Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New York State; Redesignation of Areas for 1997 Annual and 2006 24-Hour Fine Particulate Matter and Approval of the Associated Maintenance Plan, 8133-8150 [2014-02478]

Agencies

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 28 (Tuesday, February 11, 2014)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 8133-8150]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-02478]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Parts 52 and 81

[EPA-R02-OAR-2013-0592; FRL-9906-06-Region 2]


Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; 
New York State; Redesignation of Areas for 1997 Annual and 2006 24-Hour 
Fine Particulate Matter and Approval of the Associated Maintenance Plan

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
approve a redesignation request and State Implementation Plan (SIP) 
revision submitted by the New York State Department of Environmental 
Conservation (NYSDEC). NYSDEC is requesting that EPA redesignate ten 
counties in the New York State portion of the New York-N.New Jersey-
Long Island, NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area from nonattainment to 
attainment for the 1997 annual and the 2006 24-hour Fine Particle 
(PM2.5) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). 
Included with its redesignation request, New York submitted a State 
Implementation Plan (SIP) revision containing a maintenance plan that 
provides for continued compliance of the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS. The maintenance plan includes the 2007 
attainment year emissions inventory that EPA is proposing to approve in 
this rulemaking in accordance with the requirements of the Clean Air 
Act (CAA). EPA had previously determined that the New York portion of 
the New York-N.New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area has 
attained the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. 
Additionally, EPA is proposing to approve the 2009, 2017, and 2025 
motor vehicle emissions budgets for PM2.5 and Nitrogen 
Oxides (NOX).

DATES: Comments must be received on or before March 13, 2014.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID Number EPA-
R02-OAR-2013-0592 by one of the following methods:
    1. www.regulations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for 
submitting comments.
    2. Email: Ruvo.Richard@epa.gov
    3. Fax: 212-637-3901
    4. Mail: Richard Ruvo, Chief, Air Programs Branch, Environmental 
Protection Agency, Region 2 Office, 290 Broadway, 25th Floor, New York, 
New York 10007-1866.
    5. Hand Delivery or Courier: Deliver your comments to: Richard 
Ruvo, Chief, Air Programs Branch, Environmental Protection Agency, 
Region 2 Office, 290 Broadway, 25th Floor, New York, New York 10007-
1866. Such deliveries are only accepted during the Regional Office's 
normal hours of operation. The Regional Office's official business 
hours is Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., excluding 
Federal holidays.
    Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-R02-OAR-
2013-0592. EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included 
in the public docket without change and may be made available online at 
www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided, 
unless the comment includes information claimed to be Confidential 
Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is 
restricted by statute. Do not submit through www.regulations.gov, or 
email, information that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected. 
The www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous access'' system, 
which means EPA will not know your identity or contact information 
unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you send an email 
comment directly to EPA without going through www.regulations.gov, your 
email address will be automatically captured and included as part of 
the comment that is placed in the public docket and made available on 
the Internet. If you submit an electronic comment, EPA recommends that 
you include your name and other contact information in the body of your 
comment and with any

[[Page 8134]]

disk or CD-ROM you submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to 
technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA 
may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid 
the use of special characters, any form of encryption, and be free of 
any defects or viruses. For additional information about EPA's public 
docket, visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at https://www.epa.gov/epahome/dockets.htm.
    Docket: All documents in the electronic docket are listed in the 
www.regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some 
information is not publicly available, i.e., CBI or other information 
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such 
as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be 
publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket 
materials are available either electronically in www.regulations.gov or 
in hard copy at the Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2 Office, 
Air Programs Branch, 290 Broadway, 25th Floor, New York, New York 
10007-1866. EPA requests that if at all possible, you contact the 
contact listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section to view 
the hard copy of the docket. You may view the hard copy of the docket 
Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., excluding legal 
holidays.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Raymond Forde (forde.raymond@epa.gov) 
concerning emission inventories and Gavin Lau (lau.gavin@epa.gov) 
concerning other portions of the SIP revision, Air Programs Branch, 290 
Broadway, 25th Floor, New York, New York 10007-1866, (212) 637-4249.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document whenever ``we,'' 
``us,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA.

Table of Contents

I. What are the actions EPA is proposing to take?
II. What is the background for EPA's proposed actions?
III. What are the criteria for redesignation?
IV. What is the effect of EPA's proposed actions?
V. What is the effect of the January 4, 2013 DC Circuit Decision 
Regarding PM2.5 Implementation under Subpart 4?
VI. What is EPA's analysis of New York's redesignation request?
VII. What is EPA's analysis of New York's proposed NOX 
and PM2.5 motor vehicle emission budgets?
VIII. What is the status of EPA's adequacy determination for the 
proposed NOX and PM2.5 motor vehicle emission 
budgets for 2009, 2017 and 2025 for New York?
IX. What action is EPA proposing to take?
X. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. What are the actions EPA is proposing to take?

    On June 27, 2013, the NYSDEC, submitted a package to EPA which 
included (1) a request to redesignate the New York portion of the New 
York-N.New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area (hereafter 
referred to as the New York PM2.5 nonattainment area or 
NYNAA), from nonattainment to attainment for the 1997 annual and the 
2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS and (2) a maintenance plan for the 
NYNAA as a SIP revision to ensure continued attainment through 2025. In 
a supplemental submission to EPA dated September 18, 2013, NYSDEC 
submitted additional information clarifying portions of the 
redesignation request and maintenance plan.
    EPA is proposing to take several actions pursuant to the 
redesignation of the NYNAA for the 1997 annual and the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA is proposing to find that the NYNAA meets 
the requirements for redesignation under section 107(d)(3)(E) of the 
CAA. EPA is thus proposing to approve New York's request to change the 
legal definition of the NYNAA from nonattainment to attainment. EPA has 
previously taken two separate actions redesignating the New Jersey and 
the Connecticut portion of the New York-N.New Jersey-Long Island, NY-
NJ-CT nonattainment area (or NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area) for the 1997 
annual and the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS (See 78 FR 54396, 
September 4, 2013 and 78 FR 58467, October 24, 2013).
    EPA is also proposing to approve the maintenance plan for the NYNAA 
as a revision to the New York SIP. Such approval is one of the criteria 
in the CAA for redesignating an area to attainment. The maintenance 
plan is designed to ensure continued attainment in the NYNAA for the 
1997 annual and the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS for 10 years 
after redesignation. The maintenance plan includes the 2007 attainment 
year, 2017 interim year, and 2025 end year projection emission 
inventories. EPA is also proposing to approve the 2009, 2017, and 2025 
motor vehicle emissions budgets for PM2.5 and 
NOX.
    In this proposed redesignation, EPA takes into account the D.C. 
Circuit January 4, 2013 decision remanding to EPA the ``Final Clean Air 
Fine Particle Implementation Rule'' (72 FR 20586, April 25, 2007) and 
the ``Implementation of the New Source Review (NSR) Program for 
Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 Micrometers (PM2.5)'' final 
rule (73 FR 28321, May 16, 2008), Natural Resources Defense Council v. 
EPA, 706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
    EPA's analysis for these proposed actions is discussed in Sections 
VI, VII, and VIII of today's proposed rulemaking action.

II. What is the background for EPA's proposed actions?

A. General

    The first air quality standards for PM2.5 were 
promulgated on July 18, 1997, at 62 FR 38652. EPA promulgated an annual 
standard at a level of 15 micrograms per cubic meter ([mu]g/m\3\), 
based on a three-year average of annual mean PM2.5 
concentrations. In the same rulemaking, EPA promulgated a 24-hour 
standard of 65 [mu]g/m\3\, based on a three-year average of the 98th 
percentile of 24-hour concentrations. On October 17, 2006, at 71 FR 
61144, EPA retained the annual average standard at 15 [mu]g/m\3\ but 
revised the 24-hour standard to 35 [mu]g/m\3\, based again on the 
three-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations.
    On January 5, 2005, at 70 FR 944, as supplemented on April 14, 
2005, at 70 FR 19844, EPA designated the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area as 
nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 air quality standards. In 
that action, EPA defined the nonattainment area to include the 
following ten New York counties: Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, 
Orange, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester.
    On July 7, 2009, the D.C. Circuit, Catawba County, North Carolina, 
et al., v. EPA, 571 F.3d 20, (D.C. Cir. 2009), ruled on consolidated 
petitions for review of area designations for the 1997 PM2.5 
NAAQS filed by several states, counties, and industrial entities. The 
DC Circuit denied petitions for review in all respects except for the 
designation of Rockland County, which was remanded to EPA.\1\
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    \1\ The court found the Rockland County nonattainment 
designation was inconsistent with the approach EPA used in other 
designations.
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    On November 13, 2009, at 74 FR 58688, EPA promulgated designations 
for the 24-hour standard set in 2006, designating the NY-NJ-CT 
nonattainment area as nonattainment for the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS. The nonattainment area boundaries for NY-NJ-CT 
nonattainment area for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS were identical 
to the boundaries for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS, including all 
tens counties that were previously designated nonattainment in 2005. 
The November 13, 2009 action also clarified that the NY-NJ-CT

[[Page 8135]]

nonattainment area was classified as unclassifiable/attainment for the 
1997 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA did not promulgate 
designations for the annual average NAAQS promulgated in 2006 since 
that NAAQS was essentially identical to the 1997 annual 
PM2.5 NAAQS.
    This proposed action addresses the designation for the annual NAAQS 
promulgated in 1997 and the 24-hour NAAQS promulgated in 2006 for the 
NYNAA and also addresses the D.C. Circuit's, Catawba County, 571 F.3d 
20, remand of the Rockland County designation.
    In the final rulemaking action dated November 15, 2010 (75 FR 
69589), EPA determined that the entire NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area had 
attained the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS, based upon quality 
assured, quality controlled, and certified ambient air monitoring data 
for the period of 2007-2009.
    On December 31, 2012 (77 FR 76867), EPA finalized the determination 
that the entire NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area had attained the 2006 24-
hour PM2.5 NAAQS, based upon quality assured, quality 
controlled, and certified ambient air monitoring data that showed that 
the area had monitored attainment of the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 
NAAQS for the 2007-2009 and 2008-2010 monitoring periods.
    The 3-year ambient air quality data for the last four 3-year 
monitoring periods (2007-2009, 2008-2010, 2009-2011, and 2010-2012) 
indicated no violations for the 1997 annual PM2.5 and 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS. As a result, on June 12, 2013 New York 
requested redesignation of the NYNAA to attainment for the 1997 annual 
PM2.5 and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. Under the 
CAA, nonattainment areas may be redesignated to attainment if 
sufficient, complete, quality-assured data is available for the 
Administrator to determine that the area has attained the standard and 
the area meets the other CAA redesignation requirements under 
107(d)(3)(E).

B. Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) and Cross State Air Pollution Rule 
(CSAPR or the Transport Rule)

    On May 12, 2005, EPA published CAIR, which requires significant 
reductions in emissions of SO2 and NOX from 
electric generating units (EGUs) to limit the interstate transport of 
these pollutants and the ozone and PM2.5 they form in the 
atmosphere. See 70 FR 25162. The D.C. Circuit initially vacated CAIR, 
North Carolina v. EPA, 531 F.3d 896 (D.C. Cir. 2008), but ultimately 
remanded the rule to EPA without vacatur to preserve the environmental 
benefits provided by CAIR, North Carolina v. EPA, 550 F.3d 1176, 1178 
(D.C. Cir. 2008). In response to the D.C. Circuit's decision, EPA 
issued the Transport Rule, also known as CSAPR, to address interstate 
transport of NOX and SO2 in the eastern United 
States. See 76 FR 48208 (August 8, 2011).
    On December 30, 2011, the D.C. Circuit issued an order addressing 
the status of CSAPR and CAIR in response to motions filed by numerous 
parties seeking a stay of CSAPR pending judicial review. In that order, 
the Court stayed CSAPR pending resolution of the petitions for review 
of that rule in EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA (No. 11-1302 and 
consolidated cases). The Court also indicated that EPA was expected to 
continue to administer CAIR in the interim until judicial review of 
CSAPR was completed.
    On August 21, 2012, the DC Circuit issued a decision to vacate 
CSAPR. In that decision, it also ordered EPA to continue administering 
CAIR ``pending the promulgation of a valid replacement.'' EME Homer 
City, 696 F.3d at 38. The DC Circuit denied all petitions for rehearing 
on January 24, 2013.
    On March 29, 2013, the U.S. Solicitor General petitioned the 
Supreme Court to review the DC Circuit Court's decision on CSAPR. On 
June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court granted the petition to review the 
decision. The Supreme Court's decision to review the case does not 
alter the current status of CAIR or CSAPR.
    New York's submittal and EPA modeling demonstrate that the 
attainment of the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS 
will be maintained with or without the implementation of CAIR or CSAPR. 
To the extent that attainment is due to emission reductions associated 
with CAIR, EPA is proposing to determine that those reductions are 
sufficiently permanent and enforceable for purposes of CAA sections 
107(d)(3)(E)(iii) and175A.
    As directed by the DC Circuit, CAIR remains in place and 
enforceable until EPA promulgates a valid replacement rule to 
substitute for CAIR.
    New York's SIP revision lists CAIR among the Federal trading 
programs that have resulted in permanent and enforceable emissions 
reductions that have led to attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS. 
New York rules, 6 NYCRR Parts 243, 244, and 245, effective on October 
19, 2007, implement the CAIR trading program in New York. CAIR was, 
thus, in place and achieving emission reductions when the NY-NJ-CT 
nonattainment area began monitoring attainment of the 1997 annual and 
the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standards during the 2007-2009 
period. The quality assured, certified monitoring data continues to 
show the area in attainment with the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 
standards through 2012, and through 2013 with preliminary data.
    In addition, air quality modeling analysis conducted during the 
CSAPR rulemaking process also demonstrated that the counties in the NY-
NJ-CT nonattainment area will have PM2.5 levels below the 
1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS in both 2012 and 
2014 without taking into account emissions reductions from CAIR or 
CSAPR. See ``Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical Support 
Document'',\2\ App. B, B-18, B-19. This modeling is also available in 
the docket for this proposed redesignation.
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    \2\ The document is available at https://www.epa.gov/crossstaterule/pdfs/AQModeling.pdf.
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    In sum, neither the current status of CAIR nor the current status 
of CSAPR affects any of the criteria for proposed approval of this 
redesignation request for the NYNAA.

III. What are the criteria for redesignation?

    Under the CAA, designations can be revised if sufficient data is 
available to warrant such revisions. Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA 
identifies five specific requirements that an area must meet in order 
to be redesignated from nonattainment to attainment:
    1. The area must have attained the applicable NAAQS.
    2. The area must meet all applicable requirements under section 110 
and part D of the CAA.
    3. The area must have a fully approved SIP under section 110 (k) of 
the CAA.
    4. The air quality improvement must be permanent and enforceable.
    5. The area must have a fully approved maintenance plan pursuant to 
section 175A of the CAA.
    EPA has provided guidance on redesignation in the General Preamble 
for the Implementation of title I of the CAA Amendments of 1990 (April 
16,1992, 57 FR 13498, and supplemented on April 28, 1992, 57 FR 18070) 
and has provided further guidance on processing redesignation requests 
in the following documents:

    1. ``Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to 
Attainment,'' Memorandum from John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality 
Management Division, September 4, 1992 (hereafter referred to as the 
``Calcagni Memorandum'');
    2. ``State Implementation Plan (SIP) Actions Submitted in 
Response to Clean Air

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Act (CAA) Deadlines,'' Memorandum from John Calcagni, Director, Air 
Quality Management Division, October 28, 1992;
    3. ``Part D New Source Review (Part D NSR) Requirements for 
Areas Requesting Redesignation to Attainment,'' Memorandum from Mary 
D. Nichols, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation, October 
14, 1994; and
    4. ``Implementation Guidance for the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS,'' Memorandum from Stephen D. Page, Director, 
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, March 2, 2012.

IV. What is the effect of EPA's proposed actions?

    Final approval of the redesignation request would change the 
official designation of the NYNAA to attainment for the 1997 annual 
PM2.5 and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS, found at 40 
CFR part 81. It would incorporate into the New York SIP a maintenance 
plan ensuring continued attainment of the 1997 annual PM2.5 
and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS until 2025. Approval of the 
2007 base year emissions inventory, which is part of the maintenance 
plan, will satisfy the inventory requirements under section 172(c)(3) 
of the CAA. EPA is also proposing to approve the 2009, 2017, and 2025 
motor vehicle emissions budgets for PM2.5 and 
NOX.

V. What is the effect of the January 4, 2013 D.C. Circuit Decision 
Regarding PM2.5 Implementation under Subpart 4?

A. Background

    As discussed above, on January 4, 2013, in Natural Resources 
Defense Council v. EPA (hereafter referred to as NRDC v. EPA), the DC 
Circuit remanded to EPA the ``Final Clean Air Fine Particle 
Implementation Rule'' (72 FR 20586, April 25, 2007) and the 
``Implementation of the New Source Review (NSR) Program for Particulate 
Matter Less than 2.5 Micrometers (PM2.5)'' final rule (73 FR 
28321, May 16, 2008) (collectively, ``1997 PM2.5 
Implementation Rule''). 706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013). The Court found 
that EPA erred in implementing the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS pursuant 
to the general implementation provisions of subpart 1 of part D of 
Title I of the CAA, rather than the particulate-matter-specific 
provisions of subpart 4 of Part D of Title I. Although the Court's 
ruling did not directly address the 2006 PM2.5 standard, EPA 
is taking into account the Court's position on subpart 4 and the 1997 
PM2.5 standard in evaluating redesignations for the 2006 
standard.

B. Subpart 4 Requirements and New York's Redesignation Request

    In this portion of the proposed redesignation, EPA addresses the 
effect of the Court's January 4, 2013 ruling on the proposed 
redesignation. As explained below, EPA is proposing to determine that 
the Court's January 4, 2013 decision does not prevent EPA from 
redesignating the NYNAA to attainment for the 1997 and 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS. Even in light of the Court's decision, 
redesignation for this area is appropriate under the CAA and EPA's 
longstanding interpretations of the CAA's provisions regarding 
redesignation. EPA demonstrates that even if the subpart 4 requirements 
were applied to the New York redesignation request and disregards the 
provisions of its 1997 PM2.5 implementation rule recently 
remanded by the Court, New York's request for redesignation of this 
area still qualifies for approval. EPA's discussion takes into account 
the effect of the Court's ruling on the area's maintenance plan, which 
EPA views as approvable when subpart 4 requirements are considered.
    With respect to evaluating the relevant substantive requirements of 
subpart 4 for purposes of redesignating the NYNAA, EPA notes that 
subpart 4 incorporates components of subpart 1 of part D, which 
contains general air quality planning requirements for areas designated 
as nonattainment. See Section 172(c). Subpart 4 itself contains 
specific planning and scheduling requirements for PM10 \3\ 
nonattainment areas, and under the Court's January 4, 2013 decision in 
NRDC v. EPA, these same statutory requirements also apply for 
PM2.5 nonattainment areas. EPA has longstanding general 
guidance that interprets the 1990 amendments to the CAA, making 
recommendations to states for meeting the statutory requirements for 
SIPs for nonattainment areas. See, ``State Implementation Plans; 
General Preamble for the Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act 
Amendments of 1990,'' 57 FR 13498 (April 16, 1992) (the ``General 
Preamble''). In the General Preamble, EPA discussed the relationship of 
subpart 1 and subpart 4 SIP requirements, and pointed out that subpart 
1 requirements were to an extent ``subsumed by, or integrally related 
to, the more specific PM-10 requirements.'' 57 FR 13538 (April 16, 
1992). The subpart 1 requirements include, among other things, 
provisions for attainment demonstrations, reasonably available control 
measures (RACM), reasonable further progress (RFP), emissions 
inventories, and contingency measures.
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    \3\ PM10 refers to particulates nominally 10 
micrometers in diameter or smaller.
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    For the purposes of this redesignation, in order to identify any 
additional requirements which would apply under subpart 4, we are 
considering the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area to be a ``moderate'' 
PM2.5 nonattainment area. Under section 188 of the CAA, all 
areas designated nonattainment areas under subpart 4 would initially be 
classified by operation of law as ``moderate'' nonattainment areas, and 
would remain moderate nonattainment areas unless and until EPA 
reclassifies the area as a ``serious'' nonattainment area. Accordingly, 
EPA believes that it is appropriate to limit the evaluation of the 
potential impact of subpart 4 requirements to those that would be 
applicable to moderate nonattainment areas. Sections 189(a) and (c) of 
subpart 4 apply to moderate nonattainment areas and include the 
following: (1) An approved permit program for construction of new and 
modified major stationary sources (section 189(a)(1)(A)); (2) an 
attainment demonstration (section 189(a)(1)(B)); (3) provisions for 
RACM (section 189(a)(1)(C)); and (4) quantitative milestones 
demonstrating RFP toward attainment by the applicable attainment date 
(section 189(c)).
    The permit requirements of subpart 4, as contained in section 
189(a)(1)(A), refer to and apply the subpart 1 permit provisions 
requirements of sections 172 and 173 to PM10, without adding 
to them. Consequently, EPA believes that section 189(a)(1)(A) does not 
itself impose for redesignation purposes any additional requirements 
for moderate areas beyond those contained in subpart 1. In any event, 
in the context of redesignation, EPA has long relied on the 
interpretation that a fully approved nonattainment new source review 
program is not considered an applicable requirement for redesignation, 
provided the area can maintain the standard with a prevention of 
significant deterioration (PSD) program after redesignation. A detailed 
rationale for this view is described in a memorandum from Mary Nichols, 
Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation, dated October 14, 1994, 
entitled, ``Part D New Source Review Requirements for Areas Requesting 
Redesignation to Attainment.'' See also rulemakings for Detroit, 
Michigan (60 FR 12467-12468, March 7, 1995); Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, 
Ohio (61 FR 20458, 20469-20470, May 7, 1996); Louisville, Kentucky (66 
FR 53665, October 23, 2001); and Grand Rapids, Michigan (61 FR 31834-
31837, June 21, 1996).
    With respect to the specific attainment planning requirements under

[[Page 8137]]

subpart 4,\4\ when EPA evaluates a redesignation request under either 
subpart 1 and/or 4, any area that is attaining the PM2.5 
standard is viewed as having satisfied the attainment planning 
requirements for these subparts. For redesignations, EPA has for many 
years interpreted attainment-linked requirements as not applicable for 
areas attaining the standard. In the General Preamble, EPA stated that:
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    \4\ i.e., attainment demonstration, RFP, RACM, milestone 
requirements, contingency measures.

    The requirements for RFP will not apply in evaluating a request 
for redesignation to attainment since, at a minimum, the air quality 
data for the area must show that the area has already attained. 
Showing that the State will make RFP towards attainment will, 
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therefore, have no meaning at that point.

``General Preamble for the Interpretation of Title I of the Clean Air 
Act Amendments of 1990''; (57 FR 13498, 13564, April 16, 1992).
    The General Preamble also explained that

[t]he section 172(c)(9) requirements are directed at ensuring RFP 
and attainment by the applicable date. These requirements no longer 
apply when an area has attained the standard and is eligible for 
redesignation. Furthermore, section 175A for maintenance plans . . . 
provides specific requirements for contingency measures that 
effectively supersede the requirements of section 172(c)(9) for 
these areas.

Id.

    EPA similarly stated in its 1992 Calcagni memorandum that, ``The 
requirements for reasonable further progress and other measures needed 
for attainment will not apply for redesignations because they only have 
meaning for areas not attaining the standard.''
    It is evident that even if we were to consider the Court's January 
4, 2013 decision in NRDC v. EPA to mean that attainment-related 
requirements specific to subpart 4 should be imposed retroactively and 
thus are now past due, those requirements do not apply to an area that 
is attaining the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 standards, for the 
purpose of evaluating a pending request to redesignate the area to 
attainment. EPA has consistently enunciated this interpretation of 
applicable requirements under section 107(d)(3)(E) since the General 
Preamble was published more than twenty years ago. Courts have 
recognized the scope of EPA's authority to interpret ``applicable 
requirements'' in the redesignation context. See Sierra Club v. EPA, 
375 F.3d 537 (7th Cir. 2004).
    Moreover, even outside the context of redesignations, EPA has 
viewed the obligations to submit attainment-related SIP planning 
requirements of subpart 4 as inapplicable for areas that EPA determines 
are attaining the standard. EPA's prior ``Clean Data Policy'' 
rulemakings for the PM10 NAAQS, also governed by the 
requirements of subpart 4, explain EPA's reasoning. They describe the 
effects of a determination of attainment on the attainment-related SIP 
planning requirements of subpart 4. See ``Determination of Attainment 
for Coso Junction Nonattainment Area,'' (75 FR 27944, May 19, 2010). 
See also Coso Junction proposed PM10 redesignation, (75 FR 
36023, 36027, June 24, 2010); Proposed and Final Determinations of 
Attainment for San Joaquin Nonattainment Area (71 FR 40952, 40954-55, 
July 19, 2006; and 71 FR 63641, 63643-47 October 30, 2006). In short, 
EPA in this context has also long concluded that to require states to 
meet superfluous SIP planning requirements is not necessary and not 
required by the CAA, so long as those areas continue to attain the 
relevant NAAQS.
    Elsewhere in this action, EPA proposes to determine that the NYNAA 
continues to attain the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 standards. Under 
its longstanding interpretation, EPA is proposing to determine here 
that the area meets the attainment-related plan requirements of 
subparts 1 and 4.
    Thus, EPA is proposing to conclude that the requirements to submit 
an attainment demonstration under 189(a)(1)(B), a RACM determination 
under section 172(c)(1) and section 189(a)(1)(c), a RFP demonstration 
under 189(c)(1), and contingency measure requirements under section 
172(c)(9) are satisfied for purposes of evaluating the redesignation 
request.

VI. What is EPA's analysis of New York's redesignation request?

    In an effort to comply with the CAA and to ensure continued 
attainment of the NAAQS, on June 27, 2013, NYSDEC submitted a 
redesignation request and maintenance plan for the 1997 annual and 2006 
24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS for NY-NJ-CT nonattainment areas. On 
September 18, 2013, NYSDEC submitted additional materials to supplement 
the redesignation request.
    The following is a description of how the state has fulfilled each 
of the CAA redesignation requirements.

A. Attainment

    For redesignating a nonattainment area to attainment, the CAA 
requires EPA to determine that the area has attained the applicable 
NAAQS (CAA section 107(d)(3)(E)(i)). In this action, EPA is proposing 
to determine that the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area is continuing to 
attain the 1997 annual and the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS.
1997 Annual PM2.5 NAAQS
    An area may be considered to be attaining the 1997 annual 
PM2.5 NAAQS if it meets the NAAQS as determined in 
accordance with 40 CFR 50.7 and Appendix N of part 50, based on three 
complete, consecutive calendar years of quality-assured air quality 
monitoring data. To attain this standard, the three-year average of 
annual means must be less than or equal to 15 [mu]g/m\3\ at all 
relevant monitoring sites in the subject area. The relevant data must 
be collected and quality-assured in accordance with 40 CFR part 58 and 
recorded in the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). The monitors meet data 
completeness requirements when ``at least 75 percent of the scheduled 
sampling days for each quarter have valid data''. The use of less than 
complete data is subject to the approval of EPA, which may consider 
factors such as monitoring site closures/moves, monitoring diligence, 
and nearby concentrations in determining whether to use such data.
    As noted in Section II.A. above, EPA has finalized the 
determination that the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area had attained the 
1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS. (75 FR 69589, November 15, 2010). 
NYSDEC submitted ambient air monitoring data showing PM2.5 
concentrations attaining the annual PM2.5 NAAQS for the 
2007-2009 and 2008-2010 time periods. EPA has also reviewed more recent 
quality-assured data for the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area and found that 
the NYNAA continued to attain the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS 
through 2012.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Preliminary monitoring data for the first three quarters of 
2013 also indicates continued attainment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 1, below, shows the four most recent design values by county 
(i.e. 3-year average) of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations) 
for the 2007-2009, 2008-2010, 2009-2011, and 2010-2012 time periods for 
the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS for the NY-NJ-CT 
PM2.5 nonattainment area monitors.

[[Page 8138]]



  Table 1--Design Value Concentrations for the NY-NJ-CT 1997 Annual PM2.5NAAQS Nonattainment Area ([mu]g/m\3\)
                                [The 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS is 15.0 [mu]g/m\3\]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       3-Year design values
           County               AQS Monitor ID   ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     2007-2009       2008-2010       2009-2011       2010-2012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW YORK:
    Bronx...................     36-005-0080/110            13.9            12.5            11.9             9.8
    Kings...................         36-047-0122            12.2            10.8            10.3             9.9
    Nassau..................         36-059-0008            10.3             9.5             8.9             INC
    New York................    36-061-0128/0134            12.1            12.1            11.7            11.8
    Orange..................         36-071-0002             9.3             8.5             8.2             8.1
    Queens..................         36-081-0124            10.6            10.0             9.4             9.1
    Richmond................         36-085-0055            11.6            10.5             9.8             9.7
    Rockland................                  NM              NM              NM              NM              NM
    Suffolk.................         36-103-0002             9.7             8.9             8.4             8.4
    Westchester.............         36-119-1002            10.6             9.6             9.1             INC
NEW JERSEY:
    Bergen..................         34-003-0003            11.3             9.8             9.2             9.2
    Essex...................         34-0013-003             INC             INC             INC             9.5
    Hudson..................         34-017-2002            13.1            11.6            11.1            11.1
    Mercer..................         34-021-0008            10.8            10.0             9.7             9.5
    Middlesex...............         34-023-0006            10.4             8.8             7.9             8.0
    Monmouth................                  NM              NM              NM              NM              NM
    Morris..................         34-027-0004             9.6             8.7             8.5             8.4
    Passaic.................         34-031-0005            11.3             9.8             9.3             9.3
    Somerset................                  NM              NM              NM              NM              NM
    Union...................    34-039-0006/2003            11.6            10.3             9.6             9.7
CONNECTICUT:
    Fairfield...............         09-001-0010            11.3            10.0             9.4             9.4
    New Haven...............         09-009-1123            11.4            10.3             9.6             9.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INC--Counties listed as INC did not meet 75 percent data completeness requirement for the relevant time period.
NM--No monitor located in county.

    Based on air monitoring data through 2012, EPA concludes that N-NJ-
CT nonattainment area is continuing to attain the 1997 annual 
PM2.5 NAAQS. Therefore, EPA proposes that the statutory 
criterion for attainment of the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS (40 
CFR 50.7 and Appendix N of part 50) has been met.
2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS
    An area may be considered to be attaining the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS if it meets the NAAQS as determined in 
accordance with 40 CFR 50.13 and Appendix N of part 50, based on three 
complete, consecutive calendar years of quality-assured air quality 
monitoring data. To attain this standard, the 98th percentile 24-hour 
concentration, as determined in accordance with 40 CFR part 50, 
Appendix N, is less than or equal to 35 [mu]g/m\3\ at all relevant 
monitoring sites in the subject area over a 3-year period. The relevant 
data must be collected and quality-assured in accordance with 40 CFR 
part 58 and recorded in EPA's AQS. The monitors meet data completeness 
requirements when ``at least 75 percent of the scheduled sampling days 
for each quarter have valid data.'' The use of less than complete data 
is subject to the approval of EPA, which may consider factors such as 
monitoring site closures/moves, monitoring diligence, and nearby 
concentrations in determining whether to use such data.
    EPA previously finalized the determination that the NY-NJ-CT 
nonattainment area had attained the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 
NAAQS, as noted in Section II.A. (77 FR 76867, December 31, 2012). The 
ambient air monitoring data submitted by New York shows 
PM2.5 concentrations attaining the 24-hour PM2.5 
NAAQS for 2007-2009 and 2008-2010 time periods. EPA has also reviewed 
more recent quality-assured data for the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area 
and found that the NYNAA continued to attain the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS through 2012.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Preliminary monitoring data for the three quarters of 2013 
also indicates continued attainment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 2, below, shows the design value by county for the 98th 
percentile 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations for the 2007-2009, 
2008-2010, 2009-2011, and 2010-2012 time periods for the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS for the NY-NJ-CT PM2.5 nonattainment 
area monitors.

[[Page 8139]]



 Table 2--Design Value Concentrations for the NY-NJ-CT 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS Nonattainment Area ([mu]g/m\3\)
                                   [The 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS is 35 [mu]g/m\3\]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       3-Year design values
           County               AQS Monitor ID   ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     2007-2009       2008-2010       2009-2011       2010-2012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW YORK:
    Bronx...................     36-005-0080/133              33              29              28              24
    Kings...................         36-047-0122              30              27              25              24
    Nassau..................         36-059-0008              28              25              23             INC
    New York................    36-061-0134/0079              32              29              28              26
    Orange..................         36-071-0002              26              24              23              23
    Queens..................         36-081-0124              30              28              26              24
    Richmond................         36-085-0055              29              26              24              24
    Rockland................                  NM              NM              NM              NM              NM
    Suffolk.................         36-103-0002              26              25              23              22
    Westchester.............         36-119-1002              29              28              25             INC
NEW JERSEY:
    Bergen..................         34-003-0003              31              28              25              23
    Essex...................         34-013-0003             INC             INC             INC              23
    Hudson..................         34-017-1003              32              29              28              26
    Mercer..................         34-021-0008              29              27              26              25
    Middlesex...............         34-023-0006              27              23              20              19
    Monmouth................                  NM              NM              NM              NM              NM
    Morris..................         34-027-3001              26              23              23              21
    Passaic.................         34-031-0005              30              26              25              24
    Somerset................                  NM              NM              NM              NM              NM
    Union...................         34-039-0006              31              27              24              24
CONNECTICUT:
    Fairfield...............    09-001-0010/1123              31              28              26              24
    New Haven...............         09-009-0027              31              29              28              25
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NM--No monitor located in county.
INC--All counties listed as INC did not meet 75 percent data completeness requirement for the relevant time
  period.

    Based on air monitoring data through 2012, EPA concludes that the 
NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area is continuing to attain the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS. Therefore, EPA proposes that the statutory 
criterion for attainment of the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS (40 
CFR 50.13 and Appendix N of part 50) has been met.

B. The Area Has Met All Applicable Requirements Under Section 110 and 
Part D of the CAA

    EPA has determined that the NYNAA has met all SIP requirements 
applicable for purposes of this redesignation under section 110 of the 
CAA (General SIP Requirements) and that, upon final approval of the 
2007 attainment year emissions inventory, as discussed below in this 
proposed rulemaking, it will have met all applicable SIP requirements 
under part D of Title I of the CAA, in accordance with CAA section 
107(d)(3)(E)(v). In addition, EPA is proposing to find that all 
applicable requirements of the New York SIP for purposes of 
redesignation have been approved in accordance with CAA section 
107(d)(3)(E)(ii).
1. Section 110 SIP Requirements
    Section 110(a)(2) of Title I of the CAA delineates the general 
requirements for a SIP, which include enforceable emissions limitations 
and other control measures, means, or techniques, provisions for the 
establishment and operation of appropriate devices necessary to collect 
data on ambient air quality, and programs to enforce the limitations. 
The general SIP elements and requirements set forth in CAA section 
110(a)(2) include, but are not limited to the following:
     Submittal of a SIP that has been adopted by the state 
after reasonable public notice and hearing;
     Provisions for establishment and operation of appropriate 
procedures needed to monitor ambient air quality;
     Implementation of a source permit program; provisions for 
the implementation of part C requirements (Prevention of Significant 
Deterioration (PSD));
     Provisions for the implementation of part D requirements 
for New Source Review (NSR) permit programs;
     Provisions for air pollution modeling; and
     Provisions for public and local agency participation in 
planning and emission control rule development.
    Section 110(a)(2)(D) of the CAA requires that SIPs contain certain 
measures to prevent sources in a state from significantly contributing 
to air quality problems in another state. To implement this provision, 
EPA has required certain states to establish programs to address the 
interstate transport of air pollutants in accordance with the 
NOX SIP Call, October 27, 1998 (63 FR 57356), amendments to 
the NOX SIP Call, May 14, 1999 (64 FR 26298) and March 2, 
2000 (65 FR 11222), and CAIR, May 12, 2005 (70 FR 25162). However, the 
CAA section 110(a)(2)(D) requirements for a state are not linked with a 
particular nonattainment area's designation and classification in that 
state. EPA believes that the requirements linked with a particular 
nonattainment area's designation and classifications are the relevant 
measures to evaluate in reviewing a redesignation request. The 
transport SIP submittal requirements, where applicable, continue to 
apply to a state regardless of the designation of any one particular 
area in the state. Thus, EPA does not believe that these requirements 
are applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation.
    In addition, EPA believes that the other CAA section 110(a)(2) 
elements not connected with nonattainment plan submissions and not 
linked with an area's attainment status are not applicable requirements 
for purposes of redesignation. The area will still be

[[Page 8140]]

subject to these requirements after it is redesignated. EPA concludes 
that the CAA section 110(a)(2) and part D requirements which are linked 
with a particular area's designation and classification are the 
relevant measures to evaluate in reviewing a redesignation request, and 
that CAA section 110(a)(2) elements not linked in the area's 
nonattainment status are not applicable for purposes of redesignation. 
This approach is consistent with EPA's existing policy on applicability 
of conformity (i.e., for redesignations) and oxygenated fuels 
requirement. See Reading, Pennsylvania, proposed and final rulemakings 
(61 FR 53174, October 10, 1996), (62 FR 24826, May 7, 1997); Cleveland-
Akron-Lorain, Ohio final rulemaking (61 FR 20458, May 7, 1996); and 
Tampa, Florida final rulemaking (60 FR 62748, December 7, 1995). See 
also the discussion on this issue in the Cincinnati, Ohio redesignation 
(65 FR 37890, June 19, 2000) and in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
redesignation (66 FR 53099, October 19, 2001).
    New York submitted Section 110 ``infrastructure SIPs'' required 
under CAA section 110(a)(2) to EPA for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS 
(dated October 2, 2008) and 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS (dated March 
15, 2010). EPA has reviewed the New York SIP and has concluded that it 
meets the general SIP requirements under section 110(a)(2) of the CAA 
to the extent they are applicable for purposes for redesignating the 
NYNAA to attainment for the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS and the 
2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA took final action approving 
New York's infrastructure SIP submittals on June 20, 2013 (78 FR 
37122). The requirements under section 110(a)(2) of the CAA are, 
however, statewide requirements that are not linked to the 
PM2.5 nonattainment status of the NYNAA. Therefore, EPA 
believes that these SIP elements are not applicable requirements for 
purposes of review of New York's PM2.5 redesignation 
request.
2. Title I, Part D Nonattainment Requirements
    Subpart 1 of part D of Title I of the CAA sets forth the basic 
nonattainment requirements applicable to all nonattainment areas. All 
areas that were designated nonattainment for the 1997 and 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS were designated under this subpart of the CAA, 
and the requirements applicable to them are contained in sections 172 
and 176. EPA's analysis of the particulate-matter-specific provisions 
of Subpart 4 of part D of Title I as a result of the January 4, 2013 
D.C. Circuit decision is discussed earlier in this notice.
Section 172 Requirements
    Under CAA section 172, states with nonattainment areas must submit 
plans providing for timely attainment and meet a variety of other 
requirements. As mentioned, EPA has previously finalized determinations 
that the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment areas had attained the 1997 annual and 
the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS.
    New York's obligation to submit an attainment demonstration, RACT/
RACM, RFP, contingency measures, and other planning SIPs related to the 
attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS has been suspended due to 
EPA's determination that the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area has attained 
the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. New York 
submitted a SIP revision (PM2.5 attainment plan) for 
attaining the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS on October 27, 2009. 
The requirements to submit PM2.5 attainment plans were 
suspended as a result of the determination of attainment and it was not 
necessary for New York to submit a plan for the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS. The only remaining requirement to be considered 
after the determination of attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS is 
the emission inventory required under CAA section 172(c)(3).
    The General Preamble for Implementation of Title I also discusses 
the evaluation of these requirements in the context of EPA's 
consideration of a redesignation request. The General Preamble sets 
forth EPA's view of applicable requirements for purposes of evaluating 
redesignation requests when an area is attaining the standard. See 
General Preamble for Implementation of Title I (57 FR 13498, April 16, 
1992).
    Because attainment has been reached for the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment 
area, no additional measures are needed to provide for attainment. CAA 
section 172(c)(1) requirements for an attainment demonstration, and 
RACT/RACM are no longer considered to be applicable requirements for as 
long as the area continues to attain the standard until redesignation. 
See 40 CFR 51.1004(c). The RFP requirement under CAA section 172(c)(2) 
are similarly not relevant for purposes of redesignation.
    Section 172(c)(3) requires submission and approval of a 
comprehensive, accurate, and current inventory of actual emissions. As 
part of the maintenance plan submitted by New York on June 27, 2013, 
the State has submitted an attainment year inventory that meets this 
requirement. For purposes of the PM2.5 NAAQS, the emissions 
inventory should address not only direct emissions of PM2.5, 
but also emissions of all precursors with the potential to participate 
in PM2.5 formation, i.e., SO2, NOX, 
VOC and ammonia (NH3). The 2007 attainment year emissions 
inventory submitted by New York in the June 27, 2013 submission 
addressed PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and 
NH3 emissions.
    The emissions cover the general source categories of point sources, 
area sources, onroad sources and nonroad sources. The proposed approval 
of the 2007 attainment year emissions inventory in this rulemaking 
action will, when finalized, meet the requirements of CAA section 
172(c)(3).
    The 2007 emissions inventory was prepared by NYSDEC and is 
presented in Table 5 located in Section VII.E.2(a), Attainment 
Emissions Inventory, of this action. Table 5 shows the 2007 base year 
PM2.5, NOX, SO2, VOC and 
NH3 annual emission inventories for the NYNAA. EPA's 
detailed evaluation of the base year inventories for all pollutants is 
also addressed in Section VII.E.2.(a), Attainment Emissions Inventory, 
of this action. A copy of the Technical Support Document \7\ submitted 
by New York is included in the TSD of the New York SIP submission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ AMEC and SRA for MARAMA Technical Support Document for the 
Development of the 2007 Emission Inventory for PM Nonattainment 
Counties in the MANE-VU Region Version 3.3. AMEC Environment and 
Infrastructure and SRA International, Inc for Mid-Atlantic Regional 
Air Management Association (MARAMA), January 23, 2012.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 172(c)(4) of the CAA requires the identification and 
quantification of allowable emissions for major new and modified 
stationary sources in an area, and CAA section 172(c)(5) requires 
source permits for the construction and operation of new and modified 
major stationary sources anywhere in the nonattainment area. EPA has 
determined that, since the PSD requirements will apply after 
redesignation, areas being redesignated need not comply with the 
requirement that a nonattainment New Source Review (NSR) program be 
approved prior to redesignation, provided that the area demonstrates 
maintenance of the NAAQS without part D NSR. A more detailed rationale 
for this view is described in the memorandum from Mary Nichols, 
Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation, dated October 14, 1994 
entitled, ``Part D New Source Review Requirements for Areas Requesting 
Redesignation to Attainment.'' New York's approved PM2.5 PSD 
program will become

[[Page 8141]]

effective in the NYNAA upon redesignation to attainment.
    Section 172(c)(6) requires the SIP to contain control measures 
necessary to provide for attainment of the standard. Because attainment 
has been reached in the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area, no additional 
control measures are needed to provide for attainment.
    Section 172(c)(7) requires the SIP to meet the applicable 
provisions of section 110(a)(2). As noted above, EPA believes the New 
York SIP meets the requirements of section 110(a)(2) applicable for 
purposes of redesignation.
    CAA section 172(c)(9) provides that SIPs in nonattainment areas 
``shall provide for the implementation of specific measures to be 
undertaken if the area fails to make reasonable further progress, or to 
attain the [NAAQS] by the attainment date applicable under this part. 
Such measures shall be included in the plan revision as contingency 
measures to take effect in any such case without further action by the 
State or [EPA].'' This contingency measure requirement is inextricably 
tied to the reasonable further progress and attainment demonstration 
requirements. Because attainment has been reached for the 1997 annual 
and the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS, contingency measures are 
not applicable for redesignation.
Section 176 Conformity Requirements
    Section 176(c) of the CAA requires states to establish criteria and 
procedures to ensure that federally supported or funded projects 
conform to the air quality planning goals in the applicable SIP. The 
requirement to determine transportation conformity applies to 
transportation plans, programs and projects that are developed, funded 
or approved under title 23 of the United States Code (U.S.C.) and the 
Federal Transit Act. The requirement to determine general conformity 
applies to all other federally supported or funded projects. State 
transportation conformity SIP revisions must be consistent with Federal 
transportation conformity regulations relating to consultation, 
enforcement and enforceability that EPA promulgated pursuant to its 
authority under the CAA.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Guidance on transportation conformity SIPs can be found at: 
https://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/policy/420b09001.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA interprets the conformity \9\ SIP requirements as not applying 
for purposes of evaluating a redesignation request under section 107(d) 
because state conformity rules are still required after redesignation 
and Federal conformity rules apply where state rules have not been 
approved. See Wall v. EPA, 265 F.3d 426 (6th Cir. 2001) (upholding this 
interpretation); see also 60 FR 62748 (December 7, 1995) (redesignation 
of Tampa, Florida).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ CAA section 176(c)(4)(E) requires states to submit revisions 
to their SIPs to reflect certain Federal criteria and procedures for 
determining transportation conformity. Transportation conformity 
SIPs are different from MVEBs that are established in control 
strategy SIPs and maintenance plans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Fully Approved SIP Under Section 110(k) of the CAA

    Section 107(d)(3)(E)(ii) of the CAA requires that for an area to be 
redesignated the Administrator has fully approved the applicable 
implementation plan for the area under section 110(k).
    Upon final approval of New York's 2007 attainment year emissions 
inventory, EPA will have fully approved the SIPs for the NYNAA for the 
1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS under section 
110(k) for all requirements applicable for purposes of redesignation.
    EPA is proposing to approve the 2007 attainment year emissions 
inventory (submitted as part of its maintenance plan) for the NYNAA as 
meeting the requirement of section 172(c)(3) of the CAA for the 1997 
annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. Therefore, New York 
will have satisfied all applicable requirements under part D of Title I 
of the CAA.

D. The Air Quality Improvement Must Be Permanent and Enforceable

    The improvement in air quality must be due to permanent and 
enforceable reductions in emissions resulting from implementation of 
the SIP and applicable federal air pollution control regulations and 
other permanent and enforceable reductions (CAA section 
107(d)(3)(E)(iii)). EPA proposes to determine that the air quality 
improvement in the NYNAA is due to permanent and enforceable reductions 
in emissions resulting from implementation of the SIP, federal 
measures, and other state adopted measures.
    As indicated in Section VI.A., the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area came 
into attainment with the 1997 annual and the 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS beginning with the 2007-2009 time period. The 
area has remained in attainment and the air quality has improved. As 
shown in the State's submittal \10\, the PM2.5 maximum and 
average concentrations for NYNAA monitors shows a downward trend over 
the past decade. Additionally the State's submittal \11\ demonstrates 
that New York's maximum design values in the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment 
area have not exceeded the annual NAAQS since 2007, New Jersey's 
maximum design values have not exceeded the annual NAAQS since 2006, 
and Connecticut's maximum design value has not exceeded the annual 
NAAQS since 2003. For the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS, New 
York's and New Jersey's maximum design values have not exceeded the 
NAAQS since 2008, and Connecticut's maximum design value has not 
exceeded the NAAQS since 2007.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ See New York' redesignation submission, Figures 5 thru 8
    \11\ See New York' redesignation submission, Table 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As demonstrated in the state's maintenance plan, the improvement in 
air quality can be attributable to the Federal and SIP approved State 
control measures that provide for PM2.5, and 
PM2.5 precursors emission reductions from 2002 through 
PM2.5 NAAQS attainment beginning in 2007-2009 (see Table 3). 
The tables also indicate the maintenance plan measures with 
quantifiable emission reductions that New York is relying on to 
demonstrate maintenance.

                                                          Table 3--List of Post-2002 New York Control Measures for PM2.5 and Precursors
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Targeted pollutants
         Name of control  measure                  Type of  measure        ------------------------------------------------------------   Maintenance                 State citation
                                                                                NOX        PM2.5        SO2         VOC         NH3       plan measure
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Architectural and Industrial Maintenance   State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........  ...............  6 NYCRR 205.
 Coatings.

[[Page 8142]]

 
Reasonably Available Control Technology    State..........................          X   ..........  ..........          X   ..........  ...............  6 NYCRR 212.10.
 for Major Facilities.
Solvent Metal Cleaning Process...........  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........  ...............  6 NYCRR 226.
Reasonably Available Control Technology    State..........................          X   ..........  ..........  ..........  ..........               X   6 NYCRR 227-2.
 for Major Facilities of Oxides of
 Nitrogen.
Portland Cement Plants...................  State..........................          X   ..........  ..........  ..........  ..........  ...............  6 NYCRR 220-1.
Glass Plants.............................  State..........................          X   ..........  ..........  ..........  ..........  ...............  6 NYCRR 220-2.
Surface Coating Processes, Commercial and  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR 228.
 Industrial Adhesives, Sealants and
 Primers.
Graphic Arts.............................  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........  ...............  6 NYCRR 234.
Portable Fuel Container Spillage Control.  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR 239.
New York I/M Program.....................  State..........................          X   ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR 217.
Residential Woodstove NSPS...............  Federal rule...................          X           X   ..........          X   ..........               X
CAIR.....................................  Federal rule...................          X   ..........          X   ..........  ..........  ...............
Federal Tier 2 Gasoline Sulfur Program...  Federal rule...................  ..........  ..........          X   ..........  ..........               X
Federal Clean Diesel Program.............  Federal rule...................          X           X           X           X   ..........               X
Control of Emissions from Nonroad Large    Federal rule...................          X           X   ..........          X   ..........               X
 Sparking Engines, and Recreational
 Engines (Marine and Land-based).
Control of Emissions of Air Pollution      Federal rule...................          X           X           X   ..........  ..........               X
 from Nonroad Diesel Engines and Fuel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 4 shows Federal and State post 2007-2009 maintenance plan 
measures with creditable emissions reductions, including measures that 
have been adopted, but not yet implemented, that New York is relying on 
to demonstrate maintenance. New York's submittal also included 
additional measures to provide additional assurance that New York's air 
quality will continue to comply with the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS.

                                                 Table 4--List of 2007-2009 New York Maintenance Plan Control Measures for PM2.5 and Precursors
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Targeted pollutants
         Name of control  measure                  Type of  measure        ------------------------------------------------------------   Maintenance                 State citation
                                                                                NOX        PM2.5        SO2         VOC         NH3       plan measure
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EGU- Oil.................................  State..........................          X   ..........          X           X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR Part 227.
EGU- Gas.................................  State..........................          X   ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR Part 227 and 228.
Low Sulfur Distillate and Residual Fuel    State..........................  ..........          X           X   ..........  ..........               X   6 NYCRR Parts 225.
 Strategies.
Asphalt..................................  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR Part 241.
Consumer Products........................  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR Parts 231.
Oil Combustion Sources...................  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR Parts 227.
Natural Gas Combustion...................  State..........................  ..........  ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR Parts 227.
New York Combustion Regulation...........  State..........................          X           X           X   ..........  ..........               X   6 NYCRR Parts 227.
New York Low Emission Vehicle Program      State..........................          X           X   ..........          X   ..........               X   6 NYCRR Part 218.
 (LEV II).

[[Page 8143]]

 
Heavy Duty Highway Rule-Vehicle Standards  Federal Rule...................          X           X           X           X   ..........               X   .......................................
 and Diesel Fuel Sulfur Co.
Nonroad Diesel Engines...................  Federal Rule...................          X           X   ..........          X   ..........               X   .......................................
Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression- Federal Rule...................          X           X   ..........          X   ..........               X   .......................................
 Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters per
 Cylinder.
Phase 2 Standards for Non-Road Spark       Federal Rule...................          X   ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   .......................................
 Ignition Non-handheld Engines at or
 below 19 kW.
Phase 2 Standards for Small Spark          Federal Rule...................          X   ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   .......................................
 Ignition Handheld Engines at or below 19
 kW.
Recreational Vehicles (includes            Federal Rule...................          X   ..........  ..........          X   ..........               X   .......................................
 snowmobiles, off-highway motorcycles,
 and all-terrain vehicles).
Gasoline Boats and personal watercraft,    Federal Rule...................          X           X   ..........          X   ..........               X   .......................................
 outboard engines.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on the information presented above, New York has adequately 
demonstrated that the decline in PM2.5 concentrations was 
due to permanent and enforceable control measures. EPA proposes to find 
that the combination of existing EPA-approved SIP and Federal measures 
contribute to the permanence and enforceability of reduction in ambient 
PM2.5 levels that have allowed New York to attain the 1997 
PM2.5 and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS.

E. The Area Must Have a Fully Approved Maintenance Plan Pursuant to 
Section 175A of the CAA

    For redesignating a nonattainment area to attainment, the CAA 
requires EPA to determine that the area has a fully approved 
maintenance plan pursuant to section 175A of the CAA (CAA section 
107(d)(3)(E)(iv)). In conjunction with its request to redesignate the 
NYNAA to attainment for the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS and the 
2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS, New York submitted a SIP revision 
to provide for maintenance for at least 10 years after the effective 
date of redesignation to attainment. EPA believes this maintenance plan 
meets the requirements for approval under section 175A of the CAA.
1. What is required in a maintenance plan?
    Section 175A of the CAA sets forth the elements of a maintenance 
plan for areas seeking redesignation from nonattainment to attainment. 
Under section 175A, the plan must demonstrate continued attainment of 
the applicable NAAQS for at least 10 years after the Administrator 
approves a redesignation to attainment. Eight years after the 
redesignation, the State must submit a revised maintenance plan which 
demonstrates that attainment will continue to be maintained for the 10 
years following the initial 10-year period. To address the possibility 
of future NAAQS violations, the maintenance plan must contain 
contingency measures as EPA deems necessary to assure prompt correction 
of any future PM2.5 violations. The Calcagni Memorandum, 
dated September 4, 1992, provides further guidance on the content of a 
maintenance plan, explaining that a maintenance plan should address 
five requirements: (1) An attainment emissions inventory; (2) a 
maintenance demonstration showing maintenance for 10 years; (3) a 
commitment to maintain the existing monitoring network; (4) 
verification of continued attainment; and (5) a contingency plan to 
prevent or correct future violations. As is discussed more fully below, 
EPA proposes to find that the New York maintenance plan includes all 
the necessary components and is thus proposing to approve it as a 
revision to the New York SIP.
2. Analysis of the Maintenance Plan
    The maintenance demonstration must demonstrate effective safeguards 
of the NAAQS for at least 10 years following the redesignation showing 
that future PM2.5 and precursor emissions will not exceed 
the level of the attainment year.
    States are required to submit the following inventory elements to 
satisfy the redesignation/maintenance plan inventory requirements:
    Maintenance Plan Attainment Inventory. Maintenance plan provisions 
include a comprehensive, accurate, and current emissions inventory from 
all point, area, nonroad and onroad mobile sources for the 
PM2.5 nonattainment area. States are required to develop an 
attainment inventory to identify the level of emissions in the area 
that is sufficient to attain the NAAQS. This inventory should include 
the emissions during the time period associated with the monitoring 
data showing attainment.
    Maintenance Plan Interim Year Inventory. At a minimum, emissions

[[Page 8144]]

should be projected to a midpoint year between the attainment year and 
the endpoint/10-year inventory. This inventory provides a summary of 
controlled emissions for point, area, nonroad and onroad mobile sources 
for the PM2.5 nonattainment area for the interim year 
inventory.
    Maintenance Plan Projected Final Year Inventory. Emissions should 
be projected from the attainment year to at least 10 years into the 
future. This inventory provides a summary of controlled emissions for 
point, area, nonroad and onroad mobile sources at the endpoint/10-year 
period.
    For the NYNAA, 2007 emissions were projected to 2017 and 2025. New 
York must demonstrate, with the control programs identified in this 
SIP, that total 2017 or 2025 projected emissions do not exceed the 2007 
emission levels.
    Below are EPA's review and evaluation of the maintenance 
demonstration for the two areas. Additional detail is provided in the 
TSD.
(a) Attainment Emissions Inventory
    Selection of 2007 Base Year as the Maintenance Plan Attainment Year 
Inventory
    An attainment inventory is comprised of the emissions during the 
time period associated with the monitoring data showing attainment. New 
York selected 2007 as the attainment inventory year for the NYNAA for 
the 1997 annual PM2.5 and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 
standards.
    For the 1997 PM2.5 annual standard, the NYNAA had 
monitored attainment based on air monitoring data for 2007-2009. For 
the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard, the NYNAA had monitored 
attainment for 2007-2009, and 2008-1010. EPA proposes to concur that 
the 2007 base year emissions inventory is appropriate as the attainment 
year inventory for the PM2.5 redesignation maintenance plan.
Criteria for Approval of the Maintenance Plan Attainment Year Inventory
    There are general and specific components of an acceptable emission 
inventory. In general, the State must submit a revision to its SIP and 
the emission inventory must meet the minimum requirements for reporting 
by source category.
    For a base year emission inventory to be acceptable it must pass 
all of the following acceptance criteria:
    1. Evidence that the inventory was quality assured by the state and 
its implementation documented.
    2. The point source inventory must be complete.
    3. Point source emissions must have been prepared or calculated 
according to the current EPA guidance.
    4. The area source inventory must be complete.
    5. The area source emissions must have been prepared or calculated 
according to the current EPA guidance.
    6. Non-road mobile emissions were prepared according to current EPA 
guidance for all of the source categories.
    7. The method (e.g., HPMS or a network transportation planning 
model) used to develop vehicle miles traveled (VMT) estimates must 
follow EPA guidance. The VMT development methods must be adequately 
described and documented in the inventory report.
    8. The US EPA's Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) model 
must be correctly used to produce emission factors for each of the 
vehicle classes.
EPA's Evaluation of the Maintenance Plan Attainment Year Inventory
Quality Assurance Plan Implementation
    The Quality Assurance (QA) plan was implemented for all portions of 
the inventory. QA checks were performed relative to data collection and 
analysis to avoid the double counting of emissions from point, area and 
mobile sources. QA/QC checks were conducted to ensure accuracy of 
units, unit conversions, transposition of figures, and calculations.
Point and Area Source Inventories
    New York's inventory includes major point sources for each 
pollutant in tons per year (tpy). The inventory report describes how 
point and area source activity levels and their associated parameters 
were developed, and how the data were used to calculate emission 
estimates. The inventory lists the source categories that are included 
in (and excluded from) the area source inventory. The report provides 
referenced documents for activity level and emission factors used. 
Information on how control efficiencies were derived (with the 
associated sample calculations) is also provided. Point and area source 
summary information on detailed county and/or nonattainment area 
levels, are included in the inventory. Where applicable, annual 
emissions are provided for PM2.5, PM10, 
NOX, SO2, VOC and NH3 for 
PM2.5 nonattainment areas.
    The primary sources of anthropogenic ammonia emissions are two 
agricultural operations, livestock and fertilizer. Ammonia emissions 
from livestock and fertilizer were prepared by the EPA using the 
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) Ammonia Model, Version 3.6. The model 
runs are based on 2007 activity levels. Ammonia emissions for 
industrial refrigeration, composting, and publicly owned treatment 
works were prepared by the EPA.
Nonroad Mobile Source Inventory
    For the NYNAA, the predominant non-road mobile source categories 
(i.e., agricultural equipment, construction equipment, industrial 
equipment, airport service equipment, light commercial equipment, lawn 
and garden equipment, etc.) were developed by using version 2008a of 
EPA's Nonroad Emissions Equipment Model released by EPA's Office of 
Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ). Nonroad mobile source emissions 
are presented on a source category, county and/or nonattainment area 
basis. Where applicable, annual emissions are provided for 
PM2.5, PM10, NOX, SO2, VOC 
and NH3 for the PM2.5 nonattainment areas.
Aircraft, Locomotive and Commercial Marine Vessel Inventories
    Where applicable, aircraft, locomotive, and commercial marine 
vessel emissions on a county basis are provided for PM2.5, 
PM10, NOX, SO2, VOC and 
NH3. Activity level and emissions data for each source 
category is provided. Aircraft, locomotive and commercial marine vessel 
source emissions are presented on a source category, county and/or 
nonattainment area basis. Where applicable, annual emissions are 
provided for PM2.5, PM10, NOX, 
SO2, VOC and NH3 for PM2.5 
nonattainment areas.
Onroad Mobile Source Inventory
    For the onroad mobile source category, the primary indicator and 
tool for developing on-road mobile growth and expected emissions are 
vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and EPA's MOVES model. The 2007 pollutant 
emission factors were generated by MOVES (with the associated 
controlled measures applied, where appropriate) and applied to the 
monthly VMT projections provided by the State. Monthly emissions were 
then combined to develop annual emission estimates.
    MOVES model was used to generate emission factors for VOC, 
NH3, PM2.5, PM10, NOX and 
SO2 on-road vehicle emission estimates. The report also 
explains how MOVES emission factors are used, in conjunction with VMT 
data, to estimate mobile source emissions for the inventoried areas. It 
provides the

[[Page 8145]]

sources for the key inputs into the MOVES model. Key assumptions are 
also included. The methods used to determine on-road emission estimates 
are explained in the report. VOC, NH3, PM2.5, 
PM10, NOX and SO2 annual combined on-
road mobile emissions by county are provided. Where applicable, annual 
emissions are provided for VOC, NH3, PM2.5, 
PM10, NOX and SO2 for all areas. The 
breakdown of annual emissions by highway vehicle classifications is 
included in the inventory.
    Table 5 below shows the 2007 base year PM2.5, 
PM10, NOX, SO2, VOC and NH3 
annual emission inventories for the NYNAA.

                                                      Table 5--2007 NYNAA PM2.5 Base Year Inventory
                                                                     [In tons/year]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Source sector                             VOC             NOX            PM10            PM2.5            SO2             NH3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...................................................        3,707.01       38,195.94        3,206.28      124,750.31       43,886.32          882.89
Nonpoint................................................      101,481.89       41,899.74       48,054.84       11,621.00       29,513.22        1,960.83
Nonroad.................................................       46,026.72       59,512.46        4,170.45        3,899.30        6,052.88            1.96
On-road.................................................       71,379.46      149,501.91        9,723.36        6,835.30          982.77        3,484.40
Road Dust...............................................             N/A             N/A        3,483.59        1,174.60             N/A             N/A
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................      222,595.08      289,110.05       68,638.51      148,280.52       80,435.19        6,610.08
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is proposing to approve the 2007 PM2.5 base year 
inventory for PM2.5, PM10, NOX, 
SO2, VOC and NH3 for the NYNAA. The Maintenance 
Plan Attainment Year/Base Year 2007 emissions inventory is 
comprehensive, accurate, and current for all sources of relevant 
pollutants in the nonattainment area. In all cases the 2007 attainment/
base year inventory was done in accordance with EPA guidance. The 
technical support document provides additional information regarding 
the review conducted by EPA for the 2007 PM2.5 base year 
inventory. EPA proposes that by approving the 2007 base year inventory 
for PM2.5, PM10, NOX, SO2, 
VOC and NH3 for the NYNAA, will also serve to establish a 
PM10 emissions inventory specifically for New York County, 
which satisfies an existing SIP planning requirement for the 
PM10 New York County nonattainment area. See 78 FR 72032, 
December 2, 2013.
(b) 2017 Interim and 2025 End Year Projection Inventories
Criteria for Approval of the 2017 Interim and 2025 Projection End Year 
Inventories
    There are general and specific components for acceptable 2017 
Maintenance Plan Interim and 2025 End Year Projection Inventories. In 
general, the State must submit a revision to its SIP and the 
aforementioned components must meet certain minimum requirements for 
reporting by source category.
    For the projection inventories to be acceptable they must pass the 
following acceptance criteria: \12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Emission Inventory Improvement Program guidance document 
titled Volume X, Emission Projections, dated December 1999.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    1. Were the 2017 and 2025 projection inventories developed in 
accordance with the procedures outlined EPA's latest guidance?
    2. Were the Plans developed in accordance with EPA's latest 
guidance for Growth Factors, Projections, and Control Strategies for 
Reasonable Progress Goal Plans?
EPA's Evaluation of the Maintenance Plan 2017 Interim and 2025 End Year 
Projection Inventories
    A projection of 2007 PM2.5 and the associated 
PM2.5 precursors emissions to 2017 and 2025 is required to 
determine the emission reductions needed for the inventory maintenance 
plan. The 2017 and 2025 projection year emission inventories are 
calculated by multiplying the 2007 base year inventory by factors which 
estimate growth from 2007 to 2017 and 2025. A specific growth factor 
for each source type in the inventory is required since sources 
typically grow at different rates.
Major Point Sources
Electric Generating Units (EGU) and Non-Electric Generating Units (Non-
EGUs)
    For the major point source category, the projected emissions 
inventories were first calculated by estimating growth in each source 
category. As appropriate, the 2007 emissions inventory was used as the 
base for applying factors to account for inventory growth. The point 
source inventory was grown from the 2007 inventory to 2017 and 2025 for 
each facility using growth factors utilized in U.S. Department of 
Energy's (USDOE) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) projections for 2011 
Electric Region and Fuel Source for EGUs and AEO 2010, and State 
supplied employment data.
Area Sources
    For the area source category, New York projected emissions from 
2007 to 2017 and 2025 using growth factors generated from USDOE AEO 
2010, state supplied population, employment data and vehicle miles 
travelled (for road dust categories) where appropriate.
Non-Road Mobile Sources
Nonroad Vehicle Equipment Emissions
    Non-road vehicle equipment emissions were projected from 2007 to 
2017 and 2025 using the EPA's NONROAD 2008a model. This model was used 
to calculate past and future emission inventories for all nonroad 
equipment categories except commercial marine vessels, locomotives and 
aircrafts. Emissions were determined on a monthly basis and combined to 
provide annual emission estimates.
Aircrafts, Locomotives and Commercial Marine Vessels (CMV)
    Aircraft emissions were projected from 2007 to 2017 and 2025 based 
on landing and takeoff growth factors from the Federal Aviation 
Administration Terminal Area Forecast System for 2009-2030.
    Locomotives emissions were projected from 2007 to 2017 and 2025 
based on combined growth and control factors from EPA's RIA in May 2008 
for control of locomotive engines and USDOE's 2006 Annual Energy 
Outlook report.
    CMV emissions were projected to 2017 and 2025 using EPA's 
regulatory impact assessment (RIA) May 2008 RIA report, for category 1 
and 2 vessels and EPA's 2009 RIA report for category 3 vessels based on 
combined growth and control factors.

[[Page 8146]]

Onroad Mobile Sources
    For the onroad mobile source category, the primary indicator and 
tool for developing on-road mobile growth and expected emissions are 
VMT and US EPA's mobile emissions model MOVES2010a. Projection years 
2017 and 2025 pollutant emission factors were generated by MOVES2010a 
(with the associated controlled measures applied, where appropriate) 
and applied to the monthly VMT projections provided by the State. 
Monthly emissions were then combined to develop annual emission 
estimates.
    Tables 6A-6C show the 2007 base year inventory and 2017 and 2025 
projection emission inventories controlled after 2007 using the 
aforementioned growth indicators/methodologies for the NYNAA.

                                           Table 6A--2007 Emission Totals by Source Sector (tpy) for the NYNAA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Source sector                             VOC             NOX            PM10            PM2.5            SO2             NH3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...................................................        3,707.01       38,195.94        3,206.28      124,750.31       43,886.32          882.89
Nonpoint................................................      101,481.89       41,899.74       48,054.84       11,621.00       29,513.22        1,960.83
Nonroad.................................................       46,026.72       59,512.46        4,170.45        3,899.30        6,052.88            1.96
On-road.................................................       71,379.46      149,501.91        9,723.36        6,835.30          982.77        3,484.40
Road Dust...............................................             N/A             N/A        3,483.59        1,174.60             N/A             N/A
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................      222,595.08      289,110.05       68,638.51      148,280.52       80,435.19        6,610.08
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                           Table 6B--2017 Emission Totals by Source Sector (tpy) for the NYNAA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Source sector                             VOC             NOX            PM10            PM2.5            SO2             NH3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...................................................        4,131.72       37,066.75        3,193.99      124,290.57       43,484.29          867.60
Nonpoint................................................       93,790.95       36,640.38       34,306.76        9,403.95        4,412.25           1,915
Nonroad.................................................       26,408.16       45,197.21        3,040.77        2,809.06        4,212.42            1.12
On-road.................................................       33,083.83       68,362.66        7,171.83        3,897.71          939.20        2,340.95
Road Dust...............................................             N/A             N/A        2,959.46          954.01             N/A  ..............
Tappan Zee Project......................................             N/A          457.00             N/A             N/A             N/A
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................      157,414.67      187,724.00       50,672.82      141,355.28       53,048.17        5,124.68
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                           Table 6C--2025 Emission Totals by Source Sector (tpy) for the NYNAA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Source sector                             VOC             NOX            PM10            PM2.5            SO2             NH3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...................................................        4,153.64       37,645.59        3,201.53      124,294.66       43,596.39          872.33
Nonpoint................................................       94,698.56       35,467.73       38,066.67       10,126.70        4,389.48        1,924.66
Nonroad.................................................       24,737.31       42,773.21        2,519.12        2,290.95        4,599.34            1.05
On-road.................................................       26,911.17       51,260.81        6,952.22        3,291.09          935.40        2,443.53
Road Dust...............................................             N/A             N/A        3,184.31          960.05             N/A
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................      150,500.68      167,147.34       53,923.85      140,963.45       53,520.61        5,241.57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The permanent and enforceable control measures that are relied on 
to provide continued attainment of (``maintenance'') of the 1997 annual 
and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS are listed as maintenance plan 
measures in Tables 3 and 4. New York has already implemented, or 
adopted rules with future implementation dates, for these measures. 
Additional information regarding the control measures can be found in 
the TSD.
    EPA is proposing to approve the 2017 interim and 2025 
PM2.5 projections for the NYNAA. In all cases the 2017 and 
2025 projection year inventories were performed in accordance with EPA 
guidance. For further information concerning EPA's evaluation and 
analysis of the emission inventories, see the TSD available in the 
docket.
    Tables 6A-6C above shows the inventories for the 2007 attainment 
year, the 2017 interim year, and the 2025 endpoint year for the NYNAA. 
Tables 6A-6C shows that when comparing the 2007 inventory to the 2017 
and 2025 projected emission inventories the NYNAA is projected to 
reduce PM2.5 precursor emissions substantially. Thus, the 
2017 and 2025 projected emissions inventories show that the NYNAA will 
continue to maintain the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 
NAAQS during the 10 year maintenance period.
Maintenance Demonstration Thru 2025
    As noted in Section VII.E.1, CAA section 175A requires a state 
seeking redesignation to attainment to submit a SIP revision to provide 
for the maintenance of the NAAQS in the area ``for at least 10 years 
after the redesignation.'' EPA has interpreted this as a showing of 
maintenance ``for a period of 10 years following redesignation.'' See 
Calcagni Memorandum. Where the emissions inventory method of showing 
maintenance is used, its purpose is to show that emissions during the 
maintenance period will not increase over the attainment year 
inventory. See Calcagni Memorandum.
    As discussed in detail above, the State's maintenance plan 
submission expressly documents that the NYNAA emissions inventories 
will remain below the attainment year inventories through at least 
2025. In addition, for the reasons set forth below, EPA proposes to 
determine that the State's submission further demonstrates that the 
NYNAA will continue to maintain the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 NAAQS at least through 2025:
     For the NYNAA, emissions inventory levels for all 
PM2.5 precursors in 2025 are well below the attainment

[[Page 8147]]

year inventory levels (see Table 6C). EPA proposes that it is highly 
improbable that sudden increases would occur that could exceed the 
attainment year inventory levels in 2025.
     Air quality concentrations for PM2.5 are below 
the NAAQS by 3 [mu]g/m\3\ or more, indicating a margin of safety in the 
event of any emissions increase. As shown in Table 1, for the 1997 
annual NAAQS of 15 [mu]g/m\3\, the design value for 2010-2012 for the 
NY-NJ-CT PM2.5 nonattainment area value was 11.8 [mu]g/m\3\. 
As shown in Table 2, for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS of 35 [mu]g/
m\3\, the design value for 2010-2012 for the NY-NJ-CT PM2.5 
nonattainment area was 26 [mu]g/m\3\.
     Air quality concentrations showed a significant downward 
trend over time for the NY-NJ-CT PM2.5 nonattainment area 
for both the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS. See Figures 7 and 8 
of the New York redesignation request, which is available in the 
docket.
     Additional emissions reductions will occur through EPA's 
Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) \13\. See the TSD for more 
information regarding MATS, including expected emission reductions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ 77 FR 9304 (February 16, 2012).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(d) Monitoring Network
    New York currently operates ten Federal reference PM2.5 
monitors in the NYNAA. In its June 27, 2013 Air Monitoring Network Plan 
submittal, New York has committed to continued operation of the 
PM2.5 air monitoring network, which meets the requirements 
of 40 CFR part 58, to verify continue attainment.
    New York is required to perform and submit to EPA an assessment of 
the air monitoring network every 5 years and to review the adequacy of 
its air monitoring network plan annually through the air monitoring 
network plan process. Any changes (aside from emergency changes) to the 
monitoring network, including replacing or moving monitor(s) to new 
locations, as necessary, would be made through this process. This 
review process undergoes a public notice period, and is subject to 
approval by the EPA.
    EPA proposes to conclude that the State of New York has met the 
requirement for continuing to operate an appropriate air monitoring 
network.
(e) Verification of Continued Attainment
    Continued attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS in the state 
depends, in part, on the state's efforts towards tracking indicators of 
continued attainment during the maintenance period. New York's plan for 
verifying continued attainment of the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 
standards consists of continued operation of New York's 
PM2.5 air monitoring network in accordance with the 
requirements of 40 CFR part 58. New York will also verify continued 
attainment by determining whether emission levels from New York's 
emission inventory, which is developed every three years, are adequate.
    EPA proposes to approve New York's plans for verifying continued 
attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS.
(f) Contingency Measures in the Maintenance Plan
    Section 175A of the CAA requires that a maintenance plan include 
such contingency provisions as EPA deems necessary to ensure that the 
state will promptly correct a violation of the NAAQS that occurs after 
redesignation. The maintenance plan should identify the contingency 
measures to be adopted, a schedule and procedure for adoption and 
implementation of the contingency measures, and a time limit for action 
by the state. The state should also identify specific indicators to be 
used to determine when the contingency measures need to be adopted and 
implemented. The maintenance plan must include a requirement that the 
state will implement all measures with respect to control of the 
pollutant(s) that were contained in the SIP before redesignation of the 
area to attainment. See section 175A(d) of the CAA.
    As required by 175A of the CAA, New York has included contingency 
provisions in the maintenance plan to address possible future 
PM2.5 air quality problems. However, instead of providing a 
specific schedule and procedure for the adoption and implementation of 
contingency measures, New York has identified the list of measures that 
are currently being pursued by the State, which will be adopted once 
the New York's rulemaking process has been concluded. New York expects 
these rules to be adopted within the next few years. These measures 
include the following:
    1. New NOX and PM control limits on distributed 
generation sources that are not already subject to state or federal 
limits (6 NYCRR Part 222--Distributed Generation)
    2. Additional VOC emission reductions from gasoline dispensing 
facilities and gasoline transport vehicles (Revisions to 6 NYCRR Part 
230--Gasoline Dispensing Sites and Transport Vehicles)
    New York has also identified two recently adopted rules as 
contingency measures: Revisions to 6 NYCRR Part 225--Fuel Composition 
and Use (adopted April 5, 2013) \14\, and Revisions to 6 NYCRR Part 
228--Surface Coating Processes, Commercial and Industrial Adhesives, 
Sealants, and Primers (adopted June 5, 2013) \15\. Although New York 
included these measures in the list of control measures that the State 
was relying on to demonstrate maintenance (see Section VI.D. for the 
list of identified maintenance control measures), and while EPA 
supports the adoption and implementation of these rules to reduce 
PM2.5 emissions, EPA is proposing that these two measures do 
not qualify as contingency measures since they have already been 
adopted and used for maintenance. Regardless, EPA notes that 
PM2.5 levels are sufficiently below the NAAQS indicating a 
sufficient margin of safety in the event of emissions increase. 2010-
2012 design values are below the NAAQS by more than 3 [mu]g/m\3\ for 
both the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. Tables 1 
and 2 of this proposal show the design values for the NY-NJ-CT 
PM2.5 nonattainment area. EPA proposes that it is unlikely 
that New York will violate the PM2.5 NAAQS, as design values 
in all counties in the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area are well below the 
NAAQS, and continue to decrease.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ EPA is acting on this rule, which was submitted as a SIP 
revision on June 12, 2013, in a separate action.
    \15\ EPA proposed approval on November 20, 2013 (78 FR 69625).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    New York has affirmed that all control measures in the maintenance 
plan have been implemented, or adopted with future implementation 
dates. New York has also noted in their submittal that the control 
measures that have led to expeditious attainment of the annual and 24-
hour PM2.5 NAAQS are SIP implemented measures that cannot be 
repealed or relaxed without equivalent reductions from other sources(s) 
(e.g. CAA section 110 anti-backsliding provisions).
    Air quality modeling conducted during the CSAPR rulemaking process, 
as mentioned previously in Section II. B., demonstrated that the 
counties in the NY-NJ-CT nonattainment area will have PM2.5 
levels below the NAAQS in 2014, without taking into account emission 
reductions from CAIR or CSAPR. The highest PM2.5 design 
values, as determined from the CSAPR modeling, for sites in the NYNAA 
in 2014 was 13.89 [mu]g/m\3\ for the 1997 annual NAAQS, and 32.0 ug/
m\3\ for the 24-hour 2006 NAAQS. The ``modeled differential'' between 
the modeled design values and the PM2.5 NAAQS indicates that 
there are excess emission

[[Page 8148]]

reductions available for contingency based on EPA CSAPR modeling.
    EPA proposes to find that New York's maintenance plan includes 
appropriate contingency measures to promptly correct any violation of 
the NAAQS that occurs after redesignation.
Maintenance Plan Conclusion
    For all of the reasons discussed above, EPA is proposing to approve 
New York's 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 maintenance 
plan for the NYNAA as meeting the requirements of section 175A of the 
CAA.

VII. What is EPA's analysis of New York's proposed NOX and 
PM2.5 motor vehicle emission budgets?

    Under section 176(c) of the CAA, new transportation plans, 
programs, and projects, such as the construction of new highways, must 
``conform'' to (i.e., be consistent with) the part of the state's air 
quality plan that addresses pollution from cars and trucks. Conformity 
to the SIP means that transportation activities will not cause new air 
quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely 
attainment of the NAAQS or any interim milestones. If a transportation 
plan does not conform, most new projects that would expand the capacity 
of roadways cannot go forward. Regulations at 40 CFR part 93 set forth 
EPA policy, criteria, and procedures for demonstrating and assuring 
conformity of such transportation activities to a SIP. The regional 
emissions analysis is one, but not the only, requirement for 
implementing transportation conformity. Transportation conformity is a 
requirement for nonattainment and maintenance areas.
    Under the CAA, states are required to submit, at various times, 
control strategy SIPs and maintenance plans for nonattainment areas. 
These control strategy SIPs (including RFP and attainment 
demonstrations) and maintenance plans create motor vehicle emissions 
budgets (MVEBs or budgets) for criteria pollutants and/or their 
precursors to address pollution from cars and trucks. Per 40 CFR part 
93, an MVEB must be established for the last year of the maintenance 
plan. A state may adopt MVEBs for other years as well. The MVEB is the 
portion of the total allowable emissions in the maintenance 
demonstration that is allocated to highway and transit vehicle use and 
emissions. The MVEB serves as a ceiling on emissions from an area's 
planned transportation system. The MVEB concept is further explained in 
the preamble to the November 24, 1993, Transportation Conformity Rule 
(58 FR 62188). The preamble also describes how to establish the MVEB in 
the SIP and how to revise the MVEB.
    New York has developed MVEBs for the NYNAA. The budgets are being 
established for both the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 
standards. New York determined that budgets based on annual emissions 
of direct PM2.5 and NOX, a precursor, are 
appropriate for the 2006 24-hour standard because exceedences of the 
standard were not isolated to one particular season; therefore, the 
budgets established by this maintenance plan will be used by 
transportation agencies to meet conformity requirements for both the 
annual and daily standards.
    New York developed these MVEBs, as required, for the last year of 
its maintenance plan, 2025, and two additional years, 2009 and 2017, 
for the purpose of establishing budgets for the near-term based on 
EPA's MOVES model. Previously established and approved MVEBs had been 
based on MOBILE6.2.
    The 2009 MVEBs were developed without an accompanying full 
emissions inventory. EPA proposes that this approach is approvable and 
is consistent with attainment and maintenance of both the 1997 annual 
and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standards because of our earlier 
determinations that the New York-N.New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT 
nonattainment area had attained the standards based on monitored air 
quality that included the year 2009 (see Section II.A.).
    The MVEBs for the NYNAA are defined in Table 7 below.

  Table 7--PM2.5 and NOX MVEBs for Both the 1997 Annual and 2006 Daily
                               PM2.5 NAAQS
                             [Tons per year]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
New York Metropolitan Transportation
       Council & Orange County          Direct PM2.5           NOX
       Transportation Council
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2009 Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget.          5,516.75        106,020.09
2017 Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget.          3,897.71         68,362.66
2025 Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget.          3,291.09         51,260.81
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is proposing to approve the 2009, 2017 and 2025 MVEBs for 
NOX and PM2.5 for the NYNAA because EPA has 
determined that the areas will maintain both the 1997 annual and 2006 
24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS with on-road vehicle emissions capped at 
the levels set by the budgets. EPA's review thus far indicates that the 
budgets meet the adequacy criteria set forth by 40 CFR 93.118(e)(4)(i) 
through (iv), as follows:
    i. The SIP revision was submitted to EPA by the Commissioner of the 
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, who is the 
Governor's designee.
    ii. New York State conducted an interagency consultation process 
involving EPA and USDOT, the New York State Department of 
Transportation and affected MPOs. All comments and concerns were 
addressed prior to the final submittal.
    iii. The motor vehicle emissions budgets were clearly identified 
and quantified and are presented here in Table 7.
    iv. The 2009, 2017 and 2025 motor vehicle emissions budgets are 
less than the on-road mobile source inventory for 2007 that was shown 
to be consistent with attainment of the standards. The applicable state 
implementation plan demonstrates that the 2017 and 2025 budgets are 
consistent with maintenance when considered with all other sources for 
each respective year. The 2009 budgets were developed with all the 
information for the year 2009, including on-road activity in 2009. 
Because New York demonstrated attainment in this year to the applicable 
air quality standards based on monitoring data, the 2009 budgets are 
therefore consistent with maintenance of the respective standards.
    v. The motor vehicle emissions budgets were developed from the on-
road mobile source inventories, including all applicable state and 
Federal control measures. Inputs related to inspection and maintenance 
and fuels are consistent with New York State's Federally-approved 
control programs.
    The submitted maintenance plan establishes new 2009, 2017 and 2025 
budgets to ensure continued maintenance of the standards; therefore 
there were no revisions made to previously submitted control strategy

[[Page 8149]]

implementation plans or maintenance plans.
    New York State did not provide emission budgets for SO2, 
VOC, and ammonia because it concluded, consistent with the presumptions 
regarding these precursors in the conformity rule at 40 CFR 
93.102(b)(2)(v), which predated and was not disturbed by the litigation 
on the PM2.5 implementation rule, that emissions of these 
precursors from motor vehicles are not significant contributors to the 
area's PM2.5 air quality problem.
    EPA issued conformity regulations to implement the 1997 
PM2.5 NAAQS in July 2004 and May 2005 (69 FR 40004, July 1, 
2004 and 70 FR 24280, May 6, 2005, respectively). Those actions were 
not part of the final rule remanded, on January 4, 2013, to EPA by the 
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in NRDC v. EPA, No. 08-
1250, in which the Court remanded to EPA the implementation rule for 
the PM2.5 NAAQS because it concluded that EPA must implement 
that NAAQS pursuant to the PM-specific implementation provisions of 
subpart 4 of Part D of Title I of the CAA, rather than solely under the 
general provisions of subpart 1. That decision does not affect EPA's 
proposed approval of these MVEBs.
    First, as noted above, EPA's conformity rule implementing the 1997 
PM2.5 NAAQS was a separate action from the overall 
PM2.5 implementation rule addressed by the Court and was not 
considered or disturbed by the decision. Therefore, the conformity 
regulations were not at issue in NRDC v. EPA.\16\ In addition, as 
discussed in Section II.A, the New York-N.New Jersey-Long Island, NY-
NJ-CT nonattainment area is attaining the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour 
PM2.5 standards with 2010-2012 design values of 11.8 
[micro]g/m\3\ and 26 [mu]g/m\3\, respectively, which is well below the 
annual PM2.5 NAAQS of 15 [micro]g/m\3\ and 24-hour NAAQS of 
35 [mu]g/m\3\. The modeling analysis conducted for the RIA for the 2012 
PMNAAQS indicates that the design value for this area is expected to 
continue to decline through 2020. Further, the State's maintenance plan 
shows continued maintenance through 2025 by demonstrating that 
NOX, and direct PM2.5 emissions continue to 
decrease through the maintenance period. For VOC and ammonia, RIA 
inventories for 2007 and 2020 show that both on-road and total 
emissions for these pollutants are expected to decrease, supporting the 
state's conclusion, consistent with the presumptions regarding these 
precursors in the conformity rule, that emissions of these precursors 
from motor vehicles are not significant contributors to the area's 
PM2.5 air quality problem and the MVEBs for these precursors 
are unnecessary. With regard to SO2, the 2005 final 
conformity rule (70 FR 24280) based its presumption concerning on-road 
SO2 motor vehicle emissions budgets on emissions inventories 
that show that SO2 emissions from on-road sources constitute 
a ``de minimis'' portion of total SO2 emissions. As shown 
elsewhere in this proposal, on-road emissions in 2025 are less than 2% 
of total SO2 emissions in the area.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ The 2004 rulemaking addressed most of the transportation 
conformity requirements that apply in PM2.5 nonattainment 
and maintenance areas. The 2005 conformity rule included provisions 
addressing treatment of PM2.5 precursors in MVEBs. See 40 
CFR 93.102(b)(2). While none of these provisions were challenged in 
the NRDC case, EPA also notes that the Court declined to address 
challenges to EPA's presumptions regarding PM2.5 
precursors in the PM2.5 implementation rule. NRDC v. EPA, 
at 27, n. 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is proposing to approve the 2009, 2017 and 2025 direct 
PM2.5 and NOX motor vehicle emissions budgets for 
the NYNAA for the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2 NAAQS. We are 
proposing approval based on our review that shows that the budgets meet 
the adequacy criteria found in the transportation conformity rule (40 
CFR 93.118(e)(4)) and our thorough review of the maintenance plan that 
shows that the plan will provide for maintenance of both 
PM2.5 NAAQS through 2025.

VIII. What is the status of EPA's adequacy determination for the 
proposed NOX and PM2.5 motor vehicle emission 
budgets for 2009, 2017 and 2025 for New York?

    When reviewing submitted ``control strategy'' SIPs or maintenance 
plans containing MVEBs, EPA may affirmatively find the MVEB contained 
therein adequate for use in determining transportation conformity. Once 
EPA affirmatively finds the submitted MVEB is adequate for 
transportation conformity purposes, that MVEB must be used by state and 
Federal agencies in determining whether proposed transportation 
projects conform to the SIP as required by section 176(c) of the CAA.
    EPA's substantive criteria for determining adequacy of a MVEB are 
set out in 40 CFR 93.118(e)(4), and our review of New York's submission 
in the context of these criteria was presented in Section VII. The 
process for determining adequacy consists of three basic steps: public 
notification of a SIP submission, a public comment period, and EPA's 
adequacy determination. This process for determining the adequacy of 
submitted MVEBs for transportation conformity purposes was initially 
outlined in EPA's May 14, 1999, guidance, ``Conformity Guidance on 
Implementation of March 2, 1999, Conformity Court Decision.'' EPA 
adopted regulations to codify the adequacy process in the 
Transportation Conformity Rule Amendments for the ``New 8-Hour Ozone 
and PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards and 
Miscellaneous Revisions for Existing Areas; Transportation Conformity 
Rule Amendments--Response to Court Decision and Additional Rule 
Change,'' on July 1, 2004 (69 FR 40004). Additional information on the 
adequacy process for transportation conformity purposes is available in 
the proposed rule entitled, ``Transportation Conformity Rule 
Amendments: Response to Court Decision and Additional Rule Changes,'' 
68 FR 38974, 38984 (June 30, 2003).
    As discussed earlier, New York's maintenance plan submission 
includes NOX and PM2.5 MVEBs for the NYNAA for 
2009, 2017 and 2025. EPA reviewed the NOX and 
PM2.5 MVEBs through the adequacy process. The New York SIP 
submission, including the NOX and PM2.5 MVEBs, 
was open for public comment on EPA's adequacy Web site on July 15, 
2013, found at: https://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/currsips.htm. The public comment period closed on August 14, 2013. EPA 
did not receive any comments on the adequacy of the MVEBs, nor did EPA 
receive any requests for the SIP submittal.
    A letter was sent to New York State on August 19, 2013, stating 
that the 2009, 2017 and 2025 MVEB's in New York's SIP for the New York 
PM2.5 nonattainment area were adequate because they are 
consistent with the required maintenance demonstration. In the letter 
we noted that there are existing approved and adequate budgets for 
2009, but that the 2009 budgets contained in the submitted maintenance 
plan will be the most recent budget in place to satisfy the latest 
Clean Air Act requirement and therefore will be the applicable 2009 
budget to be used in future transportation conformity determinations 
for analysis years prior to 2017.
    EPA then published in the Federal Register its determination on the 
adequacy of the PM2.5 and NOX 2009, 2017 and 2025 
MVEBs for transportation conformity purposes. (78 FR 54177, September 
3, 2013). These budgets became effective on September 18, 2013, after 
which they were required to be used for all future transportation 
conformity determinations.

[[Page 8150]]

IX. What action is EPA proposing to take?

    EPA is proposing to approve New York's request for redesignating 
the NYNAA for the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS to attainment, 
because the State has demonstrated compliance with the requirements of 
section 107(d)(3)(E) for redesignation. EPA has evaluated New York's 
redesignation request and determined that it meets the redesignation 
criteria set forth in section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA. EPA believes 
that the monitoring data demonstrate that the NYNAA has attained the 
1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS and will continue 
to attain the standard. Final approval of this redesignation request 
would change the designation of the NYNAA from nonattainment to 
attainment for the 1997 PM2.5 annual and the 2006 
PM2.5 24-hour NAAQS. EPA is also proposing to approve the 
maintenance plan for the NYNAA as a revision to the New York SIP. EPA 
is also proposing to approve the 2007 NH3, VOC, 
NOX, PM10, direct PM2.5, and 
SO2 emission inventories as meeting the comprehensive 
emissions inventory requirements of section 172(c)(3) of CAA. 
Additionally, EPA is proposing to approve the 2009, 2017, and 2025 
motor vehicle emissions budgets for PM2.5 and 
NOX. EPA is soliciting public comments on the issues 
discussed in this document. These comments will be considered before 
taking final action.

X. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the Clean Air Act, the Administrator is required to approve a 
SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and 
applicable Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). 
Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state 
choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the Clean Air Act. 
Accordingly, this action merely proposes to approve state law as 
meeting Federal requirements and does not impose additional 
requirements beyond those imposed by state law. For that reason, this 
proposed action:
     Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' subject to 
review by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 
12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993);
     does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the Clean Air Act; and
     does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to 
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental 
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under 
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    In addition, this proposed rule does not have tribal implications 
as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), 
because the SIP is not approved to apply in Indian country located in 
the State, and EPA notes that it will not impose substantial direct 
costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law.

List of Subjects in

40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Nitrogen dioxide, 
Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Sulfur 
oxides.

40 CFR Part 81

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control.

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: January 16, 2014.
Judith A. Enck,
Regional Administrator, Region 2.
[FR Doc. 2014-02478 Filed 2-10-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P