Special Regulation; Areas of the National Park System, National Capital Region, Demonstrations and Special Events, 14673-14681 [2013-05249]
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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 45 / Thursday, March 7, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
prosecution. It is impossible to
determine in advance what information
collected during an investigation will be
important or crucial to the investigation
and the apprehension of fugitives. In the
interests of effective law enforcement, it
is necessary to retain such information
in this system of records because it can
aid in establishing patterns of criminal
activity and can provide valuable leads
for federal and other law enforcement
agencies. This consideration applies
equally to information acquired from, or
collated or analyzed for, both law
enforcement agencies and agencies of
the U.S. foreign intelligence community
and military community.
(7) From subsection (e)(2) because in
a criminal investigation, prosecution, or
proceeding, the requirement that
information be collected to the greatest
extent practicable from the subject
individual would present a serious
impediment to law enforcement because
the subject of the investigation,
prosecution, or proceeding would be
placed on notice as to the existence and
nature of the investigation, prosecution,
and proceeding and would therefore be
able to avoid detection or apprehension,
to influence witnesses improperly, to
destroy evidence, or to fabricate
testimony. Moreover, thorough and
effective investigation and prosecution
may require seeking information from a
number of different sources.
(8) From subsection (e)(3) because the
requirement that individuals supplying
information be provided a form stating
the requirements of subsection (e)(3)
would constitute a serious impediment
to criminal law enforcement in that it
could compromise the existence of a
confidential investigation or reveal the
identity of witnesses or confidential
informants and endanger their lives,
health, and physical safety. The
individual could seriously interfere
with undercover investigative
techniques and could take appropriate
steps to evade the investigation or flee
a specific area.
(9) From subsections (e)(4)(G) and (H)
because this system is exempt from the
access provisions of subsection (d)
pursuant to subsections (j) and (k) of the
Privacy Act, and from subsection
(e)(4)(I) to preclude any claims that the
Department must provide more detail
regarding the record sources for this
system than the Department publishes
in the system of records notice for this
system. Exemption from providing any
additional details about sources is
necessary to preserve the security of
sensitive law enforcement and
intelligence information and to protect
the privacy and safety of witnesses and
informants and others who provide
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information to the DEA; and further,
greater specificity of properly classified
records could compromise national
security.
(10) From subsection (e)(5) because
the acquisition, collation, and analysis
of information for criminal law
enforcement purposes from various
agencies does not permit a
determination in advance or a
prediction of what information will be
matched with other information and
thus whether it is accurate, relevant,
timely, and complete. With the passage
of time, seemingly irrelevant or
untimely information may acquire new
significance as further investigation
brings new details to light and the
accuracy of such information can often
only be determined in a court of law.
The restrictions imposed by subsection
(e)(5) would restrict the ability of
trained investigators, intelligence
analysts, and government attorneys to
exercise their judgment in collating and
analyzing information and would
impede the development of criminal or
other intelligence necessary for effective
law enforcement.
(11) From subsection (e)(8) because
the individual notice requirements of
subsection (e)(8) could present a serious
impediment to criminal law
enforcement by revealing investigative
techniques, procedures, evidence, or
interest, and by interfering with the
ability to issue warrants or subpoenas;
could give persons sufficient warning to
evade investigative efforts; and would
pose an impossible administrative
burden on the maintenance of these
records and the conduct of the
underlying investigations.
(12) From subsections (f) and (g)
because these subsections are
inapplicable to the extent that the
system is exempt from other specific
subsections of the Privacy Act.
(13) From subsection (h) when
application of this provision could
impede or compromise an ongoing
criminal investigation, interfere with a
law enforcement activity, reveal an
investigatory technique or confidential
source, invade the privacy of a person
who provides information for an
investigation, or endanger law
enforcement personnel.
Dated: February 28, 2013.
Joo Y. Chung,
Acting Chief Privacy and Civil Liberties
Officer, United States Department of Justice.
[FR Doc. 2013–05146 Filed 3–6–13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410–09–P
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14673
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
National Park Service
36 CFR Part 7
[NPS–NCR–10414] [PPNCNAMA00,
PPMPSPD1Z.YM0000]
RIN 1024–AD89
Special Regulation; Areas of the
National Park System, National Capital
Region, Demonstrations and Special
Events
National Park Service, Interior.
Final rule.
AGENCY:
ACTION:
SUMMARY: We, the National Park
Service, are amending the regulations
on demonstrations and special events
for the National Capital Region. This
rule revises the definition of
‘‘demonstration,’’ lifts the prior
regulatory ban on soliciting money or
funds but requires a permit for the inperson solicitation of money or funds on
Federal park land, and revises an
introductory sentence prohibiting
demonstrations or special events in
designated memorial areas. This rule
also changes the name of the permit
office to the Division of Permits
Management.
DATES: Effective Date: April 8, 2013.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Marisa Richardson, Acting Chief,
Division of Permits Management, 900
Ohio Drive SW., Washington, DC 20024,
Telephone: 202–245–4715.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Introduction and Background
We published a proposed rule in the
Federal Register on January 3, 2011 (76
FR 57) and provided a 60-day period for
public review and comment that closed
on March 4, 2011. In this rule we
proposed to:
• Revise the definition of
‘‘demonstration’’ at 36 CFR 7.96(g)(1)(i)
by replacing the phrase ‘‘intent or
propensity’’ with the phrase
‘‘reasonably likely.’’ This change was
based upon the court’s decision in
Boardley v. U.S. Department of the
Interior, 605 F. Supp. 2d 8 (D.D.C.
2009), holding that the prior phrase
granted overly broad discretion to NPS
personnel in the permit process, which
may result in an impermissible
regulation of speech protected by the
First Amendment.
• Amend 36 CFR 7.96(h) to allow
solicitation of gifts, money, goods, or
services funds as part of a permit issued
for a demonstration or special event, to
be consistent with the United States
Court of Appeals for the District of
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Columbia decision in ISKCON of
Potomac v. Kennedy, 61 F.3d 949 (DC
Cir. 1995).
• Amend the introductory sentence to
36 CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii) to more clearly
indicate that demonstrations or special
events are not allowed in certain
designated memorial areas.
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Analysis of Comments
We received a total of 12 timely
written comments on the proposed rule.
Six comments came from individuals
associated with Stanford Law School;
five comments came from members of
the general public; and one comment
came from the American Civil Liberties
Union (ACLU) of the National Capital
Area. We have reviewed the comments
and decided to publish the proposed
regulation as a final regulation with one
change.
In response to comments, we are
revising the final rule to center more
narrowly on in-person solicitation for
money or funds for donation on Federal
park lands as part of a permit issued for
a demonstration or special event.
Besides reaffirming the explanations
found in our earlier rulemaking, we
offer the following responses to the
various issues raised by the comments.
Revised Definition of Demonstration—
36 CFR 7.96(g)(1)
As detailed in the proposed rule, the
revised definition of demonstration at
36 CFR 7.96(g)(1)(i) eliminates the term
‘‘intent or propensity’’ and replaces it
with the term ‘‘reasonably likely.’’ In
Boardley, the District Court commented
that this part of the current regulatory
definition could raise problems, because
it allowed NPS officials to restrict
speech based on their determination
that a person intended to draw a crowd
with his or her conduct. The Court
reasoned that this determination could
rest on impermissible grounds, such as
an official’s perception that certain
expression is controversial or
inappropriate, which would be a
content-based decision and therefore
impermissible under the First
Amendment. This portion of the District
Court’s decision was not appealed.
While we have not applied the
regulation in such an impermissible
manner and have since issued a
clarifying memorandum to preclude
such a determination, this revised
definition of ‘‘demonstration’’ will
minimize the possibility of a decision
being based on impermissible grounds.
Some comments focused on our
revised narrowed definition of a
demonstration. Two comments favored
the change, noting that it would
encourage, among other things, greater
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transparency and consistency within the
NPS. The ACLU also supported the
definitional change, finding it to be
more objective and not lending itself to
a subjective, and perhaps biased,
judgment.
Other commenters expressed concern
that the narrowed definition was still
insufficient, believing that it contained
an impermissible content-based
regulation of speech. These comments
stated that park personnel may be likely
to refer to the content of speech when
determining whether conduct is
‘‘reasonably likely’’ to draw a crowd. As
a remedy, some commenters suggested
that the definition use the term ‘‘has the
effect or express intent of drawing a
crowd,’’ while others suggested
including a mandate that directs park
officials not to consider the content of
speech when determining whether a
permit is required.
We believe that our narrowed
definition addresses the District Court’s
concerns in Boardley, and is designed to
be applied by park personnel in an
objective, fair, and even-handed
manner, regardless of the identity or
cause of demonstrators. We believe that
the use of the ‘‘reasonably likely’’
standard ensures the necessary
objectivity in the regulatory process,
while negating the possibility of a
permit being granted or rejected on
impermissible grounds. In addition, we
consider the ‘‘reasonably likely’’
standard to be easily and consistently
understood, thus preventing us from
regulating First Amendment activities
more than necessary to further our
legitimate interests.
We also expect that park officials will
continue to comply with NPS policies
that already specifically prohibit
impermissible content-based
discrimination of First Amendment
activities. See NPS Management Policies
§ 8.6.3 (2006) (‘‘No group wishing to
assemble lawfully may be discriminated
against or denied the right of assembly
provided that all permit conditions are
met’’); NPS Director’s Order 53 § 9.1
(2010) (‘‘Note that it is the conduct
associated with the exercise of these
[First Amendment] rights that is
regulated, and never the content of the
message.’’); NPS RM–53 Appendix 3,
Page A3–1 (April 2000) (‘‘It should be
noted that it is the conduct associated
with the exercise of these [First
Amendment] rights that is regulated,
and never the content of the message’’)
(emphasis in original).
Finally, one commenter expressed
concerns that the ‘‘casual park use’’
exclusion found in the definition was
vague and may not include a visitor
who merely had ‘‘a strange haircut’’ or
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wore ‘‘a controversial T-shirt.’’ We
believe that the ‘‘casual park use’’
exclusion is not vague, is well
understood, and would not result in
discrimination. As we earlier explained
in our rulemaking for the same
demonstration definition found in 36
CFR 2.51(a):
Application of the NPS’s narrowed definition
of a demonstration thus excludes visitors
who merely have tattoos or are wearing
baseball caps, T-shirts, or other articles of
clothing that convey a message; or visitors
whose vehicles merely display bumper
stickers. By limiting the definition of what
constitutes a demonstration, and by
explicitly excluding casual park use by
visitors or tourists which is not reasonably
likely to attract a crowd or onlookers * * *
the NPS believes that the rule comports with
the First Amendment and is narrowly
tailored to serve significant government
interests.
75 FR 64150 October 19, 2010.
Revised Solicitation Regulation—36
CFR 7.96(h)
The proposed regulation would have
allowed in-person soliciting or
demanding of gifts, money, goods, or
services, if it occurs as part of a permit
issued for a demonstration or special
event. The proposed regulation also
provided that persons permitted to
solicit must not give false or misleading
information regarding their purposes or
affiliations or give false or misleading
information regarding whether any item
is available without donation.
No commenters objected to the
regulation’s prohibition of giving false
or misleading information regarding a
solicitor’s purposes or affiliations or
giving false or misleading information
regarding whether any item is available
without donation. However, three
comments expressed concerns with the
permit requirement. After review, we
have narrowed the text of the final
solicitation regulation so that it clearly
centers on prohibiting the ‘‘in-person
soliciting or demanding of money or
funds for contemporaneous donation on
Federal park land * * * unless it occurs
as part of a permit issued for a
demonstration or special event.’’ We
believe that this revised and narrowed
regulation, which centers on in-person
solicitation of money or funds for
donations on Federal park land as part
of a permit issued for a demonstration
or special event, is not a content-based
regulation of speech.
By focusing on in-person solicitation
for the receipt of money or funds on
Federal park land, we believe that we
have a narrowly tailored regulation of
conduct that is not broader than
necessary, and that addresses the risks
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and problems caused by the in-person
request for the receipt of money or
funds on Federal park land. We believe
that this type of solicitation creates
well-recognized risks and problems that
other NPS regulations do not address,
including fraud and duress,
questionable solicitation practices
including the targeting of vulnerable
and easily coerced persons, and even
outright theft. We also believe that
requiring a permit will help ensure that
unregulated solicitation activities that
have the potential to be disruptive and
intrusive will not interfere with other
visitors’ enjoyment of the park. Our
narrowly focused final solicitation
regulation thus centers on in-person
soliciting or demanding of money or
funds for receipt on Federal park land
as part of a permit issued for a
demonstration or special event,
described in the prefatory statement as
‘‘in-person solicitation for immediate
funds’’ (76 FR 57, January 3, 2011).
Courts have recognized the risks and
problems posed by in-person
solicitation for funds.
The term ‘‘funds’’ includes monetary
funds obtained through the use of credit
cards or other electronic payment
methods. One commenter suggested that
an immediate credit card or electronic
commitment of funds should be allowed
for later processing. We have not
accepted that suggestion, however,
because these kinds of solicitations pose
an even greater risk of later theft and
fraud than an in-person, immediate
exchange of funds. The Federal Trade
Commission states that credit and
charge card fraud costs cardholders and
issuers hundreds of millions of dollars
each year, and can occur when an
unauthorized person uses another
person’s card number.
This rule prohibits in-person
solicitation for immediate funds on
Federal park land; it does not prohibit
other forms of communication that
allow the person to obtain the funds
later off park land, such as soliciting
funds that would be sent at a later time
by mail or through the internet, or
distributing literature describing where
funds could be sent. The rule does not
address persons seeking signatures for
petitions or donations for food or
clothing drives; these activities can be
addressed under the Park Service
demonstration or special event
regulations.
One commenter stated that the
solicitation regulation would encourage
an impermissible content-based
regulation of speech because
solicitation, itself, is the form of
expression being regulated. We disagree,
because we believe that the narrowed
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regulation is consistent with the Court
of Appeal’s decision in ISKCON, which
found that the earlier NPS solicitation
regulation’s focus on the in-person
solicitation of donations on Federal park
land was not content based. The Court
found that the earlier regulation did not
prohibit any particular expression or
message based on content but merely
regulated the manner in which the
message is conveyed, although the
earlier NPS solicitation prohibition
failed because it was not ‘‘narrowly
tailored.’’ ISKCON, 61 F.3d at 955–956.
We believe that this new and revised
final solicitation regulation is narrowly
tailored because this rule focuses on
persons who seek to engage in the inperson solicitation for the receipt of
money or funds on Federal park land
and does not include goods or services
as originally proposed. We believe that
it is not broader than necessary to
address the particular problems and
risks posed by such in-person
solicitation and does not ‘‘sweep in’’
expressive activities that do not
contribute to those problems. ‘‘A
narrowly tailored permitting scheme—
one that reasonably identifies particular
expressive conduct for which a permit
is required—is an entirely appropriate
tool.’’ Community For Creative NonViolence v. Turner, 893 F.2d 1387, 1393
(D.C. Cir. 1990).
This NPS solicitation regulation
requires that in-person solicitation for
funds on Federal park land may only
occur under a permit that designates
well-defined areas for the activity. The
rule is thus fully consistent with the
Court of Appeals decision in ISKCON.
The Court of Appeals observed that a
future NPS solicitation regulation could
require a permit, so ‘‘[t]he effects of
solicitation will be confined to the
permit area, and those who wish to
escape them may simply steer clear of
the authorized demonstration or special
event.’’ 61 F.3d at 956. The Court of
Appeals in ISKCON also made clear that
its ‘‘holding allows only those
individuals or groups participating in an
authorized demonstration or special
event to solicit donations in the
confines of a restricted permit area .
* * * It does not require the Park
Service to let rampant panhandling go
unchecked.’’ Id.
The NPS solicitation regulation
controls the in-person solicitation for
funds on Federal park land; it does not
regulate sales. An attempt to sell items
or offer items for sale, whether directly
or by the use of deceit, is still governed
by the NPS sales regulation at 36 CFR
7.96(k), which limits items to be sold to
books, newspapers, leaflets, pamphlets,
buttons, and bumper stickers. As we
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14675
explained in the prefatory statement to
the sales regulation, at 60 FR 17648
(April 7, 1995), ‘‘restricted merchandise
cannot be ‘given away’ and a ‘donation
accepted’ or one item ‘given away’ in
return for the purchase of another item;
such transactions amount to sales.’’
The ACLU supported our amendment
of the solicitation regulation ‘‘to provide
that donations or contributions may be
solicited within an area that is covered
by a permit for a demonstration or a
special event.’’ Earlier the ACLU had
asked, and our National Capital Region
confirmed, that buskers may, consistent
with NPS regulations, be able to
conduct their activities by obtaining a
demonstration or a special event permit.
(The ACLU defined buskers as
‘‘individuals who play music or
entertain in public parks, streets and
other places and seek voluntary
contributions.’’)
Focusing on buskers, however, the
ACLU expressed concern about the
proposed regulatory requirement for a
permit if the activity involves a group of
less than 25 people who would
otherwise qualify under the existing
‘‘small group exception’’ for
demonstrations at 36 CFR 7.96 (g)(2)(i).
Using the example of a lone person who
plays his guitar and asks for donations,
the ACLU thought that requiring a
permit for a single individual busker
was an ‘‘unnecessary burden’’ on First
Amendment rights. Instead, the ACLU
suggested that we modify the regulation
such that either (1) no permit is needed
for a single busker who solicits
donations or contributions with his or
her performance, or (2) the regulation
would authorize a U.S. Park Police
officer to issue an on-the-spot permit,
after checking with the permit office to
be sure that the busker’s location does
not conflict with any existing permit.
We have carefully considered the
ACLU’s views on this matter and its two
suggested modifications, but we believe
that requiring a permit when an inperson solicitation of funds occurs is
warranted. For the reasons stated
herein, we believe that the solicitation
regulation is not an unnecessary burden
on First Amendment rights but rather is
a proper time, place, and manner
restriction. Moreover, we believe that it
is not appropriate to require or ask U.S.
Park Police officers to issue an ‘‘on the
spot’’ permit when a lone busker is
engaged in in-person solicitation for
immediate funds.
The NPS regulatory ‘‘small group
exception’’ has applied only to
demonstrations, and was the product of
rulemaking after discussions with the
ACLU as detailed at 45 FR 29858 (May
6, 1980) and 46 FR 55959 (November 13,
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1981). Whether a busker’s activity
qualifies as a demonstration or is
characterized as a special event will
ultimately depend on the facts of the
activity; special events have always
required a permit, while most ‘‘small
group’’ demonstrations do not require a
permit under 36 CFR 7.96(g)(2)(i).
Regardless of whether the activity
qualifies as a demonstration or is
characterized as a special event, we
believe that the risks and potential
problems posed by the in-person
solicitation for funds justify and support
a permit requirement for solicitation.
Moreover, we believe that the
problems and risks of in-person
solicitation for funds on Federal park
land occur regardless of whether the
number of persons engaged in the
solicitation activity is one, 24, 26, or
1,000, or whether the person is or is not
a busker. As one busker readily
acknowledged, busking for cash does
create the risk of theft. He also wrote
that buskers may need to move around
to multiple locations, given that there
may be busker competition at ‘‘popular,
centralized areas where the crowds
gather’’; that one needs to ‘‘[m]ake sure
your audience knows you’re looking for
cash’’; and that one needs to ‘‘[w]atch
for thieves.’’ Jacob Bear ‘‘Making the
Scene: Busking Can Pay for Travel in
Europe,’’ Transitions Abroad Magazine
(March/April 2004).
Accordingly, we believe that it is the
solicitation for funds that generates risks
and potential problems, rather than the
size of the group involved in such
activities. Similar risks and problems
exist when 24 people together engage
in-person solicitation for funds, when
compared to 24 people who separately
engage in such solicitation activities. By
requiring a permit for all who engage in
the in-person solicitation for funds
regardless of the number of participants,
we are able to minimize the risks and
problems of theft, fraud, and duress.
Requiring a permit protects both the
public and the permit holder. If a visitor
complains that theft, fraud, or duress
occurred, the U.S. Park Police will be
able to investigate the incident because
they will know the identity of, and
contact information for, the permit
holder. Knowing where and when inperson solicitation is authorized under
permit also allows the U.S. Park Police
to monitor and protect the permit holder
from theft, as well as to ensure public
safety, the orderly movement of park
visitors, and the avoidance of conflicts
among permit holders.
Accordingly, we believe that the
problems and risks posed by in-person
solicitation of funds on Federal park
land by individuals and groups under
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25 in number should require a permit.
If a permit was not required, then
people engaged in in-person solicitation
for funds on Federal park land could
simply follow the park visitor,
preventing the visitor from avoiding
them, a result that the Court of Appeals
in ISKCON specifically rejected.
The ACLU’s other suggestion is to
authorize U.S. Park Police officers to
issue on-site written permits for
buskers. After review, we believe this
approach is not workable, since it
exceeds the expertise and proper role of
law enforcement officers and is
inconsistent with our centralized
regulatory process, whereby a staff park
ranger reviews applications and
coordinates permit issuance. The ACLU
suggestion would be impractical
because it would rely on a U.S. Park
Police officer who encounters a busker
to successfully do all of the following:
• Recognize and assess the situation;
• Obtain on-site information as to
who, where, and when they want to
engage in their activities;
• Know where and when other First
Amendment or other activities have
been permitted; and
• Decide whether to issue a written
permit based upon the NPS regulations.
U.S. Park Police officers are limited in
number and their activities are focused
on performing a wide array of law
enforcement functions in extensive
areas that constitute Federal park land
within the National Capital Region. In
the District of Columbia, these park
areas include the National Mall,
Lafayette Park, DuPont Circle, and Rock
Creek Park, as well as scores of large
and small park areas located throughout
the city. The National Mall alone covers
approximately 684 acres and receives
approximately 22 million visits per
year. It is therefore unrealistic to expect
that officers could regularly chance
upon people engaged in solicitation
activity and issue them a permit.
We also believe that the ACLU
suggestion runs counter to our
centralized permit system, where
applications are submitted to the permit
office in advance of any proposed
demonstration or special event and
under which only the NPS Regional
Director or, in certain circumstances, a
supervisory U.S. Park Police officer may
revoke a permit. To have U.S. Park
Police officers issue ‘‘on-site permits’’
deviates from a generally successful
NPS regulatory permit process. The
current permit process relies upon a
limited number of park rangers who are
trained and knowledgeable about NPS
regulations and who:
• Evaluate the application:
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• Review other pending or issued
permits;
• Consult with other park officials;
• Determine whether a permit should
be issued; and
• If a permit is issued, determine the
appropriate permit conditions.
Finally, two other comments cited the
Court of Appeals decision in Boardley v.
Department of the Interior, 615 F.3d 508
(D.C. Cir. 2010), and contended that
requiring a permit for small groups who
engage in the in-person solicitation for
immediate funds is an unnecessary
burden on First Amendment rights. We
respectfully disagree and believe that
problems and risks posed by in-person
solicitation for funds on Federal park
land justify a permit requirement
because they differ from the likely
effects of small group demonstrations
that do not involve solicitation
activities. We further believe that the
problems and risks posed by
solicitations were recognized by the
Court of Appeals in ISKCON when it
concluded that we may regulate
solicitation of funds through a permit
system. The basis for our solicitation
regulation is also significantly different
than what the Court of Appeals
considered in Boardley. By focusing on
the problems and risks posed by inperson solicitation for funds on park
land, we believe that the solicitation
regulation is narrowly tailored, no
broader than necessary, and does not
sweep into expressive activities that
don’t contribute to these problems and
risks.
Revised Introductory Sentence—36
CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii)
The ACLU submitted the only
comment regarding our proposed
amendment of the introductory sentence
to 36 CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii), which was
intended to more clearly indicate that
demonstrations or special events are not
allowed in restricted areas of designated
memorials. It has been our longstanding
reading of our regulations that
demonstrations and special events,
whether under permit or not, are not
allowed in the restricted areas identified
at 36 CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii). This was a
natural reading that was recently
accepted by the Court of Appeals in
Oberwetter v. Hilliard, 639 F.3d 545,
551 (D.C. Cir. 2011). The ACLU
comment also concluded that this was
their understanding of our regulations,
but that they ‘‘are not opposed to greater
clarity.’’ This revision provides greater
clarity that demonstrations and special
events, either with or without a permit,
are not allowed in restricted areas of
designated memorials.
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Change of Name—Permit Office
Recently the name of the permit
office, which had been called the
‘‘Division of Park Programs,’’ was
administratively changed to the
‘‘Division of Permits Management.’’
While this name change was not
included in the proposed rule, the name
change at 36 CFR 7.96(g)(3) is an
internal administrative matter that has
no substantive implications and,
therefore, does not require public
review and comment.
Compliance With Other Laws and
Executive Orders
Regulatory Planning and Review
(Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)
Executive Order 12866 provides that
the Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs (OIRA) will review all significant
rules. The Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs has determined that
this rule is not significant.
Executive Order 13563 reaffirms the
principles of E.O. 12866 while calling
for improvements in the nation’s
regulatory system to promote
predictability, to reduce uncertainty,
and to use the best, most innovative,
and least burdensome tools for
achieving regulatory ends. The
executive order directs agencies to
consider regulatory approaches that
reduce burdens and maintain flexibility
and freedom of choice for the public
where these approaches are relevant,
feasible, and consistent with regulatory
objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes
further that regulations must be based
on the best available science and that
the rulemaking process must allow for
public participation and an open
exchange of ideas. We have developed
this rule in a manner consistent with
these requirements.
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Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
The rule will not have a significant
economic effect on a substantial number
of small entities under the RFA (5
U.S.C. 601 et seq.). The rule expands
opportunities for individuals and
organizations to solicit funds, associated
with a demonstration or special event
for which a permit has been issued.
Other organizations with interest in the
rule will not be effected economically.
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement
Fairness Act (SBREFA)
This rule is not a major rule under 5
U.S.C. 804(2), the SBREFA. This rule:
a. Does not have an annual effect on
the economy of $100 million or more.
b. Will not cause a major increase in
costs or prices for consumers,
individual industries, Federal, State, or
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local government agencies, or
geographic regions.
c. Does not have significant adverse
effects on competition, employment,
investment, productivity, innovation, or
the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to
compete with foreign-based enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
(UMRA)
This rule does not impose an
unfunded mandate on State, local, or
tribal governments or the private sector
of more than $100 million per year. The
rule does not have a significant or
unique effect on State, local, or tribal
governments or the private sector. A
statement containing the information
required by the UMRA, (2 U.S.C. 1531
et seq.) is not required.
Takings (Executive Order 12630
Under the criteria in section 2 of
Executive Order12630, this rule does
not have significant takings
implications. It pertains specifically to
operation and management of locations
within the NPS—National Capital
Region. A takings implication
assessment is not required.
14677
recognized Indian tribes and that
consultation under the Department’s
tribal consultation policy is not
required. The rule only applies to
management and operation of NPS areas
within the National Capital Region.
Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) has approved the information
collection requirements in this rule and
assigned control number 1024–0021
(expires 02/28/2014). We estimate the
burden associated with this information
collection to be 30 minutes. The
information collection activities are
necessary for the public to obtain
benefits in the form of special park use
permits. A Federal agency may not
conduct or sponsor, and a person is not
required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB Control Number.
National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA)
This rule complies with the
requirements of Executive Order 12988.
Specifically, this rule:
(a) Meets the criteria of section 3(a)
requiring that all regulations be
reviewed to eliminate errors and
ambiguity and be written to minimize
litigation; and
(b) Meets the criteria of section 3(b)(2)
requiring that all regulations be written
in clear language and contain clear legal
standards.
This rule does not constitute a major
Federal action significantly affecting the
quality of the human environment. A
detailed statement under the NEPA of
1969 is not required because the rule is
covered by a categorical exclusion. We
have determined that the rule is
categorically excluded under 516 DM
12.5 A (10), insofar as it is a
modification of existing NPS regulations
that does not increase public use to the
extent of compromising the nature and
character of the area or causing physical
damage to it. Further, the rule will not
result in the introduction of
incompatible uses which might
compromise the nature and
characteristics of the area or cause
physical damage to it. Finally, the rule
will not cause conflict with adjacent
ownerships or land uses, or cause a
nuisance to adjacent owners or
occupants. We have also determined
that the rule does not involve any of the
extraordinary circumstances listed in 43
CFR 46.215 that would require further
analysis under the NEPA.
Consultation With Indian tribes
(Executive Order 13175)
Effects on the Energy Supply (Executive
Order 13211)
The Department of the Interior strives
to strengthen its government-togovernment relationship with Indian
Tribes through a commitment to
consultation with Indian Tribes and
recognition of their right to selfgovernance and tribal sovereignty. We
have evaluated this rule under the
Department’s consultation policy and
under the criteria in Executive Order
13175 and have determined that it has
no substantial direct effects on federally
This rule is not a significant energy
action under the definition in Executive
Order 13211. A Statement of Energy
Effects is not required.
Federalism (Executive Order 13132)
Under the criteria in section 1 of
Executive Order 13132, the rule does
not have sufficient federalism
implications to warrant the preparation
of a Federalism summary impact
statement. A Federalism summary
impact statement is not required.
Civil Justice Reform (Executive Order
12988)
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List of Subjects in 36 CFR Part 7
District of Columbia, National Parks,
Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
In consideration of the foregoing, the
NPS amends 36 CFR Part 7 as set forth
below:
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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 45 / Thursday, March 7, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
§ 7.96
PART 7—SPECIAL REGULATIONS,
AREAS OF THE NATIONAL PARK
SYSTEM
1. The authority citation for part 7 is
continues to read as follows:
■
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1, 3, 9a, 462(k); Sec.
7.96 also issued under 36 U.S.C. 501–511, DC
Code 10–137 (2001) and DC Code 50–2201
(2001).
2. In § 7.96:
A. Revise paragraph (g)(1)(i);
B. Revise the heading and first two
sentences of paragraph (g)(3);
■ C. Revise the introductory text of
paragraph (g)(3)(ii);
■ D. Revise paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(D);
■ E. Add paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(E) and
maps;
■ F. Remove maps following paragraph
(g)(7); and
■ G. Revise paragraph (h).
The revisions and addition read as
follows:
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■
■
■
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National Capital Region.
*
*
*
*
*
(g) * * *
(1) * * *
(i) The term ‘‘demonstration’’
includes demonstrations, picketing,
speechmaking, marching, holding vigils
or religious services and all other like
forms of conduct that involve the
communication or expression of views
or grievances, engaged in by one or
more persons, the conduct of which is
reasonably likely to draw a crowd or
onlookers. This term does not include
casual park use by visitors or tourists
that is not reasonably likely to attract a
crowd or onlookers.
*
*
*
*
*
(3) Permit applications. Permit
applications may be obtained at the
Division of Permits Management,
National Mall and Memorial Parks, 900
Ohio Drive SW., Washington DC 20024.
Applicants shall submit permit
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applications in writing on a form
provided by the National Park Service
so as to be received by the Regional
Director at the Division of Permits
Management at least 48 hours in
advance of any proposed demonstration
or special event. * * *
*
*
*
*
*
(ii) Other park areas. Demonstrations
and special events are not allowed in
the following other park areas:
*
*
*
*
*
(D) The Vietnam Veterans Memorial,
except for official annual Memorial Day
and Veterans Day commemorative
ceremonies.
(E) Maps of the park areas designated
in this paragraph are as follows. The
darkened portions of the diagrams show
the areas where demonstrations or
special events are prohibited.
BILLING CODE 4312–EJ–P
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ER07MR13.005
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BILLING CODE 4312–EJ–C
*
*
*
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*
(h) Soliciting. (1) The in-person
soliciting or demanding of money or
*
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funds for donation on Federal park land
is prohibited, unless it occurs as part of
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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 45 / Thursday, March 7, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
a permit issued for a demonstration or
special event.
(2) Persons permitted to solicit must
not:
(i) Give false or misleading
information regarding their purposes or
affiliations;
(ii) Give false or misleading
information as to whether any item is
available without donation.
*
*
*
*
*
Dated: January 25, 2013.
Rachel Jacobson,
Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish
and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2013–05249 Filed 3–6–13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4312–EJ–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[EPA–R04–OAR–2012–0700; FRL–9788–6]
Approval and Promulgation of
Implementation Plans; Kentucky;
110(a)(1) and (2) Infrastructure
Requirements for the 2008 8-Hour
Ozone National Ambient Air Quality
Standards
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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AGENCY:
SUMMARY: EPA is taking final action to
approve in part, conditionally approve
in part, and disapprove in part, the July
17, 2012, State Implementation Plan
(SIP) submission provided by the
Commonwealth of Kentucky, through
the Division of Air Quality (DAQ) of the
Kentucky Energy and Environment
Cabinet. Kentucky DAQ submitted the
July 17, 2012, SIP submission as a
replacement to its original September 8,
2009, SIP submission. Specifically, this
final rulemaking pertains to the Clean
Air Act (CAA or Act) requirements for
the 2008 8-hour ozone national ambient
air quality standards (NAAQS)
infrastructure SIP. The CAA requires
that each state adopt and submit a SIP
for the implementation, maintenance,
and enforcement of each NAAQS
promulgated by EPA, which is
commonly referred to as an
‘‘infrastructure’’ SIP. Kentucky DAQ
made a SIP submission demonstrating
that the Kentucky SIP contains
provisions that ensure the 2008 8-hour
ozone NAAQS are implemented,
enforced, and maintained in the
Commonwealth (hereafter referred to as
‘‘infrastructure submission’’). EPA is
now taking final action on three related
actions on Kentucky DAQ’s
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infrastructure SIP submission. First,
EPA is taking action to approve
Kentucky DAQ’s infrastructure
submission provided to EPA on July 17,
2012, as meeting certain required
infrastructure elements for the 2008 8hour ozone NAAQS. Second, with
respect to the infrastructure elements
related to specific prevention of
significant deterioration (PSD)
requirements, EPA is taking final action
to approve, in part and conditionally
approve in part, the infrastructure SIP
submission based on a December 19,
2012, commitment from Kentucky DAQ
to submit specific enforceable measures
for approval into the SIP to address
specific PSD program deficiencies.
Third, EPA is taking final action to
disapprove Kentucky DAQ’s
infrastructure SIP submission with
respect to certain interstate transport
requirements for the 2008 8-hour ozone
NAAQS because the submission does
not address the statutory provisions
with respect to the relevant NAAQS and
thus does not satisfy the criteria for
approval. The CAA requires EPA to act
on this portion of the SIP submission
even though under a recent court
decision, Kentucky DAQ was not yet
required to submit a SIP submission to
address these interstate transport
requirements. Moreover, under that
same court decision, this disapproval
does not trigger an obligation for EPA to
promulgate a Federal Implementation
Plan (FIP) to address these interstate
transport requirements.
DATES: This rule will be effective April
8, 2013.
ADDRESSES: EPA has established a
docket for this action under Docket
Identification No. EPA–R04–OAR–
2012–0700. All documents in the docket
are listed on the www.regulations.gov
Web site. Although listed in the index,
some information is not publicly
available, i.e., Confidential Business
Information or other information whose
disclosure is restricted by statute.
Certain other material, such as
copyrighted material, is not placed on
the Internet and will be publicly
available only in hard copy form.
Publicly available docket materials are
available either electronically through
www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at
the Regulatory Development Section,
Air Planning Branch, Air, Pesticides and
Toxics Management Division, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW.,
Atlanta, Georgia 30303–8960. EPA
requests that if at all possible, you
contact the person listed in the FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section to
schedule your inspection. The Regional
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14681
Office’s official hours of business are
Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to
4:30 p.m. excluding federal holidays.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Nacosta C. Ward, Regulatory
Development Section, Air Planning
Branch, Air, Pesticides and Toxics
Management Division, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW.,
Atlanta, Georgia 30303–8960. The
telephone number is (404) 562–9140.
Ms. Ward can be reached via electronic
mail at ward.nacosta@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Background
II. Response to Comments
III. This Action
IV. Final Action
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
I. Background
Upon promulgation of a new or
revised NAAQS, sections 110(a)(1) and
(2) of the CAA require states to address
basic structural SIP requirements,
including emissions inventories,
monitoring, and modeling to assure
attainment and maintenance for that
new NAAQS.
Section 110(a) of the CAA generally
requires states to make a SIP submission
to meet applicable requirements in
order to provide for the implementation,
maintenance, and enforcement of a new
or revised NAAQS within three years
following the promulgation of such
NAAQS, or within such shorter period
as EPA may prescribe. These SIP
submissions are commonly referred to
as ‘‘infrastructure’’ SIP submissions.
Section 110(a) imposes the obligation
upon states to make an infrastructure
SIP submission to EPA for a new or
revised NAAQS, but the contents of that
submission may vary depending upon
the facts and circumstances. In
particular, the data and analytical tools
available at the time the state develops
and submits the infrastructure SIP for a
new or revised NAAQS affect the
content of the submission. The contents
of such infrastructure SIP submissions
may also vary depending upon what
provisions the state’s existing SIP
already contains. In the case of the 2008
8-hour ozone NAAQS, states typically
have met the basic program elements
required in section 110(a)(2) through
earlier SIP submissions in connection
with previous ozone NAAQS.
More specifically, section 110(a)(1)
provides the procedural and timing
requirements for SIPs. Section 110(a)(2)
lists specific elements that states must
meet for ‘‘infrastructure’’ SIP
requirements related to a newly
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Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 45 (Thursday, March 7, 2013)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 14673-14681]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2013-05249]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
National Park Service
36 CFR Part 7
[NPS-NCR-10414] [PPNCNAMA00, PPMPSPD1Z.YM0000]
RIN 1024-AD89
Special Regulation; Areas of the National Park System, National
Capital Region, Demonstrations and Special Events
AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the National Park Service, are amending the regulations on
demonstrations and special events for the National Capital Region. This
rule revises the definition of ``demonstration,'' lifts the prior
regulatory ban on soliciting money or funds but requires a permit for
the in-person solicitation of money or funds on Federal park land, and
revises an introductory sentence prohibiting demonstrations or special
events in designated memorial areas. This rule also changes the name of
the permit office to the Division of Permits Management.
DATES: Effective Date: April 8, 2013.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Marisa Richardson, Acting Chief,
Division of Permits Management, 900 Ohio Drive SW., Washington, DC
20024, Telephone: 202-245-4715.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Introduction and Background
We published a proposed rule in the Federal Register on January 3,
2011 (76 FR 57) and provided a 60-day period for public review and
comment that closed on March 4, 2011. In this rule we proposed to:
Revise the definition of ``demonstration'' at 36 CFR
7.96(g)(1)(i) by replacing the phrase ``intent or propensity'' with the
phrase ``reasonably likely.'' This change was based upon the court's
decision in Boardley v. U.S. Department of the Interior, 605 F. Supp.
2d 8 (D.D.C. 2009), holding that the prior phrase granted overly broad
discretion to NPS personnel in the permit process, which may result in
an impermissible regulation of speech protected by the First Amendment.
Amend 36 CFR 7.96(h) to allow solicitation of gifts,
money, goods, or services funds as part of a permit issued for a
demonstration or special event, to be consistent with the United States
Court of Appeals for the District of
[[Page 14674]]
Columbia decision in ISKCON of Potomac v. Kennedy, 61 F.3d 949 (DC Cir.
1995).
Amend the introductory sentence to 36 CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii)
to more clearly indicate that demonstrations or special events are not
allowed in certain designated memorial areas.
Analysis of Comments
We received a total of 12 timely written comments on the proposed
rule. Six comments came from individuals associated with Stanford Law
School; five comments came from members of the general public; and one
comment came from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of the
National Capital Area. We have reviewed the comments and decided to
publish the proposed regulation as a final regulation with one change.
In response to comments, we are revising the final rule to center
more narrowly on in-person solicitation for money or funds for donation
on Federal park lands as part of a permit issued for a demonstration or
special event. Besides reaffirming the explanations found in our
earlier rulemaking, we offer the following responses to the various
issues raised by the comments.
Revised Definition of Demonstration--36 CFR 7.96(g)(1)
As detailed in the proposed rule, the revised definition of
demonstration at 36 CFR 7.96(g)(1)(i) eliminates the term ``intent or
propensity'' and replaces it with the term ``reasonably likely.'' In
Boardley, the District Court commented that this part of the current
regulatory definition could raise problems, because it allowed NPS
officials to restrict speech based on their determination that a person
intended to draw a crowd with his or her conduct. The Court reasoned
that this determination could rest on impermissible grounds, such as an
official's perception that certain expression is controversial or
inappropriate, which would be a content-based decision and therefore
impermissible under the First Amendment. This portion of the District
Court's decision was not appealed. While we have not applied the
regulation in such an impermissible manner and have since issued a
clarifying memorandum to preclude such a determination, this revised
definition of ``demonstration'' will minimize the possibility of a
decision being based on impermissible grounds.
Some comments focused on our revised narrowed definition of a
demonstration. Two comments favored the change, noting that it would
encourage, among other things, greater transparency and consistency
within the NPS. The ACLU also supported the definitional change,
finding it to be more objective and not lending itself to a subjective,
and perhaps biased, judgment.
Other commenters expressed concern that the narrowed definition was
still insufficient, believing that it contained an impermissible
content-based regulation of speech. These comments stated that park
personnel may be likely to refer to the content of speech when
determining whether conduct is ``reasonably likely'' to draw a crowd.
As a remedy, some commenters suggested that the definition use the term
``has the effect or express intent of drawing a crowd,'' while others
suggested including a mandate that directs park officials not to
consider the content of speech when determining whether a permit is
required.
We believe that our narrowed definition addresses the District
Court's concerns in Boardley, and is designed to be applied by park
personnel in an objective, fair, and even-handed manner, regardless of
the identity or cause of demonstrators. We believe that the use of the
``reasonably likely'' standard ensures the necessary objectivity in the
regulatory process, while negating the possibility of a permit being
granted or rejected on impermissible grounds. In addition, we consider
the ``reasonably likely'' standard to be easily and consistently
understood, thus preventing us from regulating First Amendment
activities more than necessary to further our legitimate interests.
We also expect that park officials will continue to comply with NPS
policies that already specifically prohibit impermissible content-based
discrimination of First Amendment activities. See NPS Management
Policies Sec. 8.6.3 (2006) (``No group wishing to assemble lawfully
may be discriminated against or denied the right of assembly provided
that all permit conditions are met''); NPS Director's Order 53 Sec.
9.1 (2010) (``Note that it is the conduct associated with the exercise
of these [First Amendment] rights that is regulated, and never the
content of the message.''); NPS RM-53 Appendix 3, Page A3-1 (April
2000) (``It should be noted that it is the conduct associated with the
exercise of these [First Amendment] rights that is regulated, and never
the content of the message'') (emphasis in original).
Finally, one commenter expressed concerns that the ``casual park
use'' exclusion found in the definition was vague and may not include a
visitor who merely had ``a strange haircut'' or wore ``a controversial
T-shirt.'' We believe that the ``casual park use'' exclusion is not
vague, is well understood, and would not result in discrimination. As
we earlier explained in our rulemaking for the same demonstration
definition found in 36 CFR 2.51(a):
Application of the NPS's narrowed definition of a demonstration thus
excludes visitors who merely have tattoos or are wearing baseball
caps, T-shirts, or other articles of clothing that convey a message;
or visitors whose vehicles merely display bumper stickers. By
limiting the definition of what constitutes a demonstration, and by
explicitly excluding casual park use by visitors or tourists which
is not reasonably likely to attract a crowd or onlookers * * * the
NPS believes that the rule comports with the First Amendment and is
narrowly tailored to serve significant government interests.
75 FR 64150 October 19, 2010.
Revised Solicitation Regulation--36 CFR 7.96(h)
The proposed regulation would have allowed in-person soliciting or
demanding of gifts, money, goods, or services, if it occurs as part of
a permit issued for a demonstration or special event. The proposed
regulation also provided that persons permitted to solicit must not
give false or misleading information regarding their purposes or
affiliations or give false or misleading information regarding whether
any item is available without donation.
No commenters objected to the regulation's prohibition of giving
false or misleading information regarding a solicitor's purposes or
affiliations or giving false or misleading information regarding
whether any item is available without donation. However, three comments
expressed concerns with the permit requirement. After review, we have
narrowed the text of the final solicitation regulation so that it
clearly centers on prohibiting the ``in-person soliciting or demanding
of money or funds for contemporaneous donation on Federal park land * *
* unless it occurs as part of a permit issued for a demonstration or
special event.'' We believe that this revised and narrowed regulation,
which centers on in-person solicitation of money or funds for donations
on Federal park land as part of a permit issued for a demonstration or
special event, is not a content-based regulation of speech.
By focusing on in-person solicitation for the receipt of money or
funds on Federal park land, we believe that we have a narrowly tailored
regulation of conduct that is not broader than necessary, and that
addresses the risks
[[Page 14675]]
and problems caused by the in-person request for the receipt of money
or funds on Federal park land. We believe that this type of
solicitation creates well-recognized risks and problems that other NPS
regulations do not address, including fraud and duress, questionable
solicitation practices including the targeting of vulnerable and easily
coerced persons, and even outright theft. We also believe that
requiring a permit will help ensure that unregulated solicitation
activities that have the potential to be disruptive and intrusive will
not interfere with other visitors' enjoyment of the park. Our narrowly
focused final solicitation regulation thus centers on in-person
soliciting or demanding of money or funds for receipt on Federal park
land as part of a permit issued for a demonstration or special event,
described in the prefatory statement as ``in-person solicitation for
immediate funds'' (76 FR 57, January 3, 2011). Courts have recognized
the risks and problems posed by in-person solicitation for funds.
The term ``funds'' includes monetary funds obtained through the use
of credit cards or other electronic payment methods. One commenter
suggested that an immediate credit card or electronic commitment of
funds should be allowed for later processing. We have not accepted that
suggestion, however, because these kinds of solicitations pose an even
greater risk of later theft and fraud than an in-person, immediate
exchange of funds. The Federal Trade Commission states that credit and
charge card fraud costs cardholders and issuers hundreds of millions of
dollars each year, and can occur when an unauthorized person uses
another person's card number.
This rule prohibits in-person solicitation for immediate funds on
Federal park land; it does not prohibit other forms of communication
that allow the person to obtain the funds later off park land, such as
soliciting funds that would be sent at a later time by mail or through
the internet, or distributing literature describing where funds could
be sent. The rule does not address persons seeking signatures for
petitions or donations for food or clothing drives; these activities
can be addressed under the Park Service demonstration or special event
regulations.
One commenter stated that the solicitation regulation would
encourage an impermissible content-based regulation of speech because
solicitation, itself, is the form of expression being regulated. We
disagree, because we believe that the narrowed regulation is consistent
with the Court of Appeal's decision in ISKCON, which found that the
earlier NPS solicitation regulation's focus on the in-person
solicitation of donations on Federal park land was not content based.
The Court found that the earlier regulation did not prohibit any
particular expression or message based on content but merely regulated
the manner in which the message is conveyed, although the earlier NPS
solicitation prohibition failed because it was not ``narrowly
tailored.'' ISKCON, 61 F.3d at 955-956.
We believe that this new and revised final solicitation regulation
is narrowly tailored because this rule focuses on persons who seek to
engage in the in-person solicitation for the receipt of money or funds
on Federal park land and does not include goods or services as
originally proposed. We believe that it is not broader than necessary
to address the particular problems and risks posed by such in-person
solicitation and does not ``sweep in'' expressive activities that do
not contribute to those problems. ``A narrowly tailored permitting
scheme--one that reasonably identifies particular expressive conduct
for which a permit is required--is an entirely appropriate tool.''
Community For Creative Non-Violence v. Turner, 893 F.2d 1387, 1393
(D.C. Cir. 1990).
This NPS solicitation regulation requires that in-person
solicitation for funds on Federal park land may only occur under a
permit that designates well-defined areas for the activity. The rule is
thus fully consistent with the Court of Appeals decision in ISKCON. The
Court of Appeals observed that a future NPS solicitation regulation
could require a permit, so ``[t]he effects of solicitation will be
confined to the permit area, and those who wish to escape them may
simply steer clear of the authorized demonstration or special event.''
61 F.3d at 956. The Court of Appeals in ISKCON also made clear that its
``holding allows only those individuals or groups participating in an
authorized demonstration or special event to solicit donations in the
confines of a restricted permit area . * * * It does not require the
Park Service to let rampant panhandling go unchecked.'' Id.
The NPS solicitation regulation controls the in-person solicitation
for funds on Federal park land; it does not regulate sales. An attempt
to sell items or offer items for sale, whether directly or by the use
of deceit, is still governed by the NPS sales regulation at 36 CFR
7.96(k), which limits items to be sold to books, newspapers, leaflets,
pamphlets, buttons, and bumper stickers. As we explained in the
prefatory statement to the sales regulation, at 60 FR 17648 (April 7,
1995), ``restricted merchandise cannot be `given away' and a `donation
accepted' or one item `given away' in return for the purchase of
another item; such transactions amount to sales.''
The ACLU supported our amendment of the solicitation regulation
``to provide that donations or contributions may be solicited within an
area that is covered by a permit for a demonstration or a special
event.'' Earlier the ACLU had asked, and our National Capital Region
confirmed, that buskers may, consistent with NPS regulations, be able
to conduct their activities by obtaining a demonstration or a special
event permit. (The ACLU defined buskers as ``individuals who play music
or entertain in public parks, streets and other places and seek
voluntary contributions.'')
Focusing on buskers, however, the ACLU expressed concern about the
proposed regulatory requirement for a permit if the activity involves a
group of less than 25 people who would otherwise qualify under the
existing ``small group exception'' for demonstrations at 36 CFR 7.96
(g)(2)(i). Using the example of a lone person who plays his guitar and
asks for donations, the ACLU thought that requiring a permit for a
single individual busker was an ``unnecessary burden'' on First
Amendment rights. Instead, the ACLU suggested that we modify the
regulation such that either (1) no permit is needed for a single busker
who solicits donations or contributions with his or her performance, or
(2) the regulation would authorize a U.S. Park Police officer to issue
an on-the-spot permit, after checking with the permit office to be sure
that the busker's location does not conflict with any existing permit.
We have carefully considered the ACLU's views on this matter and
its two suggested modifications, but we believe that requiring a permit
when an in-person solicitation of funds occurs is warranted. For the
reasons stated herein, we believe that the solicitation regulation is
not an unnecessary burden on First Amendment rights but rather is a
proper time, place, and manner restriction. Moreover, we believe that
it is not appropriate to require or ask U.S. Park Police officers to
issue an ``on the spot'' permit when a lone busker is engaged in in-
person solicitation for immediate funds.
The NPS regulatory ``small group exception'' has applied only to
demonstrations, and was the product of rulemaking after discussions
with the ACLU as detailed at 45 FR 29858 (May 6, 1980) and 46 FR 55959
(November 13,
[[Page 14676]]
1981). Whether a busker's activity qualifies as a demonstration or is
characterized as a special event will ultimately depend on the facts of
the activity; special events have always required a permit, while most
``small group'' demonstrations do not require a permit under 36 CFR
7.96(g)(2)(i). Regardless of whether the activity qualifies as a
demonstration or is characterized as a special event, we believe that
the risks and potential problems posed by the in-person solicitation
for funds justify and support a permit requirement for solicitation.
Moreover, we believe that the problems and risks of in-person
solicitation for funds on Federal park land occur regardless of whether
the number of persons engaged in the solicitation activity is one, 24,
26, or 1,000, or whether the person is or is not a busker. As one
busker readily acknowledged, busking for cash does create the risk of
theft. He also wrote that buskers may need to move around to multiple
locations, given that there may be busker competition at ``popular,
centralized areas where the crowds gather''; that one needs to ``[m]ake
sure your audience knows you're looking for cash''; and that one needs
to ``[w]atch for thieves.'' Jacob Bear ``Making the Scene: Busking Can
Pay for Travel in Europe,'' Transitions Abroad Magazine (March/April
2004).
Accordingly, we believe that it is the solicitation for funds that
generates risks and potential problems, rather than the size of the
group involved in such activities. Similar risks and problems exist
when 24 people together engage in-person solicitation for funds, when
compared to 24 people who separately engage in such solicitation
activities. By requiring a permit for all who engage in the in-person
solicitation for funds regardless of the number of participants, we are
able to minimize the risks and problems of theft, fraud, and duress.
Requiring a permit protects both the public and the permit holder.
If a visitor complains that theft, fraud, or duress occurred, the U.S.
Park Police will be able to investigate the incident because they will
know the identity of, and contact information for, the permit holder.
Knowing where and when in-person solicitation is authorized under
permit also allows the U.S. Park Police to monitor and protect the
permit holder from theft, as well as to ensure public safety, the
orderly movement of park visitors, and the avoidance of conflicts among
permit holders.
Accordingly, we believe that the problems and risks posed by in-
person solicitation of funds on Federal park land by individuals and
groups under 25 in number should require a permit. If a permit was not
required, then people engaged in in-person solicitation for funds on
Federal park land could simply follow the park visitor, preventing the
visitor from avoiding them, a result that the Court of Appeals in
ISKCON specifically rejected.
The ACLU's other suggestion is to authorize U.S. Park Police
officers to issue on-site written permits for buskers. After review, we
believe this approach is not workable, since it exceeds the expertise
and proper role of law enforcement officers and is inconsistent with
our centralized regulatory process, whereby a staff park ranger reviews
applications and coordinates permit issuance. The ACLU suggestion would
be impractical because it would rely on a U.S. Park Police officer who
encounters a busker to successfully do all of the following:
Recognize and assess the situation;
Obtain on-site information as to who, where, and when they
want to engage in their activities;
Know where and when other First Amendment or other
activities have been permitted; and
Decide whether to issue a written permit based upon the
NPS regulations. U.S. Park Police officers are limited in number and
their activities are focused on performing a wide array of law
enforcement functions in extensive areas that constitute Federal park
land within the National Capital Region. In the District of Columbia,
these park areas include the National Mall, Lafayette Park, DuPont
Circle, and Rock Creek Park, as well as scores of large and small park
areas located throughout the city. The National Mall alone covers
approximately 684 acres and receives approximately 22 million visits
per year. It is therefore unrealistic to expect that officers could
regularly chance upon people engaged in solicitation activity and issue
them a permit.
We also believe that the ACLU suggestion runs counter to our
centralized permit system, where applications are submitted to the
permit office in advance of any proposed demonstration or special event
and under which only the NPS Regional Director or, in certain
circumstances, a supervisory U.S. Park Police officer may revoke a
permit. To have U.S. Park Police officers issue ``on-site permits''
deviates from a generally successful NPS regulatory permit process. The
current permit process relies upon a limited number of park rangers who
are trained and knowledgeable about NPS regulations and who:
Evaluate the application:
Review other pending or issued permits;
Consult with other park officials;
Determine whether a permit should be issued; and
If a permit is issued, determine the appropriate permit
conditions.
Finally, two other comments cited the Court of Appeals decision in
Boardley v. Department of the Interior, 615 F.3d 508 (D.C. Cir. 2010),
and contended that requiring a permit for small groups who engage in
the in-person solicitation for immediate funds is an unnecessary burden
on First Amendment rights. We respectfully disagree and believe that
problems and risks posed by in-person solicitation for funds on Federal
park land justify a permit requirement because they differ from the
likely effects of small group demonstrations that do not involve
solicitation activities. We further believe that the problems and risks
posed by solicitations were recognized by the Court of Appeals in
ISKCON when it concluded that we may regulate solicitation of funds
through a permit system. The basis for our solicitation regulation is
also significantly different than what the Court of Appeals considered
in Boardley. By focusing on the problems and risks posed by in-person
solicitation for funds on park land, we believe that the solicitation
regulation is narrowly tailored, no broader than necessary, and does
not sweep into expressive activities that don't contribute to these
problems and risks.
Revised Introductory Sentence--36 CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii)
The ACLU submitted the only comment regarding our proposed
amendment of the introductory sentence to 36 CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii), which
was intended to more clearly indicate that demonstrations or special
events are not allowed in restricted areas of designated memorials. It
has been our longstanding reading of our regulations that
demonstrations and special events, whether under permit or not, are not
allowed in the restricted areas identified at 36 CFR 7.96(g)(3)(ii).
This was a natural reading that was recently accepted by the Court of
Appeals in Oberwetter v. Hilliard, 639 F.3d 545, 551 (D.C. Cir. 2011).
The ACLU comment also concluded that this was their understanding of
our regulations, but that they ``are not opposed to greater clarity.''
This revision provides greater clarity that demonstrations and special
events, either with or without a permit, are not allowed in restricted
areas of designated memorials.
[[Page 14677]]
Change of Name--Permit Office
Recently the name of the permit office, which had been called the
``Division of Park Programs,'' was administratively changed to the
``Division of Permits Management.'' While this name change was not
included in the proposed rule, the name change at 36 CFR 7.96(g)(3) is
an internal administrative matter that has no substantive implications
and, therefore, does not require public review and comment.
Compliance With Other Laws and Executive Orders
Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)
Executive Order 12866 provides that the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) will review all significant rules. The Office
of Information and Regulatory Affairs has determined that this rule is
not significant.
Executive Order 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 while
calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote
predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most
innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends.
The executive order directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches
that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for
the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and
consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further
that regulations must be based on the best available science and that
the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open
exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent
with these requirements.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
The rule will not have a significant economic effect on a
substantial number of small entities under the RFA (5 U.S.C. 601 et
seq.). The rule expands opportunities for individuals and organizations
to solicit funds, associated with a demonstration or special event for
which a permit has been issued. Other organizations with interest in
the rule will not be effected economically.
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA)
This rule is not a major rule under 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the SBREFA.
This rule:
a. Does not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or
more.
b. Will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for
consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government
agencies, or geographic regions.
c. Does not have significant adverse effects on competition,
employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of
U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
This rule does not impose an unfunded mandate on State, local, or
tribal governments or the private sector of more than $100 million per
year. The rule does not have a significant or unique effect on State,
local, or tribal governments or the private sector. A statement
containing the information required by the UMRA, (2 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.) is not required.
Takings (Executive Order 12630
Under the criteria in section 2 of Executive Order12630, this rule
does not have significant takings implications. It pertains
specifically to operation and management of locations within the NPS--
National Capital Region. A takings implication assessment is not
required.
Federalism (Executive Order 13132)
Under the criteria in section 1 of Executive Order 13132, the rule
does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the
preparation of a Federalism summary impact statement. A Federalism
summary impact statement is not required.
Civil Justice Reform (Executive Order 12988)
This rule complies with the requirements of Executive Order 12988.
Specifically, this rule:
(a) Meets the criteria of section 3(a) requiring that all
regulations be reviewed to eliminate errors and ambiguity and be
written to minimize litigation; and
(b) Meets the criteria of section 3(b)(2) requiring that all
regulations be written in clear language and contain clear legal
standards.
Consultation With Indian tribes (Executive Order 13175)
The Department of the Interior strives to strengthen its
government-to-government relationship with Indian Tribes through a
commitment to consultation with Indian Tribes and recognition of their
right to self-governance and tribal sovereignty. We have evaluated this
rule under the Department's consultation policy and under the criteria
in Executive Order 13175 and have determined that it has no substantial
direct effects on federally recognized Indian tribes and that
consultation under the Department's tribal consultation policy is not
required. The rule only applies to management and operation of NPS
areas within the National Capital Region.
Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has approved the
information collection requirements in this rule and assigned control
number 1024-0021 (expires 02/28/2014). We estimate the burden
associated with this information collection to be 30 minutes. The
information collection activities are necessary for the public to
obtain benefits in the form of special park use permits. A Federal
agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to
respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently
valid OMB Control Number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
This rule does not constitute a major Federal action significantly
affecting the quality of the human environment. A detailed statement
under the NEPA of 1969 is not required because the rule is covered by a
categorical exclusion. We have determined that the rule is
categorically excluded under 516 DM 12.5 A (10), insofar as it is a
modification of existing NPS regulations that does not increase public
use to the extent of compromising the nature and character of the area
or causing physical damage to it. Further, the rule will not result in
the introduction of incompatible uses which might compromise the nature
and characteristics of the area or cause physical damage to it.
Finally, the rule will not cause conflict with adjacent ownerships or
land uses, or cause a nuisance to adjacent owners or occupants. We have
also determined that the rule does not involve any of the extraordinary
circumstances listed in 43 CFR 46.215 that would require further
analysis under the NEPA.
Effects on the Energy Supply (Executive Order 13211)
This rule is not a significant energy action under the definition
in Executive Order 13211. A Statement of Energy Effects is not
required.
List of Subjects in 36 CFR Part 7
District of Columbia, National Parks, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
In consideration of the foregoing, the NPS amends 36 CFR Part 7 as
set forth below:
[[Page 14678]]
PART 7--SPECIAL REGULATIONS, AREAS OF THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM
0
1. The authority citation for part 7 is continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1, 3, 9a, 462(k); Sec. 7.96 also issued
under 36 U.S.C. 501-511, DC Code 10-137 (2001) and DC Code 50-2201
(2001).
0
2. In Sec. 7.96:
0
A. Revise paragraph (g)(1)(i);
0
B. Revise the heading and first two sentences of paragraph (g)(3);
0
C. Revise the introductory text of paragraph (g)(3)(ii);
0
D. Revise paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(D);
0
E. Add paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(E) and maps;
0
F. Remove maps following paragraph (g)(7); and
0
G. Revise paragraph (h).
The revisions and addition read as follows:
Sec. 7.96 National Capital Region.
* * * * *
(g) * * *
(1) * * *
(i) The term ``demonstration'' includes demonstrations, picketing,
speechmaking, marching, holding vigils or religious services and all
other like forms of conduct that involve the communication or
expression of views or grievances, engaged in by one or more persons,
the conduct of which is reasonably likely to draw a crowd or onlookers.
This term does not include casual park use by visitors or tourists that
is not reasonably likely to attract a crowd or onlookers.
* * * * *
(3) Permit applications. Permit applications may be obtained at the
Division of Permits Management, National Mall and Memorial Parks, 900
Ohio Drive SW., Washington DC 20024. Applicants shall submit permit
applications in writing on a form provided by the National Park Service
so as to be received by the Regional Director at the Division of
Permits Management at least 48 hours in advance of any proposed
demonstration or special event. * * *
* * * * *
(ii) Other park areas. Demonstrations and special events are not
allowed in the following other park areas:
* * * * *
(D) The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, except for official annual
Memorial Day and Veterans Day commemorative ceremonies.
(E) Maps of the park areas designated in this paragraph are as
follows. The darkened portions of the diagrams show the areas where
demonstrations or special events are prohibited.
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[[Page 14679]]
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[[Page 14680]]
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* * * * *
(h) Soliciting. (1) The in-person soliciting or demanding of money
or funds for donation on Federal park land is prohibited, unless it
occurs as part of
[[Page 14681]]
a permit issued for a demonstration or special event.
(2) Persons permitted to solicit must not:
(i) Give false or misleading information regarding their purposes
or affiliations;
(ii) Give false or misleading information as to whether any item is
available without donation.
* * * * *
Dated: January 25, 2013.
Rachel Jacobson,
Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2013-05249 Filed 3-6-13; 8:45 am]
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