatcher or control operator only after that employee has withheld 
the authority of all trains or other on-track equipment to move into or 
within the working limits during the foul time period.
    (b) Each roadway worker in charge to whom foul time is transmitted 
orally shall repeat the track number or identifier, track limits and 
time limits of the foul time to the issuing employee for verification 
before the foul time becomes effective.
    (c) The train dispatcher or control operator shall not permit the 
movement of trains or other on-track equipment into working limits 
protected by foul time until the roadway worker in charge who obtained 
the foul time has reported clear of the track.
    (d) The roadway worker in charge shall not permit the movement of 
trains or other on-track equipment into or within working limits 
protected by foul time.

0
19. In Sec.  214.325, revise the introductory text to read as follows:


Sec.  214.325  Train coordination.

    Working limits established on controlled track by a roadway worker 
in charge through the use of train coordination shall comply with the 
following requirements:
* * * * *

0
20. In Sec.  214.327, add paragraphs (a)(6), (7), and (8) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  214.327  Inaccessible track.

    (a) * * *
    (6) A locomotive with or without cars placed to prevent access to 
the working limits at one or more points of entry to the working 
limits, provided the following conditions are met:

[[Page 37889]]

    (i) The roadway worker in charge who is responsible for 
establishing working limits communicates with a member of the crew 
assigned to the locomotive and determines that:
    (A) The locomotive is visible to the roadway worker in charge that 
is establishing the working limits; and
    (B) The locomotive is stopped.
    (ii) Further movements of the locomotive shall be made only as 
permitted by the roadway worker in charge controlling the working 
limits;
    (iii) The crew of the locomotive shall not leave the locomotive 
unattended or go off duty unless communication occurs with the roadway 
worker in charge and an alternate means of on-track safety protection 
has been established by the roadway worker in charge; and
    (iv) Cars coupled to the locomotive on the same end and on the same 
track as the roadway workers shall be connected to the train line air 
brake system and such system shall be charged with compressed air to 
initiate an emergency brake application in case of unintended 
uncoupling. Cars coupled to the locomotive on the same track on the 
opposite end of the roadway workers shall have sufficient braking 
capability to control their movement.
    (7) A railroad's procedure governing block register territory that 
prevents trains and other on-track equipment from occupying the track 
when the territory is under the control of a lone worker or roadway 
worker in charge. The roadway worker in charge or lone worker shall 
have the absolute right to render block register territory inaccessible 
under the other provisions of paragraph (a) of this section.
    (8) Railroad operating rules that prohibit train or engine or other 
on-track equipment movements on a main track within yard limits or 
restricted limits until the train or engine or on-track equipment 
receives notification of any working limits in effect and prohibit the 
train or engine or on-track equipment from entering working limits 
until permission is received by the roadway worker in charge. Such 
working limits shall be delineated with stop signs (flags), and where 
speeds are in excess of restricted speed and physical characteristics 
permit, also with advance signs (flags).
* * * * *

0
21. Amend Sec.  214.329 by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.329  Train approach warning provided by watchmen/lookouts.

* * * * *
    (a) Train approach warning shall be given in sufficient time to 
enable each roadway worker to move to and occupy a previously arranged 
place of safety not less than 15 seconds before a train moving at the 
maximum authorized speed on that track can pass the location of the 
roadway worker. The place of safety to be occupied upon the approach of 
a train may not be on a track, unless working limits are established on 
that track.
* * * * *

0
22. In Sec.  214.331, add paragraph (e) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.331  Definite train location.

* * * * *
    (e) Each on-track safety program that provides for the use of 
definite train location shall discontinue such use by June 12, 2017.

0
23. Revise Sec.  214.333(c) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.333  Informational line-ups of trains.

* * * * *
    (c) Each on-track safety program that provides for the use of 
informational line-ups shall discontinue such use by June 12, 2017.

0
24. Revise Sec.  214.335 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.335  On-track safety procedures for roadway work groups, 
general.

    (a) No employer subject to the provisions of this part shall 
require or permit a roadway worker who is a member of a roadway work 
group to foul a track unless on-track safety is provided by either 
working limits, train approach warning, or definite train location in 
accordance with the applicable provisions of Sec.  214.319, Sec.  
214.321, Sec.  214.323, Sec.  214.325, Sec.  214.327, Sec.  214.329, 
Sec.  214.331, or Sec.  214.336.
    (b) No roadway worker who is a member of a roadway work group shall 
foul a track without having been informed by the roadway worker in 
charge of the roadway work group that on-track safety is provided.

0
25. In Sec.  214.337, revise paragraph (c)(3) and add paragraph (g) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  214.337  On-track safety procedures for lone workers.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) On track outside the limits of a manual interlocking, a 
controlled point (except those consisting of signals only), or a 
remotely controlled hump yard facility;
* * * * *
    (g) Individual train detection shall not be used to provide on-
track safety for a lone worker using a roadway maintenance machine, 
equipment, or material that cannot be readily removed by hand.

0
26. Revise Sec.  214.339 to read as follows:


Sec.  214.339  Audible warning from trains.

    (a) Each railroad shall have in effect and comply with written 
procedures that prescribe effective requirements for audible warning by 
horn and/or bell for trains and locomotives approaching any roadway 
workers or roadway maintenance machines that are either on the track on 
which the movement is occurring, or about the track if the roadway 
workers or roadway maintenance machines are at risk of fouling the 
track. At a minimum, such written procedures shall address:
    (1) Initial horn warning;
    (2) Subsequent warning(s); and
    (3) Alternative warnings in areas where sounding the horn adversely 
affects roadway workers (e.g., in tunnels and terminals).
    (b) Such audible warning shall not substitute for on-track safety 
procedures prescribed in this part.

0
27. Revise Sec.  214.343(c) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.343  Training and qualification, general.

* * * * *
    (c) Except as provided for in Sec.  214.353, railroad employees 
other than roadway workers, who are associated with on-track safety 
procedures, and whose primary duties are concerned with the movement 
and protection of trains, shall be trained to perform their functions 
related to on-track safety through the training and qualification 
procedures prescribed by the operating railroad for the primary 
position of the employee, including maintenance of records and 
frequency of training.
* * * * *

0
28. In Sec.  214.345, revise the introductory text and add paragraph 
(f) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.345  Training for all roadway workers.

    Consistent with Sec.  214.343(b), the training of all roadway 
workers shall include, as a minimum, the following:
* * * * *
    (f) Instruction on railroad safety rules adopted to comply with 
Sec.  214.317(b).

0
29. In Sec.  214.347, add paragraph (a)(5) and revise paragraph (b) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  214.347  Training and qualification for lone workers.

* * * * *

[[Page 37890]]

    (a) * * *
    (5) Alternative means to access the information in a railroad's on-
track safety manual when a lone worker's duties make it impracticable 
for the on-track safety manual to be readily available.
    (b) Initial and periodic (as specified by Sec.  243.201 of this 
chapter) qualification of a lone worker shall be evidenced by 
demonstrated proficiency.

0
30. Revise Sec.  214.349(b) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.349  Training and qualification of watchmen/lookouts.

* * * * *
    (b) Initial and periodic (as specified by Sec.  243.201 of this 
chapter) qualification of a watchman/lookout shall be evidenced by 
demonstrated proficiency.

0
31. Revise Sec.  214.351(b) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.351  Training and qualification of flagmen.

* * * * *
    (b) Initial and periodic (as specified by Sec.  243.201 of this 
chapter) qualification of a flagman shall be evidenced by demonstrated 
proficiency.

0
32. In Sec.  214.353, revise the section heading and paragraphs (a) 
introductory text, (a)(1), and (b) and add paragraph (a)(5) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  214.353  Training and qualification of each roadway worker in 
charge.

    (a) The training and qualification of each roadway worker in 
charge, or any other employee acting as a roadway worker in charge 
(e.g., a conductor or a brakeman), who provides for the on-track safety 
of roadway workers through establishment of working limits or the 
assignment and supervision of watchmen/lookouts or flagmen shall 
include, at a minimum:
    (1) All the on-track safety training and qualification required of 
the roadway workers to be supervised and protected, including the 
railroad's procedures governing good faith challenges in Sec. Sec.  
214.311(b) and (c) and 214.313(d).
* * * * *
    (5) The procedures required to ensure that the roadway worker in 
charge of the on-track safety of group(s) of roadway workers remains 
immediately accessible and available to all roadway workers being 
protected under the working limits or other provisions of on-track 
safety established by the roadway worker in charge.
    (b) Initial and periodic (as specified by Sec.  243.201 of this 
chapter) qualification of a roadway worker in charge shall be evidenced 
by demonstrated proficiency.

0
33. In Sec.  214.355, revise the section heading and paragraph (b) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  214.355  Training and qualification of each roadway worker in on-
track safety for operators of roadway maintenance machines.

* * * * *
    (b) Initial and periodic (as specified by Sec.  243.201 of this 
chapter) qualification of a roadway worker to operate roadway 
maintenance machines shall be evidenced by demonstrated proficiency.

0
34. In appendix A to part 214, add footnote number 2 to the table 
heading ``Section'' and, under subpart C, revise the entries for 
Sec. Sec.  214.303(b), 214.307, 214.309, 214.315(a), 214.317, 214.319, 
214.329(a), 214,339, and 214.353 and add entries for Sec. Sec.  
214.318, 214.320, 214.321(b)(4) and (e), 214.322, 214.323(c) and (d), 
214.331(e), and 214.337(g) to read as follows:

         Appendix A to Part 214--Schedule of Civil Penalties \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Willful
                  Section \2\                    Violation    violation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                              * * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Subpart C--Roadway Worker Protection Rule
------------------------------------------------------------------------
214.303 Railroad on-track safety programs,
 generally:
 
                              * * * * * * *
    (b) Failure of a railroad to include and          5,000       10,000
     use internal monitoring procedure........
 
                              * * * * * * *
214.307 On-track safety programs:
    (a)(i) Failure to adopt On-Track Safety          10,000       13,000
     Program..................................
    (ii) Failure to provide On-track Safety           1,000        5,000
     Program to FRA upon request..............
    (b) Failure to notify FRA of adoption or          1,000        5,000
     change to On-Track Safety Program........
    (c) Failure to amend or provide written          10,000       20,000
     response after disapproval of On-track
     Safety Program...........................
214.309 On-track safety manual:
    (a) On-track Safety Manual not provided to        2,000        5,000
     prescribed employees.....................
(b) Failure to establish provision for lone           5,000       10,000
 worker to have alternative access to On-track
 Safety Manual................................
(c) Failure to maintain entire set of on-track        2,000        5,000
 safety rules and instructions, including
 updates temporarily published in bulletins or
 notices, in one On-Track Safety Manual.......
 
                              * * * * * * *
214.315 Supervision and communication:
    (a)(1)Complete failure of employer to             5,000       10,000
     provide on-track safety job briefing.....
    (2)-(5) Partial failure of employer to            2,000        4,000
     provide on-track safety job briefing.....
 
                              * * * * * * *
214.317 On-track safety procedures, generally:
    (a) On-track safety rules conflict with           5,000       10,000
     this part................................
    (b) Failure to adopt or comply with rules         2,000        5,000
     governing safe crossing of track.........
        (3) Failure to establish on-track             2,000        5,000
         safety if required...................
    (c)(1) Failure to adopt or comply with            3,000        5,000
     operating procedure if this section is
     utilized in lieu of establishing working
     limits...................................
    (2) Failure to grant absolute right to            3,000        5,000
     establish working limits if requested by
     RWIC or lone worker......................

[[Page 37891]]

 
    (3) Except as permitted, roadway worker           3,000        5,000
     fouling track without on-track safety....
    (4) Roadway maintenance machine not               3,000        5,000
     properly equipped or utilized............
    (d)(1) Failure to inspect tunnel niche or         3,000        5,000
     clearing bay.............................
    (2) Lack of adequate sight distance.......        3,000        5,000
    (3) Failure to grant absolute right to            5,000       10,000
     establish other place of safety or to
     establish working limits if requested by
     RWIC or lone worker......................
214.318 Locomotive servicing and car shop
 repair track areas:
    (a)-(c)...................................        3,000        5,000
214.319 Working limits, generally:
    (a)(1)Non-qualified RWIC of working limits        5,000       10,000
    (a)(2) More than one RWIC of working              2,000        5,000
     limits on the same track segment.........
    (a)(3)(i) Working limits released without         5,000       10,000
     notifying all affected roadway workers...
    (a)(3)(ii) Working limits released before         5,000       10,000
     all affected roadway workers are
     otherwise protected......................
    (b)(1) Failure to adopt redundant                 5,000       10,000
     protections in on-track safety program...
    (b)(2) Failure to comply with redundant           5,000       10,000
     protections identified in on-track safety
     program when controlled track working
     limits are established...................
214.320 Roadway maintenance machine movements         5,000        7,500
 over signalized non-controlled track.........
214.321 Exclusive track occupancy:
 
                              * * * * * * *
    (b) * * *.................................
    (4) (i) Failure to specify unique roadway         3,000        5,000
     work group number, employee name, or
     unique identifier........................
    (ii) Failure to adopt procedure requiring         3,000        5,000
     precise communication between RWIC or
     lone worker and trains or other on-track
     equipment................................
 
                              * * * * * * *
    (e)(1)-(4) Failure to comply with                 5,000       10,000
     occupancy behind requirements............
214.322 Exclusive track occupancy, electronic
 display:
    (a) Contents of authority electronically          3,000        5,000
     displayed not readily viewable...........
    (b) Failure to timely obtain written/             3,000        5,000
     printed authority or occupy place of
     safety if electronic display fails while
     authority is in effect...................
    (c)-(h)...................................        2,000        4,000
214.323 Foul time:
 
                              * * * * * * *
    (c) Train dispatcher or control operator          5,000       10,000
     permitting movement of trains or other on-
     track equipment into working limits prior
     to RWIC reporting clear of track.........
    (d) RWIC permitting movement of trains or         5,000       10,000
     on-track equipment into or within working
     limits...................................
 
                              * * * * * * *
214.329 Train approach warning provided by
 watchmen/lookouts:
    (a)(i) Failure to give timely warning of          5,000       10,000
     approaching train........................
    (ii) Failure to use maximum authorized            3,000        5,000
     speed in formulating sight distance......
    (iii) Use of another track as a place of          3,000        5,000
     safety without establishing working
     limits on that track.....................
 
                              * * * * * * *
214.331 Definite train location:
 
                              * * * * * * *
    (e) Failure to discontinue use of definite        9,500       13,000
     train location by required date..........
 
                              * * * * * * *
214.337 On-track safety procedures for lone
 workers:
 
                              * * * * * * *
    (g) Use of individual train detection             2,000        4,000
     while using machine, equipment, or
     material that cannot be readily removed
     by hand..................................
214.339 Audible warning from trains:
    (a)-(b) Failure to adopt or comply with           2,000        4,000
     audible warning procedures...............
 
                              * * * * * * *
214.353 Training and qualification of roadway         2,000        4,000
 workers in charge............................
 
                              * * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ A penalty may be assessed against an individual only for a willful
  violation. The Administrator reserves the right to assess a penalty of
  up to $105,000 for any violation where circumstances warrant. See 49
  CFR part 209, appendix A. Failure to observe any condition(s) of an
  exception set forth in paragraph (e) of Sec.   214.336 deprives the
  railroad or contractor of the benefit of the exception and makes the
  railroad or contractor, and any responsible individuals, liable for
  penalty under the particular regulatory provision(s) from which the
  exception would otherwise have granted relief.

[[Page 37892]]

 
\2\ The penalty schedule uses section numbers from 49 CFR part 214. If
  more than one item is listed as a type of violation of a given
  section, each item is also designated by a ``penalty code,'' which is
  used to facilitate assessment of civil penalties, and which may or may
  not correspond to any subsection designation(s). For convenience,
  penalty citations will cite the CFR and the penalty code, if any. FRA
  reserves the right, should litigation become necessary, to substitute
  in its complaint the CFR citation in place of the combined CFR and
  penalty code citation, should they differ.


    Issued in Washington, DC, on May 26, 2016.
Sarah E. Feinberg,
Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2016-13057 Filed 6-6-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4910-06-P