Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Initiation of Status Review and 5-Year Review of the Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse, 70410-70411 [2012-28629]
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70410
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 227 / Monday, November 26, 2012 / Proposed Rules
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Issued in Washington, DC, on November
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Robert C. Lauby,
Deputy Associate Administrator for
Regulatory and Legislative Operations.
[FR Doc. 2012–28561 Filed 11–23–12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910–06–P
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS–R6–ES–2012–0095;
FXES11130900000–134–FF09E30000]
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
and Plants; Initiation of Status Review
and 5-Year Review of the Preble’s
Meadow Jumping Mouse
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Interior.
ACTION: Notice of initiation of status
review and 5-year review.
AGENCY:
We, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service), under the
authority of the Endangered Species Act
of 1973, as amended (Act), announce
the initiation of a status review of the
Preble’s meadow jumping mouse (Zapus
hudsonius preblei) (Preble’s) throughout
its range. We conduct status reviews to
determine whether a species should be
listed as endangered or threatened
under the Act. Following this status
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS
SUMMARY:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
19:03 Nov 23, 2012
Jkt 229001
review, we will issue a 12-month
finding on two petitions to delist
Preble’s. Because a status review also is
required for the 5-year review of listed
species under section 4(c)(2)(A) of the
Act, we are electing to prepare these
reviews simultaneously. At the
conclusion of these simultaneous
reviews, we will issue the 12-month
finding on the petitions, as provided in
section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act, and make
the requisite determination under
section 4(c)(2)(B) of the Act based on the
results of the 5-year review. Through
this notice, we encourage all interested
parties to provide us information
regarding the Preble’s. We also
announce the availability of new
information relevant to our
consideration of the status of the
Preble’s.
DATES: To allow us adequate time to
conduct these reviews, we request that
we receive comments and information
no later than December 26, 2012. The
deadline for submitting an electronic
comment using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES
section, below) is 11:59 p.m. Eastern
Time on this date. After December 26,
2012, you must submit information
using the U.S. mail or hand-delivery
option provided in the ADDRESSES
section below. Please note that we may
not be able to address or incorporate
information that we receive after the
above requested date.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments
by one of the following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://
www.regulations.gov. Search for Docket
No. FWS–R6–ES–2012–0095 and then
follow the instructions for submitting
comments.
• U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS–R6–
ES–2012–0095; Division of Policy and
Directives Management; U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive,
MS 2042–PDM; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all information received
on https://www.regulations.gov. This
generally means that we will post any
personal information you provide us
(see Request for Information section
below for more details).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Susan Linner, Field Supervisor,
Colorado Ecological Services Office;
mailing address P.O. Box 25486, DFC
(MS 65412), Denver, CO 80225;
telephone (303) 236–4773; office
location: 134 Union Boulevard, Suite
670, Lakewood, CO 80228. If you use a
telecommunications device for the deaf
(TDD), call the Federal Information
Relay Service (FIRS) at (800) 877–8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
PO 00000
Frm 00030
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
Previous Federal Actions
For a detailed description of Federal
actions concerning the Preble’s, please
refer to the May 13, 1998, listing under
the Act (63 FR 26517); the July 10, 2008,
final rule amending the listing
determination for the Preble’s (73 FR
39790); and our August 5, 2011,
reinstatement of listing protections for
the Preble’s (76 FR 47490).
On December 23, 2003, we received
two nearly identical petitions, one from
the State of Wyoming’s Office of the
Governor and the second from
Coloradans for Water Conservation and
Development, seeking to remove the
Preble’s from the Federal List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
(Freudenthal 2003; Sonnenberg 2003).
The petitions maintained that Preble’s
should be delisted based on the
taxonomic revision suggested by Ramey
et al. (2003) and new distribution,
abundance, and trends data that
suggested the subspecies was no longer
endangered or threatened (Freudenthal
2003, p. 1; Sonnenberg 2003, p. 1).
On July 10, 2008, we published a final
rule amending the listing for the
Preble’s by removing protections for the
Preble’s in Wyoming (73 FR 39790). In
that rule, we determined that the
Preble’s was not threatened throughout
all of its range, but the portion of its
range located in Colorado represented a
‘‘significant portion of the range’’ (SPR)
where the Preble’s should retain its
threatened status.
On June 23, 2009, a petition for
review of the 2008 amendment to the
listing was filed in the United States
District Court for the District of
Colorado. The petitioners challenged,
among other things, our interpretation
of SPR as applied to the Preble’s
decision. The Service filed a motion for
voluntary remand and vacatur of the
2008 Preble’s amended listing decision.
On July 7, 2011, the United States
District Court for the District of
Colorado granted this motion and
ordered the 2008 amended listing
decision vacated and remanded as of
August 6, 2011 (Center for Native
Ecosystems, et al. v. Salazar, et al., 09–
cv–01463–AP–JLK, 2011 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 72664). On August 5, 2011, the
Service issued a final rule complying
with the court order and reinstating the
regulatory protections under the Act for
the Preble’s in Wyoming, effective
August 6, 2011 (76 FR 47490).
The court also ordered that by June 1,
2013, the Service must complete its
status review of the Preble’s and publish
a 12-month finding in the Federal
Register for the petitions submitted by
the State of Wyoming and Coloradans
E:\FR\FM\26NOP1.SGM
26NOP1
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 227 / Monday, November 26, 2012 / Proposed Rules
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS
for Water Conservation and
Development to delist the Preble’s.
On December 9, 2011, we published
a notice of our draft policy (76 FR
76987) to establish a joint interpretation
and application of SPR with the
National Marine Fisheries Service that
reflects a permissible reading of the law
and its legislative history, and
minimizes undesirable policy outcomes,
while fulfilling the conservation
purposes of the Act. To date, our draft
policy on SPR has not been finalized.
Background
The Preble’s is recognized as 1 of 12
subspecies of meadow jumping mouse
(Zapus hudsonius), a species that ranges
from the Pacific Coast of Alaska to the
Atlantic Coast and from the northern
limit of forests south to New Mexico,
Oklahoma, and Georgia (Hafner et al.
1981, p. 501; Hall 1981, p. 843; Krutzsch
1954, pp. 420–421). Meadow jumping
mice are small rodents with long tails,
large hind feet, and long hind legs. Total
length of an adult is approximately 7 to
10 inches (187 to 255 millimeters), with
the tail of 4 to 6 inches (108 to 155
millimeters) comprising about 60
percent of that length (Krutzsch 1954, p.
420; Armstrong et al. 2011, p. 189).
The Preble’s is found along the
foothills in southeastern Wyoming
southward along the eastern edge of the
Front Range of Colorado to Colorado
Springs in El Paso County, Colorado
(Hall 1981, p. 844; Clark and Stromberg
1987, pp. 184–188; Armstrong et al.
2011, p. 189; Clippenger 2002, pp. 14–
15, 20). Typical habitat for the Preble’s
is comprised of well-developed riparian
vegetation with adjacent, relatively
undisturbed grassland communities and
a nearby water source (Bakeman 1997,
pp. 22–31). Preble’s are typically
captured in areas with multi-storied
cover with an understory of grasses or
forbs or a mixture thereof (Bakeman
1997, pp. 22–31; Schorr 2001, pp. 23–
24). The shrub canopy is often willow
(Salix spp.), although other shrub
species may occur (Shenk and Eussen
1998, p. 9–11). Trainor et al. (2007, pp.
471–472) found that high-use areas for
the Preble’s tended to be close to creeks
and were positively associated with the
percentage of shrubs, grasses, and
woody debris. Hydrologic regimes that
support Preble’s’ habitat range from
large perennial rivers, such as the South
Platte River, to small drainages only 3
to 10 feet (1 to 3 meters) in width.
Meadow jumping mice are primarily
nocturnal or crepuscular (active during
twilight), but also may be active during
the day. The Preble’s uses uplands at
least as far out as 330 feet (100 meters)
beyond the 100-year floodplain (Shenk
VerDate Mar<15>2010
16:40 Nov 23, 2012
Jkt 229001
and Sivert 1999, p. 11; Ryon 1999, p. 12;
Schorr 2001, p. 14; Trainor et al. 2012).
While Preble’s dispersal capabilities are
thought to be limited, in one instance a
Preble’s was documented moving as far
as 0.7 mile (1.1 kilometers) in 24 hours
(Ryon 1999, p. 12). The Preble’s
typically enters hibernation in
September or October and emerges the
following May (Whitaker 1963, p. 5;
Meaney et al. 2003, p. 621).
For additional information on the
biology of this subspecies, see the May
13, 1998, final rule to list the Preble’s as
threatened (63 FR 26517) and the
October 8, 2009, proposal to revise
critical habitat for the Preble’s in
Colorado (74 FR 52066).
Request for Information
To ensure our determination is based
on the best available scientific and
commercial information, we request
information on the Preble’s from
governmental agencies, Native
American Tribes, the scientific
community, industry, and any other
interested parties. We are seeking any
new information including:
(1) Data from any systematic surveys
for the Preble’s, as well as any studies
that may show distribution, status,
population size, or population trends;
(2) Information concerning the
taxonomic status of the Preble’s;
(3) Quantitative information regarding
the life history, ecology, and habitat use
of the Preble’s;
(4) Information on the current and
foreseeable threats faced by the Preble’s
in all or a significant portion of its range
in relation to the five listing factors (as
defined in section 4(a)(1) of the
Endangered Species Act, as amended
[16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.]);
(5) Information regarding the effects of
current and foreseeable land
management on the status of the
Preble’s;
(6) Specific information on the
potential effects of climate change on
the Preble’s and its habitat;
(7) Information demonstrating what,
for the Preble’s, might constitute an SPR
in light of our December 9, 2011, draft
policy on SPR (76 FR 76987); and
(8) Information regarding contact and
interaction among Preble’s populations
or other information relevant to a
distinct population segment analysis
(see 61 FR 4722, February 7, 1996).
You may submit information
concerning the status review or the 5year review by one of the methods listed
in the ADDRESSES section. If you submit
information via https://
www.regulations.gov, your entire
submission—including any personal
identifying information—will be posted
PO 00000
Frm 00031
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 9990
70411
on the Web site. If you submit a
hardcopy that includes personal
identifying information, you may
request at the top of your document that
we withhold this personal identifying
information from public review.
However, we cannot guarantee that we
will be able to do so. We will post all
hardcopy submissions on https://
www.regulations.gov.
Information and supporting
documentation we receive and use in
preparing a 12-month finding and 5-year
review will be available for public
inspection on https://
www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business
hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Colorado Ecological Services
Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT).
New Information Available for Review
Pertinent information received,
developed, or analyzed since our July
10, 2008, final rule amending the listing
determination for the Preble’s (73 FR
39790) is available for review on the
Service’s Web site https://www.fws.gov/
mountain-prairie/species/mammals/
preble/, or by contacting the Field
Supervisor, Colorado Ecological
Services Office (see FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT). This information
includes both scientific publications
and selected unpublished reports.
Compilations of data, correspondence,
and other information are also available
on the Service’s Web site. See the
Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://
www.regulations.gov (Docket No. FWS–
R6–ES–2012–0095) for additional
information we receive during the
comment period opened by this
document.
References Cited
A complete list of all the references is
available on the Internet at https://
www.regulations.gov and upon request
from the Field Supervisor, Colorado
Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.
Authors
The primary authors of this notice are
staff members of the Colorado
Ecological Services Office, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service.
Authority: The authority for this action is
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
Dated: November 15, 2012.
G. Mendel Stewart,
Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
[FR Doc. 2012–28629 Filed 11–23–12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
E:\FR\FM\26NOP1.SGM
26NOP1
Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 227 (Monday, November 26, 2012)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 70410-70411]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2012-28629]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS-R6-ES-2012-0095; FXES11130900000-134-FF09E30000]
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Initiation of
Status Review and 5-Year Review of the Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Notice of initiation of status review and 5-year review.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), under the
authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act),
announce the initiation of a status review of the Preble's meadow
jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei) (Preble's) throughout its
range. We conduct status reviews to determine whether a species should
be listed as endangered or threatened under the Act. Following this
status review, we will issue a 12-month finding on two petitions to
delist Preble's. Because a status review also is required for the 5-
year review of listed species under section 4(c)(2)(A) of the Act, we
are electing to prepare these reviews simultaneously. At the conclusion
of these simultaneous reviews, we will issue the 12-month finding on
the petitions, as provided in section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act, and make
the requisite determination under section 4(c)(2)(B) of the Act based
on the results of the 5-year review. Through this notice, we encourage
all interested parties to provide us information regarding the
Preble's. We also announce the availability of new information relevant
to our consideration of the status of the Preble's.
DATES: To allow us adequate time to conduct these reviews, we request
that we receive comments and information no later than December 26,
2012. The deadline for submitting an electronic comment using the
Federal eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES section, below) is 11:59 p.m.
Eastern Time on this date. After December 26, 2012, you must submit
information using the U.S. mail or hand-delivery option provided in the
ADDRESSES section below. Please note that we may not be able to address
or incorporate information that we receive after the above requested
date.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov.
Search for Docket No. FWS-R6-ES-2012-0095 and then follow the
instructions for submitting comments.
U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing,
Attn: FWS-R6-ES-2012-0095; Division of Policy and Directives
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, MS
2042-PDM; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all information received on https://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any
personal information you provide us (see Request for Information
section below for more details).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Susan Linner, Field Supervisor,
Colorado Ecological Services Office; mailing address P.O. Box 25486,
DFC (MS 65412), Denver, CO 80225; telephone (303) 236-4773; office
location: 134 Union Boulevard, Suite 670, Lakewood, CO 80228. If you
use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal
Information Relay Service (FIRS) at (800) 877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Previous Federal Actions
For a detailed description of Federal actions concerning the
Preble's, please refer to the May 13, 1998, listing under the Act (63
FR 26517); the July 10, 2008, final rule amending the listing
determination for the Preble's (73 FR 39790); and our August 5, 2011,
reinstatement of listing protections for the Preble's (76 FR 47490).
On December 23, 2003, we received two nearly identical petitions,
one from the State of Wyoming's Office of the Governor and the second
from Coloradans for Water Conservation and Development, seeking to
remove the Preble's from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife (Freudenthal 2003; Sonnenberg 2003). The petitions maintained
that Preble's should be delisted based on the taxonomic revision
suggested by Ramey et al. (2003) and new distribution, abundance, and
trends data that suggested the subspecies was no longer endangered or
threatened (Freudenthal 2003, p. 1; Sonnenberg 2003, p. 1).
On July 10, 2008, we published a final rule amending the listing
for the Preble's by removing protections for the Preble's in Wyoming
(73 FR 39790). In that rule, we determined that the Preble's was not
threatened throughout all of its range, but the portion of its range
located in Colorado represented a ``significant portion of the range''
(SPR) where the Preble's should retain its threatened status.
On June 23, 2009, a petition for review of the 2008 amendment to
the listing was filed in the United States District Court for the
District of Colorado. The petitioners challenged, among other things,
our interpretation of SPR as applied to the Preble's decision. The
Service filed a motion for voluntary remand and vacatur of the 2008
Preble's amended listing decision. On July 7, 2011, the United States
District Court for the District of Colorado granted this motion and
ordered the 2008 amended listing decision vacated and remanded as of
August 6, 2011 (Center for Native Ecosystems, et al. v. Salazar, et
al., 09-cv-01463-AP-JLK, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72664). On August 5,
2011, the Service issued a final rule complying with the court order
and reinstating the regulatory protections under the Act for the
Preble's in Wyoming, effective August 6, 2011 (76 FR 47490).
The court also ordered that by June 1, 2013, the Service must
complete its status review of the Preble's and publish a 12-month
finding in the Federal Register for the petitions submitted by the
State of Wyoming and Coloradans
[[Page 70411]]
for Water Conservation and Development to delist the Preble's.
On December 9, 2011, we published a notice of our draft policy (76
FR 76987) to establish a joint interpretation and application of SPR
with the National Marine Fisheries Service that reflects a permissible
reading of the law and its legislative history, and minimizes
undesirable policy outcomes, while fulfilling the conservation purposes
of the Act. To date, our draft policy on SPR has not been finalized.
Background
The Preble's is recognized as 1 of 12 subspecies of meadow jumping
mouse (Zapus hudsonius), a species that ranges from the Pacific Coast
of Alaska to the Atlantic Coast and from the northern limit of forests
south to New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Georgia (Hafner et al. 1981, p. 501;
Hall 1981, p. 843; Krutzsch 1954, pp. 420-421). Meadow jumping mice are
small rodents with long tails, large hind feet, and long hind legs.
Total length of an adult is approximately 7 to 10 inches (187 to 255
millimeters), with the tail of 4 to 6 inches (108 to 155 millimeters)
comprising about 60 percent of that length (Krutzsch 1954, p. 420;
Armstrong et al. 2011, p. 189).
The Preble's is found along the foothills in southeastern Wyoming
southward along the eastern edge of the Front Range of Colorado to
Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado (Hall 1981, p. 844; Clark
and Stromberg 1987, pp. 184-188; Armstrong et al. 2011, p. 189;
Clippenger 2002, pp. 14-15, 20). Typical habitat for the Preble's is
comprised of well-developed riparian vegetation with adjacent,
relatively undisturbed grassland communities and a nearby water source
(Bakeman 1997, pp. 22-31). Preble's are typically captured in areas
with multi-storied cover with an understory of grasses or forbs or a
mixture thereof (Bakeman 1997, pp. 22-31; Schorr 2001, pp. 23-24). The
shrub canopy is often willow (Salix spp.), although other shrub species
may occur (Shenk and Eussen 1998, p. 9-11). Trainor et al. (2007, pp.
471-472) found that high-use areas for the Preble's tended to be close
to creeks and were positively associated with the percentage of shrubs,
grasses, and woody debris. Hydrologic regimes that support Preble's'
habitat range from large perennial rivers, such as the South Platte
River, to small drainages only 3 to 10 feet (1 to 3 meters) in width.
Meadow jumping mice are primarily nocturnal or crepuscular (active
during twilight), but also may be active during the day. The Preble's
uses uplands at least as far out as 330 feet (100 meters) beyond the
100-year floodplain (Shenk and Sivert 1999, p. 11; Ryon 1999, p. 12;
Schorr 2001, p. 14; Trainor et al. 2012). While Preble's dispersal
capabilities are thought to be limited, in one instance a Preble's was
documented moving as far as 0.7 mile (1.1 kilometers) in 24 hours (Ryon
1999, p. 12). The Preble's typically enters hibernation in September or
October and emerges the following May (Whitaker 1963, p. 5; Meaney et
al. 2003, p. 621).
For additional information on the biology of this subspecies, see
the May 13, 1998, final rule to list the Preble's as threatened (63 FR
26517) and the October 8, 2009, proposal to revise critical habitat for
the Preble's in Colorado (74 FR 52066).
Request for Information
To ensure our determination is based on the best available
scientific and commercial information, we request information on the
Preble's from governmental agencies, Native American Tribes, the
scientific community, industry, and any other interested parties. We
are seeking any new information including:
(1) Data from any systematic surveys for the Preble's, as well as
any studies that may show distribution, status, population size, or
population trends;
(2) Information concerning the taxonomic status of the Preble's;
(3) Quantitative information regarding the life history, ecology,
and habitat use of the Preble's;
(4) Information on the current and foreseeable threats faced by the
Preble's in all or a significant portion of its range in relation to
the five listing factors (as defined in section 4(a)(1) of the
Endangered Species Act, as amended [16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.]);
(5) Information regarding the effects of current and foreseeable
land management on the status of the Preble's;
(6) Specific information on the potential effects of climate change
on the Preble's and its habitat;
(7) Information demonstrating what, for the Preble's, might
constitute an SPR in light of our December 9, 2011, draft policy on SPR
(76 FR 76987); and
(8) Information regarding contact and interaction among Preble's
populations or other information relevant to a distinct population
segment analysis (see 61 FR 4722, February 7, 1996).
You may submit information concerning the status review or the 5-
year review by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. If
you submit information via https://www.regulations.gov, your entire
submission--including any personal identifying information--will be
posted on the Web site. If you submit a hardcopy that includes personal
identifying information, you may request at the top of your document
that we withhold this personal identifying information from public
review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We
will post all hardcopy submissions on https://www.regulations.gov.
Information and supporting documentation we receive and use in
preparing a 12-month finding and 5-year review will be available for
public inspection on https://www.regulations.gov, or by appointment,
during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Colorado Ecological Services Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT).
New Information Available for Review
Pertinent information received, developed, or analyzed since our
July 10, 2008, final rule amending the listing determination for the
Preble's (73 FR 39790) is available for review on the Service's Web
site https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/preble/, or by
contacting the Field Supervisor, Colorado Ecological Services Office
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). This information includes both
scientific publications and selected unpublished reports. Compilations
of data, correspondence, and other information are also available on
the Service's Web site. See the Federal eRulemaking Portal at https://www.regulations.gov (Docket No. FWS-R6-ES-2012-0095) for additional
information we receive during the comment period opened by this
document.
References Cited
A complete list of all the references is available on the Internet
at https://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the Field
Supervisor, Colorado Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT.
Authors
The primary authors of this notice are staff members of the
Colorado Ecological Services Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Authority: The authority for this action is the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
Dated: November 15, 2012.
G. Mendel Stewart,
Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2012-28629 Filed 11-23-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P