Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Murray Street Bridge Seismic Retrofit Project by the California State Department of Transportation, 76936-76946 [2015-31205]

Agencies

• DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 238 (Friday, December 11, 2015)]
[Notices]
[Pages 76936-76946]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2015-31205]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

RIN 0648-XD065


Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; 
Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Murray Street Bridge Seismic 
Retrofit Project by the California State Department of Transportation

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Notice; proposed incidental harassment authorization; request 
for comments and information.

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SUMMARY: NMFS has received an application from California State 
Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for an Incidental Harassment 
Authorization (IHA) to take marine mammals, by harassment, incidental 
to Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit project in Santa Cruz, 
California.

[[Page 76937]]

Pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), NMFS is requesting 
comments on its proposal to issue an IHA to Caltrans to incidentally 
take, by Level B Harassment only, marine mammals during the specified 
activity.

DATES: Comments and information must be received no later than January 
11, 2016.

ADDRESSES: Comments on the application should be addressed to Jolie 
Harrison, Chief, Permits and Conservation Division, Office of Protected 
Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East-West Highway, 
Silver Spring, MD 20910. The mailbox address for providing email 
comments is itp.guan@noaa.gov. NMFS is not responsible for email 
comments sent to addresses other than the one provided here. Comments 
sent via email, including all attachments, must not exceed a 25-
megabyte file size.
    Instructions: All comments received are a part of the public record 
and will generally be posted to https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/incidental.htm without change. All Personal Identifying Information 
(for example, name, address, etc.) voluntarily submitted by the 
commenter may be publicly accessible. Do not submit Confidential 
Business Information or otherwise sensitive or protected information.
    A copy of the application may be obtained by writing to the address 
specified above or visiting the internet at: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/incidental.htm. Documents cited in this notice may also be 
viewed, by appointment, during regular business hours, at the 
aforementioned address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Shane Guan, Office of Protected 
Resources, NMFS, (301) 427-8401.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Sections 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) 
direct the Secretary of Commerce to allow, upon request, the 
incidental, but not intentional, taking of small numbers of marine 
mammals by U.S. citizens who engage in a specified activity (other than 
commercial fishing) within a specified geographical region if certain 
findings are made and either regulations are issued or, if the taking 
is limited to harassment, a notice of a proposed authorization is 
provided to the public for review.
    An authorization for incidental takings shall be granted if NMFS 
finds that the taking will have a negligible impact on the species or 
stock(s), will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the 
availability of the species or stock(s) for subsistence uses (where 
relevant), and if the permissible methods of taking and requirements 
pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring and reporting of such takings 
are set forth. NMFS has defined ``negligible impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 
as ``. . . an impact resulting from the specified activity that cannot 
be reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, adversely 
affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates of 
recruitment or survival.''
    Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA established an expedited process 
by which citizens of the U.S. can apply for a one-year authorization to 
incidentally take small numbers of marine mammals by harassment, 
provided that there is no potential for serious injury or mortality to 
result from the activity. Section 101(a)(5)(D) establishes a 45-day 
time limit for NMFS review of an application followed by a 30-day 
public notice and comment period on any proposed authorizations for the 
incidental harassment of marine mammals. Within 45 days of the close of 
the comment period, NMFS must either issue or deny the authorization.

Summary of Request

    On October 22, 2013, CALTRANS submitted a request to NMFS 
requesting an IHA for the possible harassment of small numbers of 
Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) and California sea lion 
(Zalophus californianus) incidental to construction associated with the 
Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit project in the city of Santa 
Cruz, California, for a period of one year starting March 2016. After 
receiving NMFS comments and questions, CALTRANS submitted a revised IHA 
application on February 17, 2015. NMFS determined the IHA application 
was complete on May 29, 2015, and proposes to issue an IHA that would 
be valid between March 1, 2016, and February 28, 2016. NMFS is 
proposing to authorize the Level B harassment of Pacific harbor seal 
and California sea lion.

Description of the Specified Activity

Overview

    The proposed project consists of a seismic retrofit of the existing 
Murray Street Bridge, which spans the Santa Cruz Small Craft Harbor and 
additional minor modifications to replace deficient bridge barriers 
(widening shoulders to standard widths and replacement and improvement 
of sidewalks and railings). The seismic retrofit project will provide 
the bridge with additional vertical support and resistance to lateral 
seismic forces by installing additional pilings and supplemental 
structural elements. In order to provide sufficient area for 
construction operations, some boats, Harbor facilities, and commercial 
businesses will require temporary relocation. Pile installation would 
include both impact and vibratory pile driving methods.
    The nine-span bridge is supported by two abutments (identified as 
Abutments 1 and 10, located at the western and eastern ends of the 
bridge, respectively) and 8 ``bents'' (identified as Bents 2 through 9, 
located at 60-foot intervals between the abutments). The seismic 
retrofit project consists of the following basic in-water elements:
     Installation of concrete infill walls at Bents 2, 3, 4, 
and 9 to span the voids between the existing concrete support columns. 
The infill walls will also span the void between the existing and new 
columns at Bent 9.
     Installation of shear keys and seat extenders at Bents 2 
through 9.
     Retrofit of foundations with 16-inch diameter CISS (cast-
in-steel-shell) piles at Bent 9. These piles will extend to depths of 
approximately -55 feet to -90 feet at Bent 9.
     Retrofit of both outriggers and bents with 30-inch 
diameter CISS piles at Bents 6, 7, and 8 and 30-inch diameter CIDH 
piles at Bents 2, 3, 4, and 5. These piles will extend to depths of 
approximately -55 feet to -85 feet at Bent 5 and at approximately -85 
feet to -120 feet at Bents 6-8.
     Installation of fenders to protect boats passing by the 
pier foundations, new pile caps at Bents, 5, 6, 7, and 8, and 
replacement of existing fender.
    A summary of in-water piles to be removed and installed is listed 
in Table 1.

[[Page 76938]]



    Table 1--Summary of In-Water Piles To Be Removed and Installed for CALTRANS' Murray Street Bridge Seismic
                                                Retrofit Project
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Location               Number               Pile type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Removal-Bridge..........................  Bridge Bent 6.............               4  14-inch P/C concrete.
    Total in-water removal..............  ..........................               4  ..........................
Install new permanent bridge piles......  Bridge Bent 5.............               4  30-inch CIDH.
                                          Bridge Bent 6-8...........              12  30-inch CISS.
                                          Bridge Bent 9.............               8  16-inch CISS.
    Total in-water bridge pile            ..........................              24  ..........................
     installation.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dates and Duration

    The Murray Street Bridge Retrofit project is currently planned to 
commence in the spring of 2016. Overall, the seismic retrofit work will 
be executed over a period of approximately 18 months, with in-water 
construction lasting for an approximate total 10-month period over two 
years with 5 months during the first year and 5 months during the 
second year. The in-water pile driving for the bridge piles would occur 
over a total of 30 days within the 10-month period. Due to in-water 
work timing restrictions to protect federally-listed salmonids, all in-
water construction activities including pile removal/installation would 
occur between the period from July 1 to mid-November. This IHA would 
cover activities conducted March 1, 2016-February 28, 2017.

Specified Geographic Region

    The project area includes waters within the Santa Cruz Small Craft 
Harbor and adjacent lands managed by the Santa Cruz Port District (see 
Figure 2 of the IHA application). The study area consists of the open 
waters, docks, and other potential haul-out features of the Harbor from 
the Harbor Launch Ramp area (including the fuel dock and Vessel Assist 
dock) to 500 feet upstream of the boundary of the Area of Impact (see 
Figure 2 of the IHA application).
    The Murray Street Bridge Retrofit project is tentatively proposed 
for construction in five partially overlapping interchangeable phases. 
Generally, work will begin on the eastern side of the Harbor and 
progress to the western side.

Detailed Description of Murray Street Bridge Seismic Retrofit

    Details of each activity for the Murray Street Bridge seismic 
retrofit project are provided below.
    (1) Installation of Bridge Piles: The most intense activity would 
be the installation of new bridge support piles, which will also 
involve the demolition of the existing piles at Bent 6. CISS piles at 
Bents 5 through 8 will be installed within the waterway by impact 
driving 30-inch steel casings either to refusal at rock or into a shaft 
drilled within rock (depending on the location). The installation of 
new piles at Bents 5 through 8 will include two piles on each side for 
a total of 16 piles in the water. The work activity will be focused 
within the area of the bridge. Overall the installation of piles is 
expected to take a total of approximately 1 day for each 30-inch pile 
and 4 days for 8 16-inch piles for a total of 30 days. The installation 
of these piles requires the use of a crane(s), a drilling rig, a pile 
driver, excavation and earthmoving equipment, concrete trucks and 
pumps, concrete vibrators, supply trucks, welding equipment, and other 
machinery.
    (2) Installation of In-Water Barge or Temporary Bridge Trestle: 
Installation of an in-water barge or temporary bridge trestle is 
planned to accommodate equipment for pile installation. The 
installation would be done using impact and vibratory hammers. Work 
within the waterway will require either the use of barges or 
construction of trestles to provide work platforms. If barges are 
utilized, prefabricated modular units may be brought to the site and 
locked together. This type of platform can be installed, reconfigured, 
and removed relatively quickly, but the system is not suitable for 
areas that are too narrow to accommodate the modules. For example, 
footings from the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge to the north and 
footings from the Murray Street Bridge appear too close together to 
allow use of a modular barge between footings. In these areas, a 
trestle likely will need to be constructed.
    (3) Removal and Replacement of Boat Berths: The temporary use of 
portions of the eastern harbor boat yard and the western parking lot 
for contractor staging, in combination with provision of construction 
access to the bridge from the waterway, will result in temporary 
disruptions of harbor activities including temporary removal of 
existing boat berths and replacement upon completion of the project. To 
accommodate construction staging and in-water construction, the project 
calls for the temporary relocation of berths at Dock FF and Dock BY 
(Boat Yard on east side) to existing visitor berths with reconstruction 
of Dock FF and Dock BY upon completion of the bridge seismic retrofit 
construction. Dock FF accommodates University of California Santa Cruz 
(UCSC) boats that are used for university classes. A walking dock 
(gangway) would be constructed to connect the existing parking lot area 
to the portion of Dock FF that will remain during construction. Six 
temporary berths may be constructed adjacent to the gangway to minimize 
relocation of some of the existing boats. Upon completion of 
construction, no additional new boat berths will be constructed as was 
originally proposed. Although design plans have not yet been completed 
for the reinstalled berths, it is expected that the berth docks would 
be plastic, wood or concrete over polyethylene floats and would be 
anchored with pilings. Piles would be driven into the harbor floor by 
impact hammer. There would be no dredging or placement of fill in 
harbor waters with reinstallation of docks and both berths.

Description of Marine Mammals in the Area of the Specified Activity

    The marine mammal species under NMFS jurisdiction most likely to 
occur in the proposed construction area include Pacific harbor seal 
(Phoca vitulina richardsi) and California sea lion (Zalophus 
californianus).

[[Page 76939]]



                    Table 2--Marine Mammal Species Potentially Present in Region of Activity
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Species                        ESA status              MMPA status               Occurrence
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harbor Seal..........................  Not listed.............  Non-depleted...........  Frequent.
California Sea Lion..................  Not listed.............  Non-depleted...........  Frequent.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    General information on the marine mammal species found in Oregon 
coastal waters can be found in Caretta et al. (2015), which is 
available at the following URL: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/sars/pdf/pacific_sars_2014_final_noaa_swfsc_tm_549.pdf. Refer to that document 
for information on these species. A list of marine mammals in the 
vicinity of the action and their status are provided in Table 2. 
Specific information concerning these species in the vicinity of the 
proposed action area is provided in detail in the CALTRANS' IHA 
application (CALTRANS, 2015).

Potential Effects of the Specified Activity on Marine Mammals

    This section includes a summary and discussion of the ways that the 
types of stressors associated with the specified activity (e.g., pile 
removal and pile driving) have been observed to impact marine mammals. 
This discussion may include reactions that we consider to rise to the 
level of a take and those that we do not consider to rise to the level 
of a take (for example, with acoustics, we may include a discussion of 
studies that showed animals not reacting at all to sound or exhibiting 
barely measurable avoidance). This section is intended as a background 
of potential effects and does not consider either the specific manner 
in which this activity will be carried out or the mitigation that will 
be implemented, and how either of those will shape the anticipated 
impacts from this specific activity. The ``Estimated Take by Incidental 
Harassment'' section later in this document will include a quantitative 
analysis of the number of individuals that are expected to be taken by 
this activity. The ``Negligible Impact Analysis'' section will include 
the analysis of how this specific activity will impact marine mammals 
and will consider the content of this section, the ``Estimated Take by 
Incidental Harassment'' section, the ``Proposed Mitigation'' section, 
and the ``Anticipated Effects on Marine Mammal Habitat'' section to 
draw conclusions regarding the likely impacts of this activity on the 
reproductive success or survivorship of individuals and from that on 
the affected marine mammal populations or stocks.
    When considering the influence of various kinds of sound on the 
marine environment, it is necessary to understand that different kinds 
of marine life are sensitive to different frequencies of sound. Based 
on available behavioral data, audiograms have been derived using 
auditory evoked potentials, anatomical modeling, and other data, 
Southall et al. (2007) designate ``functional hearing groups'' for 
marine mammals and estimate the lower and upper frequencies of 
functional hearing of the groups. The functional groups and the 
associated frequencies are indicated below (though animals are less 
sensitive to sounds at the outer edge of their functional range and 
most sensitive to sounds of frequencies within a smaller range 
somewhere in the middle of their functional hearing range):
     Low frequency cetaceans (13 species of mysticetes): 
Functional hearing is estimated to occur between approximately 7 Hz and 
25 kHz;
     Mid-frequency cetaceans (32 species of dolphins, six 
species of larger toothed whales, and 19 species of beaked and 
bottlenose whales): Functional hearing is estimated to occur between 
approximately 150 Hz and 160 kHz;
     High frequency cetaceans (eight species of true porpoises, 
six species of river dolphins, Kogia, the franciscana, and four species 
of cephalorhynchids): Functional hearing is estimated to occur between 
approximately 200 Hz and 180 kHz; and
     Pinnipeds in Water: Functional hearing is estimated to 
occur between approximately 75 Hz and 75 kHz, with the greatest 
sensitivity between approximately 700 Hz and 20 kHz.
    As mentioned previously in this document, two marine mammal species 
(both are pinniped species) are likely to occur in the proposed seismic 
survey area.
    Marine mammals exposed to high-intensity sound repeatedly or for 
prolonged periods can experience hearing threshold shift (TS), which is 
the loss of hearing sensitivity at certain frequency ranges (Kastak et 
al. 1999; Schlundt et al. 2000; Finneran et al. 2002; 2005). TS can be 
permanent (PTS), in which case the loss of hearing sensitivity is 
unrecoverable, or temporary (TTS), in which case the animal's hearing 
threshold will recover over time (Southall et al. 2007). Since marine 
mammals depend on acoustic cues for vital biological functions, such as 
orientation, communication, finding prey, and avoiding predators, 
hearing impairment could result in the reduced ability of marine 
mammals to detect or interpret important sounds. Repeated noise 
exposure that causes TTS could lead to PTS.
    Experiments on a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates) and beluga 
whale (Delphinapterus leucas) showed that exposure to a single watergun 
impulse at a received level of 207 kPa (or 30 psi) peak-to-peak (p-p), 
which is equivalent to 228 dB (p-p) re 1 [mu]Pa, resulted in a 7 and 6 
dB TTS in the beluga whale at 0.4 and 30 kHz, respectively. Thresholds 
returned to within 2 dB of the pre-exposure level within 4 minutes of 
the exposure (Finneran et al. 2002). No TTS was observed in the 
bottlenose dolphin. Although the source level of one hammer strike for 
pile driving is expected to be much lower than the single watergun 
impulse cited here, animals being exposed for a prolonged period to 
repeated hammer strikes could receive more noise exposure in terms of 
sound exposure level (SEL) than from the single watergun impulse 
(estimated at 188 dB re 1 [mu]Pa\2\-s) in the aforementioned experiment 
(Finneran et al. 2002).
    Chronic exposure to excessive, though not high-intensity, noise 
could cause masking at particular frequencies for marine mammals that 
utilize sound for vital biological functions (Clark et al. 2009). 
Masking is the obscuring of sounds of interest by other sounds, often 
at similar frequencies. Masking generally occurs when sounds in the 
environment are louder than, and of a similar frequency as, auditory 
signals an animal is trying to receive. Masking can interfere with 
detection of acoustic signals, such as communication calls, 
echolocation sounds, and environmental sounds important to marine 
mammals. Therefore, under certain circumstances, marine mammals whose 
acoustical sensors or environment are being severely masked could also 
be impaired.
    Masking occurs at the frequency band which the animals utilize. 
Since noise generated from in-water vibratory pile removal and driving 
is mostly

[[Page 76940]]

concentrated at low frequency ranges, it may have little effect on 
high-frequency echolocation sounds by odontocetes (toothed whales), 
which may hunt California sea lion and harbor seal. However, the lower 
frequency man-made noises are more likely to affect the detection of 
communication calls and other potentially important natural sounds, 
such as surf and prey noise. The noises may also affect communication 
signals when those signals occur near the noise band, and thus reduce 
the communication space of animals (e.g., Clark et al. 2009) and cause 
increased stress levels (e.g., Foote et al. 2004; Holt et al. 2009).
    Unlike TS, masking can potentially impact the species at community, 
population, or even ecosystem levels, as well as individual levels. 
Masking affects both senders and receivers of the signals and could, in 
certain circumstances, have long-term chronic effects on marine mammal 
species and populations. Recent science suggests that low frequency 
ambient sound levels in the world's oceans have increased by as much as 
20 dB (more than 3 times, in terms of SPL) from pre-industrial periods, 
and most of these increases are from distant shipping (Hildebrand 
2009). All anthropogenic noise sources, such as those from vessel 
traffic and pile removal and driving, contribute to the elevated 
ambient noise levels, thus intensifying masking.
    Finally, in addition to TS and masking, exposure of marine mammals 
to certain sounds could lead to behavioral disturbance (Richardson et 
al. 1995), such as: Changing durations of surfacing and dives, number 
of blows per surfacing, or moving direction and/or speed; reduced/
increased vocal activities; changing/cessation of certain behavioral 
activities, such as socializing or feeding; visible startle response or 
aggressive behavior, such as tail/fluke slapping or jaw clapping; 
avoidance of areas where noise sources are located; and/or flight 
responses (e.g., pinnipeds flushing into water from haulouts or 
rookeries). The onset of behavioral disturbance from anthropogenic 
noise depends on both external factors (characteristics of noise 
sources and their paths) and the receiving animals (hearing, 
motivation, experience, demography), and is therefore difficult to 
predict (Southall et al. 2007). The activities of workers in the 
project area may also cause behavioral reactions by marine mammals, 
such as pinnipeds flushing from the jetty or pier or moving farther 
from the disturbance to forage. However, observations of the area show 
that it is unlikely that more than 10 to 20 individuals of pinnipeds 
would be present in the project vicinity at any one time. Therefore, 
even if pinnipeds were flushed from the haul-out, a stampede is very 
unlikely, due to the relatively low number of animals onsite. In 
addition, proposed mitigation and monitoring measures would minimize 
the startle behavior of pinnipeds and prevent the animals from flushing 
into the water.
    The biological significance of many of these behavioral 
disturbances is difficult to predict, especially if the detected 
disturbances appear minor. However, the consequences of behavioral 
modification could be expected to be biologically significant if the 
change affects growth, survival, or reproduction. Some of these types 
of significant behavioral modifications include: Drastic change in 
diving/surfacing patterns (such as those thought to be causing beaked 
whale strandings due to exposure to military mid-frequency tactical 
sonar); habitat abandonment due to loss of desirable acoustic 
environment; and cessation of feeding or social interaction.

Potential Effects on Marine Mammal Habitat

    The primary potential impacts to marine mammal habitat are 
associated with elevated sound levels produced by vibratory pile 
removal and pile driving in the area. However, other potential impacts 
to the surrounding habitat from physical disturbance are also possible.

Potential Impacts on Prey Species

    With regard to fish as a prey source for cetaceans and pinnipeds, 
fish are known to hear and react to sounds and to use sound to 
communicate (Tavolga et al. 1981) and possibly avoid predators (Wilson 
and Dill 2002). Experiments have shown that fish can sense both the 
strength and direction of sound (Hawkins 1981). Primary factors 
determining whether a fish can sense a sound signal, and potentially 
react to it, are the frequency of the signal and the strength of the 
signal in relation to the natural background noise level.
    The level of sound at which a fish will react or alter its behavior 
is usually well above the detection level. Fish have been found to 
react to sounds when the sound level increased to about 20 dB above the 
detection level of 120 dB (Ona 1988); however, the response threshold 
can depend on the time of year and the fish's physiological condition 
(Engas et al. 1993). In general, fish react more strongly to pulses of 
sound rather than non-pulse signals (such as noise from pile driving) 
(Blaxter et al. 1981), and a quicker alarm response is elicited when 
the sound signal intensity rises rapidly compared to sound rising more 
slowly to the same level.
    During the coastal construction only a small fraction of the 
available habitat would be ensonified at any given time. Disturbance to 
fish species would be short-term and fish would return to their pre-
disturbance behavior once the pile driving activity ceases. Thus, the 
proposed construction would have little, if any, impact on the 
abilities of marine mammals to feed in the area where construction work 
is planned.
    Finally, the time of the proposed construction activity would avoid 
the spawning season of the ESA-listed salmonid species.

Proposed Mitigation Measures

    In order to issue an incidental take authorization under section 
101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA, NMFS must set forth the permissible methods 
of taking pursuant to such activity, and other means of effecting the 
least practicable adverse impact on such species or stock and its 
habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, mating grounds, and 
areas of similar significance, and on the availability of such species 
or stock for taking for certain subsistence uses.
    For CALTRANS' proposed Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit 
project, CALTRANS worked with NMFS and proposed the following 
mitigation measures to minimize the potential impacts to marine mammals 
in the project vicinity. The primary purposes of these mitigation 
measures are to minimize sound levels from the activities, to monitor 
marine mammals within designated zones of influence (ZOI) corresponding 
to NMFS' current Level B harassment thresholds and, if marine mammals 
are detected within or approaching the exclusion zone, to initiate 
immediate shutdown or power down of the impact piling hammer, making it 
very unlikely potential injury or TTS to marine mammals would occur and 
ensuring that Level B behavioral harassment of marine mammals would be 
reduced to the lowest level practicable.

Time Restriction

    Work would occur only during daylight hours, when visual monitoring 
of marine mammals can be conducted.

Pre-Construction Removal of Artificial Haul-Out Sites

    All known and potential artificial structures could be used by 
pinnipeds for haul[hyphen]out that occur in the construction work area 
would be removed, preferably to a near[hyphen]by location outside of 
the work area prior to construction. These structures could

[[Page 76941]]

include floating docks (i.e. Dock FF), rubber docks, or boats, such as 
those used by UCSC.

Pre-Construction Workers Training

    Prior to in[hyphen]water construction, the approved monitor would 
conduct a workers training to instruct construction crews regarding the 
status and sensitivity of the target species in the area and the 
actions to be taken to avoid or minimize impacts in the event of a 
target species entering the in[hyphen]water work area.

Establish Exclusion Zones

    A 10-m (33 ft) radius around the piling site should be established 
as an exclusion zone. The commencement of pile driving activities 
should be delayed if marine mammals are present within the exclusion 
zone. This exclusion zone is based on measured source level at 10 m by 
CALTRANS (2012) where the noise level reached 190 dB re 1 [mu]Pa from 
impact pile driving of a 30-in diameter steel pile in similar 
environment. There would be no exclusion zone for vibratory pile 
driving. Each day prior to the start of pile[hyphen]driving, the PSO 
would survey the exclusion zone for marine mammals. If a pinniped is 
detected, impact pile driving would be delayed until the marine 
pinniped(s) has moved beyond the exclusion zone, verified by visual 
confirmation or lack of visual sighting within the next 15 minutes of 
the last sighting, to assume that the animal has moved beyond the 
exclusion zone.

Establishment of Level B Harassment Zones of Influence

    A 1,000-m (0.62-mi) radius around the piling site should be 
established as a preliminary zone of influence (ZOI) for impact pile 
driving. This distances is calculated based on practical spreading 
model where the edge of the ZOI correspond to received level falls to 
160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa from impact pile driving. The preliminary ZOI would 
be adjusted based on a measurement of the distance to the 160 dB 
isopleth. CALTRANS stated that it would not be able to monitor beyond 
several km for marine mammal takes. Therefore, if underwater acoustic 
monitoring shows that the 120 dB isopleth for vibratory pile driving is 
beyond 1,000 m, CALTRANS would not use vibratory pile driving for this 
project. A summary of modeled exclusion zone and ZOI radii based on 
CALTRANS (2012) is listed in Table 3.

  Table 3--Modeled Exclusion Zone and ZOI Distances to From Pile Driving Activities for CALTRANS' Murray Street
                                         Bridge Seismic Retrofit Project
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                  Exclusion zone
                                                   Source level       (m) for       ZOI (m) for     ZOI (m) for
                Pile type/method                    (dBrms re 1   pinnipeds (190   impact hammer     vibratory
                                                  [mu]Pa at 10m)      dB re 1      (160 dB re 1   hammer (120 dB
                                                                      [mu]Pa)         [mu]Pa)      re 1 [mu]Pa)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14-inch P/C concrete vibratory removal (use 12-              150              NA              NA           1,000
 inch steel H pile as proxy)....................
16-inch CISS impact pile driving................             187              10             631              NA
16-inch CISS vibratory pile driving (using 24-               160              NA              NA           4,642
 inch steel pile as proxy)......................
30-inch CISS or CIDH impact pile driving........             190              10           1,000              NA
30-inch CISS or CIDH vibratory pile driving (use             170              NA              NA          21,544
 36-inch steel pile as proxy)...................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Soft Start

    CALTRANS would implement ``soft start'' (or ramp up) to reduce 
potential startling behavioral responses from marine mammals. Soft 
start requires contractors to initiate noise from the vibratory hammer 
for 15 seconds at reduced energy followed by a 1-minute waiting period. 
The procedure would be repeated two additional times. Soft start for 
impact hammers requires contractors to provide an initial set of three 
strikes from the impact hammer at 40 percent energy, followed by a 1-
minute waiting period, then two subsequent three-strike sets. Each day, 
CALTRANS would use the soft-start technique at the beginning of pile 
driving, or if pile driving has ceased for more than one hour.

Shutdown Measures

    CALTRANS shall implement shutdown measures if a marine mammal is 
sighted approaching the Level A exclusion zone. In-water construction 
activities shall be suspended until the marine mammal is sighted moving 
away from the exclusion zone, or if the animal is not sighted for 30 
minutes after the shutdown.
    In addition, CALTRANS shall implement shutdown measures if the 
number of any allotted marine mammal takes reaches the limit under the 
IHA (if issued), if such marine mammals are sighted within the vicinity 
of the project area and are approaching the Level B ZOI during in-water 
pile driving.
    Furthermore, CALTRANS shall implant shutdown measures if any marine 
mammals not authorized under the IHA (if issued) are sighted within the 
vicinity of the project area and are approaching the Level B ZOI during 
in-water pile driving.

Mitigation Conclusions

    NMFS has carefully evaluated the applicant's proposed mitigation 
measures and considered a range of other measures in the context of 
ensuring that NMFS prescribes the means of effecting the least 
practicable impact on the affected marine mammal species and stocks and 
their habitat. Our evaluation of potential measures included 
consideration of the following factors in relation to one another:
     The manner in which, and the degree to which, the 
successful implementation of the measure is expected to minimize 
adverse impacts to marine mammals
     The proven or likely efficacy of the specific measure to 
minimize adverse impacts as planned
     The practicability of the measure for applicant 
implementation.
    Any mitigation measure(s) prescribed by NMFS should be able to 
accomplish, have a reasonable likelihood of accomplishing (based on 
current science), or contribute to the accomplishment of one or more of 
the general goals listed below:
    (1) Avoidance or minimization of injury or death of marine mammals 
wherever possible (goals 2, 3, and 4 may contribute to this goal).
    (2) A reduction in the numbers of marine mammals (total number or 
number at biologically important time or location) exposed to received 
levels of pile driving and pile removal or other activities expected to 
result in the take of marine mammals (this goal may contribute to 1, 
above, or to reducing harassment takes only).
    (3) A reduction in the number of times (total number or number at 
biologically important time or location) individuals would be exposed 
to

[[Page 76942]]

received levels of pile driving and pile removal, or other activities 
expected to result in the take of marine mammals (this goal may 
contribute to 1, above, or to reducing harassment takes only).
    (4) A reduction in the intensity of exposures (either total number 
or number at biologically important time or location) to received 
levels of pile driving, or other activities expected to result in the 
take of marine mammals (this goal may contribute to a, above, or to 
reducing the severity of harassment takes only).
    (5) Avoidance or minimization of adverse effects to marine mammal 
habitat, paying special attention to the food base, activities that 
block or limit passage to or from biologically important areas, 
permanent destruction of habitat, or temporary destruction/disturbance 
of habitat during a biologically important time.
    (6) For monitoring directly related to mitigation--an increase in 
the probability of detecting marine mammals, thus allowing for more 
effective implementation of the mitigation.
    Based on our evaluation of the applicant's proposed measures, as 
well as other measures considered by NMFS, NMFS has preliminarily 
determined that the proposed mitigation measures provide the means of 
effecting the least practicable impact on marine mammals species or 
stocks and their habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, 
mating grounds, and areas of similar significance.

Proposed Monitoring and Reporting

    In order to issue an incidental take authorization (ITA) for an 
activity, section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA states that NMFS must set 
forth, ``requirements pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of 
such taking.'' The MMPA implementing regulations at 50 CFR 216.104 
(a)(13) indicate that requests for ITAs must include the suggested 
means of accomplishing the necessary monitoring and reporting that will 
result in increased knowledge of the species and of the level of taking 
or impacts on populations of marine mammals that are expected to be 
present in the proposed action area. CALTRANS submitted a marine mammal 
monitoring plan as part of the IHA application. It can be found at 
https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/incidental.htm. The plan may be 
modified or supplemented based on comments or new information received 
from the public during the public comment period.
    Monitoring measures prescribed by NMFS should accomplish one or 
more of the following general goals:
    (1) An increase in the probability of detecting marine mammals, 
both within the mitigation zone (thus allowing for more effective 
implementation of the mitigation) and in general to generate more data 
to contribute to the analyses mentioned below;
    (2) An increase in our understanding of how many marine mammals are 
likely to be exposed to levels of pile driving that we associate with 
specific adverse effects, such as behavioral harassment, TTS, or PTS;
    (3) An increase in our understanding of how marine mammals respond 
to stimuli expected to result in take and how anticipated adverse 
effects on individuals (in different ways and to varying degrees) may 
impact the population, species, or stock (specifically through effects 
on annual rates of recruitment or survival) through any of the 
following methods:
    [ssquf] Behavioral observations in the presence of stimuli compared 
to observations in the absence of stimuli (need to be able to 
accurately predict received level, distance from source, and other 
pertinent information);
    [ssquf] Physiological measurements in the presence of stimuli 
compared to observations in the absence of stimuli (need to be able to 
accurately predict received level, distance from source, and other 
pertinent information);
    [ssquf] Distribution and/or abundance comparisons in times or areas 
with concentrated stimuli versus times or areas without stimuli;
    (4) An increased knowledge of the affected species; and
    (5) An increase in our understanding of the effectiveness of 
certain mitigation and monitoring measures.

Proposed Monitoring Measures

    During in-water pile driving, CALTRANS would employ NMFS-approved 
protected species observers (PSOs) to conduct marine mammal monitoring 
for its Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit project. The PSOs would 
observe and collect data on marine mammals in and around the project 
area for 30 minutes before, during, and after all pile removal and pile 
installation work. If a PSO observes a marine mammal approaching the 
exclusion zone, in-water impact pile driving would be ceased 
immediately. In addition, if a PSO observes a marine mammal within a 
ZOI that appears to be disturbed by the work activity, the PSO would 
notify the work crew to initiate shutdown measures.
    Monitoring of marine mammals around the construction site shall be 
conducted using high-quality binoculars (e.g., Zeiss, 10 x 42 power). 
The PSO(s) should be deployed in locations with the best vantage point 
where the entire ZOI can be monitored.
    CALTRANS would also conduct hydroacoustic monitoring of its initial 
pile driving to establish exclusion zones and ZOIs based on acoustic 
measurements. CALTRANS would also submit the hydroacoustic monitoring 
plan for NMFS approval before the measurements are conducted. The size 
of these zones listed in Table 3 may be adjusted based on in situ 
acoustic measurements.
    Data collection during marine mammal monitoring would consist of a 
count of all marine mammals by species, a description of behavior (if 
possible), location, direction of movement, type of construction that 
is occurring, time that pile replacement work begins and ends, any 
acoustic or visual disturbance, and time of the observation. 
Environmental conditions such as weather, visibility, temperature, tide 
level, current, and sea state would also be recorded.

Proposed Reporting Measures

    CALTRANS would be required to submit a final monitoring report 
within 90 days after completion of the construction work or the 
expiration of the IHA (if issued), whichever comes earlier. This report 
would detail the monitoring protocol, summarize the data recorded 
during monitoring, and estimate the number of marine mammals that may 
have been harassed. NMFS would have an opportunity to provide comments 
on the report, and if NMFS has comments, CALTRANS would address the 
comments and submit a final report to NMFS within 30 days.
    In addition, NMFS would require CALTRANS to notify NMFS' Office of 
Protected Resources and NMFS' Stranding Network within 48 hours of 
sighting an injured or dead marine mammal in the vicinity of the 
construction site. CALTRANS shall provide NMFS with the species or 
description of the animal(s), the condition of the animal(s) (including 
carcass condition, if the animal is dead), location, time of first 
discovery, observed behaviors (if alive), and photo or video (if 
available).
    In the event that CALTRANS finds an injured or dead marine mammal 
that is not in the vicinity of the construction area, CALTRANS would 
report the same information as listed above to NMFS as soon as 
operationally feasible.

[[Page 76943]]

Estimated Take by Incidental Harassment

    Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent here, the 
MMPA defines ``harassment'' as: Any act of pursuit, torment, or 
annoyance which (i) has the potential to injure a marine mammal or 
marine mammal stock in the wild [Level A harassment]; or (ii) has the 
potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild 
by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not 
limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or 
sheltering [Level B harassment].
    As discussed above, in-water pile removal and pile driving 
(vibratory and impact) generate loud noises that could potentially 
harass marine mammals in the vicinity of CALTRANS's proposed Murray 
Street Bridge seismic retrofit project.
    As mentioned earlier in this document, currently NMFS uses 120 dB 
re 1 [mu]Pa and 160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa at the received levels for the onset 
of Level B harassment from non-impulse (vibratory pile driving and 
removal) and impulse sources (impact pile driving) underwater, 
respectively. Table 4 summarizes the current NMFS marine mammal take 
criteria.

   Table 4--Current Acoustic Exposure Criteria for Non-Explosive Sound
                               Underwater
------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Criterion             Criterion definition       Threshold
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Level A Harassment (Injury)...  Permanent Threshold     180 dB re 1
                                 Shift (PTS) (Any        [mu]Pa
                                 level above that        (cetaceans).
                                 which is known to      190 dB re 1
                                 cause TTS).             [mu]Pa
                                                         (pinnipeds)
                                                         root mean
                                                         square (rms).
Level B Harassment............  Behavioral Disruption   160 dB re 1
                                 (for impulse noises).   [mu]Pa (rms).
Level B Harassment............  Behavioral Disruption   120 dB re 1
                                 (for non-impulse        [mu]Pa (rms).
                                 noise).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Numbers of marine mammals that could be incidentally harassed are 
calculated by estimating the maximum number of marine mammal being 
present within a ZOI during active pile driving based on estimates of 
numbers of animals identified during the marine mammal surveys. Numbers 
of residential harbor seals are expected to be at a maximum during the 
season in which surveys were conducted (outside of breeding and molting 
seasons).
    Pile driving (in[hyphen]water and on[hyphen]land) estimates are 
based on the maximum number of days that pile driving could potentially 
occur (installation of 42 permanent bridge; installation and removal of 
120 temporary piles to support a construction trestle, if used; removal 
and reinstallation 35 boat berth piles, and removal of 4 existing 
bridge piles. In total, up to 49 days of pile driving and 15.5 days of 
pile removal are anticipated.
    For the exposure estimate, it is conservatively assumed that the 
highest count of sea lions, harbor seals, and sea otters observed will 
be foraging within the ZOI and be exposed multiple times during the 
Project.
    The calculation for estimated marine mammal takes is:

Instances of estimated take = N (number of animals in the area) * 
Number of days of pile removal/driving activity

    Numbers of animals in the proposed project area are based on 
CALTRANS marine mammal counts conducted in September and October, 2009. 
Estimates include the number of anticipated instances of Level B 
acoustical harassment during impact pile driving and vibratory pile 
removal. All estimates are conservative, as pile removal/driving would 
not be continuous during the work day. Additionally, the number of 
individual marine mammals taken is anticipated to be lower than the 
number of estimated instances, because we expect some individuals to be 
taken on multiple days. Using this approach, a summary of estimated 
instances of takes of marine mammals incidental to CALTRANS's Murray 
Street Bridge seismic retrofit project are provided in Table 5.

        Table 5--Estimated Numbers of Marine Mammals That May Be Exposed to Level B Behavioral Harassment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Estimated
                                                                  instances of
                            Species                               marine mammal      Abundance      Percentage
                                                                      take
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pacific harbor seal...........................................               710          30,968           2.29%
California sea lion...........................................               968         296,750            0.32
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Analysis and Preliminary Determinations

Negligible Impact

    Negligible impact is ``an impact resulting from the specified 
activity that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably 
likely to, adversely affect the species or stock through effects on 
annual rates of recruitment or survival'' (50 CFR 216.103). A 
negligible impact finding is based on the lack of likely adverse 
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival (i.e., population-
level effects). An estimate of the number of Level B harassment takes, 
alone, is not enough information on which to base an impact 
determination. In addition to considering estimates of the number of 
marine mammals that might be ``taken'' through behavioral harassment, 
NMFS must consider other factors, such as the likely nature of any 
responses (their intensity, duration, etc.), the context of any 
responses (critical reproductive time or location, migration, etc.), as 
well as the number and nature of estimated Level A harassment takes, 
the number of estimated mortalities, and effects on habitat.
    To avoid repetition, this introductory discussion of our analyses 
applies to both species listed in Table 5, given that the anticipated 
effects of CALTRANS's Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit project on 
marine mammals are expected to be relatively similar in nature. There 
is no information about the nature or severity of the impacts, or the 
size, status, or structure of any species or stock that would lead to a 
different analysis for this activity, else

[[Page 76944]]

species-specific factors would be identified and analyzed.
    CALTRANS's proposed Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit project 
would involve vibratory pile removal and impact pile driving 
activities. Elevated underwater noises are expected to be generated as 
a result of these activities. The exclusion zone for Level A harassment 
is extremely small (10 m from the source), and with the implementation 
of the proposed monitoring and mitigation measures described above, 
there would be no Level A take of marine mammals. For vibratory pile 
removal and pile driving, noise levels are not expected to reach the 
level that may cause TTS, injury (including PTS), or mortality to 
marine mammals.
    Additionally, the sum of noise from CALTRANS's proposed Murray 
Street Bridge seismic retrofit activities is confined to a limited area 
within the Santa Cruz Harbor; therefore, the noise generated is not 
expected to contribute to increased ocean ambient noise outside the 
Harbor. In addition, due to shallow water depths in the project area, 
underwater sound propagation of low-frequency sound (which is the major 
noise source from pile driving) is expected to be poor.
    In addition, CALTRANS's proposed activities are localized and of 
short duration. The entire project area is limited to CALTRANS's Murray 
Street Bridge seismic retrofit work. The entire project would involve 
the removal of 4 existing piles and installation of 24 in-water piles. 
The duration for pile removal and pile driving would be 30 days within 
the 10-month period. These low-intensity, localized, and short-term 
noise exposures may cause brief startle reactions or short-term 
behavioral modification by the animals. These reactions and behavioral 
changes are expected to subside quickly when the exposures cease. 
Moreover, the proposed mitigation and monitoring measures are expected 
to reduce potential exposures and behavioral modifications even 
further. Additionally, no important feeding and/or reproductive areas 
for marine mammals are known to be near the proposed action area. 
Therefore, the take resulting from the proposed Murray Street Bridge 
seismic retrofit work is not reasonably expected to, and is not 
reasonably likely to, adversely affect the marine mammal species or 
stocks through effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival.
    The proposed project area is not a prime habitat for marine 
mammals, nor is it considered an area frequented by marine mammals. 
Behavioral disturbances that could result from anthropogenic noise 
associated with CALTRANS's construction activities are expected to 
affect only a small number of marine mammals on an infrequent and 
limited basis.
    The project also is not expected to have significant adverse 
effects on affected marine mammals' habitat, as analyzed in detail in 
the ``Anticipated Effects on Marine Mammal Habitat'' section. The 
project activities would not modify existing marine mammal habitat. The 
activities may cause some fish to leave the area of disturbance, thus 
temporarily impacting marine mammals' foraging opportunities in a 
limited portion of the foraging range; but, because of the short 
duration of the activities and the relatively small area of the habitat 
that may be affected, the impacts to marine mammal habitat are not 
expected to cause significant or long-term negative consequences.
    Based on the analysis contained herein of the likely effects of the 
specified activity on marine mammals and their habitat, and taking into 
consideration the implementation of the proposed monitoring and 
mitigation measures, NMFS preliminarily finds that the total marine 
mammal take from CALTRANS's Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit 
project will have a negligible impact on the affected marine mammal 
species or stocks.

Small Number

    Based on analyses provided above, it is estimated that 
approximately 710 harbor seals and 968 California sea lions could be 
exposed to received noise levels that could cause Level B behavioral 
harassment from the proposed construction work at the Murray Street 
Bridge in Santa Cruz, California. These numbers represent approximately 
2.29% and 0.32% of the populations of harbor seal and California sea 
lion, respectively, that could be affected by Level B behavioral 
harassment, respectively (see Table 5 above), which are small 
percentages relative to the total populations of the affected species 
or stocks. Accordingly, NMFS preliminarily finds that small numbers of 
marine mammals will be taken relative to the populations of the 
affected species or stocks.

Impact on Availability of Affected Species for Taking for Subsistence 
Uses

    There are no subsistence uses of marine mammals in the proposed 
project area; and, thus, no subsistence uses impacted by this action. 
Therefore, NMFS has determined that the total taking of affected 
species or stocks would not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the 
availability of such species or stocks for taking for subsistence 
purposes.

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    NMFS has determined that issuance of the IHA will have no effect on 
listed marine mammals, as none are known to occur in the action area.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    NMFS prepared a draft Environmental Assessment (EA) for the 
proposed issuance of an IHA, pursuant to NEPA, to determine whether or 
not this proposed activity may have a significant effect on the human 
environment. This analysis will be completed prior to the issuance or 
denial of this proposed IHA.

Proposed Authorization

    As a result of these preliminary determinations, NMFS proposes to 
issue an IHA to CALTRANS for conducting the Murray Street Bridge 
seismic retrofit project, provided the previously mentioned mitigation, 
monitoring, and reporting requirements are incorporated. The proposed 
IHA language is provided next.
    1. This Authorization is valid from March 1, 2016, through February 
28, 2017.
    2. This Authorization is valid only for activities associated in-
water construction work at the Murray Street Bridge seismic retrofit 
project in Santa Cruz, California.
    3. (a) The species authorized for incidental harassment takings, 
Level B harassment only, are: Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina 
richardsi) and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).
    (b) The authorization for taking by harassment is limited to the 
following acoustic sources and from the following activities:
     Impact pile driving;
     Vibratory pile removal; and
     Work associated with above piling activities.
    (c) The taking of any marine mammal in a manner prohibited under 
this Authorization must be reported within 24 hours of the taking to 
the West Coast Administrator (206-526-6150), National Marine Fisheries 
Service (NMFS) and the Chief of the Permits and Conservation Division, 
Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, at (301) 427-8401, or her designee 
(301-427-8401).
    4. The holder of this Authorization must notify the Chief of the 
Permits and Conservation Division, Office of Protected Resources, at 
least 48 hours prior to the start of activities identified in 3(b) 
(unless constrained by the date

[[Page 76945]]

of issuance of this Authorization in which case notification shall be 
made as soon as possible).
    5. Prohibitions
    (a) The taking, by incidental harassment only, is limited to the 
species listed under condition 3(a) above and by the numbers listed in 
Table 5. The taking by Level A harassment, injury or death of these 
species or the taking by harassment, injury or death of any other 
species of marine mammal is prohibited and may result in the 
modification, suspension, or revocation of this Authorization.
    (b) The taking of any marine mammal is prohibited whenever the 
required protected species observers (PSOs), required by condition 
7(a), are not present in conformance with condition 7(a) of this 
Authorization.
    6. Mitigation
    (a) Time Restriction
    In-water construction work shall occur only during daylight hours, 
when visual monitoring of marine mammals can be conducted.
    (b) Pre-Construction Removal of Artificial Haul-out Sites.
    All known and potential artificial structures could be used by 
pinnipeds for haul[hyphen]out that occur in the construction work area 
shall be removed. These structures include floating docks (i.e. Dock 
FF), rubber docks, or boats.
    (c) Pre-Construction Workers Training
    Prior to in[hyphen]water construction, construction crews should be 
trained regarding the status and sensitivity of the target species in 
the area and the actions to be taken to avoid or minimize impacts in 
the event of a target species entering the in[hyphen]water work area.
    (d) Establish Exclusion Zones
    A 10-m (33 ft) radius around the piling site should be established 
as an exclusion zone. This exclusion zone is based on received sound 
levels exceed 190 dB re 1 [mu]Pa from impact pile driving.
    (e) Establishment of Level B Harassment Zones of Influence
    A 1,000-m (0.62-mi) radius around the piling site should be 
established as a preliminary zone of influence (ZOI) for impact pile 
driving and for vibratory pile removal. The distance to the edge of the 
ZOI correspond to received level falls to 160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa from 
impact pile driving and 120 dB re 1 [mu]Pa from vibratory pile removal.
    (f) Soft Start
    (i) CALTRANS shall implement ``soft start'' (or ramp up) to reduce 
potential startling behavioral responses from marine mammals.
    (ii) Soft start requires contractors to initiate noise from the 
vibratory hammer for 15 seconds at reduced energy followed by a 1-
minute waiting period. The procedure would be repeated two additional 
times.
    (iii) Soft start for impact hammers requires contractors to provide 
an initial set of three strikes from the impact hammer at 40 percent 
energy, followed by a 1-minute waiting period, then two subsequent 
three-strike sets.
    (iv) Each day, CALTRANS would use the soft-start technique at the 
beginning of pile driving, or if pile driving has ceased for more than 
one hour.
    (g) Shutdown Measures
    (i) CALTRANS shall implement shutdown measures if a marine mammal 
is sighted approaching the Level A exclusion zone. In-water 
construction activities shall be suspended until the marine mammal is 
sighted moving away from the exclusion zone, or if the animal is not 
sighted for 30 minutes after the shutdown.
    (ii) CALTRANS shall implement shutdown measures if the number of 
any allotted marine mammal takes reaches the limit under the IHA (if 
issued), if such marine mammals are sighted within the vicinity of the 
project area and are approaching the Level B ZOI during in-water pile 
driving.
    (iii) CALTRANS shall implant shutdown measures if any marine 
mammals not authorized under the IHA (if issued) are sighted within the 
vicinity of the project area and are approaching the Level B ZOI during 
in-water pile driving.
    7. Monitoring:
    (a) Visual Monitoring
    (i) CALTRANS shall employ NMFS-approved PSO(s) to conduct marine 
mammal monitoring for its construction project.
    (ii) Monitoring of marine mammals around the construction site 
shall be conducted using high-quality binoculars (e.g., Zeiss, 10 x 42 
power).
    (iii) The PSO(s) should be deployed in locations with the best 
vantage point where the entire ZOI can be monitored.
    (iv) The PSO(s) shall observe and collect data on marine mammals in 
and around the project area for 30 minutes before, during, and for 30 
minutes after all pile removal and pile installation work.
    (v) Data collection during marine mammal monitoring would consist 
of a count of all marine mammals by species, a description of behavior 
(if possible), location, direction of movement, type of construction 
that is occurring, time that pile replacement work begins and ends, any 
acoustic or visual disturbance, and time of the observation. 
Environmental conditions: Weather, visibility, temperature, tide level, 
current, and sea state shall also be recorded.
    (b) Hydroacoustic Monitoring
    (i) CALTRANS shall conduct hydroacoustic monitoring of its initial 
pile driving to establish exclusion zones and ZOIs based on acoustic 
measurements.
    (ii) CALTRANS shall submit the hydroacoustic monitoring plan for 
NMFS approval before the measurements are conducted.
    (iii) The size of modeled exclusion zones and ZOIs may be adjusted 
based on in situ acoustic measurements.
    8. Reporting:
    (a) CALTRANS shall provide NMFS with a draft monitoring report 
within 90 days of the conclusion of the construction work or within 90 
days of the expiration of the IHA, whichever comes first. This report 
shall detail the monitoring protocol, summarize the data recorded 
during monitoring, and estimate the number of marine mammals that may 
have been harassed.
    (b) If comments are received from the NMFS West Coast Regional 
Administrator or NMFS Office of Protected Resources on the draft 
report, a final report shall be submitted to NMFS within 30 days 
thereafter. If no comments are received from NMFS, the draft report 
will be considered to be the final report.
    (c) In the unanticipated event that the construction activities 
clearly cause the take of a marine mammal in a manner prohibited by 
this Authorization (if issued), such as an injury, serious injury, or 
mortality, CALTRANS shall immediately cease all operations and 
immediately report the incident to the Chief, Permits and Conservation 
Division, Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, and the West Coast 
Regional Stranding Coordinators. The report must include the following 
information:
    (i) Time, date, and location (latitude/longitude) of the incident;
    (ii) Description of the incident;
    (iii) Status of all sound source use in the 24 hours preceding the 
incident;
    (iv) Environmental conditions (including wind speed and direction, 
sea state, cloud cover, v