Net Investment Income Tax, 72393-72449 [2013-28410]

Agencies

• Internal Revenue Service
• DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 231 (Monday, December 2, 2013)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 72393-72449]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2013-28410]



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Vol. 78

Monday,

No. 231

December 2, 2013

Part V





Department of the Treasury





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Internal Revenue Service





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26 CFR Parts 1 and 602





Net Investment Income Tax; Final and Proposed Rules

Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 231 / Monday, December 2, 2013 / 
Rules and Regulations

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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Parts 1 and 602

[TD 9644]
RIN 1545-BK44


Net Investment Income Tax

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Final Regulations.

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SUMMARY: This document contains final regulations under section 1411 of 
the Internal Revenue Code (Code). These regulations provide guidance on 
the general application of the Net Investment Income Tax and the 
computation of Net Investment Income. The regulations affect 
individuals, estates, and trusts whose incomes meet certain income 
thresholds.

DATES: Effective Date: These regulations are effective on December 2, 
2013.
    Applicability Dates: For dates of applicability, see Sec. Sec.  
1.469-11(b)(3)(iv)(D); 1.1411-1(g); 1.1411-2(e); 1.1411-3(f); 1.1411-
4(i); 1.1411-5(d); 1.1411-6(c); 1.1411-8(c); 1.1411-9(d); and 1.1411-
10(i).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David H. Kirk or Adrienne M. 
Mikolashek at (202) 622-3060 or (202) 317-6852 (not toll-free numbers).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Paperwork Reduction Act

    The collection of information contained in these regulations has 
been reviewed and approved by the Office of Management and Budget in 
accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507) 
under control number 1545-2227. The collection of information in these 
final regulations is in Sec.  1.1411-10(g). The collection of 
information in Sec.  1.1411-10(g) is necessary for the IRS to determine 
whether a taxpayer has made an election pursuant to Sec.  1.1411-10(g) 
and to determine whether the amount of tax has been reported and 
calculated correctly.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid 
control number assigned by the Office of Management and Budget.
    Books or records relating to a collection of information must be 
retained as long as their contents may become material in the 
administration of any internal revenue law. Generally, tax returns and 
return information are confidential, as required by section 6103.

Background

I. In General

    This document contains final amendments to 26 CFR part 1 under 
sections 469 and 1411 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code). Section 
1402(a)(1) of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 
(Public Law 111-152, 124 Stat. 1029) (HCERA) added section 1411 to a 
new chapter 2A of subtitle A (Income Taxes) of the Code effective for 
taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012.
    On December 5, 2012, the Treasury Department and the IRS published 
a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register (REG-130507-11; 
77 FR 72612) relating to the Net Investment Income Tax. On January 31, 
2013, corrections to the proposed regulations were published in the 
Federal Register (78 FR 6781). The Treasury Department and the IRS 
received numerous comments in response to the proposed regulations. All 
comments are available at www.regulations.gov or upon request. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS held a public hearing on the proposed 
regulations on April 2, 2013.
    In addition to these final regulations, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS are contemporaneously publishing a notice of proposed 
rulemaking in the Federal Register (REG-130843-13) relating to the Net 
Investment Income Tax.
    Public comments on the 2012 proposed regulations identified two 
issues that the IRS and the Treasury Department will study further and 
on which the IRS and the Treasury Department request additional 
comments. Those issues, the treatment of accumulation distributions 
from foreign trusts and material participation of estates and trusts, 
are discussed in parts 4.D and 4.F of this preamble, respectively. 
Comments on those issues should be submitted in writing by March 3, 
2014, and can be mailed to the Office of Associate Chief Counsel 
(Passthroughs and Special Industries), Re: REG-130507-11--Estates/
Trusts, CC:PSI:B02, Room 5011, 1111 Constitution Avenue NW., 
Washington, DC 20224. All comments received will be available for 
public inspection at www.regulations.gov (IRS REG-130507-11).

II. Statutory Provisions

    Section 1402(a)(1) of the HCERA added section 1411 to a new chapter 
2A of subtitle A (Income Taxes) of the Code effective for taxable years 
beginning after December 31, 2012. Section 1411 imposes a 3.8 percent 
tax on certain individuals, estates, and trusts. See section 1411(a)(1) 
and (a)(2). The tax does not apply to a nonresident alien or to a trust 
all of the unexpired interests in which are devoted to one or more of 
the purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B). See section 1411(e).
    In the case of an individual, section 1411(a)(1) imposes a tax (in 
addition to any other tax imposed by subtitle A) for each taxable year 
equal to 3.8 percent of the lesser of: (A) the individual's net 
investment income for such taxable year, or (B) the excess (if any) of: 
(i) the individual's modified adjusted gross income for such taxable 
year, over (ii) the threshold amount. Section 1411(b) provides that the 
threshold amount is: (1) in the case of a taxpayer making a joint 
return under section 6013 or a surviving spouse (as defined in section 
2(a)), $250,000; (2) in the case of a married taxpayer (as defined in 
section 7703) filing a separate return, $125,000; and (3) in the case 
of any other individual, $200,000. Section 1411(d) defines modified 
adjusted gross income as adjusted gross income increased by the excess 
of: (1) the amount excluded from gross income under section 911(a)(1), 
over (2) the amount of any deductions (taken into account in computing 
adjusted gross income) or exclusions disallowed under section 911(d)(6) 
with respect to the amount excluded from gross income under section 
911(a)(1). Section 1.1411-2 of the final regulations provides guidance 
on the computation of the net investment income tax for individuals.
    In the case of an estate or trust, section 1411(a)(2) imposes a tax 
(in addition to any other tax imposed by subtitle A) for each taxable 
year equal to 3.8 percent of the lesser of: (A) the estate's or trust's 
undistributed net investment income, or (B) the excess (if any) of: (i) 
the estate's or trust's adjusted gross income (as defined in section 
67(e)) for such taxable year, over (ii) the dollar amount at which the 
highest tax bracket in section 1(e) begins for such taxable year. 
Section 1.1411-3 of the final regulations provides guidance on the 
computation of the net investment income tax for estates and trusts.
    Section 1411(c)(1) provides that net investment income means the 
excess (if any) of: (A) the sum of (i) gross income from interest, 
dividends, annuities, royalties, and rents, other than such income 
derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business to which the tax 
does not apply, (ii) other gross income derived from a trade or 
business to which the tax applies, and (iii) net gain (to the extent 
taken into account in

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computing taxable income) attributable to the disposition of property 
other than property held in a trade or business to which the tax does 
not apply; over (B) the deductions allowed by subtitle A that are 
properly allocable to such gross income or net gain. Sections 1.1411-4 
and 1.1411-10 of the final regulations provide guidance on the 
calculation of net investment income under section 1411(c)(1).
    Section 1411(c)(1)(A) defines net investment income, in part, by 
reference to trades or businesses described in section 1411(c)(2). A 
trade or business is described in section 1411(c)(2) if such trade or 
business is: (A) a passive activity (within the meaning of section 469) 
with respect to the taxpayer, or (B) a trade or business of trading in 
financial instruments or commodities (as defined in section 475(e)(2)). 
Section 1.1411-5 of the final regulations provides guidance on the 
trades or businesses described in section 1411(c)(2).
    Section 1411(c)(3) provides that income on the investment of 
working capital is not treated as derived from a trade or business for 
purposes of section 1411(c)(1) and is subject to tax under section 
1411. Section 1.1411-6 of the final regulations provides guidance on 
working capital under section 1411(c)(3).
    In the case of the disposition of an interest in a partnership or 
an S corporation, section 1411(c)(4) provides that gain or loss from 
such disposition is taken into account for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) only to the extent of the net gain or net loss that 
would be so taken into account by the transferor if all property of the 
partnership or S corporation were sold at fair market value immediately 
before the disposition of such interest. Section 1.1411-7 of the final 
regulations is reserved for guidance under section 1411(c)(4). However, 
regulations are being proposed contemporaneously with these final 
regulations that address the application of section 1411(c)(4) to 
dispositions of interests in partnerships or S corporations.
    Section 1411(c)(5) provides that net investment income does not 
include distributions from a plan or arrangement described in section 
401(a), 403(a), 403(b), 408, 408A, or 457(b). Section 1.1411-8 of the 
final regulations provides guidance on distributions from qualified 
plans under section 1411(c)(5).
    Section 1411(c)(6) provides that net investment income also does 
not include any item taken into account in determining self-employment 
income for a taxable year on which a tax is imposed by section 1401(b). 
Section 1.1411-9 of the final regulations provides guidance regarding 
self-employment income under section 1411(c)(6).

Summary of Comments and Explanation of Provisions

    The Treasury Department and the IRS received numerous written and 
electronic comments regarding the proposed regulations. The comments 
included requests for clarification and recommendations relating to: 
(1) the calculation of net investment income; (2) the treatment of 
several special types of trusts; (3) the interaction between various 
aspects of section 469 and the regulations thereunder with the 
calculation of net investment income; (4) the method of gain 
calculation regarding a sale of an interest in a partnership or S 
corporation; and (5) multiple areas where the proposed regulations 
could be simplified. After consideration of all of the comments, the 
proposed regulations are adopted as amended by this Treasury decision. 
In general, the final regulations follow the approach of the proposed 
regulations with some modifications in response to comments and 
questions that have arisen with respect to the application of the 
proposed regulations. This preamble describes comments received by the 
Treasury Department and the IRS on the most significant issues.

1. Comments of General Applicability

A. Confirmation in the Regulation Text of Certain Statements Made in 
the Preamble
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received a number of comments 
noting that some of the rules set forth in the preamble were not 
contained in the regulation text itself. In response to these comments, 
the final regulations provide additional guidance within the regulation 
text. For example, Sec.  1.1411-1(d) of the final regulations contains 
additional guidance related to various definitions applicable to 
multiple sections of the regulations, which had appeared only in the 
preamble to the proposed regulations. In addition, the final 
regulations contain supplemental clarifications and examples.
    In addition, one commentator stated that the preamble to the 
proposed regulations acknowledges that certain types of income may not 
be subject to tax under section 1411, even if such income is not 
explicitly excepted from the tax under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) or 
(c)(1)(A)(iii), or is earned in a trade or business that is not a 
passive activity or in a trade or business of trading in financial 
instruments or commodities. Multiple commentators suggested that the 
final regulations confirm that there are types of income that are not 
included in net investment income. One commentator suggested the best 
way to illustrate principles of income that is not net investment 
income is inclusion of one or more examples of income not subject to 
tax under section 1411. Another commentator requested that the final 
regulations include a non-exhaustive list of items of income that are 
not net investment income.
    The final regulations do not provide a list of income or deduction 
items that are excluded from the calculation of net investment income. 
However, the final regulations provide, in certain instances, 
additional guidance on items of income that are or are not included in 
net investment income. For example, pursuant to one comment asking 
whether distributions from foreign pension plans are included in net 
investment income, the definition of ``annuity'' in Sec.  1.1411-1(d) 
of the final regulations clarifies that the term annuities, as used in 
section 1411(c) and Sec.  1.1411-4, does not include amounts paid in 
consideration for services rendered even if such amounts are subject to 
the rules of section 72. This is consistent with United States income 
tax treaties that prescribe one set of rules for ``annuities'' that are 
not paid in exchange for services, but another set of rules for pension 
distributions paid in the form of an annuity. See, for example, 
paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 17 (Pensions, Social Security, Annuities, 
Alimony, and Child Support) of the 2006 United States Model Income Tax 
Convention. In addition, the final regulations provide examples of 
items excluded from net investment income in Sec.  1.1411-1(d)(4).
    Furthermore, these final regulations, as with the notice of 
proposed rulemaking, re-confirm the application of chapter 1 provisions 
in the absence of special rules for purposes of the net investment 
income tax. The Treasury Department and the IRS may issue other 
guidance in the future, as necessary, to address the treatment of 
particular income items whose treatment is not apparent from the 
general rules of section 1411 and these final regulations or from 
chapter 1.
B. Section 1411 and Estimated Taxes
    Two commentators stated that, because many investors do not know 
until the end of the year if a passthrough investment will generate net 
investment income for that year, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
should not penalize taxpayers for failure to include net investment 
income in their

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calculation of estimated tax payments. One commentator suggested that 
the estimated tax calculation fully exempt the tax imposed by section 
1411. Another commentator urged the Treasury Department and the IRS to 
grant penalty relief for failure to pay the appropriate estimated tax 
payments due to the impact of section 1411.
    Section 1402(a)(2) of the HCERA amended section 6654 of the Code to 
provide that the tax imposed under chapter 2A (which includes section 
1411) is subject to the estimated tax provisions. To assist taxpayers 
with their compliance obligations for taxable years beginning after 
December 31, 2012, the notice of proposed rulemaking extended reliance 
upon the proposed regulations for this first taxable year in which 
section 1411 was in effect. Although the Treasury Department and IRS 
recognize that the actual tax liability of a taxpayer may not be known 
at the time that an estimated tax payment is due, a similar issue is 
present for chapter 1 purposes. Moreover, taxpayers subject to 
estimated tax payments may not be subject to a penalty under certain 
circumstances. See section 6654(b). After consideration of these 
comments, the Treasury Department and IRS decline to extend penalty 
relief.
C. Availability of Tax Credits To Reduce Section 1411 Tax
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received comments asking 
whether foreign income, war profits, and excess profits taxes 
(``foreign income taxes'') are allowed under sections 27(a) and 901 as 
a credit against the section 1411 tax. Under the express language of 
sections 27(a) and 901(a), foreign income taxes are not creditable 
against United States taxes other than those imposed by chapter 1 of 
the Code. Section 1.1411-1(e) of the final regulations clarifies that 
amounts that are allowed as credits only against the tax imposed by 
chapter 1 of the Code, including credits for foreign income taxes, may 
not be credited against the section 1411 tax, which is imposed by 
chapter 2A of the Code. This limitation is similar to the limitation 
applicable to a number of other credits that are allowed only against 
the tax imposed by chapter 1 of the Code. See, for example, section 38.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS also received comments asking 
whether United States income tax treaties may provide an independent 
basis to credit foreign income taxes against the section 1411 tax. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS do not believe that these regulations 
are an appropriate vehicle for guidance with respect to specific 
treaties. An analysis of each United States income tax treaty would be 
required to determine whether the United States would have an 
obligation under that treaty to provide a credit against the section 
1411 tax for foreign income taxes paid to the other country. If, 
however, a United States income tax treaty contains language similar to 
that in paragraph 2 of Article 23 (Relief from Double Taxation) of the 
2006 United States Model Income Tax Convention, which refers to the 
limitations of United States law (which include sections 27(a) and 
901), then such treaty would not provide an independent basis for a 
credit against the section 1411 tax.

2. Comments Regarding Regrouping Under Section 469

    Section 1.469-4(e)(1) provides that, except as provided in 
Sec. Sec.  1.469-4(e)(2) and 1.469-11, after a taxpayer has grouped 
activities, the taxpayer may not regroup those activities in subsequent 
taxable years. The preamble to the proposed regulations acknowledged 
that the enactment of section 1411 may cause taxpayers to reconsider 
their previous grouping determinations.
    The proposed regulations provided taxpayers an opportunity to 
regroup their activities in the first taxable year beginning after 
December 31, 2012, in which: (1) the taxpayer met the applicable income 
threshold under section 1411, and (2) had net investment income. The 
determination in the preceding sentence was to be made without regard 
to the effect of the regrouping. Pursuant to proposed Sec.  1.469-
11(b)(3)(iv)(A), a taxpayer may regroup his or her activities once, and 
any such regrouping applies to the taxable year for which the 
regrouping is made and all subsequent years. Furthermore, the 
disclosure requirements of Sec.  1.469-4(e) and Revenue Procedure 2010-
13 (2010-1 CB 329) require taxpayers who regroup their activities 
pursuant to proposed Sec.  1.469-11(b)(3)(iv) to report their 
regroupings to the IRS.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received several comments 
regarding proposed amendments to Sec.  1.469-11(b)(3)(iv). One 
commentator suggested that all individuals, trusts, and estates--
regardless of whether they have net investment income or modified 
adjusted gross income above the threshold--be permitted a ``fresh 
start'' with respect to their section 469 groupings. The commentator 
stated that restricting the fresh start only to taxpayers subject to 
section 1411 places lower income taxpayers at a disadvantage. In 
addition, multiple commentators recommended that S corporations and 
partnerships be permitted to change their groupings in light of the 
application of section 1411 for any tax year that begins during 2013 or 
2014. These commentators acknowledged that section 1411 does not apply 
to partnerships and S corporations directly, but stated that the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have regulatory authority to allow 
these entities to change the groupings reported to their owners and 
that the disclosure required under Revenue Procedure 2010-13 may 
operate to improve tax administration in this complex area.
    Multiple commentators suggested that, in the case of a failure to 
make regrouping elections in 2013 or 2014, the final regulations should 
allow taxpayers to make their regrouping election on an amended return. 
These commentators noted that denying regrouping on an amended return 
where there is an adjustment to income after a return has been filed 
may be unfair.
    The final regulations retain the requirement that regrouping under 
Sec.  1.469-11(b)(3)(iv) may occur only during the first taxable year 
beginning after December 31, 2012, in which (1) the taxpayer meets the 
applicable income threshold under section 1411, and (2) has net 
investment income. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the 
interaction between section 1411 and section 469 justifies the section 
1411 regrouping rule, and that, if a taxpayer does not have a section 
1411 tax liability, the reason for allowing the regrouping does not 
apply. The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge that, in the 
case of regrouping elections by partnerships and S corporations, one 
commentator's implied assertion is correct that imposition of section 
1411 on a passthrough entity's owner(s) is the same change in law that 
precipitated the proposed regulation's allowance of regrouping in the 
first instance. However, if the Treasury Department and the IRS were to 
expand the scope of the regulations to allow regrouping by partnerships 
and S corporations, then taxpayers with no tax liability under section 
1411 indirectly would be allowed to regroup. Accordingly, the final 
regulations do not adopt this suggestion.
    However, after considering the comments, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS agree with the commentators' concerns regarding the 
potential unfairness to taxpayers who become subject to section 1411 
after adjustments to, for example, income or deduction items after an 
original return has been filed. Therefore, the final regulations allow 
a taxpayer to regroup

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under Sec.  1.469-11(b)(3)(iv) on an amended return, but only if the 
taxpayer was not subject to section 1411 on his or her original return 
(or previously amended return), and if, because of a change to the 
original return, the taxpayer owed tax under section 1411 for that 
taxable year. This rule applies equally to changes to modified adjusted 
gross income or net investment income upon an IRS examination. However, 
if a taxpayer regroups on an original return (or previously amended 
return) under these rules, and then subsequently determines that the 
taxpayer is not subject to section 1411 in that year, such regrouping 
is void in that year and all subsequent years until a valid regrouping 
is done. The voiding of the regrouping may cause additional changes to 
the taxpayer's current year return and may warrant corrections to 
future year returns to restore the taxpayer's original groupings. The 
final regulations contain two exceptions to such voided elections. 
First, the final regulations allow a taxpayer to adopt the voided 
grouping in a subsequent year without filing an amended return if the 
taxpayer is subject to section 1411 in such year. Second, if the 
taxpayer is subject to section 1411 in a subsequent year, the taxpayer 
may file an amended return to regroup in a manner that differs from the 
previous year's voided regrouping. The final regulations provide four 
new examples on the amended return regrouping rules. Furthermore, Sec.  
1.1411-2(a)(2)(iii) of the final section 1411 regulations also contains 
a similar rule applicable to section 6013(g) elections.

3. Comments Regarding the Application of Section 1411 to Individuals

    Section 1411(a)(1) imposes a tax on individuals, but section 
1411(e)(1) provides that section 1411 does not apply to a nonresident 
alien. The proposed regulations provided that the term individual for 
purposes of section 1411 is any natural person, except for natural 
persons who are nonresident aliens. The final regulations retain this 
position.
A. Dual Resident Individuals
    During the consideration of comments concerning the application of 
section 1411 to foreign individuals, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS considered how section 1411 applies to a dual-resident individual, 
within the meaning of Sec.  301.7701(b)-7(a)(1), who determines that he 
or she is a resident of a foreign country for tax purposes pursuant to 
an income tax treaty between the United States and that foreign country 
and claims benefits of the treaty as a nonresident of the United 
States. Consistent with Sec.  301.7701(b)-7(a)(1), which provides that 
such an individual will be treated as a nonresident alien of the United 
States for purposes of computing that individual's United States income 
tax liability, the final regulations provide that the individual is 
treated as a nonresident for purposes of section 1411.
B. Dual-Status Individuals
    The Treasury Department and the IRS also considered how section 
1411 should apply to a dual-status individual who is a resident of the 
United States for part of the year and a nonresident for the other part 
of the year. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that a dual-
status resident should be subject to section 1411 only with respect to 
the portion of the year during which the individual is a United States 
resident, and the final regulations clarify this. However, consistent 
with the rule for taxable years of less than 12 months in Sec.  1.1411-
2(d)(2), the threshold amount under Sec.  1.1411-2(d)(1) is not reduced 
or prorated for a dual-status resident. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS may reconsider this rule if taxpayers are applying it 
inappropriately.
C. Section 6013(h) Elections
    During the consideration of comments concerning the application of 
section 1411 to foreign individuals, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS considered whether the final regulations should provide an election 
with respect to section 6013(h) that is similar to the election that 
Sec.  1.1411-2(a)(2)(i)(B) of the proposed regulations provided for 
section 6013(g). Section 6013(h) allows a dual-status individual who is 
a nonresident alien at the beginning of any taxable year but at the 
close of such taxable year is a United States resident, and who is 
married to a United States citizen or resident, to make a joint 
election with his or her spouse to be treated as a United States 
resident for purposes of chapters 1 and 24 for such taxable year. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS believe that such an election is 
appropriate. Accordingly, Sec.  1.1411-2(a)(2)(iv)(B) of the final 
regulations provides that a dual-status individual who makes a section 
6013(h) election with his or her spouse for purposes of chapters 1 and 
24 also may make a section 6013(h) election for purposes of chapter 2A. 
For purposes of calculating the tax imposed under section 1411(a)(1), 
the effect of such an election is to include the combined income of the 
United States citizen or resident spouse and the dual-status spouse in 
the section 1411(a)(1) calculation and subject the income of both 
spouses to the $250,000 threshold amount in section 1411(b)(1) for 
taxpayers filing a joint return. Section 1.1411-2(a)(2)(iv)(B)(2) of 
the final regulations provides procedural requirements for making this 
election.
    If the spouses do not make a section 6013(h) election for purposes 
of chapter 2A (whether or not they make the election for purposes of 
chapters 1 and 24), the final regulations require each spouse to 
determine his or her own net investment income and modified adjusted 
gross income (MAGI), and subjects each spouse to the $125,000 threshold 
amount for spouses filing separately. Consistent with the rule for 
taxable years of less than 12 months in Sec.  1.1411-2(d)(2), the 
threshold amount under Sec.  1.1411-2(d)(1) is not reduced or prorated 
in the case of the dual-status resident spouse for the portion of the 
year that he or she is treated as a United States resident. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS may reconsider this rule if taxpayers 
are applying it inappropriately.

4. Comments Regarding the Application of Section 1411 to Estates and 
Trusts

    In general, section 1411(a)(2) imposes on estates and trusts a tax 
of 3.8 percent on the lesser of their undistributed net investment 
income or the excess of their adjusted gross income (as defined in 
section 67(e)) over the dollar amount at which the highest tax bracket 
in section 1(e) begins for such taxable year.
A. Exclusion of Certain Estates and Trusts From the Application of 
Section 1411
    The preamble to the proposed regulations stated that section 1411 
applies to ordinary trusts described in Sec.  301.7701-4(a) that are 
subject to the provisions of part 1 of subchapter J of chapter 1 of 
subtitle A of the Code, even if the trusts have special computational 
rules within part 1 of subchapter J. The proposed regulation preamble 
identified four such trusts to which section 1411 will apply: (1) 
pooled income funds described in section 642(c)(5), (2) cemetery 
perpetual care funds described in section 642(i), (3) qualified funeral 
trusts described in section 685, and (4) Alaska Native settlement 
trusts described in section 646. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
requested public comments as to whether there may be administrative 
reasons to exclude one or more of these types of trusts from section 
1411. In response, numerous commentators advocated for exclusion or 
inclusion of the trusts identified above.

[[Page 72398]]

i. Pooled Income Funds (PIFs)
    Commentators recommended that the final regulations provide that 
section 1411 not apply to PIFs because doing so would be tantamount to 
taxing a charity that ultimately receives the property after the 
expiration of the income interest. Specifically, only the PIF's 
undistributed short-term gains are subject to tax under chapter 1, and 
those gains are held for ultimate distribution to charity. The 
commentators stated that the provisions of the Code dealing with 
charitable organizations, and contributions to them, should be broadly 
construed in favor of charitable organizations and their donors and, 
thus, section 1411 should not apply to PIFs. Furthermore, one 
commentator stated that treating PIFs in a manner significantly 
different from charitable remainder trusts is inequitable. The 
commentator analogized PIFs, operationally, to charitable remainder 
trusts. However, the commentator acknowledged that, unlike charitable 
remainder trusts, PIFs, by being taxable on undistributed short-term 
capital gains, do not escape all instances of federal income taxation. 
The commentators recommended that the final regulations either: (1) 
provide that a PIF's short-term capital gains be excluded from net 
investment income, or (2) exclude PIFs from the application of section 
1411 altogether.
    The final regulations do not adopt these suggestions. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS recognize that imposing tax on the PIF will 
reduce the amount of property the charitable remainderman will receive 
after the expiration of the income interest. However, section 1411 
limits its exclusion to wholly charitable trusts; this group of trusts 
does not include either charitable remainder trusts or PIFs. While 
charitable remainder trusts are excluded from section 1411 by the 
express language of section 664, there is no comparable provision 
excluding PIFs.
    Another commentator recommended that the final regulations provide 
that the section 642(c) charitable set-aside deduction that is 
available for a PIF's long-term capital gains for income tax purposes 
also reduce a PIF's net investment income. For purposes of taxation 
under chapter 1 of the Code, the taxable income of the PIF is limited, 
generally, to the undistributed short-term capital gains because the 
PIF will receive an income distribution deduction for the income paid 
to the income beneficiaries and any long-term capital gains will be 
offset by the section 642(c)(3) charitable set aside deduction. As is 
generally true throughout these regulations, the final regulations 
mirror this treatment under chapter 1 for purposes of section 1411.
ii. Cemetery Perpetual Care Funds
    One commentator stated that there is no administrative reason why 
Cemetery Perpetual Care Funds (Cemetery Trusts) should not be treated 
the same as other trusts for purposes of section 1411, and accordingly 
recommended taxing such trusts under section 1411.
    Two other commentators advocated for the exclusion of Cemetery 
Trusts from section 1411 because inclusion of such trusts would be 
inconsistent with the policy behind section 1411. They stated that 
Cemetery Trusts are established for consumer protection, and also to 
ensure that cemetery properties are maintained in perpetuity and do not 
become an obligation of the government. They noted that, as is the case 
with a qualified funeral trust, a cemetery perpetual care trust is 
essentially a collection of many small, individual trusts held for the 
benefit of unrelated gravesite owners whose only common interest is 
that they are owed the same promise of future services from the funeral 
provider or cemetery company. Thus, under section 642(i), the only 
``beneficiary'' is a taxable cemetery company. Therefore, the 
commentators stated that the imposition of section 1411 tax on the 
aggregate income of a perpetual care fund would effectively be a tax on 
an operating business, which directly conflicts with the terms of 
section 1411.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that cemetery trusts 
should be excluded from section 1411. By benefitting an operating 
company, these trusts are similar to the business trusts that are 
excluded from the operation of section 1411. Accordingly, Sec.  1.1411-
3(b)(1) of the final regulations exclude Cemetery Perpetual Care Funds 
described in section 642(i) from the application of section 1411.
iii. Electing Alaska Native Settlement Trusts (ANSTs)
    Several commentators argued that ANSTs should be excepted from the 
net investment income tax as a matter of statutory construction and as 
a matter of tax policy.
    Some commentators explained that the usual rules regarding the 
income taxation of trusts and their beneficiaries do not apply to ANSTs 
and their beneficiaries, and accordingly, ANSTs should not be viewed as 
trusts for purposes of section 1411. Specifically, section 646 provides 
special rules for the taxation of ANSTs at the lowest individual tax 
rate. Furthermore, section 646 treats all distributions, to the extent 
of the trust's current and accumulated taxable income, as amounts 
excludable from the gross income of the recipient beneficiaries. 
Additionally, section 646 prohibits the trust from claiming a 
distribution deduction, which is a deduction allowed in computing a 
trust's income under chapter 1 and also a deduction allowable for 
purposes of section 1411.
    Commentators further explained that the statutory framework for the 
taxation of ANSTs reflects important policy considerations relating to 
the beneficiaries of ANSTs, which were expressed in the Congressional 
findings and declaration of policy in the Alaska Native Claims 
Settlement Act (Public Law 92-203, 85 Stat. 688) (``ANCSA''). See 43 
U.S.C. 1601. The commentators said that those policies include the 
following: Alaska Natives have long been recognized as being among the 
poorest inhabitants of our nation, with poverty rates significantly 
higher than the national average; ANSTs are not vehicles wealthy 
individuals might use to avoid the reach of section 1411 by employing a 
trust to reinvest investment income rather than making distributions; 
rather, ANSTs are entities created to provide for ``the real economic 
and social needs of Natives'' by making distributions and/or 
reinvesting trust income to grow the trust to better provide for the 
future needs of its beneficiaries.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the commentators 
that ANSTs should not be subject to section 1411, and that this 
exclusion is consistent with the chapter 1 taxation of these entities 
at the lowest individual tax rate. Therefore, the final regulations 
modify Sec.  1.1411-3(b)(1) to exclude from section 1411 all ANSTs that 
have made an election under section 646.
iv. Qualified Funeral Trusts (QFTs) Taxable Under Section 685
    One commentator stated that it was illogical for section 1411 to 
apply to QFTs because Congress intended to impose section 1411 on 
``private trusts,'' which high-income individuals often establish as 
vehicles for the management and intergenerational transfer of wealth. 
Another commentator stated that there is no administrative reason why 
QFTs should not be treated the same as other trusts for purposes of 
section 1411.
    Three commentators noted that a QFT's regular tax liability is 
calculated on a per-contract basis and then consolidated into a single 
return. Specifically, section 685(c) provides

[[Page 72399]]

that the tax imposed on the QFT is calculated by treating each 
beneficiary's interest in his or her contract as a separate trust. The 
commentators stated that, because the individual contracts are 
generally under $10,000, the annual investment income on them likewise 
is generally well under $10,000. Thus, as a practical matter, the 
commentators believed that QFTs would not incur this tax (due to the 
investment income on each contract being below the section 
1411(a)(2)(B)(ii) threshold amount).
    The final regulations do not exclude QFTs from the application of 
the net investment income tax. However, the final regulations do 
confirm that the calculation of the section 1411 tax will be consistent 
with the taxation of QFTs in chapter 1. As a result, Sec.  1.1411-
3(b)(2)(i) of the final regulations provides that the section 1411 is 
applied to the QFT by treating each beneficiary's interest in that 
beneficiary's contract as a separate trust.
v. Charitable Purpose Estates
    Section 1411(e)(2) and proposed Sec.  1.1411-3(b)(1) exclude from 
the application of section 1411 a trust all of the unexpired interests 
in which are devoted to one or more of the purposes described in 
section 170(c)(2)(B) (referred to as ``Charitable Purpose Trusts''). 
The final regulations retain this rule in Sec.  1.1411-3(b)(1).
    One commentator pointed out that proposed Sec.  1.1411-3(d) does 
not have an exclusion comparable to proposed Sec.  1.1411-3(b)(1) to 
exempt an estate all of the unexpired interests in which are devoted to 
one or more of the purposes described in section 170(c)(2)(B) (referred 
to as ``Charitable Purpose Estates''). The commentator noted that, 
although Charitable Purpose Trusts are statutorily exempt from the net 
investment income tax, Charitable Purpose Estates are subject to 
section 1411 but may achieve the same result through the use of the 
charitable deduction in section 642(c). Thus, through the operation of 
provisions outside of section 1411, it is expected that Charitable 
Purpose Estates typically will not have a section 1411 tax liability.
    The commentator also pointed out that a Charitable Purpose Estate's 
need to rely on the section 642(c) deduction to achieve this result 
(and thus, this inconsistency between Charitable Purpose Trusts and 
Charitable Purpose Estates) could have an inadvertent and adverse 
impact on both Charitable Purpose Estates and Charitable Purpose Trusts 
for chapter 1 purposes--specifically, on their decision to make an 
election under section 645 (a ``645 Election''). Section 645 was 
enacted to eliminate the differences in income tax treatment between 
the disposition of a decedent's property by will (through an estate) 
and by a revocable trust (that becomes irrevocable on the decedent's 
death). See H.R. Rep. No. 148, 105th Cong., 1st Sess. 618 (1997).
    Assuming a wholly-charitable disposition by a decedent, the 
commentator stated that a trustee of the decedent's formerly revocable 
trust and the executor of the related estate would normally join in a 
645 Election to minimize the cost and burden of administration and to 
achieve consistency in the income tax treatment of the estate and 
trust. However, unless an estate and trust have the same exemption from 
section 1411, the trustees of a Charitable Purpose Trust may be 
reluctant to join in an otherwise useful election.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the commentator's 
recommendation. Given that, whether under section 1411(e)(2) or section 
642(c), no section 1411 tax is imposed on a wholly charitable trust or 
estate, respectively, the Treasury Department and the IRS believe it is 
consistent with the Congressional intent of both section 1411 and 
section 645 to treat both types of entities as exempt from section 
1411. Accordingly, Sec.  1.1411-3(b)(1) of the final regulations 
excludes from the application of section 1411 an estate in which all of 
the unexpired interests are devoted to one or more of the purposes 
described in section 170(c)(2)(B).
B. Application of Section 1411 To Electing Small Business Trusts 
(ESBTs)
    The proposed regulations preserved the chapter 1 treatment of the 
ESBT as two separate trusts for computational purposes but consolidated 
the ESBT into a single trust for determining the adjusted gross income 
threshold in section 1411(a)(2)(B)(ii). This is consistent with the 
chapter 1 treatment of ESBTs, which are entitled to only a single 
personal exemption, rather than one per ESBT portion, notwithstanding 
the fact that the income for each portion is computed separately. 
Moreover, this rule in the proposed regulations put ESBTs on the same 
footing as other taxable trusts by applying a single section 1(e) 
threshold to ESBTs similar to other taxable trusts. Proposed Sec.  
1.1411-3(c)(1)(ii) described the method to determine the ESBT's section 
1411 tax base. First, the ESBT separately calculates the undistributed 
net investment income of the S portion and non-S portion in accordance 
with the general rules for trusts under chapter 1, and then combines 
the undistributed net investment income of the S portion and the non-S 
portion. Second, the ESBT determines its adjusted gross income, solely 
for purposes of section 1411, by adding the net income or net loss from 
the S portion to the adjusted gross income of the non-S portion as a 
single item of income or loss. Finally, to determine whether the ESBT 
is subject to section 1411, the ESBT compares the combined 
undistributed net investment income with the excess of its adjusted 
gross income over the section 1(e) threshold.
    One commentator challenged the authority of the Treasury Department 
and the IRS to issue regulations that require the use of chapter 1's 
separate trust treatment of the S portion and non-S portion of an ESBT 
for purposes of section 1411. The commentator also stated that the lack 
of any mention of ESBTs in section 1411 or its legislative history 
means that there is no regulatory authority for the treatment of an 
ESBT as detailed in the proposed regulations.
    The preamble to the proposed regulations stated, in relevant part, 
that ``[s]ection 1411 (which constitutes chapter 2A of the Code) 
contains terms commonly used in Federal income taxation and cross-
references certain provisions of chapter 1 such as sections 67(e), 469, 
401(a), and 475(e)(2).'' However, the preamble also stated that ``there 
is no indication in the legislative history of section 1411 that 
Congress intended, in every event, that a term used in section 1411 
would have the same meaning ascribed to it for other Federal income tax 
purposes (such as chapter 1).'' The Treasury Department and the IRS 
believe that the ESBT regulations under section 1411, which generally 
conform to the chapter 1 framework but with certain modifications 
needed for section 1411 compliance purposes, fall well within the 
general regulatory authority pursuant to section 7805.
    Two other commentators addressed the inability to offset net 
investment income losses (capital, ordinary, and/or passive) from one 
portion of the ESBT with net investment income from the other portion. 
The commentators recommended that, if one portion has income or a net 
capital gain and the other has a net capital loss, the ESBT should be 
able to offset one against the other in the same manner as a non-ESBT 
nongrantor trust. Both commentators focused on the annual calculation 
of net investment income, but neither addressed the potential problems 
from allowing income and losses to offset: (1) loss duplication in 
carryover years (because loss would offset gain across portions in year 
1 and also be a

[[Page 72400]]

carryover to year 2 within the originating portion), or (2) differences 
in loss carryforwards for purposes of chapters 1 and 2A.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the commentators' 
observations that the method of consolidation in the proposed 
regulations, in certain instances, may put ESBTs at a computational 
disadvantage, from a section 1411 perspective, to similarly situated 
nongrantor trusts in the case of netting of income and losses. However, 
this computational disadvantage exists with regard to the tax imposed 
under chapter 1, and the rules regarding ESBTs (and the final 
regulations generally) adopt chapter 1 principles. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS believe a full integration of the S portion and 
non-S portion into a single trust for purposes of section 1411 is 
administratively burdensome to both taxpayers and the IRS because it 
would cause the section 1411 calculations to deviate significantly from 
the calculations for purposes of chapter 1, resulting in the need for 
additional rules to address the computational differences and treatment 
of separate carryover regimes. For example, a full integration of the S 
and non-S portion would allow passive income and passive losses from 
each portion to offset each other, which would result in different loss 
carryforwards for regular tax and section 1411 purposes. A similar 
outcome would occur if capital gains and losses could offset between 
the portions in a manner inconsistent with chapter 1. Therefore, the 
final regulations retain the calculation of an ESBT's undistributed net 
investment income and modified adjusted gross income without change, 
but have relocated the operative ESBT rules to Sec.  1.1411-3(c).
    One commentator recommended that the final regulations clarify 
that, when an ESBT disposes of S corporation stock, the rules under 
Sec. Sec.  1.641(c)-1(d)(3) and 1.1361-1(m)(5)(ii) that permit the use 
of the installment method on the sale or disposition of stock in an S 
corporation by an ESBT, also should apply for purposes of section 1411. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the general 
administrative principles enumerated in Sec.  1.1411-1(a) accomplish 
this result for section 1411 purposes. Accordingly, a special rule 
within Sec.  1.1411-3(c) is not necessary to achieve what the 
commentator requested.
C. Application of Section 1411 to Charitable Remainder Trusts (CRTs)
    The proposed regulations provided special computational rules for 
the classification of the income of and the distributions from 
charitable remainder trusts, solely for section 1411 purposes. Proposed 
Sec.  1.1411-3(c)(2)(i) provided that distributions from a CRT to a 
beneficiary for a taxable year consist of net investment income in an 
amount equal to the lesser of the total amount of the distributions for 
that year, or the current and accumulated net investment income of the 
CRT. Proposed Sec.  1.1411-3(c)(2)(iii) defined the term accumulated 
net investment income (ANII) as the total amount of net investment 
income received by a CRT for all taxable years beginning after December 
31, 2012, less the total amount of net investment income distributed 
for all prior taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledged in the preamble to 
the proposed regulations that the classification of income as net 
investment income or non-net investment income would be separate from, 
and in addition to, the four tiers under section 664(b), which would 
continue to apply for chapter 1 purposes. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS also stated in the preamble that they considered an alternative 
method for determining the distributed amount of net investment income 
under which net investment income would be determined on a class-by-
class basis within each of the Sec.  1.664-1(d)(1) enumerated 
categories. The Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledged that, 
although differentiating between net investment income and non-net 
investment income within each class and category might be more 
consistent with the structure created for CRTs by section 664 and the 
corresponding regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS were 
concerned that the apparent recordkeeping and compliance burden on 
trustees would outweigh the benefits of this alternative.
    Multiple commentators asked that the final regulations follow the 
existing rules under section 664 that create subclasses in each 
category of income as the tax rates on certain types of income are 
changed from time to time. They said that CRT trustees are already 
maintaining the appropriate records and are familiar with the existing 
rules, so compliance would be less complicated than under the new 
system described in the proposed regulations. Some of the commentators 
suggested that the final regulations allow the trustee to elect between 
the method described in the proposed regulations and the existing rules 
under section 664.
    Section 1.1411-3(d)(2) of the final regulations adopts the 
commentators' request to categorize and distribute net investment 
income based on the existing section 664 category and class system. The 
provisions of Sec.  1.1411-3(d)(2), as discussed in this preamble, will 
apply to taxable years of CRTs that begin after December 31, 2012, 
provided however that, for CRTs that relied on the proposed regulations 
for returns filed before the publication of these final regulations in 
the Federal Register, the CRT and its beneficiary (as applicable) do 
not have to amend their returns to comply with rules set forth in these 
final regulations. For such a CRT, when transitioning from the method 
in the proposed regulations to the method in these final regulations, 
the CRT may use any reasonable method to allocate the remaining 
undistributed net investment income for that year to the categories and 
classes under section 664.
    The final regulations retain the concept of ANII. ANII is defined 
as the total amount of net investment income received by a charitable 
remainder trust for all taxable years beginning after December 31, 
2012, less the total amount of net investment income distributed for 
all prior taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012. The final 
regulations apply the section 664 category and class system to ANII by 
providing that the Federal income tax rate applicable to an item of 
ANII, for purposes of allocating that item of ANII to the appropriate 
class within a category of income as described in Sec.  1.664-1(d)(1), 
is the sum of the income tax rate imposed on that item under chapter 1 
and the rate of the tax imposed under section 1411. Thus, if a 
charitable remainder trust has both excluded income (such as income 
received by the trust prior to January 1, 2013, or other income 
received after December 31, 2012, but excluded from net investment 
income) and ANII in an income category, such excluded income and ANII 
will constitute separate classes of income for purposes of Sec.  1.664-
1(d)(1)(i)(b).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS believe special rules are 
necessary to apply the section 664 category and class system contained 
in Sec.  1.664-1(d) to certain distributions made to charitable 
remainder trusts that own interests in CFCs and PFICs not making the 
Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election to account for the difference between the 
income inclusion for chapter 1 and for section 1411 purposes. 
Accordingly, the final regulations reserve paragraph Sec.  1.1411-
3(d)(2)(ii) for special rules in this case. The companion notice of 
proposed rulemaking (REG-130843-13) contains special rules relating to 
CFCs and PFICs

[[Page 72401]]

and are proposed to be effective for tax years beginning after December 
31, 2013.
    The final regulations reserve paragraph Sec.  1.1411-3(d)(3) for 
rules allowing the CRT to elect between the simplified method contained 
in the proposed regulations and the section 664 method contained in 
these final regulations. The companion notice of proposed rulemaking 
(REG-130843-13) provides rules to enable a CRT to choose between the 
simplified method described in the proposed regulations (with the 
modification noted in the companion notice) and the existing rules 
under section 664. The rules contained in the companion proposed 
regulation are proposed to be effective for taxable years beginning 
after December 31, 2012.
D. Application of Section 1411 to Foreign Estates and Trusts
    Section 1411 does not address specifically the treatment of foreign 
estates and foreign nongrantor trusts. Proposed Sec. Sec.  1.1411-
3(d)(2)(i) and 1.1411-3(b)(6) provided, as a general rule, that foreign 
estates and foreign trusts are not subject to section 1411.
i. Foreign Estates
    The proposed regulations requested comments as to whether section 
1411 should apply to foreign estates with United States beneficiaries. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS received several comments 
recommending that the section 1411 tax not apply to foreign estates, 
even those with United States beneficiaries, as there is little 
potential abuse in this context. Although some commentators recommended 
providing special rules for foreign estates with United States 
beneficiaries, the Treasury Department and the IRS continue to believe 
that section 1411 should not apply to foreign estates that often have 
little or no connection to the United States. Accordingly, Sec.  
1.1411-3(b)(1)(ix) of the final regulations provides that the section 
1411 tax does not apply to foreign estates. This rule, however, does 
not exempt United States beneficiaries of foreign estates from the 
application of section 1411 to distributions from foreign estates. The 
taxation under section 1411 of United States beneficiaries receiving 
distributions of net investment income from a foreign estate will be 
consistent with the general operation of subparts A through D of part I 
of subchapter J and will be subject to section 1411. See Sec. Sec.  
1.1411-3(e)(3)(ii) and 1.1411-4(e)(1).
ii. Foreign Trusts
    The preamble to proposed Sec.  1.1411-3(c)(3) requested comments on 
the application of section 1411 to net investment income of foreign 
trusts that is earned or accumulated for the benefit of United States 
beneficiaries, including whether section 1411 should apply to the 
foreign trust, or to the United States beneficiaries upon an 
accumulation distribution. Commentators recommended that section 1411 
should not apply to foreign trusts that accumulate income for the 
benefit of United States beneficiaries, but rather, that United States 
beneficiaries should be subject to section 1411 upon the receipt of an 
accumulation distribution from a foreign trust.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that section 1411 should 
apply to United States beneficiaries that receive distributions of 
accumulated net investment income from a foreign trust rather than to 
the foreign trust itself. The Treasury Department and the IRS continue 
to study how section 1411 should apply to accumulation distributions 
from foreign trusts to United States beneficiaries and intend to issue 
subsequent guidance on this issue. Pending the issuance of such 
guidance, section 1411 will not apply to distributions of accumulated 
income from a foreign trust to United States beneficiary. Therefore, 
Sec.  1.1411-4(e)(1)(ii) of the final regulations is reserved.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS request additional comments 
concerning this issue, including recommendations on methods by which to 
identify accumulation distributions as net investment income. In 
particular, the Treasury Department and the IRS are interested in 
possible methods by which to determine the ``additional tax'' imposed 
under section 667(b) when the distribution is ``thrown back'' to the 
relevant past tax year, possible methods by which to identify and 
exclude the ``additional tax'' imposed under section 667(b) from years 
prior to the effective date of section 1411, whether a default rule 
similar to that contained in Notice 97-34 may be a viable approach for 
section 1411 purposes, and other specific technical recommendations 
(accompanied by numerical examples, if possible) for applying section 
1411 to accumulation distributions.
E. Calculation of Undistributed Net Investment Income
    The proposed regulations provided that undistributed net investment 
income of an estate or trust is its net investment income (as 
determined under proposed Sec.  1.1411-4), reduced by the net 
investment income included in the distribution to beneficiaries 
deductible by the estate or trust under section 651 or section 661, and 
by the net investment income for which the estate or trust was entitled 
to a section 642(c) deduction, in each case as computed in accordance 
with Sec.  1.642(c)-2 and the allocation and ordering rules under Sec.  
1.662(b)-2. The proposed regulations adopted the class system of income 
categorization, generally embodied in sections 651 through 663 and the 
regulations thereunder, to arrive at the trust's net investment income 
reduction in the case of distributions that are comprised of both net 
investment income and net excluded income items. Section 1.1411-3(e) of 
the final regulations retain this approach.
    Proposed Sec.  1.1411-3(f) provided examples of the calculation of 
undistributed net investment income. One commentator noted that Example 
1 and Example 2 of the proposed regulations contain incorrect 
computations of distributable net income, which consequently causes an 
incorrect calculation of undistributed net investment income. The final 
regulations correct the computational error in these examples.
    Some commentators recommended that the final regulations allow 
fiduciaries to reconsider a previous decision to include capital gains 
in the distributable net income (DNI) of an estate or trust. Section 
1.643(a)-3(b)(1) provides that a fiduciary may allocate capital gains 
between corpus and DNI as long as such decision is a reasonable and 
impartial exercise of discretion and part of a consistent practice over 
time. In general, the commentators noted that, because section 1411 
causes many capital gains to be included in net investment income, an 
estate or trust that does not include capital gains in DNI causes such 
net investment income to be retained in the estate or trust and thus, 
because of the low income threshold applicable to estates and trusts, 
to be subjected to the section 1411 tax more readily than if it had 
been distributed. The commentators note that, when a fiduciary 
considers whether capital gains are to be treated as part of DNI 
pursuant to section 643, as part of its duty to the trust or estate and 
its beneficiaries, a fiduciary takes into account any tax that would be 
imposed, including any tax imposed pursuant to section 1411. If the tax 
imposed by section 1411 had existed in the year that an existing trust 
or estate had first incurred capital gains, the fiduciary may have 
exercised its

[[Page 72402]]

discretion differently. The commentators request that the final 
regulations allow a fiduciary a ``fresh start'' to determine whether 
capital gains are to be treated as part of DNI.
    The final regulations do not adopt this suggestion. A fiduciary's 
decision regarding the inclusion of capital gains in DNI is comparable 
to other elections under chapter 1 that only indirectly impact the 
computation of net investment income. In addition, the potential for 
fluctuations in the effective tax rate on capital gains is a factor 
that is foreseeable by fiduciaries making these elections.
F. Material Participation of Estates & Trusts
    Several commentators noted that the enactment of section 1411 has 
created an additional and compelling reason for the need to determine 
how an estate or a trust materially participates in an activity. An 
estate's or a trust's income or gain from a trade or business activity 
in which the entity materially participates does not constitute income 
from a passive activity under section 469 or section 1411. One 
commentator noted that, in the case of estates or trusts that have not 
incurred losses from a passive activity, those estates and trusts 
previously have not had to characterize either losses or income under 
section 469.
    Commentators stated that the legislative history of section 469 
suggests that only a fiduciary's participation should control in 
determining whether an estate or a trust materially participates in a 
trade or business activity. In certain situations, case law has 
concluded that the participation of beneficiaries and employees also 
should be considered. One commentator noted that case law and IRS 
guidance conflict, leaving taxpayers with uncertainty in determining 
the material participation of a trust.
    A number of commentators requested that the Treasury Department and 
the IRS provide guidance on material participation of estates and 
trusts. However, the commentators acknowledged that guidance on 
material participation would apply under both sections 469 and 1411, 
and consequently suggested the initiation of a guidance project to 
propose the rules for which Sec.  1.469-5T(g) has been reserved.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the commentators 
have raised valid concerns. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
considered whether the scope of these regulations should be broadened 
to include guidance on q2material participation of estates and trusts. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS, however, believe that this 
guidance would be addressed more appropriately in the section 469 
regulations. Further, because the issues inherent in drafting 
administrable rules under section 469 regarding the material 
participation of estates and trusts are very complex, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS believe that addressing material participation 
of trusts and estates at this time would significantly delay the 
finalization of these regulations. However, the issue of material 
participation of estates and trusts is currently under study by the 
Treasury Department and the IRS and may be addressed in a separate 
guidance project issued under section 469 at a later date. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS welcome any comments concerning this issue, 
including recommendations on the scope of any such guidance and on 
specific approaches to the issue.

5. Comments Regarding the Calculation of Net Investment Income

    Section 1411(c)(1) defines net investment income as the excess (if 
any) of (A) the sum of: (i) gross income from interest, dividends, 
annuities, royalties, and rents, other than such income derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business to which the tax does not apply, 
(ii) other gross income from trades or businesses to which the tax 
applies, and (iii) net gain (to the extent taken into account in 
computing taxable income) attributable to the disposition of property 
other than property held in a trade or business to which the tax does 
not apply, over (B) deductions allowed by subtitle A that are properly 
allocable to such gross income or net gain. Section 1.1411-4 of the 
proposed regulations provided guidance on the calculation of net 
investment income. The final regulations retain the general structure 
of proposed Sec.  1.1411-4 with some modifications as discussed in this 
part.
A. Interaction With Section 469
    Section 469 and the regulations thereunder provide several rules 
that restrict the ability of taxpayers to artificially generate passive 
income from certain types of passive activities. The preamble to the 
proposed regulations provided a summary of the section 469 rules 
applicable for purposes of section 1411. The preamble identified 
certain aspects of the section 469 regulations that would apply for 
section 1411 purposes (such as the various types of recharacterization 
rules), and other areas where certain section 469 rules were not 
applicable for purposes of section 1411 (for example, the scope of a 
passive activity under section 469 is broader than the section 
1411(c)(2)(A) definition of passive activity).
    The preamble to the proposed regulations identified a series of 
section 469 rules that recharacterize income from a passive activity as 
income not from a passive activity (income recharacterization rules). 
Commentators requested the final regulations clarify the interaction 
between certain aspects of the income recharacterization rules and 
items of gross income included in section 1411(c)(1)(A). One such 
income recharacterization involves section 469(e)'s definition of 
portfolio income versus working capital. The comments regarding 
portfolio income are discussed in this part of the preamble and 
comments regarding working capital are discussed in part 7 of this 
preamble. Part 6 discusses comments regarding the net income 
recharacterization rules.
B. Gross Income Items Described in Section 1411(c)(1)(a)(i)
i. Portfolio Income
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received several comments 
regarding the interaction between section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and the 
portfolio income items described in section 469(e)(1)(A) and the 
regulations thereunder. One commentator suggested that the final 
regulations cross reference the definition of portfolio income so that 
items included in portfolio income for section 469 purposes are net 
investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i).
    In general, section 469(e)(1)(A)(i)(I) defines portfolio income as 
interest, dividends, annuities, or royalties not derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS recognize that this definition is similar to section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i). However, pursuant to the specific grant of authority 
to promulgate regulations under section 469 provided to the Treasury 
Department and the IRS in section 469(l), Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3) expands 
the definition of portfolio income to include, for example, income from 
controlled foreign corporations and qualified electing funds.
    Furthermore, Sec.  1.469-1T(d)(1) provides that the 
characterization of items of income or deduction as passive activity 
gross income (within the meaning of Sec.  1.469-2T(c)) does not affect 
the treatment of any item of income or gain under any provision of the 
Code other than section 469.

[[Page 72403]]

Therefore, the characterization of certain types of income, gain, loss, 
and deduction as portfolio income under Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3) is 
expressly limited to the section 469 context. While many of the 
provisions of section 469 impact the classification of income, gain, 
loss, and deduction for net investment income purposes within section 
1411, such interaction with section 469 is generally limited to the 
determination of whether those items are attributable to a passive 
activity within the meaning of section 1411(c)(2)(A). Accordingly, 
because the scope of portfolio income as defined in the regulations 
under section 469 does not match the scope of net investment income 
items in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i), the final regulations do not adopt 
this recommendation.
ii. Definition of ``Derived in the Ordinary Course of a Trade or 
Business''
    The preamble to the proposed regulations stated that the ordinary 
course of a trade or business exception is a two-part test. First, the 
item must be ``derived in'' a trade or business not described in 
section 1411(c)(2). Second, such item must be derived in the ``ordinary 
course'' of such trade or business. The preamble to the proposed 
regulations provided that a trade or business refers to a trade or 
business within the meaning of section 162 but the phrase was not 
defined in the proposed regulations. The proposed regulations did not 
provide guidance on the meaning of ``ordinary course.''
a. Definition of a Trade or Business
    Several commentators requested guidance concerning the meaning of 
``trade or business.'' Commentators suggested that the regulations 
include references to relevant case law and administrative guidance. A 
commentator requested that the regulations expand upon existing 
guidance by including bright-line examples of what constitutes a trade 
or business to aid taxpayers in determining if income is derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business and thus is excluded from net 
investment income.
    As noted in part 6.A. of the preamble to the proposed regulations, 
the rules under section 162 have long existed as guidance for 
determining the existence of a trade or business and are applied in 
many circumstances. Whether an activity constitutes a trade or business 
for purposes of section 162 is generally a factual question. For 
example, in Higgins v. Commissioner, 312 U.S. 212 (1941), the Supreme 
Court stated that the determination of ``whether the activities of a 
taxpayer are `carrying on a trade or business' requires an examination 
of the facts in each case.'' 312 U.S. at 217. Except for certain 
clarifications made in response to the proposed regulations, further 
guidance concerning the definition of trade or business is beyond the 
scope of these regulations.
    In response to these commentators, Sec.  1.1411-1(d) of the final 
regulations provides that the term trade or business, when used in 
section 1411 and the final regulations, describes a trade or business 
within the meaning of section 162. The section 162 reference 
incorporates case law and administrative guidance applicable to section 
162.
    One commentator noted that determining whether income is earned in 
a section 162 trade or business under a separate entity approach, as 
reflected in proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(b), will yield unexpected results 
that are inconsistent with section 162. For purposes of determining 
whether income is earned under section 162, the commentator noted that 
Sec.  1.183-1(d) provides that activities are determined and their 
section 162 trade or business status is evaluated by aggregating 
undertakings in any reasonable manner determined by the taxpayer.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS do not believe that the 
determination of a trade or business under section 162 mandates the use 
of the definition of ``activity'' within the meaning of Sec.  1.183-
1(d). Section 183 disallows expenses in excess of income attributable 
to activities not engaged in for profit. Section 1.183-1(a) provides 
that section 162 and section 212 activities are not subject to section 
183 limitations. The definition of activity within Sec.  1.183-1(d) 
allows taxpayers latitude to combine different activities into a single 
activity to establish that the taxpayer is engaged in an activity for 
profit, and thus is not subject to the section 183 limitation. However, 
once the taxpayer determines that section 183 is not applicable, the 
taxpayer then must determine whether the activity is a section 162 
trade or business or a section 212 for-profit activity. Furthermore, 
different definitions of ``activity'' can be found in sections 465 and 
469. Therefore, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not believe that 
determining whether a trade or business exists using the activity 
determinations of Code provisions unrelated to section 162 is 
appropriate.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received multiple comments 
regarding the determination of a trade or business within the context 
of rental real estate. Specifically, commentators stated that Example 1 
of proposed Sec.  1.1411-5(b)(2) is inconsistent with existing case law 
regarding the definition of a trade or business of rental real estate. 
Commentators cited cases such as Fackler v. Commissioner, 45 BTA 708 
(1941), aff'd, 133 F.2d 509 (6th Cir. 1943); Hazard v. Commissioner, 7 
T.C. 372 (1946); and Lagreide v. Commissioner, 23 T.C. 508 (1954), for 
the proposition that the activities of a single property can rise to 
the level of a trade or business.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with commentators that, 
in certain circumstances, the rental of a single property may require 
regular and continuous involvement such that the rental activity is a 
trade or business within the meaning of section 162. However, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS do not believe that the rental of a 
single piece of property rises to the level of a trade or business in 
every case as a matter of law. For example, Sec.  1.212-1(h) provides 
that the rental of real property is an example of a for-profit activity 
under section 212 and not a trade or business.
    Within the scope of a section 162 determination regarding a rental 
activity, key factual elements that may be relevant include, but are 
not limited to, the type of property (commercial real property versus a 
residential condominium versus personal property), the number of 
properties rented, the day-to-day involvement of the owner or its 
agent, and the type of rental (for example, a net lease versus a 
traditional lease, short-term versus long-term lease). Therefore, due 
to the large number of factual combinations that exist in determining 
whether a rental activity rises to the level of a section 162 trade or 
business, bright-line definitions are impractical and would be 
imprecise. The same is true wherever the section 162 trade or business 
standard is used and is not unique to section 1411. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS decline to provide guidance on the meaning of 
trade or business solely within the context of section 1411. However, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS have modified Example 1 in Sec.  
1.1411-5(b)(3) to explicitly state that the rental property in question 
is not a trade or business under applicable section 162 standards.
    In cases where other Code provisions use a trade or business 
standard that is the same or substantially similar to the section 162 
standard adopted in these final regulations, the IRS will closely 
scrutinize situations where taxpayers take the position that an 
activity is a trade or business for purposes of section 1411, but not a 
trade or business for

[[Page 72404]]

such other provisions. For example, if a taxpayer takes the position 
that a certain rental activity is a trade or business for purposes of 
section 1411, the IRS will take into account the facts and 
circumstances surrounding the taxpayer's determination of a trade or 
business for other purposes, such as whether the taxpayer complies with 
any information reporting requirements for the rental activity imposed 
by section 6041.
b. Definition of ``Derived in the Ordinary Course''
    Section 1411 does not define the phrase ``derived in the ordinary 
course'' within the context of a trade or business. The preamble to the 
proposed regulations stated that other regulation sections and case law 
provide guidance on whether an item of gross income is derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business and specifically referenced 
Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii) as an example.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received comments regarding the 
meaning of the phrase ``derived in the ordinary course'' within the 
context of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(b).
    Within the context of section 469, income from interest, dividends, 
royalties, and annuities is classified as portfolio income unless such 
income is derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. 
Section 1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii)(A) through (c)(3)(ii)(G), which implements 
section 469(e)(1)(B), identifies several situations where interest, 
dividends, royalties, or annuities are derived in the ordinary course 
of a trade or business, and therefore are not portfolio income. If the 
interest, dividends, royalties, or annuities do not fall into one of 
these situations, then they constitute working capital because they are 
not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. If the 
assets that generate the interest, dividends, royalties, and annuities 
are not held in a trade or business, however, then the classification 
of the income as working capital by reference to Sec.  1.469-
2T(c)(3)(ii) is irrelevant.
    Proposed Sec.  1.1411-6 defined working capital by reference to 
section 469(e)(1)(B) and Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii). The definition of 
working capital in Sec.  1.1411-6(a) of the final regulations continues 
to reference Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii). If a trade or business receives 
interest, dividends, royalties, or annuities, and the income is working 
capital under Sec.  1.1411-6(a), then it is not derived in the ordinary 
course of a trade or business for purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) 
and Sec.  1.1411-4(b). Conversely, if a trade or business receives 
interest, dividends, royalties, or annuities, and the income is not 
working capital under Sec.  1.1411-6(a) because it falls within one of 
the situations in Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii), then such income is derived 
in the ordinary course of a trade or business for both section 469 and 
section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(b). As a result of the 
interaction between Sec.  1.1411-6(a) and Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii), the 
Treasury Department and the IRS do not believe that any special rules 
are necessary within Sec.  1.1411-4(b) defining ``derived in the 
ordinary course'' or, conversely, ``working capital'' with respect to 
section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) income other than rents. In the case of rents, 
which are not covered by Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3), case law will provide 
guidance on whether rents are derived in the ordinary course of a trade 
or business. Additional public comments pertaining to the definition of 
working capital are discussed in part 7 of this preamble.
iii. Income From Annuities
    The preamble of the proposed regulations provided that gross income 
from annuities includes the amount received as an annuity under an 
annuity, endowment, or life insurance contract that is includible in 
gross income as a result of the application of section 72(a) and 
section 72(b), and an amount not received as an annuity under an 
annuity contract that is includible in gross income under section 
72(e).
    The Code does not define the term annuity. Section 72(a) provides 
that gross income includes any amount received as an annuity under an 
annuity, endowment, or life insurance contract. Section 72(b), however, 
excludes from gross income that part of an amount received as annuity 
that bears the same ratio to that amount as the investment in the 
contract bears to the expected return under the contract (determined as 
of the annuity starting date).
    Section 72(e) governs the treatment of amounts received under an 
annuity contract that are not received as an annuity (such as lump sum 
distributions or surrenders). Section 72(e)(2) provides in general that 
such amounts received on or after the annuity starting date are 
included in gross income, and that amounts received before the annuity 
starting date are included in gross income to the extent allocable to 
income on the contract on an income-first basis.
    The preamble to the proposed regulations provided that gain or loss 
from the sale of an annuity is treated as net investment income for 
purposes of section 1411. To the extent the sales price of an annuity 
does not exceed its surrender value, the gain recognized is treated as 
gross income described in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(i). If the sales price of the annuity exceeds its surrender 
value, the seller treats the gain equal to the difference between the 
basis in the annuity and the surrender value as gross income described 
in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i), and treats the 
excess of the sales price over the surrender value as gain from the 
disposition of property under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and Sec.  
1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii). The final regulations generally retain this 
approach.
    One commentator stated that the definition of the term ``annuity'' 
provided in the preamble of the proposed regulations is too expansive. 
The commentator requested that the final regulations clarify that only 
items of income for which a taxpayer is liable under section 72(a) are 
subject to the net investment income tax. The final regulations do not 
adopt the requested change. The principles and rules under chapter 1 of 
the Code generally apply, where appropriate, in interpreting the 
statutory language of section 1411. Section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) provides 
that net investment income includes ``gross income from . . . 
annuities.'' Amounts received as an annuity under an annuity contract 
are includible in gross income under section 72(a) and section 72(b). 
However, there are other types of distributions from annuity contracts 
that are includible in gross income under section 72(e). Such amounts 
may include, for example, dividends received from an annuity contract. 
See section 72(e)(1)(B). We believe it is appropriate to apply these 
same rules in determining what constitutes gross income from annuities 
for purposes of section 1411. Therefore, amounts received under annuity 
contracts that are includible in income under section 72(a), (b), and 
(e) are subject to the net investment income tax.
    One commentator requested that the final regulations clarify that 
net investment income from charitable gift annuities established post-
2012 will be spread over the annuitant's life expectancy, similar to 
other items of income, pursuant to Sec.  1.1011-2(c), Example 8. The 
commentator also requested that the final regulations clarify that the 
income recognized and distributed from charitable gift annuities 
established prior to 2013 is not subject to the net investment income 
tax. The commentator asked that the final regulation extend the benefit 
afforded to CRTs with regard to pre-2013 gifts to

[[Page 72405]]

pre-2013 funded charitable gift annuities.
    Charitable gift annuities, like installment sales and other tax 
deferral transactions, defer the recognition of income to a future 
year. Charitable gift annuities share more characteristics with 
installment sales than with CRTs. In the case of installment sales, 
amounts received in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, on 
installment sales made prior to the effective date of section 1411 are 
included in net investment income, unless an exception applies. See 
Sec.  1.1411-4(d)(4)(i)(C), Example 2. A CRT, as defined in section 
664, must provide for the distribution of a specified payment, at least 
annually, to one or more persons (at least one of which is a 
noncharitable beneficiary). Upon the termination of the noncharitable 
interest or interests, the remainder must either be held in continuing 
trust for charitable purposes or be paid to or for the use of one or 
more organizations described in section 170(c). During its operation, a 
CRT is a tax-exempt entity. Unlike charitable gift annuities, the 
Federal income tax character of the income received by a CRT's annuity 
or unitrust beneficiary is dependant on the Federal income tax 
character of the income received by the CRT in the year of distribution 
and, in many cases, income received in year(s) prior to the 
distribution. In the case of charitable gift annuities, the amount and 
character of the income paid to the annuity recipient generally is 
known at the inception of the annuity. Furthermore, the amount and 
character of the income paid to the annuity recipient is not dependent 
on the charity's use (or sale) of the property exchanged for the 
annuity. The section 1411 policy reason behind the exclusion of pre-
2013 accumulated income within a CRT from net investment income is that 
the character is passed through from the CRT to the recipient, and pre-
2013 income is not net investment income. Because the character of the 
distribution to the recipient of a charitable gift annuity is not 
dependent on its character in the hands of the payor, the final 
regulations do not adopt the requested change.
B. Gross Income Items Described in Section 1411(c)(1)(a)(ii)
    Net investment income also includes other gross income derived from 
a trade or business described in section 1411(c)(2). For a trade or 
business described in section 1411(c)(2)(A), that is, a trade or 
business that is a passive activity with respect to the taxpayer, 
proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(c) provided that section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) 
includes other gross income that is not included in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) or section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii). For a trade or business 
described in section 1411(c)(2)(B), that is, a trade or business of 
trading in financial instruments or commodities (a ``trading 
business''), proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(c) provided that section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) includes all other gross income from such trade or 
business that is not included in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i). See part 
5.b.ii.a of this preamble for a discussion of the definition of a trade 
or business for purpose of section 1411.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received a number of comments 
regarding the proper treatment of gains and losses from a trade or 
business of trading in financial instruments or commodities described 
in section 1411(c)(2)(B). For chapter 1 purposes, a taxpayer engaged in 
a trading business combines gains and losses from trading activities to 
arrive at a net amount of gain or loss from the trading business. Under 
proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(c)(2), all gross income from a trading business 
is included in net investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii), 
except for interest, dividends, rents, royalties, and annuities 
included in net investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i). Under 
proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(4), section 165 losses are taken into 
account under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and are subject to a limit on 
net losses. Commentators interpreted these proposed regulations to mean 
that all gains from the trading activities of a trading business are 
included in net investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii), 
while the offsetting trading losses would be under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii). As a result, the section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) loss 
limitation would prevent a trading business from netting the gains and 
losses for purposes of the net investment income tax. Multiple 
commentators recommended that trading losses generated by a trading 
business should be allocated to the same category as trading gains. 
Some commentators recommended that proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(4) not 
apply to trading gains, which would allow trading losses to offset 
trading gains under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii). Other commentators 
recommended that trading gains should be included in net investment 
income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) rather than under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that trading gains and 
losses should be assigned to the same category of net investment 
income. Because section 1411(c)(2)(B) does not distinguish between a 
trader who has made a section 475(f) mark-to-market election (a 
``section 475 trader'') and a trader who has not made a section 475(f) 
mark-to-market election (a ``non-section 475 trader''), aligning gains 
and losses from a trading business requires rules that apply equally to 
a section 475 trader and to a non-section 475 trader. Chapter 1, 
however, provides different timing and character rules for the two 
types of traders. For a section 475 trader, all securities and 
commodities held in a trading business are marked to market on the last 
day of the tax year, both realized and mark-to-market gains or losses 
have ordinary character, and any net trading loss may be used to offset 
other income under chapter 1. In contrast, a non-section 475 trader 
generally does not mark securities and commodities to market, gains and 
losses recognized from trading are capital in character, and any net 
trading loss would be subject to chapter 1 capital loss limitations. 
One possible solution is to assign the trading gains and losses from 
both section 475 traders and non-section 475 traders to section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii), which would permit a non-section 475 trader to use 
net trading losses to offset other net investment income. Another 
possible solution is to assign the trading gains and losses from both 
section 475 traders and non-section 475 traders to section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii), thereby making a section 475 trader subject to the 
loss limitations of that section. Under either scenario, some traders 
would be treated differently for purposes of section 1411 and chapter 
1. This would have required those traders to maintain a separate set of 
books and records specifically to comply with section 1411.
    To minimize the inconsistencies between chapter 1 and section 1411 
for traders, the final regulations assign all trading gains and trading 
losses to section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii). The final regulations also permit 
a taxpayer to deduct excess losses from the trading business of a 
section 475 trader from other categories of income. Part 5.C of this 
preamble describes the treatment of those excess losses. Section 
1.1411-4(c) of the final regulations provides that gross income from a 
trading business is included in net investment income under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) only to the extent that income is not included in 
section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) or (c)(1)(A)(iii). This change aligns the 
categorization of income between section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i), 
(c)(1)(A)(ii), and (c)(1)(A)(iii) in a manner consistent with income 
from a passive activity trade or business described in section

[[Page 72406]]

1411(c)(2)(A). As a result, the final regulations now categorize gross 
gains from the disposition of property associated with a trading 
business as net investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii), 
which may be offset by losses from trading dispositions. However, see 
part 5.C of this preamble for a discussion of additional changes 
relative to section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and section 1411(c)(1)(B) that 
impact the calculation of net investment income for items of gain and 
loss attributable to a trading business.
C. Calculation of Net Gain in Section 1411(c)(1)(a)(iii)
    The proposed regulations provided that net investment income 
includes net gain (to the extent taken into account in computing 
taxable income) attributable to the sale, exchange, transfer, 
conversion, cash settlement, cancellation, termination, lapse, 
expiration, or other disposition (collectively, referred to as the 
disposition) of property other than property held in a trade or 
business not described in section 1411(c)(2). The proposed regulations 
provided that, because section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) uses the term ``net 
gain'' and not the term ``net gain or loss,'' the amount of net gain 
included in net investment income may not be less than zero. However, 
the proposed regulations also provided that losses allowable under 
section 1211(b)(1) and (b)(2) are permitted to offset gain from the 
disposition of assets other than capital assets that are subject to 
section 1411.
i. Overall Limits on Losses
    Several commentators suggested that, instead of limiting net gain 
to zero, losses in excess of gains should offset other net investment 
income in order to reflect the true economic net investment income for 
any given year. One commentator acknowledged that the position taken by 
the proposed regulations appears consistent with the statutory 
definition of net investment income because section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) 
appears to preclude the possibility of a net loss. Another commentator 
observed that the proposed regulations place excessive stress on the 
word ``gain'' in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii), and insufficient stress on 
the word ``net.'' Stressing the word ``gain'' prevents a taxpayer from 
deducting a $3,000 capital loss limit against other investment income 
(such as interest). Another commentator stated that, because chapter 1 
imposes significant constraints on deducting capital losses against 
non-capital income (such as the prohibition on carrybacks of such 
losses for individuals), and imposes a variety of limitations on 
deducting ordinary losses under section 165, including losses that 
become section 165 deductions through the operation of other provisions 
such as section 475, 988, or 1231, there does not appear to be any 
reason to impose additional limitations on those deductions for section 
1411 purposes. A number of commentators recommended that losses in 
excess of gains be allowed as a properly allocable deduction that may 
offset other net investment income from section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) or 
(c)(1)(A)(ii). Some commentators suggested that section 1411(c)(1)(B) 
properly allocable deductions include any capital losses allowed for 
chapter 1 purposes. Several other commentators suggested that there 
should be no limit imposed on losses, capital or ordinary.
    Section 1.1411-4(d)(2) of the final regulations retains the overall 
limitation of the proposed regulations on allowable losses that the 
calculation of net gain within section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) cannot be 
less than zero. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that 
provision follows the statutory language of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii). 
However, Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(4) of the final regulations provides that 
losses described in section 165, whether described in section 62 or 
section 63(d), are allowed as a properly allocable deduction to the 
extent such losses exceed the amount of gain described in section 
61(a)(3) and are not taken into account in computing net gain by reason 
of Sec.  1.1411-4(d). Thus, although Sec.  1.1411-4(d)(2) imposes an 
overall limitation on net gain included in net investment income by 
reason of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii), Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(4) allows 
losses in excess of gains as a properly allocable deduction to the 
extent the losses would be allowable in computing taxable income under 
chapter 1. Losses are first applied to calculate net gain under Sec.  
1.1411-4(d), and then Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(4) applies to the excess 
losses. This ordering rule prevents taxpayers from deducting the same 
loss twice: first in calculating net gain under Sec.  1.1411-4(d), and 
then again in Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(4). As a result, final Sec.  1.1411-
4(f)(4) allows, as a properly allocable deduction, the $3,000 capital 
loss ($1,500 in the case of an individual filing as married filing 
separately) allowed by section 1211(b) in all cases. Furthermore, a 
taxpayer, such as a section 475 trader, that has ordinary losses in 
excess of ordinary gains and net capital gains, may claim those excess 
losses as a Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(4) properly allocable deduction.
    Furthermore, the final regulations retain the definition of 
disposition as the sale, exchange, transfer, conversion, cash 
settlement, cancellation, termination, lapse, expiration, or other 
disposition of property.
    A commentator suggested that section 1411 does not apply to a 
deemed sale resulting from section 877A. Section 877A(a)(1) provides, 
in relevant part, that ``For purposes of this subtitle, all property of 
a covered expatriate shall be treated as sold on the day before the 
expatriation date for its fair market value.'' The Treasury Department 
and the IRS believe that any gain taken into account in computing a 
covered expatriate's taxable income is also included in net investment 
income because the operative provision of section 877A(a)(1) treats the 
property as sold for purposes of subtitle A, which includes section 
1411. Accordingly, the final regulations clarify that a deemed sale 
under section 877A, which applies for purposes of subtitle A, is a 
disposition of property subject to section 1411.
ii. Treatment of Certain Capital Loss Carryforwards
    The proposed regulations provided, and the final regulations 
retain, the provision that except as otherwise expressly provided in 
regulations, the income tax gain and loss recognition rules in chapter 
1 apply for purposes of determining net gain under section 1411. Losses 
properly taken into account in determining net gain include all losses 
deductible under section 165 to the extent they are attributable to 
property that is either: (1) not held in a trade or business, or (2) 
held in a trade or business described in proposed Sec.  1.1411-5. 
Therefore, under the proposed regulations, net gain took into account 
capital losses carried over from prior years by reason of section 
1212(b)(1) (including years preceding the effective date of section 
1411). The final regulations retain this position.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received several comments and 
inquiries regarding the treatment of capital loss carryforwards. The 
final regulations reserve paragraph Sec.  1.1411-4(d)(4)(iii) for 
special rules that the Treasury Department and the IRS believe are 
necessary to properly address capital loss carryforwards. The companion 
notice of proposed rulemaking (REG-130843-13) contains an explanation 
of the proposed rule and the proposed regulation text.
D. Properly Allocable Deductions Described in Section 1411(C)(1)(b)
    Section 1411(c)(1)(B) provides that net investment income includes 
deductions allowed by subtitle A that

[[Page 72407]]

are properly allocable to gross income or net gain described in section 
1411(c)(1)(A). Section 1.1411-4(f)(1)(i) of the proposed regulations 
provided that ``[u]nless specifically stated otherwise, only properly 
allocable deductions described in this paragraph (f) may be taken into 
account in determining net investment income.'' Specifically, proposed 
Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3) provided that properly allocable deductions 
include: (A) investment interest expense, (B) investment expenses 
described in section 163(d)(4)(C), and (C) state, local, and foreign 
income taxes described in section 164(a)(3). The Treasury Department 
and the IRS intend this rule to limit the deductions against net 
investment income to those specifically enumerated in paragraph (f).
    One commentator recommended that the final regulations provide that 
the phrase ``properly allocable deductions'' comprise all of the 
chapter 1 deductions that are allowed against chapter 1 gross income 
from rent, dividends, royalties, annuities and interest, other gross 
income derived from a trade or business, and net gains attributable to 
the disposition of property other than property held in a trade or 
business.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS believe the recommended 
language would permit taxpayers to argue that they can take deductions 
that have no direct relation to net investment income, and it would 
lead to uncertainty and to disputes between taxpayers and the IRS over 
what constitutes properly allocable deductions. However, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS acknowledge that flexibility is needed within 
Sec.  1.1411-4(f) so that future changes in law or circumstances can be 
more easily integrated into the regulations. Although the cross-
references in Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2) to deductions described in section 
62(a) provide section 1411(c)(1)(B) flexibility to automatically take 
into account additions or changes to chapter 1 deductions attributable 
to trades or business, rents, and royalties, these regulations would 
have to be amended to expand properly allocable deductions in the event 
of such changes not captured by section 62(a)(1) or 62(a)(4). To strike 
a balance between the intent of the proposed rule (to provide a 
specific list of deductions to limit uncertainty and controversy) and 
the recognized value of future flexibility inherent in the 
commentators' recommendation, Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(6) of the final 
regulations allows the Treasury Department and the IRS to publish 
additional guidance in the Internal Revenue Bulletin that expands the 
list of properly allocable deductions.
i. Inclusion of Additional Properly Allocable Deductions
    Commentators requested that properly allocable deductions also 
include amounts described in sections 72(b)(3), 642(h), 691(b), 691(c), 
1341, and 7518 (c)(1)(A).
    Section 72(b)(3) allows a deduction for unrecovered basis in an 
annuity when an annuitant dies with unrecovered basis in the annuity 
contract. Section 72(b)(3) allows the deduction on the decedent's final 
income tax return. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that, 
because an annuity contract would have produced income subject to tax 
under section 1411 had the annuitant continued living, it is 
appropriate to allow the deduction under section 72(b)(3) in 
calculating the net investment income for the decedent's final taxable 
year. Accordingly, Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3)(iv) of the final regulations 
provides that the section 72(b)(3) deduction for unrecovered annuity 
basis is a properly allocable deduction.
    Section 642(h) provides ``[i]f on the termination of an estate or 
trust, the estate or trust has (1) a net operating loss carryover under 
section 172 or a capital loss carryover under section 1212, or (2) for 
the last taxable year of the estate or trust deductions (other than the 
deductions allowed under subsections (b) or (c)) in excess of gross 
income for such year, then such carryover or such excess shall be 
allowed as a deduction . . . to the beneficiaries succeeding to the 
property of the estate or trust.''
    Section 691(b) provides that an estate (or successor to property) 
may take deductions described in section 162, 163, 164, 212, or 611 in 
respect of a decedent, which are not properly allowable to the decedent 
in the taxable period prior to or in which falls the date of the 
decedent's death (these items are often referred to as Deductions in 
Respect of a Decedent, or ``DRD''). Section 691(b) is the statutory 
mechanism that allows a deduction to the estate (or other successor to 
property) because, under the normal accounting rules, the decedent 
would have been entitled to the deduction but failed to live long 
enough to take it. The section 691(b) listing of deductions is an 
exclusive list. If a deduction is not listed (such as suspended capital 
losses), then it is not deductible under this provision.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that it is appropriate 
to provide a special rule that allows a beneficiary to succeed to the 
deductions of a terminating estate or trust in the same fashion as that 
provided by section 642(h) for chapter 1 purposes. In addition, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS believe that it is appropriate to 
provide a special rule that allows for deductions described in section 
691(b) to be claimed by an estate or a successor to the estate. 
However, to limit the deductions to those that would have been 
deductible had the predecessor been able to deduct the expenses, the 
scope of allowable deductions under these special rules is limited to 
only those deductions allowed under Sec.  1.1411-4(f), and only to the 
extent that the terminating estate or trust has negative net investment 
income upon termination.
    Section 691(c) allows a deduction for estate taxes imposed on items 
of income that are Income in Respect of a Decedent (IRD) under section 
691(a). The section 691(c) deduction allowed for estate tax 
attributable to IRD that is ordinary income must be claimed as an 
itemized deduction, and not as a deduction from gross income in 
arriving at adjusted gross income (AGI), because it is not among the 
deductions listed in section 62. However, the section 691(c) deduction 
is not subject to the 2-percent floor under section 67.
    In the case of IRD that is capital gain, section 691(c)(4) provides 
that ``[f]or purposes of section 1(h), 1201, 1202, and 1211, the amount 
taken into account with respect to any item described in subsection 
(a)(1) shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of the 
deduction allowable under paragraph (1) of this subsection with respect 
to such item.''
    Net investment income may include items of IRD (such as annuities 
and outstanding installment sale payments) that may carry with it a 
deduction under section 691(c) for chapter 1 purposes. Therefore, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS believe it is consistent with the 
general principles of section 691 also to allow the section 691(c) 
deduction to reduce net investment income. Section 1.1411-4(f)(3)(v) of 
the final regulations provides that the deduction described in section 
691(c) is a properly allocable deduction, except to the extent that the 
section 691(c) deduction is taken into account in determining net gain 
(within the meaning of Sec.  1.1411-4(d)) by reason of section 
691(c)(4).
    Generally, section 1341 applies if: (1) a taxpayer included an item 
in gross income in a prior taxable year because it appeared that the 
taxpayer had a claim of right to the item, and (2) a deduction is 
allowable for the repayment of the item in a later taxable

[[Page 72408]]

year under some provision of the Code other than section 1341 because 
it is established that the taxpayer did not have a right to the item. 
If section 1341 applies, a taxpayer's tax liability for the year of 
repayment (or the taxable year in which the obligation to make 
repayment otherwise gives rise to a deduction) is based on the lesser 
of: (A) the tax for the taxable year, computed with a deduction of the 
repayment amount (``section 1341 deduction amount''), or (B) the tax 
for the year of repayment computed without the repayment deduction, 
less the decrease in tax imposed by chapter 1 in the prior taxable 
year(s) that would result solely from the exclusion of the restored 
item from gross income in the prior taxable year(s) (``section 1341 
credit amount''). The section 1341 credit amount is intended to 
compensate the taxpayer for the tax paid in the year of income 
inclusion (for example, if the tax rates were higher in the year of 
inclusion).
    One commentator recommended that the final regulations contain 
certain provisions similar to section 1341 to the extent that section 
1341 would apply for chapter 1 in a particular year. The commentator 
noted that, because some types of income that might be restored under 
section 1341 might have been subjected to tax under section 1411 when 
included in a prior year, it would be equitable for the section 1411 
regulations to contain a mechanism similar to section 1341 to allow a 
deduction under section 1411(c)(1)(B) for repayment of the income in a 
later year.
    To the extent that a deduction is allowable under a provision of 
chapter 1 that specifically is allowed under section 1411(c)(1)(B) and 
Sec.  1.1411-4(f), that amount also would be a deduction for section 
1411 purposes in the year of the repayment (or the taxable year in 
which the obligation to make repayment otherwise gives rise to a 
deduction). For example, if the repayment constituted a section 165 
loss that was a properly allocable deduction, then that deduction also 
would be available for section 1411 purposes.
    However, if the section 1341 credit amount produces a lower tax for 
the repayment year when compared to the section 1341 deduction amount, 
section 1341(b)(3) denies the taxpayer a deduction in the year of 
repayment in favor of the alternative credit for the tax cost. In this 
instance, the deduction is not allowed by subtitle A (which includes 
chapter 1, chapter 2, and chapter 2A) in the recovery year, and 
therefore would not be a properly allocable deduction under section 
1411(c)(1)(B) and Sec.  1.1411-4(f). Therefore, the final regulations 
do not incorporate this recommendation.
    One commentator recommended that the final regulations include 
amounts deposited in capital construction funds described in section 
7518 as a properly allocable deduction under section 1411(c)(1)(B). 
Section 7518(c)(1)(A), which is in chapter 77 of subtitle F of the 
Code, provides that taxable income is reduced by certain amounts 
described in section 7518(a)(1)(A) that a taxpayer deposits into the 
fund. The final regulations do not adopt this recommendation. Section 
1411(c)(1)(B) provides that net investment income includes deductions 
allowed by subtitle A that are properly allocable to such gross income 
or net gain described in section 1411(c)(1)(A). The reduction in 
taxable income provided by section 7518(c)(1)(A) is not a deduction 
allowed by subtitle A of the Code. Therefore, these deductible amounts 
are outside of the scope of section 1411(c)(1)(B).
    Section 1.1411-4(f) of the final regulations also provides that 
properly allocable deductions include amounts described in section 
212(3). Section 212(3) allows a deduction for all the ordinary and 
necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in 
connection with the determination, collection, or refund of any tax. 
Section 1.212-1(l) provides, in relevant part, that expenses paid or 
incurred by a taxpayer for tax counsel or expenses paid or incurred in 
connection with the preparation of tax returns or in connection with 
any proceedings involved in determining or contesting a tax liability 
are deductible. Section 1.1411-4(f)(3)(vi) of the final regulations 
provides that amounts described in section 212(3) and Sec.  1.212-1(l) 
that are allocable to net investment income using any reasonable method 
are properly allocable deductions.
    Section 1.1411-4(f) also includes two additional properly allocable 
deductions attributable to investments in certain types of debt 
instruments. In the case of a contingent payment debt instrument, the 
holder may receive a payment that is less than the corresponding 
projected payment determined under the noncontingent bond method, 
resulting in a negative adjustment under Sec.  1.1275-4(b)(6). In 
general, a holder treats a negative adjustment as a reduction in 
interest income otherwise includible for the taxable year and, if there 
is any excess, as an ordinary loss for the taxable year to the extent 
of prior interest inclusions. The loss, in effect, reverses the 
holder's prior interest over-inclusions on the debt instrument. One 
commentator recommended that the final regulations provide that a 
holder's negative adjustment treated as an ordinary loss under Sec.  
1.1275-4(b)(6) be a properly allocable deduction. The final regulations 
adopt this recommendation and treat the loss as a properly allocable 
deduction because it accurately reflects the taxpayer's economic net 
investment income attributable to the debt instrument and is otherwise 
allowed by chapter 1. The final regulations also provide a similar rule 
for a deflation adjustment on an inflation-indexed debt instrument 
subject to Sec.  1.1275-7.
    If a taxpayer purchases a taxable debt instrument at a premium, the 
taxpayer can elect under section 171 to amortize the bond premium. In 
general, the amount of amortizable bond premium for a period offsets 
the interest income allocable to the period and the taxpayer includes 
the net amount of interest in taxable income. In certain circumstances, 
however, the taxpayer is entitled to deduct all or a portion of the 
bond premium under section 171(a)(1). For example, if an electing 
taxpayer acquires a Treasury bill at a premium and holds the bill until 
maturity, the taxpayer can deduct the premium at maturity under section 
171(a)(1). See Sec.  1.171-2T(a)(4)(i)(C). In these circumstances, the 
final regulations provide that a deduction under section 171(a)(1) is a 
properly allocable deduction.
ii. Deduction for Income Taxes Described in Section 164(a)(3)
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received comments on multiple 
aspects of proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3)(i)(C), which pertains to 
itemized deductions for state and local, and foreign income, war 
profits, and excess profits taxes described in section 164(a)(3) 
(``section 164(a)(3) taxes''). Proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3)(i)(C) 
provided that income taxes imposed on investment income that are 
described in section 164(a)(3) are deductible in determining net 
investment income. In the case of taxes imposed on both investment 
income and non-investment income, the proposed regulations provided 
that the portion of taxes properly allocable to investment income may 
be determined by taxpayers using any reasonable method. The proposed 
regulations further provided that allocating the deduction based on the 
ratio of investment income to total gross income is an example of a 
reasonable method.
    Commentators recommended that the final regulations provide 
additional examples of reasonable methods of allocation of taxes 
between net investment income and non-net investment income. One 
commentator

[[Page 72409]]

recommended that the final regulations provide that state income tax 
reported on the state income tax return, rather than the actual state 
income tax payments made during the year, should be used in calculating 
a trust or estate's deduction under proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3)(i)(C) 
for taxes under section 164(a)(3). One commentator requested alignment 
between the reasonable method of allocating section 164(a)(3) taxes in 
proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3)(i)(C) with the existing allocation rules 
in chapter 1 for estates and trusts. One commentator stated that the 
proposed method of allocation creates a problem because a trust or 
estate deducts state and local taxes for DNI purposes in a different 
manner. Another commentator recommended that the final regulations 
follow the long-standing state and local tax allocation rules of Sec.  
1.652(b)-3(b).
    The final regulations generally retain the position of the proposed 
regulations. Although the regulations provide an example of a 
reasonable method of allocation, it is not the only reasonable method. 
The final regulations do not provide other examples of generally 
applicable reasonable allocation methods because the Treasury 
Department and the IRS believe that providing multiple examples of 
reasonable methods may lead to taxpayers to incorrectly conclude that 
the methods listed are the only acceptable methods. Therefore, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the final regulations 
allow taxpayers flexibility to determine a method of allocation that 
best applies to their specific facts. The final regulations do provide, 
however, that for estates and trusts, an allocation between classes of 
income under Sec.  1.652(b)-3 is a reasonable allocation.
    Several commentators suggested that foreign taxes should be a 
properly allocable deduction under section 1411(c)(1)(B), without 
reference to any election made by the taxpayer for chapter 1 purposes. 
Another commentator, however, suggested that the final regulations 
confirm that foreign taxes included in the foreign tax credit 
computation are not taxes included in section 164(a)(3) and, therefore, 
would not be allowed as a deduction allocable to net investment income. 
Section 1.1411-4(f)(3)(iii) of the final regulations provides that 
foreign income, war profits, and excess profits taxes may be allowable 
as deductions in determining net investment income only if the taxpayer 
does not choose to take any foreign tax credits under section 901 with 
respect to the same taxable year. This rule is consistent with the 
limitation in section 275(a)(4) on deductibility of those taxes.
    Several commentators requested that the final regulations address 
the proper treatment of refunds of taxes deductible under section 
164(a)(3). In response to this request, Sec.  1.1411-4(g)(2) of the 
final regulations provides guidance on refunds and recoveries of 
amounts deducted under section 1411(c)(1)(B) and Sec.  1.1411-4 in 
prior taxable years. In general, the final regulations provide that the 
recovery or refund of a previously deducted item shall reduce the total 
amount of properly allocable deductions in the year of the recovery. 
The final regulations first determine the recovered amount without 
regard to the application of the tax benefit rule in section 111 for 
chapter 1 purposes. For example, if a taxpayer receives a refund of 
state income taxes from a prior year, such a refund would be included 
in the taxpayer's gross income. However, if the taxpayer was subject to 
the alternative minimum tax in the year of the payment, the taxpayer 
may not have received any tax benefit under chapter 1, and therefore 
section 111 may exclude some, or all, of the refund from gross income. 
However, the deductibility of state income taxes for section 1411 
purposes is independent of the deductibility of the taxes for 
alternative minimum tax purposes. Therefore, the applicability of the 
recovery rule in Sec.  1.1411-4(g)(2) is determined without regard to 
whether the recovered amount was excluded from gross income by reason 
of section 111.
    The final regulations contain two exceptions to the general rule. 
The two exceptions apply the tax benefit rule of section 111 within the 
section 1411 system, and therefore operate independently of the 
application of section 111 for chapter 1 purposes. First, properly 
allocable deductions are not reduced in the year of the recovery if the 
amount deducted in the prior year did not reduce the amount of section 
1411 liability. For example, the receipt in 2014 of a refund of income 
taxes paid in 2012 would not reduce a taxpayer's section 1411(c)(1)(B) 
deduction because section 1411 was not in effect in 2012 and thus the 
2012 taxes were not properly allocable to net investment income. 
Second, properly allocable deductions are not reduced in the year of 
the recovery if the amount deducted in the prior year is included in 
net investment income by reason of section 1411(c)(1)(A). For example, 
a reimbursement of a deduction from a passive activity trade or 
business that is gross income for chapter 1 purposes is included as 
gross income from a passive activity under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii). 
Therefore, the recovery is already reflected in the recovery year's net 
investment income calculation.
    In addition, Sec.  1.1411-4(g)(2) of the final regulations provides 
a special rule in the case of a recovery of a deduction that was 
allocated between net investment income and non-net investment income 
(such as section 164(a)(3) taxes). The final regulations provide that 
the amount taken into account under the recovery rule is based on the 
ratio used to allocate the item in the year of the deduction. For 
example, if a taxpayer allocated 45 percent of its total section 
164(a)(3) taxes to net investment income in the year of the deduction, 
45 percent of the recovery of such taxes will reduce the total amount 
of properly allocable deductions in the year of the recovery even 
though the taxpayer's allocation of section 164(a)(3) taxes to net 
investment income in the year of recovery may be, for example, 30 
percent.
iii. Treatment of Estate and Trust Administration Expenses
    Several commentators requested that the final regulations 
explicitly provide that section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly allocable 
deductions include fiduciary commissions, legal and accounting fees, 
and other estate and trust administration expenses. Subject to the 
limitations pursuant to section 67(e), the final regulations adopt this 
comment by amending proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3) to provide that 
properly allocable deductions include amounts described in Sec.  1.212-
1(i) (allowing a deduction for reasonable amounts paid or incurred by 
the fiduciary of an estate or trust on account of administration 
expenses, including fiduciaries' fees and expenses of litigation) to 
the extent they are allocable to net investment income. The final 
regulations require that estates and trusts apportion any Sec.  1.212-
1(i) expenses between net investment income and excluded income using 
any reasonable method.
iv. Limitations on Properly Allocable Deductions
    Under the proposed regulations, properly allocable deductions that 
are itemized deductions subject to the 2-percent floor on miscellaneous 
itemized deductions under section 67 or to the overall limitation on 
itemized deductions under section 68 are deducted in determining net 
investment income only to the extent that they are deductible for 
income tax purposes after the application of both limitations. The 
proposed regulations provided a method for apportioning these 
limitations to

[[Page 72410]]

determine the amount of deductions allowed in computing net investment 
income after applying sections 67 and 68. This method first applies 
section 67 to all deductions subject to the 2-percent floor. The 
disallowance is applied proportionately to each deduction subject to 
section 67. The proposed regulations then apply a similar process to 
deductions subject to section 68.
    One commentator argued that applying general limitations on 
deductions under sections 67 and 68 is inconsistent with congressional 
intent, and that it may cause ``taxable'' net investment income to 
exceed ``economic'' net investment income. The commentator recommended 
that the final regulations allow the full amount of properly allocable 
itemized deductions to offset income items comprising net investment 
income without regard to the limitations imposed under sections 67 and 
68.
    Section 1411(c)(1)(B) provides that only those deductions that are 
allowed under subtitle A and properly allocable to component items of 
net investment income are deducted in determining net investment 
income. Sections 67 and 68 limit the amount of certain itemized 
deductions in determining taxable income for purposes of subtitle A 
and, therefore, also apply to limit the amount of those itemized 
deductions in determining net investment income. Accordingly, properly 
allocable deductions that are subject to section 67 or 68 are deducted 
in determining net investment income only to the extent that they are 
deductible after the application of the limitations.
    Another commentator agreed that the limitations on itemized 
deductions under sections 67 and 68 should apply for section 1411 
purposes, but suggested that these limitations only reduce the amount 
of properly allocable itemized deductions if such deductions exceed the 
aggregate amount of the deductions, whether properly allocable or not, 
that would be allowed after application of these limitations. In other 
words, the commentator requested an ordering approach to the section 67 
and 68 limitations, instead of the pro-rata approach in the proposed 
regulations. Both the commentator's recommendation and the proposed 
regulation method are reasonable interpretations of section 
1411(c)(1)(B), accordingly, the final regulations adopt the 
commentator's recommendation.
    Under Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(7) of the final regulations, the amount of 
miscellaneous itemized deductions allowed under section 67 in 
determining net investment income (but before the application of 
section 68) is the lesser of: (1) the amount of miscellaneous itemized 
deductions before applying section 67 that are properly allocable to 
net investment income, or (2) the amount of all miscellaneous itemized 
deductions allowed after the application of section 67. The amount of 
itemized deductions subject to limitation under section 68 that are 
deducted in determining net investment income is the lesser of: (1) the 
amount of such deductions that are properly allocable to net investment 
income allowed after the application of section 67 but before the 
application of section 68, or (2) the amount of all deductions allowed 
after the application of section 68.
v. Treatment of Properly Allocable Deductions in Excess of Investment 
Income
    Proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(1)(ii) provided that any deductions 
described in Sec.  1.1411-4(f) in excess of gross income and net gain 
are not taken into account in determining net investment income in any 
other taxable year, except as allowed under chapter 1. Many 
commentators recommended that the final regulations provide that 
negative net investment income (when section 1411(c)(1)(B) deductions 
exceed section 1411(c)(1)(A) income) be carried over and become a 
section 1411(c)(1)(B) deduction in the subsequent year.
    The final regulations do not adopt this recommendation. Section 
1411(c)(1)(B) provides that, in order for a deduction to be allowed, it 
must be: (1) allowed by subtitle A, and (2) be properly allocable to 
section 1411(c)(1)(A) income. Section 1411(c)(1)(B) only allows 
deductions allowed by other Code sections; it does not establish a 
basis for a deduction that does not exist elsewhere in the Code. 
However, as discussed in the following part of this preamble, the final 
regulations do permit deductions of net operating losses otherwise 
allowed by subtitle A that are properly allocable to section 
1411(c)(1)(A) income.
vi. Net Operating Losses as a Properly Allocable Deduction
    Proposed Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(1)(ii) provided that, in no event, will 
a net operating loss (NOL) deduction allowed under section 172 be taken 
into account in determining net investment income for any taxable year. 
The proposed regulations requested comments on whether a deduction 
should be allowed for an NOL in determining net investment income. 
Several commentators argued that, for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(B), at least some portion of an NOL deduction should be a 
deduction properly allocable to gross income included in net investment 
income and therefore allowed in determining net investment income. 
Three commentators recommended that taxpayers be allowed to keep track 
of the portions of an NOL attributable to investment income for the 
loss year. One commentator recommended that the IRS adopt a simple rule 
for determining a portion of an NOL that is attributable to a ``net 
investment loss'' for a loss year (for example, using a ratio of the 
portion of the loss attributable to ``net investment loss'' to the NOL) 
and allow taxpayers to take a prorated portion of the NOL deduction 
into account in determining net investment income for a taxable year to 
which the NOL is carried.
    The final regulations adopt a modified version of the commentator's 
approach in Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2)(iv) and (h). Because NOLs are computed 
and carried over year-by-year, a separate ratio must be determined for 
each year. Thus, the final regulations provide that taxpayers may 
deduct a portion of an NOL deduction in determining their net 
investment income. The portion of an NOL deduction for a taxable year 
that may be deducted for section 1411 purposes is calculated by first 
determining the applicable portion of the NOL for each loss year. The 
applicable portion of the NOL is the lesser of: (1) the amount of the 
NOL for the loss year that the taxpayer would have incurred if only 
items of gross income that are used to determine net investment income 
and only properly allocable deductions were taken into account in 
determining the NOL in accordance with section 172(c) and (d), or (2) 
the amount of the taxpayer's NOL for the loss year. Next, the amount of 
the NOL carried from each loss year and deducted in the taxable year is 
multiplied by a fraction. The numerator of this fraction is the 
applicable portion of the NOL for the loss year as determined above. 
The denominator of the fraction is the total NOL for the loss year. A 
separate fraction is determined for each loss year. The result of this 
multiplication is the amount of the NOL deduction from the loss year 
that is allowed as a section 1411(c)(1)(B) deduction in the taxable 
year, referred to as the section 1411 NOL amount. The sum of the 
section 1411 NOL amounts for each NOL carried to and deducted in the 
taxable year, referred to as the total section 1411 NOL amount, is the 
amount of the NOL deduction for the taxable year that is properly 
allocable to net investment income.

[[Page 72411]]

E. Calculation of Net Investment Income in Special Situations
    Section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) provides that net investment income does 
not include (among other things) items of interest, dividend, annuity, 
royalty or rent derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business 
that is not a passive activity with respect to the taxpayer within the 
meaning of section 469. Section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) provides that net 
investment income does not include (among other things) gain or loss 
from the disposition of property used in a trade or business that is 
not a passive activity of the taxpayer. In general, section 469 and the 
regulations thereunder provide four ways for an item of income to be 
nonpassive--grouping, activity recharacterization, income 
recharacterization, and material participation.
    In the case of certain types of net investment income, such as rent 
and interest, commentators recommended that the final regulations 
exclude certain nonpassive net income, gain, or loss and self-charged 
interest from net investment income. Other commentators recommended 
that the final regulations provide a deduction that offsets the income.
    As discussed in part 5.D.v. of this preamble, section 1411(c)(1)(B) 
only allows deductions allowed by other Code sections; it does not 
establish a basis for a deduction that does not exist elsewhere in the 
Code. Therefore, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt the 
recommendation that the final regulations contain an offsetting 
deduction (or a reversal of a net loss item) that is subject to section 
1411. Nevertheless, the Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that 
in some cases it is appropriate to exclude certain nonpassive items of 
income from net investment income. Accordingly, in the limited and 
specific situations described in this part of the preamble, the final 
regulations deem a particular item of income to be ``derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business'' for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A) and therefore excluded from net investment income. 
However, the Treasury Department and the IRS emphasize that these 
specific rules contained in these final regulations are for section 
1411 purposes only, and thus taxpayers should not draw any inference 
regarding the treatment of these items for any purpose other than 
section 1411. See Sec.  1.1411-1(c).
i. Treatment of Self-Charged Interest
    Commentators noted that, under the proposed regulations, a taxpayer 
who is not engaged in the trade or business of lending would have net 
investment income when it receives interest income attributable to a 
loan made to a passthrough entity in which it materially participates 
because the offsetting interest expense allocable to the taxpayer from 
the nonpassive activity would not be a properly allocable deduction 
under section 1411(c)(1)(B) and Sec.  1.1411-4(f). An analogous 
situation was identified during the 1986 enactment of section 469, 
which resulted in the promulgation of the self-charged interest rules 
in Sec.  1.469-7.
    In response to these comments, the final regulations include a 
special rule that addresses self-charged interest. The special rule 
provides that, in the case of self-charged interest received from a 
nonpassive entity, the amount of interest income excluded from net 
investment income will be the taxpayer's allocable share of the 
nonpassive deduction. The rule cross-references the self charged 
interest rule of Sec.  1.469-7 for the operative mechanics. The 
mathematical result of the special rule is to exclude an amount of 
interest income from net investment income that is equal to the amount 
of interest income that would have been considered passive income under 
Sec.  1.469-7 if the nonpassive activity was considered passive 
activity. However, the special rule contains an exception. The special 
rule will not apply to a situation where the interest deduction is 
taken into account in determining self-employment income that is 
subject to tax under section 1401(b).
ii. Treatment of Certain Nonpassive Rental Activities
    With regard to grouping and recharacterizations, commentators 
recommended that the final regulations clarify that determining whether 
income is net investment income should be based solely on its 
recharacterized or grouped status as nonpassive under section 469 and 
the regulations thereunder. Although the Treasury Department and the 
IRS recognize the administrative simplicity of this rule, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS believe that this rule is too broad as it would 
`deem' certain items to be derived in a trade or business when it is 
unlikely that a section 162 trade or business is present. For example, 
see Sec. Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(3)(ii)(D) (rental of property incidental to 
an investment activity) and 1.469-2T(f)(3) (rental of nondepreciable 
property). Therefore, the final regulations do not adopt this broad 
approach.
    Another option advanced by some commentators is a special rule for 
self-charged rents similar to Sec.  1.469-7 pertaining to self-charged 
interest. However, a proposed rule for self-charged rents would be more 
complex than the rule for self-charged interest because the amount of 
the net investment income exclusion must take into account the 
deductions allowed (depreciation, taxes, interest, etc.) that are not 
present in self-charged interest. A self-charged rent rule would have 
to exclude from gross income rents in the same way as self-charged 
interest, and would also exclude a share of the deductions attributable 
to earning the income. In addition, a rule based on Sec.  1.469-7 would 
cover only rents within the context of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and 
would not provide relief from the inclusion of the gain upon the sale 
of the property from net investment income. Accordingly, the final 
regulations do not adopt this recommendation.
    However, the Treasury Department and the IRS appreciate the 
concerns raised by the commentators. Therefore, the final regulations 
provide special rules for self-charged rental income. The final 
regulations provide that, in the case of rental income that is treated 
as nonpassive by reason of Sec.  1.469-2(f)(6) (which generally 
recharacterizes what otherwise would be passive rental income from a 
taxpayer's property as nonpassive when the taxpayer rents the property 
for use in an activity in which the taxpayer materially participates) 
or because the rental activity is properly grouped with a trade or 
business activity under Sec.  1.469-4(d)(1) and the grouped activity is 
a nonpassive activity, the gross rental income is deemed to be derived 
in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Furthermore, in both of 
these instances, the final regulations provide that any gain or loss 
from the assets associated with that rental activity that are treated 
as nonpassive gain or loss will also be treated as gain or loss 
attributable to the disposition of property held in a nonpassive trade 
or business.
iii. Treatment of Section 469(c)(7) Real Estate Professionals
    With regard to real estate professionals, many commentators 
recommended that the final regulations provide that, if a real estate 
professional materially participates in his or her rental real estate 
activities, then the rental income should be excluded from net 
investment income. The general theory behind the commentators' 
recommendation was that such rental income must be derived in the 
ordinary

[[Page 72412]]

course of a trade or business because a taxpayer that qualifies as a 
real estate professional under section 469 is necessarily engaged in a 
real property trade or business. In certain situations, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS agree that some real estate professionals derive 
rental income in the ordinary course of the real property trade or 
business. However, for several reasons, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS do not believe that every real estate professional is necessarily 
engaged in the trade or business of rental real estate.
    Section 469(c)(7)(C) provides 11 types of activities that 
constitute a real property trade or business. Only a few of the 11 
enumerated activities may be relevant in determining whether rents are 
derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business, such as the 
activities of ``rental'' and ``leasing.'' Some of the other enumerated 
items have little, if any, relation to rental activities. For example, 
an individual engaged in real property construction could satisfy the 
two tests enumerated in section 469(c)(7)(B) to qualify as a real 
estate professional, but the construction activities may not have any 
relation to whether the individual's rental income is derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business. In addition, the scope of 
activities that a taxpayer may consider in determining whether a real 
property trade or business exists is broader than the definition of a 
trade or business for section 1411 purposes. Section 1.469-9(b)(1) 
states ``[a] trade or business is any trade or business determined by 
treating the types of activities in Sec.  1.469-4(b)(1) as if they 
involved the conduct of a trade or business, and any interest in rental 
real estate, including any interest in rental real estate that gives 
rise to deductions under section 212.'' Therefore, under Sec.  1.469-
9(b)(1), individuals may establish real estate professional status by 
combining non-trade or business activities (such as multiple section 
212 rental activities) for determining a taxpayer's real property trade 
or business. Because the analysis under section 469(c)(7) and the 
regulations thereunder to determine whether a taxpayer is a real estate 
professional differs from the analysis to determine whether rental 
income is derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business under 
section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i), the use of a taxpayer's real estate 
professional status as a proxy to determine whether rental income is 
derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business is not 
appropriate.
    Once an individual establishes real estate professional status, 
that status only allows the taxpayer to treat rental real estate 
activities as nonpassive if the taxpayer satisfies at least one of the 
tests for material participation in Sec.  1.469-5T in the rental real 
estate activities. The status as a real estate professional alone does 
not establish that those rental real estate activities rise to the 
level of a trade or business within the meaning of section 162. Section 
1.469-5T(a) provides seven tests to establish material participation. 
However, not all of the material participation tests provide conclusive 
evidence that a taxpayer is regularly, continuously, and substantially 
involved in a rental trade or business within the meaning of section 
162. For example, a real estate broker that satisfies the section 
469(c)(7) real estate professional requirements by reason of hours 
devoted to brokerage could classify his or her real property rental 
activity as nonpassive by satisfying Sec.  1.469-5T(a)(2). Under this 
test, the taxpayer needs to establish only that the taxpayer's 
participation in the activity was substantially all of the activity 
(taking into account all other persons involved in the activity) to 
establish material participation. As a result, and similar to the case 
of establishing real estate trade or business, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS believe that reliance on the Sec.  1.469-5T material 
participation tests as a proxy to establish regular, continuous, and 
substantial activity within the meaning of section 162 for section 1411 
purposes is not appropriate.
    The final regulations do, however, provide a safe harbor test for 
certain real estate professionals in Sec.  1.1411-4(g)(7). The safe 
harbor test provides that, if a real estate professional (within the 
meaning of section 469(c)(7)) participates in rental real estate 
activities for more than 500 hours per year, the rental income 
associated with that activity will be deemed to be derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business. Alternatively, if the taxpayer 
has participated in rental real estate activities for more than 500 
hours per year in five of the last ten taxable years (one or more of 
which may be taxable years prior to the effective date of section 
1411), then the rental income associated with that activity will be 
deemed to be derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. The 
safe harbor test also provides that, if the hour requirements are met, 
the real property is considered as used in a trade or business for 
purposes of calculating net gain under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii). The 
Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that some real estate 
professionals with substantial rental activities may derive such rental 
income in the ordinary course of a trade or business, even though they 
fail to satisfy the 500 hour requirement in the safe harbor test. As a 
result, the final regulations specifically provide that such failure 
will not preclude a taxpayer from establishing that such gross rental 
income and gain or loss from the disposition of real property, as 
applicable, is not included in net investment income.
iv. Treatment of Former Passive Activities
    Losses disallowed by section 469 stem from (1) expenses incurred in 
the passive activity or (2) a sale of a portion of the passive activity 
or property used in the activity, in excess of passive income from any 
source. Section 1.469-1T(f)(2)(i) and (ii) require taxpayers to trace 
disallowed losses back to the activities giving rise to the losses and 
to further trace the losses allocated to a particular activity back to 
the deductions from the activity giving rise to the net loss. When a 
taxpayer disposes of a partial interest in a passive activity or 
disposes of assets used within a passive activity, any losses realized 
from the disposition are treated as arising from the passive activity 
and are allocated to that activity. Sections 469(b), (g), and Sec.  
1.469-1(f)(4) provide that, generally, passive losses that are 
disallowed in the current year carry forward to the succeeding tax year 
and remain suspended until the taxpayer has sufficient passive income 
to offset those losses or otherwise disposes of the entire activity in 
a fully taxable transaction with an unrelated party.
    In cases where a taxpayer materially participates in an activity 
that was formerly a passive activity, the deductions produced by the 
activity in the current year are not subject to section 469. However, 
the carryover (or ``suspended'') passive losses incurred in prior years 
when the activity was a passive activity remain disallowed passive 
losses subject to carryover. Section 469(f)(1)(A) allows the suspended 
passive losses when the former passive activity produces current-year 
net income (even though that income is technically from a nonpassive 
activity). To the extent the taxpayer has passive losses allocable to a 
former passive activity in excess of the current year nonpassive income 
from that activity (the section 469(f)(1)(A) amount), section 
469(f)(1)(C) allows excess passive losses to offset net passive income 
from other passive activities of the taxpayer. Any suspended passive 
losses not allowed

[[Page 72413]]

by section 469(f)(1)(A) or (C) remain suspended and are carried over to 
the following year.
    Section 469 does not alter the character or nature of the items 
that make up the suspended passive loss. If the suspended losses are 
attributable to operating deductions in excess of operating income, 
such suspended losses retain that character as deductions described in 
section 62(a)(1) or 62(a)(4) when ultimately allowed by section 469. To 
the extent the suspended losses are comprised of losses originating 
from the disposition of property (such as ordinary section 1231 losses 
or capital losses), those losses also retain their character as section 
165 losses when they are ultimately allowed by section 469.
    If a taxpayer materially participates in a former passive trade or 
business activity, the gross income produced by that activity (and 
associated section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly allocable deductions) in the 
current year generally would not be net investment income because the 
activity is no longer a trade or business that is a passive activity 
within the meaning of section 469. However, in the case of rental 
income not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business, a 
classification of the rental income as nonpassive for purposes of 
section 469 will not result automatically in the exclusion of such 
rental income and associated deductions from net investment income. 
Furthermore, it is possible that a section 469 former passive activity 
may still generate net investment income on its disposition to the 
extent the gain is included in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and not 
entirely excluded by, for example, section 1411(c)(4).
    Suspended losses that are allowed by reason of section 469(f)(1)(A) 
or (C) may constitute properly allocable deductions under section 
1411(c)(1)(B) and Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2) (to the extent those losses 
would be described in section 62(a)(1) or 62(a)(4)) or may be included 
within the calculation of net gain in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and 
Sec.  1.1411-4(d) (to the extent those losses would be described in 
section 62(a)(3) in the year they are allowed, depending on the 
underlying character and origin of such losses). The treatment of 
excess suspended losses of a former passive activity upon a fully 
taxable disposition is discussed in the next section of this preamble.
    The final regulations clarify, for section 1411 purposes, the 
treatment of income, deductions, gains, losses, and the use of 
suspended losses from former passive activities. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS considered three alternatives. One approach is 
the complete disallowance of all suspended losses once the activity is 
no longer a passive activity (in other words, becomes a former passive 
activity or a nonpassive activity). The rationale behind this approach 
is that the income from the activity would not be includable in net 
investment income, thus the suspended losses become irrelevant. Another 
approach is the unrestricted allowance of all suspended losses in the 
year in which they are allowed by section 469(f), regardless of whether 
the nonpassive income is included in net investment income. The 
rationale behind this approach is that the losses were generated during 
a period when the activity was a passive activity, and if such losses 
were allowed in full, they would have potentially reduced net 
investment income, and therefore the losses should continue to retain 
their character as net investment income deductions. The third approach 
is a hybrid approach that allows suspended losses from former passive 
activities in calculation of net investment income (as properly 
allocable deductions under section 1411(c)(1)(B) or in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) in the case of losses) but only to the extent of the 
nonpassive income from such former passive activity that is included in 
net investment income in that year. The final regulations adopt this 
hybrid approach.
    For example, in the case of a former passive trade or business 
activity with suspended losses of $10,000 that generates $3,000 of net 
nonpassive income, section 469(c)(1)(A) allows $3,000 of the $10,000 
suspended loss to offset the nonpassive income in the current year. 
Since the gross nonpassive income is not included in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) (or in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) in the case of 
gains from the disposition of property in such trade or business), none 
of the deductions and losses associated with such income are properly 
allocable deductions under section 1411(c)(1)(B) (or in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) in the case of losses from the disposition of 
property in such trade or business). Thus, under the facts of this 
example, the final regulations provide that the $3,000 is not a 
properly allocable deduction (or a loss included in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii)). However, to the extent that the remaining 
suspended passive loss deduction of $7,000 is allowed by section 
469(f)(1)(C) to offset other net passive activity income (which is 
included in net investment income by reason of section 1411(c)(1)(A) 
less deductions allowed by section 1411(c)(1)(B)), such amounts are 
considered properly allocable deductions under section 1411(c)(1)(B), 
or as a loss included in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii), as appropriate.
v. Treatment of Losses and Deductions Described in Section 469(g)(1)
    Section 469(g)(1) provides, in relevant part, that if all gain or 
loss realized on a disposition is recognized, the excess of any loss 
from that activity for such taxable year (determined after the 
application of section 469(b)), over any net income or gain for that 
taxable year from all other passive activities (determined after the 
application of section 469(b)), shall be treated as a loss which is not 
from a passive activity. The preamble to the proposed regulations 
requested comments on ``whether the losses triggered under section 
469(g)(1) upon the disposition should be taken into account in 
determining the taxpayer's net gain on the disposition of the activity 
under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) or whether the losses should be 
considered properly allocable deductions to gross income and net gain 
described in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) through (iii).'' Because section 
469(g)(1) provides that the allowed loss is treated as a loss ``which 
is not from a passive activity,'' there is a question whether this 
language prevents the allowed losses from being treated as ``properly 
allocable deductions'' from passive activities for purposes of section 
1411.
    Commentators recommended that losses allowed under section 469(g) 
be taken into account in computing net gain under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii), and that any net loss in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) 
resulting from the use of such losses should be treated as a properly 
allocable deduction under section 1411(c)(1)(B). One commentator 
suggested that, to the extent a taxpayer has a net loss under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) that is attributable to the allowed loss under 
section 469(g), the excess section 469(g) loss should continue to be 
suspended and carried forward to offset future gain resulting from the 
disposition of other passive assets subject to inclusion in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii).
    The final regulations provide that section 469(g) losses, which are 
treated as losses from a nonpassive activity, are taken into account 
for net investment income purposes in the same manner in which they are 
taken into account for chapter 1 purposes. As discussed in the context 
of section 469(f), section 469 does not alter the character or nature 
of the suspended passive loss. If the

[[Page 72414]]

suspended losses allowed as a current year deduction by reason of 
section 469(g)(1) are attributable to operating deductions in excess of 
operating income, such suspended losses retain that character as, in 
most cases, deductions described in section 62(a)(1) or 62(a)(4). 
However, to the extent the suspended losses are comprised of losses 
originating from the disposition of property (such as ordinary section 
1231 losses or capital losses), those losses also retain their 
character when they are ultimately allowed by section 469. Therefore, 
losses that are allowed by reason of section 469(g) may constitute 
properly allocable deductions under section 1411(c)(1)(B) or may be 
included within the calculation of net gain in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) in the year they are allowed, depending on the 
underlying character and origin of such losses. The recommendations 
proposed by the commentators depart from the general operating 
principles in chapter 1 and add additional complexity. Therefore, the 
final regulations do not adopt the positions advanced by commentators 
that section 469(g)(1) suspended losses should offset the gain first, 
then be allowed as a properly allocable deduction or that it should 
continue to be suspended and carried forward.
    Furthermore, section 469(g)(1) losses that are allowed by reason of 
a fully taxable disposition of a former passive activity are also fully 
taken into account for net investment income. As a result of the 
ordering rules in sections 469(f)(1) and (g)(1), any nonpassive gain 
realized on the disposition that causes passive losses to be allowed 
would be excluded from net investment income under the general former 
passive activity rules discussed in part 5.E.iv of this preamble. 
However, to the extent that any of the nonpassive gain is included in 
net investment income (for example, a portion of the gain remaining 
after the application of section 1411(c)(4)), the final regulations 
allow the same amount of suspended losses described in section 
469(f)(1)(A) to be included in net investment income to offset the 
gain. The section 469(g)(1) losses allowed by reason of the disposition 
of the former passive activity are allowed in full because they relate 
to a period of time when the activity was a passive activity and 
represent true economic losses from a passive activity that do not 
materially differ from other section 469(g)(1) losses from non-former 
passive activities.
F. Other Comments Relating to the Calculation of Net Investment Income
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received comments requesting 
that these final regulations address the treatment for section 1411 
purposes of section 707(c) guaranteed payments for capital, section 736 
payments to retiring or deceased partners, Real Estate Mortgage 
Investment Conduits (REMICs), and certain notional principal contracts. 
After consideration of these comments, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS believe that it is appropriate to address the treatment of these 
payments in regulations. However, because such guidance was not 
included in the proposed regulations, these items are addressed in a 
companion notice of proposed rulemaking (REG-130843-13) relating to the 
Net Investment Income Tax.

6. Section 1411 Trades or Businesses

    Section 1411(c)(1)(A) defines net investment income, in part, by 
reference to trades or businesses described in section 1411(c)(2). The 
trades or businesses described in section 1411(c)(2) are: (A) a passive 
activity (within the meaning of section 469) with respect to the 
taxpayer, and (B) trading in financial instruments or commodities (as 
defined in section 475(e)(2)).
A. Passive Activities
    The preamble to the proposed regulations stated that ``the 
statutory language in sections 1411(c)(1)(A) and 1411(c)(2)(A) is 
intended to take into account only gross income from and net gain 
attributable to a passive activity that involves the conduct of a trade 
or business.'' The preamble to the proposed regulations acknowledged 
that, due to the differences in the definitions for purposes of section 
1411 and section 469, gross income from some activities that are 
passive activities under section 469 will not be taken into account for 
purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) because the gross income is 
derived from an activity that does not rise to the level of a trade or 
business (within the meaning of section 162). In such cases, the gross 
income will not be taken into account under section 1411 unless it is 
taken into account under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) or section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have received several comments 
and inquiries regarding the consequences of the income 
recharacterization rules. The regulations under section 469 provide 
special rules that treat income from certain passive activities as not 
from a passive activity. See Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(2) (special rule for 
significant participation); Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(3) (rental of 
nondepreciable property); Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(4) (net interest income 
from passive equity-financed lending activity); Sec.  1.469-2(f)(5) 
(net income from certain property rented incidental to development 
activity); Sec.  1.469-2(f)(6) (property rented to a nonpassive 
activity); Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(7) (special rules applicable to the 
acquisition of an interest in a passthrough entity engaged in the trade 
or business of licensing intangible property). In addition, the 
preamble to the proposed regulations highlighted a special gain 
recharacterization rule in Sec.  1.469-2(c)(2)(iii) applicable to gains 
attributable to the disposition of substantially appreciated property 
formerly used in a nonpassive activity.
    In order for these section 469 recharacterization rules to apply, 
the income or gain subject to recharacterization must be passive 
activity income under the general section 469 operating rules. If the 
income is nonpassive by reason of some other provision of section 469 
(such as a taxpayer materially participating in the activity), the 
recharacterization rules are not applicable because there is no passive 
income to recharacterize.
    In general, commentators had different opinions regarding the 
treatment under section 1411(c)(1) of income that is recharacterized 
under the rules in section 469. In the case of income from a passive 
activity trade or business, some commentators stated that net 
investment income does not include any amount of income or gain that is 
recharacterized as ``not from a passive activity,'' either because it 
satisfies the ordinary course exception (derived in the ordinary course 
of a trade or business not described in section 1411(c)(2)) in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) or (iii), or because such income is not income within 
the scope of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii). Other commentators stated that 
such nonpassive income qualifies as net investment income under section 
1411(c)(1)(A) because the activity's status as a passive activity trade 
or business described in section 1411(c)(2)(A) is unchanged, despite 
section 469's recharacterization of a portion of the income or gain to 
income ``not from a passive activity.''
    Another commentator recommended that the final regulations not 
apply a single rule to all income recharacterization situations because 
the underlying section 469 rationale differs for each one. The 
commentator stated that the various income

[[Page 72415]]

recharacterization rules do not recharacterize all the income and gains 
in the same way. In the case of income recharacterizations covered by 
Sec. Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(3), 1.469-2T(f)(4), and 1.469-2T(f)(7), such 
income is further characterized as portfolio income (within the meaning 
of section 469(e)(1)(A)) by Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(10). In the case of the 
recharacterization of gains under Sec.  1.469-2(c)(2)(iii), the 
characterization of the gain as portfolio income is determined under 
Sec.  1.469-2(c)(2)(iii)(F) based on whether the property was held in 
an investment activity before it was used in a passive activity. The 
commentator recommended that the final regulations distinguish 
recharacterized income treated as portfolio income from recharacterized 
income not treated as portfolio income.
    Section 1.1411-5(b)(2) of the final regulations provides 
clarification regarding the interaction between the net income 
recharacterization rules under section 469 and the section 1411 rules. 
For purposes of section 1411, the final regulations generally follow 
the section 469 characterization of the income and gain, particularly 
the treatment of the items as portfolio income. Section 1.1411-5(b)(2) 
of the final regulations provides that, to the extent that income or 
gain from a trade or business is subject to a net income 
recharacterization rule described in Sec. Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(2), Sec.  
1.469-2(f)(5), or Sec.  1.469-2(f)(6), the gross income or gain treated 
as ``not from a passive activity'' will not be considered derived from 
a trade or business described in section 1411(c)(2)(A). In addition, 
any gain recharacterized as ``not from a passive activity'' by reason 
of Sec.  1.469-2(c)(2)(iii) is not derived from a trade or business 
described in section 1411(c)(2)(A) if the gain does not constitute 
portfolio income under Sec.  1.469-2(c)(2)(iii)(F). In the case of 
recharacterization rules covered by Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(10) and Sec.  
1.469-2(c)(2)(iii)(F), the underlying trade or business remains a 
passive activity within the meaning of section 1411(c)(1)(A) and Sec.  
1.1411-5(a)(1).
B. Trading in Financial Instruments or Commodities
    The proposed regulations provided that, for purposes of section 
1411(c)(2)(B), to determine whether gross income is derived from a 
section 162 trade or business of trading in financial instruments or 
commodities, the gross income must be derived from an activity that 
would constitute trading for purposes of chapter 1. Section 1.1411-
5(c)(1) of the proposed regulations defined the term financial 
instrument to include stocks and other equity interests, evidences of 
indebtedness, options, forward or futures contracts, notional principal 
contracts, any other derivatives, or any evidence of an interest in any 
of the listed items. An evidence of an interest in any of these listed 
items includes, but is not limited to, short positions or partial units 
in any of these listed items.
    Two comments were received regarding the definition of a financial 
instrument in the proposed regulations. One commentator asked for 
explicit language that financial instruments that are used in a trade 
or business and produce foreign currency gain are exempt from section 
1411. The same commentator requested that the proposed definition of a 
financial instrument be narrowed so that it would exclude ``non-
financial instruments,'' such as contracts that reference electricity 
or weather. Another commentator suggested that the term ``stock'' in 
the definition of a financial instrument be replaced with the phrase 
``security as defined in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 
1933'' to broaden the scope of the definition.
    With respect to the first comment, foreign currency gain or loss 
that otherwise is not subject to the Self-Employment Contribution Act 
is appropriately treated as net investment income. Regarding the 
definition of a financial instrument, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS believe that Congress chose that term to capture a broader class of 
instruments than the securities described in section 475. The 
suggestion to limit the definition of a ``financial instrument'' to 
exclude a derivative that is referenced to non-financial information, 
such as electricity or weather, would not be consistent with the 
intention to include in net investment income the income from all types 
of investment property. With respect to the second comment, there is no 
indication that Congress intended the definition of the term 
``financial instrument'' to be coextensive with the definition of the 
term ``security'' used by the SEC, as evidenced by the fact that 
section 1411(c)(2)(B) uses the term ``financial instrument,'' not 
``security.'' Accordingly, after consideration of both comments, 
neither suggestion was adopted in the final regulations.

7. Comments Regarding Working Capital

    Section 1411(c)(3) provides that a rule similar to the rule of 
section 469(e)(1)(B) (the working capital rule) applies for purposes of 
section 1411. Section 469(e)(1)(B) provides that, for purposes of 
determining whether income is treated as from a passive activity, any 
income or gain attributable to an investment of working capital is 
treated as not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. 
Section 1.469-2T(c)(3)(iii) provides an exception to the portfolio 
income characterization rule for items that are derived in the ordinary 
course of a trade or business. Section 1.1411-6(a) of the proposed 
regulations provided that, for purposes of section 1411(c)(3), working 
capital and the income generated therefrom will be determined under 
principles similar to those described in Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii).
    Several commentators noted that the proposed regulations lack an 
adequate definition of ``working capital'' for purposes of section 
1411. One commentator stated that the application of section 1411 is 
too restrictive because it taxes all working capital as income not 
derived in the ordinary course of business. Another commentator noted 
that the regulations should clearly define what property is considered 
working capital, particularly where capital is invested in a trade or 
business that either does not rise to the level of a trade or business 
under section 1411(c)(2)(A) or a trading business described in section 
1411(c)(2)(B) that generates nonpassive income. One commentator noted 
that the cross-reference to working capital in section 469 does not 
account for the different purposes of the two statutory schemes. 
Commentators also stated that, if the final regulations do not 
elaborate on the definition of working capital, taxpayers must 
speculate where the dividing line is between active business assets and 
working capital.
    Several commentators requested that the final regulations include a 
more comprehensive definition of working capital. One commentator 
recommended that proposed Sec.  1.1411-6 be withdrawn and replaced with 
industry-specific guidelines for a safe harbor. Another commentator 
suggested the final regulations exclude income generated from liquid, 
short-term investments, such as interest-bearing bank accounts, from 
the definition of working capital and further exclude a reasonable 
amount of working capital.
    The specific cross-reference in section 1411(c)(3) to section 
469(e)(1)(B) indicates Congress' intent that the definition of working 
capital in Sec.  1.1411-6 be consistent with the rules in section 
469(e)(1)(B) and Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii). Accordingly, the proposed 
regulations intentionally aligned the section 1411 treatment of working 
capital with the section 469 rules. In addition, the rule in the 
proposed

[[Page 72416]]

regulations avoids complexity that divergent definitions would have on 
tax administration and compliance. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
appreciate that certain businesses require different amounts of working 
capital based on their industries or general business practices, but 
the Treasury Department and the IRS do not believe that the 
promulgation of working capital definitions based on industry-specific 
characteristics would be administrable. Further, if the rules on 
working capital were materially different for section 469 and section 
1411 purposes, such items would have to be reevaluated annually and 
would require detailed accounting and reporting burdens for both the 
IRS and taxpayers. As a result, the final regulations retain the 
provisions in proposed Sec.  1.1411-6 without change. However, see part 
5.A.ii.(b) of this preamble for a discussion of changes to the proposed 
regulations regarding items derived in the ordinary course of a trade 
or business.

8. Comments Regarding the Calculation of Gain or Loss Attributable to 
the Disposition of Interests in Partnerships and S Corporations

    The proposed regulations described the method for adjusting a 
transferor's gain or loss from the disposition of a partnership 
interest or S corporation stock based on the entity's ownership of 
assets that are nonpassive with respect to the transferor. Under that 
method, a transferor first computes its gain (or loss) on disposition 
of its interest in the entity, and then reduces that gain (or loss) by 
the amount of nonpassive gain (or loss) that would have been allocated 
to the transferor upon a hypothetical sale of all of the entity's 
assets for fair market value immediately before the transfer.
    Several commentators questioned the proposed regulations' 
methodology for adjusting a transferor's gain or loss on the 
disposition of its partnership interest or S corporation stock. These 
commentators noted that section 1411(c)(4) requires that gain (or loss) 
from such dispositions be taken into account under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) ``only to the extent of the net gain [or loss] which 
would be taken into account by the transferor if all property of the 
partnership or S corporation were sold for fair market value 
immediately before the disposition of such interest.'' The commentators 
suggested that section 1411(c)(4) therefore includes gain/loss from the 
disposition of a partnership interest or S corporation stock only to 
the extent of the transferor's share of gain/loss from the entity's 
passive assets. Thus, under the commentator's approach, the amount of 
gain or loss included in section 1411(c)(A)(iii) is the lesser of a 
taxpayer's gain on the disposition of the interest or the taxpayer's 
share of gain or loss on the deemed sale of the entity's assets that 
would be included in calculating the taxpayer's net investment income. 
Commentators also discussed the complexity of the proposed regulations, 
stating that the regulations imposed a high compliance burden, 
including requiring a transferor to obtain information from the entity 
regarding valuation and tax basis.
    After considering these comments, the Department of Treasury and 
the IRS are withdrawing the proposed regulations that address this 
issue and are issuing new proposed regulations under Sec.  1.1411-7 
adopting the commentators' suggestion, which are being published 
contemporaneously with these final regulations (REG-130843-13).

9. Comments Regarding the Exclusion of Certain Income under Section 
1411(c)(5)

    Section 1411(c)(5) provides that net investment income does not 
include any distribution from the following plans or arrangements:
    (1) A qualified pension, stock bonus, or profit-sharing plan under 
section 401(a);
    (2) A qualified annuity plan under section 403(a);
    (3) A tax-sheltered annuity under section 403(b);
    (4) An individual retirement account (IRA) under section 408;
    (5) A Roth IRA under section 408A; or
    (6) A deferred compensation plan of a State and local government or 
a tax-exempt organization under section 457(b).

Section 1.1411-8(a) of the proposed regulations provided that, for 
purposes of section 1411, any amount actually distributed from a 
qualified plan or arrangement is a distribution within the meaning of 
section 1411(c)(5), and thus is not included in net investment income. 
The final regulations generally retain the rules in the proposed 
regulations relating to whether an amount is a distribution from a plan 
within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5) and, thus, excluded from net 
investment income. In addition, the final regulations retain the rule 
that, for purposes of section 1411, amounts that are deemed 
distributions under the Code for income tax purposes are distributions 
for purposes of section 1411(c)(5), even if these distributions are not 
treated as actual distributions for purposes of the qualification 
requirements under section 401(a). The final regulations also retain 
the rule in the proposed regulations that any amount that is not 
treated as a distribution for purposes of the qualification 
requirements under the Code, but is otherwise includible in gross 
income pursuant to a rule relating to amounts held in a qualified plan 
or arrangement is a distribution within the meaning of section 
1411(c)(5), and thus is not included in net investment income.
    One commentator asked for clarification on the application of 
section 1411 to employer securities. The commentator specifically asked 
for clarification on whether section 1411 applies to dividends on 
employer securities held by an employee stock ownership plan (as 
defined in section 4975(e)(7) of the Code) that are paid directly to 
plan participants. A-3 of Sec.  1.404(k)-1T provides that a deductible 
dividend under section 404(k) that is paid directly to a plan 
participant or beneficiary is treated as a distribution under the plan 
for purposes of sections 72, 401, and 402 of the Code. The final 
regulations clarify that any dividend that is deductible under section 
404(k) and is paid in cash directly to a plan participant or 
beneficiary is a distribution within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5), 
and thus is not included in net investment income. This rule does not 
apply to amounts paid as a dividend after the employer securities have 
been distributed from a qualified plan. Those amounts paid as dividends 
are included in net investment income.
    The commentator also asked for clarification on whether section 
1411 applies to the net unrealized appreciation realized on a 
disposition of employer securities that occurs after the securities 
were distributed from a qualified plan. Section 402(e)(4) provides that 
the net unrealized appreciation in employer securities that are 
distributed from a qualified plan is excluded from gross income in the 
year of the distribution in certain circumstances. In the case of a 
lump-sum distribution (within the meaning of section 402(e)(4)(D)), the 
net unrealized appreciation in the employer securities distributed is 
excluded from gross income. In the case of any other distribution 
(other than a distribution that is not currently taxable under the 
rollover rules), the net unrealized appreciation in the employer 
securities distributed is generally excluded from gross income only to 
the extent that it is attributable to after-tax employee contributions. 
Net unrealized appreciation is defined in Sec.  1.402(a)-1(b)(2)(i) as 
the excess of the market

[[Page 72417]]

value of employer securities at the time of distribution over the cost 
or other basis of such securities to the trust. The final regulations 
clarify that any such net unrealized appreciation in employer 
securities that is realized in a disposition of those employer 
securities is a distribution within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5), 
and thus is not included in net investment income. The regulations also 
provide that any appreciation in value that occurs subsequent to the 
distribution of the employer securities from a qualified plan is 
included in net investment income when realized.

10. Comments Regarding the Interaction between Section 1411 and Self-
Employment Tax

    Section 1411(c)(6) provides that net investment income does not 
include items taken into account in determining self-employment income 
for such taxable year on which a tax is imposed by section 1401(b). 
Several commentators, in considering the interaction of self-employment 
tax and section 1411, suggested that the regulations clarify that a 
taxpayer who is fully employed by a limited liability company (LLC) or 
a limited liability partnership (LLP) materially participates in that 
entity, and, therefore, the taxpayer's distributive share of income 
from the LLC or LLP is self-employment income for which a tax is 
imposed by section 1401. The final regulations do not adopt this 
suggestion because the imposition of self-employment taxes on LLC 
members and partners of an LLP is outside the scope of these 
regulations.
    Proposed Sec.  1.1411-9(b) provided a special rule for traders; 
specifically that deductions described in proposed Sec.  1.1411-
4(f)(2)(ii) that do not reduce a taxpayer's net earnings from self-
employment (after aggregating the net earnings from self-employment 
from all of the taxpayer's trades or business) are not considered taken 
into account for purposes of section 1411(c)(6) and may be considered 
in determining the taxpayer's net investment income under section 1411. 
One commentator suggested that this rule be amended to provide that a 
taxpayer can elect whether properly allocable deductions related to the 
taxpayer's trade or business of trading in financial instruments or 
commodities reduce net earnings from self-employment. The expenses of a 
trader maintaining a trade or business of trading in financial 
instruments or commodities are taken into account for purposes of 
determining self-employment income. Thus, such expenses, but for the 
special rule in Sec.  1.1411-9(b), could not be used to reduce net 
investment income. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that a 
trader should be able to reduce net investment income by amounts not 
used to reduce net earnings from self-employment income. Thus, the 
special rule is an exception under section 1411 for the benefit of 
taxpayers. The special rule was not intended to alter the result under 
the self-employment tax provisions. Accordingly, the final regulations 
do not adopt the commentator's suggestion.

11. Comments Regarding the Section 1411 Treatment of Controlled Foreign 
Corporations and Passive Foreign Investment Companies

A. Income Derived From a Trade or Business Described in Section 
1411(c)(2)
    Pursuant to section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii), gross income derived from a 
trade or business described in section 1411(c)(2) is net investment 
income. A trade or business is described in section 1411(c)(2) if it is 
a passive activity (within the meaning of section 469) with respect to 
the taxpayer or a trade or business of trading in financial instruments 
or commodities (as defined in section 475(e)(2)). Proposed Sec.  
1.1411-10(b), which applies to certain owners of controlled foreign 
corporations (CFCs) and passive foreign investment companies (PFICs), 
provides that the special rules in proposed Sec.  1.1411-10 do not 
apply to income derived by those taxpayers from a trade or business 
described in section 1411(c)(2) and Sec.  1.1411-5. Instead, such 
income is included in net investment income under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(ii).
    A commentator asked if the determination of whether income is 
``derived from'' a trade or business described in section 1411(c)(2) 
for Sec.  1.1411-10(b) purposes is made by reference to the trade or 
business of the CFC or the PFIC, or the trade or business of the 
taxpayer (or passthrough entity in which the taxpayer invests) that 
holds the CFC or PFIC. The commentator noted that the rules in proposed 
Sec.  1.1411-4(b) provided guidance on determining whether income is 
derived in a trade or business for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii). However, the commentator stated that the rule in 
proposed Sec.  1.1411-10(b) may be of limited applicability if the 
rules in Sec.  1.1411-4(b) apply for purposes of proposed Sec.  1.1411-
10(b). Section 1.1411-10(b)(1) of these final regulations clarifies 
that the trade or business determination for purposes of Sec.  1.1411-
10(b) is made pursuant to the rules set forth in Sec.  1.1411-4(b)(2), 
which provide that the determination is either based on the taxpayer's 
trade or business or the trade or business of the passthrough entity in 
which the taxpayer invests.
    Commentators also recommended that guidance be provided regarding 
the application of Sec.  1.1411-10(b) to income derived from a trade or 
business that is a passive activity within the meaning of section 469 
because of a concern that taxpayers may not be treated as engaged in a 
passive activity with respect to a CFC or qualified electing fund 
(QEF). Although theoretically the definition of ``passive activity'' 
under section 469 could include holding an interest in a CFC or PFIC, 
the commentators pointed out that amounts included in income under 
sections 951(a) (section 951 inclusions) and 1293(a) (section 1293 
inclusions) are excluded from the definition of ``passive income'' for 
section 469 purposes, and, instead, are treated as portfolio income 
under Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(i)(A). The commentators stated that the 
exclusion of these items from ``passive income'' may mean that income 
derived from CFCs and QEFs would never be treated as income derived 
from a ``passive activity.'' In such a case, Sec.  1.1411-10(b) would 
never apply to a section 951 inclusion or section 1293 inclusion even 
if the inclusion was derived from a CFC or QEF held in a trade or 
business that is a passive activity. After consideration of the 
comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not believe that the 
final regulations need to be clarified in order for Sec.  1.1411-10(b) 
to apply to a taxpayer that holds a CFC or QEF in a trade or business 
that is a passive activity with respect to the taxpayer. Section 
1411(c)(2)(A) and the regulations promulgated thereunder cross-
reference section 469 solely for purposes of defining ``passive 
activity.'' Section 1.1411-10 does not cross-reference the section 
469(e) rules, which provide guidance on whether income is treated as 
income from a passive activity, or the rule in Sec.  1.469-
2T(c)(3)(i)(A), which addresses portfolio income. In addition, Sec.  
1.469-1T(d)(1) provides that the characterization of items of income as 
passive activity gross income (within the meaning of Sec.  1.469-2T(c)) 
applies only for purposes of section 469. The rule in Sec.  1.1411-
10(b) does not incorporate the section 469 rules on portfolio income, 
and, thus, applies to income derived by a taxpayer from a CFC or QEF 
that is held in a trade or business that is a passive activity within 
the meaning of section 469.

[[Page 72418]]

    The Treasury Department and the IRS also received a comment that 
addressed the application of the rules in Sec.  1.1411-10(b) when a 
taxpayer holds a CFC or PFIC in connection with a trade or business 
described in section 1411(c)(2) in some, but not all, years. The 
commentator explained that the trade or business determination is made 
on an annual basis, which creates the potential for taxpayers to 
alternate between being subject to the rules in Sec.  1.1411-10(b) and 
the other applicable rules in Sec.  1.1411-10 on an annual basis. As a 
result, when a taxpayer does not make an election under Sec.  1.1411-
10(g), a taxpayer could either be subject to double taxation under 
section 1411, or could avoid tax under section 1411, depending on the 
facts and circumstances. The commentator suggested that the trade or 
business determination that was in effect in the year in which the 
taxpayer acquired an interest in a CFC or PFIC should apply to all 
years in which the taxpayer holds the CFC or PFIC. Although the 
Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt the commentator's 
suggested approach, the final regulations coordinate the application of 
the rules in Sec.  1.1411-10 when a taxpayer's trade or business 
determination, either as a trader or for passive activity purposes, 
causes the taxpayer to alternate between being subject to Sec.  1.1411-
10(b) and the other applicable rules in Sec.  1.1411-10, to eliminate 
both the possibility of double taxation and the avoidance of taxation.
B. Income derived from CFCs and QEFs
    In general, the proposed regulations provided that distributions of 
previously taxed earnings and profits attributable to section 951 
inclusions and section 1293 inclusions are dividends for purposes of 
section 1411, absent an election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g). If a 
taxpayer made the Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election, the proposed regulations 
provided that section 951 inclusions and section 1293 inclusions 
(rather than the distributions of previously taxed earnings and 
profits) are treated as dividends for purposes of section 1411.
    Commentators recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
revise the final regulations to treat section 951 inclusions and 
section 1293 inclusions as dividends for purposes of section 1411 
(without regard to any election by the taxpayer), rather than treating 
the distributions of previously taxed earnings and profits attributable 
to section 951 inclusions or section 1293 inclusions (that were 
included in chapter 1 income in a taxable year beginning after December 
31, 2012) as dividends. The commentators stated that the rules in the 
proposed regulations applicable to CFCs and QEFs when an election under 
Sec.  1.1411-10(g) is not in effect are unduly complicated and impose 
significant administrative burdens on taxpayers. A commentator also 
recommended modifying the regulations to generally impose section 1411 
when section 951 inclusions and section 1293 inclusions are taxed for 
purposes of chapter 1, and permit taxpayers to elect to defer such tax 
until the distribution of the earnings and profits that previously were 
taxed pursuant to sections 951(a) or 1293(a) (in a taxable year 
beginning after December 31, 2012).
    As set forth in the preamble to the proposed regulations, section 
951 inclusions and section 1293 inclusions are not treated as dividends 
except when expressly provided for in the Code. See Rodriguez v. 
Commissioner, 137 T.C. 174 (2011), aff'd. 722 F.3d 306 (5th Cir. 2013). 
Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt the 
commentators' recommendations to treat section 951 inclusions and 
section 1293 inclusions as dividends for purposes of section 1411. For 
the same reason, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt the 
recommendation to provide a default rule that would treat section 951 
inclusions and section 1293 inclusions as subject to section 1411 when 
the inclusions are taken into account for purposes of chapter 1, unless 
the taxpayer affirmatively elected to defer taxation under section 1411 
until the distribution of earnings and profits related to the 
inclusions.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS also received a comment that 
recommended the application of a look-through approach for determining 
whether income derived with respect to a CFC or QEF is included in net 
investment income. Pursuant to a look-through approach, taxpayers would 
determine whether section 1411 applied to a section 951 inclusion or 
section 1293 inclusion by analyzing the income earned directly by the 
CFC or QEF that gave rise to the inclusion. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS do not adopt this recommendation because the approach raises 
administrative and compliance concerns, including concerns regarding 
the ability of QEF shareholders to compel a QEF to provide them with 
the information necessary to comply with a look-through rule.
    A commentator pointed out that the same earnings could be subject 
to section 1411 tax twice if a taxpayer that made an election under 
Sec.  1.1411-10(g) subsequently transfers CFC or QEF shares to a 
taxpayer that does not make the election. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS agree with the commentator that the earnings and profits of a 
CFC or QEF should be subject to tax under section 1411 only once. 
Accordingly, these final regulations provide that if earnings and 
profits of a CFC or QEF were included in the net investment income of 
an individual, estate, or trust pursuant to a Sec.  1.1411-10(g) 
election, then a subsequent distribution of those earnings is excluded 
from the net investment income of any transferee, provided that the 
transferee can establish entitlement to the exclusion under rules 
similar to the rules in Sec.  1.959-1(d) (which establish a successor 
in interest's ability to exclude from chapter 1 income the previously 
taxed earnings and profits with respect to an interest in a CFC 
acquired from another person).
    In addition, the commentator noted a separate double counting issue 
with respect to earnings and profits that are included in income as a 
dividend under section 1248. For example, a seller would be subject to 
tax under section 1411 when it includes the earnings and profits in 
income as a dividend under section 1248, and a purchaser who did not 
make an election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g) also would be subject to tax 
under section 1411 on a subsequent distribution of the earnings and 
profits because the distribution would be treated as a dividend for 
purposes of section 1411. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree 
that it is appropriate to prevent double taxation in the section 1248 
context, and these final regulations include a rule that prevents 
double taxation with respect to amounts treated as a dividend under 
section 1248 for purposes of section 1411.
    The final regulations include a new rule that applies when a 
taxpayer makes an election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g) effective for 
taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013, but does not make an 
election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g)(4)(iii) for a taxable year beginning 
before January 1, 2014 (2013 taxable year), and the taxpayer is subject 
to section 1411 in the 2013 taxable year. Under the new rule, any 
distributions of previously taxed earnings and profits during taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013, that are attributable to 
section 951 and 1293 inclusions in the 2013 taxable year, will be 
treated as dividends for purposes of section 1411 notwithstanding the 
election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g). Without this rule, it may be 
possible to avoid taxation under section 1411 for any section 951 and 
1293 inclusions during the 2013 taxable year. This is so because those 
inclusions

[[Page 72419]]

would not be subject to tax under section 1411 during the 2013 taxable 
year in the absence of an election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g) and, as a 
result of the election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g) for taxable years 
beginning after December 31, 2013, distributions of previously taxed 
earnings and profits accrued in the 2013 taxable year would not be 
subject to section 1411. In order to simplify taxpayer record-keeping, 
for purposes of applying this special rule, distributions of previously 
taxed earnings and profits from the CFC or QEF during taxable years 
beginning after December 31, 2013, will be deemed to first come out of 
previously taxed earnings and profits attributable to section 951 and 
1293 inclusions in the 2013 taxable year.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received a comment that 
suggested adding an example to the final regulations to illustrate a 
situation in which the earnings and profits of a CFC are never subject 
to section 1411 under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(i). The suggested example would include a fact pattern in which 
a taxpayer that did not make an election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g) 
includes a section 951 inclusion in income for chapter 1 purposes. In 
the next year, and before the distribution of earnings and profits 
attributable to the section 951 inclusion, the taxpayer sells the CFC 
shares for no gain or loss (as computed for purposes of section 1411) 
to a taxpayer that makes an election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g) with 
respect to the CFC. Under these facts, the earnings and profits related 
to the section 951 inclusion are never subject to tax under section 
1411. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the application 
of Sec.  1.1411-10 to this fact pattern is clear, and that an example 
is not necessary to illustrate the relevant provisions of Sec.  1.1411-
10. The commentator also asked that the final regulations clarify the 
meaning of the phrase ``with respect to which an election under 
paragraph (g) of this section is not in effect.'' The final regulations 
clarify that the references in Sec.  1.1411-10 to an election under 
paragraph (g) not being in effect refer to the person that is 
determining the section 1411 consequences with respect to holding a 
particular CFC or QEF.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on whether 
guidance is necessary to determine the deductions that are properly 
allocable to items of net investment income if the election under Sec.  
1.1411-10(g) is not made. One such comment was received regarding the 
allocation of interest expense under section 163(d)(1). Section 1.1411-
4(f)(3)(i) allows interest expense as a deduction against net 
investment income only to the extent allowed under section 163(d)(1), 
which limits investment interest expense in part based on a taxpayer's 
investment income. In the absence of an election under Sec.  1.1411-
10(g), differences may occur in the timing of income derived with 
respect to CFCs and QEFs for chapter 1 and chapter 2A purposes. The 
commentator suggested that, where differences in timing occur, 
taxpayers should be allowed to calculate their section 163(d)(1) 
investment interest expense deduction based on amounts included in 
income for section 1411 purposes, in determining the amount of 
investment interest expense allocable to net investment income under 
section 1411. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with this 
comment and these final regulations provide that the section 163(d)(1) 
investment interest expense deduction related to items of net 
investment income described in Sec.  1.1411-10(c) may be calculated for 
purposes of section 1411 by adjusting section 163(d)(1)(B) ``investment 
income'' for purposes of section 1411 to reflect the inclusions under 
section 951 and section 1293 that are not included in section 1411 net 
investment income, and the distributions of previously taxed earnings 
and profits that are included in section 1411 net investment income. To 
the extent that the taxpayer chooses to calculate any of these 
deductions based on the amount of net investment income described in 
Sec.  1.1411-10(c), that method of calculation must be consistently 
applied for purposes of section 1411 and may only be changed with the 
consent of the IRS.
C. CFCs and QEFs Held Through Domestic Partnerships and S Corporations
    A comment was received on the conforming basis adjustment rules in 
Sec.  1.1411-10(d)(2) that apply to a taxpayer that owns an interest in 
a CFC or QEF through a domestic partnership and that does not make an 
election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g). The commentator stated that it was 
unclear whether basis adjustments pass through for both section 951 
inclusions and distributions of previously taxed earnings and profits. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the rules in Sec.  
1.1411-10(d), which apply only for purposes of section 1411, adequately 
address the basis consequences specific to section 1411 that occur when 
a domestic partnership receives a distribution of previously taxed 
earnings and profits. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that 
general questions about basis adjustments in the context of CFCs and 
QEFs held through passthrough entities would be more appropriately 
addressed in guidance under chapter 1.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received a comment that 
recommended issuing proposed rules regarding adjustments to basis under 
section 743 for section 1411 purposes. The commentator requested that 
the regulations clarify that basis adjustments under section 743 relate 
solely to the transferee and that transferee partners be permitted to 
adjust the basis of partnership property for purposes of section 1411 
regardless of whether the partnership has elected under section 754 or 
has a substantial built-in loss. Under these regulations, except as 
otherwise provided, chapter 1 principles and rules apply in determining 
the tax under section 1411. Therefore, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS have determined that it is unnecessary to clarify that basis 
adjustments under section 743 relate solely to the transferee partner 
because this result is clear under existing law for purposes of chapter 
1. The Treasury Department and the IRS have further determined that 
allowing a transferee partner to adjust its basis in partnership 
property when the partnership is not otherwise required to do so could 
create unnecessary administrative complexity for the partnership. Thus, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS have decided that additional rules 
relating to section 743 for section 1411 purposes are not necessary.
    A comment was received that recommended that a rule be added to the 
final regulations to require partnerships to provide their partners 
with the information needed by the partners to compute their tax under 
section 1411 with respect to CFCs and PFICs held by the partnerships. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt this recommendation. 
Rather, the IRS is in the process of revising the relevant IRS forms 
and instructions (such as Form 1065, ``U.S. Return of Partnership 
Income,'' and the associated Schedule K-1) to require partnerships and 
S corporations to provide to their partners and shareholders the 
information necessary to compute their tax under section 1411 with 
respect to CFCs and PFICs held by partnerships and S corporations.
    A commentator recommended that the final regulations include a rule 
to treat a section 751(c) amount corresponding to the amount included 
in income as a dividend under section 1248 for section 1411 purposes as 
net investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) rather than under 
section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii). In the

[[Page 72420]]

alternative, the commentator requested that an example be added to the 
final regulations to illustrate the operation of section 751 (taking 
into account section 1248) when a partner sells an interest in a 
partnership that holds CFC stock. The Treasury Department and the IRS 
believe that the section 1411 characterization of the section 751(c) 
amount that corresponds to a section 1248 dividend should be consistent 
with the chapter 1 characterization and not treated as a dividend, and 
thus do not adopt the recommendation to treat the amount as net 
investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) or add an example to 
the final regulation.
D. Section 1.1411-10(g) Election Applicable to CFCs and QEFs
    The proposed regulations permitted individuals, estates, and trusts 
to make an election pursuant to Sec.  1.1411-10(g) to include section 
951 inclusions and section 1293 inclusions in net investment income in 
the same manner and in the same taxable year as the amounts are 
included in income for chapter 1 purposes. Under the proposed 
regulations, the election was required to be made on or before the due 
date for filing the individual's, estate's, or trust's income tax 
return for the first taxable year that the individual, estate, or trust 
holds stock of a CFC or QEF and was subject to tax under section 1411 
or would be subject to tax under section 1411 if the election were 
made. Under the proposed regulations the election, if made, applied to 
all CFCs and QEFs held directly or indirectly by the individual, 
estate, or trust, regardless of whether the interest in the CFC or QEF 
is held in the year the election is made or is acquired subsequently.
    Commentators suggested that the Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election should 
be permitted to be made on an entity-by-entity basis, rather than to 
all CFCs and QEFs held by the taxpayer, or subsequently acquired. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS adopt this recommendation, and these 
final regulations provide that the Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election is made 
on an entity-by-entity basis.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received comments recommending 
that domestic partnerships and S corporations be allowed to make the 
Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election. The commentators stated that the partner 
(or shareholder) level election would create an administrative burden 
for the partnership (or S corporation) because it would require the 
partnership (or S corporation) to maintain two sets of records with 
respect to its CFC and QEF investments: one for chapter 1 purposes and 
one for section 1411 purposes. In response to these comments, the final 
regulations include a rule that allows a domestic partnership, S 
corporation, or common trust fund to make the election in Sec.  1.1411-
10(g) for taxable years that begin after December 31, 2013. In 
addition, a domestic partnership, S corporation, or common trust fund 
can make the election in Sec.  1.1411-10(g) for a taxable year 
beginning before January 1, 2014, if all of the partners, shareholders, 
or participants (as the case may be) consent to the election. The final 
regulations also provide that a Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election may be made 
with respect to interests in CFCs or QEFs held indirectly through 
certain domestic entities such as domestic partnerships or S 
corporations if the domestic entity does not make a Sec.  1.1411-10(g) 
election.
    A commentator requested that the rule regarding the time for making 
an election under Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election be revised so that 
taxpayers would not have to make an election until the first year in 
which they have a section 951 inclusion or section 1293 inclusion. The 
commentator stated that a rule based on ownership of a CFC or QEF, 
rather than a chapter 1 income inclusion, created a trap for the unwary 
because taxpayers may not consider the rules in Sec.  1.1411-10 until 
they have a chapter 1 income inclusion. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS adopt this comment, and the final regulations revise the rules for 
making a Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election to provide, in relevant part, that 
the election must be made no later than the first taxable year 
beginning after December 31, 2013, in which a person both has a section 
951 or section 1293 inclusion under chapter 1 with respect to a CFC or 
QEF and is subject to section 1411 (or would be subject to tax under 
section 1411 if the election were made with respect to the CFC or QEF). 
Therefore, the final regulations permit a taxpayer to make the election 
in a year before the first year in which there is a chapter 1 inclusion 
under sections 951 or 1293 and the person is subject to tax under 
section 1411 (or would be subject to tax under section 1411 if the 
election were made). In addition, the final regulations provide that 
individuals, estates and trusts may make the election for a taxable 
year beginning before January 1, 2014.
    A commentator suggested that the regulations be revised to allow 
taxpayers to make the Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election on an amended return. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS adopt this suggestion, and these 
final regulations provide that the initial election can be made on an 
original or an amended return, provided that the year of the election, 
and all years affected by the election, are not closed by the period of 
limitations under section 6501.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS also received comments 
suggesting the addition of certain procedural rules related to making 
Sec.  1.1411-10(g) elections. A comment requested that the final 
regulations set forth a procedure for taxpayers to make protective 
Sec.  1.1411-10(g) elections. In addition, a comment suggested that 
rules for making untimely Sec.  1.1411-10(g) elections should be added 
to the final regulations, and recommended that the rules be consistent 
with the rules for making untimely QEF elections. Moreover, a comment 
suggested that purging elections, similar to QEF purging elections, 
should be allowed with respect to Sec.  1.1411-10(g) elections. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt these suggestions because 
they are not necessary in light of the changes these final regulations 
provide to increase the opportunities for the election to be made.
    The Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election generally will be made by 
individuals, estates, and trusts on Form 8960, ``Net Investment Income 
Tax--Individuals, Estates, and Trusts.'' Domestic partnerships, S 
corporations, and common trust funds will make the election on 
attachments to their relevant partnership or income tax returns.

12. Taxpayer Reliance on Proposed and Final Regulations

    These regulations are effective for taxable years beginning after 
December 31, 2013, except that Sec.  1.1411-3(d) applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2012. Taxpayers are reminded that 
section 1411 is effective for taxable years beginning after December 
31, 2012.
    Part 12 of the preamble to the proposed regulations stated that 
taxpayers may rely on the proposed regulations for purposes of 
compliance with section 1411 until the effective date of the final 
regulations. Furthermore, the preamble stated that any election made in 
reliance on the proposed regulations will be in effect for the year of 
the election, and will remain in effect for subsequent taxable years. 
In addition, taxpayers who opt not to make an election in reliance on 
the proposed regulations are not precluded from making that election 
pursuant to these final regulations.
    For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2014, taxpayers may 
rely on either the proposed regulations or these final regulations for 
purposes of

[[Page 72421]]

compliance with section 1411. See Sec.  1.1411-1(f). However, to the 
extent that taxpayers take a position in a taxable year beginning 
before January 1, 2014 that is inconsistent with these final 
regulations, and such position affects the treatment of one or more 
items in a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2013, then such 
taxpayer must make reasonable adjustments to ensure that their section 
1411 tax liability in the taxable years beginning after December 31, 
2013, is not inappropriately distorted. For example, reasonable 
adjustments may be required to ensure that no item of income or 
deduction is taken into account in computing net investment income more 
than once, and that carryforwards, basis adjustments, and other similar 
items are adjusted appropriately.

Effective/Applicability Date

    These final regulations apply to taxable years beginning after 
December 31, 2013, except that Sec.  1.1411-3(d) applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2012.

Special Analyses

    It has been determined that this Treasury decision is not a 
significant regulatory action as defined in Executive Order 12866, as 
supplemented by Executive Order 13563. Therefore, a regulatory 
assessment is not required. It is hereby certified that the collection 
of information in Sec.  1.1411-10(g) of these final regulations will 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. Although a number of small entities may be subject to the 
requirements of this rule, any economic impact is minimal. This 
certification is based on the fact that the time required to secure and 
maintain the required information is minimal and taxpayers would 
ordinarily already collect and retain much of this information for 
other income tax and business purposes. The minimal information should 
be readily available to the parties and the professional skills that 
would be necessary to make the election would be the same as those 
required to prepare a return for the small business. Accordingly, a 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 
U.S.C. chapter 6) is not required.
    Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, the notice of proposed 
rulemaking preceding these regulations was submitted to the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment 
on its impact on small businesses, and no comments were received.

Drafting Information

    The principal authors of these regulations are David H. Kirk and 
Adrienne M. Mikolashek of the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel 
(Passthroughs and Special Industries). However, other personnel from 
the IRS and the Treasury Department participated in their development.

List of Subjects

26 CFR Part 1

    Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

26 CFR Part 602

    Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Adoption of the Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, 26 CFR parts 1 and 602 are amended as follows:

PART 1--INCOME TAXES

0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read in 
part as follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *

0
Par 2. Section 1.469-0 is amended by adding an entry for paragraph 
(b)(3)(iv) to the Sec.  1.469-11 the table of contents to read as 
follows:

Sec.  1.469-0 Table of contents.

* * * * *

Sec.  1.469-11 Effective date and transition rules.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (iv) Regrouping for taxpayers subject to section 1411.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Eligibility criteria.
    (C) Consequences of amended returns and examination adjustments.
    (1) Taxpayers first subject to section 1411.
    (2) Taxpayers ceasing to be subject to section 1411.
    (3) Examples.
    (D) Effective/applicability date.

* * * * *

0
Par 3. Section 1.469-11 is amended by adding paragraph (b)(3)(iv) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  1.469-11  Effective date and transition rules.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (iv) Regrouping for taxpayers subject to section 1411--(A) In 
general. If an individual, estate, or trust meets the Eligibility 
Criteria, as defined in paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(B) of this section, such 
individual, estate, or trust, in the first taxable year beginning after 
December 31, 2013, in which section 1411 would apply to such taxpayer, 
may regroup its activities without regard to the manner in which the 
activities were grouped in the preceding taxable year. For this 
purpose, the determination of whether a taxpayer meets the Eligibility 
Criteria is made without regard to the effect of regrouping. The 
regrouping must be made in the manner prescribed by forms, 
instructions, or in other guidance on an original return for the 
taxable year for which the regrouping is done. A taxpayer that is an 
individual, estate, or trust may regroup its activities for any taxable 
year that begins during 2013, if the individual, estate, or trust meets 
the Eligibility Criteria for such year. A taxpayer may regroup 
activities only once pursuant to this paragraph (b)(3)(iv), and a 
regrouping made pursuant to this paragraph (b)(3)(iv) will apply to the 
taxable year for which the regrouping is done and all subsequent years.
    (B) Eligibility criteria. The term Eligibility Criteria means that 
an individual, estate, or trust has net investment income (as defined 
in Sec.  1.1411-4) and such individual's (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-
2(a)) modified adjusted gross income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)) 
exceeds the applicable threshold in Sec.  1.1411-2(d) or such estate's 
or trust's (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-3(a)(1)(i)) adjusted gross 
income exceeds the amount described in Sec.  1.1411-3(a)(1)(ii)(B)(2).
    (C) Consequences of amended returns and examination adjustments--
(1) Taxpayers first subject to section 1411. An individual, estate, or 
trust also may regroup activities, in the matter described in paragraph 
(b)(3)(iv)(A) of this section, on an amended return only if the changes 
reported on such amended return cause the taxpayer to meet the 
Eligibility Criteria for the first time beginning in the taxable year 
for which the amended return is applicable and the taxable year is not 
closed by the period of limitations on assessments under section 6501. 
If the amended return is for a tax year that precedes a tax year for 
which a taxpayer had regrouped its activities pursuant to paragraph 
(b)(3)(iv)(A) of this section, the regrouping on such amended return 
must be consistent with the taxpayer's subsequent year's regrouping. If 
a regrouping on an amended return is inconsistent with a subsequent 
year's grouping, the subsequent year's grouping is invalid under Sec.  
1.469-4(e)(1) unless a material change in facts

[[Page 72422]]

and circumstances occurred in the subsequent year such that the 
subsequent year's grouping constitutes a permissible regrouping under 
Sec.  1.469-4(e)(2). Similar rules also apply for any taxable year that 
begins during 2013.
    (2) Taxpayers ceasing to be subject to section 1411. In the event a 
taxpayer regroups activities pursuant to paragraphs (b)(3)(iv)(A) or 
(C) of this section and it is subsequently determined that such 
taxpayer does not meet the Eligibility Criteria for the year of such 
regrouping, such regrouping will have no effect for that year and all 
future years. Appropriate adjustments should be made to reflect the 
voiding of the ineffective regrouping. However, notwithstanding the 
previous sentence, if an individual, estate, or trust meets the 
Eligibility Criteria in a subsequent year, such taxpayer is deemed to 
treat such regrouping as being made in such subsequent year unless the 
taxpayer either regroups in a different manner (so long as such 
alternative regrouping is permissible under Sec.  1.469-4) or properly 
reflects the ineffective regrouping in the previous year. The 
subsequent year's regrouping may be made on an original or on an 
amended return for that year. This paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(C)(2) shall not 
apply if a taxpayer does not meet the Eligibility Criteria for the year 
of such regrouping as a result of the carryback of a net operating loss 
pursuant to section 172. Similar rules also apply for any taxable year 
that begins during 2013.
    (3) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of 
paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(C) of this section. In each example, unless 
otherwise indicated, the taxpayer uses a calendar taxable year, the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, and Year 1 is a taxable year in 
which section 1411 is in effect:

    Example 1.  In Year 1, X, a single individual, reports modified 
adjusted gross income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)) of $198,000 
(including $12,000 of net investment income (as defined in Sec.  
1.1411-4)); thus is not subject to 1411. After X filed his original 
return, X receives a corrected Form 1099-DIV, which increases his 
modified adjusted gross income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)) and 
his net investment income by $2,500. X files an amended return for 
Year 1 in Year 2 reporting modified adjusted gross income of 
$200,500 and net investment income of $14,500. Pursuant to paragraph 
(b)(3)(iv)(C)(1) of this section, X may regroup his passive 
activities on an amended return, because X now has MAGI above the 
applicable threshold amount and net investment income.
    Example 2.  Same facts as Example 1, except that the $2,500 
increase to modified adjusted gross income and net investment income 
was a result of an examination of X's Year 1 return. Pursuant to 
paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(C)(1) of this section, X may regroup his 
passive activities on an amended return.
    Example 3. In Year 1, Y, a single individual reported modified 
adjusted gross income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)) of $205,000 
and net investment income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-4) of $500. 
Pursuant to paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(A) of this section, Y regrouped his 
four passive activities, A, B, C, and D, into a single activity 
group. Prior to the Year 1 regrouping, Y had grouped A and B into 
one group, and treated each of C and D as separate activities. Y did 
not meet the Eligibly Criteria in any year prior to Year 1 or Year 
2. In Year 3, Y's employer issued Y a corrected Year 1 Form W-2, 
which reduced Y's taxable wages by $6,000. As a result, Y no longer 
meets the Eligibility Criteria in Year 1 because Y's modified 
adjusted gross income is now $199,000. Therefore, Y's Year 1 
regrouping is no longer effective and the prior groupings are in 
effect (that is, Activity A and B are one group and Activity C and 
Activity D separately). Appropriate adjustments should be made to 
reflect the ineffective regrouping. However, if Y had a material 
change in facts and circumstances such that Y could regroup in Year 
1 or a subsequent year, as applicable, by reason of Sec.  1.469-
4(e)(2), then the regrouping will be deemed to occur. Y could 
designate a different regrouping for the year of the material change 
in facts and circumstances.
    Example 4.  Same facts as Example 3, except that Y met the 
Eligibly Criteria in Year 2. In this case, Y's Year 1 regrouping is 
no longer effective and Y must report his income consistent with the 
pre-Year 1 groupings. In Year 2, Y has three options. First, without 
any action by Y, Y's activities are regrouped as originally reported 
in Year 1. In this case, the regrouping from the Year 1 return is 
deemed to occur on the Year 2 return. This option is the default 
option. Second, pursuant to paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(C)(2) of this 
section, Y may file an amended return to report his income 
consistent with groupings in effect prior to Year 1. Third, Y may 
file an original or an amended return to regroup in a manner 
different from groupings in effect prior to Year 1 and different 
from the Year 1 groupings (for example, Y could choose to group 
Activity C and D into single activity, thus causing Y to have two 
groups; Group A-B and Group C-D).

    (D) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012.
* * * * *

0
Par. 4. An undesignated center heading and Sec.  1.1411-0 are added 
immediately following Sec.  1.1403-1 to read as follows:

Net Investment Income Tax


Sec.  1.1411-0  Table of contents of provisions applicable to section 
1411.

    This section lists the table of contents for Sec. Sec.  1.1411-1 
through 1.1411-10.

Sec.  1.1411-1 General rules.

    (a) General rule.
    (b) Adjusted gross income.
    (c) Effect of section 1411 and the regulations thereunder for 
other purposes.
    (d) Definitions.
    (e) Disallowance of certain credits against the section 1411 
tax.
    (f) Application to taxable years beginning before January 1, 
2014.
    (1) Retroactive application of regulations.
    (2) Reliance and transitional rules.
    (g) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-2 Application to individuals.

    (a) Individual to whom tax applies.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Special rules.
    (i) Dual resident individuals treated as residents of a foreign 
country under an income tax treaty.
    (ii) Dual-status resident aliens.
    (iii) Joint returns in the case of a nonresident alien 
individual married to a United States citizen or resident.
    (A) Default treatment.
    (B) Taxpayer election.
    (1) Effect of election.
    (2) Procedural requirements for making election.
    (3) Ineffective elections.
    (iv) Joint returns for a year in which nonresident alien married 
to a United States citizen or resident becomes a United States 
resident.
    (A) Default treatment.
    (B) Taxpayer election.
    (1) Effect of election.
    (2) Procedural requirements for making election.
    (v) Grantor trusts.
    (vi) Bankruptcy estates.
    (vii) Bona fide residents of United States territories.
    (A) Applicability.
    (B) Coordination with exception for nonresident aliens.
    (C) Definitions.
    (1) Bona fide resident.
    (2) United States territory.
    (b) Calculation of tax.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Example.
    (c) Modified adjusted gross income.
    (1) General rule.
    (2) Rules with respect to CFCs and PFICs.
    (d) Threshold amount.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Taxable year of less than twelve months.
    (i) General rule.
    (ii) Change of annual accounting period.
    (e) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-3 Application to Estates and Trusts

    (a) Estates and trusts to which tax applies.
    (1) In general.
    (i) General application.
    (ii) Calculation of tax.
    (2) Taxable year of less than twelve months.
    (i) General rule.
    (ii) Change of annual accounting period.
    (3) Rules with respect to CFCs and PFICs.
    (b) Application to certain trusts and estates.

[[Page 72423]]

    (1) Exception for certain trusts and estates.
    (2) Special rules for certain taxable trusts and estates.
    (i) Qualified funeral trusts.
    (ii) Bankruptcy estates.
    (c) Application to electing small business trusts (ESBTs).
    (1) General application.
    (2) Computation of tax.
    (i) Step one.
    (ii) Step two.
    (ii) Step three.
    (3) Example.
    (d) Application to charitable remainder trusts (CRTs).
    (1) Operational rules.
    (i) Treatment of annuity or unitrust distributions.
    (ii) Apportionment among multiple beneficiaries.
    (iii) Accumulated net investment income.
    (2) Application of section 664.
    (i) General rule.
    (ii) Special rules for CRTs with income from CFCs or PFICs 
[Reserved]
    (iii) Examples.
    (3) Elective simplified method. [Reserved]
    (e) Calculation of undistributed net investment income.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Undistributed net investment income.
    (3) Distributions of net investment income to beneficiaries.
    (4) Deduction for amounts paid or permanently set aside for a 
charitable purpose.
    (5) Examples.
    (f) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-4 Definition of Net Investment Income

    (a) In general.
    (b) Ordinary course of a trade or business exception.
    (c) Other gross income from a trade or business described in 
Sec.  1.1411-5.
    (d) Net gain.
    (1) Definition of disposition.
    (2) Limitation.
    (3) Net gain attributable to the disposition of property.
    (i) General rule.
    (ii) Examples.
    (4) Gains and losses excluded from net investment income.
    (i) Exception for gain or loss attributable to property held in 
a trade or business not described in Sec.  1.1411-5.
    (A) General rule.
    (B) Special rules for determining whether property is held in a 
trade or business.
    (C) Examples.
    (ii) Adjustments to gain or loss attributable to the disposition 
of interests in a partnership or S corporation.
    (iii) Adjustment for capital loss carryforwards for previously 
excluded income. [Reserved]
    (e) Net investment income attributable to certain entities.
    (1) Distributions from estates and trusts.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Distributions of accumulated net investment income from 
foreign nongrantor trusts to United States beneficiaries. [Reserved]
    (2) CFCs and PFICs.
    (3) Treatment of income from common trust funds. [Reserved]
    (f) Properly allocable deductions.
    (1) General rule.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Limitations.
    (2) Properly allocable deductions described in section 62.
    (i) Deductions allocable to gross income from rents and 
royalties.
    (ii) Deductions allocable to gross income from trades or 
businesses described in Sec.  1.1411-5.
    (iii) Penalty on early withdrawal of savings.
    (iv) Net operating loss.
    (v) Examples.
    (3) Properly allocable deductions described in section 63(d).
    (i) Investment interest expense.
    (ii) Investment expenses.
    (iii) Taxes described in section 164(a)(3).
    (iv) Items described in section 72(b)(3).
    (v) Items described in section 691(c).
    (vi) Items described in section 212(3).
    (vii) Amortizable bond premium.
    (viii) Fiduciary expenses.
    (4) Loss deductions.
    (i) General rule.
    (ii) Examples.
    (5) Ordinary loss deductions for certain debt instruments.
    (6) Other deductions.
    (7) Application of limitations under sections 67 and 68.
    (i) Deductions subject to section 67.
    (ii) Deductions subject to section 68.
    (iii) Itemized deductions.
    (iv) Example.
    (g) Special rules.
    (1) Deductions allocable to both net investment income and 
excluded income.
    (2) Recoveries of properly allocable deductions.
    (i) General rule.
    (ii) Recoveries of items allocated between net investment income 
and excluded income.
    (iii) Recoveries with no prior year benefit.
    (iv) Examples.
    (3) Deductions described in section 691(b).
    (4) Amounts described in section 642(h).
    (5) Treatment of self-charged interest income.
    (6) Treatment of certain nonpassive rental activities.
    (i) Gross income from rents.
    (ii) Gain or loss from the disposition of property.
    (7) Treatment of certain real estate professionals.
    (i) Safe harbor.
    (ii) Definitions.
    (A) Participation.
    (B) Rental real estate activity.
    (iii) Effect of safe harbor.
    (8) Treatment of former passive activities.
    (i) Section 469(f)(1)(A) losses.
    (ii) Section 469(f)(1)(C) losses.
    (iii) Examples.
    (9) Treatment of section 469(g)(1) losses.
    (10) Treatment of section 707(c) guaranteed payments. [Reserved]
    (11) Treatment of section 736 payments. [Reserved]
    (12) Income and deductions from certain notional principal 
contracts. [Reserved]
    (13) Treatment of income or loss from REMIC residual interests. 
[Reserved]
    (h) Net operating loss.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Applicable portion of a net operating loss.
    (3) Section 1411 NOL amount of a net operating loss carried to 
and deducted in a taxable year.
    (4) Total section 1411 NOL amount of a net operating loss 
deduction.
    (5) Examples.
    (i) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-5 Trades and Businesses to Which Tax Applies

    (a) In general.
    (b) Passive activity.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Application of income recharacterization rules.
    (i) Income and gain recharacterization.
    (ii) Gain recharacterization.
    (iii) Exception for certain portfolio recharacterizations.
    (3) Examples.
    (c) Trading in financial instruments or commodities.
    (1) Definition of financial instruments.
    (2) Definition of commodities.
    (d) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-6 Income on Investment of Working Capital Subject to Tax

    (a) General rule.
    (b) Example.
    (c) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-7 Exception for Dispositions of Certain Active Interests 
in Partnerships and S Corporations [Reserved]

Sec.  1.1411-8 Exception for Distributions From Qualified Plans

    (a) General rule.
    (b) Rules relating to distributions.
    (1) Actual distributions.
    (2) Amounts treated as distributed.
    (3) Amounts includible in gross income.
    (4) Amounts related to employer securities.
    (i) Dividends related to employer securities.
    (ii) Amounts related to the net unrealized appreciation in 
employer securities.
    (c) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-9 Exception for Self-Employment Income

    (a) General rule.
    (b) Special rule for traders.
    (c) Examples.
    (d) Effective/applicability date.

Sec.  1.1411-10 Controlled Foreign Corporations and Passive Foreign 
Investment Companies

    (a) In general.
    (b) Amounts derived from a trade or business described in Sec.  
1.1411-5.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Coordination rule for changes in trade or business status.
    (c) Calculation of net investment income.
    (1) Dividends.
    (i) Distributions of previously taxed earnings and profits.

[[Page 72424]]

    (A) Rules when an election under paragraph (g) of this section 
is not in effect with respect to the shareholder.
    (1) General rule.
    (2) Exception for distributions attributable to earnings and 
profits previously taken into account for purposes of section 1411.
    (B) Rule when an election under paragraph (g) of this section is 
in effect with respect to the shareholder.
    (C) Special rule for certain distributions related to 2013 
taxable years.
    (1) Scope.
    (2) Rule.
    (3) Ordering rule.
    (ii) Excess distributions that constitute dividends.
    (2) Net gain.
    (i) Gains treated as excess distributions.
    (ii) Inclusions and deductions with respect to section 1296 mark 
to market elections.
    (iii) Gain or loss attributable to the disposition of stock of 
CFCs and QEFs.
    (iv) Gain or loss attributable to the disposition of interests 
in domestic partnerships or S corporations that own directly or 
indirectly stock of CFCs or QEFs.
    (3) Application of section 1248.
    (4) Amounts distributed by an estate or trust.
    (5) Properly allocable deductions.
    (i) General rule.
    (ii) Additional rules.
    (d) Conforming basis adjustments.
    (1) Basis adjustments under sections 961 and 1293.
    (i) Stock held by individuals, estates, or trusts.
    (ii) Stock held by domestic partnerships or S corporations.
    (A) Rule when an election under paragraph (g) of this section is 
not in effect.
    (B) Rules when an election under paragraph (g) of this section 
is in effect.
    (2) Special rules for partners that own interests in domestic 
partnerships that own directly or indirectly stock of CFCs or QEFs.
    (3) Special rules for S corporation shareholders that own 
interests in S corporations that own directly or indirectly stock of 
CFCs or QEFs.
    (4) Special rules for participants in common trust funds.
    (e) Conforming adjustments to modified adjusted gross income and 
adjusted gross income.
    (1) Individuals.
    (2) Estates and trusts.
    (f) Application to estates and trusts.
    (g) Election with respect to CFCs and QEFs.
    (1) Effect of election.
    (2) Years to which election applies.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Termination of interest in CFC or QEF.
    (iii) Termination of partnership.
    (3) Who may make the election.
    (4) Time and manner for making the election.
    (i) Individuals, estates, and trusts.
    (A) General rule.
    (B) Special rule for charitable remainder trusts (CRTs).
    (ii) Certain domestic passthrough entities.
    (iii) Taxable years that begin before January 1, 2014.
    (A) Individuals, estates, or trusts.
    (B) Certain domestic passthrough entities.
    (iv) Time for making election.
    (h) Examples.
    (i) Effective/applicability date.
0
Par. 5. Sections 1.1411-1 through 1.1411-10 are added to read as 
follows:
* * * * *
Sec.
1.1411-1 General rules.
1.1411-2 Application to individuals.
1.1411-3 Application to estates and trusts.
1.1411-4 Definition of net investment income.
1.1411-5 Trades or businesses to which tax applies.
1.1411-6 Income on investment of working capital subject to tax.
1.1411-7 [Reserved]
1.1411-8 Exception for distributions from qualified plans.
1.1411-9 Exception for self-employment income.
1.1411-10 Controlled foreign corporations and passive foreign 
investment companies.
* * * * *


Sec.  1.1411-1  General rules.

    (a) General rule. Except as otherwise provided, all Internal 
Revenue Code (Code) provisions that apply for chapter 1 purposes in 
determining taxable income (as defined in section 63(a)) of a taxpayer 
also apply in determining the tax imposed by section 1411.
    (b) Adjusted gross income. All references to an individual's 
adjusted gross income are treated as references to adjusted gross 
income as defined in section 62, and all references to an estate's or 
trust's adjusted gross income are treated as references to adjusted 
gross income as defined in section 67(e). However, there may be 
additional adjustments to adjusted gross income because of investments 
in controlled foreign corporations (CFCs) or passive foreign investment 
companies (PFICs). See Sec.  1.1411-10(e).
    (c) Effect of section 1411 and the regulations thereunder for other 
purposes. The inclusion or exclusion of items of income, gain, loss, or 
deduction in determining net investment income for purposes of section 
1411, and the assignment of items of income, gain, loss, or deduction 
to a particular category of net investment income under section 
1411(c)(1)(A), does not affect the treatment of any item of income, 
gain, loss, or deduction under any provision of the Code other than 
section 1411.
    (d) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of 
calculating net investment income under section 1411 and the 
regulations thereunder--
    (1) The term gross income from annuities under section 
1411(c)(1)(A) includes the amount received as an annuity under an 
annuity, endowment, or life insurance contract that is includible in 
gross income as a result of the application of section 72(a) and 
section 72(b), and an amount not received as an annuity under an 
annuity contract that is includible in gross income under section 
72(e). In the case of a sale of an annuity, to the extent the sales 
price of the annuity does not exceed its surrender value, the gain 
recognized would be treated as gross income from an annuity within the 
meaning of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i). 
However, if the sales price of the annuity exceeds its surrender value, 
the seller would treat the gain equal to the difference between the 
basis in the annuity and the surrender value as gross income from an 
annuity described in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(i) and the excess of the sales price over the surrender value 
as gain from the disposition of property included in section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii). The term gross income 
from annuities does not include amounts paid in consideration for 
services rendered. For example, distributions from a foreign retirement 
plan that are paid in the form of an annuity and include investment 
income that was earned by the retirement plan does not constitute 
income from an annuity within the meaning of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i).
    (2) The term controlled foreign corporation (CFC) is as defined in 
section 953(c)(1)(B) or 957(a).
    (3) The term gross income from dividends includes any item treated 
as a dividend for purposes of chapter 1. See also Sec.  1.1411-10 for 
additional amounts that constitute gross income from dividends. The 
term gross income from dividends includes, but is not limited to, 
amounts treated as dividends--
    (i) Pursuant to subchapter C that are included in gross income 
(including constructive dividends);
    (ii) Pursuant to section 1248(a), other than as provided in Sec.  
1.1411-10;
    (iii) Pursuant to Sec.  1.367(b)-2(e)(2);
    (iv) Pursuant to section 1368(c)(2); and
    (v) Substitute dividends that represent payments made to the 
transferor of a security in a securities lending transaction or a sale-
repurchase transaction.
    (4) The term excluded income means:
    (i) Items of income excluded from gross income in chapter 1. For 
example, interest on state and local bonds excluded from gross income 
under section 103 and gain from the sale of a

[[Page 72425]]

principal residence excluded from gross income under section 121.
    (ii) Items of income not included in net investment income, as 
determined under Sec. Sec.  1.1411-4 and 1.1411-10. For example, wages, 
unemployment compensation, Alaska Permanent Fund Dividends, alimony, 
and Social Security Benefits.
    (iii) Items of gross income and net gain specifically excluded by 
section 1411, the regulations thereunder, or other guidance published 
in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. For example, gains from the 
disposition of property used in a trade of business not described in 
section 1411(c)(2) under Sec.  1.1411-4(d)(4)(i), distributions from 
certain Qualified Plans described in section 1411(c)(5) and Sec.  
1.1411-8, income taken into account in determining self-employment 
income that is subject to tax under section 1401(b) described in 
section 1411(c)(6) and Sec.  1.1411-9, and section 951(a) inclusions 
from a CFC for which a Sec.  1.1411-10(g) election is not in effect.
    (5) The term individual means any natural person.
    (6) The term gross income from interest includes any item treated 
as interest income for purposes of chapter 1 and substitute interest 
that represents payments made to the transferor of a security in a 
securities lending transaction or a sale-repurchase transaction.
    (7) The term married and married taxpayer has the same meaning as 
in section 7703.
    (8) The term net investment income (NII) means net investment 
income as defined in section 1411(c) and Sec.  1.1411-4, as adjusted 
pursuant to the rules described in Sec.  1.1411-10(c).
    (9) The term passive foreign investment company (PFIC) is as 
defined in section 1297(a).
    (10) The term gross income from rents includes amounts paid or to 
be paid principally for the use of (or the right to use) tangible 
property.
    (11) The term gross income from royalties includes amounts received 
from mineral, oil, and gas royalties, and amounts received for the 
privilege of using patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, 
goodwill, trademarks, tradebrands, franchises, and other like property.
    (12) The term trade or business refers to a trade or business 
within the meaning of section 162.
    (13) The term United States person is as defined in section 
7701(a)(30).
    (14) The term United States shareholder is as defined in section 
951(b).
    (e) Disallowance of certain credits against the section 1411 tax. 
Amounts that may be credited against only the tax imposed by chapter 1 
of the Code may not be credited against the section 1411 tax imposed by 
chapter 2A of the Code unless specifically provided in the Code. For 
example, the foreign income, war profits, and excess profits taxes that 
are allowed as a foreign tax credit by section 27(a), section 642(a), 
and section 901, respectively, are not allowed as a credit against the 
section 1411 tax.
    (f) Application to taxable years beginning before January 1, 2014--
(1) Retroactive application of regulations. Taxpayers that are subject 
to section 1411, and any other taxpayer to which these regulations may 
apply (such as partnerships and S corporations), may apply Sec. Sec.  
1.1411-1 through 1.1411-10 (including the ability to make any 
election(s) contained therein) in any taxable year that begins after 
December 31, 2012, but before January 1, 2014, for which the period of 
limitation under section 6501 has not expired.
    (2) Reliance and transitional rules. For taxable years beginning 
before January 1, 2014, the Internal Revenue Service will not challenge 
a taxpayer's computation of tax under section 1411 if the taxpayer has 
made a reasonable, good faith effort to comply with the requirements of 
section 1411. For example, a taxpayer's compliance with the provisions 
of the proposed and final regulations under section 1411 (REG-130507-11 
or REG-130843-13), generally, will be considered a reasonable, good 
faith effort to comply with the requirements of section 1411 if 
reliance on such regulation projects under section 1411 are applied in 
their entirety, and the taxpayer makes reasonable adjustments to ensure 
that their section 1411 tax liability in the taxable years beginning 
after December 31, 2013, is not inappropriately distorted by the 
positions taken in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, but 
before January 1, 2014. A similar rule applies to any other taxpayer to 
which these regulations may apply (such as partnerships and S 
corporations).
    (g) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in 
accordance with paragraph (f) of this section.


Sec.  1.1411-2  Application to individuals.

    (a) Individual to whom tax applies--(1) In general. Section 1411 
applies to an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United 
States (within the meaning of section 7701(a)(30)(A)). Section 1411 
does not apply to nonresident alien individuals (within the meaning of 
section 7701(b)(1)(B)). See paragraph (a)(2)(vi) of this section for 
special rules regarding bona fide residents of United States 
territories.
    (2) Special rules--(i) Dual resident individuals treated as 
residents of a foreign country under an income tax treaty. A dual 
resident taxpayer (as defined in Sec.  301.7701(b)-7(a)(1)) who 
determines that he or she is a resident of a foreign country for treaty 
purposes pursuant to an income tax treaty between the United States and 
the foreign country and who claims benefits of the treaty as a 
nonresident of the United States will be treated as a nonresident alien 
of the United States for purposes of paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (ii) Dual-status resident aliens. A dual-status individual who is a 
resident of the United States for a portion of a taxable year and a 
nonresident alien for the other portion of the taxable year will not be 
subject to section 1411 with respect to the portion of the year for 
which that individual is treated as a nonresident alien. The only 
income the individual must take into account for purposes of section 
1411 is the income he or she receives during the portion of the year 
for which he or she is treated as a resident of the United States. The 
threshold amount under paragraph (d)(1) of this section applies.
    (iii) Joint returns in the case of a nonresident alien individual 
married to a United States citizen or resident--(A) Default treatment. 
In the case of a United States citizen or resident who is married to a 
nonresident alien individual, the spouses will be treated as married 
filing separately for purposes of section 1411. For purposes of 
calculating the tax imposed under section 1411(a)(1), the United States 
citizen or resident spouse will be subject to the threshold amount for 
a married taxpayer filing a separate return in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of 
this section, and the nonresident alien spouse will not be subject to 
tax under section 1411. In accordance with the rules for married 
individuals filing separate returns, the spouse that is a United States 
citizen or resident must determine his or her own net investment income 
and modified adjusted gross income.
    (B) Taxpayer election. Married taxpayers who file a joint Federal 
income tax return pursuant to a section 6013(g) election for purposes 
of chapter 1 and chapter 24 also may elect to be treated as making a 
section 6013(g) election for purposes of chapter 2A

[[Page 72426]]

(relating to the tax imposed by section 1411).
    (1) Effect of election. For purposes of calculating the tax imposed 
under section 1411(a)(1), the effect of an election under section 
6013(g) is to include the combined income of the United States citizen 
or resident spouse and the nonresident spouse in the section 1411(a)(1) 
calculation and to apply the threshold amount for a taxpayer making a 
joint return as set out in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section.
    (2) Procedural requirements for making election. Taxpayers with a 
section 6013(g) election in effect for chapter 1 and chapter 24 
purposes for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2012, or 
taxpayers making a section 6013(g) election for chapter 1 and chapter 
24 purposes in any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2012, who 
want to apply their section 6013(g) election for purposes of chapter 2A 
must make the election for the first taxable year beginning after 
December 31, 2013, in which the United States taxpayer is subject to 
tax under section 1411. The determination of whether the United States 
taxpayer is subject to tax under section 1411 is made without regard to 
the effect of the section 6013(g) election described in paragraph 
(a)(2)(iii)(B) of this section. The election, if made, must be made in 
the manner prescribed by forms, instructions, or in other guidance on 
an original or amended return for the taxable year for which the 
election is made. An election can be made on an amended return only if 
the taxable year for which the election is made, and all taxable years 
that are affected by the election, are not closed by the period of 
limitations on assessments under section 6501. Further, once made, the 
duration and termination of the section 6013(g) election for chapter 2A 
is governed by the rules of section 6013(g)(2) through (g)(6) and the 
regulations thereunder.
    (3) Ineffective elections. In the event a taxpayer makes an 
election described in paragraph (a)(2)(iii)(B) of this section and 
subsequently determines that such taxpayer does not meet the criteria 
for making such election in such tax year described in paragraph 
(a)(2)(iii)(B)(2) of this section, then such original election will 
have no effect for that year and all future years. In such a case, the 
taxpayer should make appropriate adjustments to properly reflect the 
ineffective election. However, notwithstanding the previous sentence, 
if a taxpayer meets the criteria for the same election in a subsequent 
year, such taxpayer is deemed to treat such original election as being 
made in that subsequent year unless the taxpayer files (or amends) the 
return for such subsequent year to report the taxpayer's net investment 
income tax without the original election. Furthermore, this paragraph 
(a)(2)(iii)(B)(3) shall not apply if a taxpayer does not meet the 
criteria described in paragraph (a)(2)(iii)(B)(2) of this section for 
making such election in such tax year solely as a result of the 
carryback of a net operating loss pursuant to section 172.
    (iv) Joint returns for a year in which nonresident alien married to 
a United States citizen or resident becomes a United States resident--
(A) Default treatment. In the case of a United States citizen or 
resident who is married to an individual who is a nonresident alien 
individual at the beginning of any taxable year, but is a United States 
resident at the close of such taxable year, each spouse will be treated 
as married filing separately for the entire year for purposes of 
section 1411. For purposes of calculating the tax imposed under section 
1411(a)(1), each spouse will be subject to the threshold amount for a 
married taxpayer filing a separate return in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of 
this section. The spouse who becomes a United States resident during 
the tax year will be subject to section 1411 only with respect to 
income received for the portion of the year for which he or she is 
treated as a United States resident. Each spouse must determine his or 
her own net investment income and modified adjusted gross income.
    (B) Taxpayer election. Married taxpayers who file a joint Federal 
income tax return pursuant to a section 6013(h) election for purposes 
of chapter 1 and chapter 24 also may elect to be treated as making a 
section 6013(h) election for purposes of chapter 2A for such tax year.
    (1) Effect of election. For purposes of calculating the tax imposed 
under section 1411(a)(1), the effect of an election under section 
6013(h) is to include the combined income of the United States citizen 
or resident spouse and the dual-status resident spouse in the section 
1411(a)(1) calculation and to apply the threshold amount for a taxpayer 
making a joint return as set out in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this 
section.
    (2) Procedural requirements for making election. Taxpayers who make 
a section 6013(h) election for purposes of chapter 1 and chapter 24 for 
any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2012, may elect to have 
their section 6013(h) election apply for purposes of chapter 2A. The 
election, if made, must be made in the manner prescribed by forms, 
instructions, or in other guidance on an original or amended return for 
the taxable year for which the election is made. An election can be 
made on an amended return only if the taxable year for which the 
election is made, and all taxable years that are affected by the 
election, are not closed by the period of limitations on assessments 
under section 6501. Further, in all cases, once made, the section 
6013(h) election is governed by the rules of section 6013(h)(2) and the 
regulations thereunder.
    (iv) Grantor trusts. For rules regarding the treatment of owners of 
grantor trusts, see Sec.  1.1411-3(b)(1)(v).
    (v) Bankruptcy estates. A bankruptcy estate administered under 
chapter 7 (relating to liquidations) or chapter 11 (relating to 
reorganizations) of the Bankruptcy Code (Title 11 of the United States 
Code) of a debtor who is an individual is treated as a married taxpayer 
filing a separate return for purposes of section 1411. See Sec.  
1.1411-2(d)(1)(ii).
    (vi) Bona fide residents of United States territories--(A) 
Applicability. An individual who is a bona fide resident of a United 
States territory is subject to the tax imposed by section 1411(a)(1) 
only if the individual is required to file an income tax return with 
the United States upon application of section 931, 932, 933, or 935 and 
the regulations thereunder. With respect to an individual described in 
this paragraph (a)(2)(vi)(A), the amount excluded from gross income 
under section 931 or 933 and any deduction properly allocable or 
chargeable against amounts excluded from gross income under section 931 
or 933, respectively, is not taken into account in computing modified 
adjusted gross income under paragraph (c) of this section or net 
investment income (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1411-1(d)).
    (B) Coordination with exception for nonresident aliens. An 
individual who is both a bona fide resident of a United States 
territory and a nonresident alien individual with respect to the United 
States is not subject to taxation under section 1411(a)(1).
    (C) Definitions. For purposes of this section--
    (1) Bona fide resident. The term bona fide resident has the meaning 
provided under section 937(a).
    (2) United States territory. The term United States territory means 
American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, or the 
United States Virgin Islands.
    (b) Calculation of tax--(1) In general. In the case of an 
individual described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the tax 
imposed by section 1411(a)(1) for each taxable year is equal to 3.8 
percent of the lesser of--
    (i) Net investment income for such taxable year; or

[[Page 72427]]

    (ii) The excess (if any) of--
    (A) The modified adjusted gross income (as defined in paragraph (c) 
of this section) for such taxable year; over
    (B) The threshold amount (as defined in paragraph (d) of this 
section).
    (2) Example. During Year 1 (at year in which section 1411 is in 
effect), A, an unmarried United States citizen, has modified adjusted 
gross income (as defined in paragraph (c) of this section) of $190,000, 
which includes $50,000 of net investment income. A has a zero tax 
imposed under section 1411 because the threshold amount for a single 
individual is $200,000 (as provided in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this 
section). If during Year 2, A has modified adjusted gross income of 
$220,000, which includes $50,000 of net investment income, then the 
individual has a section 1411 tax of $760 (3.8% multiplied by $20,000, 
the lesser of $50,000 net investment income or $20,000 excess of 
modified adjusted gross income over the threshold amount).
    (c) Modified adjusted gross income--(1) General rule. For purposes 
of section 1411, the term modified adjusted gross income means adjusted 
gross income increased by the excess of--
    (i) The amount excluded from gross income under section 911(a)(1); 
over
    (ii) The amount of any deductions (taken into account in computing 
adjusted gross income) or exclusions disallowed under section 911(d)(6) 
with respect to the amounts described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this 
section.
    (2) Rules with respect to CFCs and PFICs. Additional rules in Sec.  
1.1411-10(e)(1) apply to an individual that is a United States 
shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) or that is a 
United States person that directly or indirectly owns an interest in a 
passive foreign investment company (PFIC).
    (d) Threshold amount--(1) In general. The term threshold amount 
means--
    (i) In the case of a taxpayer making a joint return under section 
6013 or a surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(a)), $250,000;
    (ii) In the case of a married taxpayer filing a separate return, 
$125,000; and
    (iii) In the case of any other individual, $200,000.
    (2) Taxable year of less than twelve months--(i) General rule. In 
the case of an individual who has a taxable year consisting of less 
than twelve months (short taxable year), the threshold amount under 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section is not reduced or prorated. For 
example, in the case of an unmarried decedent who dies on June 1, the 
threshold amount is $200,000 for the decedent's short taxable year that 
begins on January 1 and ends on June 1.
    (ii) Change of annual accounting period. Notwithstanding paragraph 
(d)(2)(i) of this section, an individual who has a short taxable year 
resulting from a change of annual accounting period reduces the 
threshold amount to an amount that bears the same ratio to the full 
threshold amount provided under paragraph (d)(1) of this section as the 
number of months in the short taxable year bears to twelve.
    (e) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in 
accordance with Sec.  1.1411-1(f).


Sec.  1.1411-3  Application to estates and trusts.

    (a) Estates and trusts to which tax applies--(1) In general--(i) 
General application. Section 1411 and the regulations thereunder apply 
to all estates and trusts that are subject to the provisions of part I 
of subchapter J of chapter 1 of subtitle A of the Internal Revenue 
Code, unless specifically exempted under paragraph (b) of this section.
    (ii) Calculation of tax. The tax imposed by section 1411(a)(2) for 
each taxable year is equal to 3.8 percent of the lesser of--
    (A) The estate's or trust's undistributed net investment income for 
such taxable year; or
    (B) The excess (if any) of--
    (1) The estate's or trust's adjusted gross income (as defined in 
section 67(e) and as adjusted under Sec.  1.1411-10(e)(2), if 
applicable) for such taxable year; over
    (2) The dollar amount at which the highest tax bracket in section 
1(e) begins for such taxable year.
    (2) Taxable year of less than twelve months--(i) General rule. In 
the case of an estate or trust that has a taxable year consisting of 
less than twelve months (short taxable year), the dollar amount 
described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(B)(2) of this section is not reduced 
or prorated.
    (ii) Change of annual accounting period. Notwithstanding paragraph 
(a)(2)(i) of this section, an estate or trust that has a short taxable 
year resulting from a change of annual accounting period (but not from 
an individual's death) reduces the dollar amount described in paragraph 
(a)(1)(ii)(B)(2) of this section to an amount that bears the same ratio 
to that dollar amount as the number of months in the short taxable year 
bears to twelve.
    (3) Rules with respect to CFCs and PFICs. Additional rules in Sec.  
1.1411-10 apply to an estate or trust that holds an interest in a 
controlled foreign corporation (CFC) or a passive foreign investment 
company (PFIC).
    (b) Application to certain trusts and estates--(1) Exception for 
certain trusts and estates. The following trusts are not subject to the 
tax imposed by section 1411:
    (i) A trust or decedent's estate all of the unexpired interests in 
which are devoted to one or more of the purposes described in section 
170(c)(2)(B).
    (ii) A trust exempt from tax under section 501.
    (iii) A charitable remainder trust described in section 664. 
However, see paragraph (d) of this section for special rules regarding 
the treatment of annuity or unitrust distributions from such a trust to 
persons subject to tax under section 1411.
    (iv) Any other trust, fund, or account that is statutorily exempt 
from taxes imposed in subtitle A. For example, see sections 220(e)(1), 
223(e)(1), 529(a), and 530(a).
    (v) A trust, or a portion thereof, that is treated as a grantor 
trust under subpart E of part I of subchapter J of chapter 1. However, 
in the case of any such trust or portion thereof, each item of income 
or deduction that is included in computing taxable income of a grantor 
or another person under section 671 is treated as if it had been 
received by, or paid directly to, the grantor or other person for 
purposes of calculating such person's net investment income.
    (vi) Electing Alaska Native Settlement Trusts subject to taxation 
under section 646.
    (vii) Cemetery Perpetual Care Funds to which section 642(i) 
applies.
    (viii) Foreign trusts (as defined in section 7701(a)(31)(B) and 
Sec.  301.7701-7(a)(2)) (but see Sec. Sec.  1.1411-3(e)(3)(ii) and 
1.1411-4(e)(1)(ii) for rules related to distributions from foreign 
trusts to United States beneficiaries).
    (ix) Foreign estates (as defined in section 7701(a)(31)(A)) (but 
see Sec.  1.1411-3(e)(3)(ii) for rules related to distributions from 
foreign estates to United States beneficiaries).
    (2) Special rules for certain taxable trusts and estates--(i) 
Qualified funeral trusts. For purposes of the calculation of any tax 
imposed by section 1411, section 1411 and the regulations thereunder 
are applied to each qualified funeral trust (within the meaning of 
section 685) by treating each beneficiary's interest in each such trust 
as a separate trust.
    (ii) Bankruptcy estates. A bankruptcy estate in which the debtor is 
an individual is treated as a married taxpayer filing a separate return 
for

[[Page 72428]]

purposes of section 1411. See Sec.  1.1411-2(a)(2)(v) and (d)(1)(ii).
    (c) Application to electing small business trusts (ESBTs)--(1) 
General application. The S portion and non-S portion (as defined in 
Sec.  1.641(c)-1(b)(2) and (3), respectively) of a trust that has made 
an ESBT election under section 1361(e)(3) and Sec.  1.1361-1(m)(2) are 
treated as separate trusts for purposes of the computation of 
undistributed net investment income in the manner described in 
paragraph (e) of this section, but are treated as a single trust for 
purposes of determining the amount subject to tax under section 1411. 
If a grantor or another person is treated as the owner of a portion of 
the ESBT, the items of income and deduction attributable to the grantor 
portion (as defined in Sec.  1.641(c)-1(b)(1)) are included in the 
grantor's calculation of net investment income and are not included in 
the ESBT's computation of tax described in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section.
    (2) Computation of tax. This paragraph (c)(2) provides the method 
for an ESBT to compute the tax under section 1411.
    (i) Step one. The S portion and non-S portion computes each 
portion's undistributed net investment income as separate trusts in the 
manner described in paragraph (e) of this section and then combine 
these amounts to calculate the ESBT's undistributed net investment 
income.
    (ii) Step two. The ESBT calculates its adjusted gross income (as 
defined in paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(B)(1) of this section). The ESBT's 
adjusted gross income is the adjusted gross income of the non-S 
portion, increased or decreased by the net income or net loss of the S 
portion, after taking into account all deductions, carryovers, and loss 
limitations applicable to the S portion, as a single item of ordinary 
income (or ordinary loss).
    (iii) Step three. The ESBT pays tax on the lesser of--
    (A) The ESBT's total undistributed net investment income; or
    (B) The excess of the ESBT's adjusted gross income (as calculated 
in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section) over the dollar amount at 
which the highest tax bracket in section 1(e) begins for the taxable 
year.
    (3) Example. (i) In Year 1 (a year that section 1411 is in effect), 
the non-S portion of Trust, an ESBT, has dividend income of $15,000, 
interest income of $10,000, and capital loss of $5,000. Trust's S 
portion has net rental income of $21,000 and a capital gain of $7,000. 
The Trustee's annual fee of $1,000 is allocated 60% to the non-S 
portion and 40% to the S portion. Trust makes a distribution from 
income to a single beneficiary of $9,000.
    (ii) Step one. (A) Trust must compute the undistributed net 
investment income for the S portion and non-S portion in the manner 
described in paragraph (c) of this section.
    The undistributed net investment income for the S portion is 
$20,600 and is determined as follows:

 
Net Rental Income...........................................    $21,000
Capital Gain................................................      7,000
Trustee Annual Fee..........................................       (400)
                                                             -----------
  Total S portion undistributed net investment income.......     27,600
 

    (B) The undistributed net investment income for the non-S portion 
is $12,400 and is determined as follows:

 
Dividend Income.............................................    $15,000
Interest Income.............................................     10,000
Deductible Capital Loss.....................................     (3,000)
Trustee Annual Fee..........................................       (600)
Distributable net income distribution.......................     (9,000)
                                                             -----------
  Total non-S portion undistributed net investment income...     12,400
 

    (C) Trust combines the undistributed net investment income of the S 
portion and non-S portion from (ii)(A) and (B) to arrive at Trust's 
combined undistributed net investment income.

 
S portion's undistributed net investment income.............    $27,600
Non-S portion's undistributed net investment income.........     12,400
                                                             -----------
  Combined undistributed net investment income..............     40,000
 

    (iii) Step two. (A) The ESBT calculates its adjusted gross income. 
Pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, the ESBT's adjusted 
gross income is the non-S portion's adjusted gross income increased or 
decreased by the net income or net loss of the S portion.
    (B) The adjusted gross income for the ESBT is $38,000 and is 
determined as follows:

 
Dividend Income.............................................    $15,000
Interest Income.............................................     10,000
Deductible Capital Loss.....................................     (3,000)
Trustee Annual Fee..........................................       (600)
Distributable net income distribution.......................     (9,000)
S Portion Income............................................     27,600
                                                             -----------
  Adjusted gross income.....................................     40,000
 

    (C) The S portion's single item of ordinary income used in the 
ESBT's adjusted gross income calculation is $27,600. This item of 
income is determined by starting with net rental income of $21,000 and 
capital gain of $7,000 and reducing it by the S portion's $400 share of 
the annual trustee fee.
    (iv) Step three. Trust pays tax on the lesser of--
    (A) The combined undistributed net investment income ($40,000); or
    (B) The excess of adjusted gross income ($40,000) over the dollar 
amount at which the highest tax bracket in section 1(e) applicable to a 
trust begins for the taxable year.
    (d) Application to charitable remainder trusts (CRTs)--(1) 
Operational rules--(i) Treatment of annuity or unitrust distributions. 
If one or more items of net investment income comprise all or part of 
an annuity or unitrust distribution from a CRT, such items retain their 
character as net investment income in the hands of the recipient of 
that annuity or unitrust distribution.
    (ii) Apportionment among multiple beneficiaries. In the case of a 
CRT with more than one annuity or unitrust beneficiary, the net 
investment income is apportioned among such beneficiaries based on 
their respective shares of the total annuity or unitrust amount paid by 
the CRT for that taxable year.
    (iii) Accumulated net investment income. The accumulated net 
investment income of a CRT is the total amount of net investment income 
received by a CRT for all taxable years that begin after December 31, 
2012, less the total amount of net investment income distributed for 
all prior taxable years of the trust that begin after December 31, 
2012.
    (2) Application of Section 664--(i) General rule. The Federal 
income tax rate of the item of net investment income, to be used to 
determine the proper classification of that item within the appropriate 
income category as described in Sec.  1.664-1(d)(1)(i)(b), is the sum 
of the income tax rate applicable to that item under chapter 1 and the 
tax rate under section 1411. Thus, the accumulated net investment 
income and excluded income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-1(d)(4)) of a 
CRT in the same income category constitute separate classes of income 
within that category as described in Sec.  1.664-1(d)(1)(i)(b).
    (ii) Special rules for CRTs with income from CFCs or PFICs. 
[Reserved]
    (iii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (d)(2).


[[Page 72429]]


    Example 1.  (i) In 2009, A formed CRT as a charitable remainder 
annuity trust. The trust document requires an annual annuity payment 
of $50,000 to A for 15 years. For purposes of this example, assume 
that CRT is a valid charitable remainder trust under section 664 and 
has not received any unrelated business taxable income during any 
taxable year.
    (ii) As of January 1, 2013, CRT has the following items of 
undistributed income within its Sec.  1.664-1(d)(1) categories and 
classes:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Tax rate
            Category                   Class        (percent)    Amount
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary Income................  Interest.........       39.6     $4,000
                                 Net Rental Income       39.6      8,000
                                 Non-Qualified           39.6      2,000
                                  Dividend Income.
                                 Qualified               20.0     10,000
                                  Dividend Income.
Capital Gain...................  Short-Term.......       39.6     39,000
                                 Unrecaptured            25.0      1,000
                                  Section 1250
                                  Gain.
                                 Long-Term........       20.0    560,000
Other Income...................  .................  .........       None
    Total undistributed income   .................  .........    624,000
     as of January 1, 2013.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pursuant to Sec.  1.1411-3(d)(1)(iii), none of the $624,000 of 
undistributed income is accumulated net investment income (ANII) 
because none of it was received by CRT after December 31, 2012. 
Thus, the entire $624,000 of undistributed income is excluded income 
(as defined in Sec.  1.1411-1(d)(4)).
    (iii) During 2013, CRT receives $7,000 of interest income, 
$9,000 of qualified dividend income, $4,000 of short-term capital 
gain, and $11,000 of long-term capital gain. Prior to the 2013 
distribution of $50,000 to A, CRT has the following items of 
undistributed income within its Sec.  1.664-1(d)(1) categories and 
classes after the application of paragraph (d)(2) of this section:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                             Tax rate
               Category                           Class                 Excluded/ANII       (percent)    Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary Income.......................  Interest................  NII.....................       43.4     $7,000
                                        Interest................  Excluded................       39.6      4,000
                                        Net Rental Income.......  Excluded................       39.6      8,000
                                        Non-Qualified Dividend    Excluded................       39.6      2,000
                                         Income.
                                        Qualified Dividend        NII.....................       23.8      9,000
                                         Income.
                                        Qualified Dividend        Excluded................       20.0     10,000
                                         Income.
Capital Gain..........................  Short-Term..............  NII.....................       43.4      4,000
                                        Short-Term..............  Excluded................       39.6     39,000
                                        Unrecaptured Section      Excluded................       25.0      1,000
                                         1250 Gain.
                                        Long-Term...............  NII.....................       23.8     11,000
                                        Long-Term...............  Excluded................       20.0    560,000
Other Income..........................  ........................  ........................  .........       None
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (iv) The $50,000 distribution to A for 2013 will include the 
following amounts:

 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                             Tax rate
               Category                           Class                 Excluded/ANII       (percent)    Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary Income.......................  Interest................  NII.....................       43.4     $7,000
                                        Interest................  Excluded................       39.6      4,000
                                        Net Rental Income.......  Excluded................       39.6      8,000
                                        Non-Qualified Dividend    Excluded................       39.6      2,000
                                         Income.
                                        Qualified Dividend        NII.....................       23.8      9,000
                                         Income.
                                        Qualified Dividend        Excluded................       20.0     10,000
                                         Income.
Capital Gain..........................  Short-Term..............  NII.....................       43.4      4,000
                                        Short-Term..............  Excluded................       39.6      6,000
                                        Unrecaptured Section      Excluded................       25.0       None
                                         1250 Gain.
                                        Long-Term...............  NII.....................       23.8       None
                                        Long-Term...............  Excluded................       20.0       None
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The amount included in A's 2013 net investment income is 
$20,000. This amount is comprised of $7,000 of interest income, 
$9,000 of qualified dividend income, and $4,000 of short-term 
capital gain.
    (v) As a result, as of January 1, 2014, CRT has the following 
items of undistributed income within its Sec.  1.664-1(d)(1) 
categories and classes:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                             Tax rate
               Category                           Class                 Excluded/ANII       (percent)    Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary Income.......................  Interest................  ........................  .........       None

[[Page 72430]]

 
                                        Net Rental Income.......  ........................  .........       None
                                        Non-Qualified Dividend    ........................  .........       None
                                         Income.
                                        Qualified Dividend        ........................  .........       None
                                         Income.
Capital Gain..........................  Short-Term..............  Excluded................       39.6    $33,000
                                        Unrecaptured Section      Excluded................       25.0      1,000
                                         1250 Gain.
                                        Long-Term...............  ANII....................       23.8     11,000
                                        Long-Term...............  Excluded................       20.0    560,000
Other Income..........................  ........................  ........................  .........       None
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Example 2 [Reserved].
    (3) Elective simplified method. [Reserved]
    (e) Calculation of undistributed net investment income--(1) In 
general. This paragraph (e) provides special rules for the computation 
of certain deductions and for the allocation of net investment income 
between an estate or trust and its beneficiaries. Generally, an 
estate's or trust's net investment income is calculated in the same 
manner as that of an individual. See Sec.  1.1411-10(c) for special 
rules regarding CFCs, PFICs, and estates and trusts holding interests 
in such entities.
    (2) Undistributed net investment income. An estate's or trust's 
undistributed net investment income is the estate's or trust's net 
investment income reduced by distributions of net investment income to 
beneficiaries and by deductions under section 642(c) in the manner 
described in paragraphs (e)(3) and (e)(4) of this section.
    (3) Distributions of net investment income to beneficiaries. (i) In 
computing the estate's or trust's undistributed net investment income, 
net investment income is reduced by distributions of net investment 
income made to beneficiaries. The deduction allowed under this 
paragraph (e)(3) is limited to the lesser of the amount deductible to 
the estate or trust under section 651 or section 661, as applicable, or 
the net investment income of the estate or trust. In the case of a 
deduction under section 651 or section 661 that consists of both net 
investment income and excluded income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-
1(d)(4)), the distribution must be allocated between net investment 
income and excluded income in a manner similar to Sec.  1.661(b)-1 as 
if net investment income constituted gross income and excluded income 
constituted amounts not includible in gross income. See Sec.  1.661(c)-
1 and Example 1 in paragraph (e)(5) of this section.
    (ii) If one or more items of net investment income comprise all or 
part of a distribution for which a deduction is allowed under paragraph 
(e)(3)(i) of this section, such items retain their character as net 
investment income under section 652(b) or section 662(b), as 
applicable, for purposes of computing net investment income of the 
recipient of the distribution who is subject to tax under section 1411. 
The provisions of this paragraph (e)(3)(ii) also apply to distributions 
to United States beneficiaries of current year income described in 
section 652 or section 662, as applicable, from foreign estates and 
foreign nongrantor trusts.
    (4) Deduction for amounts paid or permanently set aside for a 
charitable purpose. In computing the estate's or trust's undistributed 
net investment income, the estate or trust is allowed a deduction for 
amounts of net investment income that are allocated to amounts 
allowable under section 642(c). In the case of an estate or trust that 
has items of income consisting of both net investment income and 
excluded income, the allowable deduction under this paragraph (e)(4) 
must be allocated between net investment income and excluded income in 
accordance with Sec.  1.642(c)-2(b) as if net investment income 
constituted gross income and excluded income constituted amounts not 
includible in gross income. For an estate or trust with deductions 
under both sections 642(c) and 661, see Sec.  1.662(b)-2 and Example 2 
in paragraph (e)(5) of this section.
    (5) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (e). In each example, Year 1 is a year in which section 
1411 is in effect and the taxpayer is not a foreign estate or trust:

    Example 1. Calculation of undistributed net investment income 
(with no deduction under section 642(c)). (i) In Year 1, Trust has 
dividend income of $15,000, interest income of $10,000, capital gain 
of $5,000, and $75,000 of taxable income relating to a distribution 
from an individual retirement account (as defined under section 
408). Trust has no expenses. Trust distributes $10,000 of its 
current year trust accounting income to A, a beneficiary of Trust.
    (ii) Trust's distributable net income is $100,000 ($15,000 in 
dividends plus $10,000 in interest plus $75,000 of taxable income 
from an individual retirement account), from which the $10,000 
distribution to A is paid. Trust's deduction under section 661 is 
$10,000. Under Sec.  1.662(b)-1, the deduction reduces each class of 
income comprising distributable net income on a proportional basis. 
The $10,000 distribution equals 10% of distributable net income 
($10,000 divided by $100,000). Therefore, the distribution consists 
of dividend income of $1,500, interest income of $1,000, and 
ordinary income attributable to the individual retirement account of 
$7,500. Because the $5,000 of capital gain allocated to principal 
for trust accounting purposes did not enter into distributable net 
income, no portion of that amount is included in the $10,000 
distribution, nor does it qualify for the deduction under section 
661.
    (iii) Trust's net investment income is $30,000 ($15,000 in 
dividends plus $10,000 in interest plus $5,000 in capital gain). 
Trust's $75,000 of taxable income attributable to the individual 
retirement account is excluded income under Sec.  1.1411-1(d)(4). 
Trust's undistributed net investment income under paragraph (e)(2) 
of this section is $27,500, which is Trust's net investment income 
($30,000) less the amount of dividend income ($1,500) and interest 
income ($1,000) distributed to A. The $27,500 of undistributed net 
investment income is comprised of the capital gain allocated to 
principal ($5,000), the remaining undistributed dividend income 
($13,500), and the remaining undistributed interest income ($9,000).
    (iv) Under paragraph (e)(3) of this section and pursuant to 
Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1), A's net investment income includes dividend 
income of $1,500 and interest income of $1,000, but does not include 
the $7,500 of ordinary income attributable to the individual 
retirement account because it is excluded from net investment income 
under Sec.  1.1411-8.

    Example 2. Calculation of undistributed net investment income 
(with deduction under section 642(c)). (i) Same facts as Example 1, 
except Trust is required to distribute $30,000 to A. In addition, 
Trust has a $10,000 deduction under section 642(c) (deduction for 
amounts paid for a charitable purpose). Trust also makes an 
additional discretionary distribution of $20,000 to B, a beneficiary 
of Trust. As in Example 1, Trust's net investment income is $30,000 
($15,000 in dividends plus $10,000 in interest plus $5,000 in 
capital gain). In accordance with Sec. Sec.  1.661(b)-2 and 
1.662(b)-2, the items of income must be allocated between the 
mandatory distribution to A, the discretionary distribution to B, 
and the $10,000 distribution to a charity.
    (ii) For purposes of the mandatory distribution to A, Trust's 
distributable net

[[Page 72431]]

income is $100,000. See Sec.  1.662(b)-2, Example 1(b). Trust's 
deduction under section 661 for the distribution to A is $30,000. 
Under Sec.  1.662(b)-1, the deduction reduces each class of income 
comprising distributable net income on a proportional basis. The 
$30,000 distribution equals 30% of distributable net income ($30,000 
divided by $100,000). Therefore, the distribution consists of 
dividend income of $4,500, interest income of $3,000, and ordinary 
income attributable to the individual retirement account of $22,500. 
A's mandatory distribution thus consists of $7,500 of net investment 
income and $22,500 of excluded income.
    (iii) Trust's remaining distributable net income is $70,000. 
Trust's remaining undistributed net investment income is $22,500. 
The $10,000 deduction under section 642(c) is allocated in the same 
manner as the distribution to A, where the $10,000 distribution 
equals 10% of distributable net income ($10,000 divided by 
$100,000). For purposes of determining undistributed net investment 
income, Trust's net investment income is reduced by $2,500 under 
paragraph (e)(4) of this section (dividend income of $1,500, 
interest income of $1,000, but with no reduction for amounts 
attributable to the individual retirement account of $7,500).
    (iv) With respect to the discretionary distribution to B, 
Trust's remaining distributable net income is $60,000. Trust's 
remaining undistributed net investment income is $20,000. Trust's 
deduction under section 661 for the distribution to B is $20,000. 
The $20,000 distribution equals 20% of distributable net income 
($20,000 divided by $100,000). Therefore, the distribution consists 
of dividend income of $3,000, interest income of $2,000, and 
ordinary income attributable to the individual retirement account of 
$15,000. B's distribution consists of $5,000 of net investment 
income and $15,000 of excluded income.
    (v) Trust's undistributed net investment income is $15,000 after 
taking into account distribution deductions and section 642(c) in 
accordance with paragraphs (e)(3) and (e)(4) of this section, 
respectively. To arrive at Trust's undistributed net investment 
income of $15,000, Trust's net investment income of $30,000 is 
reduced by $7,500 of the mandatory distribution to A, $2,500 of the 
section 642(c) deduction, and $5,000 of the discretionary 
distribution to B. The undistributed net investment income consists 
of the remaining dividend income of $6,000 ($15,000 less $4,500 less 
$1,500 less $3,000), interest income of $4,000 ($10,000 less $1,000 
less $3,000 less $2,000), and the $5,000 of undistributed capital 
gain.
    Example 3. Fiscal Year Estate. (i) D died in 2011. D's estate 
(Estate) filed its first return that established its fiscal year 
ending October 31, 2011. During Estate's fiscal year ending October 
31, 2013, it earned $10,000 of interest, $1,000 of dividends, and 
$15,000 of short-term gains. The Estate distributed its interest and 
dividends to S, D's spouse and sole beneficiary, on a quarterly 
basis; the last quarter's payment for that taxable year was made to 
S on December 5, 2013. Pursuant to Sec.  1.662(c)-1, S is deemed to 
have received the first three payments for that taxable year, 
regardless of the actual payment dates, on October 31, 2013, the 
last day of Estate's taxable year. Estate makes a timely section 
663(b) election to treat the fourth quarter distribution to S as 
having been made on October 31, 2013, the last day of Estate's 
preceding taxable year. Accordingly, S is deemed to have received 
$10,000 of interest and $1,000 of dividends on October 31, 2013.
    (ii) Because Estate's fiscal year ending October 31, 2013, began 
on November 1, 2012, the Estate is not subject to section 1411 on 
income received during that taxable year. Therefore, none of the 
income received by Estate during its fiscal year ending October 31, 
2013, is net investment income. Pursuant to paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of 
this section, because none of the distributed interest or dividend 
income constituted net investment income to Estate, the $10,000 of 
interest and $1,000 of dividends that Estate distributed to S does 
not constitute net investment income to S.

    (f) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013, except that paragraph (d) of 
this section applies to taxable years of CRTs that begin after December 
31, 2012. However, taxpayers other than CRTs may apply this section to 
taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in accordance with 
Sec.  1.1411-1(f).


Sec.  1.1411-4  Definition of net investment income.

    (a) In general. For purposes of section 1411 and the regulations 
thereunder, net investment income means the excess (if any) of--
    (1) The sum of--
    (i) Gross income from interest, dividends, annuities, royalties, 
and rents, except to the extent excluded by the ordinary course of a 
trade or business exception described in paragraph (b) of this section;
    (ii) Other gross income derived from a trade or business described 
in Sec.  1.1411-5; and
    (iii) Net gain (to the extent taken into account in computing 
taxable income) attributable to the disposition of property, except to 
the extent excluded by the exception described in paragraph 
(d)(4)(i)(A) of this section for gain or loss attributable to property 
held in a trade or business not described in Sec.  1.1411-5; over
    (2) The deductions allowed by subtitle A that are properly 
allocable to such gross income or net gain (as determined in paragraph 
(f) of this section).
    (b) Ordinary course of a trade or business exception. Gross income 
described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section is excluded from net 
investment income if it is derived in the ordinary course of a trade or 
business not described in Sec.  1.1411-5. See Sec.  1.1411-6 for rules 
regarding working capital. To determine whether gross income described 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section is derived in a trade or 
business, the following rules apply.
    (1) In the case of an individual, estate, or trust that owns or 
engages in a trade or business directly (or indirectly through 
ownership of an interest in an entity that is disregarded as an entity 
separate from its owner under Sec.  301.7701-3), the determination of 
whether gross income described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section 
is derived in a trade or business is made at the individual, estate, or 
trust level.
    (2) In the case of an individual, estate, or trust that owns an 
interest in a passthrough entity (for example, a partnership or S 
corporation), and that entity is engaged in a trade or business, the 
determination of whether gross income described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) 
of this section is--
    (i) Derived in a trade or business described in Sec.  1.1411-
5(a)(1) is made at the owner level; and
    (ii) Derived in a trade or business described in Sec.  1.1411-
5(a)(2) is made at the entity level.
    (3) The following examples illustrate the provisions of this 
paragraph (b). For purposes of these examples, assume that the taxpayer 
is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and Year 1 
and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 is in 
effect:

    Example 1. Multiple passthrough entities. A, an individual, owns 
an interest in UTP, a partnership, which is engaged in a trade or 
business. UTP owns an interest in LTP, also a partnership, which is 
not engaged in a trade or business. LTP receives $10,000 in 
dividends, $5,000 of which is allocated to A through UTP. The $5,000 
of dividends is not derived in a trade or business because LTP is 
not engaged in a trade or business. This is true even though UTP is 
engaged in a trade or business. Accordingly, the ordinary course of 
a trade or business exception described in paragraph (b) of this 
section does not apply, and A's $5,000 of dividends is net 
investment income under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section.
    Example 2. Multiple passthrough entities. B, an individual, owns 
an interest in UTP2, a partnership, which is not engaged in a trade 
or business. UTP2 owns an interest in LTP2, also a partnership, 
which is engaged in a commercial lending trade or business. LTP2 is 
not engaged in a trade or business described in Sec.  1.1411-
5(a)(2). LTP2's trade or business is not a passive activity (within 
the meaning of section 469) with respect to B. LTP2 earns $10,000 of 
interest income from its trade or business which is allocated to B 
through UTP2. Although UTP2 is not engaged in a trade or business, 
the $10,000 of interest income is derived in the ordinary course of 
LTP2's lending trade or business. Because LTP2 is not engaged in a 
trade or

[[Page 72432]]

business described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2) and because LTP2's trade 
or business is not a passive activity with respect to B (as 
described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(1)), the ordinary course of a trade 
or business exception described in paragraph (b) of this section 
applies, and B's $10,000 of interest is not included as net 
investment income under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section.
    Example 3. Entity engaged in trading in financial instruments. 
C, an individual, owns an interest in PRS, a partnership, which is 
engaged in a trade or business of trading in financial instruments 
(as defined in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2)). PRS' trade or business is not 
a passive activity (within the meaning of section 469) with respect 
to C. In addition, C is not directly engaged in a trade or business 
of trading in financial instruments or commodities. PRS earns 
interest of $50,000, and C's distributive share of the interest is 
$25,000. Because PRS is engaged in a trade or business described in 
Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2), the ordinary course of a trade or business 
exception described in paragraph (b) of this section does not apply, 
and C's $25,000 distributive share of the interest is net investment 
income under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section.
    Example 4. Application of ordinary course of a trade or business 
exception. D, an individual, owns stock in S corporation, S. S is 
engaged in a banking trade or business (that is not a trade or 
business of trading in financial instruments or commodities), and 
S's trade or business is not a passive activity (within the meaning 
of section 469) with respect to D because D materially participates 
in the activity. S earns $100,000 of interest in the ordinary course 
of its trade or business, of which $5,000 is D's pro rata share. For 
purposes of paragraph (b) of this section, the interest income is 
derived in the ordinary course of S's banking business because it is 
not working capital under section 1411(c)(3) and Sec.  1.1411-6(a) 
(because it is considered to be derived in the ordinary course of a 
trade or business under the principles of Sec.  1.469-
2T(c)(3)(ii)(A)). Because S is not engaged in a trade or business 
described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2) and because S's trade or business 
is not a passive activity with respect to D (as described in Sec.  
1.1411-5(a)(1)), the ordinary course of a trade or business 
exception described in paragraph (b) of this section applies, and 
D's $5,000 of interest is not included under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of 
this section.

    (c) Other gross income from a trade or business described in Sec.  
1.1411-5. For a trade or business described in Sec.  1.1411-5, 
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section includes all other gross income 
(within the meaning of section 61) that is not gross income described 
in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section or net gain described in 
paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section.
    (d) Net gain. This paragraph (d) describes special rules for 
purposes of paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section.
    (1) Definition of disposition. For purposes of section 1411 and the 
regulations thereunder, the term disposition means a sale, exchange, 
transfer, conversion, cash settlement, cancellation, termination, 
lapse, expiration, or other disposition (including a deemed 
disposition, for example, under section 877A).
    (2) Limitation. The calculation of net gain may not be less than 
zero. Losses allowable under section 1211(b) are permitted to offset 
gain from the disposition of assets other than capital assets that are 
subject to section 1411.
    (3) Net gain attributable to the disposition of property--(i) 
General rule. Net gain attributable to the disposition of property is 
the gain described in section 61(a)(3) recognized from the disposition 
of property reduced, but not below zero, by losses deductible under 
section 165, including losses attributable to casualty, theft, and 
abandonment or other worthlessness. The rules in subchapter O of 
chapter 1 and the regulations thereunder apply. See, for example, Sec.  
1.61-6(b). For purposes of this paragraph, net gain includes, but is 
not limited to, gain or loss attributable to the disposition of 
property from the investment of working capital (as defined in Sec.  
1.1411-6); gain or loss attributable to the disposition of a life 
insurance contract; and gain attributable to the disposition of an 
annuity contract to the extent the sales price of the annuity exceeds 
the annuity's surrender value.
    (ii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (d)(3). For purposes of these examples, assume that the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:

    Example 1. Calculation of net gain. (i) In Year 1, A, an 
unmarried individual, realizes a capital loss of $40,000 on the sale 
of P stock and realizes a capital gain of $10,000 on the sale of Q 
stock, resulting in a net capital loss of $30,000. Both P and Q are 
C corporations. A has no other capital gain or capital loss in Year 
1. In addition, A receives wages of $300,000 and earns $5,000 of 
gross income from interest. For income tax purposes, under section 
1211(b), A may use $3,000 of the net capital loss against other 
income. Under section 1212(b)(1), the remaining $27,000 is a capital 
loss carryover. For purposes of determining A's Year 1 net gain 
under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section, A's gain of $10,000 on 
the sale of the Q stock is reduced by A's loss of $40,000 on the 
sale of the P stock. In addition, A may reduce net investment income 
by the $3,000 of the excess of capital losses over capital gains 
allowed for income tax purposes under section 1211(b).
    (ii) In Year 2, A has a capital gain of $30,000 on the sale of Y 
stock. Y is a C corporation. A has no other capital gain or capital 
loss in Year 2. For income tax purposes, A may reduce the $30,000 
gain by the Year 1 section 1212(b) $27,000 capital loss carryover. 
For purposes of determining A's Year 2 net gain under paragraph 
(a)(1)(iii) of this section, A's $30,000 gain may also be reduced by 
the $27,000 capital loss carryover from Year 1. Therefore, in Year 
2, A has $3,000 of net gain for purposes of paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of 
this section.
    Example 2. Calculation of net gain. The facts are the same as in 
Example 1, except that in Year 1, A also realizes a gain of $20,000 
on the sale of Rental Property D, all of which is treated as 
ordinary income under section 1250. For income tax purposes, under 
section 1211(b), A may use $3,000 of the net capital loss against 
other income. Under section 1212(b)(1) the remaining $27,000 is a 
capital loss carryover. For purposes of determining A's net gain 
under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section, A's gain of $10,000 on 
the sale of the Q stock is reduced by A's loss of $40,000 on the 
sale of the P stock. A's $20,000 gain on the sale of Rental Property 
D is reduced to the extent of the $3,000 loss allowed under section 
1211(b). Therefore, A's net gain for Year 1 is $17,000 ($20,000 gain 
treated as ordinary income on the sale of Rental Property D reduced 
by $3,000 loss allowed under section 1211).
    Example 3. Section 121(a) exclusion. (i) In Year 1, A, an 
unmarried individual, sells a house that A has owned and used as A's 
principal residence for the five years preceding the sale and 
realizes $200,000 in gain. In addition to the gain realized from the 
sale of A's principal residence, A also realizes $7,000 in long-term 
capital gain. A has a $5,000 short-term capital loss carryover from 
a year preceding the effective date of section 1411.
    (ii) For income tax purposes, under section 121(a), A excludes 
the $200,000 gain realized from the sale of A's principal residence 
from A's Year 1 gross income. In determining A's Year 1 adjusted 
gross income, A also reduces the $7,000 capital gain by the $5,000 
capital loss carryover allowed under section 1211(b).
    (iii) For section 1411 purposes, under section 121(a), A 
excludes the $200,000 gain realized from the sale of A's principal 
residence from A's Year 1 gross income and, consequently, from A's 
net investment income. In determining A's Year 1 net gain under 
paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section, A reduces the $7,000 capital 
gain by the $5,000 capital loss carryover allowed under section 
1211(b).
    Example 4. Section 1031 like-kind exchange. (i) In Year 1, A, an 
unmarried individual who is not a dealer in real estate, purchases 
Greenacre, a piece of undeveloped land, for $10,000. A intends to 
hold Greenacre for investment.
    (ii) In Year 3, A enters into an exchange in which A transfers 
Greenacre, now valued at $20,000, and $5,000 cash for Blackacre, 
another piece of undeveloped land, which has a fair market value of 
$25,000. The exchange is a transaction for which no gain or loss is 
recognized under section 1031.
    (iii) In Year 3, for income tax purposes, A does not recognize 
any gain from the exchange of Greenacre for Blackacre. A's basis in 
Blackacre is $15,000 ($10,000 substituted basis in Greenacre plus 
$5,000

[[Page 72433]]

additional cost of acquisition). For purposes of section 1411, A's 
net investment income for Year 3 does not include any realized gain 
from the exchange of Greenacre for Blackacre.
    (iv) In Year 5, A sells Blackacre to an unrelated party for 
$35,000 in cash.
    (v) In Year 5, for income tax purposes, A recognizes capital 
gain of $20,000 ($35,000 sale price minus $15,000 basis). For 
purposes of section 1411, A's net investment income includes the 
$20,000 gain recognized from the sale of Blackacre.

    (4) Gains and losses excluded from net investment income--(i) 
Exception for gain or loss attributable to property held in a trade or 
business not described in Sec.  1.1411-5--(A) General rule. Net gain 
does not include gain or loss attributable to property (other than 
property from the investment of working capital (as described in Sec.  
1.1411-6)) held in a trade or business not described in Sec.  1.1411-5.
    (B) Special rules for determining whether property is held in a 
trade or business. To determine whether net gain described in paragraph 
(a)(1)(iii) of this section is from property held in a trade or 
business--
    (1) A partnership interest or S corporation stock generally is not 
property held in a trade or business. Therefore, gain from the sale of 
a partnership interest or S corporation stock is generally gain 
described in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section. However, net gain 
does not include certain gain or loss attributable to the disposition 
of certain interests in partnerships and S corporations as provided in 
Sec.  1.1411-7.
    (2) In the case of an individual, estate, or trust that owns or 
engages in a trade or business directly (or indirectly through 
ownership of an interest in an entity that is disregarded as an entity 
separate from its owner under Sec.  301.7701-3), the determination of 
whether net gain described in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section is 
attributable to property held in a trade or business is made at the 
individual, estate, or trust level.
    (3) In the case of an individual, estate, or trust that owns an 
interest in a passthrough entity (for example, a partnership or S 
corporation), and that entity is engaged in a trade or business, the 
determination of whether net gain described in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of 
this section from such entity is attributable to--
    (i) Property held in a trade or business described in Sec.  1.1411-
5(a)(1) is made at the owner level; and
    (ii) Property held in a trade or business described in Sec.  
1.1411-5(a)(2) is made at the entity level.
    (C) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (d)(4)(i). For purposes of these examples, assume the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:

    Example 1. Gain from rental activity. A, an unmarried 
individual, rents a boat to B for $100,000 in Year 1. A's rental 
activity does not involve the conduct of a section 162 trade or 
business, and under section 469(c)(2), A's rental activity is a 
passive activity. In Year 2, A sells the boat to B, and A realizes 
and recognizes taxable gain attributable to the disposition of the 
boat of $500,000. Because the exception provided in paragraph 
(d)(4)(i)(A) of this section requires a trade or business, this 
exception is inapplicable, and therefore, A's $500,000 gain will be 
taken into account under Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii).
    Example 2. Installment sale. (i) PRS, partnership for Federal 
income tax purposes, operates an automobile dealership. B and C, 
unmarried individuals, each own a 40% interest in PRS and both 
materially participate in the activities of PRS for all relevant 
years. Therefore, with respect to B and C, PRS is not a trade or 
business described in section 1411(c)(2) and Sec.  1.1411-5. D owns 
the remaining 20% of PRS. Assume, for purposes of this example, that 
PRS is a passive activity with respect to D, and therefore is a 
trade or business described in section 1411(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  
1.1411-5(a)(1).
    (ii)(A) In Year 0, a year preceding the effective date of 
section 1411, PRS relocates its dealership to a larger location. As 
a result of the relocation, PRS sells its old dealership facility to 
a real estate developer in exchange for $1,000,000 cash and a 
$4,500,000 promissory note, fully amortizing over the subsequent 15 
years, and bearing adequate stated interest. PRS reports the sale 
transaction under section 453. PRS's adjusted tax basis in the old 
dealership facility is $1,075,000. Assume for purposes of this 
example that PRS has $300,000 of recapture income (within the 
meaning of section 453(i)); the buyer is not related to PRS, B, C, 
or D; and the buyer is not assuming any liabilities of PRS in the 
transaction.
    (B) For chapter 1 purposes, PRS has realized gain on the 
transaction of $4,425,000 ($5,500,000 less $1,075,000). Pursuant to 
section 453(i), PRS will take into account $300,000 of the recapture 
income in Year 0, and the gain in excess of the recapture income 
($4,125,000) will be taken into account under the installment 
method. For purposes of section 453, PRS's profit percentage is 75% 
($4,125,000 gain divided by $5,500,000 gross selling price). In Year 
0, PRS will take into account $750,000 of capital gain attributable 
to the $1,000,000 cash payment. In the subsequent 15 years, PRS will 
receive annual payments of $300,000 (plus interest). Each payment 
will result in PRS recognizing $225,000 of capital gain (75% of 
$300,000).
    (iii)(A) In Year 1, PRS receives a payment of $300,000 plus the 
applicable amount of interest. For purposes of chapter 1, PRS 
recognizes $225,000 of capital gain. B and C's distributive share of 
the gain is $90,000 each and D's distributive share of the gain is 
$45,000.
    (B) The old dealership facility constituted property held in 
PRS's trade or business. In the case of section 453 installment 
sales, section 453 governs the timing of the gain recognition, but 
does not alter the character of the gain. See Sec.  1.1411-1(a). The 
determination of whether the gain is attributable to the disposition 
of property used in a trade or business described in paragraph 
(d)(4)(i) of this section constitutes an element of the gain's 
character for Federal tax purposes. As a result, the applicability 
of paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section is determined in Year 0 and 
applies to all gain received on the promissory note during the 15 
year payment period. This result is consistent with the section 469 
determination of the passive or nonpassive classification of the 
gain under Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(2)(i)(A).
    (C) In the case of D, PRS's trade or business is described in 
section 1411(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(1). Therefore, the 
exclusion in paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section does not apply, and 
D must include the $45,000 of gain in D's net investment income.
    (D) In the case of B and C, PRS's trade or business is not 
described in section 1411(c)(2) or Sec.  1.1411-5. Therefore, B and 
C exclude the $90,000 gain from net investment income pursuant to 
paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section.
    (iv) In Year 2, C dies and C's 40% interest in PRS passes to 
Estate.
    (v)(A) In Year 3, PRS receives a payment of $300,000 plus the 
applicable amount of interest. For purposes of chapter 1, PRS 
recognizes $225,000 of capital gain. B and Estate each have a 
distributive share of the gain equal to $90,000 and D's distributive 
share of the gain is $45,000.
    (B) The calculation of net investment income for B and D in Year 
3 is the same as in (iii) for Year 1.
    (C) In the case of Estate, the distributive share of the $90,000 
gain constitutes income in respect of a decedent (IRD) under section 
691(a)(4) and subchapter K. See Sec.  1.1411-1(a). Assume that 
Estate paid estate taxes of $5,000 that were attributable to the 
$90,000 of IRD. Pursuant to section 691(c)(4), the amount of gain 
taken into account in computing Estate's taxable income in Year 3 is 
$85,000 ($90,000 reduced by the $5,000 of allocable estate taxes). 
Pursuant to section 691(a)(3) and Sec.  1.691(a)-3(a), the character 
of the gain to the Estate is the same character as the gain would 
have been if C had survived to receive it. Although the amount of 
taxable gain for chapter 1 has been reduced, the remaining $85,000 
retains its character attributable to the disposition of property 
used in a trade or business described in paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this 
section. Therefore, Estate may exclude the $85,000 gain from net 
investment income pursuant to paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section.

    (ii) (ii) Other gains and losses excluded from net investment 
income. Net gain, as determined under paragraph (d) of this section, 
does not include gains and losses excluded from

[[Page 72434]]

net investment income by any other provision in Sec. Sec.  1.1411-1 
through 1.1411-10. For example, see Sec.  1.1411-7 (certain gain or 
loss attributable to the disposition of certain interests in 
partnerships and S corporations) and Sec.  1.1411-8(b)(4)(ii) (net 
unrealized appreciation attributable to employer securities realized on 
a disposition of those employer securities).
    (iii) Adjustment for capital loss carryforwards for previously 
excluded income. [Reserved]
    (e) Net investment income attributable to certain entities--(1) 
Distributions from estates and trusts--(i) In general. Net investment 
income includes a beneficiary's share of distributable net income, as 
described in sections 652(a) and 662(a), to the extent that, under 
sections 652(b) and 662(b), the character of such income constitutes 
gross income from items described in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (ii) of 
this section or net gain attributable to items described in paragraph 
(a)(1)(iii) of this section, with further computations consistent with 
the principles of this section, as provided in Sec.  1.1411-3(e).
    (ii) Distributions of accumulated net investment income from 
foreign nongrantor trusts to United States beneficiaries. [Reserved]
    (2) CFCs and PFICs. For purposes of calculating net investment 
income, additional rules in Sec.  1.1411-10(c) apply to an individual, 
an estate, or a trust that is a United States shareholder that owns an 
interest in a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) or that is a United 
States person that directly or indirectly owns an interest in a passive 
foreign investment company (PFIC).
    (3) Treatment of income from common trust funds. [Reserved]
    (f) Properly allocable deductions--(1) General rule--(i) In 
general. Unless provided elsewhere in Sec. Sec.  1.1411-1 through 
1.1411-10, only properly allocable deductions described in this 
paragraph (f) may be taken into account in determining net investment 
income.
    (ii) Limitations. Any deductions described in this paragraph (f) in 
excess of gross income and net gain described in section 1411(c)(1)(A) 
are not taken into account in determining net investment income in any 
other taxable year, except as allowed under chapter 1.
    (2) Properly allocable deductions described in section 62--(i) 
Deductions allocable to gross income from rents and royalties. 
Deductions described in section 62(a)(4) allocable to rents and 
royalties described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section are taken 
into account in determining net investment income.
    (ii) Deductions allocable to gross income from trades or businesses 
described in Sec.  1.1411-5. Deductions described in section 62(a)(1) 
allocable to income from a trade or business described in Sec.  1.1411-
5 are taken into account in determining net investment income to the 
extent the deductions have not been taken into account in determining 
self-employment income within the meaning of Sec.  1.1411-9.
    (iii) Penalty on early withdrawal of savings. Deductions described 
in section 62(a)(9) are taken into account in determining net 
investment income.
    (iv) Net operating loss. The total section 1411 NOL amount of a net 
operating loss deduction allowed under section 172 is allowed as a 
properly allocable deduction in determining net investment income for 
any taxable year. See paragraph (h) of this section for the calculation 
of the total section 1411 NOL amount of a net operating loss deduction.
    (v) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (f)(2). For purposes of these examples, assume the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:
    Example 1. (i) A, an individual, is a 40% shareholder in SCo, an 
S corporation. SCo is engaged in a trade or business described in 
section 1411(c)(2)(A). SCo is the only passive activity owned by A. 
In Year 1, SCo reported a loss of $11,000 to A which was comprised 
of gross operating income of $29,000 and operating deductions of 
$40,000. A's at risk amount at the beginning of Year 1 is $7,000. 
There were no other events that affected A's at risk amount in Year 
1.
    (ii) For purposes of calculating A's net investment income, A's 
$29,000 distributive share of SCo's gross operating income is income 
within the meaning of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii).
    (iii) As a result of A's at risk limitation, for chapter 1 
purposes, A may only deduct $7,000 of the operating deductions in 
excess of the gross operating income. The remaining $4,000 
deductions are suspended because A's amount at risk at the end of 
Year 1 is zero.
    (iv) For purposes of section 469, A has passive activity gross 
income of $29,000 and passive activity deductions of $36,000 
($40,000 of operating deductions allocable to A less $4,000 
suspended under section 465). Because A has no other passive 
activity income from any other source, section 469 limits A's 
passive activity deductions to A's passive activity gross income. As 
a result, section 469 allows A to deduct $29,000 of SCo's operating 
deduction and suspends the remaining $7,000.
    (v) For purposes of calculating A's net investment income, A has 
$29,000 of properly allocable deductions allowed by section 
1411(c)(1)(B) and paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section.
    Example 2. (i) Same facts as Example 1. In Year 2, SCo reported 
net income of $13,000 to A, which was comprised of gross operating 
income of $43,000 and operating deductions of $30,000. There were no 
other events that affected A's at risk amount in Year 2.

    (ii) For purposes of calculating A's net investment income, A's 
$43,000 distributive share of gross operating income is income 
within the meaning of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii).
    (iii) Pursuant to section 465(a)(2), A's deductions attributable 
to the gross income of SCo include the $30,000 deduction allocable 
to A in Year 2 plus the $4,000 loss that was suspended and carried 
over to Year 2 from Year 1 pursuant to section 465(a)(2). Under 
section 465(a)(2), the $4,000 of losses from Year 1 are treated as 
deductions from the activity in Year 2. As a result, A net operating 
income from SCo in Year 2 is $9,000 ($43,000-$30,000-$4,000) in Year 
2. A's amount at risk at the end of Year 2 is $9,000.
    (iv) For purposes of section 469, A has passive activity gross 
income of $43,000. A's passive activity deductions attributable to 
SCo are the sum of the Year 2 operating deductions allocable to A 
from S ($30,000), deductions formerly suspended by section 465 
($4,000), and passive activity losses suspended by section 469 
($7,000). Therefore, in Year 2, A has passive activity deductions of 
$41,000. Because A's passive activity gross income exceeds A's 
passive activity deductions, section 469 does not limit any of the 
deductions in Year 2. At the end of Year 2, A has no suspended 
passive activity losses.
    (v) Although A's distributive share of Year 2 deductions 
allocable to SCo's operating income was $30,000; the operative 
provisions of sections 465 and 469 do not change the character of 
the deductions when such amounts are suspended under either section. 
Furthermore, section 465(a)(2) and Sec. Sec.  1.469-1(f)(4) and 
1.469-2T(d)(1) treat amounts suspended from prior years as 
deductions in the current year. See Sec.  1.1411-1(a). Therefore, 
for purposes of calculating A's net investment income, A has $41,000 
of properly allocable deductions allowed by section 1411(c)(1)(B) 
and paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section.

    (3) Properly allocable deductions described in section 63(d). In 
determining net investment income, the following itemized deductions 
are taken into account:
    (i) Investment interest expense. Investment interest (as defined in 
section 163(d)(3)) to the extent allowed under section 163(d)(1). Any 
investment interest not allowed under section 163(d)(1) is treated as 
investment interest paid or accrued by the taxpayer in the succeeding 
taxable year. The following example illustrates the provisions of this 
paragraph. For purposes of this example, assume that the taxpayer uses 
a calendar taxable year, and Year 1 and all subsequent years are 
taxable years in which section 1411 is in effect:

    (A) In Year 1, A, an unmarried individual, pays interest of 
$4,000 on debt incurred to purchase stock. Under Sec.  1.163-8T, 
this

[[Page 72435]]

interest is allocable to the stock and is investment interest within 
the meaning of section 163(d)(3). A has no investment income as 
defined by section 163(d)(4). A has $10,000 of income from a trade 
or business that is a passive activity (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-
5(a)(1)) with respect to A. For income tax purposes, under section 
163(d)(1), A may not deduct the $4,000 investment interest in Year 1 
because A does not have any section 163(d)(4) net investment income. 
Under section 163(d)(2), the $4,000 investment interest is a 
carryforward of disallowed interest that is treated as investment 
interest paid by A in the succeeding taxable year. Similarly, for 
purposes of determining A's Year 1 net investment income, A may not 
deduct the $4,000 investment interest.
    (B) In Year 2, A has $5,000 of section 163(d)(4) net investment 
income. For both income tax purposes and for determining section 
1411 net investment income, A's $4,000 carryforward of interest 
expense disallowed in Year 1 may be deducted in Year 2.

    (ii) Investment expenses. Investment expenses (as defined in 
section 163(d)(4)(C)).
    (iii) Taxes described in section 164(a)(3). Taxes imposed on income 
described in section 164(a)(3) that are allocable to net investment 
income pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section. Foreign income, 
war profits, and excess profits taxes are allowable as deductions under 
section 164(a)(3) in determining net investment income only if the 
taxpayer does not choose to take any foreign tax credits under section 
901 with respect to the same taxable year. See section 275(a)(4). For 
rules applicable to refunds of taxes described in this paragraph, see 
paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
    (iv) Items described in section 72(b)(3). In the case of an amount 
allowed as a deduction to the annuitant for the annuitant's last 
taxable year under section 72(b)(3), such amount is allowed as a 
properly allocable deduction in the same taxable year if the income 
from the annuity (had the annuitant lived to receive such income) would 
have been included in net investment income under paragraph (a)(1)(i) 
of this section (and not excluded from net investment income by reason 
of Sec.  1.1411-8).
    (v) Items described in section 691(c). Deductions for estate and 
generation-skipping taxes allowed by section 691(c) that are allocable 
to net investment income; provided, however, that any portion of the 
section 691(c) deduction described in section 691(c)(4) is taken into 
account instead in computing net gain under paragraph (d) and not under 
this paragraph (f)(3)(v).
    (vi) Items described in section 212(3). Amounts described in 
section 212(3) and Sec.  1.212-1(l) to the extent they are allocable to 
net investment income pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section.
    (vii) Amortizable bond premium. A deduction allowed under section 
171(a)(1) for the amortizable bond premium on a taxable bond (for 
example, see Sec.  1.171-2T(a)(4)(i)(C) for the treatment of a bond 
premium carryforward as a deduction under section 171(a)(1)).
    (viii) Fiduciary expenses. In the case of an estate or trust, 
amounts described in Sec.  1.212-1(i) to the extent they are allocable 
to net investment income pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section.
    (4) Loss deductions--(i) General rule. Losses described in section 
165, whether described in section 62 or section 63(d), are allowed as 
properly allocable deductions to the extent such losses exceed the 
amount of gain described in section 61(a)(3) and are not taken into 
account in computing net gain by reason of paragraph (d) of this 
section.
    (ii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (f)(4). For purposes of these examples, assume the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:

    Example 1. (i) A, an unmarried individual, owns an interest in 
PRS, a partnership for Federal income tax purposes. PRS is engaged 
in a trading business described in section 1411(c)(2)(B) and Sec.  
1.1411-5(a)(2) and has made a valid and timely election under 
section 475(f)(2). A's distributive share from PRS in Year 1 
consists of $125,000 of interest and dividends and $60,000 of 
ordinary losses from the trading business. In addition to A's 
investment in PRS, A sold undeveloped land in Year 1 for a long-term 
capital gain of $50,000. A has no capital losses carried over from a 
preceding year.
    (ii) For purposes of chapter 1, A includes the $125,000 of 
interest and dividends, $60,000 of ordinary loss, and $50,000 of 
long-term capital gain in the computation of A's adjusted gross 
income.
    (iii) For purposes of calculating net investment income, A 
includes the $125,000 of interest and dividends. Pursuant to 
paragraph (d) of this section, A takes into account the $60,000 
ordinary loss from PRS and the $50,000 of long-term capital gain in 
the computation of A's net gain. A's losses ($60,000) exceed A's 
gains ($50,000). Therefore, A's net gain under paragraph (d) of this 
section is zero. Additionally, A is allowed a deduction under 
paragraph (f)(4)(i) of this section for $10,000 (the amount of 
ordinary losses that were allowable under chapter 1 in excess of the 
amounts taken into account in computing net gain). A's net 
investment income in Year 1 is $115,000.
    Example 2. (i) In Year 1, T, a nongrantor trust, incurs a 
capital loss of $5,000 on the sale of publicly traded stocks. In 
addition, T receives $17,000 of interest and dividend income. T has 
no capital losses carried over from a preceding year.
    (ii) For purposes of chapter 1, T includes the $17,000 of 
interest and dividends and only $3,000 of the capital loss in the 
computation of adjusted gross income. The remaining $2,000 capital 
loss is carried over to Year 2.
    (iii) For purposes of calculating net investment income, T 
includes the $17,000 of interest and dividends in net investment 
income. Pursuant to paragraph (d) of this section, T takes into 
account the $3,000 capital loss allowed by chapter 1. T's losses 
($3,000) exceed T's gains ($0). Therefore, T's net gain under 
paragraph (d) of this section is zero. However, T is allowed a 
deduction under paragraph (f)(4)(i) of this section for $3,000 (the 
amount of losses that were allowable under chapter 1 in excess of 
the amounts taken into account in computing net gain). T's net 
investment income in Year 1 is $14,000.
    Example 3. (i) In Year 1, B, an unmarried individual, incurs a 
short-term capital loss of $15,000 on the sale of publicly traded 
stocks. B also receives annuity income of $50,000. In addition, B 
disposes of property used in his sole proprietorship (which is not a 
trade or business described in section 1411(c)(2) or Sec.  1.1411-
5(a) for a gain of $21,000. Pursuant to section 1231, the gain of 
$21,000 is treated as a long-term capital gain for purposes of 
chapter 1. B has no capital losses carried over from a preceding 
year.
    (ii) For purposes of chapter 1, B includes the $50,000 of 
annuity income in the computation of adjusted gross income. The 
$21,000 long-term capital gain is offset by the $15,000 short-term 
capital loss, so B includes $6,000 of net long-term capital gain in 
the computation of adjusted gross income.
    (iii) For purposes of calculating net investment income, B 
includes the $50,000 of annuity income in net investment income. 
Pursuant to paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section, B's net gain does 
not include the $21,000 long-term capital gain because it is 
attributable to property held in B's sole proprietorship (a 
nonpassive activity). Pursuant to paragraph (d) of this section, T 
takes into account the $15,000 capital loss allowed by chapter 1. 
B's losses ($15,000) exceed B's gains ($0). Therefore, A's net gain 
under paragraph (d) of this section is zero. However, B is allowed a 
deduction under paragraph (f)(4)(i) of this section for $15,000 (the 
amount of losses that were allowable under chapter 1 in excess of 
the amounts taken into account in computing net gain). B's net 
investment income in Year 1 is $35,000.

    (5) Ordinary loss deductions for certain debt instruments. An 
amount treated as an ordinary loss by a holder of a contingent payment 
debt instrument under Sec.  1.1275-4(b) or an inflation-indexed debt 
instrument under Sec.  1.1275-7(f)(1).
    (6) Other deductions. Any other deduction allowed by subtitle A 
that is

[[Page 72436]]

identified in published guidance in the Federal Register or in the 
Internal Revenue Bulletin (see Sec.  601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this 
chapter) as properly allocable to gross income or net gain under this 
section.
    (7) Application of limitations under sections 67 and 68. Any 
deductions described in this paragraph (f) that are subject to section 
67 (the 2-percent floor on miscellaneous itemized deductions) or 
section 68 (the overall limitation on itemized deductions) are allowed 
in determining net investment income only to the extent the items are 
deductible for chapter 1 purposes after the application of sections 67 
and 68. For this purpose, section 67 applies before section 68. The 
amount of deductions subject to sections 67 and 68 that may be deducted 
in determining net investment income after the application of sections 
67 and 68 is determined as described in paragraph (f)(7)(i) and 
(f)(7)(ii) of this section.
    (i) Deductions subject to section 67. The amount of miscellaneous 
itemized deductions (as defined in section 67(b)) tentatively 
deductible in determining net investment income after applying section 
67 (but before applying section 68) is the lesser of:
    (A) The portion of the taxpayer's miscellaneous itemized deductions 
(before the application of section 67) that is properly allocable to 
items of income or net gain included in determining net investment 
income, or
    (B) The taxpayer's total miscellaneous itemized deductions allowed 
after the application of section 67, but before the application of 
section 68.
    (ii) Deductions subject to section 68. The amount of itemized 
deductions allowed in determining net investment income after applying 
sections 67 and 68 is the lesser of:
    (A) The sum of the amount determined under paragraph (f)(7)(i) of 
this section and the amount of itemized deductions not subject to 
section 67 that are properly allocable to items of income or net gain 
included in determining net investment income, or
    (B) The total amount of itemized deductions allowed after the 
application of sections 67 and 68.
    (iii) Itemized deductions. For purposes of paragraph (f)(7)(ii), 
itemized deductions do not include any deduction described in section 
68(c).
    (iv) Example. The following example illustrates the provisions of 
this paragraph (f)(7). For purposes of these examples, assume the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:

    (A) A, an unmarried individual, has adjusted gross income in 
Year 1 as follows:

 
Wages...................................................      $1,600,000
Interest income.........................................         400,000
                                                         ---------------
    Adjusted gross income...............................       2,000,000
 

    In addition, A has the following items of expense qualifying as 
itemized deductions:

 
Investment expenses........................................      $70,000
Job-related expenses.......................................       30,000
Investment interest expense................................       75,000
State income taxes.........................................      120,000
 

    A's investment expenses and job-related expenses are 
miscellaneous itemized deductions. In addition, A's investment 
interest expense and investment expenses are properly allocable to 
net investment income (within the meaning of this section). A's job-
related expenses are not properly allocable to net investment 
income. Of the state income tax expense, A applied a reasonable 
method pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section to properly 
allocate $20,000 to net investment income.
    (B) A's 2-percent floor under section 67 is $40,000 (2% of 
$2,000,000). For Year 1, assume the section 68 limitation starts at 
adjusted gross income of $200,000. The section 68 overall limitation 
disallows $54,000 of A's itemized deductions that are subject to 
section 68 (3% of the excess of the $2,000,000 adjusted gross income 
over the $200,000 limitation threshold).
    (C)(1) A's total miscellaneous itemized deductions allowable 
before the application of section 67 is $100,000 ($70,000 in 
investment expenses plus $30,000 in job-related expenses), and the 
total miscellaneous deductions allowed after the application of 
section 67 is $60,000 ($100,000 minus $40,000).
    (2) The amount of the miscellaneous itemized deductions properly 
allocable to net investment income after the application of section 
67 is $60,000 (the lesser of $70,000 in investment expenses that are 
deductible as a miscellaneous itemized deduction and properly 
allocable to net investment income or $60,000 of miscellaneous 
itemized deductions allocable to net investment income allowed after 
the application of section 67).
    (D)(1) The amount of itemized deductions allocable to net 
investment income after applying section 67 to deductions that are 
also miscellaneous itemized deductions but before applying section 
68 is $155,000. This amount is the sum of $60,000 of miscellaneous 
itemized deductions determined in (C)(2), plus $20,000 in state 
income tax properly allocable to net investment income, plus $75,000 
of investment interest expense. However, under section 68(c)(2), the 
$75,000 deduction for investment interest expenses is not subject to 
the section 68 limitation on itemized deductions and is excluded 
from the computation under Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(7). Thus, the amount of 
itemized deductions allocable to net investment income and subject 
to section 68, after applying section 67 but before applying section 
68, is $80,000.
    (2) A's total itemized deductions allowed subject to the 
limitation under section 68 and after application of section 67, but 
before the application of section 68, are the following:

 
Miscellaneous itemized deductions..........................      $60,000
State income tax...........................................      120,000
                                                            ------------
  Deductions subject to section 68.........................      180,000
 

    (3) Of A's itemized deductions that are subject to the 
limitation under section 68, the amount allowed after the 
application of section 68 is $126,000 ($180,000 minus the $54,000 
disallowed in (B)).
    (E) Under paragraph (f)(7)(ii) of this section, the amount of 
itemized deductions allowed in determining net investment income 
after applying sections 67 and 68 is the lesser of $80,000 (the sum 
of $60,000 determined under paragraph (C)(2) and $20,000 state 
income tax allocable to net investment income) or $126,000 
(determined under (D)(3)). Therefore, A's itemized deductions that 
are properly allocable to net investment income are $155,000 
($80,000 of properly allocable itemized deductions subject to 
section 67 or 68 plus $75,000 of investment interest expense (which 
is not subject to either section 67 or section 68 limitations)).

    (g) Special rules--(1) Deductions allocable to both net investment 
income and excluded income. In the case of a properly allocable 
deduction described in section 1411(c)(1)(B) and paragraph (f) of this 
section that is allocable to both net investment income and excluded 
income, the portion of the deduction that is properly allocable to net 
investment income may be determined by taxpayers using any reasonable 
method. Examples of reasonable methods of allocation include, but are 
not limited to, an allocation of the deduction based on the ratio of 
the amount of a taxpayer's gross income (including net gain) described 
in Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1) to the amount of the taxpayer's adjusted gross 
income (as defined under section 62 (or section 67(e) in the case of an 
estate or trust)). In the case of an estate or trust, an allocation of 
a deduction pursuant to rules described in Sec.  1.652(b)-3(b) (and 
Sec.  1.641(c)-1(h) in the case of an ESBT) is also a reasonable 
method.
    (2) Recoveries of properly allocable deductions--(i) General rule. 
If a taxpayer is refunded, reimbursed, or otherwise recovers any 
portion of an amount deducted as a section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly 
allocable deduction in a prior year, and such amount is not otherwise 
included in net investment income in the year of recovery under section 
1411(c)(1)(A),

[[Page 72437]]

the amount of the recovery will reduce the taxpayer's total section 
1411(c)(1)(B) properly allocable deductions in the year of recovery 
(but not below zero). The preceding sentence applies regardless of 
whether the amount of the recovery is excluded from gross income by 
reason of section 111.
    (ii) Recoveries of items allocated between net investment income 
and excluded income. In the case of a refund of any item that was 
deducted under section 1411(c)(1)(B) in a prior year and the gross 
amount of the deduction was allocated between items of net investment 
income and excluded income pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this 
section, the amount of the reduction in section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly 
allocable deductions in the year of receipt under this paragraph (g)(2) 
is the total amount of the refund multiplied by a fraction. The 
numerator of the fraction is the amount of the total deduction 
allocable to net investment income in the prior year to which the 
refund relates. The denominator of the fraction is the total amount of 
the deduction in the prior year to which the refund relates.
    (iii) Recoveries with no prior year benefit. For purposes of this 
paragraph (g)(2), section 111 applies to reduce the amount of any 
reduction required by paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section to the extent 
that such previously deducted amount did not reduce the tax imposed by 
section 1411. To the extent a deduction is taken into account in 
computing a taxpayer's net operating loss deduction under paragraph (h) 
of this section, section 111(c) applies. Except as provided in the 
preceding sentence, for purposes of this paragraph (g)(2), no reduction 
of section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly allocable deductions is required in a 
year when such recovered item is attributable to an amount deducted in 
a taxable year--
    (A) Preceding the effective date of section 1411, or
    (B) In which the taxpayer was not subject to section 1411 solely 
because that individual's (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(a)) modified 
adjusted gross income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)) does not exceed 
the applicable threshold in Sec.  1.1411-2(d) or such estate's or 
trust's (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-3(a)(1)(i)) adjusted gross income 
does not exceed the amount described in section 1411(a)(2)(B)(ii) and 
Sec.  1.1411-3(a)(1)(ii)(B)(2).
    (iv) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (g)(2). For purposes of these examples, assume the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:

    Example 1. Recovery of amount included in income. A, an 
individual, is a 40% limited partner in LP. LP is a passive activity 
to A. In Year 1, A's distributable share of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) income and properly allocable deductions described 
in Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2)(ii) were $50,000 and $37,000, respectively. 
In Year 2, LP received a refund of a properly allocable deduction 
described in Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2)(ii). A's distributable share of 
the recovered deduction is $2,000. Since the $2,000 recovery 
constitutes gross income described in section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) in 
Year 2, A does not reduce any properly allocable deductions 
attributable to Year 2.
    Example 2. State income tax refund. In Year 1, D, an individual, 
allocated $15,000 of taxes out of a total of $75,000 to net 
investment income under paragraph (f)(3)(iii) of this section. D 
received no tax benefit from the deduction in Year 1 for chapter 1 
purposes due to the alternative minimum tax, but it did reduce D's 
section 1411 tax. In Year 3, D received a refund of $5,000. For 
chapter 1 purposes, D excludes the $5,000 refund from gross income 
in Year 3 by reason of section 111. In Year 3, D allocated $30,000 
of state income taxes out of a total of $90,000 to net investment 
income under paragraph (f)(3)(iii) of this section. Although the 
refund is excluded from D's gross income, D must nonetheless reduce 
Year 3's section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly allocable deductions by 
$1,000 ($5,000 x ($15,000/$75,000)). D's allocation of 33\1/3%\ of 
section 164(a)(3) taxes in Year 3 to net investment income is 
irrelevant to the calculation of the amount of the reduction 
required by this paragraph (g)(2).
    Example 3. State income tax refund with no prior year benefit. 
Same facts as Example 2, except in Year 1, D's section 1411(c)(1)(B) 
properly allocable deductions exceeded D's section 1411(c)(1)(A) 
income by $300. As a result, D was not subject to section 1411 in 
Year 1. Pursuant to paragraph (g)(2)(iii) of this section, D does 
not reduce Year 3's section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly allocable 
deductions for recoveries of amounts to the extent that such 
deductions did not reduce the tax imposed by section 1411. 
Therefore, D must reduce Year 3's section 1411(c)(1)(B) properly 
allocable deductions by $700 ($1,000 less $300).

    (3) Deductions described in section 691(b). For purposes of 
paragraph (f) of this section, properly allocable deductions include 
items of deduction described in section 691(b), provided that the item 
otherwise would have been deductible to the decedent under Sec.  
1.1411-4(f). For example, an estate may deduct the decedent's unpaid 
investment interest expense in computing its net investment income 
because section 691(b) specifically allows the deduction under section 
163, and Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(3)(i) allows those deductions as well. 
However, an estate or trust may not deduct a payment of real estate 
taxes on the decedent's principal residence that were unpaid at death 
in computing its net investment income because, although real estate 
taxes are deductible under section 164 and specifically are allowed by 
section 691(b), the real estate taxes would not have been a properly 
allocable deduction of the decedent under Sec.  1.1411-4(f).
    (4) Amounts described in section 642(h). For purposes of the 
calculation of net investment income under this section, one or more 
beneficiaries succeeding to the property of the estate or trust, within 
the meaning of section 642(h), shall--
    (i) Treat excess capital losses of the estate or trust described in 
section 642(h)(1) as capital losses of the beneficiary in the 
calculation of net gain in paragraph (d) and paragraph (f)(4) of this 
section, as applicable, in a manner consistent with section 642(h)(1);
    (ii) Treat excess net operating losses of the estate or trust 
described in section 642(h)(1) as net operating losses of the 
beneficiary in the calculation of net investment income in paragraphs 
(f)(2)(iv) and (h) of this section in a manner consistent with section 
642(h)(1); and
    (iii) Treat the deductions described in paragraph (f) of this 
section (other than those taken into account under paragraph (g)(4)(i) 
or (ii) of this section) that exceed the gross investment income 
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section (after taking into 
account any modifications, adjustments, and special rules for 
calculating net investment income in section 1411 and the regulations 
thereunder) of a terminating estate or trust as a section 1411(c)(1)(B) 
deduction of the beneficiary in a manner consistent with section 
642(h)(2).
    (5) Treatment of self-charged interest income. Gross income from 
interest (within the meaning of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and paragraph 
(a)(1)(i) of this section) that is received by the taxpayer from a 
nonpassive activity of such taxpayer, solely for purposes of section 
1411, is treated as derived in the ordinary course of a trade or 
business not described in Sec.  1.1411-5. The amount of interest income 
that is treated as derived in the ordinary course of a trade or 
business not described in Sec.  1.1411-5, and thus excluded from the 
calculation of net investment income, under this paragraph (g)(5) is 
limited to the amount that would have been considered passive activity 
gross income under the rules of Sec.  1.469-7 if the payor was a 
passive activity of the taxpayer. For purposes of this rule, the term 
nonpassive activity does not include a trade or business described in

[[Page 72438]]

Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2). However, this rule does not apply to the extent 
the corresponding deduction is taken into account in determining self-
employment income that is subject to tax under section 1401(b).
    (6) Treatment of certain nonpassive rental activities--(i) Gross 
income from rents. To the extent that gross rental income described in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section is treated as not derived from a 
passive activity by reason of Sec.  1.469-2(f)(6) or as a consequence 
of a taxpayer grouping a rental activity with a trade or business 
activity under Sec.  1.469-4(d)(1), such gross rental income is deemed 
to be derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business within the 
meaning of paragraph (b) of this section.
    (ii) Gain or loss from the disposition of property. To the extent 
that gain or loss resulting from the disposition of property is treated 
as nonpassive gain or loss by reason of Sec.  1.469-2(f)(6) or as a 
consequence of a taxpayer grouping a rental activity with a trade or 
business activity under Sec.  1.469-4(d)(1), then such gain or loss is 
deemed to be derived from property used in the ordinary course of a 
trade or business within the meaning of paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this 
section.
    (7) Treatment of certain real estate professionals--(i) Safe 
Harbor. In the case of a real estate professional (as defined in 
section 469(c)(7)(B)) that participates in one or more rental real 
estate activities for more than 500 hours during such year, or has 
participated in such real estate activities for more than 500 hours in 
any five taxable years (whether or not consecutive) during the ten 
taxable years that immediately precede the taxable year, then--
    (A) Such gross rental income from that rental activity is deemed to 
be derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business within the 
meaning of paragraph (b) of this section; and
    (B) Gain or loss resulting from the disposition of property used in 
such rental real estate activity is deemed to be derived from property 
used in the ordinary course of a trade or business within the meaning 
of paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section.
    (ii) Definitions--(A) Participation. For purposes of establishing 
participation under this paragraph (g)(7), any participation in the 
activity that would count towards establishing material participation 
under section 469 shall be considered.
    (B) Rental real estate activity. The term rental real estate 
activity used in this paragraph (g)(7) is a rental activity within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(3). An election to treat all rental real 
estate as a single rental activity under Sec.  1.469-9(g) also applies 
for purposes of this paragraph (g)(7). However, any rental real estate 
that the taxpayer grouped with a trade or business activity under Sec.  
1.469-4(d)(1)(i)(A) or (d)(1)(i)(C) is not a rental real estate 
activity.
    (iii) Effect of safe harbor. The inability of a real estate 
professional to satisfy the safe harbor in this paragraph (g)(7) does 
not preclude such taxpayer from establishing that such gross rental 
income and gain or loss from the disposition of property, as 
applicable, is not included in net investment income under any other 
provision of section 1411.
    (8) Treatment of former passive activities--(i) Section 
469(f)(1)(A) losses. Losses allowed in computing taxable income by 
reason of the rules governing former passive activities in section 
469(f)(1)(A) are taken into account in computing net gain under 
paragraph (d) of this section or as properly allocable deductions under 
paragraph (f) of this section, as applicable, in the same manner as 
such losses are taken into account in computing taxable income (as 
defined in section 63). The preceding sentence applies only to the 
extent the net income or net gain from the former passive activity (as 
defined in section 469(f)(3)) is included in net investment income.
    (ii) Section 469(f)(1)(C) losses. Losses allowed in computing 
taxable income by reason of section 469(f)(1)(C) are taken into account 
in computing net gain under paragraph (d) of this section or as 
properly allocable deductions under paragraph (f) of this section, as 
applicable, in the same manner as such losses are taken into account in 
computing taxable income (as defined in section 63).
    (iii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (g)(8). For purposes of these examples, assume the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:

    Example 1. (i) B, an individual taxpayer, owns a 50% interest in 
SCorp, an S corporation engaged in the trade or business of retail 
clothing sales. B also owns a single family rental property, a 
passive activity. B materially participates in the retail sales 
activity of SCorp, but B has $10,000 of suspended losses from prior 
years when the retail sales activity of SCorp was a passive activity 
of B. Therefore, the retail sales activity of SCorp is a former 
passive activity within the meaning of section 469(f)(3).
    (ii) In Year 1, B reports $205,000 of wages, $7,000 of 
nonpassive net income, $500 of interest income (attributable to 
working capital) from SCorp's retail sales activity, and $1,000 of 
net rental income from the single family rental property. B's Year 1 
modified adjusted gross income (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)) is 
$205,500; which includes $205,000 of wages, $500 of interest income, 
$7,000 of nonpassive income from SCorp, $7,000 of section 
469(f)(1)(A) losses, $1,000 of passive income from the single family 
rental property and $1,000 of section 469(f)(1)(C) losses.
    (iii) For purposes of the calculation of B's Year 1 net 
investment income, B includes the $500 of interest income and $1,000 
of net passive income from the single family rental property. The 
$7,000 of nonpassive income from SCorp's retail sales activity is 
excluded from net investment income because the income is not 
attributable to a trade or business described in Sec.  1.1411-5. 
Therefore, pursuant to the rules of paragraph (g)(8)(i) of this 
section, the $7,000 of section 469(f)(1)(A) losses are not taken 
into account in computing B's net investment income. However, 
pursuant to the rules of paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section, the 
$1,000 of passive losses allowed by reason of section 469(f)(1)(C), 
which are allowed as a deduction in Year 1 by reason of B's $1,000 
of passive income from the single family rental property are allowed 
in computing B's net investment income. As a result, B's net 
investment income is $500 ($500 of interest income plus $1,000 of 
passive rental income less $1,000 of section 469(f)(1)(C) losses). 
Although the $500 of interest income is attributable to SCorp and 
includable in B's net investment income, such income is not taken 
into account when calculating the amount of section 469(f)(1)(A) 
losses allowed in the current year. Therefore, such income is not 
taken into account in computing the amount of section 469(f)(1)(A) 
losses allowed by reason of paragraph (g)(8)(i) of this section. 
Pursuant to section 469(b), B carries forward $2,000 of suspended 
passive losses attributable to SCorp's retail sales activity to Year 
2.
    Example 2. Same facts as Example 1. In Year 2, B materially 
participates in the retail sales activity of SCorp, and disposes of 
his entire interest in SCorp for a $9,000 long-term capital gain. 
Pursuant to Sec.  1.469-2T(e)(3), the $9,000 gain is characterized 
as nonpassive income. Pursuant to section 469(f)(1)(A), the 
remaining $2,000 of suspended passive loss is allowed because the 
$9,000 gain is treated as nonpassive income. Assume that under 
section 1411(c)(4) and Sec.  1.1411-7, B takes into account only 
$700 of the $9,000 gain in computing net investment income for Year 
2. Pursuant to paragraph (g)(8)(i) of this section, B may take into 
account $700 of the $2,000 loss allowed by section 469(f)(1)(A) in 
computing net investment income for Year 2. Pursuant to paragraph 
(g)(8)(i) of this section, B may not deduct the remaining $1,300 
passive loss allowed for chapter 1 in calculating net investment 
income for Year 2.

    (9) Treatment of section 469(g)(1) losses. Losses allowed in 
computing taxable income by reason of section 469(g) are taken into 
account in computing net gain under paragraph (d) of this section or as 
properly allocable

[[Page 72439]]

deductions under paragraph (f) of this section, as applicable, in the 
same manner as such losses are taken into account in computing taxable 
income (as defined in section 63).
    (10) Treatment of section 707(c) guaranteed payments. [Reserved]
    (11) Treatment of section 736 payments. [Reserved]
    (12) Income and deductions from certain notional principal 
contracts. [Reserved]
    (13) Treatment of income or loss from REMIC residual interests. 
[Reserved]
    (h) Net operating loss--(1) General rule. For purposes of paragraph 
(f)(2)(iv) of this section, the total section 1411 NOL amount of a net 
operating loss deduction for a taxable year is calculated by first 
determining the applicable portion of the taxpayer's net operating loss 
for each loss year under paragraph (h)(2) of this section. Next, the 
applicable portion for each loss year is used to determine the section 
1411 NOL amount for each net operating loss carried from a loss year 
and deducted in the taxable year as provided in paragraph (h)(3) of 
this section. The section 1411 NOL amounts of each net operating loss 
carried from a loss year and deducted in the taxable year are then 
added together as provided in paragraph (h)(4) of this section. This 
sum is the total section 1411 NOL amount of the net operating loss 
deduction for the taxable year that is allowed as a properly allocable 
deduction in determining net investment income for the taxable year. 
For purposes of this paragraph (h), both the amount of a net operating 
loss for a loss year and the amount of a net operating loss deduction 
refer to such amounts as determined for purposes of chapter 1.
    (2) Applicable portion of a net operating loss. In any taxable year 
in which a taxpayer incurs a net operating loss, the applicable portion 
of such loss is the lesser of:
    (i) The amount of the net operating loss for the loss year that the 
taxpayer would incur if only items of gross income that are used to 
determine net investment income and only properly allocable deductions 
are taken into account in determining the net operating loss in 
accordance with section 172(c) and (d); or
    (ii) The amount of the taxpayer's net operating loss for the loss 
year.
    (3) Section 1411 NOL amount of a net operating loss carried to and 
deducted in a taxable year. The section 1411 NOL amount of each net 
operating loss that is carried from a loss year that is allowed as a 
deduction is the total amount of such net operating loss carried from 
the loss year allowed as a deduction under section 172(a) in the 
taxable year multiplied by a fraction. The numerator of the fraction is 
the applicable portion of the net operating loss for that loss year, as 
determined under paragraph (h)(2) of this section. The denominator of 
the fraction is the total amount of the net operating loss for the same 
loss year.
    (4) Total section 1411 NOL amount of a net operating loss 
deduction. The section 1411 NOL amounts of each net operating loss 
carried to and deducted in the taxable year as determined under 
paragraph (h)(3) of this section are added together to determine the 
total section 1411 NOL amount of the net operating loss deduction for 
the taxable year that is properly allocable to net investment income.
    (5) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this paragraph (h). For purposes of these examples, assume the taxpayer 
is a United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and Year 1 
and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 is in 
effect:

    Example 1.  (i)(A) In Year 1, A, an unmarried individual, has 
the following items of income and deduction: $200,000 in wages, 
$50,000 in gross income from a trade or business of trading in 
financial instruments or commodities (as defined in Sec.  1.1411-
5(a)(2)) (trading activity), $10,000 of dividends, $1,000,000 in 
loss from his sole proprietorship (which is not a trade or business 
described in Sec.  1.1411-5), $12,000 of non-business investment 
expenses, and $250,000 in trading loss deductions. As a result, for 
income tax purposes A sustains a section 172(c) net operating loss 
of $1,000,000. A makes an election under section 172(b)(3) to waive 
the carryback period for this net operating loss.
    (B) For purposes of section 1411, A's net investment income for 
Year 1 is the excess (if any) of $60,000 ($50,000 trading activity 
gross income plus $10,000 dividend income) over $262,000 ($250,000 
trading loss deductions plus $12,000 nonbusiness expenses).
    (C) The amount of the net operating loss for Year 1 determined 
under section 172 that A would incur if only items of gross income 
that are used to determine net investment income and only properly 
allocable deductions are taken into account is $200,000. This amount 
is the excess of $250,000 trading loss deductions, over $50,000 
trading activity gross income. Under section 172(d)(4), in 
determining the net operating loss, the $12,000 nonbusiness expenses 
are allowed only to the extent of the $10,000 dividend income. The 
$200,000 net operating loss determined using only properly allocable 
deductions and gross income items used in determining net investment 
income is less than A's actual net operating loss for Year 1 of 
$1,000,000, and accordingly the applicable portion for Year 1 is 
$200,000. The ratio used to calculate section 1411 NOL amounts of 
A's Year 1 net operating loss is $200,000 (net operating loss 
determined using only properly allocable deductions and gross income 
items used in determining net investment income)/$1,000,000 (net 
operating loss), or 0.2.
    (ii) For Year 2, A has $250,000 of wages, no gross income from 
the trading activity, $300,000 of income from his sole 
proprietorship, and $10,000 in trading loss deductions. For income 
tax purposes, A deducts $540,000 of the net operating loss carried 
over from Year 1. In addition, under Sec.  1.1411-2(c), the $540,000 
net operating loss will be allowed as a deduction in computing A's 
Year 2 modified adjusted gross income. Because A's modified adjusted 
gross income is $0, A is not subject to net investment income tax. 
For purposes of A's net investment income calculation, the section 
1411 NOL amount of the $540,000 net operating loss from Year 1 that 
A deducts in Year 2 is $108,000 ($540,000 multiplied by .2 (the 
fraction determined based on the applicable portion of the net 
operating loss in the loss year)). The amount of the Year 1 net 
operating loss carried over to Year 3 is $460,000. For purposes of 
A's net investment income calculation, this net operating loss 
carryover amount includes a section 1411 NOL amount of $92,000 
($460,000 multiplied by 0.2). The section 1411 NOL amount may be 
applied in determining A's net investment income in Year 3.
    (iii)(A) For Year 3, A has $400,000 of wages, $200,000 in 
trading gains which are gross income from the trading activity, 
$250,000 of income from his sole proprietorship, and $10,000 in 
trading loss deductions. For income tax purposes, A deducts the 
remaining $460,000 of the net operating loss from Year 1. In 
addition, under Sec.  1.1411-2(c), the $460,000 net operating loss 
deduction reduces A's Year 3 modified adjusted gross income to 
$380,000.
    (B) A's section 1411 NOL amount of the net operating loss 
deduction for Year 3 is $92,000, which is the $460,000 net operating 
loss deduction for Year 3 multiplied by 0.2.
    (C) A's net investment income for Year 3 before the application 
of paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of this section is $190,000 ($200,000 in 
gross income from the trading activity, minus $10,000 in trading 
loss deductions). After the application of paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of 
this section, A's net investment income for Year 3 is $98,000 
($190,000 minus $92,000, the total section 1411 NOL amount of the 
net operating loss deduction).
    Example 2.  (i) The facts for Year 1 are the same as in Example 
1.
    (ii)(A) For Year 2, A has $100,000 in wages, $200,000 in gross 
income from the trading activity, $15,000 of dividends, $250,000 in 
losses from the sole proprietorship, $10,000 of non-business 
investment expenses, and $355,000 in trading loss deductions. As a 
result, for income tax purposes A sustains a section 172(c) net 
operating loss of $300,000. A makes an election under section 
172(b)(3) to waive the carryback period for the Year 2 net operating 
loss.
    (B) For purposes of section 1411, A's net investment income for 
Year 2 is the excess (if any) of $215,000 ($200,000 trading activity 
gross income plus $15,000 dividend income)

[[Page 72440]]

over $365,000 ($355,000 trading loss deductions plus $10,000 
nonbusiness expenses).
    (C) The amount of the net operating loss for Year 2 determined 
under section 172 that A would incur if only items of gross income 
that are used to determine net investment income and only properly 
allocable deductions are taken into account is $150,000. This amount 
is the excess of $365,000 ($355,000 trading loss deductions plus 
$10,000 nonbusiness expenses) over $215,000 ($200,000 trading 
activity gross income plus $15,000 dividend income). Under section 
172(d)(4), in determining the net operating loss, the $10,000 
nonbusiness expenses are allowed in full against the $15,000 
dividend income. The $150,000 net operating loss determined using 
only properly allocable deductions and gross income items used in 
determining net investment income is less than A's actual net 
operating loss for Year 2 of $300,000, and accordingly the 
applicable portion is $150,000. The ratio used to calculate the 
section 1411 NOL amount of A's Year 2 net operating loss is $150,000 
(the applicable portion)/$300,000 (net operating loss), or 0.5.
    (iii) For Year 3, A has $250,000 of wages, no gross income from 
the trading activity, $300,000 of income from his sole 
proprietorship, and $10,000 in trading loss deductions. For income 
tax purposes, A deducts $540,000 of the net operating loss from Year 
1. In addition, under Sec.  1.1411-2(c), the $540,000 net operating 
loss will be allowed as a deduction in computing A's Year 3 modified 
adjusted gross income. Because A's modified adjusted gross income is 
$0, A is not subject to net investment income tax. The section 1411 
NOL amount of the $540,000 net operating loss from Year 1 that A 
deducts in Year 3 is $108,000 ($540,000 multiplied by 0.2 (the 
fraction used to calculate the section 1411 NOL amount of the net 
operating loss)), and this is also the total section 1411 NOL amount 
for Year 3. The amount of the Year 1 net operating loss carried over 
to Year 4 is $460,000. This net operating loss carryover amount 
includes a section 1411 NOL amount of $92,000 ($460,000 multiplied 
by 0.2) that may be applied in determining net investment income in 
Year 4. None of the Year 2 net operating loss is deducted in Year 3 
so that the $300,000 Year 2 net operating loss (including the 
section 1411 NOL amount of $150,000) is carried to Year 4.
    (iv)(A) For Year 4, A has $150,000 of wages, $450,000 in trading 
gains which are gross income from the trading activity, $250,000 of 
income from his sole proprietorship, and $10,000 in trading loss 
deductions. For income tax purposes, A deducts the remaining 
$460,000 of the net operating loss carryover from Year 1 and the 
$300,000 net operating loss carryover from Year 2, for a total net 
operating loss deduction in Year 4 of $760,000. In addition, under 
Sec.  1.1411-2(c), the $760,000 net operating loss deduction reduces 
A's Year 4 modified adjusted gross income to $80,000.
    (B) A's total section 1411 NOL amount of the net operating loss 
deduction for Year 4 is $242,000, which is the sum of the $92,000 
($460,000 net operating loss carryover from Year 1 and deducted in 
Year 4 multiplied by 0.2 (the ratio used to calculate the section 
1411 NOL amount of the Year 1 net operating loss)) plus $150,000 
($300,000 net operating loss carryover from Year 2 and deducted in 
Year 4 multiplied by 0.5 (the ratio used to calculate the section 
1411 NOL amount of the Year 2 net operating loss)).
    (C) A's net investment income for Year 4 before the application 
of paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of this section is $440,000 ($450,000 in 
gross income from the trading activity, minus $10,000 in trading 
loss deductions). After the application of paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of 
this section, A's net investment income for Year 4 is $198,000 
($440,000 minus $242,000, the total section 1411 NOL amount of the 
Year 4 net operating loss deduction).

    (i) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in 
accordance with Sec.  1.1411-1(f).


Sec.  1.1411-5  Trades or businesses to which tax applies.

    (a) In general. A trade or business is described in this section if 
such trade or business involves the conduct of a trade or business, and 
such trade or business is either--
    (1) A passive activity (within the meaning of paragraph (b) of this 
section) with respect to the taxpayer; or
    (2) The trade or business of a trader trading in financial 
instruments (as defined in paragraph (c)(1) of this section) or 
commodities (as defined in paragraph (c)(2) of this section).
    (b) Passive activity--(1) In general. A passive activity is 
described in this section if--
    (i) Such activity is a trade or business; and
    (ii) Such trade or business is a passive activity with respect to 
the taxpayer within the meaning of section 469 and the regulations 
thereunder.
    (2) Application of income recharacterization rules--(i) Income and 
gain recharacterization. To the extent that any income or gain from a 
trade or business is recharacterized as ``not from a passive activity'' 
by reason of Sec. Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(2), Sec.  1.469-2(f)(5), or Sec.  
1.469-2(f)(6), such trade or business does not constitute a passive 
activity within the meaning of paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section 
solely with respect to such recharacterized income or gain.
    (ii) Gain recharacterization. To the extent that any gain from a 
trade or business is recharacterized as ``not from a passive activity'' 
by reason of Sec.  1.469-2(c)(2)(iii) and does not constitute portfolio 
income under Sec.  1.469-2(c)(2)(iii)(F), such trade or business does 
not constitute a passive activity within the meaning of paragraph 
(b)(1)(ii) of this section solely with respect to such recharacterized 
gain.
    (iii) Exception for certain portfolio recharacterizations. To the 
extent that any income or gain from a trade or business is 
recharacterized as ``not from a passive activity'' and is further 
characterized as portfolio income under Sec.  1.469-2T(f)(10) or Sec.  
1.469-2(c)(2)(iii)(F), then such trade or business constitutes a 
passive activity within the meaning of paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this 
section solely with respect to such recharacterized income or gain.
    (3) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of 
paragraph (b)(1) of this section and the ordinary course of a trade or 
business exception in Sec.  1.1411-4(b). In each example, unless 
otherwise indicated, the taxpayer uses a calendar taxable year, the 
taxpayer is a United States citizen, and Year 1 and all subsequent 
years are taxable years in which section 1411 is in effect:

    Example 1. Rental activity. A, an unmarried individual, rents a 
commercial building to B for $50,000 in Year 1. A is not involved in 
the activity of the commercial building on a regular and continuous 
basis, therefore, A's rental activity does not involve the conduct 
of a trade or business, and under section 469(c)(2), A's rental 
activity is a passive activity. Because paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this 
section is not satisfied, A's rental income of $50,000 is not 
derived from a trade or business described in paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section. However, A's rental income of $50,000 still 
constitutes gross income from rents within the meaning of Sec.  
1.1411-4(a)(1)(i) because rents are included in the determination of 
net investment income under Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i) whether or not 
derived from a trade or business described in paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section.
    Example 2. Application of grouping rules under section 469. In 
Year 1, A, an unmarried individual, owns an interest in PRS, a 
partnership for Federal income tax purposes. PRS is engaged in two 
activities, X and Y, which constitute trades or businesses, and 
neither of which constitute trading in financial instruments or 
commodities (within the meaning of paragraph (a)(2) of this 
section). Pursuant to Sec.  1.469-4, A has properly grouped X and Y 
together as one activity (the grouped activity). A participates in X 
for more than 500 hours during Year 1 and would be treated as 
materially participating in activity X within the meaning of Sec.  
1.469-5T(a)(1) if A's material participation were determined only 
with respect to activity X. A only participates in Y for 50 hours 
during Year 1. If not for the grouping of the X and Y activities 
together, A would not be treated as materially participating in Y 
within the meaning of Sec.  1.469-5T(a). However, pursuant to 
Sec. Sec.  1.469-4 and 1.469-5T(a)(1), A materially participates in 
the grouped activity.

[[Page 72441]]

Therefore, for purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, 
neither X nor Y is a passive activity with respect to A. 
Accordingly, with respect to A, neither X nor Y is a trade or 
business described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
    Example 3. Application of the rental activity exceptions. B, an 
unmarried individual, is a partner in PRS, which is engaged in an 
equipment leasing activity. The average period of customer use of 
the equipment is seven days or less (and therefore meets the 
exception in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(3)(ii)(A)). B materially participates 
in the equipment leasing activity (within the meaning of Sec.  
1.469-5T(a)). The equipment leasing activity constitutes a trade or 
business. In Year 1, B has modified adjusted gross income (as 
defined in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)) of $300,000, all of which is derived 
from PRS. All of the income from PRS is derived in the ordinary 
course of the equipment leasing activity, and all of PRS's property 
is held in the equipment leasing activity. Of B's allocable share of 
income from PRS, $275,000 constitutes gross income from rents 
(within the meaning of Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i)). While $275,000 of 
the gross income from the equipment leasing activity meets the 
definition of rents in Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i), the activity meets 
one of the exceptions to rental activity in Sec.  1.469-1T(e)(3)(ii) 
and B materially participates in the activity. Therefore, the trade 
or business is not a passive activity with respect to B for purposes 
of paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section. Because the rents are 
derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business not described 
in paragraph (a) of this section, the ordinary course of a trade or 
business exception in Sec.  1.1411-4(b) applies, and the rents are 
not described in Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i). Furthermore, because the 
equipment leasing trade or business is not a trade or business 
described in paragraph (a)(1) or (a)(2) of this section, the $25,000 
of other gross income is not net investment income under Sec.  
1.1411-4(a)(1)(ii). However, the $25,000 of other gross income may 
be net investment income by reason of section 1411(c)(3) and Sec.  
1.1411-6 if it is attributable to PRS's working capital. Finally, 
gain or loss from the sale of the property held in the equipment 
leasing activity will not be subject to Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii) 
because, although it is attributable to a trade or business, it is 
not a trade or business to which the section 1411 tax applies.
    Example 4. Application of section 469 and other gross income 
under Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(ii). Same facts as Example 3, except B 
does not materially participate in the equipment leasing trade or 
business and therefore the trade or business is a passive activity 
with respect to B for purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this 
section. Accordingly, the $275,000 of gross income from rents is 
described in Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i) because the rents are derived 
from a trade or business that is a passive activity with respect to 
B. Furthermore, the $25,000 of other gross income from the equipment 
leasing trade or business is described in Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(ii) 
because the gross income is derived from a trade or business 
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. Finally, gain or loss 
from the sale of the property used in the equipment leasing trade or 
business is subject to Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii) because the trade 
or business is a passive activity with respect to B, as described in 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section.
    Example 5. Application of the portfolio income rule and section 
469. C, an unmarried individual, is a partner in PRS, a partnership 
engaged in a trade or business that does not involve a rental 
activity. C does not materially participate in PRS within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.469-5T(a). Therefore, the trade or business of 
PRS is a passive activity with respect to C for purposes of 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section. C's $500,000 allocable share of 
PRS's income consists of $450,000 of gross income from a trade or 
business and $50,000 of gross income from dividends and interest 
(within the meaning of Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i)) that is not derived 
in the ordinary course of the trade or business of PRS. Therefore, 
C's $500,000 allocable share of PRS's income is subject to section 
1411. C's $50,000 allocable share of PRS's income from dividends and 
interest is subject to Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i) because the share is 
gross income from dividends and interest that is not derived in the 
ordinary course of a trade or business (that is, the ordinary course 
of a trade or business exception in Sec.  1.1411-4(b) is 
inapplicable). C's $450,000 allocable share of PRS's income is 
subject to Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(ii) because it is gross income from 
a trade or business that is a passive activity.

    (c) Trading in financial instruments or commodities--(1) Definition 
of financial instruments. For purposes of section 1411 and the 
regulations thereunder, the term financial instruments includes stocks 
and other equity interests, evidences of indebtedness, options, forward 
or futures contracts, notional principal contracts, any other 
derivatives, or any evidence of an interest in any of the items 
described in this paragraph (c)(1). An evidence of an interest in any 
of the items described in this paragraph (c)(1) includes, but is not 
limited to, short positions or partial units in any of the items 
described in this paragraph (c)(1).
    (2) Definition of commodities. For purposes of section 1411 and the 
regulations thereunder, the term commodities refers to items described 
in section 475(e)(2).
    (d) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in 
accordance with Sec.  1.1411-1(f).


Sec.  1.1411-6  Income on investment of working capital subject to tax.

    (a) General rule. For purposes of section 1411, any item of gross 
income from the investment of working capital will be treated as not 
derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business, and any net gain 
that is attributable to the investment of working capital will be 
treated as not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. 
In determining whether any item is gross income from or net gain 
attributable to an investment of working capital, principles similar to 
those described in Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii) apply. See Sec.  1.1411-
4(f) for rules regarding properly allocable deductions with respect to 
an investment of working capital and Sec.  1.1411-7 for rules relating 
to the adjustment to net gain on the disposition of interests in a 
partnership or S corporation.
    (b) Example. The following example illustrates the principles of 
this section. Assume for purposes of the example that the taxpayer uses 
a calendar taxable year, the taxpayer is a United States citizen, and 
Year 1 and all subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 
is in effect:

    Example. (i) A, an unmarried individual, operates a restaurant, 
which is a section 162 trade or business but is not a trade or 
business described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(1) with respect to A. A owns 
and conducts the restaurant business through S, an S corporation 
wholly-owned by A. S is able to pay all of the restaurant's current 
obligations with cash flow generated by the restaurant. S utilizes 
an interest-bearing checking account at a local bank to make daily 
deposits of cash receipts generated by the restaurant, and also to 
pay the recurring ordinary and necessary business expenses of the 
restaurant. The average daily balance of the checking account is 
approximately $2,500, but at any given time the balance may be 
significantly more or less than this amount depending on the short-
term cash flow needs of the business. In addition, S has set aside 
$20,000 for the potential future needs of the business in case the 
daily cash flow into and from the checking account becomes 
insufficient to pay the restaurant's recurring business expenses. S 
does not currently need to spend or use the $20,000 capital to 
conduct the restaurant business, and S deposits and maintains the 
$20,000 in an interest-bearing savings account at a local bank.
    (ii) Both the $2,500 average daily balance of the checking 
account and the $20,000 savings account balance constitute working 
capital under Sec.  1.469-2T(c)(3)(ii) and, pursuant to paragraph 
(a) of this section, the interest generated by this working capital 
will not be treated as derived in the ordinary course of S's 
restaurant business. Accordingly, the interest income derived by S 
from its checking and savings accounts and allocated to A under 
section 1366 constitutes gross income from interest under Sec.  
1.1411-4(a)(1)(i).

    (c) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after

[[Page 72442]]

December 31, 2012, in accordance with Sec.  1.1411-1(f).


Sec.  1.1411-7  Exception for dispositions of interests in partnerships 
and S corporations. [Reserved]


Sec.  1.1411-8  Exception for distributions from qualified plans.

    (a) General rule. Net investment income does not include any 
distribution from a qualified plan or arrangement. For this purpose, 
the term qualified plan or arrangement means any plan or arrangement 
described in section 401(a), 403(a), 403(b), 408, 408A, or 457(b).
    (b) Rules relating to distributions. This paragraph (b) provides 
rules for purposes of paragraph (a) of this section. For purposes of 
section 1411(c)(5) and this section, a distribution means the 
following:
    (1) Actual distributions. Any amount actually distributed from a 
qualified plan or arrangement, as defined in paragraph (a) of this 
section, is a distribution within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5), 
and thus is not included in net investment income. Examples include a 
rollover to an eligible retirement plan within the meaning of section 
402(c)(8)(B), a distribution of a plan loan offset amount within the 
meaning of Q&A-13(b) of Sec.  1.72(p)-1, and certain corrective 
distributions under the Internal Revenue Code (Code).
    (2) Amounts treated as distributed. Any amount that is treated as 
distributed from a qualified plan or arrangement under the Code for 
purposes of income tax is a distribution within the meaning of section 
1411(c)(5), and thus is not included in net investment income. Examples 
include a conversion to a Roth IRA described in section 408A and a 
deemed distribution under section 72(p).
    (3) Amounts includible in gross income. Any amount that is not 
treated as a distribution but is otherwise includible in gross income 
pursuant to a rule relating to amounts held in a qualified plan or 
arrangement described in paragraph (a) of this section is a 
distribution within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5), and thus is not 
included in net investment income. For example, any income of the trust 
of a qualified plan or arrangement that is applied to purchase a 
participant's life insurance coverage (the P.S. 58 costs) is a 
distribution within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5), and thus is not 
included in net investment income.
    (4) Amounts related to employer securities--(i) Dividends related 
to employer securities. Any dividend that is deductible under section 
404(k) and is paid in cash directly to plan participants or 
beneficiaries is a distribution within the meaning of section 
1411(c)(5), and thus is not included in net investment income. However, 
any amount paid as a dividend after the employer securities have been 
distributed from a qualified plan is not a distribution within the 
meaning of section 1411(c)(5), and thus is included in net investment 
income.
    (ii) Amounts related to the net unrealized appreciation in employer 
securities. The amount of any net unrealized appreciation attributable 
to employer securities (within the meaning of section 402(e)(4)) 
realized on a disposition of those employer securities is a 
distribution within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5), and thus is not 
included in net investment income. However, any appreciation in value 
of the employer securities after the distribution from the qualified 
plan is not a distribution within the meaning of section 1411(c)(5), 
and is included in net investment income.
    (c) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in 
accordance with Sec.  1.1411-1(f).


Sec.  1.1411-9  Exception for self-employment income.

    (a) General rule. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section, net investment income does not include any item taken into 
account in determining self-employment income that is subject to tax 
under section 1401(b) for such taxable year. For purposes of section 
1411(c)(6) and this section, taken into account means income included 
and deductions allowed in determining net earnings from self-
employment. However, amounts excepted in determining net earnings from 
self-employment under section 1402(a)(1)-(17), and thus excluded from 
self-employment income under section 1402(b), are not taken into 
account in determining self-employment income and thus may be included 
in net investment income if such amounts are described in Sec.  1.1411-
4. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, if net earnings 
from self-employment consist of income or loss from more than one trade 
or business, all items taken into account in determining the net 
earnings from self-employment with respect to these trades or 
businesses (see Sec.  1.1402(a)-2(c)) are considered taken into account 
in determining the amount of self-employment income that is subject to 
tax under section 1401(b) and therefore not included in net investment 
income.
    (b) Special rule for traders. In the case of gross income described 
in Sec. Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) derived from a trade 
or business of trading in financial instruments or commodities (as 
described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2)), the deductions described in Sec.  
1.1411-4(f)(2)(ii) properly allocable to the taxpayer's trade or 
business of trading in financial instruments or commodities are taken 
into account in determining the taxpayer's self-employment income only 
to the extent that such deductions reduce the taxpayer's net earnings 
from self-employment (after aggregating under Sec.  1.1402(a)-2(c) the 
net earnings from self-employment from any trade or business carried on 
by the taxpayer as an individual or as a member of a partnership). Any 
deductions described in Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2)(ii) that exceed the amount 
of net earnings from self-employment, in the aggregate (if applicable), 
are allowed in determining the taxpayer's net investment income under 
section 1411 and the regulations thereunder.
    (c) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of 
this section. For purposes of these examples, assume the taxpayer is a 
United States citizen, uses a calendar taxable year, and Year 1 and all 
subsequent years are taxable years in which section 1411 is in effect:

    Example 1. Exclusion from self-employment income. A is a general 
partner in PRS, a partnership carrying on a trade or business that 
is not a trade or business of trading in financial instruments or 
commodities (within the meaning of Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2)). During 
Year 1, A's distributive share from PRS is $1 million, $300,000 of 
which is attributable to the gain on the sale of PRS's capital 
assets. Section 1402(a)(3)(A) provides an exclusion from net 
earnings from self-employment for any gain or loss from the sale or 
exchange of a capital asset. For Year 1, A has $700,000 self-
employment income subject to self-employment tax. This $700,000 
subject to self-employment tax is not included as part of net 
investment income under paragraph (a) of this section. However, the 
$300,000 attributable to the gain on PRS's sale of a capital asset 
is excluded from net earnings from self-employment, and from self-
employment income, and thus is not covered by the exception in 
section 1411(c)(6). Therefore, the $300,000 attributable to the gain 
on PRS's sale of a capital asset is included as net investment 
income if the other requirements of section 1411 are satisfied.
    Example 2. Two trades or businesses. B is an individual engaged 
in two trades or businesses, Business X and Business Y, neither of 
which is the trade or business of trading in financial instruments 
or commodities (as described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2)). B carries on 
Business X as a sole

[[Page 72443]]

proprietor and B is also a general partner in a partnership that 
carries on Business Y. Business Y is a nonpassive activity of B. 
During Year 1, B had net earnings from self-employment consisting of 
the aggregate of a $50,000 loss (that is, after application of the 
exclusions under section 1402(a)(1)-(17)) from Business X, and 
$70,000 in income (after application of the exclusions under section 
1402(a)(1)-(17)) from B's distributive share from the partnership 
from carrying on Business Y. Thus, B's net earnings from self-
employment in Year 1 are $20,000. For Year 1, all of B's income, 
deductions, gains, and losses from Business X and distributive share 
from the partnership carrying on Business Y, other than those 
amounts excluded due to application of section 1402(a)(1)-(17), are 
taken into account in determining B's net earnings from self-
employment and self-employment income for such taxable year. 
Accordingly, in calculating B's net investment income (as defined in 
Sec.  1.1411-4) for Year 1, B will not take into account the items 
of income, loss, gain, and deduction that comprise B's $50,000 loss 
attributable to Business X (after application of the exclusions 
under section 1402(a)(1)-(17)), and the items of income, loss, gain, 
and deduction that comprise B's $70,000 distributable share 
attributable to B's general partnership interest (after application 
of the exclusions under section 1402(a)(1)-(17)). Rather, only items 
of income, loss, gain, and deduction from the two separate 
businesses that were excluded from the calculation of B's net 
earnings from self-employment income due to the application of the 
exclusions under section 1402(a)(1)-(17), such as any capital gains 
and losses excluded under section 1402(a)(3), are considered for 
purposes of calculating B's net investment income for Year 1 in 
connection with these two trades or businesses.
    Example 3. Special rule for trader with single trade or 
business. D is an individual engaged in the trade or business of 
trading in commodities (as described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2)). D 
made a valid and timely election under section 475(f)(2). D derives 
$400,000 of trading gains, which are gross income described in Sec.  
1.1411-4(a)(1) and $15,000 of expenses described in Sec.  1.1411-
4(f)(2)(ii) from carrying on the trade or business. Pursuant to 
sections 475(f)(1)(D) and 1402(a)(3)(A), none of the gross income is 
taken into account in determining D's net earnings from self-
employment and self-employment income. Therefore, under paragraph 
(a) of this section, the $400,000 of gross income is not covered by 
the exception in section 1411(c)(6). Because D had $0 net earnings 
from self-employment, the $15,000 of deductions did not reduce D's 
net earnings from self-employment under paragraph (b) of this 
section and Sec.  1.1411-(4)(f)(2)(ii). Therefore, the $15,000 of 
deductions may reduce D's gross income of $400,000 for purposes of 
section 1411.
    Example 4. Special rule for trader with multiple trades or 
businesses. E is an individual engaged in two trades or businesses, 
Business X (which is not a trade or business of trading in financial 
instruments or commodities) and Business Y (which is a trade or 
business of trading in financial instruments or commodities (as 
described in Sec.  1.1411-5(a)(2)). E made a valid and timely 
election under section 475(f) with respect to Business Y. During 
Year 1, E had net earnings from self-employment from Business X of 
$35,000. During Year 1, E also had $300,000 of trading gains, which 
are gross income described in Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1) and $40,000 of 
expenses described in Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2)(ii) from Business Y. E's 
$300,000 of gross income from Business Y is excluded from net 
earnings from self-employment and self-employment income pursuant to 
sections 475(f)(1)(D) and 1402(a)(3)(A). E's $40,000 of deductions 
from Business Y reduce E's $35,000 of net earnings from self-
employment from Business X to $0. Pursuant to paragraph (b) of this 
section and Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2)(ii), the remaining $5,000 of 
deductions from Business Y are taken into account in determining E's 
net investment income (by reducing E's gross income of $300,000 from 
Business Y to $295,000) for purposes of section 1411.

    (d) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in 
accordance with Sec.  1.1411-1(f).


Sec.  1.1411-10  Controlled foreign corporations and passive foreign 
investment companies.

    (a) In general. This section provides rules that apply to an 
individual, estate, or trust that is a United States shareholder of a 
controlled foreign corporation (CFC), or that is a United States person 
that directly or indirectly owns an interest in a passive foreign 
investment company (PFIC). In addition, this section provides rules 
that apply to an individual, estate, or trust that owns an interest in 
a domestic partnership or an S corporation that is either a United 
States shareholder of a CFC or that has made an election under section 
1295 to treat a PFIC as a qualified electing fund (QEF). References in 
this section to an election under paragraph (g) of this section being 
in effect relate to an election that is applicable to the person that 
is determining the section 1411 consequences with respect to holding a 
particular CFC or QEF.
    (b) Amounts derived from a trade or business described in Sec.  
1.1411-5--(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of 
this section, an amount included in gross income under section 951(a) 
or section 1293(a) that is also income derived from a trade or business 
described in section 1411(c)(2) and Sec.  1.1411-5 (applying the 
relevant rules in Sec.  1.1411-4(b)) is taken into account as net 
investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(ii) for purposes of section 1411 and the regulations thereunder 
when it is taken into account for purposes of chapter 1, and the rules 
in paragraphs (c) through (g) of this section do not apply to that 
amount. For purposes of section 1411 and the regulations thereunder, an 
amount included in gross income under section 1296(a) that is also 
income derived from a trade or business described in section 1411(c)(2) 
and Sec.  1.1411-5 (applying the relevant rules in Sec.  1.1411-4(b)), 
is net investment income within the meaning of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(ii) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(ii), and the rules in 
paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section do not apply to that amount.
    (2) Coordination rule for changes in trade or business status. With 
respect to stock of a CFC or QEF for which an election under paragraph 
(g) of this section is not in effect, the rules in paragraphs (c) 
through (f) of this section apply to a distribution of earnings and 
profits described in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this section that was 
not taken into account as net investment income under paragraph (b) of 
this section.
    (c) Calculation of net investment income--(1) Dividends. For 
purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i), net 
investment income is calculated by taking into account the amount of 
dividends described in this paragraph (c)(1).
    (i) Distributions of previously taxed earnings and profits--(A) 
Rules when an election under paragraph (g) of this section is not in 
effect with respect to the shareholder--(1) General rule. Except as 
otherwise provided in this paragraph (c)(1)(i), with respect to stock 
of a CFC or QEF for which an election under paragraph (g) of this 
section is not in effect, a distribution of earnings and profits that 
is not treated as a dividend for chapter 1 purposes under section 
959(d) or section 1293(c) is a dividend for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i) if the distribution is 
attributable to amounts that are or have been included in gross income 
for chapter 1 purposes under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) in a 
taxable year beginning after December 31, 2012. Solely, for this 
purpose, distributions of earnings and profits attributable to amounts 
that are or have been included in gross income for chapter 1 purposes 
under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) are considered first 
attributable to those earnings and profits, if any, derived from the 
current taxable year, and then from prior taxable years beginning with 
the most recent prior taxable year, and with respect to amounts 
included under section 951(a), without regard to whether the earnings 
and profits are

[[Page 72444]]

described in section 959(c)(1) or section 959(c)(2).
    (2) Exception for distributions attributable to earnings and 
profits previously taken into account for purposes of section 1411. A 
distribution of earnings and profits that is not treated as a dividend 
for chapter 1 purposes under section 959(d) or section 1293(c) is not 
treated as a dividend for purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and 
Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i), to the extent that an individual, estate, or 
trust establishes, by providing information that is similar to, and in 
the same manner as, the information described in Sec.  1.959-1(d) 
(relating to previously taxed earnings and profits), that the 
distribution is attributable to--
    (i) Amounts included in gross income by any person for chapter 1 
purposes under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) that have been taken 
into account by any person as net investment income by reason of 
paragraph (b) of this section or an election under paragraph (g) of 
this section; or
    (ii) Amounts included in gross income by any person as a dividend 
pursuant to section 1248(a) that, by reason of paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of 
this section, have been taken into account by any person as net 
investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(i).
    (B) Rule when an election under paragraph (g) of this section is in 
effect with respect to the shareholder. Except as otherwise provided in 
this paragraph (c)(1)(i), if an election under paragraph (g) of this 
section is in effect, a distribution of earnings and profits that is 
not treated as a dividend for chapter 1 purposes under section 959(d) 
or section 1293(c) is not treated as a dividend for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i).
    (C) Special rule for certain distributions related to 2013 taxable 
years--(1) Scope. The rule in this paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) applies to 
individuals, estates, and trusts that were subject to section 1411 
during a taxable year that began after December 31, 2012, and before 
January 1, 2014, and that satisfy all of the conditions set forth in 
paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C)(2) of this section. This rule also applies to 
all domestic partnerships and S corporations that satisfy all of the 
conditions set forth in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C)(2) of this section.
    (2) Rule. A distribution of earnings and profits from a CFC or QEF, 
with respect to which an election under paragraph (g) is in effect, 
that is not treated as a dividend for chapter 1 purposes under section 
959(d) or section 1293(c) is a dividend for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i) to the extent that--
    (i) The distribution of earnings and profits is attributable to an 
amount included by an individual, estate, trust, domestic partnership, 
S corporation or common trust fund in gross income for chapter 1 
purposes under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) with respect to the 
CFC or QEF for a taxable year that began after December 31, 2012, and 
before January 1, 2014;
    (ii) The individual, estate, trust, domestic partnership, S 
corporation, or common trust fund made the election under paragraph (g) 
of this section with respect to the CFC or QEF in a taxable year that 
began after December 31, 2013; and
    (iii) The individual, estate, trust, domestic partnership, S 
corporation, or common trust fund did not make the election described 
in paragraph (g)(4)(iii) of this section (concerning making an election 
under paragraph (g) of this section for a taxable year that begins 
before January 1, 2014).
    (3) Ordering rule. Solely, for purposes of this paragraph 
(c)(1)(i)(C)(3), distributions of earnings and profits attributable to 
amounts that have been included in gross income for chapter 1 purposes 
under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) are considered first 
attributable to the earnings and profits derived from a taxable year 
that began after December 31, 2012, and before January 1, 2014.
    (ii) Excess distributions that constitute dividends. To the extent 
an excess distribution within the meaning of section 1291(b) 
constitutes a dividend within the meaning of section 316(a), the amount 
is included in net investment income for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i).
    (2) Net gain. For purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and Sec.  
1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii), the rules in this paragraph (c)(2) apply in 
determining net gain attributable to the disposition of property.
    (i) Gains treated as excess distributions. Gains treated as excess 
distributions under section 1291(a)(2) are included in determining net 
gain attributable to the disposition of property for purposes of 
section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii).
    (ii) Inclusions and deductions with respect to section 1296 mark to 
market elections. Amounts included in gross income under section 
1296(a)(1) and amounts allowed as a deduction under section 1296(a)(2) 
are taken into account in determining net gain attributable to the 
disposition of property for purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and 
Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii).
    (iii) Gain or loss attributable to the disposition of stock of CFCs 
and QEFs. With respect to stock of a CFC or QEF for which an election 
under paragraph (g) of this section is not in effect, for purposes of 
calculating the net gain under Sec. Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii) and 
1.1411-4(d) that is attributable to the direct or indirect disposition 
of that stock (including for purposes of determining gain or loss on 
the direct or indirect disposition of that stock by a domestic 
partnership, S corporation, or common trust fund), basis is determined 
in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section.
    (iv) Gain or loss attributable to the disposition of interests in 
domestic partnerships or S corporations that own directly or indirectly 
stock of CFCs or QEFs. With respect to stock of a CFC or QEF for which 
an election under paragraph (g) of this section is not in effect, for 
purposes of calculating the net gain under Sec. Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(iii) and 1.1411-4(d) that is attributable to the disposition of 
an interest in a domestic partnership or S corporation that directly or 
indirectly owns that stock, basis is determined in accordance with the 
provisions of paragraph (d) of this section.
    (3) Application of section 1248. With respect to stock of a CFC or 
QEF for which an election under paragraph (g) of this section is not in 
effect, for purposes of section 1411 and Sec.  1.1411-4--
    (i) In determining the gain recognized on the sale or exchange of 
stock of a foreign corporation for section 1248(a) purposes, basis is 
determined in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (d) of this 
section; and
    (ii) Section 1248(a) applies without regard to the exclusion for 
certain earnings and profits under sections 1248(d)(1) and (d)(6), 
except that those exclusions will apply with respect to the earnings 
and profits of a foreign corporation that are attributable to:
    (A) Amounts taken into account as net investment income under 
paragraph (b) of this section; and
    (B) Amounts previously included in gross income for chapter 1 
purposes under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) in a taxable year 
beginning before December 31, 2012, and that have not yet been 
distributed. For this purpose, the determination of whether earnings 
and profits that are attributable to amounts previously taxed in a 
taxable year beginning before December 31, 2012, have been distributed 
is determined based on the rules described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of 
this section.
    (4) Amounts distributed by an estate or trust. Net investment 
income of a

[[Page 72445]]

beneficiary of an estate or trust includes the beneficiary's share of 
distributable net income, as described in sections 652 and 662 and as 
modified by paragraph (f) of this section, to the extent that the 
beneficiary's share of distributable net income includes items that, if 
they had been received directly by the beneficiary, would have been 
described in this paragraph (c).
    (5) Properly allocable deductions--(i) General rule. For purposes 
of section 1411(c)(1)(B) and Sec.  1.1411-4(f), the section 163(d)(1) 
investment expense deduction may be calculated by--
    (A) Increasing the amount of investment income determined for 
chapter 1 purposes under section 163(d)(4)(B) by the amount of 
dividends described in Sec.  1.1411-10(c) that are derived from a CFC 
or QEF with respect to which an election under paragraph (g) of this 
section is not in effect;
    (B) Decreasing the amount of investment income for determined 
chapter 1 purposes under section 163(d)(4)(B) by the amount included in 
gross income for chapter 1 purposes under section 951(a) or section 
1293(a) that is attributable to a CFC or QEF with respect to which an 
election under paragraph (g) of this section is not in effect; and
    (C) Increasing or decreasing, as applicable, the amount of 
investment income for chapter 1 purposes under section 163(d)(4)(B) by 
the difference between the amount calculated with respect to a 
disposition under paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) and (c)(2)(iv) of this section 
and the amount of the gain or loss attributable to the relevant 
disposition as calculated for chapter 1 purposes.
    (ii) Additional rules. For purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(B) and 
Sec.  1.1411-4(f), if the method of calculation described in paragraph 
(c)(5)(i) of this section is applied:
    (A) The amount of investment interest not allowed as a deduction 
under section 163(d)(2) must be calculated consistent with the method 
of calculation described in paragraph (c)(5)(i).
    (B) The method of calculation must be adopted by an individual, 
estate, or trust no later than the first year in which the individual, 
estate, or trust is subject to section 1411.
    (C) The method of calculation must be applied with respect to all 
CFCs and QEFs for all taxable years with respect to which an election 
under paragraph (g) of this section is not in effect.
    (D) A method of calculation under this paragraph is a method of 
accounting, which must be applied consistently, and may only be changed 
by the taxpayer by securing the consent of the Commissioner in 
accordance with Sec.  1.446-1(e) and following the administrative 
procedures issued under Sec.  1.446-1(e)(3)(ii).
    (d) Conforming basis adjustments--(1) Basis adjustments under 
sections 961 and 1293--(i) Stock held by individuals, estates, or 
trusts. With respect to stock of a CFC or QEF which is held by an 
individual, estate, or trust, either directly or indirectly through one 
or more entities each of which is foreign, for which an election under 
paragraph (g) of this section is not in effect--
    (A) The basis increases made pursuant to sections 961(a) and 
1293(d) for amounts included in gross income for chapter 1 purposes 
under sections 951(a) and 1293(a) in taxable years beginning after 
December 31, 2012, are not taken into account for purposes of section 
1411 and the regulations thereunder; and
    (B) The basis decreases made pursuant to sections 961(b) and 
1293(d) attributable to amounts treated as dividends for purposes of 
section 1411 under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section are not taken 
into account for purposes of section 1411 and the regulations 
thereunder.
    (ii) Stock held by domestic partnerships or S corporations--(A) 
Rule when an election under paragraph (g) of this section is not in 
effect. The rules of this paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(A) apply with respect to 
stock of a CFC or QEF held directly by a domestic partnership or S 
corporation, or indirectly through one or more entities each of which 
is foreign, for which an election under paragraph (g) of this section 
is not in effect. If an individual, estate, or trust is a shareholder 
of an S corporation, or if an individual, estate, or trust directly, or 
through one or more tiers of passthrough entities (including an S 
corporation), owns an interest in a domestic partnership, the S 
corporation or domestic partnership, as the case may be, will not take 
into account for purposes of section 1411 and the regulations 
thereunder the basis increases made by the domestic partnership or S 
corporation pursuant to sections 961(a) and 1293(d) for amounts 
included in gross income for chapter 1 purposes under sections 951(a) 
and 1293(a) for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, and 
the basis decreases made by the domestic partnership or S corporation 
pursuant to sections 961(b) and 1293(d) attributable to amounts treated 
as dividends for purposes of section 1411 under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of 
this section (the section 1411 recalculated basis). If the domestic 
partnership or S corporation disposes of the stock of a CFC or QEF, the 
section 1411 recalculated basis will be used to determine the 
distributive share or pro rata share of the gain or loss for purposes 
of section 1411 for partners or shareholders.
    (B) Rules when an election under paragraph (g) of this section is 
in effect. If an election under paragraph (g) of this section is in 
effect with respect to stock of a CFC or QEF held directly or 
indirectly by a domestic partnership or S corporation, the partner's 
distributive share or the shareholder's pro rata share of the gain or 
loss for purposes of section 1411 is the same as the distributive share 
or pro rata share of the gain or loss for purposes of chapter 1. See 
Example 6 of paragraph (h) of this section.
    (2) Special rules for partners that own interests in domestic 
partnerships that own directly or indirectly stock of CFCs or QEFs. The 
rules of this paragraph (d)(2) apply with respect to stock of a CFC or 
QEF for which an election under paragraph (g) of this section is not in 
effect, and that is held by a domestic partnership, either directly or 
indirectly through one or more entities each of which is foreign. In 
such a case, the basis increases provided under section 705(a)(1)(A) to 
the partners for purposes of chapter 1 that are attributable to amounts 
that the domestic partnership includes or included in gross income 
under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) for a taxable year beginning 
after December 31, 2012, are not taken into account for purposes of 
section 1411. Instead, each partner's adjusted basis in the partnership 
interest is increased by its share of any distributions to the 
partnership from the CFC or QEF that are treated as dividends for 
purposes of section 1411 under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. 
Similar rules apply when the stock of the CFC or QEF is held in a 
tiered partnership structure. For purposes of determining net 
investment income under section 1411 and the regulations thereunder, 
the partner's adjusted basis in the partnership interest as calculated 
under this paragraph (d)(2) is used to determine all tax consequences 
related to tax basis (for example, loss limitation rules and the 
characterization of partnership distributions).
    (3) Special rules for S corporation shareholders that own interests 
in S corporations that own directly or indirectly stock of CFCs or 
QEFs. The rules of this paragraph (d)(3) apply with respect to stock of 
a CFC or QEF for which an election under paragraph (g) of this section 
is not in effect, and that is held by an S corporation, directly or 
indirectly through one or more entities

[[Page 72446]]

each of which is foreign. In such case, the basis increases provided in 
section 1367(a)(1)(A) to its shareholders for chapter 1 purposes that 
are attributable to amounts that the S corporation includes or included 
in gross income for chapter 1 purposes under section 951(a) or section 
1293(a) for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, are not 
taken into account for purposes of section 1411. Instead, each 
shareholder's adjusted basis of stock in the S corporation is increased 
by its share of the distributions to the S corporation from the CFC or 
QEF that are treated as dividends for purposes of section 1411 under 
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. Similar rules apply when the S 
corporation holds an interest in a CFC or QEF through a partnership. 
For purposes of determining net investment income under section 1411 
and the regulations thereunder, the shareholder's adjusted basis in the 
stock of the S corporation as calculated under this paragraph (d)(3) is 
used to determine all tax consequences related to tax basis (for 
example, loss limitation rules and the characterization of S 
corporation distributions).
    (4) Special rules for participants in common trust funds. Rules 
similar to the rules in paragraphs (d)(2) and (3) of this section apply 
to ownership interests in common trust funds (as defined in section 
584).
    (e) Conforming adjustments to modified adjusted gross income and 
adjusted gross income--(1) Individuals. Solely for purposes of section 
1411(a)(1)(B)(i) and the regulations thereunder, the term modified 
adjusted gross income means modified adjusted gross income as defined 
in Sec.  1.1411-2(c)(1)--
    (i) Increased by amounts included in net investment income under 
paragraphs (c)(1)(i), (c)(1)(ii), (c)(2)(i), and (c)(4) of this section 
that are not otherwise included in gross income for chapter 1 purposes;
    (ii) Increased or decreased, as applicable, by the difference 
between the amount calculated with respect to a disposition under 
paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) and (iv) of this section and the amount of the 
gain or loss attributable to the relevant disposition as calculated for 
chapter 1 purposes;
    (iii) Decreased by any amount included in gross income for chapter 
1 purposes under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) attributable to a 
CFC or QEF with respect to which no election under paragraph (g) of 
this section is in effect; and
    (iv) To the extent the section 163(d)(1) investment interest 
expense deduction is calculated using the method of calculation set 
forth in paragraph (c)(5) of this section and the deduction is taken 
into account under Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2), increased or decreased, as 
appropriate, by the difference between the amount of the section 
163(d)(1) investment interest expense deduction calculated under 
paragraph (c)(5) of this section and the amount calculated for chapter 
1 purposes.
    (2) Estates and trusts. Solely for purposes of section 
1411(a)(2)(B)(i) and the regulations thereunder, the term adjusted 
gross income means adjusted gross income as defined in Sec.  1.1411-
3(a)(1)(ii)(B)(1) adjusted by the following amounts to the extent those 
amounts are not distributed by the estate or trust--
    (i) Increased by amounts included in net investment income under 
paragraphs (c)(1)(i), (c)(1)(ii), (c)(2)(i), and (c)(4) of this section 
that are not otherwise included in gross income for chapter 1 purposes;
    (ii) Increased or decreased, as applicable, by the difference 
between the amount calculated with respect to a disposition under 
paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) and (iv) of this section and the amount of the 
gain or loss attributable to the relevant disposition as calculated for 
chapter 1 purposes;
    (iii) Decreased by any amount included in gross income for chapter 
1 purposes under section 951(a) or section 1293(a) attributable to a 
CFC or QEF with respect to which no election under paragraph (g) of 
this section is in effect; and
    (iv) To the extent the section 163(d)(1) investment interest 
expense deduction is calculated using the method of calculation set 
forth in paragraph (c)(5) of this section and taken into account under 
Sec.  1.1411-4(f)(2), increased or decreased, as appropriate, by the 
difference between the amount of the section 163(d)(1) investment 
interest expense deduction calculated under paragraph (c)(5) of this 
section and the amount calculated for chapter 1 purposes.
    (f) Application to estates and trusts. All of the items described 
in paragraph (c) of this section are included in the net investment 
income of an estate or trust or its beneficiaries. The amounts 
described in paragraphs (e)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section, 
regardless of whether the estate or trust receives those amounts 
directly or indirectly through another estate or trust, increase or 
decrease, as applicable, the estate's or trust's distributable net 
income for purposes of section 1411. The estate or trust, or the 
beneficiaries thereof, must take those amounts into account in a manner 
reasonably consistent with the general operating rules for estates and 
trusts in Sec.  1.1411-3 and subchapter J in computing the 
undistributed net investment income of the estate or trust and the net 
investment income of the beneficiaries.
    (g) Election with respect to CFCs and QEFs--(1) Effect of election. 
If an election under paragraph (g) of this section is made with respect 
to a CFC or QEF, amounts included in gross income for chapter 1 
purposes under section 951(a) or section 1293(a)(1)(A) with respect to 
the CFC or QEF in taxable years beginning with the taxable year for 
which the election is made are treated as net investment income for 
purposes of Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i), and amounts included in gross 
income under section 1293(a)(1)(B) with respect to the QEF in taxable 
years beginning with the taxable year for which the election is made 
are taken into account in calculating net gain attributable to the 
disposition of property under Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(iii). See paragraphs 
(c)(1)(i)(B) and (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section for the effect of this 
election on certain distributions of previously taxed earnings and 
profits.
    (2) Years to which election applies--(i) In general. An election 
under paragraph (g) of this section applies to the taxable year for 
which it is made and all subsequent taxable years, and applies to all 
subsequently acquired interests in the CFC or QEF. An election under 
paragraph (g) of this section is irrevocable.
    (ii) Termination of interest in CFC or QEF. Complete termination of 
a person's interest in the CFC or QEF does not terminate the person's 
election under paragraph (g) of this section with respect to the CFC or 
QEF. Thus, if the person reacquires stock of the CFC or QEF, that stock 
is considered to be stock for which an election under paragraph (g) of 
this section has been made and is in effect.
    (iii) Termination of partnership. If a domestic partnership that 
makes the election under paragraph (g) of this section is terminated 
pursuant to section 708(b)(1)(B), the election is binding on the new 
partnership.
    (3) Who may make the election. An individual, estate, trust, 
domestic partnership, S corporation, or common trust fund may make an 
election under paragraph (g) of this section with respect to each CFC 
or QEF that it holds directly or indirectly through one or more 
entities, each of which is foreign. In addition, an individual, estate, 
trust, domestic partnership, S corporation, or common trust fund may 
make an election under paragraph (g) of this section with respect to a 
CFC or QEF

[[Page 72447]]

that it holds indirectly through a domestic partnership, S corporation, 
estate, trust, or common trust fund if the domestic partnership, S 
corporation, estate, trust, or common trust fund does not make the 
election. The election, if made, for an estate or trust must be made by 
the fiduciary of that estate or trust.
    (4) Time and manner for making the election--(i) Individuals, 
estates, and trusts--(A) General rule. Except as otherwise provided in 
this paragraph, in order for an election under paragraph (g) of this 
section by an individual, estate, or trust (other than a CRT) with 
respect to a CFC or QEF to be effective, the election must be made no 
later than the first taxable year beginning after December 31, 2013, 
during which the individual, estate, or trust--
    (1) Includes an amount in gross income for chapter 1 purposes under 
section 951(a) or section 1293(a) with respect to the CFC or QEF; and
    (2) Is subject to tax under section 1411 or would be subject to tax 
under section 1411 if the election were made with respect to the stock 
of the CFC or QEF.
    (B) Special rule for charitable remainder trusts (CRTs). Except as 
otherwise provided in this paragraph, in order for an election under 
paragraph (g) of this section by a CRT with respect to a CFC or QEF to 
be effective, the election must be made no later than the first taxable 
year beginning after December 31, 2013, during which the CRT includes 
an amount in gross income for chapter 1 purposes under section 951(a) 
or section 1293(a) with respect to the CFC or QEF.
    (ii) Certain domestic passthrough entities. Except as otherwise 
provided in this paragraph, in order for an election under paragraph 
(g) of this section by a domestic partnership, S corporation, or common 
trust fund with respect to a CFC or a QEF to be effective, the election 
must be made no later than the first taxable year beginning after 
December 31, 2013, during which the domestic partnership S corporation, 
or common trust fund--
    (A) Includes an amount in gross income for chapter 1 purposes under 
section 951(a) or section 1293(a) with respect to the CFC or QEF; and
    (B) Has a direct or indirect owner that is subject to tax under 
section 1411 or would be subject to tax under section 1411 if the 
election were made.
    (iii) Taxable years that begin before January 1, 2014--(A) 
Individuals, estates, or trusts. An individual, estate, or trust may 
make an election under paragraph (g) of this section for a taxable year 
that begins before January 1, 2014.
    (B) Certain domestic passthrough entities. A domestic partnership, 
S corporation, or common trust fund may make an election under 
paragraph (g) of this section for a taxable year that begins before 
January 1, 2014, provided that all of its partners, shareholders, or 
participants, as the case may be, consent to the election. In the case 
of a partner, shareholder, or participant that is a partnership, S 
corporation, or common trust fund, all of the partners, shareholders, 
and participants also must consent to the election.
    (iv) Time for making election. In all cases, the election under 
paragraph (g) of this section must be made in the manner prescribed by 
forms, instructions, or in other guidance on the individual's, 
estate's, trust's, domestic partnership's, S corporation's, or common 
trust fund's original or amended return for the taxable year for which 
the election is made. An election can be made on an amended return only 
if the taxable year for which the election is made, and all taxable 
years that are affected by the election, are not closed by the period 
of limitations on assessments under section 6501. An individual, 
estate, trust, domestic partnership, S corporation, or common trust 
fund may not seek an extension of time to make the election under any 
other provision of the law, including Sec.  301.9100 of this chapter.
    (h) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this 
section. In each example, unless otherwise indicated, the individuals, 
the foreign corporation (FC), the QEF (QEF), and the partnership (PRS) 
use a calendar taxable year. Further, the gross income or gain with 
respect to an interest in FC is not derived in a trade or business 
described in Sec.  1.1411-5.

    Example 1.  (i) Facts. A, a United States citizen, is the sole 
shareholder of FC, a controlled foreign corporation (within the 
meaning of section 957). A is a United States shareholder (within 
the meaning of section 951(b)) with respect to FC. In 2012, A 
includes $40,000 in gross income for chapter 1 purposes under 
section 951(a)(1)(A) with respect to FC. On December 31, 2012, A's 
basis in the stock of FC for chapter 1 purposes is $500,000, which 
includes an increase to basis under section 961(a) of $40,000. The 
amount of FC's earnings and profits that are described in section 
959(c)(2) is $40,000, the amount of FC's earnings and profits that 
are described in section 959(c)(3) is $20,000, and FC does not have 
any earnings and profits that are described in section 959(c)(1). No 
election is made under paragraph (g) of this section. During 2013, A 
does not include any amounts in income under section 951(a) with 
respect to FC, A does not receive any distributions from FC, and 
there is no change in the amount of FC's earnings and profits. In 
2014, A includes $10,000 in gross income for chapter 1 purposes 
under section 951(a)(1)(A) with respect to FC. As a result, A's 
basis in the stock of FC for chapter 1 purposes increases by $10,000 
to $510,000 pursuant to section 961(a). During 2015, FC distributes 
$30,000 to A, which is not treated as a dividend for purposes of 
chapter 1 under section 959(d). As a result, A's basis in the stock 
of FC for chapter 1 purposes is decreased by $30,000 to $480,000 
pursuant to section 961(b).
    (ii) Results for section 1411 purposes. In 2014, A does not 
include the $10,000 section 951(a) income inclusion in A's net 
investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(i). Pursuant to paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section, A 
decreases A's modified adjusted gross income for section 1411 
purposes by $10,000 in 2014, and pursuant to paragraph (d)(1)(i) of 
this section, A's adjusted basis is not increased by $10,000 and 
remains at $500,000. In 2015, pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(i) of 
this section, A includes $10,000 of the distribution of previously 
taxed earnings and profits as a dividend for purposes of determining 
A's net investment income because $10,000 of the $30,000 
distribution is attributable to amounts that A included in gross 
income for chapter 1 purposes under section 951(a) in a tax year 
that began after December 31, 2012. Pursuant to paragraph (e)(1)(i) 
of this section, A increases A's modified adjusted gross income for 
section 1411 purposes by $10,000 in 2015. Under paragraph (d)(1)(i) 
of this section, A's adjusted basis is not decreased by the $10,000 
that is treated as a dividend for section 1411 purposes, and thus, 
A's adjusted basis in FC for section 1411 purposes is decreased 
under section 961 only by $20,000 to $480,000.
    Example 2.  (i) Facts. Same facts as Example 1. In addition, 
during 2016, A includes $15,000 in gross income for chapter 1 
purposes under section 951(a)(1)(A) with respect to FC. As a result, 
A's basis in the stock of FC for chapter 1 purposes increases by 
$15,000 to $495,000 pursuant to section 961(a). During 2017, A sells 
all of A's shares of FC for $550,000 and, prior to the application 
of section 1248, recognizes $55,000 ($550,000 minus $495,000) of 
long-term capital gain for chapter 1 purposes. For purposes of 
calculating the amount included in income as a dividend pursuant to 
section 1248(a) for chapter 1 purposes, the earnings and profits of 
FC attributable to A's shares in FC which were accumulated after 
December 31,1962 and during the period which A held the stock while 
FC was a controlled foreign corporation is $55,000, $35,000 of which 
is excluded pursuant to section 1248(d)(1). Therefore, after the 
application of section 1248, for chapter 1 purposes, upon the sale 
of the FC stock, A recognizes $35,000 of long-term capital gain and 
a $20,000 dividend.
    (ii) Results for section 1411 purposes. (A) In 2016, A does not 
include the $15,000 section 951(a)(1)(A) income inclusion in A's net 
investment income under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  
1411(c)(1)(A)(i). Pursuant to paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section, 
A decreases A's modified adjusted gross income for section 1411 
purposes by $15,000, and, pursuant to paragraph (d)(1)(i)

[[Page 72448]]

of this section, A's adjusted basis remains at $480,000.
    (B) During 2017, prior to the application of section 1248, A 
recognizes $70,000 ($550,000 minus $480,000) of gain for section 
1411 purposes. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(3) of this section, for 
section 1411 purposes, section 1248(a) applies to the gain on the 
sale of FC calculated for section 1411 purposes ($70,000) and 
section 1248(d)(1) does not apply, except with respect to the 
$20,000 of earnings and profits of FC that are attributable to 
amounts previously included in income for chapter 1 purposes under 
section 951 for a taxable year beginning before December 31, 2012. 
Accordingly, for purposes of calculating the amount of income 
includible as a dividend under section 1248(a), A has $55,000 of 
earnings and profits, $20,000 of which is excluded pursuant to 
section 1248(d)(1). Therefore, after the application of section 
1248, for section 1411 purposes A has $35,000 of long-term capital 
gain and a $35,000 dividend. For purposes of calculating net 
investment income in 2017, A includes $35,000 as a dividend under 
section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i) and $35,000 as 
a gain under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(iii).
    Example 3.  (i) Facts. Same facts as Example 2, except that A 
timely makes an election under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section 
for 2014 (and thus for all subsequent years).
    (ii) Results for section 1411 purposes. A does not have any 
adjustments to A's modified adjusted gross income for section 1411 
purposes for 2014, 2015, 2016 or 2017 because the election under 
paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section was timely made. Pursuant to 
paragraph (g)(2) of this section, for purposes of calculating A's 
net investment income in 2014, the $10,000 that A included in income 
for chapter 1 purposes under section 951(a) is net investment income 
for purposes of section 1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(i). A has no amount of net investment income with respect to 
FC in 2015. Pursuant to paragraph (g)(2) of this section, for 
purposes of calculating A's net investment income in 2016, the 
$15,000 that A included in income for chapter 1 purposes under 
section 951(a) is net investment income for purposes of section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i). For purposes of 
calculating A's net investment income in 2017, the amount of gain on 
the disposition of the FC shares is the same as the amount 
calculated for chapter 1 purposes. Applying section 1248, A includes 
$35,000 as a gain under section 1411(c)(1)(A)(iii) and Sec.  1.1411-
4(a)(1)(iii), and $20,000 as a dividend under section 
1411(c)(1)(A)(i) and Sec.  1.1411-4(a)(1)(i).
    Example 4. Domestic partnership holding QEF stock. (i) Facts. 
(A) C, a United States citizen, owns a 50% interest in PRS, a 
domestic partnership. D, a United States citizen, and E, a United 
States citizen, each own a 25% interest in PRS. All allocations of 
partnership income and losses are pro rata based on ownership 
interests. PRS owns an interest in QEF, a foreign corporation that 
is a passive foreign investment company (within the meaning of 
section 1297(a)). PRS, a United States person, made an election 
under section 1295 with respect to QEF applicable to the first year 
of its holding period in QEF. As of December 31, 2012, for chapter 1 
purposes, C's basis in his partnership interest is $100,000, D's 
basis in his partnership interest is $50,000, E's basis in his 
partnership interest is $50,000, and PRS's adjusted basis in its QEF 
stock is $80,000, which includes an increase in basis under section 
1293(d) of $40,000. As of December 31, 2012, the amount of QEF's 
earnings that have been included in income by PRS under section 
1293(a), but have not been distributed by QEF, is $40,000. PRS also 
has cash of $60,000 and domestic C corporation stock with an 
adjusted basis of $60,000. During 2013, PRS does not include any 
amounts in income under section 1293(a) with respect to QEF, PRS 
does not receive any distributions from QEF, and there are no 
adjustments to the basis of C, D, or E in their interests in PRS.
    (B) During 2014, PRS has income of $40,000 under section 1293(a) 
with respect to QEF and has no other partnership income. PRS does 
not make an election under paragraph (g) of this section.
    (C) During 2015, QEF distributes $60,000 to PRS. PRS has no 
income for the year.
    (ii) Results for 2014. (A) For chapter 1 purposes, as a result 
of the $40,000 income inclusion under section 1293(a), PRS's basis 
in its QEF stock is increased by $40,000 under section 1293(d)(1) to 
$120,000. Under Sec.  1.1293-1(c)(1) and section 702, C's, D's, and 
E's distributive shares of the section 1293(a) income inclusion are 
$20,000, $10,000, and $10,000, respectively. Under section 
705(a)(1)(A), C increases his adjusted basis in his partnership 
interest by $20,000 to $120,000, and D and E each increase his 
adjusted basis in his partnership interest by $10,000 to $60,000.
    (B) For section 1411 purposes, pursuant to paragraph (d)(1)(ii) 
of this section, PRS's basis in QEF is not increased by the $40,000 
income inclusion (it remains at $80,000). Because PRS did not make 
an election under paragraph (g) of this section, C, D and E do not 
have net investment income with respect to the income inclusion, and 
pursuant to paragraph (d)(2) of this section, they do not increase 
their adjusted bases in their interests in PRS (each remains at 
$50,000). Pursuant to paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section, C 
reduces his modified adjusted gross income by $20,000, and D and E 
each reduce their modified adjusted gross income by $10,000.
    (iii) Results for 2015. (A) For chapter 1 purposes, the 
distribution of $60,000 from QEF to PRS is not a dividend under 
section 1293(c), and PRS decreases its basis in QEF by $60,000 under 
section 1293(d)(2) to $60,000.
    (B) Pursuant to paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, $40,000 of 
the distribution is a dividend for section 1411 purposes because PRS 
included $40,000 in gross income for chapter 1 purposes under 
section 1293(a) in a tax year that began after December 31, 2012. 
For section 1411 purposes, pursuant to paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this 
section, section 1293(d) will not apply to reduce PRS's basis in QEF 
to the extent of the $40,000 of the distribution that is treated as 
a dividend under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. Thus, PRS's 
basis in QEF is decreased only by $20,000 for purposes of section 
1411 and is $60,000. The $40,000 distribution of previously taxed 
earnings and profits that is treated as a dividend for section 1411 
purposes is allocated $20,000 to C, $10,000 to D, and $10,000 to E. 
Because PRS did not make an election under paragraph (g) of this 
section, pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, C has 
$20,000 of net investment income, and D and E each has $10,000 of 
net investment income as a result of the distribution by QEF, and 
pursuant to paragraph (d)(2) of this section, C increases his 
adjusted basis in PRS by $20,000 to $120,000, and D and E each 
increases his adjusted basis in PRS by $10,000 to $60,000. Pursuant 
to paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section, C increases his modified 
adjusted gross income by $20,000, and D and E each increases his 
modified adjusted gross income by $10,000.
    Example 5. Sale of partnership interest. (i) Facts. Same facts 
as Example 4. In addition, in 2016, D sells his entire interest in 
PRS to F for $100,000.
    (ii) Results for 2016. For chapter 1 purposes, D has a gain of 
$40,000 ($100,000 minus $60,000). For section 1411 purposes, D has a 
gain of $40,000 ($100,000 minus $60,000), and thus, has net 
investment income of $40,000. No adjustments to modified adjusted 
gross income are necessary under paragraph (e) of this section.
    Example 6. Domestic partnership's sale of QEF stock. (i) Facts. 
Same facts as Example 4. In addition, in 2016 PRS has income of 
$60,000 under section 1293(a) with respect to QEF, and in 2017, PRS 
sells its entire interest in QEF for $170,000.
    (ii) Results for 2016. (A) For chapter 1 purposes, as a result 
of the $60,000 income inclusion under section 1293(a), PRS's basis 
in its QEF stock is increased by $60,000 under section 1293(d)(1) to 
$120,000. Under Sec.  1.1293-1(c)(1) and section 702, C's, D's, and 
E's distributive shares of the section 1293(a) income inclusion are 
$30,000, $15,000, and $15,000 respectively. Under section 
705(a)(1)(A), C increases his adjusted basis in his partnership 
interest by $30,000 to $150,000, and D and E each increases his 
adjusted basis in his partnership interest by $15,000 to $75,000.
    (B) For section 1411 purposes, pursuant to paragraph (d)(1)(ii) 
of this section, PRS's basis in QEF is not increased by the $60,000 
income inclusion (it remains at $60,000). Because PRS did not make 
an election under paragraph (g) of this section, C, D and E do not 
have net investment income with respect to the income inclusion, and 
pursuant to paragraph (d)(2) of this section, they do not increase 
their adjusted bases in their interests in PRS (C remains at 
$120,000, and D and E each remain at $60,000). Pursuant to paragraph 
(e)(1)(ii) of this section, C reduces his modified adjusted gross 
income by $30,000, and D and E each reduce their modified adjusted 
gross income by $15,000.
    (iii) Results for 2017. (A) For chapter 1 purposes, PRS has a 
gain of $50,000 ($170,000 minus $120,000), which is allocated 50% 
($25,000) to C, 25% ($12,500) to D, and 25% ($12,500) to E.

[[Page 72449]]

    (B) Based on PRS's basis in the stock of QEF for section 1411 
purposes, PRS has a gain for section 1411 purposes of $110,000 
($170,000 minus $60,000), which in the absence of an election by PRS 
under paragraph (g) of this section, results in gain of $55,000 to 
C, $27,500 to D, and $27,500 to E. Therefore, C has net investment 
income of $55,000, and D and E each have net investment income of 
$27,500. Pursuant to paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section, C 
increases his modified adjusted gross income by $30,000, and D and E 
each increase their modified adjusted gross income by $15,000.

    (i) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable 
years beginning after December 31, 2013. However, taxpayers may apply 
this section to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, in 
accordance with Sec.  1.1411-1(f).

PART 602--OMB CONTROL NUMBERS UNDER THE PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT

0
Par. 6. The authority citation for part 602 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805***

0
Par. 7. In Sec.  602.101, paragraph (b) is amended by adding the 
following entry to the table in numerical order to read as follows:


Sec.  602.101  OMB Control numbers.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Current OMB
   CFR Part or section where identified and described       control No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                * * * * *
1.1411-10(g)............................................       1545-2227
 
                                * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------


John Dalrymple,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
    Approved: November 14, 2013.
Mark J. Mazur,
 Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2013-28410 Filed 11-26-13; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P