Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedure for Ceiling Fans, 62521-62548 [2014-22883]
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Vol. 79
Friday,
No. 201
October 17, 2014
Part II
Department of Energy
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10 CFR Parts 429 and 430
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedure for
Ceiling Fans; Proposed Rule
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Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 201 / Friday, October 17, 2014 / Proposed Rules
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
10 CFR Parts 429 and 430
[Docket No. EERE–2013–BT–TP–0050]
RIN 1904–AD10
Energy Conservation Program for
Consumer Products: Test Procedure
for Ceiling Fans
Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, Department of
Energy.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking
and announcement of public meeting.
AGENCY:
The U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) proposes to reinterpret the
statutory definition of a ceiling fan to
include hugger ceiling fans and to
amend its test procedure for ceiling fans
established under the Energy Policy and
Conservation Act. The proposed test
procedure would establish an integrated
efficiency metric for ceiling fans, based
on the airflow and power consumption
at low and high speed for low-volume
ceiling fans, and at high speed for highvolume ceiling fans (where volume
refers to airflow volume). The proposed
efficiency metric would also account for
power consumed in standby mode. The
proposed test procedure amendments
also include new test methods for highvolume ceiling fans, multi-mount
ceiling fans, ceiling fans with multiple
fan heads, and ceiling fans where the
airflow is not directed vertically, as well
as power consumption in standby mode.
In addition, the proposed test procedure
would: Clarify that only high and low
speeds are to be tested for low-volume
ceiling fans; eliminate the requirement
to test with a test cylinder; add a false
ceiling; clarify the distance between the
ceiling fan blades and the air velocity
sensors during testing; clarify the fan
configuration during testing for lowvolume ceiling fans; clarify the test
method for ceiling fans with heaters;
and revise the allowable tolerance for
air velocity sensors. DOE is also
announcing a public meeting to discuss
and receive comments on issues
presented in this test procedure
rulemaking.
DATES: Meeting: DOE will hold a public
meeting on Wednesday, November 19,
from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., in Washington,
DC. The meeting will also be broadcast
as a webinar. See section V, ‘‘Public
Participation,’’ for webinar registration
information, participant instructions,
and information about the capabilities
available to webinar participants.
Comments: DOE will accept
comments, data, and information
regarding this notice of proposed
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SUMMARY:
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rulemaking (NOPR) before and after the
public meeting, but no later than
December 31, 2014. See section V,
‘‘Public Participation,’’ for details.
ADDRESSES: The public meeting will be
held at the U.S. Department of Energy,
Forrestal Building, Room 6E–069, 1000
Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585. To attend,
please notify Ms. Brenda Edwards at
(202) 586–2945. Please note that foreign
nationals visiting DOE Headquarters are
subject to advance security screening
procedures. Any foreign national
wishing to participate in the meeting
should advise DOE as soon as possible
by contacting Ms. Edwards to initiate
the necessary procedures. Please also
note that any person wishing to bring a
laptop into the Forrestal Building will
be required to obtain a property pass.
Visitors should avoid bringing laptops,
or allow an extra 45 minutes. Persons
may also attend the public meeting via
webinar. For more information, refer to
section V, ‘‘Public Participation,’’ near
the end of this notice.
Interested persons are encouraged to
submit comments using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal at
www.regulations.gov. Follow the
instructions for submitting comments.
Alternatively, interested persons may
submit comments, identified by docket
number EERE–2013–BT–TP–0050 and/
or regulatory information number (RIN)
number 1904–AD10, by any of the
following methods:
1. Email: CF2013TP0050@ee.doe.gov.
Include the docket number EERE–2013–
BT–TP–0050 and/or RIN 1904–AD10 in
the subject line of the message. Submit
electronic comments in WordPerfect,
Microsoft Word, PDF, or ASCII file
format, and avoid the use of special
characters or any form of encryption.
2. Postal Mail: Ms. Brenda Edwards,
U.S. Department of Energy, Building
Technologies Office, Mailstop EE–5B,
1000 Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585–0121. If
possible, please submit all items on a
compact disc (CD), in which case it is
not necessary to include printed copies.
3. Hand Delivery/Courier: Ms. Brenda
Edwards, U.S. Department of Energy,
Building Technologies Office, 950
L’Enfant Plaza SW., Suite 600,
Washington, DC 20024. Telephone:
(202) 586–2945. If possible, please
submit all items on a CD, in which case
it is not necessary to include printed
copies.
Instructions: All submissions received
must include the agency name and
docket number and/or RIN for this
rulemaking. No telefacsimilies (faxes)
will be accepted. For detailed
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instructions on submitting comments
and additional information on the
rulemaking process, see section V of this
document (Public Participation).
Docket: The docket, which includes
Federal Register notices, public meeting
attendee lists and transcripts,
comments, and other supporting
documents/materials, is available for
review at www.regulations.gov. All
documents in the docket are listed in
the www.regulations.gov index.
However, not all documents listed in
the index may be publicly available,
such as information that is exempt from
public disclosure.
A link to the docket Web page can be
found at: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/
buildings/appliance;_standards/
rulemaking.aspx/ruleid/65. This Web
page contains a link to the docket for
this notice on the www.regulations.gov
site. The www.regulations.gov Web page
contains simple instructions on how to
access all documents, including public
comments, in the docket. See section V,
‘‘Public Participation,’’ for information
on how to submit comments through
www.regulations.gov.
For further information on how to
submit a comment, review other public
comments and the docket, or participate
in the public meeting, contact Ms.
Brenda Edwards at (202) 586–2945 or by
email: Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms.
Lucy deButts, U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, Building
Technologies Office, EE–2J, 1000
Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585–0121.
Telephone: (202) 287–1604. Email:
ceiling_fans@ee.doe.gov.
Ms. Elizabeth Kohl, U.S. Department
of Energy, Office of the General Counsel,
GC–71, 1000 Independence Avenue
SW., Washington, DC, 20585–0121.
Telephone: (202) 586–7796. Email:
elizabeth.kohl@hq.doe.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Authority and Background
II. Summary of the Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking
III. Discussion
A. Scope of Applicability
B. Effective Date and Compliance Date
C. Existing Test Procedure
D. Proposed Metric
E. Other Proposed Modifications to Current
Test Procedure
F. Proposed Additional Test Methods
G. Certification and Enforcement
IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility
Act
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C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction
Act of 1995
D. Review Under the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates
Reform Act of 1995
H. Review Under the Treasury and General
Government Appropriations Act, 1999
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
J. Review Under Treasury and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2001
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal
Energy Administration Act of 1974
V. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests To
Speak and Prepared General Statements
for Distribution
C. Conduct of the Public Meeting
D. Submission of Comments
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary
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I. Authority and Background
Title III, Part B 1 of the Energy Policy
and Conservation Act of 1975 (‘‘EPCA’’
or ‘‘the Act’’), Public Law 94–163 (42
U.S.C. 6291–6309, as codified) sets forth
a variety of provisions designed to
improve energy efficiency and
established the Energy Conservation
Program for Consumer Products Other
Than Automobiles.2 These include
ceiling fans, the subject of this proposed
rulemaking. (42 U.S.C. 6291(49),
6293(b)(16)(A)(i), and 6295(ff))
Under EPCA, this energy conservation
program consists essentially of four
parts: (1) Testing; (2) labeling; (3)
Federal energy conservation standards;
and (4) certification and enforcement
procedures. The testing requirements
consist of test procedures that
manufacturers of covered products must
use as the basis for certifying to DOE
that their products comply with the
applicable energy conservation
standards adopted pursuant to EPCA
and for making other representations
about the efficiency of those products.
(42 U.S.C. 6293(c) and 6295(s))
Similarly, DOE must use these test
requirements to determine whether the
products comply with any relevant
standards promulgated under EPCA. (42
U.S.C. 6295(s))
A. General Test Procedure Rulemaking
Process
Under 42 U.S.C. 6293, EPCA sets forth
the criteria and procedures that DOE
must follow when prescribing or
1 For editorial reasons, upon codification in the
U.S. Code, Part B was redesignated as Part A.
2 All references to EPCA in this document refer
to the statute as amended through the American
Energy Manufacturing Technical Corrections Act
(AEMTCA), Public Law 112–210 (Dec. 18, 2012).
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amending test procedures for covered
products, including ceiling fans. EPCA
provides that any test procedures
prescribed or amended under this
section shall be reasonably designed to
produce test results which measure
energy efficiency, energy use, or
estimated annual operating cost of a
covered product during a representative
average use cycle or period of use, and
must not be unduly burdensome to
conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3))
In addition, if DOE determines that a
test procedure amendment is warranted,
it must publish proposed test
procedures and offer the public an
opportunity to present oral and written
comments on them. (42 U.S.C.
6293(b)(2)) Finally, in any rulemaking to
amend a test procedure, DOE must
determine to what extent, if any, the
proposed test procedure would alter the
measured energy efficiency of any
covered product as determined under
the existing test procedure. (42 U.S.C.
6293(e))
The Energy Policy Act of 2005
(EPACT 2005), Public Law 109–58,
amended EPCA and established energy
conservation standards for ceiling fans,
as well as requirements for the ceiling
fan test procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6295(ff)
and 6293(b)(16)(A)(1)) Specifically,
these amendments required that test
procedures for ceiling fans be based on
the ‘‘Energy Star Testing Facility
Guidance Manual: Building a Testing
Facility and Performing the Solid State
Test Method for ENERGY STAR
Qualified Ceiling Fans, Version 1.1.’’ Id.
The current DOE ceiling fan test
procedure, based on that source, was
published in a 2006 final rule (71 FR
71341 (Dec. 8, 2006)), which codified
the test procedure in DOE’s regulations
in the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) at 10 CFR 430.23(w) and 10 CFR
part 430, subpart B, appendix U,
‘‘Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Ceiling
Fans.’’
The Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007), Public
Law 110–140, amended EPCA to require
that at least once every 7 years, DOE
must conduct an evaluation of the test
procedures for all covered products and
either amend the test procedures (if the
Secretary determines that amended test
procedures would more accurately or
fully comply with the requirements of
42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) or publish a
determination in the Federal Register
not to amend them. (42 U.S.C.
6293(b)(1)(A)) Pursuant to this
requirement, DOE must review the test
procedures for ceiling fans not later than
December 19, 2014 (i.e., 7 years after the
enactment of EISA 2007). Thus, the final
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rule resulting from this rulemaking will
satisfy the requirement to review the
test procedures for ceiling fans within 7
years of the enactment of EISA 2007.
In addition, for covered products with
test procedures that do not fully account
for standby-mode and off-mode energy
consumption, EISA 2007 directs DOE to
amend its test procedures to do so with
such energy consumption integrated
into the overall energy efficiency,
energy consumption, or other energy
descriptor, if technically feasible. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)) If an integrated
test procedure is technically infeasible,
DOE must prescribe a separate standbymode and off-mode test procedure for
the covered product, if technically
feasible. Id. The current DOE ceiling fan
test procedure, published in a 2006 final
rule (71 FR 71341 (Dec. 8, 2006)), did
not address standby mode or off mode.
This test procedure rulemaking fulfills
the statutory requirement to address
standby-mode and off-mode power
consumption.
B. Concurrent Standards Rulemaking
DOE is concurrently conducting an
energy conservation standards
rulemaking for ceiling fans. On March
15, 2013, DOE published in the Federal
Register a Notice of Public Meeting and
Availability of the Framework
Document to initiate the energy
conservation standard rulemaking for
ceiling fans. (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15,
2013)). DOE held the framework public
meeting on March 22, 2013. DOE
requested feedback in the framework
document and received both written
comments and comments at the public
meeting from interested parties on many
issues related to test methods for
evaluating the airflow and electrical
consumption performance of ceiling
fans. Comments related to the test
procedure for ceiling fans are addressed
throughout this notice.
DOE invites comments on all aspects
of the existing test procedures for
ceiling fans.
II. Summary of the Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking
In this NOPR, DOE proposes to
reinterpret the statutory definition of a
ceiling fan to include hugger ceiling
fans and to amend the current test
procedure for ceiling fans as follows:
(1) Specify an efficiency metric;
(2) Clarify that low-volume ceiling
fans should be tested at low and high
speeds;
(3) Eliminate the requirement to use a
test cylinder;
(4) Add a false ceiling to the
experimental setup for low-volume
ceiling fans;
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(5) Clarify the required distance
between the ceiling fan blades and the
air velocity sensors;
(6) Clarify the appropriate fan
configuration during testing for lowvolume ceiling fans;
(7) Clarify the test method for ceiling
fans with heaters;
(8) Revise the allowable tolerance for
air velocity sensors used during testing;
(9) Add a test method for high-volume
ceiling fans;
(10) Add a test method for multimount ceiling fans;
(11) Add a test method for multiheaded ceiling fans;
(12) Add a test method for ceiling fans
where the airflow is not directed
vertically; and
(13) Add a test method for power
consumption in standby mode.
The following paragraphs summarize
these proposed changes, with further
detail provided in section III
(Discussion).
positioning of the ceiling fan and the air
velocity sensors would remain the same
as in the current test procedure but
without a test cylinder between them.
The same effective area and number of
sensors as in the current test procedure
would be used to calculate the airflow
of a low-volume ceiling fan.
Establishment of an Efficiency Metric
Clarification of the Distance Between
the Ceiling Fan Blades and the Air
Velocity Sensors
In general, DOE proposes to establish
the metric for ceiling fan efficiency
based on measured air flow and energy
consumption. For low-volume ceiling
fans (where volume refers airflow
volume), ceiling fan efficiency would be
determined based on the weighted
average of airflow and power
consumption at high and low speeds.
For high-volume ceiling fans, ceiling fan
efficiency would be determined based
on airflow and power consumption at
high speed only. (See section III.A.2 for
definitions of ‘‘low-volume ceiling fan’’
and ‘‘high-volume ceiling fan’’.) The
metric for ceiling fan efficiency would
also include any power consumption in
standby mode. Because DOE’s research
suggests that there is no off-mode power
consumption for ceiling fans, DOE is not
proposing to include off-mode power in
the efficiency metric, or to require offmode testing.
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Clarification That Low-Volume Ceiling
Fans Are To Be Tested At High and Low
Fan Speeds
As noted in the previous paragraph,
DOE proposes to clarify that testing is
required at high and low speeds for lowvolume ceiling fans. For high-volume
ceiling fans, where the available fan
speeds are often continuous instead of
discrete, DOE proposes to test only at
high speed.
Elimination of the Requirement for a
Test Cylinder To Be Used During
Testing
DOE proposes to eliminate the
requirement to use a test cylinder while
conducting airflow measurements. The
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Addition of a False Ceiling to the
Experimental Setup
For all low-volume ceiling fans, DOE
proposes to add a test set-up
requirement for a false ceiling directly
above the ceiling fan during testing.
This is intended to simulate real life
usage conditions more accurately and
provide an equitable basis of
comparison across low-volume ceiling
fans. The length and breadth of the false
ceiling would be required to be at least
8 inches larger than the blade span of
the ceiling fan being tested.
DOE proposes to modify its
instructions for determining the
appropriate vertical position of a low
volume ceiling fan in relation to the air
velocity sensors. More specifically, DOE
proposes that such position be
determined at the lowest point on the
ceiling fan blades (i.e., the point on the
ceiling fan blade that is farthest from the
ceiling), rather than ‘‘the middle of the
fan blade tips’’, as is currently required.
DOE is proposing this change because it
may be unclear how the ‘‘middle of
blade tip’’ measurement should be made
for ceiling fans having non-flat or
unusually shaped blades.
Clarification of the Appropriate Fan
Configuration During Testing for LowVolume Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to clarify that if more
than one mounting option is included
with a fan that would meet the
definition of a standard low-volume
ceiling fan, that ceiling fan should be
tested in the configuration with the
smallest distance between the ceiling
and the lowest part of the fan blades.
Similarly, if more than one mounting
option is included with a fan that would
meet the definition of a hugger lowvolume ceiling fan, that ceiling fan
should be tested in the configuration
with the smallest distance between the
ceiling and the lowest part of the fan
blades. DOE seeks comment and data on
how these fans are configured in the
field.
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Clarification of the Test Method for
Ceiling Fans With Heaters
DOE proposes to clarify that ceiling
fans with heaters integrated into or sold
packaged with the fan should be tested
with the heater installed but turned off
during testing.
Revision of the Allowable Tolerance for
Air Velocity Sensors Used During
Testing
DOE proposes to revise the allowable
accuracy tolerance for air velocity
sensors used during testing of lowvolume ceiling fans from ±1 percent to
±5 percent, based on testing results that
indicate that the accuracy of the airflow
measurement is not affected by this
difference in tolerance.
Addition of a Test Method for HighVolume Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to base the test method
for high-volume ceiling fans on ANSI/
AMCA Standard 230–12, ‘‘Laboratory
Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans
for Rating and Certification’’ (AMCA
230 3), with some modifications to the
specified room dimensions to allow for
testing of ceiling fans up to 24 feet in
diameter.
Addition of a Test Method for MultiMount Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to test low-volume
multi-mount ceiling fans in two
configurations: (1) In the standard
configuration that minimizes the
distance between the ceiling and the
lowest part of the fan blades, and (2) in
the hugger configuration that minimizes
the distance between the ceiling and the
lowest part of the fan blades.
Addition of a Test Method for MultiHeaded Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to test low-volume,
multi-headed ceiling fans by positioning
the fan such that one fan head is
centered in the test set-up and then
testing that head in the same manner as
all other low-volume ceiling fans. If the
ceiling fan includes more than one type
of ceiling fan head, then at least one of
each unique type should be tested. The
airflow for the ceiling fan at a given
speed can be determined by multiplying
the airflow of a measured fan head by
the number of ceiling fan heads of that
type and summing over all types
included in the ceiling fan. The power
consumption at a given speed should be
3 Air Movement and Control Association
International, Inc. ANSI/AMCA Standard 230–12:
Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans
for Rating and Certification. 2010. Arlington
Heights, IL. (Last accessed February 24, 2014)
https://www.amca.org/store/item.aspx?ItemId=37.
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measured separately, with all ceiling fan
heads turned on.
Addition of a Test Method for Ceiling
Fans Where the Airflow Is Not Directed
Vertically
For low-volume ceiling fans where
the airflow is not directed vertically,
DOE proposes to clarify that the ceiling
fan head should be adjusted such that
the airflow is directed as vertically
downward as possible prior to testing. If
the airflow is still not vertical, the air
velocity results from an offset series of
sensors would be substituted for the
typical symmetric set to calculate total
airflow.
Addition of a Test Method for Power
Consumption in Standby Mode
DOE proposes to add a test method for
measuring the power consumption of
ceiling fans in standby mode. This test
method would be applicable to both low
and high-volume ceiling fans.
III. Discussion
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A. Scope of Applicability
The test procedures described in this
notice are proposed to apply to all
ceiling fans. According to the statutory
definition, a ‘‘ceiling fan’’ is ‘‘a nonportable device that is suspended from
a ceiling for circulating air via the
rotation of fan blades.’’ (42 U.S.C.
6291(49)) This includes ceiling fans for
all applications, including applications
where large airflow volume may be
needed. The test procedures do not
apply to air circulators (or aircirculating fan heads) that are typically
mounted on a pedestal but could also
include wall, ceiling, or I-beam
mounting brackets. Such air-circulating
fan heads are defined in section 5.1.1 of
AMCA 230.3
1. Clarification of the Statutory
Definition of a Ceiling Fan
DOE previously interpreted the
definition of a ceiling fan such that it
excluded certain types of ceiling fans
commonly referred to as hugger fans. 71
FR 71343 (Dec. 8, 2006). Hugger ceiling
fans are typically understood to be set
flush to the ceiling (e.g., mounted
without a downrod). The previous
interpretation exempted hugger fans
from standards on the basis that they are
set flush to the ceiling. DOE has
reconsidered the validity of this
distinction and is proposing a
determination that ‘‘suspended from the
ceiling’’ does not depend upon whether
the unit is mounted with a downrod.
The concept of suspension does not
require any length between the object
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and the point of support. This
interpretation more accurately reflects
the statutory definition and does not
draw an artificial distinction between
units that serve the same functional
purpose. This is also in line with the
scope of CAN/CSA–C814–10, which
includes hugger fans.
Hugger fans generally are
indistinguishable from other types of
ceiling fans in that they move air via
rotation of fan blades, are intended to
improve comfort, and are rated on their
ability to move air (as measured in cubic
feet per minute). Under this
reinterpretation, a multi-mount ceiling
fan, i.e., a ceiling fan which can be
mounted in both the hugger and
standard ceiling fan configurations,
would also fall under the definition of
a ceiling fan. In response to the
Framework Document for the ceiling fan
energy conservation standards
rulemaking, several commenters,
including the American Lighting
Association (ALA), the Appliance
Standards Awareness Project (ASAP),
the National Consumer Law Center
(NCLC), the National Resources Defense
Council (NRDC), and the Northwest
Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA)
supported DOE’s proposed
reinterpretation. (ALA, No. 39 4 at p. 3;
ASAP–NCLC–NEEA–NRDC, No. 14 at p.
4) DOE received no comments objecting
to its proposed reinterpretation. DOE
proposes that any ceiling fan sold with
the option of being mounted in either a
hugger configuration or a standard
configuration would also be included
within the ‘‘ceiling fan’’ definition.
Under DOE’s proposed
reinterpretation, DOE would consider
the following fans to be explicitly
covered under the definition of ‘‘ceiling
fan’’ in 10 CFR 430.2:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using
a downrod or other means of suspension
such that the fan is not mounted directly to
the ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are
mounted directly or close to the ceiling; and
3. Fans sold with the option of being
suspended with or without a downrod.
In the Framework Document for the
ceiling fan energy conservation
standards rulemaking, DOE considered
interpreting ceiling fans without
external blades as meeting the statutory
definition of a ceiling fan and asked for
comment on this issue. (78 FR 16443
(Mar. 15, 2013)) ALA agreed that the
definition of ‘‘ceiling fan’’ may cover
ceiling fans without external blades, but
4 Hereafter, all ALA comments from EERE–2012–
BT–STD–0045–0039 reference the powerpoint
presentation included in that docket number,
unless otherwise noted.
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ALA advised DOE to delay including
these fans in this rulemaking until new
test procedures are developed to
appropriately test the performance of
these fans. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 3) At this
time, DOE takes no position on whether
centrifugal fans (commonly referred to
as ‘‘bladeless’’ ceiling fans) fit within
the EPCA definition of a ceiling fan.
DOE may consider this issue in a future
rulemaking proceeding.
Although the Framework Document
did not specifically discuss ceiling fans
capable of producing large volumes of
airflow, such as those ceiling fans
typically used in non-residential
applications, DOE clarifies that any
ceiling fan that meets the statutory
definition is considered a covered
product for which the test methods in
this rulemaking apply.5 (78 FR 16443
(Mar. 15, 2013)) Ceiling fans capable of
producing large volumes of airflow are
functionally similar to ceiling fans that
produce less airflow and meet the
definition of a ceiling fan, in that they
are suspended from the ceiling, are
nonportable, and produce airflow via
the rotation of fan blades. Therefore,
DOE clarifies that ceiling fans capable of
producing large volumes of airflow are
considered covered products.
DOE notes that the proposed changes
in interpretation of the ceiling fan
definition discussed above would result
in the applicability of the design
standards set forth in EPCA at 42 U.S.C.
6295(ff)(1) to the following types of fans
30 days after the publication of any final
test procedure adopting such changes in
interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using
a downrod or other means of suspension
such that the fan is not mounted directly to
the ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are
mounted directly or close to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being
suspended with or without a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes
of airflow.
Because ceiling fan light kits are
defined as ‘‘equipment designed to
provide light from a ceiling fan that can
be integral, such that the equipment is
attached to the ceiling fan prior to the
time of retail sale; or attachable, such
that at the time of retail sale the
equipment is not physically attached to
the ceiling fan, but may be included
5 The EPCA definition of a consumer product
includes products of a type that, to any significant
extent, are distributed in commerce for personal
use, without regard to whether a particular article
is in fact distributed in commerce for personal use.
42 U.S.C. 6291(1) Therefore, any product that meets
the definition of a ceiling fan, even those fans used
in non-residential applications, are considered
covered products for which DOE can establish a test
procedure.
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inside the ceiling fan at the time of sale
or sold separately for subsequent
attachment to the fan’’ (42 U.S.C.
6291(50)(A), and (B)), DOE notes that
light kits attached to any of the four fan
types listed above would be covered
ceiling fan light kits under these
proposed changes in interpretation.
In the concurrent energy conservation
standards rulemaking for ceiling fans,
DOE is considering a separate product
class for highly decorative ceiling fans
that would be exempt from performance
standards. The current design standards
specified in EPCA would still apply to
such fans.
2. Definitions of Low-Volume and HighVolume Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to define a ‘‘lowvolume ceiling fan’’ as ‘‘a ceiling fan
that: (1) Is less than or equal to 7 feet
in diameter, and has a blade thickness
greater than or equal to 3.2 mm at the
edge and a maximum tip speed less than
or equal to the limit in Table 1; or (2)
has a maximum airflow volume less
than or equal to 5,000 CFM.’’
DOE proposes to define a ‘‘highvolume ceiling fan’’ as ‘‘a ceiling fan
that: (1) Is greater than 7 feet in
diameter, or has a blade thickness of
less than 3.2 mm at the edge or a
maximum tip speed that exceeds the
threshold in Table 1; and (2) has a
maximum airflow volume greater than
5,000 CFM.’’
Table 1 indicates maximum speed tip
for low-volume ceiling fans, dependent
on blade thickness. The values in Table
1 are based on the Underwriters
Laboratory (UL) ceiling fan safety
standard (UL Standard 507–1999, ‘‘UL
Standard for Safety for Electric Fans’’)
which designates maximum fan tip
speeds (for a given thicknesses at the
edge of the blades) that are safe for use
in applications where the distance
between the fan blades and the floor is
10 feet or less.6
TABLE 1—LOW-VOLUME CEILING FANS, 7 FEET OR LESS IN DIAMETER
Thickness (t) of edges of blades
Maximum speed at tip of blades
Airflow direction *
Mm
Downward-Only .......................................................................
Downward-Only .......................................................................
Reversible ................................................................................
Reversible ................................................................................
(inch)
4.8 > t ≥ 3.2
t ≥ 4.8
4.8 > t ≥ 3.2
t ≥ 4.8
>t≥ ⁄ )
(t ≥ 3⁄16)
(3⁄16 > t ≥ 1⁄8)
(t ≥ 3⁄16)
( ⁄
3 16
m/s
18
(feet per minute)
16.3
20.3
12.2
16.3
(3200)
(4000)
(2400)
(3200)
* The ‘‘downward-only’’ and ‘‘reversible’’ airflow directions are mutually exclusive; therefore, a ceiling fan that can only produce airflow in the
downward direction need only meet the ‘‘downward-only’’ blade edge thickness and tip speed requirements and a ceiling fan that can produce
airflow in the downward and upward directions need only meet the ‘‘reversible’’ requirements.
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2
3. Definition of Hugger Ceiling Fan
In the Framework Document for the
ceiling fan energy conservation
standards rulemaking, DOE considered
establishing a definition for hugger
ceiling fans. (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15,
2013)) Specifically, DOE stated it would
consider defining a hugger ceiling fan:
as ‘‘a ceiling fan where the average
vertical distance between the fan blades
and the ceiling fan is no more than [a
specified number of] inches’’. DOE
received several comments on the
Framework Document regarding this
definition. Most commenters, with the
exception of ALA, were generally
supportive of the proposed definition.
The California investor-owned
utilities, including the Pacific Gas and
Electric Company, Southern California
Edison, the San Diego Gas and Electric
Company, and the Southern California
Gas Company (hereafter the ‘‘CA IOUs’’)
agreed with the definition. (CA IOUs,
No. 45 at p. 2) Hunter, during the public
meeting for the Framework Document,
suggested that DOE consider specifying
the definition in terms of maximum
blade distance instead of average blade
distance from the ceiling. (Hunter, No.
9 at p. 32) Big Ass Fans (BAF) suggested
that DOE consider a minimum vertical
distance between the fan blades and
6 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL Standard for
Safety for Electric Fans, UL 507. 1999. Northbrook,
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ceiling not exceeding 10 inches. (BAF,
No. 43 at p. 2) In contrast, ALA
disagreed with DOE’s assertion that the
primary point of differentiation is that
hugger fans are ‘‘safe to use in rooms
with low ceilings’’, believing that this
definition is misleading and open to
interpretation. Instead ALA proposed
defining a hugger fan as a fan ‘‘where
the only option is for the motor to be
directly mounted to the ceiling’’. (ALA,
No. 39 at p. 3–4)
In determining an appropriate
boundary between hugger and standard
ceiling fans, an analysis was conducted
of all ceiling fans available from Hansen
Wholesale, an online wholesaler that
sells a wide variety of ceiling fan
brands. Ninety percent of ceiling fans
described as hugger fans had blades that
were an average distance of nine inches
or less from the ceiling, suggesting that
nine inches may be an appropriate
threshold. By contrast, half of all ceiling
fans that were described as standard
ceiling fans had blades that were an
average distance of twelve inches or less
from the ceiling, suggesting that a higher
threshold may result in the
categorization of significant numbers of
standard ceiling fans as hugger ceiling
fans.
Additionally, DOE agrees with Hunter
that the maximum distance between the
blades and the ceiling, instead of
average distance, may be a more
appropriate metric when considering
whether a ceiling fan is safe to operate
in a room with a low ceiling. Therefore,
DOE is proposing to define a hugger
ceiling fan in terms of the vertical
distance between the ceiling and the
lowest point on the fan blades. To
account for the additional vertical
distance between the average vertical
position of the fan blades and the lowest
point on the fan blades, DOE is
proposing a modification to the vertical
distance specified in the definition.
Based on DOE’s analysis, one additional
inch is appropriate given the typical
width and pitch of a fan blade.
Therefore, DOE is proposing to define a
hugger ceiling fan as ‘‘a ceiling fan
where the lowest point on the fan blades
is no more than ten inches from the
ceiling.’’
IL. (Last accessed February 24, 2014) https://www.
comm-2000.com/ProductDetail.aspx?
UniqueKey=8782.
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4. Definitions of Standard Ceiling Fan
and Multi-Mount Ceiling Fan
In accordance with the definition of a
hugger ceiling fan, DOE is proposing to
define a standard ceiling fan as ‘‘a
ceiling fan where the lowest point on
the fan blades is more than ten inches
from the ceiling.’’ A multi-mount ceiling
fan would be defined as ‘‘a ceiling fan
that can be mounted in both the
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standard and hugger ceiling fan
configurations.’’
DOE proposes to clarify that ceiling
fans exist that can be mounted at more
than one height, but that do not include
at least one mounting option that meets
that hugger ceiling fan definition and
one option that meets the standard
ceiling fan definition, would not meet
the definition of a multi-mount fan (e.g.,
a ceiling fan where all mounting options
result in the lowest point on the fan
blades being more than ten inches from
the ceiling would be classified as a
standard ceiling fan). Such fans would
be tested as described in section III.E.5,
whereas multi-mount fans would be
tested as described in section III.F.2.
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B. Effective Date and Compliance Date
DOE is proposing amendments to its
ceiling fan test procedure in Appendix
U that would alter the way ceiling fans
are currently tested and the dates for use
of the test procedures. Because DOE
does not currently have performancebased standards for ceiling fans as
measured by the airflow efficiency, the
proposals for Appendix U would not
affect a manufacturer’s ability to comply
with current energy conservation
standards.
Manufacturers would be required to
use the revised Appendix U for
representations of ceiling fan efficiency
180 days after the publication of any
final amended test procedures in the
Federal Register. If DOE were to
establish minimum energy conservation
standards for ceiling fans as measured
in airflow efficiency in the concurrent
energy conservation standards
rulemaking, manufacturers would be
required to use the revised Appendix U
for determining compliance with any
amended standards.
DOE notes that the proposed changes
in interpretation of the ceiling fan
definition discussed above would result
in the applicability of the design
standards set forth in EPCA at 42 U.S.C.
6295(ff)(1) to the following types of fans
30 days after the publication of any final
test procedure adopting such changes in
interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using
a downrod or other means of suspension
such that the fan is not mounted directly to
the ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are
mounted directly or close to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being
suspended with or without a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes
of airflow.
In the concurrent energy conservation
standards rulemaking for ceiling fans,
DOE is considering a separate product
class for highly decorative ceiling fans
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that would be exempt from performance
standards. The current design standards
specified in EPCA would still apply to
such fans.
To ensure that any amended energy
conservation standards developed in the
ongoing ceiling fan standards
rulemaking account for any changes to
the test procedure, DOE is proposing to
consider standards based on the
measured ceiling fan efficiency
generated by the test procedure
proposed in this rulemaking.
C. Existing Test Procedure
As noted above, DOE’s test procedure
for ceiling fans is codified at 10 CFR
430.23(w) and 10 CFR part 430, subpart
B, appendix U. The current DOE test
procedure references the ‘‘ENERGY
STAR Testing Facility Guidance
Manual: Building a Testing Facility and
Performing the Solid State Test Method
for ENERGY STAR Qualified Ceiling
Fans,’’ version 1.1. DOE notes that
ENERGY STAR has since revised its test
procedure, creating version 1.2 of
ENERGY STAR’s guidance manual.
DOE’s proposed test procedure is
consistent with the EPCA requirement
that the test procedure for ceiling fans
be based on version 1.1, but the
proposal set forth in this rule adopts
portions of version 1.2 as appropriate.
There are some slight differences
between the proposed DOE test
procedure and the ENERGY STAR test
procedure. For instance, DOE proposes
no modification in today’s rule to the
ceiling fan warm-up time at a given fan
speed. This means that the warm-up
time in the proposed DOE test
procedure is the same as the 15 minute
warm-up time specified in the current
DOE test procedure (and not the 30
minute warm-up time before low speed
specified in the ENERGY STAR test
procedure v1.2).
D. Proposed Metric
DOE proposes to apply a metric,
ceiling fan efficiency, to all ceiling fans.
The metric would be based on airflow
efficiency and would account for
variations in fan design, fan speeds, and
typical usage patterns. Airflow
efficiency appears to be a universal
metric used to describe the efficiency of
ceiling fans and consists of airflow, i.e.,
the service provided by a ceiling fan, as
measured in cubic feet per minute
(CFM), divided by power consumption,
which is measured in watts (W).
1. Low-Volume Fans
For low-volume ceiling fans, DOE is
proposing to calculate ceiling fan
efficiency based on the weighted
average of airflow and power
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62527
consumption at high and low fan
speeds.
The Framework Document for the
ceiling fan energy conservation
standards rulemaking requested
comment on defining ‘‘high,’’
‘‘medium,’’ and ‘‘low’’ speeds. (78 FR
16443 (Mar. 15, 2013)) Few comments
were received on this topic, but the
American Lighting Association (ALA)
suggested defining ‘‘high’’ as the highest
available fan speed and ‘‘low’’ as the
lowest available fan speed. (ALA, No. 39
at p. 2) 7 These suggested definitions
appear reasonable, and DOE proposes to
define ‘‘high speed’’ as the highest
available speed, and to define ‘‘low
speed’’ as the lowest available speed.
Most low-volume ceiling fans have one
or more speeds between high and low,
but DOE proposes to measure only high
and low speeds to limit the testing
burden and avoid confusion regarding
the definition of medium speed for
ceiling fans with more than three
speeds.
DOE proposes to weight airflow and
power consumption at high and low
speeds in the ceiling fan efficiency
metric for low-volume ceiling fans
according to mean national hours of
operation per day at each speed.
2. High-Volume Ceiling Fans
For high-volume ceiling fans, DOE
proposes to calculate ceiling fan
efficiency based on measured airflow
and power consumption at high speed.
High-volume ceiling fans are often not
equipped with discrete speeds (e.g.,
low, medium, and high). Instead, highvolume ceiling fans may have a speed
controller that is continuously
adjustable. Given that speeds other than
high may be ill-defined, DOE is
proposing to test high-volume ceiling
fans at high speed only.
3. Incorporating Standby Power
Consumption
DOE is also addressing standby-mode
and off-mode power consumption of
ceiling fans in this NOPR. For both low
and high-volume ceiling fans, DOE
proposes to integrate standby-mode
power consumption into the ceiling fan
efficiency metric, as required by EPCA.
(42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)) EPCA defines
‘‘standby mode’’ as the condition in
7 A notation in this form provides a reference for
information that is in the docket of DOE’s
rulemaking to develop energy conservation
standards for ceiling fans and ceiling fan light kits
(Docket No. EERE–2012–BT–STD–0045), which is
maintained at www.regulations.gov. This notation
indicates that the statement preceding the reference
is document number 39 in the docket for the ceiling
fan and ceiling fan light kits energy conservation
standards rulemaking and appears at page 2 of that
document.
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which an energy-using product: is
connected to a main power source, and
offers one or more of the following useroriented or protective functions: (1) The
ability to facilitate the activation or
deactivation of other functions
(including active mode) by remote
switch (including remote control),
internal sensor, or timer; and (2)
continuous functions, including
information or status displays
(including clocks), or sensor-based
functions. (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(iii))
‘‘Off mode’’ is the condition in which
the ceiling fan is connected to a main
power source and is not providing any
standby or active mode function. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(ii))
DOE is proposing a test method for
measuring standby power consumption
in both low-volume and high-volume
fans (see section III.F.5). DOE proposes
to incorporate the standby power value
obtained from this test into the overall
efficiency metric for the ceiling fan.
DOE proposes to perform the standbymode test immediately following the
active mode test. For those ceiling fans
packaged with a light kit, this means
that the light kit will still be attached
during standby-mode testing, i.e., the
configuration will be the same as for
active mode testing. In the framework
document, DOE proposed to assign all
standby power consumption from a
ceiling fan with a ceiling fan light kit to
the ceiling fan only. Further research
has indicated that for the typical
configuration in which a remote device
controls a ceiling fan paired with a
ceiling fan light kit, the remote provides
equal service to each device—the ability
to turn on/off/adjust—and it requires no
more or less energy to provide that
service for the ceiling fan light kit than
for the ceiling fan. The energy required
to provide that service depends on the
nature of the remote receiver, and not
on the features of the ceiling fan or
ceiling fan light kit. This would suggest
that if a ceiling fan and a ceiling fan
light kit share a remote, it would be
appropriate to attribute half of the
standby power to the ceiling fan. To
include standby power consumption in
the efficacy metric of a ceiling fan light
kit, however, would be technically
infeasible, because doing so would
cause the efficacy of the ceiling fan light
kit to differ from the efficacy of the
lamps in the light kit. Therefore, to
account for this standby power
consumption, DOE proposes to attribute
all the standby power consumption of a
ceiling fan with a ceiling fan light kit to
the ceiling fan only. DOE requests
comments on this approach.
Because DOE research and feedback
from manufacturers indicates that there
is no off-mode power consumption for
these products, DOE is proposing not to
include off-mode power in the ceiling
fan efficiency metric.
4. Operating Hours
At the public meeting on the
Framework Document, Fanimation
commented that most consumers use
their [low-volume] ceiling fan at low or
medium speed, citing a social media
poll. (Fanimation, No. 9 at p.68) In
written comments on the Framework
Document, Capital Lighting stated that
the typical user operates a ceiling fan at
low or medium speed. (Capital Lighting,
No. 27 at p. 3) Progress Lighting also
commented that high speed is not the
most common mode of operation.
(Progress Lighting, No. 6 at p. 2) Hunter
Fans and ALA both cited an AcuPOLL®
Precision Research, Inc. survey
submitted by ALA and commissioned
by Hunter, which reports that low is the
typical operating speed of about 30
percent of ceiling fans, that medium is
the typical speed of about 50 percent of
ceiling fans, and that high is the typical
speed of about 20 percent of ceiling
fans. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 2 and Hunter,
No. 37 at p.3)
A report on ceiling fan energy use (the
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(LBNL) titled ‘‘Ceiling Fan and Ceiling
Fan Light Kit Use in the U.S.’’ 8)
suggests, however, that high speed may
be the most commonly used speed. In
the LBNL survey, a representative
sample of more than 2,500 ceiling fan
users were asked to break down the
fraction of ceiling fan on-time spent at
each speed, and the responses indicated
that in aggregate, high is the most
commonly used speed (on average 41%
of the time a fan is in operation), and
low is the least commonly used speed
(on average 22% of the time a fan is in
operation). By contrast, the AcuPOLL
survey did not inquire into the fraction
of time spent at each speed, instead
asking respondents for a single
‘‘typical’’ speed. Therefore, the LBNL
survey provides a more disaggregated
dataset on which DOE can base its usage
profile. DOE proposes to use the daily
national-average hours of operation
reported in LBNL’s survey as the basis
for weighting energy consumption at
high and low speed (see Table 2). To
convert the values reported at high,
medium, and low in LBNL’s survey to
high and low speed only, DOE allocated
the operating hours reported for
medium speed to high and low speeds
using the ratio of time spent at high and
low speeds. DOE seeks comment on its
proposed operating hours for calculating
ceiling fan efficiency for low-volume
ceiling fans.
For ceiling fans that operate in
standby mode, DOE assumes that the
ceiling fan is always activated by remote
and is, therefore, assumed to never be
‘‘off.’’ This assumption is likely to have
little impact on measured ceiling fan
efficiency, because it is DOE’s
understanding that the majority of
ceiling fans with built-in remotes do not
include built-in on/off switches and so
cannot be placed into off mode.
Therefore, this split between standby
and off mode is rarely, if ever,
applicable.
To estimate the hours of operation
data for high-volume ceiling fans, DOE
used feedback from manufacturers
indicating that, while the hours of
operation may vary significantly across
industry and application (e.g.,
warehouses or manufacturing facilities),
12 hours per day spent in active mode
may be a representative value. DOE,
therefore, proposes to assume 12 hours
of daily operation in active mode for
high-volume ceiling fans. DOE seeks
comment and any available data on
operating hours for high-volume ceiling
fans.
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2
TABLE 2—DAILY OPERATING HOURS FOR CALCULATING CEILING FAN EFFICIENCY
No standby
With standby
Daily Operating Hours for Low-Volume Ceiling Fans
High Speed ..........................................................................................................................................................
Low Speed ...........................................................................................................................................................
Standby Mode ......................................................................................................................................................
8 Kantner, C.L.S., S.J. Young, S.M. Donovan, K.
Garbesi. Ceiling Fan and Ceiling Fan Light Kit Use
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in the U.S.—Results of a Survey on Amazon
Mechanical Turk (2013) Lawrence Berkeley
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4.2
2.2
0.0
National Laboratory: Berkeley, CA. Report No.
LBNL–6332E.
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TABLE 2—DAILY OPERATING HOURS FOR CALCULATING CEILING FAN EFFICIENCY—Continued
No standby
Off Mode ..............................................................................................................................................................
With standby
17.6
0
12.0
0.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
0
Daily Operating Hours for High-Volume Ceiling Fans
Active Mode .........................................................................................................................................................
Standby Mode ......................................................................................................................................................
Off Mode ..............................................................................................................................................................
5. Metric for Ceiling Fan Efficiency
Low-volume ceiling fans:
DOE proposes the following equations
to determine ceiling fan efficiency.
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
Where:
CFMH = airflow at high speed,
OHA = operating hours in active mode,
WH = power consumption at high speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
the test procedure to account for power
factor.
DOE is not aware of any low-volume
ceiling fans with continuously variable
speed control currently on the market.
If such ceiling fans are manufactured in
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2
6. Power Factor
DOE received a comment in response
to the Framework Document from
PG&E, SCGC, SDG&E, and SCE (CA
IOUs) stating that evaluation of power
factor should be included in the test
procedure for ceiling fans due to the
impact of power factor on power quality
and transmission efficiency of the
electric grid. CA IOUs also commented
that the significance of power factor
increases as brushless permanent
magnet motors become more popular.
(CA IOUs, No. 12 at p.5) DOE
acknowledges that phase shifts
introduced into the grid by loads could
theoretically increase power production
and transmission system demands.
However, it is the net impact of many
loads that ultimately determines the
impact, which in turn depends on a
dynamically changing load mix. DOE is
not aware of field data quantifying the
impact of power factor on the electric
grid. DOE is not proposing a change in
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E. Other Proposed Modifications to
Current Test Procedure
1. Clarification That Low-Volume
Ceiling Fans Should be Tested at High
and Low Speeds
DOE proposes to require testing at
high and low fan speeds for low-volume
ceiling fans because low-volume ceiling
fans typically have more than one speed
setting that may be selected by the
consumer. Such an approach would
allow the ceiling fan efficiency metric to
be representative of average use. The
current DOE test procedure for ceiling
fans allows for testing at all available
fan speeds but does not specify how
many speeds should be tested. In the
Framework Document for the ceiling
fans energy conservation standards
rulemaking, DOE considered testing at
one or multiple ceiling fan speeds and
sought comment. A number of
commenters weighed in on this subject,
with some in favor of testing at multiple
speeds and others in favor of testing at
a single speed.
The Appliance Standards Awareness
Project (ASAP), the National Consumer
Law Center (NCLC), the National
Resources Defense Council (NRDC), and
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the future, DOE will consider
amendments to the test procedure to
accommodate these fans, where other
speeds may not be well-defined, as
needed.
High-volume ceiling fans:
the Northwest Energy Efficiency
Alliance (NEEA) commented that DOE
should develop a test procedure that
includes measurements of airflow
efficiency at multiple fan speeds. These
commenters presented ENERGY STAR
data at different fan speeds, arguing that
airflow efficiency at a given speed is not
necessarily a good predictor of airflow
efficiency at other speeds. (ASAP,
NCLC, NRDC, and NEEA, No. 14 at pp.
4–5) ALA commented that the
assumption is being made that the
testing mentioned is for ENERGY STAR
qualification; if that assumption is true,
then high is the only speed that needs
to be tested because it is always the least
efficient of the speeds. (ALA, No. 39 at
p.11) Progress Lighting noted that
testing at multiple speeds is already
required by both Energy Star and
California Title 20. (Progress Lighting,
No. 6 at p.3)
In assessing how many speeds should
be tested, DOE notes that data from
Hunter Fans (included in a 2004 report
by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E),
‘‘Analysis of Standards Options For
Ceiling Fans’’) suggest that high speed is
usually, but not always, the leastefficient speed. For 4 out of 26 ceiling
fans tested, low speed was actually the
least-efficient speed setting, and the
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Where:
CFMi = airflow at a given speed,
OHi = operating hours at a given speed,
Wi = power consumption at a given speed,
H = high speed,
L = low speed,
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Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 201 / Friday, October 17, 2014 / Proposed Rules
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2
variability of efficiency at low speed
was significantly larger than at high
speed, suggesting more opportunity for
improvement in efficiency at low speed.
DOE is obligated to have a test
procedure that reflects ‘‘a representative
average use cycle or period of use’’, but
which is not ‘‘unduly burdensome to
conduct’’. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) Testing
at more than one speed allows for a
more representative indication of ceiling
fan efficiency and increases the
usefulness of efficiency labels for
consumers. Additionally, as high speed
is not always the least-efficient speed,
DOE proposes to test at both high and
low speeds. The proposed approach
would limit the test burden and
maintain a consistent test burden for all
low-volume ceiling fans, the vast
majority of which have between three
and six speeds. Testing specifically at
the highest and lowest available speeds,
instead of at three speeds, would also
avoid any ambiguity regarding the
definition of medium speed for ceiling
fans with more than three speeds. DOE
requests comment on testing lowvolume ceiling fans at the highest and
lowest fan speeds.
2. Elimination of the Requirement for a
Test Cylinder To Be Used During
Testing
A test cylinder is included in the
experimental setup of the current DOE
test procedure for ceiling fans. Its
intended purpose is to control the
direction of airflow. During the public
meeting for the Framework Document in
the ceiling fans energy conservation
standards rulemaking, Hunter Fans
commented that there was little
variation in airflow test results
regardless of whether a test cylinder was
used when conducting testing under the
DOE test procedure. (Hunter, No. 9 at
p.56) In a written comment on the
Framework Document, ALA stated that:
(1) Test results from a certified
laboratory found that the measured CFM
(cubic feet per minute) [at high speed]
on 28 different test samples (various
diameters) using the specified cylinder
(with a diameter 8’’ larger than the fan
diameter) vs. no cylinder at all varied on
average by 1.1 percent without the use
of the cylinder; (2) the standard
deviation was 1.0 percent and the max/
min was 3.1/0.1 percent respectively; (3)
based on these data, the manufacturers
suggest that use of the cylinder should
not be required. (ALA, No. 39 at p.9)
To determine the effect of the test
cylinder on airflow measurements, DOE
conducted testing on three ceiling fans
both with and without a test cylinder.
The 44-inch, 52-inch, and 56-inch
ceiling fans used were tested at all three
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available speeds. The airflow
measurements indicated a difference of
2–10 percent between the two testing
scenarios, but there was no consistent
dependence on ceiling fan size or fan
speed. The calculated variance of the
measurement data, however, was almost
20 percent lower overall when testing
without a test cylinder, suggesting that
testing without a cylinder is a
statistically less noisy approach to
measuring airflow. This difference in
measurement error could perhaps be
due to turbulence created by the
interaction of the airflow with the side
of the test cylinder.
Because testing without a test
cylinder appears to be a more accurate
approach to measuring airflow and more
closely simulates installed usage
conditions than with a cylinder in
place, DOE proposes to eliminate the
requirement to test with a test cylinder.
This reduces test burden for
manufacturers who may want to
introduce new ceiling fan sizes and
would otherwise have to pay for a new
test cylinder, as well as reducing
potential market distortions that would
favor ceiling fans at sizes corresponding
to existing test cylinders. Additionally,
this would more closely harmonize with
the test procedure for high-volume
ceiling fans (see section III.F.1), which
does not include a test cylinder.
DOE proposes that the effective area
and the number of sensors used to
measure airflow for a given ceiling fan
would still be the same as in the current
test procedure—that is, the effective
area over which airflow is calculated
would be a circle 8 inches larger in
diameter than the fan blade span. The
distance between the ceiling fan blades
and the air velocity sensors also would
not change. The test cylinder would
simply not be installed prior to testing.
3. Addition of a False Ceiling to the
Experimental Set-Up
In the Framework Document, DOE
suggested investigating methodologies
for testing hugger ceiling fans (i.e., fans
mounted very close to the ceiling) and
mentioned the existence of a hugger fan
test method in CAN/CSA–C814–10,
‘‘Energy Performance of Ceiling Fans,’’
which includes a false ceiling in the test
set-up.9 The comments received on this
topic were generally in favor of testing
with a false ceiling, although Big Ass
Fans commented that it is important to
maintain the same distance between the
ceiling fan blades and the test sensors as
9 Canadian Standards Association. CAN/CSA–
C814–10—Energy Performance of Ceiling Fans.
2010. (Last accessed February 24, 2014) https://shop.
csa.ca/en/canada/energy-efficiency/cancsa-c81410/invt/27005372010.
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in a standard test set-up for low-volume
ceiling fans to ensure an appropriate
measurement for comparison to a
standard low-volume ceiling fan. (BAF,
No. 43 at p.2)
DOE conducted testing on ceiling fans
advertised as hugger fans both with and
without a false ceiling in place. Having
a false ceiling in place for these fans
resulted in a 30-percent to 50-percent
decrease in measured airflow compared
to testing without a false ceiling. One
ceiling fan was tested in both the hugger
and standard configurations with a false
ceiling in place, in addition to being
tested without a false ceiling. For this
fan, a 50-percent reduction in airflow
was found in the hugger configuration
with the false ceiling in place when
compared to the airflow from the same
fan without a false ceiling. When tested
in the standard configuration with the
false ceiling in place, a 35-percent
reduction in airflow was still observed
when compared to the airflow from the
same fan without a false ceiling. The
implication was that the presence of a
false ceiling had a larger impact on
airflow than switching from the
standard to the hugger configuration.
Using a false ceiling when testing all
low-volume ceiling fans is more
representative of actual ceiling fan use
in a home, where fans are mounted
directly to the ceiling. Using a different
experimental setup for hugger fans than
for other low-volume ceiling fans would
also affect efficiency representations on
the labels of different types of ceiling
fans and result in market
representations of ceiling fan efficiency
that cannot be readily compared. Such
an approach would potentially put fans
tested with a false ceiling (such as
hugger or multi-mount ceiling fans) at a
competitive disadvantage compared to
standard ceiling fans. While this change
to the test procedure would involve a
one-time test burden for testing facilities
to install a false ceiling, it should not
result in an additional cost per test
thereafter.
DOE also compared the effect on
airflow measurements of having a false
ceiling in place that was 8 inches versus
16 inches larger in width and breadth
than the blade span of the ceiling fan.
DOE found no appreciable reduction in
airflow with a larger false ceiling in
place. This implies that a false ceiling
8 inches larger than the blade span of a
ceiling fan is sufficiently large to
approximate a ceiling.
DOE proposes to test all low-volume
ceiling fans with the addition of a false
ceiling directly above the ceiling fan.
The distance between the lowest point
on the ceiling fan blades and the air
velocity sensors should be the same as
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in the current DOE test procedure. The
length and breadth of the false ceiling
should be at least 8 inches larger than
the blade span of the ceiling fan. DOE
seeks comment on its proposal to add a
false ceiling to the experimental setup
for all low-volume ceiling fan testing.
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2
4. Clarification of the Distance Between
the Ceiling Fan Blades and the Air
Velocity Sensors
As the Framework Document for the
ceiling fans energy conservation
standard rulemaking notes, the test setup for the current DOE test procedure
assumes that ceiling fan blades are
reasonably flat.10 The test procedure
specifies that a test cylinder is to be
hung below the ceiling fan such that
there is a 6-inch vertical gap between
the middle of the fan blade tips and the
top of the test cylinder. Without a test
cylinder in place, this is effectively a
specification of the vertical gap between
the middle of the fan blade tips and the
heads of the air velocity sensors. It may
be unclear as to how the ‘‘middle of
blade tip’’ measurements should be
made for fans having non-flat blades or
unusual shapes.
ALA commented in response to the
Framework Document that: (1) The
manufacturers suggest maintaining the
same test methodology regardless of
blade shape; (2) while nontraditional
blade shapes may affect airflow, they
should not be tested differently based
on improved or reduced airflow
capability; and (3) changing the test
method based on blade shape could
potentially create advantages or
disadvantages, so a uniform method is
suggested. (ALA, No. 39 at p.9)
DOE performed tests to assess the
impact of measuring airflow using a
vertical distance measured from the
bottom of the blade tip compared to a
vertical distance measured from the
middle of the blade tip. Airflow was
measured for two 52-inch fans on low,
medium, and high speeds in the two
different vertical distance
configurations. One fan was chosen
specifically for having a nontraditional
curved blade shape with an ambiguous
middle of the blade tip. Testing for both
fans indicated that measurements of
airflow using the two configurations
were consistent to within 3 percent on
medium and high speeds and 6 percent
10 U.S. Department of Energy—Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy
Conservation Program for Consumer Products:
Framework Document: Energy Efficiency Program
for Consumer Products: Energy Conservation
Standards for Ceiling Fans and Ceiling Fan Light
Kits. March 2013. Washington, DC https://www.
regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EERE-2012BT-STD-0045-0002.
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on low speed. Therefore, to avoid the
potential ambiguity of the phrase
‘‘middle of blade tip,’’ DOE proposes to
instead define the vertical gap in terms
of the distance between the lowest point
on the ceiling fan blades and the heads
of the air velocity sensors. This would
apply to all low-volume ceiling fan
blades to ensure a congruent test for
airflow.
5. Clarification of the Appropriate Fan
Configuration During Testing for LowVolume Ceiling Fans
DOE research indicates that a number
of low-volume ceiling fans can be
mounted at more than one height while
still being classified as either a standard
or hugger ceiling fan (rather than
meeting DOE’s definition of a multimount fan). As an example, a ceiling fan
that can be mounted at three different
heights, all of which result in the lowest
point on the fan blades being more than
ten inches from the ceiling, would be
classified as a standard ceiling fan.
Therefore, DOE proposes to clarify that
if more than one mounting option is
included with a fan that would meet the
definition of a standard low-volume
ceiling fan, that ceiling fan should be
tested in the configuration with the
smallest distance between the ceiling
and the lowest part of the fan blades.
Similarly, if more than one mounting
option is included with a fan that would
meet the definition of a hugger lowvolume ceiling fan, that ceiling fan
should be tested in the configuration
with the smallest distance between the
ceiling and the lowest part of the fan
blades. DOE seeks data and comment on
how these fans are actually configured
in the field.
6. Clarification of the Test Method for
Ceiling Fans With Heaters
The Framework Document for the
ceiling fans energy conservation
standards rulemaking noted that some
ceiling fans are sold with combined
heating elements, although the extent to
which such heaters are used is
unclear.10 DOE preliminarily concluded
that it would not consider the power
consumption by the heater in the
rulemaking and asked for comment. The
only comment received on this topic
supported DOE’s planned approach.
(ALA, No. 39 at p. 11) DOE proposes to
clarify that during testing, any ceiling
fan packaged with a heater should be
tested with the heater in place
(representative of the configuration
when the fan is used by a consumer) but
switched off.
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7. Revision of the Allowable Tolerance
for Air Velocity Sensors Used During
Testing
As noted in the Framework Document
for the ceiling fans energy conservation
standard rulemaking, the current DOE
test procedure incorporates by reference
ENERGY STAR guidance manual v1.1,
which requires air speed sensors with
an accuracy of +/¥ 1 percent or better.
ENERGY STAR guidance manual v1.2,
however, requires air speed sensors
with an accuracy of only +/¥ 5 percent
or better. The Framework Document
suggested that the appropriate tolerance
may need to be reevaluated.10
ALA commented that ceiling fan
manufacturers are of the opinion that
the accuracy sensor specified in the
current ENERGY STAR guidance
manual (+/¥ 5%) is acceptable, but
they recommended that a test fan be
distributed among all laboratories
certified to perform DOE’s ceiling fan
test procedure and that testing be
conducted to ensure that all of the labs
correlate. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 7)
To determine whether sensor
accuracy affects airflow measurements,
DOE compared the variation in mean air
speeds when testing with sensors with
different accuracy ratings and
investigated the variation in raw air
speed readings from a single sensor
type. First, DOE compared the average
air speeds reported by two different test
laboratories for the same ceiling fan.
One laboratory used sensors matching
the tolerance allowed by ENERGY STAR
guidance manual v1.2: the maximum of
5 percent of the reading or 1 percent of
the full-range sensor accuracy. The
other laboratory used sensors with a
better accuracy: the maximum of 2
percent of the reading or 0.5 percent of
the selected range. If the uncertainty in
mean air speed was due to sensor
accuracy, the ratio of the standard errors
between the labs should have been
similar to the ratio of sensor accuracies
(i.e., 5:2). DOE found, however, that
both laboratories had a similar standard
error of mean air speed, which
significantly exceeded the expected
error due to sensor accuracy. Second,
DOE investigated the coefficients of
variation for raw air speed
measurements from several ceiling fans
tested in a single laboratory. The
coefficients of variation were
approximately ten times greater than
would be expected if the measurement
uncertainty came only from the sensor
accuracy.
Based on these analyses, DOE
concluded that the variation in
measured air speed was not greatly
affected by the accuracy of the sensors
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used in the two test laboratories. As a
result, there appears to be no reason to
require the use of sensors with accuracy
better than +/¥ 5 percent of the reading.
Accordingly, DOE proposes to change
the sensor tolerances from the current
test procedure value of 1 percent to 5
percent.
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2
F. Proposed Additional Test Methods
1. Addition of a Test Method for HighVolume Ceiling Fans
High-volume ceiling fans (where
volume refers to airflow volume) are
typically offered in a range of diameters
from 36 inches to 24 feet. The large size
of some high-volume ceiling fans cannot
be accommodated by existing ceiling fan
test facilities for low-volume ceiling
fans without significant modifications.
In some cases, the ceiling fans would
simply not fit into the test room.
AMCA 230, ‘‘Laboratory Methods of
Testing Air Circulating Fans for Rating
and Certification,’’ is the industry test
procedure for high-volume ceiling fans.
The test procedure describes a ceiling
fan hung from a load cell. When the
ceiling fan is turned on, the measured
change in force on the load cell allows
thrust to be calculated, and AMCA 230
provides an equation for calculating
airflow based on thrust. This is a
different approach than the current DOE
test procedure for low-volume ceiling
fans, which measures air velocity
directly. Given the large dimensions of
some high-volume ceiling fans, an
approach based on AMCA 230
(requiring only a load cell) appears to be
more practical than an approach based
on the current DOE test procedure for
low-volume ceiling fans, which requires
an array of sensors.
The latest version of the AMCA 230
test procedure (AMCA 230–12) specifies
that it is to be applied to ceiling fans 6
feet in diameter or smaller. A previous
version of AMCA 230 (AMCA 230–07),
however, allows for testing larger ceiling
fans with no restriction on fan size,
using a modified version of the test
procedure. In the modified version, the
restrictions on the room dimensions
with respect to the fan size are relaxed
and not specified. Even for those ceiling
fans with diameters in the 20–24 feet
range, performance specifications (such
as airflow and airflow efficiency) can be
found on Web sites and in manuals of
several manufacturers, suggesting that it
is possible to test ceiling fans with large
diameters.
For ceiling fans up to 24 feet in
diameter, DOE proposes testing highvolume ceiling fans in keeping with
industry practice, using a test procedure
based on AMCA 230–12, and
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incorporating AMCA 230–12 by
reference. It appears plausible to test
even large high-volume ceiling fans
according to such a test procedure, with
some modification to the specified room
dimensions. DOE proposes to modify
the specified room dimensions for highvolume ceiling fans in the following
ways: (1) The minimum distance
between the ceiling and the blades of a
ceiling fan being tested is 44 inches for
all blade diameters, (2) ceiling fans
larger than 6 feet in diameter must have
a 20 foot clearance between the floor
and the blades of the fan being tested,
and (3) for ceiling fans larger than 6 feet
in diameter, the minimum distance
between the centerline of a ceiling fan
being tested and walls and large
obstructions all around is half the
ceiling fan blade span plus 10 feet. The
proposed requirement for a minimum
distance between the ceiling and the
blades would mean that even the largest
ceiling fans, at 24 feet in diameter,
would have a clearance of at least 15
percent of the fan blade diameter, and
that the clearance will be roughly
equivalent to the clearance for lowvolume ceiling fans. The proposed
minimum clearance between the blades
and the floor is based on the typical
installation environment for fans larger
than 6 feet in diameter. Distances
greater than 20 feet could impose testing
burden by requiring very tall testing
rooms. Additionally, a distance of 20
feet between the floor and the fan blades
is one of the distances recommended by
researchers on this topic.11 The
proposed minimum clearance laterally
about the blades is designed to balance
the need for unobstructed airflow
patterns in the room with not requiring
a testing facility that would be
excessively burdensome to create. DOE
seeks comment on these proposed
changes to the room specifications.
DOE is not aware of any third-party
testing facility that currently tests largediameter, high-volume ceiling fans. The
large amount of space required to
conduct the proposed test procedure
may be the primary constraint in
establishing such a test facility. For
example, the proposed room
requirements for a ceiling fan 24 feet in
diameter are a room that is at least 44
feet square, that is free of large
obstructions, and has a ceiling height of
approximately 24 feet. DOE requests
information on how manufacturers
currently test large-diameter, highvolume ceiling fans, as well as the
11 Rohles, F.H., Jr., J.E. Laviana, T.E. Shrimplin,
Assessing Air Velocities from the Industrial Ceiling
Fan (1986). ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 92, pt. 1A:
San Francisco, CA.
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availability of suitable third-party
testing facilities that can conduct the
proposed test procedure and the ability
to develop such facilities.
2. Addition of a Test Method for LowVolume Multi-Mount Ceiling Fans
DOE is proposing to define multimount ceiling fans as ceiling fans that
can be mounted in both the standard
and hugger ceiling fan configurations
(see Section III.A.4). The Framework
Document for the ceiling fans energy
conservation standards rulemaking
suggested that multi-mount ceiling fans
should be tested with the fan installed
in the hugger configuration. (78 FR
16443 (Mar. 15, 2013))
ALA commented that multi-mount
ceiling fans should be tested in the
standard ceiling fan configuration. ALA
cited the AcuPOLL survey, which
indicates that 73 percent of multi-mount
ceiling fans are installed in the standard
configuration. (ALA, No. 39 at pp.8–9)
ALA also suggested that, if needed, a
statement can be added to show which
configuration was used for the CFM test.
King of Fans (KOF) commented that it
does not agree with testing the
multi-mount fans in the hugger/flush
mount configuration, as it can make the
multi-mount fans (which provide a
consumer benefit) noncompetitive with
fans that do not have the flush mount
option, at least in terms of reported
energy efficiency. KOF stated that
testing multi-mount fans in this manner
would cause the CFM ratings to be
affected, which may in turn cause a
customer to default to a higher-rated
CFM product; this would put the
multi-mount fans at a competitive
disadvantage. (KOF, No.42 at p.1)
Progress Lighting also commented that
multi-mount ceiling fans should be
tested in the standard configuration,
stating that customized configurations
have many variables that cannot be
controlled for in the analysis. (Progress
Lighting, No. 6 at pp.2–3)
On the other hand, CA IOUs
suggested establishing two performance
standards for multi-mount ceiling fans:
(1) one for when the fan is in the hugger
position (same as the hugger product
class standard), and (2) another for
when the fan is in a standard position.
(CA IOUs, No. 12 at p. 2)
Since multi-mount ceiling fans can be
installed in either standard or hugger
configuration, DOE proposes to test lowvolume multi-mount ceiling fans in both
configurations: (1) In the configuration
that meets the definition of a standard
ceiling fan, while minimizing the
distance the ceiling and the lowest part
of the fan blades, and (2) in the
configuration that meets the definition
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of a hugger ceiling fan, while
minimizing the distance between the
ceiling and the lowest part of the fan
blades. DOE seeks comment on whether
manufacturers should be required to test
multi-mount ceiling fans in the standard
configuration, hugger configuration,
both configurations, or all
configurations for which they are
capable of being installed.
3. Addition of a Test Method for MultiHeaded Ceiling Fans
In the Framework Document for the
ceiling fans standards rulemaking, DOE
discussed the challenges presented
regarding testing of multi-head ceiling
fans.10 One challenge is that the variable
geometry of multi-head fans may make
it difficult to compare test results among
either different types of multi-head
ceiling fans or between multi-head fans
and fans with a single head. Another
challenge is that the effective blade span
of some multi-head ceiling fans may
exceed the area that can currently be
tested with air velocity sensors. DOE
stated that it was considering testing
only one of the ceiling fan heads, with
the other fan head motors turned off,
and treating the fan head like a standard
single-head ceiling fan. The airflow and
power consumption associated with one
head could then be multiplied by the
number of fan heads in the multi-head
ceiling fan. DOE asked for comment on
this approach. Comments on the
Framework Document were generally in
favor of testing a single fan head for a
multi-head fan, with some exceptions.
In its comments, Fanimation
recommended that DOE test only one of
the ceiling fan heads, with the other fan
head motors turned off, treating the fan
head like a standard single-head ceiling
fan. Fanimation further suggested that:
(1) The airflow and airflow efficiency
could be rated for the individual head,
and (2) the total airflow for multiple
heads could be determined by
multiplying the airflow from one fan by
the number of heads, assuming all are
of equal construction and diameter.
Fanimation concluded that no
alternative testing strategy is necessary
and that testing multiple fan heads
would be overly burdensome.
(Fanimation, No. 32 at p. 3) ALA
commented that, provided the fan
blades of each fan head turn at
approximately the same RPM
(revolutions per minute), it suggests
measuring the CFM of one fan head and
multiplying the results times the total
number of fan heads. (ALA, No. 39 at
p.10)
ASAP, NCLC, NRDC, and NEEA
commented that one potential approach
would be for manufacturers to certify
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that the fan heads that are not tested do
not have any characteristics that are
different from those of the tested fan
head that affect efficiency (similar to the
language used for determining ‘‘basic
models’’). Furthermore, ASAP, NCLC,
NRDC, and NEEA suggested that, for the
case where individual fan heads do
have different characteristics that affect
efficiency, multiple fan heads would
need to be tested. (ASAP, NCLC, NRDC,
and NEEA, No. 14 at p. 4)
CA IOUs recommended conducting
testing with multiple fan heads running
simultaneously to account for
interactive effects, stating that testing
only one fan head could be overlooking
a significant drop in fan performance
that DOE should take into account. (CA
IOUs, No 12 at p.3)
To assess the impact of measuring
airflow and power consumption based
on a single fan head versus more than
one head operating simultaneously,
DOE conducted a series of tests on a
multi-head ceiling fan with two
identical fan heads. The ceiling fan
system was first tested with both fan
heads operating simultaneously, with
the midpoint of the fan system centered
where the four sensor axes meet. The
fan heads were oriented along the A–C
sensor axis and faced straight
downwards. Next, with the ceiling fan
system still in the same position and
orientation, DOE measured the results
for each individual fan head with the
other fan head turned off via a switch
on the center housing of the fan. In
addition to airflow measurements, DOE
recorded the power consumption of the
fan system for each test.
Overall, the airflow velocity profile
for the two fan heads turned on
simultaneously was roughly similar to
the sum of testing each fan head
individually. Tests with individual fan
heads produced more airflow along the
outermost sensors along the A–C axis.
Both heads running simultaneously
directed more air towards the center of
the system. Compared to the sum of
measurements from individual fan
heads, the test done with both heads
running simultaneously measured 7–20
percent less total airflow, depending on
fan speed.
However, DOE notes that multi-head
ceiling fans are designed to provide
airflow over a larger area than singlehead fans. When testing multiple fan
heads simultaneously, it is unclear
whether the airflow measurements
made by sensors designed to capture the
airflow of an individual fan head is an
adequate representation of the airflow
that consumers with a multi-head fan
may experience. Unlike a single-head
ceiling fan, which is centered on the
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meeting point of the four sensor axes,
the individual fan heads of a multi-head
fan are displaced from where the sensor
axes meet, and airflow may not be
adequately measured because the
sensors are no longer directly beneath
the fan heads. This will likely
underestimate the airflow directly
underneath the fan heads. This problem
would be compounded for multi-head
fans with more than two fan heads. This
suggests that testing an individual fan
head, and multiplying by the number of
fan heads, may yield a more
representative measurement.
Additionally, DOE recognizes that
testing large multi-head fans with all fan
heads operating simultaneously is not
feasible due to the size constraints of
testing facilities and the number of
sensors required to adequately measure
the fan’s velocity profile. In light of this
testing constraint, and the possibility
that the sensor apparatus will not yield
representative results because it is
designed to measure airflow near the
intersection of the sensor axes, DOE
proposes to test multi-headed ceiling
fans by testing a single fan head, with
the fan head in the same position as
when a fan with a single head is tested,
such that it is directly over sensor 1 (i.e.,
at the center of the test set-up, where the
four sensor axes meet). This can be
accomplished by either offsetting the
entire false ceiling, or the multi-head
fan with respect to the false ceiling, as
long as the requirement that the false
ceiling extend at least 8 inches beyond
the blade span of the centered fan head
is maintained. Supporting chains, wires,
or ropes may be used to keep the false
ceiling level, if the multi-head ceiling
fan is offset with respect to the false
ceiling. The distance between the air
velocity sensors and the fan blades of
the centered fan head should be the
same as for all other low-volume ceiling
fans. Switching on only the centered fan
head, the airflow measurements should
be made in the same manner as for all
other low-volume ceiling fans.
If a multi-head ceiling fan includes
more than one type of ceiling fan head,
then at least one of each unique type
should be tested. Differences in fan head
construction such as housing, blade
pitch, or motor could affect air
movement or power consumption and
would constitute a different type of fan
head. If all the fan heads are of the same
type, then only one fan head needs to
be tested. The airflow at a given speed
should be measured for an individual
head, and total airflow determined by
multiplying the results by the number of
fan heads of each type.
DOE also assessed the potential for
measuring the power consumption of a
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single fan head, and then multiplying by
the total number of fan heads to
determine total power consumption.
DOE found that the power consumption
measured for one individual fan head
was 75 percent of the power
consumption measured when both fan
heads operated simultaneously. As
such, measuring the power
consumption of one fan head and
multiplying by the number of fan heads
would significantly overestimate the
power consumption of both fan heads
operating simultaneously. Therefore, the
power consumption at a given speed
should be measured with all ceiling fan
heads turned on. It is not necessary to
measure power consumption at multiple
airflow sensor arm positions, however.
An average over 100 seconds with the
sensor arm in any position is sufficient,
given the relatively low variability of
the wattage measurement.
The effective blade span for a multihead ceiling fan is the blade span of an
individual fan head, if all fan heads are
the same size. If the fan heads are of
varying sizes, the effective blade span is
the blade span of the largest fan head.
4. Addition of a Test Method for Ceiling
Fans Where the Airflow Is Not Directed
Vertically
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As noted in the Framework Document
for the ceiling fans standards
rulemaking, DOE has observed that
some ceiling fans on the market can be
oriented in various positions that direct
the airflow and that sometimes the fans
cannot be oriented such that airflow is
directed straight down (i.e., the typical
configuration).10 A non-vertical
orientation could result in some of the
airflow produced being undetected by
the airflow sensors directly beneath the
ceiling fan. In response to the
Framework Document, ALA commented
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that: (1) The manufacturers recommend
that the velocity of the air must be
measured perpendicular to the flow of
the air, and (2) if a ceiling fan, installed
as intended, is constructed such that the
airflow is not directed vertically, then
steps must be taken through special
fixtures or other acceptable means to
position the fan head so that the airflow
is directed vertically for measurement
purposes. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 11)
Regarding this issue, DOE conducted
tests of a fan head with an adjustable tilt
to explore the impact of measuring
airflow at an angle other than directly
downward. In comparison to airflow
measurements of the fan head directed
straight down, tilting the fan head at a
15-degree angle along the A-axis shifted
the velocity profile along the A–C axis
and reduced the airflow measured along
the B–D axis. Average measurements
from all four sensor axes result in
airflow measurements that are 6–17
percent lower than that measured
directly downward, depending on fan
speed. The systematically lower
measurements are not unexpected, since
most of the airflow in the tilted
configuration was offset from the center
of the four axes along the A-axis. Due to
constraints on the arrangement of the
sensor axes, sensors are not in an
appropriate position to measure airflow
in the direction perpendicular to the A–
C axis. However, DOE found that using
average measurements from only those
sensors which maximize airflow along
the A–C axis improved agreement with
measurements of the fan directed
straight down to within 2–10 percent.
This calculation assumes that, if sensors
were placed in the appropriate positions
along the orthogonal axis, the airflow
measurements would be the same as
along the A–C axis.
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For ceiling fans where the airflow is
not directed vertically, DOE proposes to
clarify that the ceiling fan head should
be adjusted such that the airflow is as
vertical as possible prior to testing so
that the measured airflow is
representative of airflow in the direction
the fan head faces during normal
operation. The distance between the
lowest point on the blades and the air
velocity sensors should be the same as
for all other low-volume ceiling fans.
For ceiling fans where a fully vertical
orientation of airflow cannot be
achieved, DOE proposes to orient the
ceiling fan such that any remaining tilt
is aligned along one of the four sensor
axes. Instead of measuring the air
velocity for only those sensors directly
beneath the ceiling fan, the air velocity
should be measured at all sensors along
that axis, as well as the axis oriented
180 degrees with respect to that axis.
Using the same total number of sensors
as would be utilized if the airflow was
directly downward, the airflow should
be calculated based on the continuous
set of sensors with the largest air
velocity measurements. For example, if
the tilt is oriented along axis A, air
velocity measurements should be taken
for all sensors along the A–C axis. The
air velocity measurements would
normally be drawn from a symmetric set
of sensors for each axis, but because of
the tilt, the air velocity may be
maximized for a set of sensors offset by
several sensor positions along the A
axis. See Figure 1 for an example. The
air velocity results from that offset series
of sensors would be substituted for the
typical symmetric set in order to
calculate total airflow, for both the A–
C axis as well as the B–D axis. The
effective area used to calculate airflow
would be the same as for an untilted
ceiling fan with the same blade span.
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Given that many of the ceiling fans
that cannot achieve vertical airflow are
multi-headed fans, using an adjustable
mount to achieve a vertical orientation
may be experimentally impractical.
Additionally, making significant
adjustments to the tilt beyond what the
ceiling fan is capable of achieving when
installed may not provide an accurate
representation of expected airflow to a
potential consumer. For ceiling fans that
cannot achieve vertical airflow,
directing the airflow as downward as
possible, even if the airflow is not
vertical, may be the most realistic
representation of expected airflow for
potential consumers.
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5. Addition of a Test Method for Power
Consumption in Standby Mode
DOE proposes to add standby-mode
power consumption testing for lowvolume and high-volume ceiling fans.
Specifically, standby-mode testing
would be applicable to any ceiling fan
sold with hardware to maintain any of
the standby functions defined in 42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(iii)(II).
For low-volume ceiling fans, DOE’s
research suggests that standby mode
typically exists for only those lowvolume ceiling fans that include a radio
frequency (RF) receiver to facilitate
interaction with a remote controller.
DOE understands that high-volume
ceiling fans, on the other hand, often
have power consumption in standby
mode even if they do not include a
remote control: For example, if they
utilize a variable frequency drive (VFD)
to control the speed of the motor.
Standby testing would be required, and
included in the metric, for any highvolume ceiling fan with a VFD, as well
as any high-volume ceiling fan with a
remote control. DOE requests comment
on this approach.
For both low and high-volume ceiling
fans, the standby test would be
performed following testing in active
mode and would require putting the
ceiling fan in standby mode (if
controlled by a remote control or other
sensor) and measuring the input power
draw. As required by 42 U.S.C. 6295
(gg)(2)(A), DOE considered the most
current versions of Standards 62301 and
62087 of the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as a
basis for standby-mode testing. DOE
considered IEC 62087 and determined
that it is not applicable to ceiling fans.12
DOE also considered IEC 62301 (Edition
2.0, 2011–01). IEC 62301 would require
12 IEC 62087 is applicable to television sets, video
recording equipment, set top boxes, audio
equipment and multifunction equipment for
consumer use.
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the addition of at least 40 minutes to the
test procedure for those fans subject to
standby testing. Because this may result
in an excessive test burden for these
ceiling fans, DOE proposes to
incorporate IEC 62301 by reference, but
reduce the interval of time over which
testing occurs, as well as the period of
time prior to standby testing. DOE
proposes to wait three minutes after
active mode functionality has been
switched off to begin the standby-mode
test and then to collect data for 100
seconds. By that point in the test
procedure, the ceiling fan will have
already been energized for over 30
minutes for the active mode test (15
minute warm-up plus more than 15
minutes for each speed tested), so DOE
believes additional warm-up time is
unnecessary. The 100 second duration
for standby-mode testing matches the
requirement for active mode testing at
each sensor arm position.
Standby power consumed by lowvolume ceiling fans appears to be fairly
minimal. DOE conducted standby
power testing on four low-volume
ceiling fans with remote control
receivers and found an average standby
power consumption of approximately
0.81 watts. Additionally, ALA provided
comments to the Framework Document
indicating that low-volume ceiling fans
with wireless remote controls typically
have standby power consumption of
1.4W. (ALA, 39 at pg.13) Given that
standby power consumption is fairly
minimal, but does require some
additional testing, an alternative
approach to accounting for standby
power consumption would be to use a
representative value, such as the 1.4 W
estimate provided by ALA. However,
the additional testing for standby mode
would take less than 5 minutes, be
conducted immediately after active
mode testing, and requires no additional
equipment, so the testing burden would
be minimal. DOE requests comment on
its approach to standby-mode testing
and the appropriateness of testing
standby power for ceiling fans.
In the Framework Document for the
ceiling fans energy conservation
rulemaking, DOE said that it
understands that ceiling fans have no
off-mode power consumption, and thus
off-mode power consumption would not
need to be included in the test
procedure or in the metric, and asked
for comment.10 DOE received no
comments indicating that there was any
off-mode power consumption for ceiling
fans but did receive a comment
affirming that there is no off-mode
power consumption for ceiling fans,
with ALA commenting that ceiling fans
consume 0W in off mode. (ALA, No. 39
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at p.13) Zero power consumption in off
mode is also supported by the UL safety
standard for electrical fans (UL 507),
which covers ceiling fans, and which
says that fans must include an air-gap
switch which would open the circuit
and provide no off-mode power
consumption.6 Because there appears to
be no off-mode energy consumption for
ceiling fans, DOE proposes not to
conduct testing of off-mode power
consumption.
G. Certification and Enforcement
Ceiling fan manufacturers must
submit certification reports on products
before they are distributed in commerce
per 10 CFR 429.12. Components of
similar design may be substituted
without additional testing, if the
substitution does not affect the energy
consumption of the ceiling fan. (10 CFR
429.11) Ceiling fan certification reports
must follow the product-specific
sampling and reporting requirements
specified in 10 CFR 429.32. If any
amended test procedures are finalized,
and consistent with the dates specified
for use in section III.B., ceiling fan
manufacturers would be required to
calculate ceiling fan efficiency utilizing
the calculations provided in revised
Appendix U and follow the reporting
requirements provided at 10 CFR 429.32
for each ceiling fan model.
As discussed in sections III.A.1. and
III.B., the proposed changes in
interpretation of the ceiling fan
definition discussed above would result
in the applicability of the design
standards set forth in EPCA at 42 U.S.C.
6295(ff)(1) to the following types of fans
30 days after the publication of any final
test procedure adopting such changes in
interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using
a downrod or other means of suspension
such that the fan is not mounted directly to
the ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are
mounted directly or close to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being
suspended with or without a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes
of airflow.
In the concurrent energy conservation
standards rulemaking for ceiling fans,
DOE is considering creating a separate
product class for highly decorative
ceiling fans that would be exempt from
performance standards. The current
design standards specified in EPCA
would still apply to such fans.
IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory
Review
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
The Office of Management and Budget
has determined that test procedure
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rulemakings do not constitute
‘‘significant regulatory actions’’ under
section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866,
‘‘Regulatory Planning and Review,’’ 58
FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993). Accordingly,
this regulatory action was not subject to
review under the Executive Order by the
Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB).
B. Review Under the Regulatory
Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5
U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires preparation
of a regulatory flexibility analysis (RFA)
for any rule that by law must be
proposed for public comment, unless
the agency certifies that the rule, if
promulgated, will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities. As required by
Executive Order 13272, ‘‘Proper
Consideration of Small Entities in
Agency Rulemaking,’’ 67 FR 53461
(Aug. 16, 2002), DOE published
procedures and policies on February 19,
2003, to ensure that the potential
impacts of its rules on small entities are
properly considered during the DOE
rulemaking process. (68 FR 7990 (Feb.
19, 2003)). DOE has made its procedures
and policies available on the Office of
the General Counsel’s Web site: https://
energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel.
DOE reviewed today’s proposed rule
under the provisions of the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (RFA) and the policies
and procedures published on February
19, 2003. The proposed rule prescribes
test procedure amendments that would
be used to determine compliance with
any amended energy conservation
standards that DOE may prescribe for
ceiling fans. As discussed in more detail
below, DOE found that although the
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
requires testing of ceiling fans, because
DOE does not currently require
efficiency testing of ceiling fans, all
manufacturers, including small
manufacturers, could potentially
experience a financial burden if new
testing becomes required as a result of
the concurrent energy conservation
standards rulemaking. While examining
this issue, DOE determined that it could
not certify that the proposed rule, if
promulgated, would not have a
significant effect on a substantial
number of small entities. Therefore,
DOE has prepared an initial regulatory
flexibility analysis (IRFA) for this
rulemaking. The IRFA describes
potential impacts on small businesses
associated with ceiling fan testing
requirements. DOE seeks comment on
the discussion below and will develop
a final regulatory flexibility analysis
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(FRFA) for any final test procedures
developed in this test procedure
rulemaking.
DOE has transmitted a copy of this
IRFA to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy
of the Small Business Administration
for review.
(1) Description of the reasons why
action by the agency is being
considered.
A description of the reasons why DOE
is considering this test procedure are
stated elsewhere in the preamble and
not repeated here.
(2) Succinct statement of the
objectives of, and legal basis for, the
proposed rule.
The objectives of and legal basis for
the proposed rule are stated elsewhere
in the preamble and not repeated here.
(3) Description of and, where feasible,
an estimate of the number of small
entities to which the proposed rule will
apply.
For the manufacturers of the covered
ceiling fan products, the Small Business
Administration (SBA) has set a size
threshold, which defines those entities
classified as ‘‘small businesses’’ for the
purposes of the statute. DOE used the
SBA’s small business size standards to
determine whether any small entities
would be subject to the requirements of
the rule. 13 CFR part 121. The size
standards are listed by North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS)
code and industry description and are
available at: https://www.sba.gov/sites/
default/files/Size_Standards_Table.pdf.
Ceiling fan manufacturing is classified
under NAICS code 335210, ‘‘Small
Electrical Appliance Manufacturing’’ or
NAICS code 333412, ‘‘Industrial and
Commercial Fan and Blower
Manufacturing.’’ The SBA sets a
threshold for NAICS classification for
335210 and 333412 of 750 employees or
less and 500 employees or less,
respectively.13 DOE reviewed ALA’s list
of ceiling fan manufacturers,14 the
ENERGY STAR Product Databases for
Ceiling Fans,15 the California Energy
Commission’s Appliance Database for
Ceiling Fans,16 and the Federal Trade
13 U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of
Small Business Size Standards (August 22, 2008)
(Available at: https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/
files/Size_Standards_Table.pdf).
14 The American Lighting Association, list of
Manufacturers & Representatives (Available at:
https://www.americanlightingassoc.com/Members/
Resources/Manufacturers-Representatives.aspx).
15 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
the U.S. Department of Energy, ENERGY STAR
Ceiling Fans—Product Databases for Ceiling Fans
(Available at: https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?
fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&
pgw_code=CF).
16 The California Energy Commission, Appliance
Database for Ceiling Fans (Available at: https://www.
appliances.energy.ca.gov/QuickSearch.aspx).
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Commission’s Appliance Energy
Database for Ceiling Fans.17 Based on
this review, using data on the
companies for which DOE was able to
obtain information on the numbers of
employees, DOE estimates that there are
between 25 and 35 small business
manufacturers of low-volume ceiling
fans. To determine the number of small
business manufacturers of high-volume
ceiling fans, DOE reviewed SBA’s Web
site, high-volume ceiling fan
manufacturers Web sites, and company
reports from Hoovers.com, in addition
to speaking with industry experts. Based
on this review, DOE estimates that there
are between 15 and 25 small business
manufacturers of high-volume ceiling
fans. DOE invites interested parties to
comment on the estimated number of
small business manufacturers of ceiling
fans.
(4) Description of the projected
compliance requirements of the
proposed rule.
In this test procedure NOPR, DOE
proposes to reinterpret the statutory
definition of a ceiling fan to include
hugger ceiling fans. DOE also proposes
that high-volume fans meet the
definition of a ceiling fan. The proposed
changes in interpretation of the ceiling
fan definition discussed above would
result in the applicability of the design
standards set forth in EPCA at 42 U.S.C.
6295(ff)(1) to the following types of fans
30 days after the publication of any final
test procedure adopting such changes in
interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using
a downrod or other means of suspension
such that the fan is not mounted directly to
the ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are
mounted directly or close to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being
suspended with or without a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes
of airflow.
DOE research indicates that all ceiling
fans currently on the market, including
hugger ceiling fans and high-volume
ceiling fans, appear to meet the EPCA
design standards. DOE conducted an
analysis of Hansen Wholesale, an online
wholesaler that sells over 2000 models
of ceiling fans, including a wide variety
of ceiling fan brands. Hansen Wholesale
provides product specifications on its
Web site, including the number of
speeds and whether a ceiling fan is
reversible. DOE examined all of the
ceiling fans that were self-identified as
hugger ceiling fans and found that they
all had fan controls separate from
17 The Federal Trade Commission, Appliance
Energy Databases for Ceiling Fans (Available at:
https://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/edcams/eande/
appliances/ceilfan.htm).
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lighting controls, were capable of being
operated at more than one speed, and
were capable of being operated in
reverse.
For high-volume ceiling fans, DOE
searched for product specifications on
the Web sites of manufacturers of highvolume large-diameter ceiling fans and
from Web sites of retailers of highvolume small-diameter ceiling fans.
Only one high-volume ceiling fan was
found with a light kit, and the fan
controls were separate from the lighting
controls for that fan. All high-volume
ceiling fans appeared to be capable of
operating at more than one speed
(typically with an adjustable speed
control). High-volume ceiling fans are
primarily sold for industrial purposes
and are therefore not subject to the
requirement to be capable of operating
in reverse.
Based on this research, DOE does not
expect any cost of complying with the
design requirements for manufacturers
of hugger or high-volume ceiling fans.
DOE proposes measures to limit the
burden of testing on all manufacturers,
including small business manufacturers,
while providing a representative
measurement of ceiling fan efficiency
for consumers. Low-volume ceiling fans
(excluding hugger fans) are currently
required to test at high speed due to
FTC’s labeling requirement for ceiling
fans. As discussed in more detail
elsewhere in the preamble, DOE
proposes to specify that low speed is to
be tested as well as high speed to have
a test procedure that is representative of
typical use. DOE estimates that the cost
to test at low speed, in addition to high
speed, represents an additional cost of
$75 (or $150 per basic model) above the
high-speed test cost.
DOE notes that if the concurrent
rulemaking regarding energy
conservation standards for ceiling fans
results in efficiency performance
standards, DOE would require testing
for certification of two ceiling fans per
basic model, the minimum sample size
required by 10 CFR 429.11. To
determine the potential cost of the
proposed test procedure on small
ceiling fan manufacturers under a
potential energy conservation standard
for ceiling fans, DOE estimated the cost
of testing two ceiling fans. The cost of
testing was then multiplied over the
estimated number of basic models
produced by a small manufacturer. The
estimated cost of testing is discussed in
further detail below.
In today’s test procedure proposal,
DOE has proposed to reinterpret the
statutory definition of a ceiling fan such
that it would include hugger ceiling
fans. The proposed test method for
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hugger ceiling fans would be the same
as the proposed test method for all other
low-volume ceiling fans.
DOE estimated the cost to test a lowvolume ceiling fan based on estimates
from third-party testing facilities of the
cost to perform the current ENERGY
STAR test procedure for ceiling fans,
which is similar to DOE’s proposed test
procedure, and the changes in cost
associated with the key differences
between the two test procedures. DOE’s
proposed test procedure for low-volume
ceiling fans differs from the current
ENERGY STAR test procedure in that it
(1) requires testing at only two fan
speeds instead of three, (2) requires the
use of a false ceiling, (3) does not
require the use of a test cylinder, (4)
requires less warm up time before
testing at low speed, and (5) requires
standby-mode testing.
In aggregate, DOE estimates that these
differences will result in a lower test
cost for the proposed DOE test
procedure for low-volume ceiling fans
when compared to the ENERGY STAR
test procedure for ceiling fans. Testing
at only two speeds instead of three
yields a total test time that is
approximately 35 minutes shorter than
the ENERGY STAR test procedure. The
proposed test procedure would also add
a false ceiling to the experimental setup
which, as discussed in section III.E.3,
requires a one-time lab cost to install a
false ceiling in a testing facility. Based
on the materials employed and test
quotes from third-party labs, DOE
estimates the cost to construct and
install a false ceiling is $1000 or less.
Because the same false ceiling could be
used to test all low-volume ceiling fans,
the false ceiling could be left in place
and would not add substantial test cost
thereafter.
DOE’s proposed test procedure, which
would not require use of a test cylinder,
also eliminates any potential costs
associated with purchasing new test
cylinders. If the test procedure required
the use of test cylinders, then a new
cylinder would be necessary to test any
ceiling fan with a diameter that does not
correspond to one of the cylinders in a
test lab’s existing inventory. Based on
discussions with third-party testing
facilities, DOE estimates that new test
cylinders would cost approximately
$2000–3000 per cylinder. By not using
a cylinder, these costs will be avoided.
Not requiring a test cylinder also
shortens the test time of DOE’s proposed
test procedure relative to ENERGY
STAR’s test procedure for all lowvolume ceiling fans, because time is not
required to put a test cylinder in place
for each test (estimated to take 15
minutes). Additionally, DOE’s proposed
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test procedure only requires 15 minutes
of warm up time before testing at low
speed compared to 30 minutes in the
ENERGY STAR test procedure, further
reducing the relative amount of time
required for DOE’s proposed test
procedure by 15 minutes. In total, DOE
estimates that the typical time to
perform the proposed test procedure
will be shorter by 65 minutes compared
to ENERGY STAR’s test procedure.
DOE’s proposed test procedure does
add a requirement for standby-mode
testing, for ceiling fans with standby
functionality. However, as noted in
section III.F.5, the additional testing for
standby would take less than 5 minutes,
be conducted immediately after active
mode testing, and requires no additional
equipment, so the testing burden would
be minimal.
Based on all of these differences with
respect to the ENERGY STAR test
procedure, and estimates from thirdparty testing facilities of the labor costs
associated with these differences, DOE
estimates that the proposed test
procedure for low-volume ceiling fans
will cost between $600 and $1800 per
test, for a total of $1200 to $3600 per
basic model of ceiling fan for standard
and hugger ceiling fans. For multimount ceiling fans, DOE estimates that
the test cost will be approximately
double the cost for standard and hugger
ceiling fans. DOE also estimates that
multi-mount ceiling fans represent
approximately 20% of ceiling fan basic
models for small business
manufacturers. The test method for
multi-head ceiling fans may require
somewhat more time to set up compared
to the time required for a single-headed
fan, and DOE estimates the cost to be
between $1300 and $2000 per test, or
$2600 to $4000 per basic model.
However, DOE notes that multi-head
ceiling fans appear to represent 5% or
less of ceiling fan basic models for small
business manufacturers. Based on best
estimates from third party testing
facilities, DOE estimates that a typical
test for a single-headed ceiling fan
would cost approximately $950, or
$1900 per basic model for standard or
hugger ceiling fans, and $3800 per basic
model for multi-mount ceiling fans.
For the approximately 30 small
business manufacturers of low-volume
ceiling fans that DOE identified, the
number of basic models produced per
manufacturer varies significantly from
one to approximately 80. Therefore,
based on the test cost per ceiling fan
basic model, the testing cost in the first
year would range from approximately
$1900 to $182,400 for small
manufacturers of ceiling fans. DOE
expects this cost to be lower in
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subsequent years because only new or
redesigned ceiling fan models would
need to be tested.
DOE estimated the cost to test a highvolume ceiling fan based on discussions
with testing facilities capable of
performing the AMCA 230 test
procedure as well as cost estimates
based on the time and labor costs
necessary to perform the proposed test
procedure on larger high-volume ceiling
fans. DOE estimates that the one-time
cost for a lab to buy a load-cell, a
fabricated load-cell frame, power meter,
and one air velocity sensor is
approximately $4500. DOE estimates
that the proposed test procedure for
high-volume ceiling fans will cost
manufacturers between $1000 and
$3500 per test, for a total of $2000 to
$7000 per basic model of ceiling fan.
Based on the mid-point of the testing
range, DOE estimates that the typical
test would cost $2250 per test, or $4500
per basic model.
For the approximately 15–25 small
business manufacturers of high-volume
ceiling fans that DOE identified, the
number of basic models produced per
manufacturer varies from one to 30.
Therefore, based on the test cost per
ceiling fan basic model, the testing cost
in the first year would range from
approximately $4500 to $135,000 for
small manufacturers of high-volume
ceiling fans. DOE expects this cost to be
lower in subsequent years because only
new or redesigned ceiling fan models
would need to be tested.
DOE used company reports from
Hoovers.com, information from
manufacturers’ Web sites and feedback
from manufacturers to estimate the
revenue for the small business
manufacturers of low and high-volume
ceiling fans identified. The median
revenue of the small business
manufacturers of low-volume ceiling
fans is approximately $15M. Relative to
the median revenue for a small business
manufacturer, the total testing cost
ranges from 0.01 percent to 1 percent of
the median revenue. The median
revenue of the small business
manufacturers of high-volume ceiling
fans is approximately $8M. Relative to
the median revenue for a small business
manufacturer of high-volume ceiling
fans, the total testing cost ranges from
0.05 percent to 1.5 percent of the
median revenue.
For both low and high-volume ceiling
fans, DOE does not expect that small
manufacturers would necessarily have
fewer basic models than large
manufacturers, because ceiling fans are
highly customized throughout the
industry. A small manufacturer could
have the same total cost of testing as a
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large manufacturer, but this cost would
be a higher percentage of a small
manufacturer’s annual revenues. DOE
requests comments on its analysis of
burden to small businesses for testing
ceiling fans according to the proposed
test procedure.
(5) Relevant Federal rules which may
duplicate, overlap or conflict with the
proposed rule.
DOE is not aware of any other Federal
rules that would duplicate, overlap or
conflict with the rule being proposed.
(6) Description of any significant
alternatives to the proposed rule.
DOE considered a number of industry
and governmental test procedures that
measure the efficiency of ceiling fans to
develop the proposed test procedure in
today’s rulemaking. There appear to be
two common approaches to testing
ceiling fans: An approach based on
using air velocity sensors to calculate
airflow, such as the current DOE test
procedure for ceiling fans, ENERGY
STAR’s test procedure, and CAN/CSA–
C814–10, and an approach based on
using a load cell to measure thrust, such
as AMCA 230.
In principle, either approach could be
used to measure the airflow efficiency of
all ceiling fans, but maintaining
consistency with industry practice
would minimize test burden for all
ceiling fan manufacturers. Though a
load-cell based approach appears to be
a potentially simpler method of
estimating airflow efficiency, in
industry, low-volume ceiling fans have
historically been tested according to the
air-velocity sensor based approach.
High-volume ceiling fans, on the other
hand, have historically been tested
according to the load-cell based
approach. It also appears to be costprohibitive to scale up the air-velocity
sensor based approach to the larger
diameter high-volume ceiling fans
currently on the market given the
number of sensors that would be
required to cover ceiling fans 24 feet in
diameter and the cost of constructing an
appropriate rotating sensor arm.
DOE seeks comment and information
on any alternative test methods that,
consistent with EPCA requirements,
would reduce the economic impact of
the rule on small entities. DOE will
consider the feasibility of such
alternatives and determine whether they
should be incorporated into the final
rule.
C. Review Under the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995
Manufacturers of ceiling fans must
certify to DOE that their products
comply with all applicable energy
conservation standards. In certifying
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compliance, manufacturers must test
their products according to the DOE test
procedure for ceiling fans, including
any amendments adopted for the test
procedure on the date that compliance
is required. DOE has established
regulations for the certification and
recordkeeping requirements for all
covered consumer products and
commercial equipment, including
ceiling fans. 76 FR 12422 (Mar. 7, 2011).
This rule contains a collection-ofinformation requirement that is subject
to review and approval by OMB under
the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA).
This requirement has been approved by
OMB under control number 1910–1400.
The public reporting burden for
certification for energy and water
conservation standards is estimated to
average 20 hours per response,
including the time for reviewing
instructions, searching existing data
sources, gathering and maintaining the
data needed, and completing and
reviewing the collection of information.
Send comments regarding this burden
estimate, or any other aspect of this data
collection, including suggestions for
reducing the burden, to DOE (see
ADDRESSES) and by email to Chad_S_
Whiteman@omb.eop.gov.
Notwithstanding any other provision of
the law, no person is required to
respond to, nor shall any person be
subject to a penalty for failure to comply
with, a collection of information subject
to the requirements of the PRA, unless
that collection of information displays a
currently valid OMB Control Number.
D. Review Under the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969
In this proposed rule, DOE proposes
test procedure amendments that it
expects will be used to develop and
implement future energy conservation
standards for ceiling fans. DOE has
determined that this rule falls into a
class of actions that are categorically
excluded from review under the
National Environmental Policy Act of
1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and DOE’s
implementing regulations at 10 CFR part
1021. Specifically, this proposed rule
would amend the existing test
procedures without affecting the
amount, quality, or distribution of
energy usage, and, therefore, would not
result in any environmental impacts.
Thus, this rulemaking is covered by
Categorical Exclusion A5 under 10 CFR
part 1021, subpart D, which applies to
any rulemaking that interprets or
amends an existing rule without
changing the environmental effect of
that rule. Accordingly, neither an
environmental assessment nor an
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environmental impact statement is
required.
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E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
Executive Order 13132, ‘‘Federalism,’’
64 FR 43255 (Aug. 10, 1999), imposes
certain requirements on Federal
agencies formulating and implementing
policies or regulations that preempt
State law or that have Federalism
implications. The Executive Order
requires agencies to examine the
constitutional and statutory authority
supporting any action that would limit
the policymaking discretion of the
States and to carefully assess the
necessity for such actions. The
Executive Order also requires agencies
to have an accountable process to
ensure meaningful and timely input by
State and local officials in the
development of regulatory policies that
have Federalism implications. On
March 14, 2000, DOE published a
statement of policy describing the
intergovernmental consultation process
it will follow in the development of
such regulations. (65 FR 13735 (Mar. 14,
2000)). DOE has examined this
proposed rule and has tentatively
determined that it would not have a
substantial direct effect on the States, on
the relationship between the national
government and the States, or on the
distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various
levels of government. EPCA governs and
prescribes Federal preemption of State
regulations as to energy conservation for
the products that are the subject of
today’s proposed rule. States can
petition DOE for exemption from such
preemption to the extent, and based on
criteria, set forth in EPCA. (42 U.S.C.
6297(d)) No further action is required by
Executive Order 13132.
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
Regarding the review of existing
regulations and the promulgation of
new regulations, section 3(a) of
Executive Order 12988, ‘‘Civil Justice
Reform,’’ 61 FR 4729 (Feb. 7, 1996),
imposes on Federal agencies the general
duty to adhere to the following
requirements: (1) Eliminate drafting
errors and ambiguity; (2) write
regulations to minimize litigation; (3)
provide a clear legal standard for
affected conduct rather than a general
standard; and (4) promote simplification
and burden reduction. Regarding the
review required by section 3(a), section
3(b) of Executive Order 12988
specifically requires that Executive
agencies make every reasonable effort to
ensure that the regulation: (1) Clearly
specifies the preemptive effect, if any;
(2) clearly specifies any effect on
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existing Federal law or regulation; (3)
provides a clear legal standard for
affected conduct while promoting
simplification and burden reduction; (4)
specifies the retroactive effect, if any; (5)
adequately defines key terms; and (6)
addresses other important issues
affecting clarity and general
draftsmanship under any guidelines
issued by the Attorney General. Section
3(c) of Executive Order 12988 requires
Executive agencies to review regulations
in light of applicable standards in
sections 3(a) and 3(b) to determine
whether they are met or it is
unreasonable to meet one or more of
them. DOE has completed the required
review and tentatively determined that,
to the extent permitted by law, the
proposed rule meets the relevant
standards of Executive Order 12988.
G. Review Under the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates
Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) requires
each Federal agency to assess the effects
of Federal regulatory actions on State,
local, and Tribal governments and the
private sector. Public Law 104–4, sec.
201 (codified at 2 U.S.C. 1531). For a
proposed regulatory action likely to
result in a rule that may cause the
expenditure by State, local, and Tribal
governments, in the aggregate, or by the
private sector of $100 million or more
in any one year (adjusted annually for
inflation), section 202 of UMRA requires
a Federal agency to publish a written
statement that estimates the resulting
costs, benefits, and other effects on the
national economy. (2 U.S.C. 1532(a),
(b)). The UMRA also requires a Federal
agency to develop an effective process
to permit timely input by elected
officers of State, local, and Tribal
governments on a proposed ‘‘significant
intergovernmental mandate,’’ and
requires an agency plan for giving notice
and opportunity for timely input to
potentially affected small governments
before establishing any requirements
that might significantly or uniquely
affect them. On March 18, 1997, DOE
published a statement of policy on its
process for intergovernmental
consultation under UMRA. (62 FR
12820 (Mar. 18, 1997)). (This policy is
also available at https://energy.gov/gc/
office-general-counsel.) DOE examined
today’s proposed rule according to
UMRA and its statement of policy and
has tentatively determined that the rule
contains neither an intergovernmental
mandate, nor a mandate that may result
in the expenditure by State, local, and
Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or
by the private sector, of $100 million or
more in any year. Accordingly, no
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62539
further assessment or analysis is
required under UMRA.
H. Review Under the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations
Act, 1999
Section 654 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105–277) requires
Federal agencies to issue a Family
Policymaking Assessment for any rule
that may affect family well-being. This
rule would not have any impact on the
autonomy or integrity of the family as
an institution. Accordingly, DOE has
concluded that it is not necessary to
prepare a Family Policymaking
Assessment.
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
Pursuant to Executive Order 12630,
‘‘Governmental Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Property
Rights,’’ 53 FR 8859 (Mar. 18, 1988),
DOE has determined that this proposed
regulation would not result in any
takings that might require compensation
under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.
J. Review Under Treasury and General
Government Appropriations Act, 2001
Section 515 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations
Act, 2001 (44 U.S.C. 3516 note) provides
for Federal agencies to review most
disseminations of information to the
public under information quality
guidelines established by each agency
pursuant to general guidelines issued by
OMB. OMB’s guidelines were published
at 67 FR 8452 (Feb. 22, 2002), and
DOE’s guidelines were published at 67
FR 62446 (Oct. 7, 2002). DOE has
reviewed today’s proposed rule under
the OMB and DOE guidelines and has
concluded that it is consistent with
applicable policies in those guidelines.
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
Executive Order 13211, ‘‘Actions
Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use,’’ 66 FR 28355 (May
22, 2001), requires Federal agencies to
prepare and submit to OIRA at OMB, a
Statement of Energy Effects for any
proposed significant energy action. A
‘‘significant energy action’’ is defined as
any action by an agency that
promulgates or is expected to lead to
promulgation of a final rule, and that:
(1) Is a significant regulatory action
under Executive Order 12866, or any
successor order; and (2) is likely to have
a significant adverse effect on the
supply, distribution, or use of energy; or
(3) is designated by the Administrator of
OIRA as a significant energy action. For
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any proposed significant energy action,
the agency must give a detailed
statement of any adverse effects on
energy supply, distribution, or use
should the proposal be implemented,
and of reasonable alternatives to the
action and their expected benefits on
energy supply, distribution, and use.
Today’s regulatory action to amend
the test procedure for measuring the
energy efficiency of ceiling fans is not
a significant regulatory action under
Executive Order 12866 or any successor
order. Moreover, it would not have a
significant adverse effect on the supply,
distribution, or use of energy, nor has it
been designated as a significant energy
action by the Administrator of OIRA.
Therefore, it is not a significant energy
action, and, accordingly, DOE has not
prepared a Statement of Energy Effects
for this rulemaking.
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L. Review Under Section 32 of the
Federal Energy Administration Act of
1974
Under section 301 of the Department
of Energy Organization Act (Pub. L. 95–
91; 42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), DOE must
comply with all laws applicable to the
former Federal Energy Administration,
including section 32 of the Federal
Energy Administration Act of 1974
(Pub. L. 93–275), as amended by the
Federal Energy Administration
Authorization Act of 1977 (Pub. L. 95–
70). (15 U.S.C. 788; FEAA) Section 32
essentially provides in relevant part
that, where a proposed rule authorizes
or requires use of commercial standards,
the notice of proposed rulemaking must
inform the public of the use and
background of such standards. In
addition, section 32(c) requires DOE to
consult with the Attorney General and
the Chairman of the FTC concerning the
impact of the commercial or industry
standards on competition.
Today’s proposed rule would
incorporate testing methods contained
in the following commercial standard:
ANSI/AMCA Standard 230–12,
‘‘Laboratory Methods of Testing Air
Circulating Fans for Rating and
Certification.’’ The Department has
evaluated this standard and is unable to
conclude whether it fully complies with
the requirements of section 32(b) of the
FEAA, (i.e., that it was developed in a
manner that fully provides for public
participation, comment, and review).
DOE will consult with the Attorney
General and the Chairman of the FTC
concerning the impact on competition
of requiring manufacturers to use the
test methods contained in this standard
prior to prescribing a final rule.
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V. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
The time, date and location of the
public meeting are listed in the DATES
and ADDRESSES sections at the beginning
of this document. If you plan to attend
the public meeting, please notify Ms.
Brenda Edwards at (202) 586–2945 or
Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov. As
explained in the ADDRESSES section,
foreign nationals visiting DOE
Headquarters are subject to advance
security screening procedures. Any
foreign national wishing to participate
in the meeting should advise DOE of
this fact as soon as possible by
contacting Ms. Brenda Edwards to
initiate the necessary procedures.
In addition, you can attend the public
meeting via webinar. Webinar
registration information, participant
instructions, and information about the
capabilities available to webinar
participants will be published on DOE’s
Web site at: https://
www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/
appliance_standards/rulemaking.aspx/
ruleid/65. Participants are responsible
for ensuring their systems are
compatible with the webinar software.
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests To
Speak and Prepared General Statements
for Distribution
Any person who has an interest in the
topics addressed in this notice, or who
is representative of a group or class of
persons that has an interest in these
issues, may request an opportunity to
make an oral presentation at the public
meeting. Such persons may handdeliver requests to speak to the address
shown in the ADDRESSES section at the
beginning of this notice of proposed
rulemaking between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.,
Monday through Friday, except Federal
holidays. Requests may also be sent by
mail or email to Ms. Brenda Edwards,
U.S. Department of Energy, Building
Technologies Office, Mailstop EE–5B,
1000 Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585–0121, or
Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov. Persons
who wish to speak should include in
their request a computer diskette or CD–
ROM in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word,
PDF, or text (ASCII) file format that
briefly describes the nature of their
interest in this rulemaking and the
topics they wish to discuss. Such
persons should also provide a daytime
telephone number where they can be
reached.
DOE requests persons selected to
make an oral presentation to submit an
advance copy of their statements at least
one week before the public meeting.
DOE may permit persons who cannot
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supply an advance copy of their
statement to participate, if those persons
have made advance alternative
arrangements with the Building
Technologies Office. As necessary,
requests to give an oral presentation
should ask for such alternative
arrangements.
Any person who has plans to present
a prepared general statement may
request that copies of his or her
statement be made available at the
public meeting. Such persons may
submit requests, along with an advance
electronic copy of their statement in
PDF (preferred), Microsoft Word or
Excel, WordPerfect, or text (ASCII) file
format, to the appropriate address
shown in the ADDRESSES section at the
beginning of this notice of proposed
rulemaking. The request and advance
copy of statements must be received at
least one week before the public
meeting and may be emailed, handdelivered, or sent by mail. DOE prefers
to receive requests and advance copies
via email. Please include a telephone
number to enable DOE staff to make a
follow-up contact, if needed.
C. Conduct of the Public Meeting
DOE will designate a DOE official to
preside at the public meeting and may
also use a professional facilitator to aid
discussion. The meeting will not be a
judicial or evidentiary-type public
hearing, but DOE will conduct it in
accordance with section 336 of EPCA
(42 U.S.C. 6306). A court reporter will
be present to record the proceedings and
prepare a transcript. DOE reserves the
right to schedule the order of
presentations and to establish the
procedures governing the conduct of the
public meeting. There shall not be
discussion of proprietary information,
costs or prices, market share, or other
commercial matters regulated by U.S.
anti-trust laws. After the public meeting,
interested parties may submit further
comments on the proceedings, as well
as on any aspect of the rulemaking, until
the end of the comment period.
The public meeting will be conducted
in an informal, conference style. DOE
will present summaries of comments
received before the public meeting,
allow time for prepared general
statements by participants, and
encourage all interested parties to share
their views on issues affecting this
rulemaking. Each participant will be
allowed to make a general statement
(within time limits determined by DOE),
before the discussion of specific topics.
DOE will allow, as time permits, other
participants to comment briefly on any
general statements.
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At the end of all prepared statements
on a topic, DOE will permit participants
to clarify their statements briefly and
comment on statements made by others.
Participants should be prepared to
answer questions by DOE and by other
participants concerning these issues.
DOE representatives may also ask
questions of participants concerning
other matters relevant to this
rulemaking. The official conducting the
public meeting will accept additional
comments or questions from those
attending, as time permits. The
presiding official will announce any
further procedural rules or modification
of the above procedures that may be
needed for the proper conduct of the
public meeting.
A transcript of the public meeting will
be included in the docket, which can be
viewed as described in the Docket
section at the beginning of this notice
and will be accessible on the DOE Web
site. In addition, any person may buy a
copy of the transcript from the
transcribing reporter.
D. Submission of Comments
DOE will accept comments, data, and
information regarding this proposed
rule before or after the public meeting,
but no later than the date provided in
the DATES section at the beginning of
this proposed rule. Interested parties
may submit comments using any of the
methods described in the ADDRESSES
section at the beginning of this notice.
Submitting comments via
www.regulations.gov. The
www.regulations.gov Web page will
require you to provide your name and
contact information. Your contact
information will be viewable to DOE
Building Technologies staff only. Your
contact information will not be publicly
viewable except for your first and last
names, organization name (if any), and
submitter representative name (if any).
If your comment is not processed
properly because of technical
difficulties, DOE will use this
information to contact you. If DOE
cannot read your comment due to
technical difficulties and cannot contact
you for clarification, DOE may not be
able to consider your comment.
However, your contact information
will be publicly viewable if you include
it in the comment or in any documents
attached to your comment. Any
information that you do not want to be
publicly viewable should not be
included in your comment, nor in any
document attached to your comment.
Otherwise, persons viewing comments
will see only first and last names,
organization names, correspondence
containing comments, and any
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documents submitted with the
comments.
Do not submit to www.regulations.gov
information for which disclosure is
restricted by statute, such as trade
secrets and commercial or financial
information (hereinafter referred to as
Confidential Business Information
(CBI)). Comments submitted through
www.regulations.gov cannot be claimed
as CBI. Comments received through the
Web site will waive any CBI claims for
the information submitted. For
information on submitting CBI, see the
Confidential Business Information
section.
DOE processes submissions made
through www.regulations.gov before
posting. Normally, comments will be
posted within a few days of being
submitted. However, if large volumes of
comments are being processed
simultaneously, your comment may not
be viewable for up to several weeks.
Please keep the comment tracking
number that www.regulations.gov
provides after you have successfully
uploaded your comment.
Submitting comments via email, hand
delivery/courier, or mail. Comments and
documents submitted via email, hand
delivery/courier, or mail also will be
posted to www.regulations.gov. If you
do not want your personal contact
information to be publicly viewable, do
not include it in your comment or any
accompanying documents. Instead,
provide your contact information in a
cover letter. Include your first and last
names, email address, telephone
number, and optional mailing address.
The cover letter will not be publicly
viewable as long as it does not include
any comments.
Include contact information each time
you submit comments, data, documents,
and other information to DOE. If you
submit via mail or hand delivery/
courier, please provide all items on a
CD, if feasible, in which case it is not
necessary to submit printed copies. No
telefacsimiles (faxes) will be accepted.
Comments, data, and other
information submitted to DOE
electronically should be provided in
PDF (preferred), Microsoft Word or
Excel, WordPerfect, or text (ASCII) file
format. Provide documents that are not
secured, written in English, and are free
of any defects or viruses. Documents
should not contain special characters or
any form of encryption and, if possible,
they should carry the electronic
signature of the author.
Campaign form letters. Please submit
campaign form letters by the originating
organization in batches of between 50 to
500 form letters per PDF or as one form
letter with a list of supporters’ names
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62541
compiled into one or more PDFs. This
reduces comment processing and
posting time.
Confidential Business Information.
Pursuant to 10 CFR 1004.11, any person
submitting information that he or she
believes to be confidential and exempt
by law from public disclosure should
submit via email, postal mail, or hand
delivery/courier two well-marked
copies: One copy of the document
marked ‘‘confidential’’ including all the
information believed to be confidential,
and one copy of the document marked
‘‘non-confidential’’ with the information
believed to be confidential deleted.
Submit these documents via email or on
a CD, if feasible. DOE will make its own
determination about the confidential
status of the information and treat it
according to its determination.
Factors of interest to DOE when
evaluating requests to treat submitted
information as confidential include: (1)
A description of the items; (2) whether
and why such items are customarily
treated as confidential within the
industry; (3) whether the information is
generally known by or available from
other sources; (4) whether the
information has previously been made
available to others without obligation
concerning its confidentiality; (5) an
explanation of the competitive injury to
the submitting person which would
result from public disclosure; (6) when
such information might lose its
confidential character due to the
passage of time; and (7) why disclosure
of the information would be contrary to
the public interest.
It is DOE’s policy that all comments
may be included in the public docket,
without change and as received,
including any personal information
provided in the comments (except
information deemed to be exempt from
public disclosure).
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
Although DOE welcomes comments
on any aspect of this proposal, DOE is
particularly interested in receiving
comments and views of interested
parties concerning the following issues:
1. DOE is reinterpreting the statutory
definition of a ceiling fan to include hugger
ceiling fans and clarifying that the definition
includes multi-mount ceiling fans. DOE notes
that CFLKs attached to hugger ceiling fans
would become covered CFLKs under this
reinterpretation. DOE invites comment on
this reinterpretation and clarification.
2. DOE is also clarifying that high-volume
ceiling fans are considered ceiling fans and
covered under this rulemaking. DOE invites
comment on this clarification.
3. DOE is proposing interpreting
centrifugal fans to fall outside of the scope
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calibration between testing facilities. DOE
seeks comment on how calibration between
testing facilities could be facilitated.
VI. Approval of the Office of the
Secretary
The Secretary of Energy has approved
publication of today’s notice of
proposed rulemaking.
List of Subjects
¯
And x is the sample mean; n is the
number of samples; and xi is the ith
sample; or
(2) The lower 90 percent confidence
limit (LCL) of the true mean divided by
0.9, where:
10 CFR Part 429
10 CFR Part 430
Administrative practice and
procedure, Confidential business
information, Energy conservation,
Household appliances, Imports,
Incorporation by reference,
Intergovernmental relations, Small
businesses.
Issued in Washington, DC, on September
19, 2014.
Kathleen B. Hogan,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy
Efficiency, Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy.
For the reasons stated in the
preamble, DOE proposes to amend parts
429 and 430 of Chapter II, Subchapter
D of Title 10, Code of Federal
Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 429—CERTIFICATION,
COMPLIANCE, AND ENFORCEMENT
FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS AND
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
EQUIPMENT
1. The authority citation for part 429
continues to read as follows:
■
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291–6317.
2. Section 429.32 is amended by
revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:
■
§ 429.32
Ceiling fans.
(a) Determination of represented
value. Manufacturers must determine
the represented value, which includes
the certified rating, for each basic model
of ceiling fan by:
(1) Units to be tested.
(i) The requirements of § 429.11 are
applicable to ceiling fans; and
(ii) For each basic model of ceiling fan
selected for testing, a sample of
sufficient size shall be randomly
selected and tested to ensure that—
(A) Any represented value of the
efficiency or airflow shall be less than
or equal to the lower of:
(1) The mean of the sample, where:
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¯
And x is the sample mean; s is the
sample standard deviation; n is the
number of samples; and t0.90 is the t
statistic for a 90% one-tailed confidence
interval with n¥1 degrees of freedom
(from Appendix A to subpart B); and
(B) Any represented value of the
wattage shall be greater than or equal to
the higher of:
(1) The mean of the sample, where:
¯
And x is the sample mean; n is the
number of samples; and xi is the ith
sample; or
(2) The upper 95 percent confidence
limit (UCL) of the true mean divided by
1.1, where:
¯
And x is the sample mean; s is the
sample standard deviation; n is the
number of samples; and t0.95 is the t
statistic for a 95% one-tailed confidence
interval with n¥1 degrees of freedom
(from Appendix A to subpart B).
(2) [Reserved]
*
*
*
*
*
PART 430—ENERGY CONSERVATION
PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
3. The authority citation for part 430
continues to read as follows:
■
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291–6309; 28 U.S.C.
2461 note.
4. Section 430.2 is amended by adding
the definitions for ‘‘high-volume ceiling
fan,’’ ‘‘hugger ceiling fan,’’ ‘‘low-volume
ceiling fan,’’ ‘‘multi-mount ceiling fan,’’
and ‘‘standard ceiling fan’’ in
alphabetical order to read as follows:
■
§ 430.2
Definitions.
*
*
*
*
*
High-volume ceiling fan means a
ceiling fan that:
(1) Is greater than 7 feet in diameter;
or
(2) Has a blade thickness of less than
3.2 mm at the edge or a maximum tip
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appliances, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
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of this rulemaking. DOE invites comment on
this interpretation.
4. DOE invites comment on the proposed
definitions for low-volume ceiling fans, highvolume ceiling fans, hugger ceiling fans,
standard ceiling fans, and multi-mount
ceiling fans.
5. DOE seeks comment on its proposed
approach to incorporate standby power
consumption into the ceiling fan efficiency
metric.
6. DOE seeks comment on its proposed
approach to assign all standby power
consumption for a remote receiver that
controls both a ceiling fan and light kit to the
ceiling fan.
7. DOE seeks comment on its proposed
operating hours for calculating ceiling fan
efficiency for low-volume ceiling fans.
8. DOE seeks comment and any available
data on operating hours for high-volume
ceiling fans.
9. DOE seeks comment on its proposed
approach to test at high and low speed for
low-volume ceiling fans.
10. DOE seeks comment on its proposed
approach to test high-volume fans at high
speed only.
11. DOE seeks comment on its proposal to
add a false ceiling to the experimental setup
for all low-volume ceiling fan testing.
12. DOE seeks comment and data on how
ceiling fans with more than one mounting
option that would meet the definition of a
standard ceiling fan are configured in the
field. DOE also seeks comment and data on
how hugger ceiling fans with more than one
mounting option are configured in field.
13. DOE seeks comment on the proposed
modifications to the testing room dimensions
for high-volume ceiling fans. DOE
specifically requests information on how
manufacturers currently test large-diameter,
high-volume ceiling fans, as well as the
availability of suitable third-party testing
facilities that can conduct the proposed test
procedure and the ability to develop such
facilities.
14. DOE seeks comment on whether
manufacturers should be required to test
multi-mount ceiling fans in the standard
configuration, hugger configuration, both
configurations, or all configurations for
which they are capable of being installed.
15. DOE invites interested parties to
comment on the estimated number of small
business manufacturers of ceiling fans.
16. DOE requests comment on whether
there are currently any hugger ceiling fan or
high-volume ceiling fan features that are not
in compliance with EPCA design standards
for ceiling fans.
17. DOE requests comments on its analysis
of burden to small businesses for testing
ceiling fans according to the proposed test
procedure.
18. DOE seeks comment and information
on any alternative test methods that,
consistent with the statutory requirements,
would reduce the economic impact of the
rule on small entities.
19. Several comments were received in
response to the Framework Document for the
ceiling fans energy conservation standards
rulemaking suggesting that the testing could
be improved if there were inter-lab
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speed that exceeds the threshold in the
table in the definition of low-volume
ceiling fan in this section and has a
maximum airflow volume greater than
5,000 CFM.
*
*
*
*
*
Hugger ceiling fan means a ceiling fan
where the lowest point on the fan blades
is no more than ten inches from the
ceiling.
*
*
*
*
*
Low-volume ceiling fan means a
ceiling fan that:
(1) Is less than or equal to 7 feet in
diameter; and
(2) Has a blade thickness greater than
or equal to 3.2 mm at the edge and a
maximum tip speed less than or equal
to the limit in the table in this
definition, or has a maximum airflow
volume less than or equal to 5,000 CFM.
LOW-VOLUME CEILING FANS, 7 FEET OR LESS IN DIAMETER
Thickness (t)
of edges of blades
Airflow Direction *
Maximum speed
at tip of blades
Mm
Downward-Only .......................................................................
Downward-Only .......................................................................
Reversible ................................................................................
Reversible ................................................................................
(inch)
m/s
(feet per minute)
4.8 > t ≥ 3.2
t ≥ 4.8
4.8 > t ≥ 3.2
t ≥ 4.8
(3/16 > t ≥ 1/8)
(t ≥ 3/16)
(3/16 > t ≥ 1/8)
(t ≥ 3/16)
16.3
20.3
12.2
16.3
(3200)
(4000)
(2400)
(3200)
* The ‘‘downward-only’’ and ‘‘reversible’’ airflow directions are mutually exclusive; therefore, a ceiling fan that can only produce airflow in the
downward direction need only meet the ‘‘downward-only’’ blade edge thickness and tip speed requirements and a ceiling fan that can produce
airflow in the downward and upward directions need only meet the ‘‘reversible’’ requirements.
*
*
*
*
*
Multi-mount ceiling fan means a
ceiling fan that can be mounted in both
the standard and hugger ceiling fan
configurations.
*
*
*
*
*
Standard ceiling fan means a ceiling
fan where the lowest point on the fan
blades is more than ten inches from the
ceiling.
*
*
*
*
*
■ 5. Section 430.3 is amended by:
■ a. Adding paragraph (d)(19); and
■ b. Removing in paragraph (o)(4),
‘‘appendices C1, D1, D2, G, H, I, J2, N,
O, P, and X to subpart B’’ and adding
in its place, ‘‘appendices C1, D1, D2, G,
H, I, J2, U, N, O, P, and X to subpart B
of this part’’.
The addition reads as follows:
§ 430.3 Materials incorporated by
reference.
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*
*
*
*
*
(d) * * *
(19) ANSI/AMCA 230–12 (‘‘AMCA
230’’), Air Movement and Control
Association Laboratory Methods of
Testing Air Circulating Fans for Rating
and Certification, approved February 22,
2012, IBR approved for appendix U to
subpart B of this part.
*
*
*
*
*
■ 6. Section 430.23 is amended by
revising paragraph (w) to read as
follows:
§ 430.23 Test procedures for the
measurement of energy and water
consumption.
*
*
*
*
*
(w) Ceiling fans. The efficiency of a
ceiling fan, expressed in cubic feet per
minute per watt (CFM/watt), shall be
measured in accordance with sections
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2.3, 2.5, 2.6 and 3 of appendix U to
subpart B of this part.
*
*
*
*
*
■ 7. Appendix U to subpart B of part
430 is revised to read as follows:
Appendix U To Subpart B of Part 430—
Uniform Test Method for Measuring the
Energy Consumption of Ceiling Fans
After [DATE 30 DAYS AFTER
PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN
THE Federal Register] and prior to [DATE
180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF THE
FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register],
manufacturers must make any
representations with respect to the energy
use or efficiency of ceiling fans, except
hugger ceiling fans, multi-mount ceiling fans
in the hugger configuration, and high-volume
ceiling fans, as defined in 10 CFR 430.2 in
accordance with the results of testing
pursuant to this Appendix U or the
procedures in Appendix U as it appeared at
10 CFR part 430, subpart B, Appendix U, in
the 10 CFR parts 200 to 499 edition revised
as of January 1, 2014. After [DATE 180 DAYS
AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE
FINAL RULE], manufacturers of ceiling fans
must make any representations with respect
to energy use or efficiency in accordance
with the results of testing pursuant to this
appendix.
1. Definitions:
1.1. Airflow means the rate of air
movement at a specific fan-speed setting
expressed in cubic feet per minute (CFM).
1.2. Ceiling fan efficiency means the ratio
of the total airflow to the total power
consumption, in units of cubic feet per
minute per watt (CFM/W).
1.3. High speed means the highest
available ceiling fan speed.
1.4. Low speed means the lowest available
ceiling fan speed.
1.5. Multi-head ceiling fan means a ceiling
fan with more than one fan head, i.e., more
than one set of rotating fan blades.
1.6. Total airflow means the following: For
low-volume ceiling fans, total airflow means
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the sum of the product of airflow and hours
of operation at high and low speeds. For
high-volume ceiling fans, total airflow is the
product of airflow at high speed and the
hours of operation in active mode.
2. General Instructions, Test Apparatus,
and Test Measurement: General instructions
apply to characterizing the energy
performance of both low-volume and highvolume ceiling fans. The test apparatus and
test measurement used to characterize energy
performance depend on whether the ceiling
fan is low volume or high volume.
2.1. General instructions: Record
measurements at the resolution of the test
instrumentation. Round off calculations to
the same number of significant digits as the
previous step. Round the final ceiling fan
efficiency value to the nearest whole number
as follows:
2.1.1. A fractional number at or above the
midpoint between the two consecutive whole
numbers shall be rounded up to the higher
of the two whole numbers; or
2.1.2. A fractional number below the
midpoint between the two consecutive whole
numbers shall be rounded down to the lower
of the two whole numbers.
For multi-head ceiling fans, the effective
blade span is the blade span of an individual
fan head, if all fan heads are the same size.
If the fan heads are of varying sizes, the
effective blade span is the blade span of the
largest fan head.
2.2. Test apparatus for low-volume ceiling
fans: All instruments are to have tolerances
within ±1% of reading, except for the air
velocity sensors, which should have
tolerances within ±5% of reading. Equipment
is to be calibrated at least once a year to
compensate for variation over time.
2.2.1. Air Delivery Room Requirements:
The air delivery room dimensions are to be
20 ±0.75 ft. × 20 ±0.75 ft. with an 11 ±0.75
ft. high ceiling. The control room shall be
constructed external to the air delivery room.
The ceiling shall be constructed of sheet
rock or stainless plate. The walls shall be of
adequate thickness to maintain the specified
temperature and humidity during the test.
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false ceiling is to be constructed of heavyduty plywood or drywall, or a material with
similar surface roughness. The false ceiling
must be level when the ceiling fan is
suspended from it.
Hang the false ceiling from an actuator
hanging system, which supports the weight
of both the false ceiling and the ceiling fan
and controls the height of the false ceiling
such that the distance between the fan blades
and the air velocity sensors can be adjusted
through automatic (motor-driven) action.
Either a rotating sensor arm or four fixed
sensor arms can be used to take airflow
measurements along four axes, labeled A–D.
Axes A, B, C, and D are at 0, 90, 180, and
270 degree positions. Axes A–D can be
designated either by using the four walls or
four corners of the room. See Figure 1 of this
appendix.
with the first sensor at the point where the
four axes intersect. Do not touch the actual
sensor prior to testing. Enough sensors shall
be used to record air delivery within a circle
8 inches larger in diameter than the blade
span of the ceiling fan being tested. A proper
experimental set-up is shown in Figure 2 of
this appendix.
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configurations: in the configuration that
meets the definition of a standard ceiling fan,
while minimizing the distance the ceiling
and the lowest part of the fan blades; and in
the configuration that meets the definition of
a hugger ceiling fan, while minimizing the
distance between the ceiling and the lowest
part of the fan blades. The length and breadth
of the false ceiling must be at least 8 inches
larger than the blade span of the ceiling fan.
If a false ceiling is at least 8 inches larger
than the blade span of the largest low-volume
ceiling fan that will be tested by a testing
facility, the same false ceiling may be used
for all fans. The thickness of the false ceiling
must be sufficient to maintain a flat bottom
surface or be supported by additional
structural fixtures or stiffeners on the top
surface to maintain that shape. The false
ceiling may be made of more than one piece,
provided that the pieces are joined together
such that the bottom surface is smooth. The
The amount of exposed wiring must be
minimized. All sensor lead wires must be
stored under the floor, if possible.
The sensors shall be placed at exactly 4inch intervals along a sensor arm, starting
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The paint used on the walls, as well as the
wall material, must be of a type that
minimizes absorption of humidity and that
keeps the temperature of the room constant
during the test (e.g., oil-based paint).
The room shall have no ventilation other
than an air conditioning and return system
used to control the temperature and humidity
of the room. The construction of the room
must ensure consistent air circulation
patterns within the room. Vents must have
electronically-operated damper doors
controllable from a switch outside of the
testing room.
2.2.2. Equipment Set-Up: Hang the ceiling
fan to be tested directly from a false ceiling,
according to the manufacturer’s installation
instructions. All standard and hugger ceiling
fans shall be hung in the fan configuration
that minimizes the distance between the false
ceiling and the fan blades. Multi-mount fans
shall be hung and tested in two
Table 1 of this appendix shows the
appropriate number of sensors needed per
each of four axes (including the first sensor
at the intersection of the axes) for each fan
size.
TABLE 1 TO APPENDIX U TO SUBPART
B OF PART 430: SENSOR SELECTION GUIDE
Fan blade span *
(inches)
36
42
44
48
52
54
56
60
72
Number
of sensors
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
10
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* The fan sizes listed are intended simply to
be illustrative and do not restrict which ceiling
fan sizes can be tested.
An RPM (revolutions per minute) meter, or
tachometer, should be installed hanging from
the ceiling and passing through the false
ceiling so that the RPM of the ceiling fan
blades can be measured during testing.
Use an RMS sensor capable of measuring
power with an accuracy of ±1% to measure
ceiling fan power consumption. Prior to
testing, the test laboratory must verify the
performance of the sensor and sensor
software to be used during the test.
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2.2.3. Multi-Head Ceiling Fan Test Set-Up:
Multi-headed ceiling fans are to be hung from
the false ceiling such that one of the ceiling
fan heads is directly over sensor 1 (i.e., at the
intersection of axes A, B, C, and D). This can
be achieved by either offsetting the entire
false ceiling, or the multi-head fan with
respect to the false ceiling, as long as the
requirement that the false ceiling extend at
least 8 inches beyond the blade span of the
centered fan head is maintained. Supporting
chains, wires, or ropes may be used to keep
the false ceiling level if the multi-head
ceiling fan is offset with respect to the false
ceiling. The distance between the lowest
point on the fan blades of the centered fan
head and the air velocity sensors is to be
such that it is the same as for all other lowvolume ceiling fans (see Figure 2 of this
appendix). Switching on only the centered
fan head, the airflow measurements are to be
made in the same manner as for all other
low-volume ceiling fans. The power
consumption measurements are to be made
separately, with all fan heads on.
2.2.4. Test Set-Up for Ceiling Fans With
Airflow Not Directly Downward: For ceiling
fans where the airflow is not directly
downward, the ceiling fan head is to be
adjusted such that the airflow is as vertical
as possible prior to testing. The distance
between the lowest point on the blades and
the air velocity sensors should be the same
as for all other low-volume ceiling fans. For
ceiling fans where a fully vertical orientation
of airflow cannot be achieved, the ceiling fan
is to be oriented such that any remaining tilt
is aligned along one of the four sensor axes.
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Instead of measuring the air velocity for only
those sensors directly beneath the ceiling fan,
the air velocity is to be measured at all
sensors along that axis, as well as the axis
oriented 180 degrees with respect to that
axis. For example, if the tilt is oriented along
axis A, air velocity measurements are to be
taken for all sensors along the A–C axis. No
measurements would need to be taken along
the B–D axis in this case.
2.3. Active mode test measurement for lowvolume ceiling fans.
2.3.1. Test conditions to be followed when
testing:
• The temperature and humidity setting
shall be 76 degrees ±2 degrees Fahrenheit
and 50% ±5% relative humidity. These shall
be held constant during the entire test
process.
• Allow the sensors to be turned on and
the fan to run for 15 minutes at each fan
speed/setting before taking readings.
• If present, the ceiling fan light fixture is
to be installed but turned off during testing.
• If present, any heater is to be installed
but turned off during testing.
• The tests shall be conducted with the fan
connected to a supply circuit with a voltage
of (a) 120 V for fans rated on the nameplate
from 105 to 125 V; and (b) 240 V for fans
rated on the nameplate from 208 to 250 V.
The test voltage shall not vary by more than
±1% during the tests.
• The test shall be conducted with the fan
connected to a supply circuit at the rated
frequency.
• Air conditioning vents shall be closed
during testing.
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hung in the configuration (either hugger or
standard) not already tested.
If a multi-head ceiling fan includes more
than one type of ceiling fan head, then test
at least one of each unique type. A fan head
with different construction that could affect
air movement or power consumption, such as
housing, blade pitch, or motor, would
constitute a different type of fan head.
Measure power input at a point that
includes all power-consuming components of
the ceiling fan (but without any attached
light kit or heater energized). Measure power
continuously at the rated voltage that
represents normal operation over the time
period for which the airflow test is
conducted for each speed, and record the
average value of the power measurement at
that speed in watts (W).
Measure ceiling fan power consumption
simultaneously with the airflow test, except
for multi-head ceiling fans. For multi-head
ceiling fans, measure power consumption at
each speed continuously for 100 seconds
with all fan heads turned on, and record the
average value at each speed in watts (W).
2.4. Test apparatus for high-volume ceiling
fans: The test apparatus and instructions for
testing high-volume ceiling fans shall
conform to the requirements specified in
Section 3 (‘‘Units of Measurement’’), Section
4 (‘‘Symbols and Subscripts’’), Section 5
(‘‘Definitions’’), Section 6 (‘‘Instruments and
Methods of Measurement’’), and Section 7
(‘‘Equipment and Setups’’) of the Air
Movement and Control Association (AMCA)
International’s ‘‘AMCA 230: Laboratory
Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans for
Rating and Certification,’’ February 22, 2012
(incorporated by reference, see § 430.3), with
the following modifications:
2.4.1. The test procedure is applicable to
high-volume ceiling fans up to 24 feet in
diameter.
2.4.2. A ‘‘ceiling fan’’ is defined as in 10
CFR 430.2.
2.4.3. For all ceiling fans, the minimum
distance between the ceiling and the blades
of a ceiling fan being tested is 44 inches.
2.4.4. For a ceiling fan larger than 6 feet in
diameter, the clearance between the floor and
the blades of a ceiling fan being tested is 20
feet.
2.4.5. For a ceiling fan larger than 6 feet in
diameter, the minimum distance between the
centerline of a ceiling fan being tested and
the walls and large obstructions all around is
half the ceiling fan blade span plus 10 feet.
2.5. Active mode test measurement for
high-volume ceiling fans: Calculate the
airflow (CFM) and measure the power
consumption (watt) for ceiling fans at high
speed, in accordance with the test
requirements specified in Section 8
(‘‘Observations and Conduct of Test’’) and
Section 9 (‘‘Calculations’’) of AMCA 230
(incorporated by reference, see § 430.3), with
the following modifications:
2.5.1. Measure power consumption at a
point that includes all power-consuming
components of the ceiling fan (but without
any attached light kit or heater energized).
2.5.2. Measure power consumption
continuously at the rated voltage that
represents normal operation over the time
period for which the load differential test is
conducted.
2.6. Test measurement for standby power
consumption: Standby power consumption
must be measured for both low and highvolume ceiling fans that offer one or more of
the following user-oriented or protective
functions:
• The ability to facilitate the activation or
deactivation of other functions (including
active mode) by remote switch (including
remote control), internal sensor, or timer.
• Continuous functions, including
information or status displays (including
clocks), or sensor-based functions.
Standby power consumption must be
measured after completion of the airflow test
for low-volume ceiling fans, or the load
differential test for high-volume ceiling fans,
and after the active mode functionality has
been switched off (i.e., the rotation of the
ceiling fan blades is no longer energized).
The ceiling fan must remain connected to the
main power supply and be in the same
configuration as in active mode (i.e., any
ceiling fan light fixture should still be
attached). Measure standby power
consumption according to IEC 62301
(incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) with
the following modifications:
2.6.1. Allow 3 minutes between switching
off active mode functionality and beginning
the standby power test. (No additional time
before measurement is required.)
2.6.2. Measure power consumption
continuously for 100 seconds, and record the
average value of the standby power
measurement in watts (W).
3. Calculation of Ceiling Fan Efficiency
From the Test Results: The efficacy of a
ceiling fan is the ceiling fan efficiency (as
defined in section 1 of this appendix).
Using the airflow and power consumption
measurements from section 2, calculate
ceiling fan efficiency for a low-volume
ceiling fan as follows:
Where:
CFMi = airflow at a given speed,
OHi = operating hours at a given speed,
Wi = power consumption at a given speed,
H = high speed,
L = low speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
Using the airflow and power consumption
measurements from section 3, calculate
ceiling fan efficiency for a high-volume
ceiling fan as follows:
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2.3.2. Airflow and Power Consumption
Testing Procedure: Measure the airflow
(CFM) and power consumption (watt) for
low-volume ceiling fans at high and low
speed.
Step 1: Make sure the transformer power is
off. Hang fan at the actuator hanging system,
and connect wires as directed by
manufacturer’s wiring instructions. Note:
Assemble fan prior to the test; lab personnel
must follow the instructions provided by the
fan manufacturer. The fan blade assembly
shall be balanced in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions to avoid
excessive vibration of the motor assembly (at
any speed) during operation.
Step 2: Adjust the actuator such that the
lowest point on the fan blades is 43 inches
above the height of the sensor heads. If
necessary, use the hoist’s toggle switch and
adjust height.
Step 3: Set the first sensor arm (if using
four fixed arms) or single sensor arm (if using
a single rotating arm) to the 0 degree Position
(Axis A). If necessary, use marking as
reference. If using a single rotating arm,
adjust the sensor arm alignment until it is at
the 0 degree position by remotely controlling
the antenna rotator.
Step 4: Set software up to read and record
air velocity, expressed in feet per minute
(FPM) in 1 second intervals. (Temperature
does not need to be recorded in 1 second
intervals.) Record current barometric
pressure.
Step 5: Allow test fan to run 15 minutes
at rated voltage and at blade speed to be
tested. Turn off all environmental
conditioning equipment entering the
chamber (e.g., air conditioning), close all
doors and vents, and wait an additional 3
minutes prior to starting test session.
Step 6: Begin recording readings. Take 100
readings (100 seconds run-time) and save
these data.
Step 7: Similarly, take 100 readings (100
seconds run-time) for Axes B, C, and D; save
these data as well. If using four fixed sensor
arms, the readings for all sensor arms should
be taken simultaneously.
Step 8: Repeat steps 3 through 7 above for
the remaining fan speed. Note: Ensure that
temperature and humidity readings are held
within the required tolerances for the
duration of the test (all tested speeds). It may
be helpful to turn on environmental
conditioning equipment between test
sessions to ready the room for the following
speed test.
Step 9: If testing a multi-mount ceiling fan,
repeat steps 1 through 8 with the ceiling fan
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Where:
CFMH = airflow at high speed,
OHA = operating hours in active mode,
WH = power consumption at high speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
Table 2 of this appendix specifies the daily
hours of operation to be used in calculating
ceiling fan efficiency:
TABLE 2 TO APPENDIX U TO SUBPART B OF PART 430: DAILY OPERATING HOURS FOR CALCULATING CEILING FAN
EFFICIENCY
Daily Operating Hours for Low-Volume Ceiling Fans
No standby
High Speed ..............................................................................................................................................................
Low Speed ...............................................................................................................................................................
Standby Mode ..........................................................................................................................................................
Off Mode ..................................................................................................................................................................
With standby
4.2
2.2
0.0
17.6
4.2
2.2
17.6
0.0
No
standby
With
standby
12.0
0.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
0.0
Daily Operating Hours for High-Volume Ceiling Fans
Active Mode .............................................................................................................................................................
Standby Mode ..........................................................................................................................................................
Off Mode ..................................................................................................................................................................
effective width of the circle is 2 inches, and
the effective area is:
For the sensors between sensor 1 and the
last sensor used in the measurement, the
effective area has a width of 4 inches. If a
sensor is a distance d, in inches, from sensor
1, then the effective area is:
For the last sensor, the width of the
effective area depends on the horizontal
displacement between the last sensor and the
point on the ceiling fan blades furthest
radially from the center of the fan. The total
area included in an airflow calculation is the
area of a circle 8 inches larger in diameter
than the ceiling fan blade span.
Therefore, for example, for a 42-inch
ceiling fan, the last sensor is 3 inches beyond
the end of the ceiling fan blades. Because
only the area within 4 inches of the end of
the ceiling fan blades is included in the
airflow calculation, the effective width of the
circle corresponding to the last sensor would
be 3 inches. The calculation for the effective
area corresponding to the last sensor would
then be:
head. Repeat for each fan head. Testing of
each fan head is not required if the fan heads
are essentially identical (i.e., do not have
differences in construction such as housing,
blade pitch, or motor could affect air
movement or power consumption); instead,
the measurements for one fan head can be
used for each essentially identical fan head.
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For a 46-inch ceiling fan, the effective area
of the last sensor would have a width of 5
inches, and the effective area would be:
3.1.1. Ceiling fan efficiency calculations for
multi-head ceiling fans: To determine the
airflow at a given speed for a multi-head
ceiling fan, measure the airflow for each fan
EP17OC14.018</GPH>
For sensor 1, the sensor located directly
underneath the center of the ceiling fan, the
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The effective area corresponding to each
sensor is to be calculated with the following
equations:
62548
Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 201 / Friday, October 17, 2014 / Proposed Rules
Sum the measured airflow for each fan head
included in the ceiling fan. The power
consumption is the measured power
consumption with all fan heads on.
Using the airflow and power consumption
measurements from section 2 of this
appendix, calculate ceiling fan efficiency for
a low-volume, multi-head ceiling fan as
follows:
Where:
CFMi = sum of airflow at a given speed for
each head,
OHi = operating hours at a given speed,
Wi = total power consumption at a given
speed,
H = high speed,
L = low speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
3.1.2. Ceiling fan efficiency calculations for
ceiling fans with airflow not directly
downward: Using a set of sensors that cover
the same diameter as if the airflow was
directly downward, the airflow at each speed
should be calculated based on the continuous
set of sensors with the largest air velocity
measurements. This continuous set of
sensors should be along the axis that the
ceiling fan tilt is directed in (and along the
axis that is 180 degrees from the first axis).
For example, a 42-inch fan tilted toward axis
A may create the pattern of air velocity
shown in Figure 3 of this appendix. As
shown in Table 1 of this appendix, a 42-inch
fan would normally require 7 active sensors.
However because the fan is not directed
downward, all sensors must record data. In
this case, because the set of sensors
corresponding to maximum air velocity are
centered 3 sensor positions away from the
sensor 1 along the A axis, substitute the air
velocity at A axis sensor 4 for the average air
velocity at sensor 1. Take the average of the
air velocity at A axis sensors 3 and 5 as a
substitute for the average air velocity at
sensor 2, take the average of the air velocity
at A axis sensors 2 and 6 as a substitute for
the average air velocity at sensor 3, etc.
Lastly, take the average of the air velocities
at A axis sensor 10 and C axis sensor 4 as
a substitute for the average air velocity at
sensor 7. Any air velocity measurements
made along the B–D axis are not included in
the calculation of average air velocity.
[FR Doc. 2014–22883 Filed 10–16–14; 8:45 am]
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BILLING CODE 6450–01–P
]]>Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 201 (Friday, October 17, 2014)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 62521-62548]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-22883]
[[Page 62521]]
Vol. 79
Friday,
No. 201
October 17, 2014
Part II
Department of Energy
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
10 CFR Parts 429 and 430
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedure for
Ceiling Fans; Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 79 , No. 201 / Friday, October 17, 2014 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 62522]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
10 CFR Parts 429 and 430
[Docket No. EERE-2013-BT-TP-0050]
RIN 1904-AD10
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedure
for Ceiling Fans
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of
Energy.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and announcement of public
meeting.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) proposes to reinterpret
the statutory definition of a ceiling fan to include hugger ceiling
fans and to amend its test procedure for ceiling fans established under
the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The proposed test procedure
would establish an integrated efficiency metric for ceiling fans, based
on the airflow and power consumption at low and high speed for low-
volume ceiling fans, and at high speed for high-volume ceiling fans
(where volume refers to airflow volume). The proposed efficiency metric
would also account for power consumed in standby mode. The proposed
test procedure amendments also include new test methods for high-volume
ceiling fans, multi-mount ceiling fans, ceiling fans with multiple fan
heads, and ceiling fans where the airflow is not directed vertically,
as well as power consumption in standby mode. In addition, the proposed
test procedure would: Clarify that only high and low speeds are to be
tested for low-volume ceiling fans; eliminate the requirement to test
with a test cylinder; add a false ceiling; clarify the distance between
the ceiling fan blades and the air velocity sensors during testing;
clarify the fan configuration during testing for low-volume ceiling
fans; clarify the test method for ceiling fans with heaters; and revise
the allowable tolerance for air velocity sensors. DOE is also
announcing a public meeting to discuss and receive comments on issues
presented in this test procedure rulemaking.
DATES: Meeting: DOE will hold a public meeting on Wednesday, November
19, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., in Washington, DC. The meeting will also be
broadcast as a webinar. See section V, ``Public Participation,'' for
webinar registration information, participant instructions, and
information about the capabilities available to webinar participants.
Comments: DOE will accept comments, data, and information regarding
this notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) before and after the public
meeting, but no later than December 31, 2014. See section V, ``Public
Participation,'' for details.
ADDRESSES: The public meeting will be held at the U.S. Department of
Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 6E-069, 1000 Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585. To attend, please notify Ms. Brenda Edwards at
(202) 586-2945. Please note that foreign nationals visiting DOE
Headquarters are subject to advance security screening procedures. Any
foreign national wishing to participate in the meeting should advise
DOE as soon as possible by contacting Ms. Edwards to initiate the
necessary procedures. Please also note that any person wishing to bring
a laptop into the Forrestal Building will be required to obtain a
property pass. Visitors should avoid bringing laptops, or allow an
extra 45 minutes. Persons may also attend the public meeting via
webinar. For more information, refer to section V, ``Public
Participation,'' near the end of this notice.
Interested persons are encouraged to submit comments using the
Federal eRulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov. Follow the
instructions for submitting comments. Alternatively, interested persons
may submit comments, identified by docket number EERE-2013-BT-TP-0050
and/or regulatory information number (RIN) number 1904-AD10, by any of
the following methods:
1. Email: CF2013TP0050@ee.doe.gov. Include the docket number EERE-
2013-BT-TP-0050 and/or RIN 1904-AD10 in the subject line of the
message. Submit electronic comments in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word,
PDF, or ASCII file format, and avoid the use of special characters or
any form of encryption.
2. Postal Mail: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of Energy,
Building Technologies Office, Mailstop EE-5B, 1000 Independence Avenue
SW., Washington, DC 20585-0121. If possible, please submit all items on
a compact disc (CD), in which case it is not necessary to include
printed copies.
3. Hand Delivery/Courier: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of
Energy, Building Technologies Office, 950 L'Enfant Plaza SW., Suite
600, Washington, DC 20024. Telephone: (202) 586-2945. If possible,
please submit all items on a CD, in which case it is not necessary to
include printed copies.
Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name
and docket number and/or RIN for this rulemaking. No telefacsimilies
(faxes) will be accepted. For detailed instructions on submitting
comments and additional information on the rulemaking process, see
section V of this document (Public Participation).
Docket: The docket, which includes Federal Register notices, public
meeting attendee lists and transcripts, comments, and other supporting
documents/materials, is available for review at www.regulations.gov.
All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov
index. However, not all documents listed in the index may be publicly
available, such as information that is exempt from public disclosure.
A link to the docket Web page can be found at: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance;_standards/rulemaking.aspx/
ruleid/65. This Web page contains a link to the docket for this notice
on the www.regulations.gov site. The www.regulations.gov Web page
contains simple instructions on how to access all documents, including
public comments, in the docket. See section V, ``Public
Participation,'' for information on how to submit comments through
www.regulations.gov.
For further information on how to submit a comment, review other
public comments and the docket, or participate in the public meeting,
contact Ms. Brenda Edwards at (202) 586-2945 or by email:
Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. Lucy deButts, U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building
Technologies Office, EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue SW., Washington,
DC 20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 287-1604. Email:
ceiling_fans@ee.doe.gov.
Ms. Elizabeth Kohl, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of the
General Counsel, GC-71, 1000 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC,
20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-7796. Email:
elizabeth.kohl@hq.doe.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Authority and Background
II. Summary of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
III. Discussion
A. Scope of Applicability
B. Effective Date and Compliance Date
C. Existing Test Procedure
D. Proposed Metric
E. Other Proposed Modifications to Current Test Procedure
F. Proposed Additional Test Methods
G. Certification and Enforcement
IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
[[Page 62523]]
C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act, 1999
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
J. Review Under Treasury and General Government Appropriations
Act, 2001
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration
Act of 1974
V. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests To Speak and Prepared
General Statements for Distribution
C. Conduct of the Public Meeting
D. Submission of Comments
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary
I. Authority and Background
Title III, Part B \1\ of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of
1975 (``EPCA'' or ``the Act''), Public Law 94-163 (42 U.S.C. 6291-6309,
as codified) sets forth a variety of provisions designed to improve
energy efficiency and established the Energy Conservation Program for
Consumer Products Other Than Automobiles.\2\ These include ceiling
fans, the subject of this proposed rulemaking. (42 U.S.C. 6291(49),
6293(b)(16)(A)(i), and 6295(ff))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ For editorial reasons, upon codification in the U.S. Code,
Part B was redesignated as Part A.
\2\ All references to EPCA in this document refer to the statute
as amended through the American Energy Manufacturing Technical
Corrections Act (AEMTCA), Public Law 112-210 (Dec. 18, 2012).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under EPCA, this energy conservation program consists essentially
of four parts: (1) Testing; (2) labeling; (3) Federal energy
conservation standards; and (4) certification and enforcement
procedures. The testing requirements consist of test procedures that
manufacturers of covered products must use as the basis for certifying
to DOE that their products comply with the applicable energy
conservation standards adopted pursuant to EPCA and for making other
representations about the efficiency of those products. (42 U.S.C.
6293(c) and 6295(s)) Similarly, DOE must use these test requirements to
determine whether the products comply with any relevant standards
promulgated under EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6295(s))
A. General Test Procedure Rulemaking Process
Under 42 U.S.C. 6293, EPCA sets forth the criteria and procedures
that DOE must follow when prescribing or amending test procedures for
covered products, including ceiling fans. EPCA provides that any test
procedures prescribed or amended under this section shall be reasonably
designed to produce test results which measure energy efficiency,
energy use, or estimated annual operating cost of a covered product
during a representative average use cycle or period of use, and must
not be unduly burdensome to conduct. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3))
In addition, if DOE determines that a test procedure amendment is
warranted, it must publish proposed test procedures and offer the
public an opportunity to present oral and written comments on them. (42
U.S.C. 6293(b)(2)) Finally, in any rulemaking to amend a test
procedure, DOE must determine to what extent, if any, the proposed test
procedure would alter the measured energy efficiency of any covered
product as determined under the existing test procedure. (42 U.S.C.
6293(e))
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005), Public Law 109-58,
amended EPCA and established energy conservation standards for ceiling
fans, as well as requirements for the ceiling fan test procedure. (42
U.S.C. 6295(ff) and 6293(b)(16)(A)(1)) Specifically, these amendments
required that test procedures for ceiling fans be based on the ``Energy
Star Testing Facility Guidance Manual: Building a Testing Facility and
Performing the Solid State Test Method for ENERGY STAR Qualified
Ceiling Fans, Version 1.1.'' Id. The current DOE ceiling fan test
procedure, based on that source, was published in a 2006 final rule (71
FR 71341 (Dec. 8, 2006)), which codified the test procedure in DOE's
regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 10 CFR
430.23(w) and 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix U, ``Uniform Test
Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Ceiling Fans.''
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007),
Public Law 110-140, amended EPCA to require that at least once every 7
years, DOE must conduct an evaluation of the test procedures for all
covered products and either amend the test procedures (if the Secretary
determines that amended test procedures would more accurately or fully
comply with the requirements of 42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) or publish a
determination in the Federal Register not to amend them. (42 U.S.C.
6293(b)(1)(A)) Pursuant to this requirement, DOE must review the test
procedures for ceiling fans not later than December 19, 2014 (i.e., 7
years after the enactment of EISA 2007). Thus, the final rule resulting
from this rulemaking will satisfy the requirement to review the test
procedures for ceiling fans within 7 years of the enactment of EISA
2007.
In addition, for covered products with test procedures that do not
fully account for standby-mode and off-mode energy consumption, EISA
2007 directs DOE to amend its test procedures to do so with such energy
consumption integrated into the overall energy efficiency, energy
consumption, or other energy descriptor, if technically feasible. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)) If an integrated test procedure is technically
infeasible, DOE must prescribe a separate standby-mode and off-mode
test procedure for the covered product, if technically feasible. Id.
The current DOE ceiling fan test procedure, published in a 2006 final
rule (71 FR 71341 (Dec. 8, 2006)), did not address standby mode or off
mode. This test procedure rulemaking fulfills the statutory requirement
to address standby-mode and off-mode power consumption.
B. Concurrent Standards Rulemaking
DOE is concurrently conducting an energy conservation standards
rulemaking for ceiling fans. On March 15, 2013, DOE published in the
Federal Register a Notice of Public Meeting and Availability of the
Framework Document to initiate the energy conservation standard
rulemaking for ceiling fans. (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15, 2013)). DOE held
the framework public meeting on March 22, 2013. DOE requested feedback
in the framework document and received both written comments and
comments at the public meeting from interested parties on many issues
related to test methods for evaluating the airflow and electrical
consumption performance of ceiling fans. Comments related to the test
procedure for ceiling fans are addressed throughout this notice.
DOE invites comments on all aspects of the existing test procedures
for ceiling fans.
II. Summary of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
In this NOPR, DOE proposes to reinterpret the statutory definition
of a ceiling fan to include hugger ceiling fans and to amend the
current test procedure for ceiling fans as follows:
(1) Specify an efficiency metric;
(2) Clarify that low-volume ceiling fans should be tested at low
and high speeds;
(3) Eliminate the requirement to use a test cylinder;
(4) Add a false ceiling to the experimental setup for low-volume
ceiling fans;
[[Page 62524]]
(5) Clarify the required distance between the ceiling fan blades
and the air velocity sensors;
(6) Clarify the appropriate fan configuration during testing for
low-volume ceiling fans;
(7) Clarify the test method for ceiling fans with heaters;
(8) Revise the allowable tolerance for air velocity sensors used
during testing;
(9) Add a test method for high-volume ceiling fans;
(10) Add a test method for multi-mount ceiling fans;
(11) Add a test method for multi-headed ceiling fans;
(12) Add a test method for ceiling fans where the airflow is not
directed vertically; and
(13) Add a test method for power consumption in standby mode.
The following paragraphs summarize these proposed changes, with
further detail provided in section III (Discussion).
Establishment of an Efficiency Metric
In general, DOE proposes to establish the metric for ceiling fan
efficiency based on measured air flow and energy consumption. For low-
volume ceiling fans (where volume refers airflow volume), ceiling fan
efficiency would be determined based on the weighted average of airflow
and power consumption at high and low speeds. For high-volume ceiling
fans, ceiling fan efficiency would be determined based on airflow and
power consumption at high speed only. (See section III.A.2 for
definitions of ``low-volume ceiling fan'' and ``high-volume ceiling
fan''.) The metric for ceiling fan efficiency would also include any
power consumption in standby mode. Because DOE's research suggests that
there is no off-mode power consumption for ceiling fans, DOE is not
proposing to include off-mode power in the efficiency metric, or to
require off-mode testing.
Clarification That Low-Volume Ceiling Fans Are To Be Tested At High and
Low Fan Speeds
As noted in the previous paragraph, DOE proposes to clarify that
testing is required at high and low speeds for low-volume ceiling fans.
For high-volume ceiling fans, where the available fan speeds are often
continuous instead of discrete, DOE proposes to test only at high
speed.
Elimination of the Requirement for a Test Cylinder To Be Used During
Testing
DOE proposes to eliminate the requirement to use a test cylinder
while conducting airflow measurements. The positioning of the ceiling
fan and the air velocity sensors would remain the same as in the
current test procedure but without a test cylinder between them. The
same effective area and number of sensors as in the current test
procedure would be used to calculate the airflow of a low-volume
ceiling fan.
Addition of a False Ceiling to the Experimental Setup
For all low-volume ceiling fans, DOE proposes to add a test set-up
requirement for a false ceiling directly above the ceiling fan during
testing. This is intended to simulate real life usage conditions more
accurately and provide an equitable basis of comparison across low-
volume ceiling fans. The length and breadth of the false ceiling would
be required to be at least 8 inches larger than the blade span of the
ceiling fan being tested.
Clarification of the Distance Between the Ceiling Fan Blades and the
Air Velocity Sensors
DOE proposes to modify its instructions for determining the
appropriate vertical position of a low volume ceiling fan in relation
to the air velocity sensors. More specifically, DOE proposes that such
position be determined at the lowest point on the ceiling fan blades
(i.e., the point on the ceiling fan blade that is farthest from the
ceiling), rather than ``the middle of the fan blade tips'', as is
currently required. DOE is proposing this change because it may be
unclear how the ``middle of blade tip'' measurement should be made for
ceiling fans having non-flat or unusually shaped blades.
Clarification of the Appropriate Fan Configuration During Testing for
Low-Volume Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to clarify that if more than one mounting option is
included with a fan that would meet the definition of a standard low-
volume ceiling fan, that ceiling fan should be tested in the
configuration with the smallest distance between the ceiling and the
lowest part of the fan blades. Similarly, if more than one mounting
option is included with a fan that would meet the definition of a
hugger low-volume ceiling fan, that ceiling fan should be tested in the
configuration with the smallest distance between the ceiling and the
lowest part of the fan blades. DOE seeks comment and data on how these
fans are configured in the field.
Clarification of the Test Method for Ceiling Fans With Heaters
DOE proposes to clarify that ceiling fans with heaters integrated
into or sold packaged with the fan should be tested with the heater
installed but turned off during testing.
Revision of the Allowable Tolerance for Air Velocity Sensors Used
During Testing
DOE proposes to revise the allowable accuracy tolerance for air
velocity sensors used during testing of low-volume ceiling fans from
1 percent to 5 percent, based on testing
results that indicate that the accuracy of the airflow measurement is
not affected by this difference in tolerance.
Addition of a Test Method for High-Volume Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to base the test method for high-volume ceiling fans
on ANSI/AMCA Standard 230-12, ``Laboratory Methods of Testing Air
Circulating Fans for Rating and Certification'' (AMCA 230 \3\), with
some modifications to the specified room dimensions to allow for
testing of ceiling fans up to 24 feet in diameter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.
ANSI/AMCA Standard 230-12: Laboratory Methods of Testing Air
Circulating Fans for Rating and Certification. 2010. Arlington
Heights, IL. (Last accessed February 24, 2014) https://www.amca.org/store/item.aspx?ItemId=37.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Addition of a Test Method for Multi-Mount Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to test low-volume multi-mount ceiling fans in two
configurations: (1) In the standard configuration that minimizes the
distance between the ceiling and the lowest part of the fan blades, and
(2) in the hugger configuration that minimizes the distance between the
ceiling and the lowest part of the fan blades.
Addition of a Test Method for Multi-Headed Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to test low-volume, multi-headed ceiling fans by
positioning the fan such that one fan head is centered in the test set-
up and then testing that head in the same manner as all other low-
volume ceiling fans. If the ceiling fan includes more than one type of
ceiling fan head, then at least one of each unique type should be
tested. The airflow for the ceiling fan at a given speed can be
determined by multiplying the airflow of a measured fan head by the
number of ceiling fan heads of that type and summing over all types
included in the ceiling fan. The power consumption at a given speed
should be
[[Page 62525]]
measured separately, with all ceiling fan heads turned on.
Addition of a Test Method for Ceiling Fans Where the Airflow Is Not
Directed Vertically
For low-volume ceiling fans where the airflow is not directed
vertically, DOE proposes to clarify that the ceiling fan head should be
adjusted such that the airflow is directed as vertically downward as
possible prior to testing. If the airflow is still not vertical, the
air velocity results from an offset series of sensors would be
substituted for the typical symmetric set to calculate total airflow.
Addition of a Test Method for Power Consumption in Standby Mode
DOE proposes to add a test method for measuring the power
consumption of ceiling fans in standby mode. This test method would be
applicable to both low and high-volume ceiling fans.
III. Discussion
A. Scope of Applicability
The test procedures described in this notice are proposed to apply
to all ceiling fans. According to the statutory definition, a ``ceiling
fan'' is ``a non-portable device that is suspended from a ceiling for
circulating air via the rotation of fan blades.'' (42 U.S.C. 6291(49))
This includes ceiling fans for all applications, including applications
where large airflow volume may be needed. The test procedures do not
apply to air circulators (or air-circulating fan heads) that are
typically mounted on a pedestal but could also include wall, ceiling,
or I-beam mounting brackets. Such air-circulating fan heads are defined
in section 5.1.1 of AMCA 230.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Clarification of the Statutory Definition of a Ceiling Fan
DOE previously interpreted the definition of a ceiling fan such
that it excluded certain types of ceiling fans commonly referred to as
hugger fans. 71 FR 71343 (Dec. 8, 2006). Hugger ceiling fans are
typically understood to be set flush to the ceiling (e.g., mounted
without a downrod). The previous interpretation exempted hugger fans
from standards on the basis that they are set flush to the ceiling. DOE
has reconsidered the validity of this distinction and is proposing a
determination that ``suspended from the ceiling'' does not depend upon
whether the unit is mounted with a downrod. The concept of suspension
does not require any length between the object and the point of
support. This interpretation more accurately reflects the statutory
definition and does not draw an artificial distinction between units
that serve the same functional purpose. This is also in line with the
scope of CAN/CSA-C814-10, which includes hugger fans.
Hugger fans generally are indistinguishable from other types of
ceiling fans in that they move air via rotation of fan blades, are
intended to improve comfort, and are rated on their ability to move air
(as measured in cubic feet per minute). Under this reinterpretation, a
multi-mount ceiling fan, i.e., a ceiling fan which can be mounted in
both the hugger and standard ceiling fan configurations, would also
fall under the definition of a ceiling fan. In response to the
Framework Document for the ceiling fan energy conservation standards
rulemaking, several commenters, including the American Lighting
Association (ALA), the Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP),
the National Consumer Law Center (NCLC), the National Resources Defense
Council (NRDC), and the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA)
supported DOE's proposed reinterpretation. (ALA, No. 39 \4\ at p. 3;
ASAP-NCLC-NEEA-NRDC, No. 14 at p. 4) DOE received no comments objecting
to its proposed reinterpretation. DOE proposes that any ceiling fan
sold with the option of being mounted in either a hugger configuration
or a standard configuration would also be included within the ``ceiling
fan'' definition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ Hereafter, all ALA comments from EERE-2012-BT-STD-0045-0039
reference the powerpoint presentation included in that docket
number, unless otherwise noted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under DOE's proposed reinterpretation, DOE would consider the
following fans to be explicitly covered under the definition of
``ceiling fan'' in 10 CFR 430.2:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using a downrod or other
means of suspension such that the fan is not mounted directly to the
ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are mounted directly or close
to the ceiling; and
3. Fans sold with the option of being suspended with or without
a downrod.
In the Framework Document for the ceiling fan energy conservation
standards rulemaking, DOE considered interpreting ceiling fans without
external blades as meeting the statutory definition of a ceiling fan
and asked for comment on this issue. (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15, 2013)) ALA
agreed that the definition of ``ceiling fan'' may cover ceiling fans
without external blades, but ALA advised DOE to delay including these
fans in this rulemaking until new test procedures are developed to
appropriately test the performance of these fans. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 3)
At this time, DOE takes no position on whether centrifugal fans
(commonly referred to as ``bladeless'' ceiling fans) fit within the
EPCA definition of a ceiling fan. DOE may consider this issue in a
future rulemaking proceeding.
Although the Framework Document did not specifically discuss
ceiling fans capable of producing large volumes of airflow, such as
those ceiling fans typically used in non-residential applications, DOE
clarifies that any ceiling fan that meets the statutory definition is
considered a covered product for which the test methods in this
rulemaking apply.\5\ (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15, 2013)) Ceiling fans capable
of producing large volumes of airflow are functionally similar to
ceiling fans that produce less airflow and meet the definition of a
ceiling fan, in that they are suspended from the ceiling, are
nonportable, and produce airflow via the rotation of fan blades.
Therefore, DOE clarifies that ceiling fans capable of producing large
volumes of airflow are considered covered products.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ The EPCA definition of a consumer product includes products
of a type that, to any significant extent, are distributed in
commerce for personal use, without regard to whether a particular
article is in fact distributed in commerce for personal use. 42
U.S.C. 6291(1) Therefore, any product that meets the definition of a
ceiling fan, even those fans used in non-residential applications,
are considered covered products for which DOE can establish a test
procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE notes that the proposed changes in interpretation of the
ceiling fan definition discussed above would result in the
applicability of the design standards set forth in EPCA at 42 U.S.C.
6295(ff)(1) to the following types of fans 30 days after the
publication of any final test procedure adopting such changes in
interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using a downrod or other
means of suspension such that the fan is not mounted directly to the
ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are mounted directly or close
to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being suspended with or without
a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes of airflow.
Because ceiling fan light kits are defined as ``equipment designed
to provide light from a ceiling fan that can be integral, such that the
equipment is attached to the ceiling fan prior to the time of retail
sale; or attachable, such that at the time of retail sale the equipment
is not physically attached to the ceiling fan, but may be included
[[Page 62526]]
inside the ceiling fan at the time of sale or sold separately for
subsequent attachment to the fan'' (42 U.S.C. 6291(50)(A), and (B)),
DOE notes that light kits attached to any of the four fan types listed
above would be covered ceiling fan light kits under these proposed
changes in interpretation.
In the concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking for
ceiling fans, DOE is considering a separate product class for highly
decorative ceiling fans that would be exempt from performance
standards. The current design standards specified in EPCA would still
apply to such fans.
2. Definitions of Low-Volume and High-Volume Ceiling Fans
DOE proposes to define a ``low-volume ceiling fan'' as ``a ceiling
fan that: (1) Is less than or equal to 7 feet in diameter, and has a
blade thickness greater than or equal to 3.2 mm at the edge and a
maximum tip speed less than or equal to the limit in Table 1; or (2)
has a maximum airflow volume less than or equal to 5,000 CFM.''
DOE proposes to define a ``high-volume ceiling fan'' as ``a ceiling
fan that: (1) Is greater than 7 feet in diameter, or has a blade
thickness of less than 3.2 mm at the edge or a maximum tip speed that
exceeds the threshold in Table 1; and (2) has a maximum airflow volume
greater than 5,000 CFM.''
Table 1 indicates maximum speed tip for low-volume ceiling fans,
dependent on blade thickness. The values in Table 1 are based on the
Underwriters Laboratory (UL) ceiling fan safety standard (UL Standard
507-1999, ``UL Standard for Safety for Electric Fans'') which
designates maximum fan tip speeds (for a given thicknesses at the edge
of the blades) that are safe for use in applications where the distance
between the fan blades and the floor is 10 feet or less.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\ Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL Standard for Safety for
Electric Fans, UL 507. 1999. Northbrook, IL. (Last accessed February
24, 2014) https://www.comm-2000.com/ProductDetail.aspx?UniqueKey=8782.
Table 1--Low-Volume Ceiling Fans, 7 Feet or Less in Diameter
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thickness (t) of edges of blades Maximum speed at tip of blades
Airflow direction * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mm (inch) m/s (feet per minute)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Downward-Only................... 4.8 > t >= 3.2 (\3/16\ > t >= \1/ 16.3 (3200)
8\)
Downward-Only................... t >= 4.8 (t >= \3/16\) 20.3 (4000)
Reversible...................... 4.8 > t >= 3.2 (\3/16\ > t >= \1/ 12.2 (2400)
8\)
Reversible...................... t >= 4.8 (t >= \3/16\) 16.3 (3200)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The ``downward-only'' and ``reversible'' airflow directions are mutually exclusive; therefore, a ceiling fan
that can only produce airflow in the downward direction need only meet the ``downward-only'' blade edge
thickness and tip speed requirements and a ceiling fan that can produce airflow in the downward and upward
directions need only meet the ``reversible'' requirements.
3. Definition of Hugger Ceiling Fan
In the Framework Document for the ceiling fan energy conservation
standards rulemaking, DOE considered establishing a definition for
hugger ceiling fans. (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15, 2013)) Specifically, DOE
stated it would consider defining a hugger ceiling fan: as ``a ceiling
fan where the average vertical distance between the fan blades and the
ceiling fan is no more than [a specified number of] inches''. DOE
received several comments on the Framework Document regarding this
definition. Most commenters, with the exception of ALA, were generally
supportive of the proposed definition.
The California investor-owned utilities, including the Pacific Gas
and Electric Company, Southern California Edison, the San Diego Gas and
Electric Company, and the Southern California Gas Company (hereafter
the ``CA IOUs'') agreed with the definition. (CA IOUs, No. 45 at p. 2)
Hunter, during the public meeting for the Framework Document, suggested
that DOE consider specifying the definition in terms of maximum blade
distance instead of average blade distance from the ceiling. (Hunter,
No. 9 at p. 32) Big Ass Fans (BAF) suggested that DOE consider a
minimum vertical distance between the fan blades and ceiling not
exceeding 10 inches. (BAF, No. 43 at p. 2) In contrast, ALA disagreed
with DOE's assertion that the primary point of differentiation is that
hugger fans are ``safe to use in rooms with low ceilings'', believing
that this definition is misleading and open to interpretation. Instead
ALA proposed defining a hugger fan as a fan ``where the only option is
for the motor to be directly mounted to the ceiling''. (ALA, No. 39 at
p. 3-4)
In determining an appropriate boundary between hugger and standard
ceiling fans, an analysis was conducted of all ceiling fans available
from Hansen Wholesale, an online wholesaler that sells a wide variety
of ceiling fan brands. Ninety percent of ceiling fans described as
hugger fans had blades that were an average distance of nine inches or
less from the ceiling, suggesting that nine inches may be an
appropriate threshold. By contrast, half of all ceiling fans that were
described as standard ceiling fans had blades that were an average
distance of twelve inches or less from the ceiling, suggesting that a
higher threshold may result in the categorization of significant
numbers of standard ceiling fans as hugger ceiling fans.
Additionally, DOE agrees with Hunter that the maximum distance
between the blades and the ceiling, instead of average distance, may be
a more appropriate metric when considering whether a ceiling fan is
safe to operate in a room with a low ceiling. Therefore, DOE is
proposing to define a hugger ceiling fan in terms of the vertical
distance between the ceiling and the lowest point on the fan blades. To
account for the additional vertical distance between the average
vertical position of the fan blades and the lowest point on the fan
blades, DOE is proposing a modification to the vertical distance
specified in the definition. Based on DOE's analysis, one additional
inch is appropriate given the typical width and pitch of a fan blade.
Therefore, DOE is proposing to define a hugger ceiling fan as ``a
ceiling fan where the lowest point on the fan blades is no more than
ten inches from the ceiling.''
4. Definitions of Standard Ceiling Fan and Multi-Mount Ceiling Fan
In accordance with the definition of a hugger ceiling fan, DOE is
proposing to define a standard ceiling fan as ``a ceiling fan where the
lowest point on the fan blades is more than ten inches from the
ceiling.'' A multi-mount ceiling fan would be defined as ``a ceiling
fan that can be mounted in both the
[[Page 62527]]
standard and hugger ceiling fan configurations.''
DOE proposes to clarify that ceiling fans exist that can be mounted
at more than one height, but that do not include at least one mounting
option that meets that hugger ceiling fan definition and one option
that meets the standard ceiling fan definition, would not meet the
definition of a multi-mount fan (e.g., a ceiling fan where all mounting
options result in the lowest point on the fan blades being more than
ten inches from the ceiling would be classified as a standard ceiling
fan). Such fans would be tested as described in section III.E.5,
whereas multi-mount fans would be tested as described in section
III.F.2.
B. Effective Date and Compliance Date
DOE is proposing amendments to its ceiling fan test procedure in
Appendix U that would alter the way ceiling fans are currently tested
and the dates for use of the test procedures. Because DOE does not
currently have performance-based standards for ceiling fans as measured
by the airflow efficiency, the proposals for Appendix U would not
affect a manufacturer's ability to comply with current energy
conservation standards.
Manufacturers would be required to use the revised Appendix U for
representations of ceiling fan efficiency 180 days after the
publication of any final amended test procedures in the Federal
Register. If DOE were to establish minimum energy conservation
standards for ceiling fans as measured in airflow efficiency in the
concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking, manufacturers
would be required to use the revised Appendix U for determining
compliance with any amended standards.
DOE notes that the proposed changes in interpretation of the
ceiling fan definition discussed above would result in the
applicability of the design standards set forth in EPCA at 42 U.S.C.
6295(ff)(1) to the following types of fans 30 days after the
publication of any final test procedure adopting such changes in
interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using a downrod or other
means of suspension such that the fan is not mounted directly to the
ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are mounted directly or close
to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being suspended with or without
a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes of airflow.
In the concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking for
ceiling fans, DOE is considering a separate product class for highly
decorative ceiling fans that would be exempt from performance
standards. The current design standards specified in EPCA would still
apply to such fans.
To ensure that any amended energy conservation standards developed
in the ongoing ceiling fan standards rulemaking account for any changes
to the test procedure, DOE is proposing to consider standards based on
the measured ceiling fan efficiency generated by the test procedure
proposed in this rulemaking.
C. Existing Test Procedure
As noted above, DOE's test procedure for ceiling fans is codified
at 10 CFR 430.23(w) and 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix U. The
current DOE test procedure references the ``ENERGY STAR Testing
Facility Guidance Manual: Building a Testing Facility and Performing
the Solid State Test Method for ENERGY STAR Qualified Ceiling Fans,''
version 1.1. DOE notes that ENERGY STAR has since revised its test
procedure, creating version 1.2 of ENERGY STAR's guidance manual. DOE's
proposed test procedure is consistent with the EPCA requirement that
the test procedure for ceiling fans be based on version 1.1, but the
proposal set forth in this rule adopts portions of version 1.2 as
appropriate.
There are some slight differences between the proposed DOE test
procedure and the ENERGY STAR test procedure. For instance, DOE
proposes no modification in today's rule to the ceiling fan warm-up
time at a given fan speed. This means that the warm-up time in the
proposed DOE test procedure is the same as the 15 minute warm-up time
specified in the current DOE test procedure (and not the 30 minute
warm-up time before low speed specified in the ENERGY STAR test
procedure v1.2).
D. Proposed Metric
DOE proposes to apply a metric, ceiling fan efficiency, to all
ceiling fans. The metric would be based on airflow efficiency and would
account for variations in fan design, fan speeds, and typical usage
patterns. Airflow efficiency appears to be a universal metric used to
describe the efficiency of ceiling fans and consists of airflow, i.e.,
the service provided by a ceiling fan, as measured in cubic feet per
minute (CFM), divided by power consumption, which is measured in watts
(W).
1. Low-Volume Fans
For low-volume ceiling fans, DOE is proposing to calculate ceiling
fan efficiency based on the weighted average of airflow and power
consumption at high and low fan speeds.
The Framework Document for the ceiling fan energy conservation
standards rulemaking requested comment on defining ``high,''
``medium,'' and ``low'' speeds. (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15, 2013)) Few
comments were received on this topic, but the American Lighting
Association (ALA) suggested defining ``high'' as the highest available
fan speed and ``low'' as the lowest available fan speed. (ALA, No. 39
at p. 2) \7\ These suggested definitions appear reasonable, and DOE
proposes to define ``high speed'' as the highest available speed, and
to define ``low speed'' as the lowest available speed. Most low-volume
ceiling fans have one or more speeds between high and low, but DOE
proposes to measure only high and low speeds to limit the testing
burden and avoid confusion regarding the definition of medium speed for
ceiling fans with more than three speeds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ A notation in this form provides a reference for information
that is in the docket of DOE's rulemaking to develop energy
conservation standards for ceiling fans and ceiling fan light kits
(Docket No. EERE-2012-BT-STD-0045), which is maintained at
www.regulations.gov. This notation indicates that the statement
preceding the reference is document number 39 in the docket for the
ceiling fan and ceiling fan light kits energy conservation standards
rulemaking and appears at page 2 of that document.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE proposes to weight airflow and power consumption at high and
low speeds in the ceiling fan efficiency metric for low-volume ceiling
fans according to mean national hours of operation per day at each
speed.
2. High-Volume Ceiling Fans
For high-volume ceiling fans, DOE proposes to calculate ceiling fan
efficiency based on measured airflow and power consumption at high
speed. High-volume ceiling fans are often not equipped with discrete
speeds (e.g., low, medium, and high). Instead, high-volume ceiling fans
may have a speed controller that is continuously adjustable. Given that
speeds other than high may be ill-defined, DOE is proposing to test
high-volume ceiling fans at high speed only.
3. Incorporating Standby Power Consumption
DOE is also addressing standby-mode and off-mode power consumption
of ceiling fans in this NOPR. For both low and high-volume ceiling
fans, DOE proposes to integrate standby-mode power consumption into the
ceiling fan efficiency metric, as required by EPCA. (42 U.S.C.
6295(gg)(2)(A)) EPCA defines ``standby mode'' as the condition in
[[Page 62528]]
which an energy-using product: is connected to a main power source, and
offers one or more of the following user-oriented or protective
functions: (1) The ability to facilitate the activation or deactivation
of other functions (including active mode) by remote switch (including
remote control), internal sensor, or timer; and (2) continuous
functions, including information or status displays (including clocks),
or sensor-based functions. (42 U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(iii)) ``Off mode''
is the condition in which the ceiling fan is connected to a main power
source and is not providing any standby or active mode function. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(1)(A)(ii))
DOE is proposing a test method for measuring standby power
consumption in both low-volume and high-volume fans (see section
III.F.5). DOE proposes to incorporate the standby power value obtained
from this test into the overall efficiency metric for the ceiling fan.
DOE proposes to perform the standby-mode test immediately following
the active mode test. For those ceiling fans packaged with a light kit,
this means that the light kit will still be attached during standby-
mode testing, i.e., the configuration will be the same as for active
mode testing. In the framework document, DOE proposed to assign all
standby power consumption from a ceiling fan with a ceiling fan light
kit to the ceiling fan only. Further research has indicated that for
the typical configuration in which a remote device controls a ceiling
fan paired with a ceiling fan light kit, the remote provides equal
service to each device--the ability to turn on/off/adjust--and it
requires no more or less energy to provide that service for the ceiling
fan light kit than for the ceiling fan. The energy required to provide
that service depends on the nature of the remote receiver, and not on
the features of the ceiling fan or ceiling fan light kit. This would
suggest that if a ceiling fan and a ceiling fan light kit share a
remote, it would be appropriate to attribute half of the standby power
to the ceiling fan. To include standby power consumption in the
efficacy metric of a ceiling fan light kit, however, would be
technically infeasible, because doing so would cause the efficacy of
the ceiling fan light kit to differ from the efficacy of the lamps in
the light kit. Therefore, to account for this standby power
consumption, DOE proposes to attribute all the standby power
consumption of a ceiling fan with a ceiling fan light kit to the
ceiling fan only. DOE requests comments on this approach.
Because DOE research and feedback from manufacturers indicates that
there is no off-mode power consumption for these products, DOE is
proposing not to include off-mode power in the ceiling fan efficiency
metric.
4. Operating Hours
At the public meeting on the Framework Document, Fanimation
commented that most consumers use their [low-volume] ceiling fan at low
or medium speed, citing a social media poll. (Fanimation, No. 9 at
p.68) In written comments on the Framework Document, Capital Lighting
stated that the typical user operates a ceiling fan at low or medium
speed. (Capital Lighting, No. 27 at p. 3) Progress Lighting also
commented that high speed is not the most common mode of operation.
(Progress Lighting, No. 6 at p. 2) Hunter Fans and ALA both cited an
AcuPOLL[supreg] Precision Research, Inc. survey submitted by ALA and
commissioned by Hunter, which reports that low is the typical operating
speed of about 30 percent of ceiling fans, that medium is the typical
speed of about 50 percent of ceiling fans, and that high is the typical
speed of about 20 percent of ceiling fans. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 2 and
Hunter, No. 37 at p.3)
A report on ceiling fan energy use (the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory (LBNL) titled ``Ceiling Fan and Ceiling Fan Light Kit Use in
the U.S.'' \8\) suggests, however, that high speed may be the most
commonly used speed. In the LBNL survey, a representative sample of
more than 2,500 ceiling fan users were asked to break down the fraction
of ceiling fan on-time spent at each speed, and the responses indicated
that in aggregate, high is the most commonly used speed (on average 41%
of the time a fan is in operation), and low is the least commonly used
speed (on average 22% of the time a fan is in operation). By contrast,
the AcuPOLL survey did not inquire into the fraction of time spent at
each speed, instead asking respondents for a single ``typical'' speed.
Therefore, the LBNL survey provides a more disaggregated dataset on
which DOE can base its usage profile. DOE proposes to use the daily
national-average hours of operation reported in LBNL's survey as the
basis for weighting energy consumption at high and low speed (see Table
2). To convert the values reported at high, medium, and low in LBNL's
survey to high and low speed only, DOE allocated the operating hours
reported for medium speed to high and low speeds using the ratio of
time spent at high and low speeds. DOE seeks comment on its proposed
operating hours for calculating ceiling fan efficiency for low-volume
ceiling fans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ Kantner, C.L.S., S.J. Young, S.M. Donovan, K. Garbesi.
Ceiling Fan and Ceiling Fan Light Kit Use in the U.S.--Results of a
Survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk (2013) Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory: Berkeley, CA. Report No. LBNL-6332E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For ceiling fans that operate in standby mode, DOE assumes that the
ceiling fan is always activated by remote and is, therefore, assumed to
never be ``off.'' This assumption is likely to have little impact on
measured ceiling fan efficiency, because it is DOE's understanding that
the majority of ceiling fans with built-in remotes do not include
built-in on/off switches and so cannot be placed into off mode.
Therefore, this split between standby and off mode is rarely, if ever,
applicable.
To estimate the hours of operation data for high-volume ceiling
fans, DOE used feedback from manufacturers indicating that, while the
hours of operation may vary significantly across industry and
application (e.g., warehouses or manufacturing facilities), 12 hours
per day spent in active mode may be a representative value. DOE,
therefore, proposes to assume 12 hours of daily operation in active
mode for high-volume ceiling fans. DOE seeks comment and any available
data on operating hours for high-volume ceiling fans.
Table 2--Daily Operating Hours for Calculating Ceiling Fan Efficiency
------------------------------------------------------------------------
No standby With standby
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Daily Operating Hours for Low-Volume Ceiling Fans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
High Speed............................ 4.2 4.2
Low Speed............................. 2.2 2.2
Standby Mode.......................... 0.0 17.6
[[Page 62529]]
Off Mode.............................. 17.6 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Daily Operating Hours for High-Volume Ceiling Fans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Active Mode........................... 12.0 12.0
Standby Mode.......................... 0.0 12.0
Off Mode.............................. 12.0 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Metric for Ceiling Fan Efficiency
DOE proposes the following equations to determine ceiling fan
efficiency.
Low-volume ceiling fans:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.004
Where:
CFMi = airflow at a given speed,
OHi = operating hours at a given speed,
Wi = power consumption at a given speed,
H = high speed,
L = low speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
DOE is not aware of any low-volume ceiling fans with continuously
variable speed control currently on the market. If such ceiling fans
are manufactured in the future, DOE will consider amendments to the
test procedure to accommodate these fans, where other speeds may not be
well-defined, as needed.
High-volume ceiling fans:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.005
Where:
CFMH = airflow at high speed,
OHA = operating hours in active mode,
WH = power consumption at high speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
6. Power Factor
DOE received a comment in response to the Framework Document from
PG&E, SCGC, SDG&E, and SCE (CA IOUs) stating that evaluation of power
factor should be included in the test procedure for ceiling fans due to
the impact of power factor on power quality and transmission efficiency
of the electric grid. CA IOUs also commented that the significance of
power factor increases as brushless permanent magnet motors become more
popular. (CA IOUs, No. 12 at p.5) DOE acknowledges that phase shifts
introduced into the grid by loads could theoretically increase power
production and transmission system demands. However, it is the net
impact of many loads that ultimately determines the impact, which in
turn depends on a dynamically changing load mix. DOE is not aware of
field data quantifying the impact of power factor on the electric grid.
DOE is not proposing a change in the test procedure to account for
power factor.
E. Other Proposed Modifications to Current Test Procedure
1. Clarification That Low-Volume Ceiling Fans Should be Tested at High
and Low Speeds
DOE proposes to require testing at high and low fan speeds for low-
volume ceiling fans because low-volume ceiling fans typically have more
than one speed setting that may be selected by the consumer. Such an
approach would allow the ceiling fan efficiency metric to be
representative of average use. The current DOE test procedure for
ceiling fans allows for testing at all available fan speeds but does
not specify how many speeds should be tested. In the Framework Document
for the ceiling fans energy conservation standards rulemaking, DOE
considered testing at one or multiple ceiling fan speeds and sought
comment. A number of commenters weighed in on this subject, with some
in favor of testing at multiple speeds and others in favor of testing
at a single speed.
The Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP), the National
Consumer Law Center (NCLC), the National Resources Defense Council
(NRDC), and the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) commented
that DOE should develop a test procedure that includes measurements of
airflow efficiency at multiple fan speeds. These commenters presented
ENERGY STAR data at different fan speeds, arguing that airflow
efficiency at a given speed is not necessarily a good predictor of
airflow efficiency at other speeds. (ASAP, NCLC, NRDC, and NEEA, No. 14
at pp. 4-5) ALA commented that the assumption is being made that the
testing mentioned is for ENERGY STAR qualification; if that assumption
is true, then high is the only speed that needs to be tested because it
is always the least efficient of the speeds. (ALA, No. 39 at p.11)
Progress Lighting noted that testing at multiple speeds is already
required by both Energy Star and California Title 20. (Progress
Lighting, No. 6 at p.3)
In assessing how many speeds should be tested, DOE notes that data
from Hunter Fans (included in a 2004 report by Pacific Gas and Electric
(PG&E), ``Analysis of Standards Options For Ceiling Fans'') suggest
that high speed is usually, but not always, the least-efficient speed.
For 4 out of 26 ceiling fans tested, low speed was actually the least-
efficient speed setting, and the
[[Page 62530]]
variability of efficiency at low speed was significantly larger than at
high speed, suggesting more opportunity for improvement in efficiency
at low speed.
DOE is obligated to have a test procedure that reflects ``a
representative average use cycle or period of use'', but which is not
``unduly burdensome to conduct''. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3)) Testing at
more than one speed allows for a more representative indication of
ceiling fan efficiency and increases the usefulness of efficiency
labels for consumers. Additionally, as high speed is not always the
least-efficient speed, DOE proposes to test at both high and low
speeds. The proposed approach would limit the test burden and maintain
a consistent test burden for all low-volume ceiling fans, the vast
majority of which have between three and six speeds. Testing
specifically at the highest and lowest available speeds, instead of at
three speeds, would also avoid any ambiguity regarding the definition
of medium speed for ceiling fans with more than three speeds. DOE
requests comment on testing low-volume ceiling fans at the highest and
lowest fan speeds.
2. Elimination of the Requirement for a Test Cylinder To Be Used During
Testing
A test cylinder is included in the experimental setup of the
current DOE test procedure for ceiling fans. Its intended purpose is to
control the direction of airflow. During the public meeting for the
Framework Document in the ceiling fans energy conservation standards
rulemaking, Hunter Fans commented that there was little variation in
airflow test results regardless of whether a test cylinder was used
when conducting testing under the DOE test procedure. (Hunter, No. 9 at
p.56) In a written comment on the Framework Document, ALA stated that:
(1) Test results from a certified laboratory found that the measured
CFM (cubic feet per minute) [at high speed] on 28 different test
samples (various diameters) using the specified cylinder (with a
diameter 8'' larger than the fan diameter) vs. no cylinder at all
varied on average by 1.1 percent without the use of the cylinder; (2)
the standard deviation was 1.0 percent and the max/min was 3.1/0.1
percent respectively; (3) based on these data, the manufacturers
suggest that use of the cylinder should not be required. (ALA, No. 39
at p.9)
To determine the effect of the test cylinder on airflow
measurements, DOE conducted testing on three ceiling fans both with and
without a test cylinder. The 44-inch, 52-inch, and 56-inch ceiling fans
used were tested at all three available speeds. The airflow
measurements indicated a difference of 2-10 percent between the two
testing scenarios, but there was no consistent dependence on ceiling
fan size or fan speed. The calculated variance of the measurement data,
however, was almost 20 percent lower overall when testing without a
test cylinder, suggesting that testing without a cylinder is a
statistically less noisy approach to measuring airflow. This difference
in measurement error could perhaps be due to turbulence created by the
interaction of the airflow with the side of the test cylinder.
Because testing without a test cylinder appears to be a more
accurate approach to measuring airflow and more closely simulates
installed usage conditions than with a cylinder in place, DOE proposes
to eliminate the requirement to test with a test cylinder. This reduces
test burden for manufacturers who may want to introduce new ceiling fan
sizes and would otherwise have to pay for a new test cylinder, as well
as reducing potential market distortions that would favor ceiling fans
at sizes corresponding to existing test cylinders. Additionally, this
would more closely harmonize with the test procedure for high-volume
ceiling fans (see section III.F.1), which does not include a test
cylinder.
DOE proposes that the effective area and the number of sensors used
to measure airflow for a given ceiling fan would still be the same as
in the current test procedure--that is, the effective area over which
airflow is calculated would be a circle 8 inches larger in diameter
than the fan blade span. The distance between the ceiling fan blades
and the air velocity sensors also would not change. The test cylinder
would simply not be installed prior to testing.
3. Addition of a False Ceiling to the Experimental Set-Up
In the Framework Document, DOE suggested investigating
methodologies for testing hugger ceiling fans (i.e., fans mounted very
close to the ceiling) and mentioned the existence of a hugger fan test
method in CAN/CSA-C814-10, ``Energy Performance of Ceiling Fans,''
which includes a false ceiling in the test set-up.\9\ The comments
received on this topic were generally in favor of testing with a false
ceiling, although Big Ass Fans commented that it is important to
maintain the same distance between the ceiling fan blades and the test
sensors as in a standard test set-up for low-volume ceiling fans to
ensure an appropriate measurement for comparison to a standard low-
volume ceiling fan. (BAF, No. 43 at p.2)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\ Canadian Standards Association. CAN/CSA-C814-10--Energy
Performance of Ceiling Fans. 2010. (Last accessed February 24, 2014)
https://shop.csa.ca/en/canada/energy-efficiency/cancsa-c814-10/invt/27005372010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE conducted testing on ceiling fans advertised as hugger fans
both with and without a false ceiling in place. Having a false ceiling
in place for these fans resulted in a 30-percent to 50-percent decrease
in measured airflow compared to testing without a false ceiling. One
ceiling fan was tested in both the hugger and standard configurations
with a false ceiling in place, in addition to being tested without a
false ceiling. For this fan, a 50-percent reduction in airflow was
found in the hugger configuration with the false ceiling in place when
compared to the airflow from the same fan without a false ceiling. When
tested in the standard configuration with the false ceiling in place, a
35-percent reduction in airflow was still observed when compared to the
airflow from the same fan without a false ceiling. The implication was
that the presence of a false ceiling had a larger impact on airflow
than switching from the standard to the hugger configuration.
Using a false ceiling when testing all low-volume ceiling fans is
more representative of actual ceiling fan use in a home, where fans are
mounted directly to the ceiling. Using a different experimental setup
for hugger fans than for other low-volume ceiling fans would also
affect efficiency representations on the labels of different types of
ceiling fans and result in market representations of ceiling fan
efficiency that cannot be readily compared. Such an approach would
potentially put fans tested with a false ceiling (such as hugger or
multi-mount ceiling fans) at a competitive disadvantage compared to
standard ceiling fans. While this change to the test procedure would
involve a one-time test burden for testing facilities to install a
false ceiling, it should not result in an additional cost per test
thereafter.
DOE also compared the effect on airflow measurements of having a
false ceiling in place that was 8 inches versus 16 inches larger in
width and breadth than the blade span of the ceiling fan. DOE found no
appreciable reduction in airflow with a larger false ceiling in place.
This implies that a false ceiling 8 inches larger than the blade span
of a ceiling fan is sufficiently large to approximate a ceiling.
DOE proposes to test all low-volume ceiling fans with the addition
of a false ceiling directly above the ceiling fan. The distance between
the lowest point on the ceiling fan blades and the air velocity sensors
should be the same as
[[Page 62531]]
in the current DOE test procedure. The length and breadth of the false
ceiling should be at least 8 inches larger than the blade span of the
ceiling fan. DOE seeks comment on its proposal to add a false ceiling
to the experimental setup for all low-volume ceiling fan testing.
4. Clarification of the Distance Between the Ceiling Fan Blades and the
Air Velocity Sensors
As the Framework Document for the ceiling fans energy conservation
standard rulemaking notes, the test set-up for the current DOE test
procedure assumes that ceiling fan blades are reasonably flat.\10\ The
test procedure specifies that a test cylinder is to be hung below the
ceiling fan such that there is a 6-inch vertical gap between the middle
of the fan blade tips and the top of the test cylinder. Without a test
cylinder in place, this is effectively a specification of the vertical
gap between the middle of the fan blade tips and the heads of the air
velocity sensors. It may be unclear as to how the ``middle of blade
tip'' measurements should be made for fans having non-flat blades or
unusual shapes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\ U.S. Department of Energy--Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy. Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products:
Framework Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products:
Energy Conservation Standards for Ceiling Fans and Ceiling Fan Light
Kits. March 2013. Washington, DC https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EERE-2012-BT-STD-0045-0002.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALA commented in response to the Framework Document that: (1) The
manufacturers suggest maintaining the same test methodology regardless
of blade shape; (2) while nontraditional blade shapes may affect
airflow, they should not be tested differently based on improved or
reduced airflow capability; and (3) changing the test method based on
blade shape could potentially create advantages or disadvantages, so a
uniform method is suggested. (ALA, No. 39 at p.9)
DOE performed tests to assess the impact of measuring airflow using
a vertical distance measured from the bottom of the blade tip compared
to a vertical distance measured from the middle of the blade tip.
Airflow was measured for two 52-inch fans on low, medium, and high
speeds in the two different vertical distance configurations. One fan
was chosen specifically for having a nontraditional curved blade shape
with an ambiguous middle of the blade tip. Testing for both fans
indicated that measurements of airflow using the two configurations
were consistent to within 3 percent on medium and high speeds and 6
percent on low speed. Therefore, to avoid the potential ambiguity of
the phrase ``middle of blade tip,'' DOE proposes to instead define the
vertical gap in terms of the distance between the lowest point on the
ceiling fan blades and the heads of the air velocity sensors. This
would apply to all low-volume ceiling fan blades to ensure a congruent
test for airflow.
5. Clarification of the Appropriate Fan Configuration During Testing
for Low-Volume Ceiling Fans
DOE research indicates that a number of low-volume ceiling fans can
be mounted at more than one height while still being classified as
either a standard or hugger ceiling fan (rather than meeting DOE's
definition of a multi-mount fan). As an example, a ceiling fan that can
be mounted at three different heights, all of which result in the
lowest point on the fan blades being more than ten inches from the
ceiling, would be classified as a standard ceiling fan. Therefore, DOE
proposes to clarify that if more than one mounting option is included
with a fan that would meet the definition of a standard low-volume
ceiling fan, that ceiling fan should be tested in the configuration
with the smallest distance between the ceiling and the lowest part of
the fan blades. Similarly, if more than one mounting option is included
with a fan that would meet the definition of a hugger low-volume
ceiling fan, that ceiling fan should be tested in the configuration
with the smallest distance between the ceiling and the lowest part of
the fan blades. DOE seeks data and comment on how these fans are
actually configured in the field.
6. Clarification of the Test Method for Ceiling Fans With Heaters
The Framework Document for the ceiling fans energy conservation
standards rulemaking noted that some ceiling fans are sold with
combined heating elements, although the extent to which such heaters
are used is unclear.\10\ DOE preliminarily concluded that it would not
consider the power consumption by the heater in the rulemaking and
asked for comment. The only comment received on this topic supported
DOE's planned approach. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 11) DOE proposes to clarify
that during testing, any ceiling fan packaged with a heater should be
tested with the heater in place (representative of the configuration
when the fan is used by a consumer) but switched off.
7. Revision of the Allowable Tolerance for Air Velocity Sensors Used
During Testing
As noted in the Framework Document for the ceiling fans energy
conservation standard rulemaking, the current DOE test procedure
incorporates by reference ENERGY STAR guidance manual v1.1, which
requires air speed sensors with an accuracy of +/- 1 percent or better.
ENERGY STAR guidance manual v1.2, however, requires air speed sensors
with an accuracy of only +/- 5 percent or better. The Framework
Document suggested that the appropriate tolerance may need to be
reevaluated.\10\
ALA commented that ceiling fan manufacturers are of the opinion
that the accuracy sensor specified in the current ENERGY STAR guidance
manual (+/- 5%) is acceptable, but they recommended that a test fan be
distributed among all laboratories certified to perform DOE's ceiling
fan test procedure and that testing be conducted to ensure that all of
the labs correlate. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 7)
To determine whether sensor accuracy affects airflow measurements,
DOE compared the variation in mean air speeds when testing with sensors
with different accuracy ratings and investigated the variation in raw
air speed readings from a single sensor type. First, DOE compared the
average air speeds reported by two different test laboratories for the
same ceiling fan. One laboratory used sensors matching the tolerance
allowed by ENERGY STAR guidance manual v1.2: the maximum of 5 percent
of the reading or 1 percent of the full-range sensor accuracy. The
other laboratory used sensors with a better accuracy: the maximum of 2
percent of the reading or 0.5 percent of the selected range. If the
uncertainty in mean air speed was due to sensor accuracy, the ratio of
the standard errors between the labs should have been similar to the
ratio of sensor accuracies (i.e., 5:2). DOE found, however, that both
laboratories had a similar standard error of mean air speed, which
significantly exceeded the expected error due to sensor accuracy.
Second, DOE investigated the coefficients of variation for raw air
speed measurements from several ceiling fans tested in a single
laboratory. The coefficients of variation were approximately ten times
greater than would be expected if the measurement uncertainty came only
from the sensor accuracy.
Based on these analyses, DOE concluded that the variation in
measured air speed was not greatly affected by the accuracy of the
sensors
[[Page 62532]]
used in the two test laboratories. As a result, there appears to be no
reason to require the use of sensors with accuracy better than +/- 5
percent of the reading. Accordingly, DOE proposes to change the sensor
tolerances from the current test procedure value of 1 percent to 5
percent.
F. Proposed Additional Test Methods
1. Addition of a Test Method for High-Volume Ceiling Fans
High-volume ceiling fans (where volume refers to airflow volume)
are typically offered in a range of diameters from 36 inches to 24
feet. The large size of some high-volume ceiling fans cannot be
accommodated by existing ceiling fan test facilities for low-volume
ceiling fans without significant modifications. In some cases, the
ceiling fans would simply not fit into the test room.
AMCA 230, ``Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans for
Rating and Certification,'' is the industry test procedure for high-
volume ceiling fans. The test procedure describes a ceiling fan hung
from a load cell. When the ceiling fan is turned on, the measured
change in force on the load cell allows thrust to be calculated, and
AMCA 230 provides an equation for calculating airflow based on thrust.
This is a different approach than the current DOE test procedure for
low-volume ceiling fans, which measures air velocity directly. Given
the large dimensions of some high-volume ceiling fans, an approach
based on AMCA 230 (requiring only a load cell) appears to be more
practical than an approach based on the current DOE test procedure for
low-volume ceiling fans, which requires an array of sensors.
The latest version of the AMCA 230 test procedure (AMCA 230-12)
specifies that it is to be applied to ceiling fans 6 feet in diameter
or smaller. A previous version of AMCA 230 (AMCA 230-07), however,
allows for testing larger ceiling fans with no restriction on fan size,
using a modified version of the test procedure. In the modified
version, the restrictions on the room dimensions with respect to the
fan size are relaxed and not specified. Even for those ceiling fans
with diameters in the 20-24 feet range, performance specifications
(such as airflow and airflow efficiency) can be found on Web sites and
in manuals of several manufacturers, suggesting that it is possible to
test ceiling fans with large diameters.
For ceiling fans up to 24 feet in diameter, DOE proposes testing
high-volume ceiling fans in keeping with industry practice, using a
test procedure based on AMCA 230-12, and incorporating AMCA 230-12 by
reference. It appears plausible to test even large high-volume ceiling
fans according to such a test procedure, with some modification to the
specified room dimensions. DOE proposes to modify the specified room
dimensions for high-volume ceiling fans in the following ways: (1) The
minimum distance between the ceiling and the blades of a ceiling fan
being tested is 44 inches for all blade diameters, (2) ceiling fans
larger than 6 feet in diameter must have a 20 foot clearance between
the floor and the blades of the fan being tested, and (3) for ceiling
fans larger than 6 feet in diameter, the minimum distance between the
centerline of a ceiling fan being tested and walls and large
obstructions all around is half the ceiling fan blade span plus 10
feet. The proposed requirement for a minimum distance between the
ceiling and the blades would mean that even the largest ceiling fans,
at 24 feet in diameter, would have a clearance of at least 15 percent
of the fan blade diameter, and that the clearance will be roughly
equivalent to the clearance for low-volume ceiling fans. The proposed
minimum clearance between the blades and the floor is based on the
typical installation environment for fans larger than 6 feet in
diameter. Distances greater than 20 feet could impose testing burden by
requiring very tall testing rooms. Additionally, a distance of 20 feet
between the floor and the fan blades is one of the distances
recommended by researchers on this topic.\11\ The proposed minimum
clearance laterally about the blades is designed to balance the need
for unobstructed airflow patterns in the room with not requiring a
testing facility that would be excessively burdensome to create. DOE
seeks comment on these proposed changes to the room specifications.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\ Rohles, F.H., Jr., J.E. Laviana, T.E. Shrimplin, Assessing
Air Velocities from the Industrial Ceiling Fan (1986). ASHRAE
Transactions, vol. 92, pt. 1A: San Francisco, CA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOE is not aware of any third-party testing facility that currently
tests large-diameter, high-volume ceiling fans. The large amount of
space required to conduct the proposed test procedure may be the
primary constraint in establishing such a test facility. For example,
the proposed room requirements for a ceiling fan 24 feet in diameter
are a room that is at least 44 feet square, that is free of large
obstructions, and has a ceiling height of approximately 24 feet. DOE
requests information on how manufacturers currently test large-
diameter, high-volume ceiling fans, as well as the availability of
suitable third-party testing facilities that can conduct the proposed
test procedure and the ability to develop such facilities.
2. Addition of a Test Method for Low-Volume Multi-Mount Ceiling Fans
DOE is proposing to define multi-mount ceiling fans as ceiling fans
that can be mounted in both the standard and hugger ceiling fan
configurations (see Section III.A.4). The Framework Document for the
ceiling fans energy conservation standards rulemaking suggested that
multi-mount ceiling fans should be tested with the fan installed in the
hugger configuration. (78 FR 16443 (Mar. 15, 2013))
ALA commented that multi-mount ceiling fans should be tested in the
standard ceiling fan configuration. ALA cited the AcuPOLL survey, which
indicates that 73 percent of multi-mount ceiling fans are installed in
the standard configuration. (ALA, No. 39 at pp.8-9) ALA also suggested
that, if needed, a statement can be added to show which configuration
was used for the CFM test. King of Fans (KOF) commented that it does
not agree with testing the multi[hyphen]mount fans in the hugger/flush
mount configuration, as it can make the multi[hyphen]mount fans (which
provide a consumer benefit) noncompetitive with fans that do not have
the flush mount option, at least in terms of reported energy
efficiency. KOF stated that testing multi-mount fans in this manner
would cause the CFM ratings to be affected, which may in turn cause a
customer to default to a higher-rated CFM product; this would put the
multi[hyphen]mount fans at a competitive disadvantage. (KOF, No.42 at
p.1) Progress Lighting also commented that multi-mount ceiling fans
should be tested in the standard configuration, stating that customized
configurations have many variables that cannot be controlled for in the
analysis. (Progress Lighting, No. 6 at pp.2-3)
On the other hand, CA IOUs suggested establishing two performance
standards for multi-mount ceiling fans: (1) one for when the fan is in
the hugger position (same as the hugger product class standard), and
(2) another for when the fan is in a standard position. (CA IOUs, No.
12 at p. 2)
Since multi-mount ceiling fans can be installed in either standard
or hugger configuration, DOE proposes to test low-volume multi-mount
ceiling fans in both configurations: (1) In the configuration that
meets the definition of a standard ceiling fan, while minimizing the
distance the ceiling and the lowest part of the fan blades, and (2) in
the configuration that meets the definition
[[Page 62533]]
of a hugger ceiling fan, while minimizing the distance between the
ceiling and the lowest part of the fan blades. DOE seeks comment on
whether manufacturers should be required to test multi-mount ceiling
fans in the standard configuration, hugger configuration, both
configurations, or all configurations for which they are capable of
being installed.
3. Addition of a Test Method for Multi-Headed Ceiling Fans
In the Framework Document for the ceiling fans standards
rulemaking, DOE discussed the challenges presented regarding testing of
multi-head ceiling fans.\10\ One challenge is that the variable
geometry of multi-head fans may make it difficult to compare test
results among either different types of multi-head ceiling fans or
between multi-head fans and fans with a single head. Another challenge
is that the effective blade span of some multi-head ceiling fans may
exceed the area that can currently be tested with air velocity sensors.
DOE stated that it was considering testing only one of the ceiling fan
heads, with the other fan head motors turned off, and treating the fan
head like a standard single-head ceiling fan. The airflow and power
consumption associated with one head could then be multiplied by the
number of fan heads in the multi-head ceiling fan. DOE asked for
comment on this approach. Comments on the Framework Document were
generally in favor of testing a single fan head for a multi-head fan,
with some exceptions.
In its comments, Fanimation recommended that DOE test only one of
the ceiling fan heads, with the other fan head motors turned off,
treating the fan head like a standard single-head ceiling fan.
Fanimation further suggested that: (1) The airflow and airflow
efficiency could be rated for the individual head, and (2) the total
airflow for multiple heads could be determined by multiplying the
airflow from one fan by the number of heads, assuming all are of equal
construction and diameter. Fanimation concluded that no alternative
testing strategy is necessary and that testing multiple fan heads would
be overly burdensome. (Fanimation, No. 32 at p. 3) ALA commented that,
provided the fan blades of each fan head turn at approximately the same
RPM (revolutions per minute), it suggests measuring the CFM of one fan
head and multiplying the results times the total number of fan heads.
(ALA, No. 39 at p.10)
ASAP, NCLC, NRDC, and NEEA commented that one potential approach
would be for manufacturers to certify that the fan heads that are not
tested do not have any characteristics that are different from those of
the tested fan head that affect efficiency (similar to the language
used for determining ``basic models''). Furthermore, ASAP, NCLC, NRDC,
and NEEA suggested that, for the case where individual fan heads do
have different characteristics that affect efficiency, multiple fan
heads would need to be tested. (ASAP, NCLC, NRDC, and NEEA, No. 14 at
p. 4)
CA IOUs recommended conducting testing with multiple fan heads
running simultaneously to account for interactive effects, stating that
testing only one fan head could be overlooking a significant drop in
fan performance that DOE should take into account. (CA IOUs, No 12 at
p.3)
To assess the impact of measuring airflow and power consumption
based on a single fan head versus more than one head operating
simultaneously, DOE conducted a series of tests on a multi-head ceiling
fan with two identical fan heads. The ceiling fan system was first
tested with both fan heads operating simultaneously, with the midpoint
of the fan system centered where the four sensor axes meet. The fan
heads were oriented along the A-C sensor axis and faced straight
downwards. Next, with the ceiling fan system still in the same position
and orientation, DOE measured the results for each individual fan head
with the other fan head turned off via a switch on the center housing
of the fan. In addition to airflow measurements, DOE recorded the power
consumption of the fan system for each test.
Overall, the airflow velocity profile for the two fan heads turned
on simultaneously was roughly similar to the sum of testing each fan
head individually. Tests with individual fan heads produced more
airflow along the outermost sensors along the A-C axis. Both heads
running simultaneously directed more air towards the center of the
system. Compared to the sum of measurements from individual fan heads,
the test done with both heads running simultaneously measured 7-20
percent less total airflow, depending on fan speed.
However, DOE notes that multi-head ceiling fans are designed to
provide airflow over a larger area than single-head fans. When testing
multiple fan heads simultaneously, it is unclear whether the airflow
measurements made by sensors designed to capture the airflow of an
individual fan head is an adequate representation of the airflow that
consumers with a multi-head fan may experience. Unlike a single-head
ceiling fan, which is centered on the meeting point of the four sensor
axes, the individual fan heads of a multi-head fan are displaced from
where the sensor axes meet, and airflow may not be adequately measured
because the sensors are no longer directly beneath the fan heads. This
will likely underestimate the airflow directly underneath the fan
heads. This problem would be compounded for multi-head fans with more
than two fan heads. This suggests that testing an individual fan head,
and multiplying by the number of fan heads, may yield a more
representative measurement.
Additionally, DOE recognizes that testing large multi-head fans
with all fan heads operating simultaneously is not feasible due to the
size constraints of testing facilities and the number of sensors
required to adequately measure the fan's velocity profile. In light of
this testing constraint, and the possibility that the sensor apparatus
will not yield representative results because it is designed to measure
airflow near the intersection of the sensor axes, DOE proposes to test
multi-headed ceiling fans by testing a single fan head, with the fan
head in the same position as when a fan with a single head is tested,
such that it is directly over sensor 1 (i.e., at the center of the test
set-up, where the four sensor axes meet). This can be accomplished by
either offsetting the entire false ceiling, or the multi-head fan with
respect to the false ceiling, as long as the requirement that the false
ceiling extend at least 8 inches beyond the blade span of the centered
fan head is maintained. Supporting chains, wires, or ropes may be used
to keep the false ceiling level, if the multi-head ceiling fan is
offset with respect to the false ceiling. The distance between the air
velocity sensors and the fan blades of the centered fan head should be
the same as for all other low-volume ceiling fans. Switching on only
the centered fan head, the airflow measurements should be made in the
same manner as for all other low-volume ceiling fans.
If a multi-head ceiling fan includes more than one type of ceiling
fan head, then at least one of each unique type should be tested.
Differences in fan head construction such as housing, blade pitch, or
motor could affect air movement or power consumption and would
constitute a different type of fan head. If all the fan heads are of
the same type, then only one fan head needs to be tested. The airflow
at a given speed should be measured for an individual head, and total
airflow determined by multiplying the results by the number of fan
heads of each type.
DOE also assessed the potential for measuring the power consumption
of a
[[Page 62534]]
single fan head, and then multiplying by the total number of fan heads
to determine total power consumption. DOE found that the power
consumption measured for one individual fan head was 75 percent of the
power consumption measured when both fan heads operated simultaneously.
As such, measuring the power consumption of one fan head and
multiplying by the number of fan heads would significantly overestimate
the power consumption of both fan heads operating simultaneously.
Therefore, the power consumption at a given speed should be measured
with all ceiling fan heads turned on. It is not necessary to measure
power consumption at multiple airflow sensor arm positions, however. An
average over 100 seconds with the sensor arm in any position is
sufficient, given the relatively low variability of the wattage
measurement.
The effective blade span for a multi-head ceiling fan is the blade
span of an individual fan head, if all fan heads are the same size. If
the fan heads are of varying sizes, the effective blade span is the
blade span of the largest fan head.
4. Addition of a Test Method for Ceiling Fans Where the Airflow Is Not
Directed Vertically
As noted in the Framework Document for the ceiling fans standards
rulemaking, DOE has observed that some ceiling fans on the market can
be oriented in various positions that direct the airflow and that
sometimes the fans cannot be oriented such that airflow is directed
straight down (i.e., the typical configuration).\10\ A non-vertical
orientation could result in some of the airflow produced being
undetected by the airflow sensors directly beneath the ceiling fan. In
response to the Framework Document, ALA commented that: (1) The
manufacturers recommend that the velocity of the air must be measured
perpendicular to the flow of the air, and (2) if a ceiling fan,
installed as intended, is constructed such that the airflow is not
directed vertically, then steps must be taken through special fixtures
or other acceptable means to position the fan head so that the airflow
is directed vertically for measurement purposes. (ALA, No. 39 at p. 11)
Regarding this issue, DOE conducted tests of a fan head with an
adjustable tilt to explore the impact of measuring airflow at an angle
other than directly downward. In comparison to airflow measurements of
the fan head directed straight down, tilting the fan head at a 15-
degree angle along the A-axis shifted the velocity profile along the A-
C axis and reduced the airflow measured along the B-D axis. Average
measurements from all four sensor axes result in airflow measurements
that are 6-17 percent lower than that measured directly downward,
depending on fan speed. The systematically lower measurements are not
unexpected, since most of the airflow in the tilted configuration was
offset from the center of the four axes along the A-axis. Due to
constraints on the arrangement of the sensor axes, sensors are not in
an appropriate position to measure airflow in the direction
perpendicular to the A-C axis. However, DOE found that using average
measurements from only those sensors which maximize airflow along the
A-C axis improved agreement with measurements of the fan directed
straight down to within 2-10 percent. This calculation assumes that, if
sensors were placed in the appropriate positions along the orthogonal
axis, the airflow measurements would be the same as along the A-C axis.
For ceiling fans where the airflow is not directed vertically, DOE
proposes to clarify that the ceiling fan head should be adjusted such
that the airflow is as vertical as possible prior to testing so that
the measured airflow is representative of airflow in the direction the
fan head faces during normal operation. The distance between the lowest
point on the blades and the air velocity sensors should be the same as
for all other low-volume ceiling fans. For ceiling fans where a fully
vertical orientation of airflow cannot be achieved, DOE proposes to
orient the ceiling fan such that any remaining tilt is aligned along
one of the four sensor axes. Instead of measuring the air velocity for
only those sensors directly beneath the ceiling fan, the air velocity
should be measured at all sensors along that axis, as well as the axis
oriented 180 degrees with respect to that axis. Using the same total
number of sensors as would be utilized if the airflow was directly
downward, the airflow should be calculated based on the continuous set
of sensors with the largest air velocity measurements. For example, if
the tilt is oriented along axis A, air velocity measurements should be
taken for all sensors along the A-C axis. The air velocity measurements
would normally be drawn from a symmetric set of sensors for each axis,
but because of the tilt, the air velocity may be maximized for a set of
sensors offset by several sensor positions along the A axis. See Figure
1 for an example. The air velocity results from that offset series of
sensors would be substituted for the typical symmetric set in order to
calculate total airflow, for both the A-C axis as well as the B-D axis.
The effective area used to calculate airflow would be the same as for
an untilted ceiling fan with the same blade span.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.006
[[Page 62535]]
Given that many of the ceiling fans that cannot achieve vertical
airflow are multi-headed fans, using an adjustable mount to achieve a
vertical orientation may be experimentally impractical. Additionally,
making significant adjustments to the tilt beyond what the ceiling fan
is capable of achieving when installed may not provide an accurate
representation of expected airflow to a potential consumer. For ceiling
fans that cannot achieve vertical airflow, directing the airflow as
downward as possible, even if the airflow is not vertical, may be the
most realistic representation of expected airflow for potential
consumers.
5. Addition of a Test Method for Power Consumption in Standby Mode
DOE proposes to add standby-mode power consumption testing for low-
volume and high-volume ceiling fans. Specifically, standby-mode testing
would be applicable to any ceiling fan sold with hardware to maintain
any of the standby functions defined in 42 U.S.C.
6295(gg)(1)(A)(iii)(II).
For low-volume ceiling fans, DOE's research suggests that standby
mode typically exists for only those low-volume ceiling fans that
include a radio frequency (RF) receiver to facilitate interaction with
a remote controller. DOE understands that high-volume ceiling fans, on
the other hand, often have power consumption in standby mode even if
they do not include a remote control: For example, if they utilize a
variable frequency drive (VFD) to control the speed of the motor.
Standby testing would be required, and included in the metric, for any
high-volume ceiling fan with a VFD, as well as any high-volume ceiling
fan with a remote control. DOE requests comment on this approach.
For both low and high-volume ceiling fans, the standby test would
be performed following testing in active mode and would require putting
the ceiling fan in standby mode (if controlled by a remote control or
other sensor) and measuring the input power draw. As required by 42
U.S.C. 6295 (gg)(2)(A), DOE considered the most current versions of
Standards 62301 and 62087 of the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) as a basis for standby-mode testing. DOE considered
IEC 62087 and determined that it is not applicable to ceiling fans.\12\
DOE also considered IEC 62301 (Edition 2.0, 2011-01). IEC 62301 would
require the addition of at least 40 minutes to the test procedure for
those fans subject to standby testing. Because this may result in an
excessive test burden for these ceiling fans, DOE proposes to
incorporate IEC 62301 by reference, but reduce the interval of time
over which testing occurs, as well as the period of time prior to
standby testing. DOE proposes to wait three minutes after active mode
functionality has been switched off to begin the standby-mode test and
then to collect data for 100 seconds. By that point in the test
procedure, the ceiling fan will have already been energized for over 30
minutes for the active mode test (15 minute warm-up plus more than 15
minutes for each speed tested), so DOE believes additional warm-up time
is unnecessary. The 100 second duration for standby-mode testing
matches the requirement for active mode testing at each sensor arm
position.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\12\ IEC 62087 is applicable to television sets, video recording
equipment, set top boxes, audio equipment and multifunction
equipment for consumer use.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standby power consumed by low-volume ceiling fans appears to be
fairly minimal. DOE conducted standby power testing on four low-volume
ceiling fans with remote control receivers and found an average standby
power consumption of approximately 0.81 watts. Additionally, ALA
provided comments to the Framework Document indicating that low-volume
ceiling fans with wireless remote controls typically have standby power
consumption of 1.4W. (ALA, 39 at pg.13) Given that standby power
consumption is fairly minimal, but does require some additional
testing, an alternative approach to accounting for standby power
consumption would be to use a representative value, such as the 1.4 W
estimate provided by ALA. However, the additional testing for standby
mode would take less than 5 minutes, be conducted immediately after
active mode testing, and requires no additional equipment, so the
testing burden would be minimal. DOE requests comment on its approach
to standby-mode testing and the appropriateness of testing standby
power for ceiling fans.
In the Framework Document for the ceiling fans energy conservation
rulemaking, DOE said that it understands that ceiling fans have no off-
mode power consumption, and thus off-mode power consumption would not
need to be included in the test procedure or in the metric, and asked
for comment.\10\ DOE received no comments indicating that there was any
off-mode power consumption for ceiling fans but did receive a comment
affirming that there is no off-mode power consumption for ceiling fans,
with ALA commenting that ceiling fans consume 0W in off mode. (ALA, No.
39 at p.13) Zero power consumption in off mode is also supported by the
UL safety standard for electrical fans (UL 507), which covers ceiling
fans, and which says that fans must include an air-gap switch which
would open the circuit and provide no off-mode power consumption.6
Because there appears to be no off-mode energy consumption for ceiling
fans, DOE proposes not to conduct testing of off-mode power
consumption.
G. Certification and Enforcement
Ceiling fan manufacturers must submit certification reports on
products before they are distributed in commerce per 10 CFR 429.12.
Components of similar design may be substituted without additional
testing, if the substitution does not affect the energy consumption of
the ceiling fan. (10 CFR 429.11) Ceiling fan certification reports must
follow the product-specific sampling and reporting requirements
specified in 10 CFR 429.32. If any amended test procedures are
finalized, and consistent with the dates specified for use in section
III.B., ceiling fan manufacturers would be required to calculate
ceiling fan efficiency utilizing the calculations provided in revised
Appendix U and follow the reporting requirements provided at 10 CFR
429.32 for each ceiling fan model.
As discussed in sections III.A.1. and III.B., the proposed changes
in interpretation of the ceiling fan definition discussed above would
result in the applicability of the design standards set forth in EPCA
at 42 U.S.C. 6295(ff)(1) to the following types of fans 30 days after
the publication of any final test procedure adopting such changes in
interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using a downrod or other
means of suspension such that the fan is not mounted directly to the
ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are mounted directly or close
to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being suspended with or without
a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes of airflow.
In the concurrent energy conservation standards rulemaking for
ceiling fans, DOE is considering creating a separate product class for
highly decorative ceiling fans that would be exempt from performance
standards. The current design standards specified in EPCA would still
apply to such fans.
IV. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
The Office of Management and Budget has determined that test
procedure
[[Page 62536]]
rulemakings do not constitute ``significant regulatory actions'' under
section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866, ``Regulatory Planning and
Review,'' 58 FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993). Accordingly, this regulatory
action was not subject to review under the Executive Order by the
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB).
B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires
preparation of a regulatory flexibility analysis (RFA) for any rule
that by law must be proposed for public comment, unless the agency
certifies that the rule, if promulgated, will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. As required
by Executive Order 13272, ``Proper Consideration of Small Entities in
Agency Rulemaking,'' 67 FR 53461 (Aug. 16, 2002), DOE published
procedures and policies on February 19, 2003, to ensure that the
potential impacts of its rules on small entities are properly
considered during the DOE rulemaking process. (68 FR 7990 (Feb. 19,
2003)). DOE has made its procedures and policies available on the
Office of the General Counsel's Web site: https://energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel.
DOE reviewed today's proposed rule under the provisions of the
Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) and the policies and procedures
published on February 19, 2003. The proposed rule prescribes test
procedure amendments that would be used to determine compliance with
any amended energy conservation standards that DOE may prescribe for
ceiling fans. As discussed in more detail below, DOE found that
although the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requires testing of ceiling
fans, because DOE does not currently require efficiency testing of
ceiling fans, all manufacturers, including small manufacturers, could
potentially experience a financial burden if new testing becomes
required as a result of the concurrent energy conservation standards
rulemaking. While examining this issue, DOE determined that it could
not certify that the proposed rule, if promulgated, would not have a
significant effect on a substantial number of small entities.
Therefore, DOE has prepared an initial regulatory flexibility analysis
(IRFA) for this rulemaking. The IRFA describes potential impacts on
small businesses associated with ceiling fan testing requirements. DOE
seeks comment on the discussion below and will develop a final
regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) for any final test procedures
developed in this test procedure rulemaking.
DOE has transmitted a copy of this IRFA to the Chief Counsel for
Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for review.
(1) Description of the reasons why action by the agency is being
considered.
A description of the reasons why DOE is considering this test
procedure are stated elsewhere in the preamble and not repeated here.
(2) Succinct statement of the objectives of, and legal basis for,
the proposed rule.
The objectives of and legal basis for the proposed rule are stated
elsewhere in the preamble and not repeated here.
(3) Description of and, where feasible, an estimate of the number
of small entities to which the proposed rule will apply.
For the manufacturers of the covered ceiling fan products, the
Small Business Administration (SBA) has set a size threshold, which
defines those entities classified as ``small businesses'' for the
purposes of the statute. DOE used the SBA's small business size
standards to determine whether any small entities would be subject to
the requirements of the rule. 13 CFR part 121. The size standards are
listed by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code
and industry description and are available at: https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Size_Standards_Table.pdf. Ceiling fan manufacturing
is classified under NAICS code 335210, ``Small Electrical Appliance
Manufacturing'' or NAICS code 333412, ``Industrial and Commercial Fan
and Blower Manufacturing.'' The SBA sets a threshold for NAICS
classification for 335210 and 333412 of 750 employees or less and 500
employees or less, respectively.\13\ DOE reviewed ALA's list of ceiling
fan manufacturers,\14\ the ENERGY STAR Product Databases for Ceiling
Fans,\15\ the California Energy Commission's Appliance Database for
Ceiling Fans,\16\ and the Federal Trade Commission's Appliance Energy
Database for Ceiling Fans.\17\ Based on this review, using data on the
companies for which DOE was able to obtain information on the numbers
of employees, DOE estimates that there are between 25 and 35 small
business manufacturers of low-volume ceiling fans. To determine the
number of small business manufacturers of high-volume ceiling fans, DOE
reviewed SBA's Web site, high-volume ceiling fan manufacturers Web
sites, and company reports from Hoovers.com, in addition to speaking
with industry experts. Based on this review, DOE estimates that there
are between 15 and 25 small business manufacturers of high-volume
ceiling fans. DOE invites interested parties to comment on the
estimated number of small business manufacturers of ceiling fans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\13\ U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small Business
Size Standards (August 22, 2008) (Available at: https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Size_Standards_Table.pdf).
\14\ The American Lighting Association, list of Manufacturers &
Representatives (Available at: https://www.americanlightingassoc.com/Members/Resources/Manufacturers-Representatives.aspx).
\15\ The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S.
Department of Energy, ENERGY STAR Ceiling Fans--Product Databases
for Ceiling Fans (Available at: https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=CF).
\16\ The California Energy Commission, Appliance Database for
Ceiling Fans (Available at: https://www.appliances.energy.ca.gov/QuickSearch.aspx).
\17\ The Federal Trade Commission, Appliance Energy Databases
for Ceiling Fans (Available at: https://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/edcams/eande/appliances/ceilfan.htm).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Description of the projected compliance requirements of the
proposed rule.
In this test procedure NOPR, DOE proposes to reinterpret the
statutory definition of a ceiling fan to include hugger ceiling fans.
DOE also proposes that high-volume fans meet the definition of a
ceiling fan. The proposed changes in interpretation of the ceiling fan
definition discussed above would result in the applicability of the
design standards set forth in EPCA at 42 U.S.C. 6295(ff)(1) to the
following types of fans 30 days after the publication of any final test
procedure adopting such changes in interpretation:
1. Fans suspended from the ceiling using a downrod or other
means of suspension such that the fan is not mounted directly to the
ceiling;
2. Fans suspended such that they are mounted directly or close
to the ceiling;
3. Fans sold with the option of being suspended with or without
a downrod; and
4. Fans capable of producing large volumes of airflow.
DOE research indicates that all ceiling fans currently on the
market, including hugger ceiling fans and high-volume ceiling fans,
appear to meet the EPCA design standards. DOE conducted an analysis of
Hansen Wholesale, an online wholesaler that sells over 2000 models of
ceiling fans, including a wide variety of ceiling fan brands. Hansen
Wholesale provides product specifications on its Web site, including
the number of speeds and whether a ceiling fan is reversible. DOE
examined all of the ceiling fans that were self-identified as hugger
ceiling fans and found that they all had fan controls separate from
[[Page 62537]]
lighting controls, were capable of being operated at more than one
speed, and were capable of being operated in reverse.
For high-volume ceiling fans, DOE searched for product
specifications on the Web sites of manufacturers of high-volume large-
diameter ceiling fans and from Web sites of retailers of high-volume
small-diameter ceiling fans. Only one high-volume ceiling fan was found
with a light kit, and the fan controls were separate from the lighting
controls for that fan. All high-volume ceiling fans appeared to be
capable of operating at more than one speed (typically with an
adjustable speed control). High-volume ceiling fans are primarily sold
for industrial purposes and are therefore not subject to the
requirement to be capable of operating in reverse.
Based on this research, DOE does not expect any cost of complying
with the design requirements for manufacturers of hugger or high-volume
ceiling fans.
DOE proposes measures to limit the burden of testing on all
manufacturers, including small business manufacturers, while providing
a representative measurement of ceiling fan efficiency for consumers.
Low-volume ceiling fans (excluding hugger fans) are currently required
to test at high speed due to FTC's labeling requirement for ceiling
fans. As discussed in more detail elsewhere in the preamble, DOE
proposes to specify that low speed is to be tested as well as high
speed to have a test procedure that is representative of typical use.
DOE estimates that the cost to test at low speed, in addition to high
speed, represents an additional cost of $75 (or $150 per basic model)
above the high-speed test cost.
DOE notes that if the concurrent rulemaking regarding energy
conservation standards for ceiling fans results in efficiency
performance standards, DOE would require testing for certification of
two ceiling fans per basic model, the minimum sample size required by
10 CFR 429.11. To determine the potential cost of the proposed test
procedure on small ceiling fan manufacturers under a potential energy
conservation standard for ceiling fans, DOE estimated the cost of
testing two ceiling fans. The cost of testing was then multiplied over
the estimated number of basic models produced by a small manufacturer.
The estimated cost of testing is discussed in further detail below.
In today's test procedure proposal, DOE has proposed to reinterpret
the statutory definition of a ceiling fan such that it would include
hugger ceiling fans. The proposed test method for hugger ceiling fans
would be the same as the proposed test method for all other low-volume
ceiling fans.
DOE estimated the cost to test a low-volume ceiling fan based on
estimates from third-party testing facilities of the cost to perform
the current ENERGY STAR test procedure for ceiling fans, which is
similar to DOE's proposed test procedure, and the changes in cost
associated with the key differences between the two test procedures.
DOE's proposed test procedure for low-volume ceiling fans differs from
the current ENERGY STAR test procedure in that it (1) requires testing
at only two fan speeds instead of three, (2) requires the use of a
false ceiling, (3) does not require the use of a test cylinder, (4)
requires less warm up time before testing at low speed, and (5)
requires standby-mode testing.
In aggregate, DOE estimates that these differences will result in a
lower test cost for the proposed DOE test procedure for low-volume
ceiling fans when compared to the ENERGY STAR test procedure for
ceiling fans. Testing at only two speeds instead of three yields a
total test time that is approximately 35 minutes shorter than the
ENERGY STAR test procedure. The proposed test procedure would also add
a false ceiling to the experimental setup which, as discussed in
section III.E.3, requires a one-time lab cost to install a false
ceiling in a testing facility. Based on the materials employed and test
quotes from third-party labs, DOE estimates the cost to construct and
install a false ceiling is $1000 or less. Because the same false
ceiling could be used to test all low-volume ceiling fans, the false
ceiling could be left in place and would not add substantial test cost
thereafter.
DOE's proposed test procedure, which would not require use of a
test cylinder, also eliminates any potential costs associated with
purchasing new test cylinders. If the test procedure required the use
of test cylinders, then a new cylinder would be necessary to test any
ceiling fan with a diameter that does not correspond to one of the
cylinders in a test lab's existing inventory. Based on discussions with
third-party testing facilities, DOE estimates that new test cylinders
would cost approximately $2000-3000 per cylinder. By not using a
cylinder, these costs will be avoided. Not requiring a test cylinder
also shortens the test time of DOE's proposed test procedure relative
to ENERGY STAR's test procedure for all low-volume ceiling fans,
because time is not required to put a test cylinder in place for each
test (estimated to take 15 minutes). Additionally, DOE's proposed test
procedure only requires 15 minutes of warm up time before testing at
low speed compared to 30 minutes in the ENERGY STAR test procedure,
further reducing the relative amount of time required for DOE's
proposed test procedure by 15 minutes. In total, DOE estimates that the
typical time to perform the proposed test procedure will be shorter by
65 minutes compared to ENERGY STAR's test procedure.
DOE's proposed test procedure does add a requirement for standby-
mode testing, for ceiling fans with standby functionality. However, as
noted in section III.F.5, the additional testing for standby would take
less than 5 minutes, be conducted immediately after active mode
testing, and requires no additional equipment, so the testing burden
would be minimal.
Based on all of these differences with respect to the ENERGY STAR
test procedure, and estimates from third-party testing facilities of
the labor costs associated with these differences, DOE estimates that
the proposed test procedure for low-volume ceiling fans will cost
between $600 and $1800 per test, for a total of $1200 to $3600 per
basic model of ceiling fan for standard and hugger ceiling fans. For
multi-mount ceiling fans, DOE estimates that the test cost will be
approximately double the cost for standard and hugger ceiling fans. DOE
also estimates that multi-mount ceiling fans represent approximately
20% of ceiling fan basic models for small business manufacturers. The
test method for multi-head ceiling fans may require somewhat more time
to set up compared to the time required for a single-headed fan, and
DOE estimates the cost to be between $1300 and $2000 per test, or $2600
to $4000 per basic model. However, DOE notes that multi-head ceiling
fans appear to represent 5% or less of ceiling fan basic models for
small business manufacturers. Based on best estimates from third party
testing facilities, DOE estimates that a typical test for a single-
headed ceiling fan would cost approximately $950, or $1900 per basic
model for standard or hugger ceiling fans, and $3800 per basic model
for multi-mount ceiling fans.
For the approximately 30 small business manufacturers of low-volume
ceiling fans that DOE identified, the number of basic models produced
per manufacturer varies significantly from one to approximately 80.
Therefore, based on the test cost per ceiling fan basic model, the
testing cost in the first year would range from approximately $1900 to
$182,400 for small manufacturers of ceiling fans. DOE expects this cost
to be lower in
[[Page 62538]]
subsequent years because only new or redesigned ceiling fan models
would need to be tested.
DOE estimated the cost to test a high-volume ceiling fan based on
discussions with testing facilities capable of performing the AMCA 230
test procedure as well as cost estimates based on the time and labor
costs necessary to perform the proposed test procedure on larger high-
volume ceiling fans. DOE estimates that the one-time cost for a lab to
buy a load-cell, a fabricated load-cell frame, power meter, and one air
velocity sensor is approximately $4500. DOE estimates that the proposed
test procedure for high-volume ceiling fans will cost manufacturers
between $1000 and $3500 per test, for a total of $2000 to $7000 per
basic model of ceiling fan. Based on the mid-point of the testing
range, DOE estimates that the typical test would cost $2250 per test,
or $4500 per basic model.
For the approximately 15-25 small business manufacturers of high-
volume ceiling fans that DOE identified, the number of basic models
produced per manufacturer varies from one to 30. Therefore, based on
the test cost per ceiling fan basic model, the testing cost in the
first year would range from approximately $4500 to $135,000 for small
manufacturers of high-volume ceiling fans. DOE expects this cost to be
lower in subsequent years because only new or redesigned ceiling fan
models would need to be tested.
DOE used company reports from Hoovers.com, information from
manufacturers' Web sites and feedback from manufacturers to estimate
the revenue for the small business manufacturers of low and high-volume
ceiling fans identified. The median revenue of the small business
manufacturers of low-volume ceiling fans is approximately $15M.
Relative to the median revenue for a small business manufacturer, the
total testing cost ranges from 0.01 percent to 1 percent of the median
revenue. The median revenue of the small business manufacturers of
high-volume ceiling fans is approximately $8M. Relative to the median
revenue for a small business manufacturer of high-volume ceiling fans,
the total testing cost ranges from 0.05 percent to 1.5 percent of the
median revenue.
For both low and high-volume ceiling fans, DOE does not expect that
small manufacturers would necessarily have fewer basic models than
large manufacturers, because ceiling fans are highly customized
throughout the industry. A small manufacturer could have the same total
cost of testing as a large manufacturer, but this cost would be a
higher percentage of a small manufacturer's annual revenues. DOE
requests comments on its analysis of burden to small businesses for
testing ceiling fans according to the proposed test procedure.
(5) Relevant Federal rules which may duplicate, overlap or conflict
with the proposed rule.
DOE is not aware of any other Federal rules that would duplicate,
overlap or conflict with the rule being proposed.
(6) Description of any significant alternatives to the proposed
rule.
DOE considered a number of industry and governmental test
procedures that measure the efficiency of ceiling fans to develop the
proposed test procedure in today's rulemaking. There appear to be two
common approaches to testing ceiling fans: An approach based on using
air velocity sensors to calculate airflow, such as the current DOE test
procedure for ceiling fans, ENERGY STAR's test procedure, and CAN/CSA-
C814-10, and an approach based on using a load cell to measure thrust,
such as AMCA 230.
In principle, either approach could be used to measure the airflow
efficiency of all ceiling fans, but maintaining consistency with
industry practice would minimize test burden for all ceiling fan
manufacturers. Though a load-cell based approach appears to be a
potentially simpler method of estimating airflow efficiency, in
industry, low-volume ceiling fans have historically been tested
according to the air-velocity sensor based approach. High-volume
ceiling fans, on the other hand, have historically been tested
according to the load-cell based approach. It also appears to be cost-
prohibitive to scale up the air-velocity sensor based approach to the
larger diameter high-volume ceiling fans currently on the market given
the number of sensors that would be required to cover ceiling fans 24
feet in diameter and the cost of constructing an appropriate rotating
sensor arm.
DOE seeks comment and information on any alternative test methods
that, consistent with EPCA requirements, would reduce the economic
impact of the rule on small entities. DOE will consider the feasibility
of such alternatives and determine whether they should be incorporated
into the final rule.
C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
Manufacturers of ceiling fans must certify to DOE that their
products comply with all applicable energy conservation standards. In
certifying compliance, manufacturers must test their products according
to the DOE test procedure for ceiling fans, including any amendments
adopted for the test procedure on the date that compliance is required.
DOE has established regulations for the certification and recordkeeping
requirements for all covered consumer products and commercial
equipment, including ceiling fans. 76 FR 12422 (Mar. 7, 2011). This
rule contains a collection-of-information requirement that is subject
to review and approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA).
This requirement has been approved by OMB under control number 1910-
1400. The public reporting burden for certification for energy and
water conservation standards is estimated to average 20 hours per
response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching
existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and
completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments
regarding this burden estimate, or any other aspect of this data
collection, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to DOE (see
ADDRESSES) and by email to Chad_S_Whiteman@omb.eop.gov. Notwithstanding
any other provision of the law, no person is required to respond to,
nor shall any person be subject to a penalty for failure to comply
with, a collection of information subject to the requirements of the
PRA, unless that collection of information displays a currently valid
OMB Control Number.
D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
In this proposed rule, DOE proposes test procedure amendments that
it expects will be used to develop and implement future energy
conservation standards for ceiling fans. DOE has determined that this
rule falls into a class of actions that are categorically excluded from
review under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C.
4321 et seq.) and DOE's implementing regulations at 10 CFR part 1021.
Specifically, this proposed rule would amend the existing test
procedures without affecting the amount, quality, or distribution of
energy usage, and, therefore, would not result in any environmental
impacts. Thus, this rulemaking is covered by Categorical Exclusion A5
under 10 CFR part 1021, subpart D, which applies to any rulemaking that
interprets or amends an existing rule without changing the
environmental effect of that rule. Accordingly, neither an
environmental assessment nor an
[[Page 62539]]
environmental impact statement is required.
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism,'' 64 FR 43255 (Aug. 10, 1999),
imposes certain requirements on Federal agencies formulating and
implementing policies or regulations that preempt State law or that
have Federalism implications. The Executive Order requires agencies to
examine the constitutional and statutory authority supporting any
action that would limit the policymaking discretion of the States and
to carefully assess the necessity for such actions. The Executive Order
also requires agencies to have an accountable process to ensure
meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the
development of regulatory policies that have Federalism implications.
On March 14, 2000, DOE published a statement of policy describing the
intergovernmental consultation process it will follow in the
development of such regulations. (65 FR 13735 (Mar. 14, 2000)). DOE has
examined this proposed rule and has tentatively determined that it
would not have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the
relationship between the national government and the States, or on the
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of
government. EPCA governs and prescribes Federal preemption of State
regulations as to energy conservation for the products that are the
subject of today's proposed rule. States can petition DOE for exemption
from such preemption to the extent, and based on criteria, set forth in
EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6297(d)) No further action is required by Executive
Order 13132.
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
Regarding the review of existing regulations and the promulgation
of new regulations, section 3(a) of Executive Order 12988, ``Civil
Justice Reform,'' 61 FR 4729 (Feb. 7, 1996), imposes on Federal
agencies the general duty to adhere to the following requirements: (1)
Eliminate drafting errors and ambiguity; (2) write regulations to
minimize litigation; (3) provide a clear legal standard for affected
conduct rather than a general standard; and (4) promote simplification
and burden reduction. Regarding the review required by section 3(a),
section 3(b) of Executive Order 12988 specifically requires that
Executive agencies make every reasonable effort to ensure that the
regulation: (1) Clearly specifies the preemptive effect, if any; (2)
clearly specifies any effect on existing Federal law or regulation; (3)
provides a clear legal standard for affected conduct while promoting
simplification and burden reduction; (4) specifies the retroactive
effect, if any; (5) adequately defines key terms; and (6) addresses
other important issues affecting clarity and general draftsmanship
under any guidelines issued by the Attorney General. Section 3(c) of
Executive Order 12988 requires Executive agencies to review regulations
in light of applicable standards in sections 3(a) and 3(b) to determine
whether they are met or it is unreasonable to meet one or more of them.
DOE has completed the required review and tentatively determined that,
to the extent permitted by law, the proposed rule meets the relevant
standards of Executive Order 12988.
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA)
requires each Federal agency to assess the effects of Federal
regulatory actions on State, local, and Tribal governments and the
private sector. Public Law 104-4, sec. 201 (codified at 2 U.S.C. 1531).
For a proposed regulatory action likely to result in a rule that may
cause the expenditure by State, local, and Tribal governments, in the
aggregate, or by the private sector of $100 million or more in any one
year (adjusted annually for inflation), section 202 of UMRA requires a
Federal agency to publish a written statement that estimates the
resulting costs, benefits, and other effects on the national economy.
(2 U.S.C. 1532(a), (b)). The UMRA also requires a Federal agency to
develop an effective process to permit timely input by elected officers
of State, local, and Tribal governments on a proposed ``significant
intergovernmental mandate,'' and requires an agency plan for giving
notice and opportunity for timely input to potentially affected small
governments before establishing any requirements that might
significantly or uniquely affect them. On March 18, 1997, DOE published
a statement of policy on its process for intergovernmental consultation
under UMRA. (62 FR 12820 (Mar. 18, 1997)). (This policy is also
available at https://energy.gov/gc/office-general-counsel.) DOE examined
today's proposed rule according to UMRA and its statement of policy and
has tentatively determined that the rule contains neither an
intergovernmental mandate, nor a mandate that may result in the
expenditure by State, local, and Tribal governments, in the aggregate,
or by the private sector, of $100 million or more in any year.
Accordingly, no further assessment or analysis is required under UMRA.
H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act,
1999
Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family
Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family well-being.
This rule would not have any impact on the autonomy or integrity of the
family as an institution. Accordingly, DOE has concluded that it is not
necessary to prepare a Family Policymaking Assessment.
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
Pursuant to Executive Order 12630, ``Governmental Actions and
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights,'' 53 FR
8859 (Mar. 18, 1988), DOE has determined that this proposed regulation
would not result in any takings that might require compensation under
the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
J. Review Under Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act,
2001
Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations
Act, 2001 (44 U.S.C. 3516 note) provides for Federal agencies to review
most disseminations of information to the public under information
quality guidelines established by each agency pursuant to general
guidelines issued by OMB. OMB's guidelines were published at 67 FR 8452
(Feb. 22, 2002), and DOE's guidelines were published at 67 FR 62446
(Oct. 7, 2002). DOE has reviewed today's proposed rule under the OMB
and DOE guidelines and has concluded that it is consistent with
applicable policies in those guidelines.
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' 66 FR 28355
(May 22, 2001), requires Federal agencies to prepare and submit to OIRA
at OMB, a Statement of Energy Effects for any proposed significant
energy action. A ``significant energy action'' is defined as any action
by an agency that promulgates or is expected to lead to promulgation of
a final rule, and that: (1) Is a significant regulatory action under
Executive Order 12866, or any successor order; and (2) is likely to
have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use
of energy; or (3) is designated by the Administrator of OIRA as a
significant energy action. For
[[Page 62540]]
any proposed significant energy action, the agency must give a detailed
statement of any adverse effects on energy supply, distribution, or use
should the proposal be implemented, and of reasonable alternatives to
the action and their expected benefits on energy supply, distribution,
and use.
Today's regulatory action to amend the test procedure for measuring
the energy efficiency of ceiling fans is not a significant regulatory
action under Executive Order 12866 or any successor order. Moreover, it
would not have a significant adverse effect on the supply,
distribution, or use of energy, nor has it been designated as a
significant energy action by the Administrator of OIRA. Therefore, it
is not a significant energy action, and, accordingly, DOE has not
prepared a Statement of Energy Effects for this rulemaking.
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of
1974
Under section 301 of the Department of Energy Organization Act
(Pub. L. 95-91; 42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), DOE must comply with all laws
applicable to the former Federal Energy Administration, including
section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Pub. L.
93-275), as amended by the Federal Energy Administration Authorization
Act of 1977 (Pub. L. 95-70). (15 U.S.C. 788; FEAA) Section 32
essentially provides in relevant part that, where a proposed rule
authorizes or requires use of commercial standards, the notice of
proposed rulemaking must inform the public of the use and background of
such standards. In addition, section 32(c) requires DOE to consult with
the Attorney General and the Chairman of the FTC concerning the impact
of the commercial or industry standards on competition.
Today's proposed rule would incorporate testing methods contained
in the following commercial standard: ANSI/AMCA Standard 230-12,
``Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans for Rating and
Certification.'' The Department has evaluated this standard and is
unable to conclude whether it fully complies with the requirements of
section 32(b) of the FEAA, (i.e., that it was developed in a manner
that fully provides for public participation, comment, and review). DOE
will consult with the Attorney General and the Chairman of the FTC
concerning the impact on competition of requiring manufacturers to use
the test methods contained in this standard prior to prescribing a
final rule.
V. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
The time, date and location of the public meeting are listed in the
DATES and ADDRESSES sections at the beginning of this document. If you
plan to attend the public meeting, please notify Ms. Brenda Edwards at
(202) 586-2945 or Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov. As explained in the
ADDRESSES section, foreign nationals visiting DOE Headquarters are
subject to advance security screening procedures. Any foreign national
wishing to participate in the meeting should advise DOE of this fact as
soon as possible by contacting Ms. Brenda Edwards to initiate the
necessary procedures.
In addition, you can attend the public meeting via webinar. Webinar
registration information, participant instructions, and information
about the capabilities available to webinar participants will be
published on DOE's Web site at: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/rulemaking.aspx/ruleid/65. Participants are
responsible for ensuring their systems are compatible with the webinar
software.
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests To Speak and Prepared General
Statements for Distribution
Any person who has an interest in the topics addressed in this
notice, or who is representative of a group or class of persons that
has an interest in these issues, may request an opportunity to make an
oral presentation at the public meeting. Such persons may hand-deliver
requests to speak to the address shown in the ADDRESSES section at the
beginning of this notice of proposed rulemaking between 9 a.m. and 4
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Requests may also
be sent by mail or email to Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of
Energy, Building Technologies Office, Mailstop EE-5B, 1000 Independence
Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20585-0121, or Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov.
Persons who wish to speak should include in their request a computer
diskette or CD-ROM in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, PDF, or text (ASCII)
file format that briefly describes the nature of their interest in this
rulemaking and the topics they wish to discuss. Such persons should
also provide a daytime telephone number where they can be reached.
DOE requests persons selected to make an oral presentation to
submit an advance copy of their statements at least one week before the
public meeting. DOE may permit persons who cannot supply an advance
copy of their statement to participate, if those persons have made
advance alternative arrangements with the Building Technologies Office.
As necessary, requests to give an oral presentation should ask for such
alternative arrangements.
Any person who has plans to present a prepared general statement
may request that copies of his or her statement be made available at
the public meeting. Such persons may submit requests, along with an
advance electronic copy of their statement in PDF (preferred),
Microsoft Word or Excel, WordPerfect, or text (ASCII) file format, to
the appropriate address shown in the ADDRESSES section at the beginning
of this notice of proposed rulemaking. The request and advance copy of
statements must be received at least one week before the public meeting
and may be emailed, hand-delivered, or sent by mail. DOE prefers to
receive requests and advance copies via email. Please include a
telephone number to enable DOE staff to make a follow-up contact, if
needed.
C. Conduct of the Public Meeting
DOE will designate a DOE official to preside at the public meeting
and may also use a professional facilitator to aid discussion. The
meeting will not be a judicial or evidentiary-type public hearing, but
DOE will conduct it in accordance with section 336 of EPCA (42 U.S.C.
6306). A court reporter will be present to record the proceedings and
prepare a transcript. DOE reserves the right to schedule the order of
presentations and to establish the procedures governing the conduct of
the public meeting. There shall not be discussion of proprietary
information, costs or prices, market share, or other commercial matters
regulated by U.S. anti-trust laws. After the public meeting, interested
parties may submit further comments on the proceedings, as well as on
any aspect of the rulemaking, until the end of the comment period.
The public meeting will be conducted in an informal, conference
style. DOE will present summaries of comments received before the
public meeting, allow time for prepared general statements by
participants, and encourage all interested parties to share their views
on issues affecting this rulemaking. Each participant will be allowed
to make a general statement (within time limits determined by DOE),
before the discussion of specific topics. DOE will allow, as time
permits, other participants to comment briefly on any general
statements.
[[Page 62541]]
At the end of all prepared statements on a topic, DOE will permit
participants to clarify their statements briefly and comment on
statements made by others. Participants should be prepared to answer
questions by DOE and by other participants concerning these issues. DOE
representatives may also ask questions of participants concerning other
matters relevant to this rulemaking. The official conducting the public
meeting will accept additional comments or questions from those
attending, as time permits. The presiding official will announce any
further procedural rules or modification of the above procedures that
may be needed for the proper conduct of the public meeting.
A transcript of the public meeting will be included in the docket,
which can be viewed as described in the Docket section at the beginning
of this notice and will be accessible on the DOE Web site. In addition,
any person may buy a copy of the transcript from the transcribing
reporter.
D. Submission of Comments
DOE will accept comments, data, and information regarding this
proposed rule before or after the public meeting, but no later than the
date provided in the DATES section at the beginning of this proposed
rule. Interested parties may submit comments using any of the methods
described in the ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this notice.
Submitting comments via www.regulations.gov. The
www.regulations.gov Web page will require you to provide your name and
contact information. Your contact information will be viewable to DOE
Building Technologies staff only. Your contact information will not be
publicly viewable except for your first and last names, organization
name (if any), and submitter representative name (if any). If your
comment is not processed properly because of technical difficulties,
DOE will use this information to contact you. If DOE cannot read your
comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for
clarification, DOE may not be able to consider your comment.
However, your contact information will be publicly viewable if you
include it in the comment or in any documents attached to your comment.
Any information that you do not want to be publicly viewable should not
be included in your comment, nor in any document attached to your
comment. Otherwise, persons viewing comments will see only first and
last names, organization names, correspondence containing comments, and
any documents submitted with the comments.
Do not submit to www.regulations.gov information for which
disclosure is restricted by statute, such as trade secrets and
commercial or financial information (hereinafter referred to as
Confidential Business Information (CBI)). Comments submitted through
www.regulations.gov cannot be claimed as CBI. Comments received through
the Web site will waive any CBI claims for the information submitted.
For information on submitting CBI, see the Confidential Business
Information section.
DOE processes submissions made through www.regulations.gov before
posting. Normally, comments will be posted within a few days of being
submitted. However, if large volumes of comments are being processed
simultaneously, your comment may not be viewable for up to several
weeks. Please keep the comment tracking number that www.regulations.gov
provides after you have successfully uploaded your comment.
Submitting comments via email, hand delivery/courier, or mail.
Comments and documents submitted via email, hand delivery/courier, or
mail also will be posted to www.regulations.gov. If you do not want
your personal contact information to be publicly viewable, do not
include it in your comment or any accompanying documents. Instead,
provide your contact information in a cover letter. Include your first
and last names, email address, telephone number, and optional mailing
address. The cover letter will not be publicly viewable as long as it
does not include any comments.
Include contact information each time you submit comments, data,
documents, and other information to DOE. If you submit via mail or hand
delivery/courier, please provide all items on a CD, if feasible, in
which case it is not necessary to submit printed copies. No
telefacsimiles (faxes) will be accepted.
Comments, data, and other information submitted to DOE
electronically should be provided in PDF (preferred), Microsoft Word or
Excel, WordPerfect, or text (ASCII) file format. Provide documents that
are not secured, written in English, and are free of any defects or
viruses. Documents should not contain special characters or any form of
encryption and, if possible, they should carry the electronic signature
of the author.
Campaign form letters. Please submit campaign form letters by the
originating organization in batches of between 50 to 500 form letters
per PDF or as one form letter with a list of supporters' names compiled
into one or more PDFs. This reduces comment processing and posting
time.
Confidential Business Information. Pursuant to 10 CFR 1004.11, any
person submitting information that he or she believes to be
confidential and exempt by law from public disclosure should submit via
email, postal mail, or hand delivery/courier two well-marked copies:
One copy of the document marked ``confidential'' including all the
information believed to be confidential, and one copy of the document
marked ``non-confidential'' with the information believed to be
confidential deleted. Submit these documents via email or on a CD, if
feasible. DOE will make its own determination about the confidential
status of the information and treat it according to its determination.
Factors of interest to DOE when evaluating requests to treat
submitted information as confidential include: (1) A description of the
items; (2) whether and why such items are customarily treated as
confidential within the industry; (3) whether the information is
generally known by or available from other sources; (4) whether the
information has previously been made available to others without
obligation concerning its confidentiality; (5) an explanation of the
competitive injury to the submitting person which would result from
public disclosure; (6) when such information might lose its
confidential character due to the passage of time; and (7) why
disclosure of the information would be contrary to the public interest.
It is DOE's policy that all comments may be included in the public
docket, without change and as received, including any personal
information provided in the comments (except information deemed to be
exempt from public disclosure).
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
Although DOE welcomes comments on any aspect of this proposal, DOE
is particularly interested in receiving comments and views of
interested parties concerning the following issues:
1. DOE is reinterpreting the statutory definition of a ceiling
fan to include hugger ceiling fans and clarifying that the
definition includes multi-mount ceiling fans. DOE notes that CFLKs
attached to hugger ceiling fans would become covered CFLKs under
this reinterpretation. DOE invites comment on this reinterpretation
and clarification.
2. DOE is also clarifying that high-volume ceiling fans are
considered ceiling fans and covered under this rulemaking. DOE
invites comment on this clarification.
3. DOE is proposing interpreting centrifugal fans to fall
outside of the scope
[[Page 62542]]
of this rulemaking. DOE invites comment on this interpretation.
4. DOE invites comment on the proposed definitions for low-
volume ceiling fans, high-volume ceiling fans, hugger ceiling fans,
standard ceiling fans, and multi-mount ceiling fans.
5. DOE seeks comment on its proposed approach to incorporate
standby power consumption into the ceiling fan efficiency metric.
6. DOE seeks comment on its proposed approach to assign all
standby power consumption for a remote receiver that controls both a
ceiling fan and light kit to the ceiling fan.
7. DOE seeks comment on its proposed operating hours for
calculating ceiling fan efficiency for low-volume ceiling fans.
8. DOE seeks comment and any available data on operating hours
for high-volume ceiling fans.
9. DOE seeks comment on its proposed approach to test at high
and low speed for low-volume ceiling fans.
10. DOE seeks comment on its proposed approach to test high-
volume fans at high speed only.
11. DOE seeks comment on its proposal to add a false ceiling to
the experimental setup for all low-volume ceiling fan testing.
12. DOE seeks comment and data on how ceiling fans with more
than one mounting option that would meet the definition of a
standard ceiling fan are configured in the field. DOE also seeks
comment and data on how hugger ceiling fans with more than one
mounting option are configured in field.
13. DOE seeks comment on the proposed modifications to the
testing room dimensions for high-volume ceiling fans. DOE
specifically requests information on how manufacturers currently
test large-diameter, high-volume ceiling fans, as well as the
availability of suitable third-party testing facilities that can
conduct the proposed test procedure and the ability to develop such
facilities.
14. DOE seeks comment on whether manufacturers should be
required to test multi-mount ceiling fans in the standard
configuration, hugger configuration, both configurations, or all
configurations for which they are capable of being installed.
15. DOE invites interested parties to comment on the estimated
number of small business manufacturers of ceiling fans.
16. DOE requests comment on whether there are currently any
hugger ceiling fan or high-volume ceiling fan features that are not
in compliance with EPCA design standards for ceiling fans.
17. DOE requests comments on its analysis of burden to small
businesses for testing ceiling fans according to the proposed test
procedure.
18. DOE seeks comment and information on any alternative test
methods that, consistent with the statutory requirements, would
reduce the economic impact of the rule on small entities.
19. Several comments were received in response to the Framework
Document for the ceiling fans energy conservation standards
rulemaking suggesting that the testing could be improved if there
were inter-lab calibration between testing facilities. DOE seeks
comment on how calibration between testing facilities could be
facilitated.
VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary
The Secretary of Energy has approved publication of today's notice
of proposed rulemaking.
List of Subjects
10 CFR Part 429
Confidential business information, Energy conservation, Household
appliances, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
10 CFR Part 430
Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business
information, Energy conservation, Household appliances, Imports,
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Small
businesses.
Issued in Washington, DC, on September 19, 2014.
Kathleen B. Hogan,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency, Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy.
For the reasons stated in the preamble, DOE proposes to amend parts
429 and 430 of Chapter II, Subchapter D of Title 10, Code of Federal
Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 429--CERTIFICATION, COMPLIANCE, AND ENFORCEMENT FOR CONSUMER
PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
0
1. The authority citation for part 429 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6317.
0
2. Section 429.32 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as
follows:
Sec. 429.32 Ceiling fans.
(a) Determination of represented value. Manufacturers must
determine the represented value, which includes the certified rating,
for each basic model of ceiling fan by:
(1) Units to be tested.
(i) The requirements of Sec. 429.11 are applicable to ceiling
fans; and
(ii) For each basic model of ceiling fan selected for testing, a
sample of sufficient size shall be randomly selected and tested to
ensure that--
(A) Any represented value of the efficiency or airflow shall be
less than or equal to the lower of:
(1) The mean of the sample, where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.007
And x is the sample mean; n is the number of samples; and
xi is the ith sample; or
(2) The lower 90 percent confidence limit (LCL) of the true mean
divided by 0.9, where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.008
And x is the sample mean; s is the sample standard deviation; n is
the number of samples; and t0.90 is the t statistic for a
90% one-tailed confidence interval with n-1 degrees of freedom (from
Appendix A to subpart B); and
(B) Any represented value of the wattage shall be greater than or
equal to the higher of:
(1) The mean of the sample, where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.009
And x is the sample mean; n is the number of samples; and
xi is the ith sample; or
(2) The upper 95 percent confidence limit (UCL) of the true mean
divided by 1.1, where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.010
And x is the sample mean; s is the sample standard deviation; n is
the number of samples; and t0.95 is the t statistic for a
95% one-tailed confidence interval with n-1 degrees of freedom (from
Appendix A to subpart B).
(2) [Reserved]
* * * * *
PART 430--ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS
0
3. The authority citation for part 430 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6309; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note.
0
4. Section 430.2 is amended by adding the definitions for ``high-volume
ceiling fan,'' ``hugger ceiling fan,'' ``low-volume ceiling fan,''
``multi-mount ceiling fan,'' and ``standard ceiling fan'' in
alphabetical order to read as follows:
Sec. 430.2 Definitions.
* * * * *
High-volume ceiling fan means a ceiling fan that:
(1) Is greater than 7 feet in diameter; or
(2) Has a blade thickness of less than 3.2 mm at the edge or a
maximum tip
[[Page 62543]]
speed that exceeds the threshold in the table in the definition of low-
volume ceiling fan in this section and has a maximum airflow volume
greater than 5,000 CFM.
* * * * *
Hugger ceiling fan means a ceiling fan where the lowest point on
the fan blades is no more than ten inches from the ceiling.
* * * * *
Low-volume ceiling fan means a ceiling fan that:
(1) Is less than or equal to 7 feet in diameter; and
(2) Has a blade thickness greater than or equal to 3.2 mm at the
edge and a maximum tip speed less than or equal to the limit in the
table in this definition, or has a maximum airflow volume less than or
equal to 5,000 CFM.
Low-Volume Ceiling Fans, 7 Feet or Less in Diameter
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thickness (t) of edges of blades Maximum speed at tip of blades
Airflow Direction * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mm (inch) m/s (feet per minute)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Downward-Only................... 4.8 > t >= 3.2 (3/16 > t >= 1/8) 16.3 (3200)
Downward-Only................... t >= 4.8 (t >= 3/16) 20.3 (4000)
Reversible...................... 4.8 > t >= 3.2 (3/16 > t >= 1/8) 12.2 (2400)
Reversible...................... t >= 4.8 (t >= 3/16) 16.3 (3200)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The ``downward-only'' and ``reversible'' airflow directions are mutually exclusive; therefore, a ceiling fan
that can only produce airflow in the downward direction need only meet the ``downward-only'' blade edge
thickness and tip speed requirements and a ceiling fan that can produce airflow in the downward and upward
directions need only meet the ``reversible'' requirements.
* * * * *
Multi-mount ceiling fan means a ceiling fan that can be mounted in
both the standard and hugger ceiling fan configurations.
* * * * *
Standard ceiling fan means a ceiling fan where the lowest point on
the fan blades is more than ten inches from the ceiling.
* * * * *
0
5. Section 430.3 is amended by:
0
a. Adding paragraph (d)(19); and
0
b. Removing in paragraph (o)(4), ``appendices C1, D1, D2, G, H, I, J2,
N, O, P, and X to subpart B'' and adding in its place, ``appendices C1,
D1, D2, G, H, I, J2, U, N, O, P, and X to subpart B of this part''.
The addition reads as follows:
Sec. 430.3 Materials incorporated by reference.
* * * * *
(d) * * *
(19) ANSI/AMCA 230-12 (``AMCA 230''), Air Movement and Control
Association Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans for
Rating and Certification, approved February 22, 2012, IBR approved for
appendix U to subpart B of this part.
* * * * *
0
6. Section 430.23 is amended by revising paragraph (w) to read as
follows:
Sec. 430.23 Test procedures for the measurement of energy and water
consumption.
* * * * *
(w) Ceiling fans. The efficiency of a ceiling fan, expressed in
cubic feet per minute per watt (CFM/watt), shall be measured in
accordance with sections 2.3, 2.5, 2.6 and 3 of appendix U to subpart B
of this part.
* * * * *
0
7. Appendix U to subpart B of part 430 is revised to read as follows:
Appendix U To Subpart B of Part 430--Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Ceiling Fans
After [DATE 30 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE
Federal Register] and prior to [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF
THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register], manufacturers must make any
representations with respect to the energy use or efficiency of
ceiling fans, except hugger ceiling fans, multi-mount ceiling fans
in the hugger configuration, and high-volume ceiling fans, as
defined in 10 CFR 430.2 in accordance with the results of testing
pursuant to this Appendix U or the procedures in Appendix U as it
appeared at 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, Appendix U, in the 10 CFR
parts 200 to 499 edition revised as of January 1, 2014. After [DATE
180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE], manufacturers
of ceiling fans must make any representations with respect to energy
use or efficiency in accordance with the results of testing pursuant
to this appendix.
1. Definitions:
1.1. Airflow means the rate of air movement at a specific fan-
speed setting expressed in cubic feet per minute (CFM).
1.2. Ceiling fan efficiency means the ratio of the total airflow
to the total power consumption, in units of cubic feet per minute
per watt (CFM/W).
1.3. High speed means the highest available ceiling fan speed.
1.4. Low speed means the lowest available ceiling fan speed.
1.5. Multi-head ceiling fan means a ceiling fan with more than
one fan head, i.e., more than one set of rotating fan blades.
1.6. Total airflow means the following: For low-volume ceiling
fans, total airflow means the sum of the product of airflow and
hours of operation at high and low speeds. For high-volume ceiling
fans, total airflow is the product of airflow at high speed and the
hours of operation in active mode.
2. General Instructions, Test Apparatus, and Test Measurement:
General instructions apply to characterizing the energy performance
of both low-volume and high-volume ceiling fans. The test apparatus
and test measurement used to characterize energy performance depend
on whether the ceiling fan is low volume or high volume.
2.1. General instructions: Record measurements at the resolution
of the test instrumentation. Round off calculations to the same
number of significant digits as the previous step. Round the final
ceiling fan efficiency value to the nearest whole number as follows:
2.1.1. A fractional number at or above the midpoint between the
two consecutive whole numbers shall be rounded up to the higher of
the two whole numbers; or
2.1.2. A fractional number below the midpoint between the two
consecutive whole numbers shall be rounded down to the lower of the
two whole numbers.
For multi-head ceiling fans, the effective blade span is the
blade span of an individual fan head, if all fan heads are the same
size. If the fan heads are of varying sizes, the effective blade
span is the blade span of the largest fan head.
2.2. Test apparatus for low-volume ceiling fans: All instruments
are to have tolerances within 1% of reading, except for
the air velocity sensors, which should have tolerances within 5% of reading. Equipment is to be calibrated at least once a
year to compensate for variation over time.
2.2.1. Air Delivery Room Requirements: The air delivery room
dimensions are to be 20 0.75 ft. x 20 0.75
ft. with an 11 0.75 ft. high ceiling. The control room
shall be constructed external to the air delivery room.
The ceiling shall be constructed of sheet rock or stainless
plate. The walls shall be of adequate thickness to maintain the
specified temperature and humidity during the test.
[[Page 62544]]
The paint used on the walls, as well as the wall material, must be
of a type that minimizes absorption of humidity and that keeps the
temperature of the room constant during the test (e.g., oil-based
paint).
The room shall have no ventilation other than an air
conditioning and return system used to control the temperature and
humidity of the room. The construction of the room must ensure
consistent air circulation patterns within the room. Vents must have
electronically-operated damper doors controllable from a switch
outside of the testing room.
2.2.2. Equipment Set-Up: Hang the ceiling fan to be tested
directly from a false ceiling, according to the manufacturer's
installation instructions. All standard and hugger ceiling fans
shall be hung in the fan configuration that minimizes the distance
between the false ceiling and the fan blades. Multi-mount fans shall
be hung and tested in two configurations: in the configuration that
meets the definition of a standard ceiling fan, while minimizing the
distance the ceiling and the lowest part of the fan blades; and in
the configuration that meets the definition of a hugger ceiling fan,
while minimizing the distance between the ceiling and the lowest
part of the fan blades. The length and breadth of the false ceiling
must be at least 8 inches larger than the blade span of the ceiling
fan. If a false ceiling is at least 8 inches larger than the blade
span of the largest low-volume ceiling fan that will be tested by a
testing facility, the same false ceiling may be used for all fans.
The thickness of the false ceiling must be sufficient to maintain a
flat bottom surface or be supported by additional structural
fixtures or stiffeners on the top surface to maintain that shape.
The false ceiling may be made of more than one piece, provided that
the pieces are joined together such that the bottom surface is
smooth. The false ceiling is to be constructed of heavy-duty plywood
or drywall, or a material with similar surface roughness. The false
ceiling must be level when the ceiling fan is suspended from it.
Hang the false ceiling from an actuator hanging system, which
supports the weight of both the false ceiling and the ceiling fan
and controls the height of the false ceiling such that the distance
between the fan blades and the air velocity sensors can be adjusted
through automatic (motor-driven) action.
Either a rotating sensor arm or four fixed sensor arms can be
used to take airflow measurements along four axes, labeled A-D. Axes
A, B, C, and D are at 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree positions. Axes A-D
can be designated either by using the four walls or four corners of
the room. See Figure 1 of this appendix.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.011
The amount of exposed wiring must be minimized. All sensor lead
wires must be stored under the floor, if possible.
The sensors shall be placed at exactly 4-inch intervals along a
sensor arm, starting with the first sensor at the point where the
four axes intersect. Do not touch the actual sensor prior to
testing. Enough sensors shall be used to record air delivery within
a circle 8 inches larger in diameter than the blade span of the
ceiling fan being tested. A proper experimental set-up is shown in
Figure 2 of this appendix.
[[Page 62545]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.012
Table 1 of this appendix shows the appropriate number of sensors
needed per each of four axes (including the first sensor at the
intersection of the axes) for each fan size.
Table 1 to Appendix U to Subpart B of Part 430: Sensor Selection Guide
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of
Fan blade span * (inches) sensors
------------------------------------------------------------------------
36......................................................... 6
42......................................................... 7
44......................................................... 7
48......................................................... 7
52......................................................... 8
54......................................................... 8
56......................................................... 8
60......................................................... 9
72......................................................... 10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The fan sizes listed are intended simply to be illustrative and do not
restrict which ceiling fan sizes can be tested.
An RPM (revolutions per minute) meter, or tachometer, should be
installed hanging from the ceiling and passing through the false
ceiling so that the RPM of the ceiling fan blades can be measured
during testing.
Use an RMS sensor capable of measuring power with an accuracy of
1% to measure ceiling fan power consumption. Prior to
testing, the test laboratory must verify the performance of the
sensor and sensor software to be used during the test.
2.2.3. Multi-Head Ceiling Fan Test Set-Up: Multi-headed ceiling
fans are to be hung from the false ceiling such that one of the
ceiling fan heads is directly over sensor 1 (i.e., at the
intersection of axes A, B, C, and D). This can be achieved by either
offsetting the entire false ceiling, or the multi-head fan with
respect to the false ceiling, as long as the requirement that the
false ceiling extend at least 8 inches beyond the blade span of the
centered fan head is maintained. Supporting chains, wires, or ropes
may be used to keep the false ceiling level if the multi-head
ceiling fan is offset with respect to the false ceiling. The
distance between the lowest point on the fan blades of the centered
fan head and the air velocity sensors is to be such that it is the
same as for all other low-volume ceiling fans (see Figure 2 of this
appendix). Switching on only the centered fan head, the airflow
measurements are to be made in the same manner as for all other low-
volume ceiling fans. The power consumption measurements are to be
made separately, with all fan heads on.
2.2.4. Test Set-Up for Ceiling Fans With Airflow Not Directly
Downward: For ceiling fans where the airflow is not directly
downward, the ceiling fan head is to be adjusted such that the
airflow is as vertical as possible prior to testing. The distance
between the lowest point on the blades and the air velocity sensors
should be the same as for all other low-volume ceiling fans. For
ceiling fans where a fully vertical orientation of airflow cannot be
achieved, the ceiling fan is to be oriented such that any remaining
tilt is aligned along one of the four sensor axes. Instead of
measuring the air velocity for only those sensors directly beneath
the ceiling fan, the air velocity is to be measured at all sensors
along that axis, as well as the axis oriented 180 degrees with
respect to that axis. For example, if the tilt is oriented along
axis A, air velocity measurements are to be taken for all sensors
along the A-C axis. No measurements would need to be taken along the
B-D axis in this case.
2.3. Active mode test measurement for low-volume ceiling fans.
2.3.1. Test conditions to be followed when testing:
The temperature and humidity setting shall be 76
degrees 2 degrees Fahrenheit and 50% 5%
relative humidity. These shall be held constant during the entire
test process.
Allow the sensors to be turned on and the fan to run
for 15 minutes at each fan speed/setting before taking readings.
If present, the ceiling fan light fixture is to be
installed but turned off during testing.
If present, any heater is to be installed but turned
off during testing.
The tests shall be conducted with the fan connected to
a supply circuit with a voltage of (a) 120 V for fans rated on the
nameplate from 105 to 125 V; and (b) 240 V for fans rated on the
nameplate from 208 to 250 V. The test voltage shall not vary by more
than 1% during the tests.
The test shall be conducted with the fan connected to a
supply circuit at the rated frequency.
Air conditioning vents shall be closed during testing.
[[Page 62546]]
2.3.2. Airflow and Power Consumption Testing Procedure: Measure
the airflow (CFM) and power consumption (watt) for low-volume
ceiling fans at high and low speed.
Step 1: Make sure the transformer power is off. Hang fan at the
actuator hanging system, and connect wires as directed by
manufacturer's wiring instructions. Note: Assemble fan prior to the
test; lab personnel must follow the instructions provided by the fan
manufacturer. The fan blade assembly shall be balanced in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions to avoid excessive vibration of
the motor assembly (at any speed) during operation.
Step 2: Adjust the actuator such that the lowest point on the
fan blades is 43 inches above the height of the sensor heads. If
necessary, use the hoist's toggle switch and adjust height.
Step 3: Set the first sensor arm (if using four fixed arms) or
single sensor arm (if using a single rotating arm) to the 0 degree
Position (Axis A). If necessary, use marking as reference. If using
a single rotating arm, adjust the sensor arm alignment until it is
at the 0 degree position by remotely controlling the antenna
rotator.
Step 4: Set software up to read and record air velocity,
expressed in feet per minute (FPM) in 1 second intervals.
(Temperature does not need to be recorded in 1 second intervals.)
Record current barometric pressure.
Step 5: Allow test fan to run 15 minutes at rated voltage and at
blade speed to be tested. Turn off all environmental conditioning
equipment entering the chamber (e.g., air conditioning), close all
doors and vents, and wait an additional 3 minutes prior to starting
test session.
Step 6: Begin recording readings. Take 100 readings (100 seconds
run-time) and save these data.
Step 7: Similarly, take 100 readings (100 seconds run-time) for
Axes B, C, and D; save these data as well. If using four fixed
sensor arms, the readings for all sensor arms should be taken
simultaneously.
Step 8: Repeat steps 3 through 7 above for the remaining fan
speed. Note: Ensure that temperature and humidity readings are held
within the required tolerances for the duration of the test (all
tested speeds). It may be helpful to turn on environmental
conditioning equipment between test sessions to ready the room for
the following speed test.
Step 9: If testing a multi-mount ceiling fan, repeat steps 1
through 8 with the ceiling fan hung in the configuration (either
hugger or standard) not already tested.
If a multi-head ceiling fan includes more than one type of
ceiling fan head, then test at least one of each unique type. A fan
head with different construction that could affect air movement or
power consumption, such as housing, blade pitch, or motor, would
constitute a different type of fan head.
Measure power input at a point that includes all power-consuming
components of the ceiling fan (but without any attached light kit or
heater energized). Measure power continuously at the rated voltage
that represents normal operation over the time period for which the
airflow test is conducted for each speed, and record the average
value of the power measurement at that speed in watts (W).
Measure ceiling fan power consumption simultaneously with the
airflow test, except for multi-head ceiling fans. For multi-head
ceiling fans, measure power consumption at each speed continuously
for 100 seconds with all fan heads turned on, and record the average
value at each speed in watts (W).
2.4. Test apparatus for high-volume ceiling fans: The test
apparatus and instructions for testing high-volume ceiling fans
shall conform to the requirements specified in Section 3 (``Units of
Measurement''), Section 4 (``Symbols and Subscripts''), Section 5
(``Definitions''), Section 6 (``Instruments and Methods of
Measurement''), and Section 7 (``Equipment and Setups'') of the Air
Movement and Control Association (AMCA) International's ``AMCA 230:
Laboratory Methods of Testing Air Circulating Fans for Rating and
Certification,'' February 22, 2012 (incorporated by reference, see
Sec. 430.3), with the following modifications:
2.4.1. The test procedure is applicable to high-volume ceiling
fans up to 24 feet in diameter.
2.4.2. A ``ceiling fan'' is defined as in 10 CFR 430.2.
2.4.3. For all ceiling fans, the minimum distance between the
ceiling and the blades of a ceiling fan being tested is 44 inches.
2.4.4. For a ceiling fan larger than 6 feet in diameter, the
clearance between the floor and the blades of a ceiling fan being
tested is 20 feet.
2.4.5. For a ceiling fan larger than 6 feet in diameter, the
minimum distance between the centerline of a ceiling fan being
tested and the walls and large obstructions all around is half the
ceiling fan blade span plus 10 feet.
2.5. Active mode test measurement for high-volume ceiling fans:
Calculate the airflow (CFM) and measure the power consumption (watt)
for ceiling fans at high speed, in accordance with the test
requirements specified in Section 8 (``Observations and Conduct of
Test'') and Section 9 (``Calculations'') of AMCA 230 (incorporated
by reference, see Sec. 430.3), with the following modifications:
2.5.1. Measure power consumption at a point that includes all
power-consuming components of the ceiling fan (but without any
attached light kit or heater energized).
2.5.2. Measure power consumption continuously at the rated
voltage that represents normal operation over the time period for
which the load differential test is conducted.
2.6. Test measurement for standby power consumption: Standby
power consumption must be measured for both low and high-volume
ceiling fans that offer one or more of the following user-oriented
or protective functions:
The ability to facilitate the activation or
deactivation of other functions (including active mode) by remote
switch (including remote control), internal sensor, or timer.
Continuous functions, including information or status
displays (including clocks), or sensor-based functions.
Standby power consumption must be measured after completion of
the airflow test for low-volume ceiling fans, or the load
differential test for high-volume ceiling fans, and after the active
mode functionality has been switched off (i.e., the rotation of the
ceiling fan blades is no longer energized). The ceiling fan must
remain connected to the main power supply and be in the same
configuration as in active mode (i.e., any ceiling fan light fixture
should still be attached). Measure standby power consumption
according to IEC 62301 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3)
with the following modifications:
2.6.1. Allow 3 minutes between switching off active mode
functionality and beginning the standby power test. (No additional
time before measurement is required.)
2.6.2. Measure power consumption continuously for 100 seconds,
and record the average value of the standby power measurement in
watts (W).
3. Calculation of Ceiling Fan Efficiency From the Test Results:
The efficacy of a ceiling fan is the ceiling fan efficiency (as
defined in section 1 of this appendix).
Using the airflow and power consumption measurements from
section 2, calculate ceiling fan efficiency for a low-volume ceiling
fan as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.013
Where:
CFMi = airflow at a given speed,
OHi = operating hours at a given speed,
Wi = power consumption at a given speed,
H = high speed,
L = low speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
Using the airflow and power consumption measurements from
section 3, calculate ceiling fan efficiency for a high-volume
ceiling fan as follows:
[[Page 62547]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.014
Where:
CFMH = airflow at high speed,
OHA = operating hours in active mode,
WH = power consumption at high speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
Table 2 of this appendix specifies the daily hours of operation
to be used in calculating ceiling fan efficiency:
Table 2 to Appendix U to Subpart B of Part 430: Daily Operating Hours
for Calculating Ceiling Fan Efficiency
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Daily Operating Hours for Low-Volume Ceiling Fans
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
No standby With standby
------------------------------------------------------------------------
High Speed.............................. 4.2 4.2
Low Speed............................... 2.2 2.2
Standby Mode............................ 0.0 17.6
Off Mode................................ 17.6 0.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Daily Operating Hours for High-Volume Ceiling Fans
------------------------------------------------------------------------
No standby With
standby
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Active Mode............................. 12.0 12.0
Standby Mode............................ 0.0 12.0
Off Mode................................ 12.0 0.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The effective area corresponding to each sensor is to be
calculated with the following equations:
For sensor 1, the sensor located directly underneath the center
of the ceiling fan, the effective width of the circle is 2 inches,
and the effective area is:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.015
For the sensors between sensor 1 and the last sensor used in the
measurement, the effective area has a width of 4 inches. If a sensor
is a distance d, in inches, from sensor 1, then the effective area
is:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.016
For the last sensor, the width of the effective area depends on
the horizontal displacement between the last sensor and the point on
the ceiling fan blades furthest radially from the center of the fan.
The total area included in an airflow calculation is the area of a
circle 8 inches larger in diameter than the ceiling fan blade span.
Therefore, for example, for a 42-inch ceiling fan, the last
sensor is 3 inches beyond the end of the ceiling fan blades. Because
only the area within 4 inches of the end of the ceiling fan blades
is included in the airflow calculation, the effective width of the
circle corresponding to the last sensor would be 3 inches. The
calculation for the effective area corresponding to the last sensor
would then be:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.017
For a 46-inch ceiling fan, the effective area of the last sensor
would have a width of 5 inches, and the effective area would be:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.018
3.1.1. Ceiling fan efficiency calculations for multi-head
ceiling fans: To determine the airflow at a given speed for a multi-
head ceiling fan, measure the airflow for each fan head. Repeat for
each fan head. Testing of each fan head is not required if the fan
heads are essentially identical (i.e., do not have differences in
construction such as housing, blade pitch, or motor could affect air
movement or power consumption); instead, the measurements for one
fan head can be used for each essentially identical fan head.
[[Page 62548]]
Sum the measured airflow for each fan head included in the ceiling
fan. The power consumption is the measured power consumption with
all fan heads on.
Using the airflow and power consumption measurements from
section 2 of this appendix, calculate ceiling fan efficiency for a
low-volume, multi-head ceiling fan as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.019
Where:
CFMi = sum of airflow at a given speed for each head,
OHi = operating hours at a given speed,
Wi = total power consumption at a given speed,
H = high speed,
L = low speed,
OHSb = operating hours in standby mode, and
WSb = power consumption in standby mode.
3.1.2. Ceiling fan efficiency calculations for ceiling fans with
airflow not directly downward: Using a set of sensors that cover the
same diameter as if the airflow was directly downward, the airflow
at each speed should be calculated based on the continuous set of
sensors with the largest air velocity measurements. This continuous
set of sensors should be along the axis that the ceiling fan tilt is
directed in (and along the axis that is 180 degrees from the first
axis). For example, a 42-inch fan tilted toward axis A may create
the pattern of air velocity shown in Figure 3 of this appendix. As
shown in Table 1 of this appendix, a 42-inch fan would normally
require 7 active sensors. However because the fan is not directed
downward, all sensors must record data. In this case, because the
set of sensors corresponding to maximum air velocity are centered 3
sensor positions away from the sensor 1 along the A axis, substitute
the air velocity at A axis sensor 4 for the average air velocity at
sensor 1. Take the average of the air velocity at A axis sensors 3
and 5 as a substitute for the average air velocity at sensor 2, take
the average of the air velocity at A axis sensors 2 and 6 as a
substitute for the average air velocity at sensor 3, etc. Lastly,
take the average of the air velocities at A axis sensor 10 and C
axis sensor 4 as a substitute for the average air velocity at sensor
7. Any air velocity measurements made along the B-D axis are not
included in the calculation of average air velocity.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP17OC14.020
[FR Doc. 2014-22883 Filed 10-16-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
