Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts, 4741-4745 [2016-01587]

Agencies

• United States Sentencing Commission

[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 17 (Wednesday, January 27, 2016)]
[Notices]
[Pages 4741-4745]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-01587]


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UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION


Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts

AGENCY: United States Sentencing Commission.

ACTION: Notice of submission to Congress of amendment to the sentencing 
guidelines effective August 1, 2016.

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SUMMARY: Pursuant to its authority under 28 U.S.C. 994(p), the 
Commission has promulgated an amendment to the Guidelines Manual. This 
notice sets forth the amendment and the reason for the amendment.

DATES: The Commission has specified an effective date of August 1, 
2016, for the amendment set forth in this notice.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Matt Osterrieder, Legislative 
Specialist, (202) 502-4500, pubaffairs@ussc.gov. The amendment set 
forth in this notice also may be accessed through the Commission's Web 
site at www.ussc.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The United States Sentencing Commission is 
an independent agency in the judicial branch of the United States 
Government. The Commission promulgates sentencing guidelines and policy 
statements for federal sentencing courts pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(a). 
The Commission also periodically reviews and revises previously 
promulgated guidelines pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o) and generally 
submits guideline amendments to Congress pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(p) 
not later than the first day of May each year. Absent action of 
Congress to the contrary, submitted amendments become effective by 
operation of law on the date specified by the Commission (generally 
November 1 of the year in which the amendments are submitted to 
Congress).
    Notice of the proposed amendment was published in the Federal 
Register on August 17, 2015 (see 80 FR 49314). The Commission held a 
public hearing on the proposed amendment in Washington, DC, on November 
5, 2015. On January 21, 2016, the Commission submitted this amendment 
to Congress and specified an effective date of August 1, 2016.


[[Page 4742]]


    Authority:  28 U.S.C. 994(a), (o), and (p); USSC Rules of 
Practice and Procedure 4.1.

Patti B. Saris,
Chair.
    1. Amendment: The Commentary to Sec.  4B1.1 captioned ``Application 
Notes'' is amended by inserting at the beginning of Note 1 the 
following new heading: ``Definitions.--''; by inserting at the 
beginning of Note 2 the following new heading: `` `Offense Statutory 
Maximum'.--''; and by inserting at the end the following new Note 4:

    ``4. Departure Provision for State Misdemeanors.--In a case in 
which one or both of the defendant's `two prior felony convictions' 
is based on an offense that was classified as a misdemeanor at the 
time of sentencing for the instant federal offense, application of 
the career offender guideline may result in a guideline range that 
substantially overrepresents the seriousness of the defendant's 
criminal history or substantially overstates the seriousness of the 
instant offense. In such a case, a downward departure may be 
warranted without regard to the limitation in Sec.  
4A1.3(b)(3)(A).''.

    Section 4B1.2(a) is amended by striking paragraph (2) as follows:

    ``(2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves 
use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a 
serious potential risk of physical injury to another.'',

and inserting the following:

    ``(2) is murder, voluntary manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated 
assault, a forcible sex offense, robbery, arson, extortion, or the 
use or unlawful possession of a firearm described in 26 U.S.C. 
5845(a) or explosive material as defined in 18 U.S.C. 841(c).''.

    The Commentary to Sec.  4B1.2 captioned ``Application Notes'' is 
amended--in Note 1 by inserting ``Definitions.--'' as a heading before 
the beginning of the note; by striking the second and third 
undesignated paragraphs as follows:

    `` `Crime of violence' includes murder, manslaughter, 
kidnapping, aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses, robbery, 
arson, extortion, extortionate extension of credit, and burglary of 
a dwelling. Other offenses are included as `crimes of violence' if 
(A) that offense has as an element the use, attempted use, or 
threatened use of physical force against the person of another, or 
(B) the conduct set forth (i.e., expressly charged) in the count of 
which the defendant was convicted involved use of explosives 
(including any explosive material or destructive device) or, by its 
nature, presented a serious potential risk of physical injury to 
another.
    `Crime of violence' does not include the offense of unlawful 
possession of a firearm by a felon, unless the possession was of a 
firearm described in 26 U.S.C. 5845(a). Where the instant offense of 
conviction is the unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, Sec.  
2K2.1 (Unlawful Receipt, Possession, or Transportation of Firearms 
or Ammunition; Prohibited Transactions Involving Firearms or 
Ammunition) provides an increase in offense level if the defendant 
had one or more prior felony convictions for a crime of violence or 
controlled substance offense; and, if the defendant is sentenced 
under the provisions of 18 U.S.C. 924(e), Sec.  4B1.4 (Armed Career 
Criminal) will apply.'',

and inserting the following new paragraphs:

    `` `Forcible sex offense' includes where consent to the conduct 
is not given or is not legally valid, such as where consent to the 
conduct is involuntary, incompetent, or coerced. The offenses of 
sexual abuse of a minor and statutory rape are included only if the 
sexual abuse of a minor or statutory rape was (A) an offense 
described in 18 U.S.C. 2241(c) or (B) an offense under state law 
that would have been an offense under section 2241(c) if the offense 
had occurred within the special maritime and territorial 
jurisdiction of the United States.
    `Extortion' is obtaining something of value from another by the 
wrongful use of (A) force, (B) fear of physical injury, or (C) 
threat of physical injury.'';

and by striking the fifth undesignated paragraph as follows:

    ``Unlawfully possessing a firearm described in 26 U.S.C. 5845(a) 
(e.g., a sawed-off shotgun or sawed-off rifle, silencer, bomb, or 
machine gun) is a `crime of violence'.'';

in Note 2, at the beginning of the note, by inserting the following 
new heading: ``Offense of Conviction as Focus of Inquiry.--'';

in Note 3, at the beginning of the note, by inserting the following 
new heading: ``Applicability of Sec.  4A1.2.--'';

and by inserting at the end the following new Note 4:

    ``4. Upward Departure for Burglary Involving Violence.--There 
may be cases in which a burglary involves violence, but does not 
qualify as a `crime of violence' as defined in Sec.  4B1.2(a) and, 
as a result, the defendant does not receive a higher offense level 
or higher Criminal History Category that would have applied if the 
burglary qualified as a `crime of violence.' In such a case, an 
upward departure may be appropriate.''.

    Reason for Amendment: This amendment is a result of the 
Commission's multi-year study of statutory and guideline definitions 
relating to the nature of a defendant's prior conviction (e.g., ``crime 
of violence,'' ``aggravated felony,'' ``violent felony,'' ``drug 
trafficking offense,'' and ``felony drug offense'') and the impact of 
such definitions on the relevant statutory and guideline provisions 
(e.g., career offender, illegal reentry, and armed career criminal). As 
part of this study, the Commission considered feedback from the field, 
including conducting a roundtable discussion on these topics and 
considering the varying case law interpreting these statutory and 
guideline definitions. In particular, the Commission has received 
extensive comment, and is aware of numerous court opinions, expressing 
a view that the definition of ``crime of violence'' is complex and 
unclear. The amendment is informed by this public comment and case law, 
as well as the Supreme Court's recent decision in Johnson v. United 
States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), regarding the statutory definition of 
``violent felony'' in 18 U.S.C. 924(e) (commonly referred to as the 
``Armed Career Criminal Act'' or ``ACCA''). While not addressing the 
guidelines, that decision has given rise to significant litigation 
regarding the guideline definition of ``crime of violence.'' Finally, 
the Commission analyzed a range of sentencing data, including a study 
of the sentences relative to the guidelines for the career offender 
guidelines. See U.S. Sent'g Comm'n, Quick Facts: Career Offenders (Nov. 
2015) (highlighting the decreasing rate of within range guideline 
sentences (27.5% in fiscal year 2014), which has been coupled with 
increasing rates of government (45.6%) and non-government sponsored 
below range sentences (25.9%)).
    The amendment makes several changes to the definition of ``crime of 
violence'' at Sec.  4B1.2 (Definitions of Terms Used in Section 4B1.1), 
which, prior to this amendment, was defined as any offense under 
federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 
one year, that
     has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened 
use of physical force against the person of another (``force clause'' 
or ``elements clause''), see Sec.  4B1.2(a)(1);
     is murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault, 
forcible sex offenses, robbery, arson, extortion, extortionate 
extension of credit, burglary of a dwelling, or involves the use of 
explosives (``enumerated offenses''), see Sec.  4B1.2(a)(2) and 
comment. (n.1); or
     otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious 
potential risk of physical injury to another (``residual clause''), see 
Sec.  4B1.2(a)(2).
    The ``crime of violence'' definition at Sec.  4B1.2 is used to 
trigger increased sentences under several provisions in the Guidelines 
Manual, the most significant of which is Sec.  4B1.1 (Career Offender). 
See also Sec. Sec.  2K1.3, 2K2.1, 2S1.1, 4A1.1(e), 7B1.1. The career 
offender guideline implements a directive to the Commission set forth 
at 28 U.S.C. 994(h), which in turn identifies offenders for whom the 
guidelines must provide increased punishment. Tracking the criteria set

[[Page 4743]]

forth in section 994(h), the Commission implemented the directive by 
identifying a defendant as a career offender if (1) the defendant was 
at least eighteen years old at the time he or she committed the instant 
offense of conviction; (2) the instant offense is a felony that is a 
crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) the 
defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime 
of violence or a controlled substance offense. Where these criteria are 
met, the directive at section 994(h), and therefore Sec.  4B1.1, 
provides for significantly higher sentences under the guidelines, such 
that the guideline range is ``at or near the maximum [term of 
imprisonment] authorized.'' Commission data shows that application of 
Sec.  4B1.1 resulted in an increased final offense level, an increased 
Criminal History Category, or both for 91.3 percent of defendants 
sentenced under the career offender guideline in fiscal year 2014. See 
U.S. Sent'g Comm'n, Quick Facts: Career Offenders (Nov. 2015) (46.3% of 
career offenders received an increase in both final offense level (from 
an average of 23 levels to 31 levels) and criminal history category 
(from an average of category IV to category VI); 32.6% had just a 
higher final offense level (from an average of 23 levels to 30 levels); 
and 12.4% had just a higher Criminal History Category (from an average 
of category IV to category VI)).

Residual Clause

    First, the amendment deletes the ``residual clause'' at Sec.  
4B1.2(a)(2). Prior to the amendment, the term ``crime of violence'' in 
Sec.  4B1.2 included any offense that ``otherwise involves conduct that 
presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.'' In 
Johnson, the Supreme Court considered an identical residual clause 
relating to the statutory definition of ``violent felony'' in the Armed 
Career Criminal Act. The Court held that using the ``residual clause'' 
to classify an offense as a ``violent felony'' violated due process 
because the clause was unconstitutionally vague. See Johnson, 135 S. 
Ct. at 2563. While the Supreme Court in Johnson did not consider or 
address the sentencing guidelines, significant litigation has ensued 
regarding whether the Supreme Court's holding in Johnson should also 
apply to the residual clause in Sec.  4B1.2. Compare United States v. 
Matchett, 802 F.3d 1185 (11th Cir. 2015) (rejecting the argument that 
the residual clause in Sec.  4B1.2 is unconstitutionally vague in light 
of Johnson) and United States v. Wilson, 622 F. App'x 393, 405 n.51 
(5th Cir. 2015) (in considering the applicability of Johnson, noting 
``[o]ur case law indicates that a defendant cannot bring a vagueness 
challenge against a Sentencing Guideline''), with United States v. 
Taylor, 803 F.3d 931 (8th Cir. 2015) (finding that previous circuit 
precedent holding that the guidelines cannot be unconstitutionally 
vague because they do not proscribe conduct is doubtful after Johnson); 
United States v. Madrid, 805 F.3d 1204, 1211 (10th Cir. 2015) (holding 
that that the residual clause of Sec.  4B1.2(a)(2) is void for 
vagueness); United States v. Harbin, 610 F. App'x 562 (6th Cir. 2015) 
(finding that defendant is entitled to the same relief as offenders 
sentenced under the residual clause of the ACCA); and United States v. 
Townsend, __ F. App'x __, 2015 WL 9311394, at *4 (3d Cir. Dec. 23, 
2015) (remanding for resentencing in light of the government's 
concession that, pursuant to Johnson, the defendant should not have 
been sentenced as a career offender).
    The Commission determined that the residual clause at Sec.  4B1.2 
implicates many of the same concerns cited by the Supreme Court in 
Johnson, and, as a matter of policy, amends Sec.  4B1.2(a)(2) to strike 
the clause. Removing the residual clause has the advantage of 
alleviating the considerable application difficulties associated with 
that clause, as expressed by judges, probation officers, and litigants. 
Furthermore, removing the clause will alleviate some of the ongoing 
litigation and uncertainty resulting from the Johnson decision.

List of Enumerated Offenses

    With the deletion of the residual clause under subsection (a)(2), 
there are two remaining components of the ``crime of violence'' 
definition--the ``elements clause'' and the ``enumerated offenses 
clause.'' The ``elements clause'' set forth in subsection (a)(1) 
remains unchanged by the amendment. Thus, any offense under federal or 
state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, 
qualifies as a ``crime of violence'' if it has as an element the use, 
or attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the 
person of another. Importantly, such an offense may, but need not, be 
specifically enumerated in subsection (a)(2) to qualify as a crime of 
violence.
    The ``enumerated offense clause'' identifies specific offenses that 
qualify as crimes of violence. In applying this clause, courts compare 
the elements of the predicate offense of conviction with the elements 
of the enumerated offense in its ``generic, contemporary definition.'' 
As has always been the case, such offenses qualify as crimes of 
violence regardless of whether the offense expressly has as an element 
the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the 
person of another. While most of the offenses on the enumerated list 
under Sec.  4B1.2(a)(2) remain the same, the amendment does revise the 
list in a number of ways to focus on the most dangerous repeat 
offenders. The revised list is based on the Commission's consideration 
of public hearing testimony, a review of extensive public comment, and 
an examination of sentencing data relating to the risk of violence in 
these offenses and the recidivism rates of career offenders. 
Additionally, the Commission's revisions to the enumerated list also 
consider and reflect the fact that offenses not specifically enumerated 
will continue to qualify as a crime of violence if they satisfy the 
elements clause.
    As amended, the enumerated offenses include murder, voluntary 
manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses, 
robbery, arson, extortion, or the use or unlawful possession of a 
firearm described in 26 U.S.C. 5845(a) or explosive material as defined 
in 18 U.S.C. 841(c). For easier application, all enumerated offenses 
are now included in the guideline at Sec.  4B1.2; prior to the 
amendment, the list was set forth in both Sec.  4B1.2(a)(2) and the 
commentary at Application Note 1.
    Manslaughter, which is currently enumerated in Application Note 1, 
is revised to include only voluntary manslaughter. While Commission 
analysis indicates that it is rare for involuntary manslaughter to be 
identified as a predicate for the career offender guideline, this 
change provides that only voluntary manslaughter should be considered. 
This is also consistent with the fact that involuntary manslaughter 
generally would not have qualified as a crime of violence under the 
``residual clause.'' See Begay v. United States, 553 U.S. 137 (2008) 
(limiting crimes covered by the ACCA residual clause to those roughly 
similar in kind and degree of risk posed as the enumerated offenses, 
which typically involve ``purposeful, violent, and aggressive 
conduct'').
    The amendment deletes ``burglary of a dwelling'' from the list of 
enumerated offenses. In implementing this change, the Commission 
considered that (1) burglary offenses rarely result in physical 
violence, (2) ``burglary of a dwelling'' is rarely the instant offense 
of conviction or the determinative predicate for purposes of triggering 
higher penalties under the career offender guideline, and (3) 
historically, career offenders have rarely been rearrested for a 
burglary offense after

[[Page 4744]]

release. The Commission considered several studies and analyses in 
reaching these conclusions.
    First, several recent studies demonstrate that most burglaries do 
not involve physical violence. See Bureau of Justice Statistics, 
National Crime Victimization Survey, Victimization During Household 
Burglary (Sept. 2010) (finding that a household member experienced some 
form of violent victimization in 7% of all household burglaries from 
2003 to 2007); Richard S. Culp et al., Is Burglary a Crime of Violence? 
An Analysis of National Data 1998-2007, at 29 (2015), available at 
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248651.pdf (concluding that 
7.6% of burglaries between 1998 and 2007 resulted in actual violence or 
threats of violence, while actual physical injury was reported in only 
2.7% of all burglaries); see also United States Department of Justice, 
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Report, Crime in the 
United States (2014) (classifying burglary as a ``property crime'' 
rather than a ``violent crime''). Second, based upon an analysis of 
offenders sentenced in fiscal year 2014, the Commission estimates that 
removing ``burglary of a dwelling'' as an enumerated offense in Sec.  
4B1.2(a)(2) will reduce the overall proportion of offenders who qualify 
as a career offender by less than three percentage points. The 
Commission further estimates that removing the enumerated offense would 
result in only about five percent of offenders sentenced under USSG 
Sec.  2K2.1 (Unlawful Receipt, Possession, or Transportation of 
Firearms or Ammunition; Prohibited Transactions Involving Firearms or 
Ammunition) receiving a lower base offense level than would currently 
apply. Finally, a Commission analysis of recidivism rates for career 
offenders released during calendar years 2004 through 2006 indicates 
that about five percent of such offenders were rearrested for a 
burglary offense during the eight years after their release.
    In reaching this conclusion, the Commission also considered that 
courts have struggled with identifying a uniform contemporary, generic 
definition of ``burglary of dwelling.'' In particular, circuits have 
disagreed regarding whether the requirement in Taylor v. United States, 
495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990), that the burglary be of a ``building or other 
structure'' applies in addition to the guidelines' requirement that the 
burglary be of a ``dwelling.'' Compare United States v. Henriquez, 757 
F.3d 144, 148-49 (4th Cir. 2014); United States v. McFalls, 592 F.3d 
707 (6th Cir. 2010); United States v. Wenner, 351 F.3d 969 (9th Cir. 
2003) with United States v. Ramirez, 708 F.3d 295, 301 (1st Cir. 2013); 
United States v. Murillo-Lopez, 444 F.3d 337, 340 (5th Cir. 2006); 
United States v. Rivera-Oros, 590 F.3d 1123 (10th Cir. 2009); United 
States v. McClenton, 53 F.3d 584 (3d Cir. 1995); United States v. 
Graham, 982 F.2d 315 (8th Cir. 1992).
    Although ``burglary of a dwelling'' is deleted as an enumerated 
offense, the amendment adds an upward departure provision to Sec.  
4B1.2 to address the unusual case in which the instant offense or a 
prior felony conviction was any burglary offense involving violence 
that did not otherwise qualify as a ``crime of violence.'' This 
departure provision allows courts to consider all burglary offenses, as 
opposed to just burglaries of a dwelling, and reflects the Commission's 
determination that courts should consider an upward departure where a 
defendant would have received a higher offense level, higher Criminal 
History Category, or both (e.g., where the defendant would have been a 
career offender) if such burglary had qualified as a ``crime of 
violence.''
    Finally, the amendment adds offenses that involve the ``use or 
unlawful possession of a firearm described in 26 U.S.C. 5845(a) or an 
explosive material as defined in 18 U.S.C. 841(c)'' to the enumerated 
list at Sec.  4B1.2(a)(2). This addition is consistent with long-
standing commentary in Sec.  4B1.2 categorically identifying possession 
of a firearm described in 26 U.S.C. 5845(a) as a ``crime of violence,'' 
and therefore maintains the status quo. The Commission continues to 
believe that possession of these types of weapons (e.g., a sawed-off 
shotgun or sawed-off rifle, silencer, bomb, or machine gun) inherently 
presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another person. 
Additionally, inclusion as an enumerated offense reflects Congress's 
determination that such weapons are inherently dangerous and, when 
possessed unlawfully, serve only violent purposes. See also USSG App. 
C, amend. 674 (eff. Nov. 1, 2004) (expanding the definition of ``crime 
of violence'' in Application Note 1 to Sec.  4B1.2 to include unlawful 
possession of any firearm described in 26 U.S.C. 5845(a)).

Enumerated Offense Definitions

    The amendment also adds definitions for the enumerated offenses of 
forcible sex offense and extortion. The amended guideline, however, 
continues to rely on existing case law for purposes of defining the 
remaining enumerated offenses. The Commission determined that adding 
several new definitions could result in new litigation, and that it was 
instead best not to disturb the case law that has developed over the 
years.
    As amended, ``forcible sex offense'' includes offenses with an 
element that consent to the conduct is not given or is not legally 
valid, such as where consent to the conduct is involuntary, 
incompetent, or coerced. Consistent with the definition in Sec.  2L1.2 
(Unlawfully Entering or Remaining in the United States), this addition 
reflects the Commission's determination that certain forcible sex 
offenses which do not expressly include as an element the use, 
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person 
of another should nevertheless constitute ``crimes of violence'' under 
Sec.  4B1.2. See also USSG App. C, amend. 722 (eff. Nov. 1, 2008) 
(clarifying the scope of the term ``forcible sex offense'' as that term 
is used in the definition of ``crime of violence'' in Sec.  2L1.2, 
Application Note 1(B)(iii)).
    The new commentary also provides that the offenses of sexual abuse 
of a minor and statutory rape are included only if the sexual abuse of 
a minor or statutory rape was (A) an offense described in 18 U.S.C. 
2241(c), or (B) an offense under state law that would have been an 
offense under section 2241(c) if the offense had occurred within the 
special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States. 
This addition makes clear that the term ``forcible sex offense'' in 
Sec.  4B1.2 includes sexual abuse of a minor and statutory rape where 
certain specified elements are present.
    ``Extortion'' is defined as ``obtaining something of value from 
another by the wrongful use of (i) force, (ii) fear of physical injury, 
or (iii) threat of physical injury.'' Under case law existing at the 
time of this amendment, courts generally defined extortion as 
``obtaining something of value from another with his consent induced by 
the wrongful use of force, fear, or threats'' based on the Supreme 
Court's holding in United States v. Nardello, 393 U.S. 286, 290 (1969) 
(defining ``extortion'' for purposes of the Hobbs Act). Consistent with 
the Commission's goal of focusing the career offender and related 
enhancements on the most dangerous offenders, the amendment narrows the 
generic definition of extortion by limiting the offense to those having 
an element of force or an element of fear or threats ``of physical 
injury,'' as opposed to non-violent threats such as injury to 
reputation.

[[Page 4745]]

Departure Provision at Sec.  4B1.1

    Finally, the amendment adds a downward departure provision in Sec.  
4B1.1 for cases in which one or both of the defendant's ``two prior 
felony convictions'' is based on an offense that is classified as a 
misdemeanor at the time of sentencing for the instant federal offense.
    An offense (whether a ``crime of violence'' or a ``controlled 
substance offense'') is deemed to be a ``felony'' for purposes of the 
career offender guideline if it is punishable by imprisonment for a 
term exceeding one year. This definition captures some state offenses 
that are punishable by more than a year of imprisonment, but are in 
fact classified by the state as misdemeanors. Such statutes are found, 
for example, in Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Vermont.
    The Commission determined that the application of the career 
offender guideline where one or both of the defendant's ``two prior 
felony convictions'' is an offense that is classified as a misdemeanor 
may result in a guideline range that substantially overrepresents the 
seriousness of the defendant's criminal history or substantially 
overstates the seriousness of the instant offense. While recognizing 
the importance of maintaining a uniform and consistent definition of 
the term ``felony'' in the guidelines, the Commission determined that 
it is also appropriate for a court to consider the seriousness of the 
prior offenses (as reflected in the classification assigned by the 
convicting jurisdiction) in deciding whether the significant increases 
under the career offender guideline are appropriate. Such consideration 
is consistent with the structure used by Congress in the context of the 
Armed Career Criminal Act. See 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(20) (providing, for 
purposes of Chapter 44 of Title 18, that ``crime punishable by 
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year'' does not include a State 
offense classified as a misdemeanor and punishable by two years or 
less). It is also consistent with the court's obligation to account for 
the ``nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and 
characteristics of the defendant.'' See 18 U.S.C. 3553(a)(1).

[FR Doc. 2016-01587 Filed 1-26-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 2210-40-P