Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 23 Species on Oahu and Designation of Critical Habitat for 124 Species, 57647-57862 [2012-19561]
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Vol. 77
Tuesday,
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September 18, 2012
Part II
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 23
Species on Oahu and Designation of Critical Habitat for 124 Species; Final
Rule
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preamble or at https://www.regulations.
gov.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043:
4500030114]
RIN 1018–AV49
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
and Plants; Endangered Status for 23
Species on Oahu and Designation of
Critical Habitat for 124 Species
AGENCY:
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Interior.
Final rule.
ACTION:
We, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service), list 23
species on the island of Oahu in the
Hawaiian Islands as endangered under
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act). We also designate
42,804 acres (17,322 hectares) as critical
habitat. This designation includes
critical habitat for these 23 species, 2
plant species that are already listed as
endangered, and revised critical habitat
for 99 plant species that are already
listed as endangered or threatened. In
this final rule we are also recognizing
taxonomic revision of the scientific
names of nine plant species and revising
the List of Endangered and Threatened
Plants accordingly. This final rule will
implement the Federal protections
provided by the Act.
DATES: This rule becomes effective on
October 18, 2012.
ADDRESSES: This final rule and final
economic analysis are available on the
Internet at https://www.regulations.gov.
Comments and materials received, as
well as supporting documentation used
in preparing this final rule, are available
for public inspection, by appointment,
during normal business hours, at the
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office,
300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Box 50088,
Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808–
792–9400; facsimile 808–792–9581. The
coordinates or plot points or both from
which the critical habitat maps were
generated are included in the
administrative record for this critical
habitat designation, and are available at
https://www.fws.gov/pacificislands, at
https://www.regulations.gov at Docket
No. FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043, and at the
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.
Any additional tools or supporting
information that we developed for this
critical habitat designation are also
available at the Fish and Wildlife
Service Web site and Field Office set out
above, and may also be included in the
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SUMMARY:
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Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor,
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office
(see ADDRESSES above). If you use a
telecommunications device for the deaf
(TDD), you may call the Federal
Information Relay Service (FIRS) at
800–877–8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Executive Summary
Why we need to publish a rule. This
is a final rule to list 23 species as
endangered under the Act, including 20
native Hawaiian plant species and 3
Hawaiian damselflies. In addition, the
rule designates critical habitat for these
23 species, critical habitat for 2
additional plant species that are already
listed as endangered, and revised
critical habitat for 99 plant species that
are already listed as endangered or
threatened. These species are on the
island of Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands.
In this final rule, we also recognize
taxonomic revision of the scientific
names of nine plant species and revise
the List of Endangered and Threatened
Plants accordingly.
The basis for our action. Under the
Endangered Species Act, we determine
that a species is endangered or
threatened based on any of five factors:
(A) The present or threatened
destruction, modification, or
curtailment of its habitat or range; (B)
overutilization for commercial,
recreational, scientific, or educational
purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D)
the inadequacy of existing regulatory
mechanisms; or (E) other natural or
manmade factors affecting its continued
existence. We have determined that the
23 Oahu species are currently in danger
of extinction throughout all their ranges,
as the result of the following current
and ongoing threats:
• All of these species face threats
from the present destruction and
modification of their habitats, primarily
from introduced ungulates, such as feral
pigs and goats, and the spread of
nonnative plants.
• Six of these species face threats
from habitat destruction and
modification from fire.
• Fourteen species face threats from
destruction and modification of their
habitats from hurricanes, landslides,
rockfalls, and flooding.
• The projected effects of climate
change will likely exacerbate the effects
of the other threats to these species.
• There is a serious threat of
widespread impacts of predation and
herbivory on 19 of the 20 plant species
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by nonnative pigs, goats, rats, and
invertebrates; and predation on the
three damselflies by nonnative fish,
bullfrogs, and ants.
• Some of the plant species face the
additional threat of trampling.
• The inadequacy of existing
regulatory mechanisms (specifically,
inadequate protection of habitat and
inadequate protection from the
introduction of nonnative species) poses
a current and ongoing threat to all 23
species.
• There are current and ongoing
threats to nine plant species and the
three damselflies due to factors
associated with small numbers of
populations and individuals.
• The three damselflies face further
threats from the loss of native host
plants, from habitat degradation and
loss due to agriculture and urban
development, from stream diversion and
channelization, and by dewatering of
aquifers.
• These threats are exacerbated by
these species’ inherent vulnerability to
extinction from stochastic events at any
time because of their endemism, small
numbers of individuals and
populations, and restricted habitats.
This rule designates critical habitat
for 25 species and revises critical
habitat for 99 species. Under section
4(b)(2) of the Act, we are required to
designate critical habitat based on the
best scientific data available and after
taking into consideration the economic
impact and other relevant impacts of an
area being considered for designation.
The Secretary (of the Interior) may
exclude an area from critical habitat if
the benefits of exclusion outweigh the
benefits of designation, unless the
exclusion will result in the extinction of
the species.
• This rule designates a total of
42,804 acres (ac) (17,322 hectares (ha))
as critical habitat.
• We fully considered comments
from the public and peer reviewers on
the proposed rule and made additional
field visits, in order to refine our
designation and remove areas that are
not essential to the conservation of the
species. We found changes in land use
had occurred in certain areas within the
proposed critical habitat that preclude
these areas from supporting the primary
constituent elements, and that these
areas do not meet the definition of
critical habitat.
• A total of 307 ac (124 ha) have been
removed in this final designation from
the area originally proposed, as a result
of refinement in unit areas made in
response to public comments and
additional field visits. These areas do
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not meet the definition of critical
habitat.
• In addition, Department of Defense
lands on Naval Station Pearl Harbor
Lualualei Branch (NAVMAG PH
Lualualei) and Naval Radar Transmittal
Facility at Lualualei (NRTF Lualualei)
(380 acres; 154 hectares) with a
completed and effective integrated
natural resource management plan
(INRMP) have been exempted from this
final designation under section 4(a)(3) of
the Act.
• All lands being designated as
critical habitat are either (1) currently
considered to be occupied by one or
more of the 124 species, and contain
physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of the species by
supporting the life-history needs of the
species and that may require special
management, or (2) areas outside the
geographical areas occupied by the
species at the time of listing, which the
Secretary has determined are essential
for the conservation of the species.
Peer reviewers support our methods.
We obtained opinions from
knowledgeable individuals with
scientific expertise to review our
technical assumptions, analysis, and
whether or not we had used the best
available information. These peer
reviewers generally concurred with our
methods and conclusions and provided
additional information, clarifications,
and suggestions to improve this final
rule.
Previous Federal Actions
Federal actions for these species prior
to August 2, 2011, are outlined in our
proposed rule (76 FR 46362), which was
published on that date. Publication of
the proposed rule opened a 60-day
comment period, which closed on
October 3, 2011. In addition, we
published a public notice of the
proposed rule on August 6, 2011, in the
local Honolulu Star Advertiser
newspaper. On April 12, 2012 (77 FR
21936) we made available the draft
economic analysis (DEA) on proposed
critical habitat designation, and opened
a 30-day comment period on the DEA,
as well as reopened the comment period
on the entire August 2, 2011 proposed
rule (76 FR 46362). This second
comment period closed on May 14,
2012.
Background
An Ecosystem-Based Approach To
Listing 23 Species on Oahu
On the island of Oahu, as on most of
the Hawaiian Islands, native species
that occur in the same habitat types
(ecosystems) depend on many of the
same biological features and on the
successful functioning of that ecosystem
to survive. We have therefore organized
the species addressed in this final rule
by common ecosystems. Although the
listing determination for each species is
analyzed separately, we have organized
the specific analysis for each species
within the context of the broader
ecosystem in which it occurs, to avoid
redundancy. In addition, native species
that share ecosystems often face a suite
of common factors that may pose threats
to them, and ameliorating or eliminating
these threats requires similar
management actions. Effective
management of these threats often
requires implementation of conservation
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actions at the ecosystem scale, to
enhance or restore critical ecological
processes and provide for long-term
viability of those species in their native
environment. Thus, by taking this
approach, we hope not only to organize
this rule efficiently, but also to more
effectively focus conservation
management efforts on the common
threats that occur across these
ecosystems, restore ecosystem
functionality for the recovery of each
species, and provide conservation
benefits for associated native species,
thereby potentially precluding the need
to list other species under the Act (16
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) that occur in these
shared ecosystems.
We are listing Bidens amplectens,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra
gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Melicope christophersenii,
Melicope hiiakae, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the
blackline (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum), crimson (M.
leptodemas), and oceanic (M.
oceanicum) Hawaiian damselflies,
endemic to the island of Oahu, as
endangered species. These 23 species
(20 plants and 3 damselflies) are found
in 7 ecosystem types: coastal, lowland
dry, lowland mesic, lowland wet,
montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff
(Table 1).
TABLE 1—THE 23 SPECIES AND THE ECOSYSTEMS UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND
Ecosystem
Species
Coastal ...............................
Lowland Dry .......................
Lowland Mesic ....................
Plants: Bidens amplectens.
Plants: Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris takeuchii, Pleomele forbesii.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Animals: oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Zanthoxylum oahuense
Animals: blackline Hawaiian damselfly, crimson Hawaiian damselfly, oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Melicope christophersenii.
Plants: Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa.
Plants: Cyanea calycina, Cyanea purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Melicope christophersenii,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pterlyxia macrocarpa
Animals: crimson Hawaiian damselfly, oceanic Hawaiian damselfly.
Lowland Wet .......................
Montane Wet ......................
Dry Cliff ...............................
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Wet Cliff ..............................
Most of these species are found in
multiple ecosystems. For each species,
we identified and evaluated those
factors that pose threats to the species
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and that may be common to all of the
species at the ecosystem level (see
discussion below in Summary of Factors
Affecting the 23 Species). For example,
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climate change is considered a threat to
each species within each ecosystem. As
a result, this threat factor is considered
to be a multiple ecosystem threat, as
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each individual species within each
ecosystem faces a threat that is
essentially identical in terms of the
nature of the impact, its severity, its
imminence, and its scope. We further
identified and evaluated any threat
factors that may be unique to certain
species, that is, threat factors that do not
apply to all species under consideration
within the same ecosystem. For
example, the threat of predation by
nonnative fish is unique to the three
damselflies in this rule; it is not
applicable to any of the other species
being listed. We have identified such
threat factors, which apply only to
certain species within the ecosystems
addressed here, as species-specific
threats.
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to
Determining Physical or Biological
Features of Critical Habitat
Under the Act, we are required to
designate critical habitat to the
maximum extent prudent and
determinable concurrently with the
publication of a final determination that
a species is endangered or threatened. In
this rule, we are designating critical
habitat for the 23 Oahu species which
we have found to meet the definition of
an endangered species. We are also
designating critical habitat for two Oahu
plants that are already listed as
endangered species but for which
critical habitat has not been previously
designated. In addition, we are revising
critical habitat for 99 Oahu plants
already listed as endangered or
threatened species. When critical
habitat was designated for these 99
Oahu plant species in 2003 (68 FR
35950; June 17, 2003), it was based
primarily on the specific localities
where the species were known to occur.
We are revising critical habitat for these
species because since then, we have
learned that many native Hawaiian
plants and animals can thrive when
reintroduced into historical habitats
when threats are effectively managed.
For this reason, we believe it is
important to designate unoccupied
habitat where it is essential for the
recovery of the species. Based on new
information on plant occurrences and a
better understanding of the species’
biological requirements, the physical or
biological features have been more
precisely identified, and now include
elevation, precipitation, substrate,
canopy, subcanopy, and understory
characteristics. We believe the added
precision will be helpful in identifying
the special management considerations
or protections needed in specific
occupied areas to recover the species. In
addition, because the 2003 designation
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focused on discrete areas occupied by
the species at the time of listing, the
result was an overlapping and confusing
patchwork of critical habitat areas for
the 99 plant species that was difficult
for the public to interpret. Although this
revision of critical habitat is solely
based on our determination of the lands
that meet the statutory definition of
critical habitat (16 U.S.C. 1532(5) and
other applicable provisions (e.g., 16
U.S.C. 1533(4)(b)(2)), we believe the end
result will provide for greater public
understanding of the conservation and
recovery needs of each of the species in
the specific areas addressed in this rule.
In this rule, we are designating critical
habitat for 124 species in 62 multiplespecies critical habitat units. Although
critical habitat is identified for each
species individually, we have found
that the conservation of each depends,
at least in part, on the successful
functioning of the physical or biological
features of the commonly shared
ecosystem. Each critical habitat unit
identified in this rule contains the
physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of those individual
species that occupy that particular unit,
or contains areas essential to the
conservation of those individual species
that do not presently occupy that
particular unit, but depend on that
ecosystem type for recovery purposes.
Where the unit is not known to be
occupied by a particular species, we
believe it is still essential for the
conservation of that species. The
designation of unoccupied habitat
allows for the expansion of its range and
reintroduction of individuals into areas
where it occurred historically, and
provides areas for recovery in the case
of a stochastic event at one or more
locations where the species occurs.
Each of the designated areas
represents critical habitat for multiple
species, based upon their shared habitat
requirements, and takes into account
any species-specific conservation needs
as appropriate (see discussion below in
Methods). For example, the presence of
a perennial stream is essential for the
conservation of the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly, but is not a requirement
shared by all species within the same
ecosystem; however, a functioning
ecosystem is also essential to the
damselfly because the ecosystem
provides other physical or biological
features that support the damselfly’s
specific life-history requirements.
The Island of Oahu
The island of Oahu is the third oldest
and third largest of the eight main
Hawaiian Islands, located southeast of
Kauai and northwest of Molokai and
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Lanai (Foote et al. 1972, p. 19;
Department of Geography, University of
Hawaii at Hilo (UHH) 1998, pp. 7–10).
It was formed from two shield
volcanoes, the Koolau Volcano and the
Waianae Volcano, that ceased erupting
about 1 to 2 million years ago, and is
about 600 square (sq) miles (mi) (1,557
sq kilometers (km)) in area (Macdonald
and Abbot 1970, p. 265; Foote et al.
1972, p. 19; Department of Geography,
UHH 1998, pp. 7–10; Rowland and
Garcia 2004, p. 1). Two mountain ranges
resulted from these eruptions, the
western Waianae range and eastern
Koolau range. Oahu is characterized by
the fact that the two mountain ranges
are aligned perpendicular to the
prevailing trade winds, so that
distinctive leeward and windward
climates result, with the Waianae range
in the rain shadow of the Koolau range
(Department of Geography, UHH 1998,
pp. 7–10; Wagner et al. [adapted from
Price (1983) and Carlquist (1980) 1999,
p. 39). The maximum elevation on Oahu
is 4,025 feet (ft) (1,225 meters (m)) at the
summit of Mount Kaala in the Waianae
Mountains, and this higher elevation
area is not affected by the Koolau rain
shadow (Blumenstock and Price 1972,
p. 156; Wagner et al. [adapted from
Price (1983) and Carlquist (1980) 1999,
pp. 39–41). The maximum elevation is
relatively low compared to the higher
Hawaiian Islands. Consequently, Oahu
does not have dry alpine areas, as the
mountains do not reach the height of the
temperature inversion layer (Wagner et
al. [adapted from Price (1983) and
Carlquist (1980)] 1999, pp. 38, 40).
Rainfall ranges from less than 20 inches
(in) (50 centimeters (cm)) to more than
250 in (635 cm) per year (Department of
Geography, UHH 1998, p. 7).
Temperatures in the Hawaiian Islands
differ by an average of 41 degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) (22 degrees Celsius (°C))
throughout the year. Since temperature
decreases with increasing elevation,
microclimates range from tropical to
sub-arctic across the island chain
(Wagner et al. [adapted from Price
(1983) and Carlquist (1980)] 1999, pp.
37–38), although the sub-arctic zone
does not occur on Oahu.
The current soil classification system
for the Hawaiian Islands distinguishes
soil types based on their measurable
physical and chemical properties, and
environmental factors that influenced
their formation. Widely ranging
geological ages of rocks, different rates
of weathering, and microclimates create
these highly variable soils (Sherman
1972, pp. 205–207). Most soils are
volcanic in origin; a few formed from
organic material and sand (Foote et al.
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1972, p. 1). On Oahu, sizable areas of
highly weathered, red-colored oxisols
(nutrient-poor soils, red or yellowish)
occur on the Schofield Plateau; in
contrast, the Koolau and Waianae
mountain ranges have large areas of
rocky, unweathered entisols (soils with
few or no horizontal layers) due to
erosion (Gavenda et al. 1998, p. 92).
Because of its age and relative
isolation, species diversity and
endemism are high in the Hawaiian
archipelago (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999,
p. 45). However, the flora and fauna of
Oahu have undergone extreme
alterations because of past and present
land use and other activities. Land with
rich soils was altered by the early
Hawaiians and, more recently,
converted to agricultural use (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 45) or pasture.
Intentional and inadvertent introduction
of alien plant and animal species has
contributed to the reduction in range of
native species on the island (throughout
this rule, the terms ‘‘alien,’’ ‘‘feral,’’
‘‘nonnative,’’ and ‘‘introduced’’ all refer
to species that are not naturally native
to the Hawaiian Islands). Most of the
taxa included in this rule persist on
steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley
headwalls, and other regions where
unsuitable topography has prevented
urbanization and agricultural
development, or where inaccessibility
has limited encroachment by nonnative
plant and animal species.
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Oahu Ecosystems
The seven Oahu ecosystems that
support the species addressed in this
rule are described in the following
sections.
Coastal
The coastal ecosystem is found on all
of the main Hawaiian Islands, with the
highest species diversity in the least
populated coastal areas of Hawaii, Maui,
Molokai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Kauai,
and their associated islets. On Oahu, the
coastal ecosystem includes mixed
herblands, shrublands, and grasslands,
from sea level to 980 ft (300 m) in
elevation, generally within a narrow
zone above the influence of waves to
within 330 ft (100 m) inland, sometimes
extending further inland if strong
prevailing onshore winds drive sea
spray and sand dunes into the lowland
zone (The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
2006a). The coastal vegetation zone is
typically dry, with annual rainfall of
less than 20 in (50 cm), however
windward rainfall may be high enough
(up to 40 in (100 cm)) to support mesicassociated and sometimes wetassociated vegetation (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, pp. 54–66). Biological
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diversity is low to moderate in this
ecosystem, but may include some
specialized plants and animals such as
nesting seabirds and the rare native
plant Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) (TNC
2006a). The plant Bidens amplectens,
which is listed as endangered in this
final rule, is reported from this
ecosystem on Oahu (Hawaii
Biodiversity and Mapping Program
(HBMP) 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Dry
The lowland dry ecosystem includes
shrublands and forests generally below
3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation that receive
less than 50 in (130 cm) annual rainfall,
or are in otherwise prevailingly dry
substrate conditions. Areas consisting of
predominantly native species in the
lowland dry ecosystem are now rare;
however, this ecosystem is found on the
islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Lanai,
Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Kauai, and is
best represented on the leeward sides of
the islands (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p.
67). On Oahu, this ecosystem is
typically found on the leeward side of
the Waianae Mountains, and the
leeward southern coast, including
Diamond Head Crater (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 67; TNC 2006b).
Biological diversity is low to moderate
in this ecosystem, and includes
specialized animals and plants such as
the Hawaiian owl or pueo (Asio
flammeus sandwichensis) and Santalum
ellipticum (iliahialoe) (Wagner et al.
1999, pp. 1,220–1,221; TNC 2006b). The
plants Bidens amplectens, Doryopteris
takeuchii, and Pleomele forbesii, which
are listed as endangered in this final
rule, are reported from this ecosystem
on Oahu (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Mesic
The lowland mesic ecosystem
includes a variety of grasslands,
shrublands, and forests, generally below
3,300 ft (1,000 m) elevation, that receive
between 50 and 75 in (130 and 190 cm)
annual rainfall, or are in otherwise
mesic substrate conditions (TNC 2006c).
In the Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem
is found on Hawaii, Maui, Molokai,
Lanai, and Kauai, on both windward
and leeward sides of the islands. On
Oahu, this ecosystem is typically found
on the leeward slopes of both the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains (Gagne
and Cuddihy 1999, p. 75; TNC 2006c).
Biological diversity is high in this
system (TNC 2006c). The plants Cyanea
calycina, C. lanceolata, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Tetraplasandra
lydgatei, and the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, which are listed as
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endangered in this final rule, are
reported from this ecosystem (HBMP
2008; TNC 2007).
Lowland Wet
The lowland wet ecosystem is
generally found below 3,300 ft (1,000 m)
elevation on the windward sides of the
main Hawaiian Islands, except
Kahoolawe and Niihau (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006d).
These areas include a variety of wet
grasslands, shrublands, and forests that
receive greater than 75 in (190 cm)
annual precipitation, or are in otherwise
wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d).
On Oahu, this system is best developed
in wet valleys and slopes along the
summit of the Koolau Mountains, with
a small area located on the windward
side of the summit of the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2006d). Biological
diversity is high in this system (TNC
2006d). The plants Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense, and the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies,
which are listed as endangered in this
final rule, are reported from this
ecosystem (HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
Montane Wet
The montane wet ecosystem is
composed of natural communities
(grasslands, shrublands, forests, and
bogs) found at elevations between 3,300
and 6,600 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m), in
areas where annual precipitation is
greater than 75 in (190 cm) (TNC 2006e).
This system is found on all of the main
Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and
Kahoolawe (only the islands of Molokai,
Maui, and Hawaii have areas above
4,020 ft (1,225 m) (TNC 2006e). On
Oahu, this ecosystem is found only at
the summit of the Waianae Mountains
(TNC 2007). Biological diversity is
moderate to high (TNC 2006e). Due to
the restricted distribution of this
ecosystem on Oahu, only the plants
Cyanea calycina and Melicope
christophersenii, which are listed as
endangered in this final rule, are
reported from this ecosystem (HBMP
2008; TNC 2007).
Dry Cliff
The dry cliff ecosystem is composed
of vegetation communities occupying
steep slopes (greater than 65 degrees) in
areas that receive less than 75 in (190
cm) of rainfall annually, or are in
otherwise dry substrate conditions (TNC
2006f). This ecosystem is found on all
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of the main Hawaiian Islands except
Niihau, and on the island of Oahu is
best represented along the leeward
slopes of the Waianae Mountains (TNC
2006f). A variety of shrublands occur
within this ecosystem (TNC 2006f).
Biological diversity is low to moderate
(TNC 2006f). The plants Korthalsella
degeneri, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, and Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, which are listed as
endangered in this final rule, are
reported from this ecosystem (HBMP
2008; TNC 2007).
Wet Cliff
The wet cliff ecosystem is generally
composed of shrublands on nearvertical slopes (greater than 65 degrees)
in areas that receive more than 75 in
(190 cm) of annual precipitation, or in
otherwise wet substrate conditions
(TNC 2006g). This system is found on
the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai,
Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai. On Oahu, this
ecosystem is typically found along the
entire length of the summit of the
Koolau Mountains and at the summit of
Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains
(TNC 2006g). Biological diversity is low
to moderate (TNC 2006g). The plants
Cyanea calycina, C. purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Melicope christophersenii, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and the crimson and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, which
are listed as endangered in this final
rule, are reported from this ecosystem
(HBMP 2008; TNC 2007).
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Description of the 23 Species
Below is a brief description of each of
the 23 species, presented in alphabetical
order by genus. Plants are presented
first, followed by animals.
Plants
Bidens amplectens (kookoolau), a
perennial or sometimes annual herb in
the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is
restricted to windward cliffs and crests
along the northern portion of the
Waianae Mountains on the island of
Oahu, in the coastal and lowland dry
ecosystems, at elevations between 300
and 1,400 ft (90 and 430 m) (Ganders
and Nagata 1999, p. 271; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). This species intergrades
with B. torta and forms hybrid swarms
from near Kaena Point along the
Waianae summit ridges to the head of
Makua Valley (a hybrid swarm occurs
where there is no reproductive barrier
between distinct populations, or where
a barrier has broken down). Pure B.
amplectens is restricted to the
windward cliffs and crests of the
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Waianae range (Ganders and Nagata
1999, p. 271). Bidens amplectens was
historically known from five locations
spanning 7 mi (11 km) in the northern
Waianae Mountains including Makaleha
Valley, Uluhulu Gulch, Puu Pueo to
Alau Gulch, Manini Gulch to Alau
Gulch, and Nihoa Gulch (HBMP 2008).
At last observation, there were fewer
than 1,000 individuals in four locations
separated by less than 4 mi (6 km):
Kealia Trail on the east side of Haili
Gulch; Kapuna-Kamimi Ridge on the
road to the Pahole Natural Area Reserve
(NAR); Kealia east of Kawaiu Gulch; and
from Kuaokala to Keawaula Ridge (Lau
2001, in litt.; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea calycina (haha), an
unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is found in
both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, montane wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems (Lammers 1999, p.
483; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 17;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). In the Waianae
Mountains, C. calycina occurs in
Acacia-Metrosideros-Dicranopteris (koaohia-uluhe) forests at elevations
between 1,800 and 3,920 ft (550 and
1,195 m), and in the Koolau Mountains
this species occurs in wet MetrosiderosDicranopteris forest and shrubland at
elevations between 1,830 and 3,000 ft
(558 and 900 m) (HBMP 2008).
Currently, C. calycina is found from
Pahole in the northern portion of the
Waianae Mountains south along the
summit to Palawai, in 18 occurrences
totaling at least 170 individuals (U.S.
Army 2006; HBMP 2008). In the Koolau
Mountains, C. calycina was known
historically from nine locations along
the entire length of the range (HBMP
2008). Currently, 22 occurrences
totaling between 155 and 169
individuals are known, from the most
northern point at Kamananui Gulch
along the summit ridges south to
Konahuanui (U.S. Army 2006; HBMP
2008). The combined 40 occurrences
total 325 to 339 individuals.
Cyanea lanceolata (haha) is an
unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in
the southeastern Koolau Mountains in
the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems, at elevations between 1,000
and 2,500 ft (305 and 760 m) (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst
2003, p. 17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was wideranging along the Koolau Mountains,
from the northern Schofield-Waikane
area to Wailupe at the southern end of
the range, in at least 17 occurrences
(HBMP 2008). Currently, there are 4
known occurrences, totaling fewer than
60 individuals, sparsely scattered over a
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much smaller area of the southern
Koolau range. These occurrences
include Kului-Hawaii Loa, Wailupe,
Mauumae, and Waialae Nui, with an
unconfirmed report of individuals in Pia
Valley (HBMP 2008; Lau 2008, in litt.).
Cyanea purpurellifolia (haha) is an
unbranched shrub in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae) that occurs in
the Koolau Mountains in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems, at
elevations between 1,860 and 2,160 ft
(570 and 660 m) (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Historically, this species was
known from a few individuals in the
vicinity of Kaluanui Valley and north to
Maakua-Papali Ridge (Lammers 1999, p.
484; Wagner and Herbst 2003, p. 17;
HBMP 2008). Currently, C.
purpurellifolia occurs in the northern
Koolau Mountains from MaakuaKaipapau to Punaluu-Kaluanui Ridge, in
5 occurrences totaling approximately 20
individuals (Plant Extinction Prevention
(PEP) Program 2008, pp. 20–21; HBMP
2008).
Cyrtandra gracilis (haiwale)
(Gesneriaceae, African violet family) is
a perennial shrub that is found in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis forest in the lowland wet
ecosystem at 1,600 ft (488 m) in
elevation, on the leeward side of the
southern Koolau Mountains (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 755; National Tropical
Botanical Garden (NTBG) Provenance
Report 2004; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008;
PEP Program 2008, p. 16). Presumed
extinct since the 1800s, 10 individuals
of C. gracilis were discovered by
botanists in Pia Valley in 2001 (NTBG
Provenance Report 2002). Between 2001
and 2008, only six to eight plants were
observed at this location (NTBG
Provenance Report 2002; PEP Program
2008, p. 16; Bakutis 2008, in litt.). It is
apparently extirpated from historical
locations in Palolo Valley, Konahuanui
Gulch, and Manoa Valley (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 755; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra kaulantha (haiwale) is a
perennial shrub in the African violet
family (Gesneriaceae) found in dense
shade in moist wooded gulches at
elevations between 840 and 1,050 ft
(255 and 320 m), in the lowland wet and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 763;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Cyrtandra
kaulantha was historically known from
the Waiahole Ditch Trail and Kahanaiki
Stream areas. It was considered ‘‘locally
common’’ and a collection was taken
from a ‘‘large colony’’ in 1985 (Takeuchi
1985, in litt.; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 763;
Lau 2006a, in litt.). Prior to October
2005, there were 34 wild individuals in
3 occurrences (15, 8, and 11 individuals,
respectively) in the subgulches of
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Waianu Valley (Bakutis 2005a, in litt.).
In 2005, the third occurrence was
discovered crushed by a tree, leaving six
living individuals (Bakutis 2005a, in
litt.). In March 2006, it was reported that
only one individual remained at the
second occurrence, and that some
individuals in the other two occurrences
had fruit (Bakutis 2006a, in litt.). In
addition, 4 more individuals were
discovered at the site of the first
occurrence, bringing the total number of
wild individuals to 26 (Bakutis 2006b,
in litt.). In May 2006, another tree fall
crushed 4 individuals in the third
occurrence, leaving 2 remaining;
however, a fourth occurrence of 4
individuals was discovered in another
subgulch, and 1 new individual was
found in the first occurrence, bringing
the total number of wild individuals to
27 (Bakutis 2006a, in litt.; Bakutis
2006b, in litt.). All occurrences were
visited again in April 2007, with a total
of 28 wild individuals observed (PEP
Program 2007, p. 17). Outplanting has
been conducted in the four subgulches
of Waianu Valley, but in areas some
distance from the known occurrences. A
total of 28 individuals were outplanted
between 2005 and 2007. However, due
to predation by nonnative slugs, only 12
outplanted individuals remained in
2007 (PEP Program 2007, p. 17).
Cyrtandra kaulantha is therefore
currently found in 5 occurrences
totaling 28 wild and 12 outplanted
individuals.
Cyrtandra sessilis (haiwale)
(Gesneriaceae, African violet family) is
a small shrub that was historically
known only from a few collections in
wet gulch bottoms and slopes of mesic
valleys in the windward Koolau
Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 778).
Typical habitat is wet Metrosideros
forests at elevations between 1,600 and
2,200 ft (490 and 670 m) in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008; Bakutis 2008, in litt.). In
1993, there were about 200 individuals
in the only known occurrence near the
summit of the Schofield-Waikane Trail
(HBMP 2008). In 2003, there were an
estimated 50 individuals in 2
occurrences (Perlman 2003, in litt.).
Cyrtandra sessilis is currently known
from 4 occurrences totaling
approximately 83 individuals: 75
individuals along the WaikaneSchofield Trail in Kahana Valley, 1
individual at Lulumahu Gulch, 2
individuals in Wailupe, and 5
individuals at Hawaii Loa Ridge near
Pia Valley (Perlman 2003, in litt.;
Bakutis 2006c, in litt.; HBMP 2008;
Bakutis 2008, in litt.).
Cyrtandra waiolani (haiwale), a small
shrub in the African violet family
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(Gesneriaceae), is found in rich, partly
sunny gulches; shady, moist banks
above creeks; and wet gulch bottoms in
the lowland wet ecosystem (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 781; HBMP 2008; Lau 2011,
in litt.). Cyrtandra waiolani was
historically known from at least seven
locations: five in the southern Koolau
Mountains and two in the northern
Koolau Mountains, at elevations
between 800 and 3,000 ft (240 and 900
m) (HBMP 2008). Plants have not been
observed in these areas since then.
Individuals likely representing C.
waiolani, based on vegetative
characteristics, were seen in 1994, along
the ridge between Kaipapau and
Maakua (Lau 2011, in litt.). In 2005, it
was thought there was a small chance
that individuals found on the Kualono
Ridge near Kaaawa could be C.
waiolani, and cuttings were taken for
propagation and positive identification
when flowering and fruiting occurred
(Hawaii Department of Land and
Natural Resources (HDLNR) 2005a; U.S.
Army 2006; Bakutis 2008, in litt.; Ching
2009, in litt.; Lau 2009, in litt.);
however, these plants were found not to
be C. waiolani (Lau 2011, in litt.). Many
areas within the lowland wet ecosystem
in the Koolau Mountains have not been
surveyed for this species. The Koolau
mountain range is over 35 mi (58 km)
in length. Historical surveys that we
have records of from the 1800s did not
cover the entire mountain range, but
collections were made at seven widely
distributed locations along the 35-mi
(58-km) range. In the 1800s, forests in
the Koolau Mountains were more intact
at the summits; therefore, we believe
that if seven collections were made,
there were possibly many more
individuals in the wild. The plants were
only known from a ridge between
Kaipapau and Maakau in 1994, and
from Kahana in 2005, but those plants
are no longer present, which represents
a population decline from seven (and
possibly more than seven historically) to
zero. Botanists suggest that the species
is likely still extant in these areas and
may be found with more intensive
surveying (Bakutis 2008, in litt; Lau
2009 and 2011, in litt.).
Doryopteris takeuchii (no common
name (NCN)) is a fern in the Pteridaceae
family (Palmer 2003, p. 133). It occurs
in dry shrubland on the slopes of
Diamond Head Crater, a volcanic tuff
cone on the southern coast of Oahu, at
elevations between 140 and 300 ft (43
and 91 m) (NTBG 2007a, p. 1). This area
consists of pockets of native and
nonnative species in the lowland dry
ecosystem (TNC 2007). Little is known
of the historical distribution of D.
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takeuchii. Currently, there are 50 to 100
plants along the main trail to the
summit, with individuals on the Kuilei
cliffs and the southwest-facing gulches
above Munro Trail on the outer slopes
of the crater, totaling 160 to 200
individuals on Diamond Head (NTBG
2007, p. 1; Lau 2011, in litt.).
Korthalsella degeneri (hulumoa), a
subshrub (a perennial with stems that
are woody at the base) in the mistletoe
family (Viscaceae), is parasitic on the
native trees Sapindus oahuensis (kaulu)
and Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua)
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,339). This
species occurs in diverse forest in the
dry cliff ecosystem at elevations
between 1,100 and 1,500 ft (335 and 460
m) in the Waianae Mountains (U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). In
1938, K. degeneri was recorded from
Makua Valley, but little else is known
of its historical range (HBMP 2008).
Currently, K. degeneri is known from
Makaha Valley. In addition, individuals
of this species may also occur in Makua
Valley and at Kahanahaiki.
Confirmation of the identification of
these individuals is difficult because
another related species, Korthalsella
platycaula, is also found in Makua
Valley (Lau 2001b and 2011, in litt.;
U.S. Army 2006).
Melicope christophersenii (alani), a
shrub or tree in the rue family
(Rutaceae), occurs in wet forest and
shrubland in the montane wet and wet
cliff ecosystems at elevations between
2,400 and 4,000 ft (730 and 1,200 m) in
the Waianae Mountains (Stone et al.
1999, pp. 1,184–1,185; U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). Historically, M.
christophersenii was known from a few
scattered locations in the Mt. Kaala area
of the Waianae Mountains, and as far
south as Puu Kaua (HBMP 2008).
Currently, there are 3 occurrences
totaling approximately 250 individuals
in the Waianae summit area, with the
southernmost occurrence at Puu Hapapa
(U.S. Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Melicope hiiakae (alani) is a small
tree in the rue family (Rutaceae) that
occurs in wet forest in the lowland wet
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains,
between elevations of 1,300 and 2,260 ft
(400 and 700 m) (U.S. Army 2006;
NTBG 2007, p. 3; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Historically, M. hiiakae was
found along the entire length of the
Koolau range (HBMP 2008). Currently,
there are 10 scattered occurrences
totaling fewer than 60 individuals from
Kawailoa to Waimalu (NTBG 2007, p. 3;
HBMP 2008; Lau 2011, in litt.).
Melicope makahae (alani), a shrubby
tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), occurs
in mesic forest and shrubland in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
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in the Waianae Mountains, at elevations
between 2,200 and 2,900 ft (670 and 890
m) (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,194; U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Lau
2011, in litt.). Historically, M. makahae
was found in the Waianae Mountains on
the west side of Mt. Kaala in Makaha
Valley (Stone 1963, p. 410; TNC 2007).
Currently, there are 4 occurrences
totaling fewer than 200 individuals
north and west of the summit area of the
Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
(NCN) is a palmoid (leaves dividing or
radiating from one point) shrub in the
rue family (Rutaceae) (Stone et al. 1999,
pp. 1,209–1,210). It occurs in wet forest,
shrubland, and gulches in the lowland
wet ecosystem of the Koolau Mountains,
at elevations between 1,900 and 2,500 ft
(580 and 760 m) (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008). Historically, this
species was found along the entire
length of the Koolau range, and at
elevations below 800 ft, from Pupukea
to Wailupe Valley (HBMP 2008).
Currently, 9 occurrences (totaling 32
individuals) are restricted to the summit
area of the northern Koolau Mountains,
with only 1 occurrence (16 individuals)
near the summit of the southern Koolau
Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
(NCN), a palmoid shrub in the rue
family (Rutaceae), occurs in the lowland
mesic and dry cliff ecosystems of the
Waianae Mountains, at elevations
between 1,990 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900
m) (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,209–1,210;
U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Historically, this species was
wide-ranging in the Waianae
Mountains, from the Mokuleia Forest
Reserve south to Kaluaa (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). Currently, P. cornuta var.
decurrens is found in 15 occurrences
scattered from Pahole to Palawai Gulch,
totaling 259 to 309 individuals (U.S.
Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Pleomele forbesii (hala pepe) is a tree
in the asparagus (Asparagaceae) family
(Smithsonian Department of Botany
2008). It occurs in mesic and dry forest
and shrubland in the lowland dry,
lowland mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains,
at elevations between 800 and 2,900 ft
(240 and 900 m) (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,352; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, P. forbesii was found in at
least 11 locations, totaling an unknown
number of individuals, in the Waianae
Mountains (HBMP 2008). Currently,
there are approximately 19 occurrences
totaling 290 to 307 individuals, from
Keawaula, Kaluakauila, Kuaokala,
Kahanahaiki, the east and south rim of
Makua Valley, the rim of Waianae Kai
Valley, Keaau, Makaha, Kamaileunu,
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Kolekole Pass, Puu Hapapa, Puukaua,
Ekahanui, Halona, Palawai, and
Nanakuli, in the Waianae Mountains,
and one occurrence of a few individuals
in the Koolau Mountains (Lau 2011, in
litt.; HBMP 2008).
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
(kopiko), a tree in the coffee family
(Rubiaceae), occurs in wet forest and
shrubland in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems of the Koolau
Mountains, at elevations between 1,080
and 2,000 ft (330 and 600 m) (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 1,166; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Two varieties of this subspecies,
var. hosakana and var. oahuensis, were
historically known only from the
northern Koolau Mountains, while var.
rockii was known only from the
southern Koolau Mountains (Lau 2011,
in litt.). This species is currently known
from three occurrences: one occurrence
of 8 to 9 individuals in Maakua Gulch;
one individual at Opaeula Gulch; and
an estimated fewer than 10 individuals
scattered between Kaipapau and
Kaluanui, just south of Maakua Gulch
(Bakutis 2005, in litt.; U.S. Army 2006;
PEP Program 2007, p. 25; HBMP 2008).
A single individual was outplanted
within a fenced area in Makaua Valley
(February 2007) and has been observed
to be healthy in subsequent monitoring
visits (PEP Program 2007, p. 25).
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (kaulu) is a
tree in the dogbane family
(Apocynaceae). It occurs in the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains, in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff, and wet
cliff ecosystems, at elevations between
1,100 and 2,800 ft (340 and 850 m)
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 220; U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species was found
along the entire length of the Koolau
range and on the summit ridges of the
Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Currently, P. macrocarpa is found from
Kapuhi Gulch to North Palawai Gulch
in the Waianae Mountains, in
approximately 31 occurrences totaling
between 233 and 289 individuals. In the
Koolau Mountains, 7 occurrences
totaling 47 individuals occur in the
most northern portion of this range,
while only 11 individuals in 2
occurrences are found in the
southernmost portion of the range (U.S.
Army 2006; HBMP 2008).
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (NCN), a tree
in the ginseng family (Araliaceae), is
found in mesic forest in the lowland
mesic ecosystem at elevations between
800 and 1,600 ft (240 and 490 m) in the
Koolau Mountains (Motley 2005, p. 107;
TNC 2007). In 2005, Motley formally
recognized T. lydgatei as distinct from
T. oahuensis (Motley 2005; p. 105), and
all known populations were surveyed at
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that time (PEP Program 2007, pp. 27–
28). Formerly found from Niu Valley to
the Halawa Ridge Trail, its distribution
is now limited to two wild occurrences:
one on the eastern slope of Hawaii Loa
Ridge and another on Kulepeamoa
Ridge. These occurrences total 8
individuals (HBMP 2008).
Zanthoxylum oahuense (ae), a small
tree in the rue family (Rutaceae), occurs
in wet forest in the lowland wet
ecosystem at elevations between 2,060
and 2,720 ft (630 and 830 m) (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 1,216; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). This species was historically
known from 17 locations scattered along
the entire length of the Koolau
Mountains (HBMP 2008). Currently, Z.
oahuense is found in the Koolau
Mountains from Halawa-Kalauao ridge
to ridges in Moanalua-KamananuiManaiki, and further east at Hawaiiloa
Ridge, in 5 occurrences totaling 21 to 25
individuals (U.S Army 2006; HBMP
2008; Lau 2011, in litt.).
Animals
The crimson Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion leptodemas) is a mediumsized, slender and delicate species, with
adults measuring from 1.4 to 1.6 in (36
to 41 mm) in length and having a
wingspan of 1.5 to 1.6 in (39 to 42 mm).
The species exhibits minimal striping
and patterns. Males are primarily red
and black in color, with females
appearing somewhat paler and with
green coloration present on the
abdomen laterally (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 65).
The crimson Hawaiian damselfly
breeds in the slow reaches of streams
and seep-fed pools (Williams 1936, p.
306; Zimmerman 1948a, p. 369;
Polhemus 1994a, p. 7; Polhemus 1994b,
p. 37). Crimson Hawaiian damselfly
naiads, the aquatic life-history stage,
frequent open water, resting
horizontally, or on submerged
vegetation (Williams 1936, p. 309).
Adults perch on streamside vegetation
and patrol along the stream corridor,
staying close to breeding pools
(Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 65).
Between 1991 and 2003, over 150
sites were surveyed on the island of
Oahu for native damselflies, and results
indicate that one lowland species, the
Pacific Hawaiian damselfly, has been
extirpated from Oahu, and the
orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly has
been reduced to a single remnant
population (Polhemus 2007, pp. 233–
235). The crimson Hawaiian damselfly
was known historically from
approximately eight areas where it is
now extirpated, including the windward
side of the Waianae Mountains and
scattered locations in the Koolau
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Mountains (Polhemus 1994a, p. 7;
Polhemus 1994b, pp. 37–38; Englund
1999, pp. 228–229, 231; Polhemus 2007,
pp. 234, 238). In 2003, this species was
not found during surveys of Kahana
Stream and may be extirpated from this
stream system (Englund et al. 2003, p.
6). Currently, only three occurrences of
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly are
known, all from the Koolau Mountains
in the lowland wet and wet cliff
ecosystems at Moanalua, north Halawa,
and Maakua (TNC 2007; Polhemus
2008a, in litt.; HBMP 2008; Preston
2011, in litt.). This species was last
observed in the lowland wet ecosystem
at Waiawa in the late 1990s (Englund
1999, p. 229). All colonies of this
damselfly are constrained to portions of
streams not occupied by nonnative
predatory fish—that is, stream portions
above geologic or manmade barriers
(e.g., waterfalls, steep gradients, dry
stream midreaches, or constructed
diversions). No estimates of population
size for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly
are available.
The blackline Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum) is a moderately-sized
and delicate subspecies (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 73). It occurs in the
slow sections or pools along mid-reach
and headwater sections of perennial
upland streams and in seep-fed pools
along overflow channels bordering such
streams. The adults measure from 1.4 to
1.8 in (35 to 45 mm) in length and have
a wingspan of 1.7 to 1.9 in (45 to 50
mm). Naiads remain concealed and are
found under stones or in mats of algae
(Williams 1936, p. 318; Zimmerman
1948a, pp. 371–372).
The blackline Hawaiian damselfly
was known historically from the Koolau
and Waianae Mountains, from sea level
to over 2,400 ft (730 m) (Williams 1936,
p. 318; Polhemus 1994a, pp. 6–12).
Currently, this species is found in the
lowland wet ecosystem on the
windward and leeward sides of the
Koolau Mountains, in the headwaters
and upper reaches of 17 streams: Koloa,
Kaipapau, Maakua, upper Kaluanui,
Palaa, Helemano headwaters, Poamoho,
Kahana, Waiahole, Waiawa, Kaalaea,
Waihee, Kahaluu, north Halawa, Heeia,
Kalihi, and Maunawili (TNC 2007;
Polhemus 2008a, in litt.; Wolff 2008, in
litt.; HBMP 2008; Preston 2011, in litt.).
Like the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
all colonies of the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly are constrained to portions of
streams not occupied by nonnative
predatory fish—that is, stream portions
above geologic or manmade barriers
(e.g., waterfalls, steep gradients, dry
stream midreaches, or constructed
diversions). Currently, the 17 stream
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colonies are estimated to total 800 to
1,000 individuals, with approximately
50 individuals per stream (Polhemus
2008c, in litt.).
The oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum) is a
comparatively large and robust species.
The adults measure from 1.8 to 1.9 in
(47 to 50 mm) in length and have a
wingspan of 2.0 to 2.2 in (51 to 55 mm).
Both sexes exhibit prominent patterns
including black stripes, but males are
bright red in color while females are
pale green. Immature individuals of this
species are also large with long grasping
legs and dagger-like gills (Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 77). The oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly can be
distinguished from other Oahu
damselfly species by its large size, black
stripes, and fast flight along flowing
sections of streams.
Individuals of the immature stage of
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly are
found in swiftly flowing sections of
streams, usually amid rocks and gravel
in stream riffles (stream sections with
sufficient gradient to create small
standing waves) and small cascades on
waterfalls (Williams 1936, pp. 321–322;
Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 106).
While capable of swimming, the naiads
usually crawl among gravel or
submerged vegetation. Older naiads
frequently forage out of the actual
stream channel and have been observed
among wet moss on rocks, and wet rock
walls and seeps (Williams 1936, pp.
321–323). Adults are very bold and
strong flyers, and when disturbed
frequently fly upward into the forest
canopy overhanging the stream or
waterfall (Williams 1936, p. 323;
Polhemus 1994b, p. 48).
Historically, the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly occurred on both the leeward
and windward sides of the Koolau and
Waianae Mountains, and was known,
but is currently extirpated, from
approximately 16 general localities,
including the Waianae Mountains and
all leeward streams of the Koolau
Mountains (Englund and Polhemus
1994, p. 8). The species now currently
occupies 12 sites above 300 ft (100 m)
in elevation on the windward side of the
Koolau Mountains at Kahawainui,
Wailele, Koloa, Kaipapau, Maakua,
upper Kaluanui, Kawaiiki, Opaeula,
upper Helemano, Makaua, Waihee, and
Kahaluu, in the lowland mesic, lowland
wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (TNC
2007; Polhemus 2007, pp. 237–239;
HBMP 2008; Preston 2011, in litt.). Like
the crimson and blackline Hawaiian
damselflies, the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly is constrained to portions of
streams not occupied by nonnative
predatory fish—that is, stream portions
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above geologic or manmade barriers
(e.g., waterfalls, steep gradients, dry
stream midreaches, or constructed
diversions). No estimates of population
size for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
are available.
Summary of Comments and
Recommendations
On August 2, 2011, we published a
proposed rule to list these 23 Oahu
species as endangered throughout their
ranges, and to designate critical habitat
for 124 species (76 FR 46362). The
comment period for the proposal
opened on August 2, 2011, and closed
on October 3, 2011. We requested that
all interested parties submit comments
or information concerning the proposed
listing and designation of critical habitat
for the 124 species. We contacted all
appropriate State and Federal agencies,
county governments, elected officials,
scientific organizations, and other
interested parties and invited them to
comment. In addition, we published a
public notice of the proposed rule on
August 6, 2011, in the local Honolulu
Star Advertiser newspaper, at the
beginning of the comment period. On
April 12, 2012, we published a
document (77 FR 21936) announcing
the availability of our draft economic
analysis, requesting comments on it
until May 14, 2012, and reopening the
comment period on the August 2, 2011,
proposed rule (76 FR 46362) until that
time as well.
During the comment periods, we
received a total of 55 comment letters.
We did not receive any requests for
public hearings. Four commenters were
peer reviewers, 5 were State of Hawaii
agencies, 1 was a Federal agency (U.S.
Navy), and 45 were nongovernmental
organizations or individuals. Due to the
nature of the proposed rule, we received
combined comments from the public on
both the listing action and the critical
habitat; we have therefore addressed
these issues in a single comment
section.
Four of the comment letters supported
the listing and designation of critical
habitat for the Oahu species. Thirty-one
commenters requested that we exclude
695 ac (281 ha) (representing entire or
portions of five different critical habitat
units), based on possible economic
effects of the designation. We reviewed
all comments we received for
substantive issues and new data
regarding the proposed listing of 23
species and designation of critical
habitat for 124 species. We have fully
considered all substantive comments in
this final rule. Written comments we
received during the comment periods
are addressed in the following
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summary. For readers’ convenience, we
have combined similar comments into
single comments and responses.
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Peer Review
In accordance with our peer review
policy published in the Federal Register
on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we
solicited expert opinions from 13
knowledgeable individuals with
scientific expertise on the Oahu plants
and damselflies and their habitats,
including familiarity with the species,
the geographic region in which these
species occur, and conservation biology
principles. We received responses from
four of the peer reviewers who were
solicited. These four peer reviewers
generally supported our methodology
and conclusions. One reviewer
supported the listing and critical habitat
for the Oahu species, one reviewer
supported protection of the stream
habitat essential to the Hawaiian
damselflies, and all four reviewers
provided new information on one or
more of the Oahu species, which was
incorporated into this final rule. We
reviewed all comments received from
the peer reviewers for substantive issues
and new information regarding the
listing of 23 species and designation of
critical habitat for 124 species. Peer
reviewer comments are addressed in the
following summary and incorporated
into the final rule as appropriate.
Peer Reviewer Comments
(1) Comment: One peer reviewer
suggested that we use the more current
and accepted terms ‘‘ferns and
lycophytes’’ instead of ‘‘ferns and
allies’’ in the published rule.
Our Response: We agree that ‘‘ferns
and lycophytes’’ is the currently
accepted terminology; however,
changing the term ‘‘ferns and allies’’ to
‘‘ferns and lycophytes’’ at 50 CFR 17.12
and at 50 CFR 17.99(j) would require a
separate rulemaking to amend the Code
of Federal Regulations (CFR), not only
for the Hawaiian species listings, but for
all previously listed species nationwide.
This rulemaking would also require an
opportunity for public review and
comment, which we are unable to
accommodate in this final rule.
(2) Comment: One peer reviewer
disagreed with our statement that
‘‘many native Hawaiian plants and
animals currently occupy only areas of
marginal habitat because the threats are
reduced in those areas,’’ and suggested
that the areas where the species
currently occur constitute their prime
habitat, not marginal habitat.
Our Response: Prime habitat and
marginal habitat are not terms used in
the Act. However, we agree that some
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native Hawaiian plants and animals
thrive in areas that are ‘‘marginal’’ (i.e.,
not dominated by other native species)
and have modified our statement in this
final rule. The areas designated as
critical habitat in this final rule include
both occupied and unoccupied habitat.
(3) Comment: One peer reviewer
expressed concern regarding the
potential threat to the three proposed
Hawaiian damselflies from the use of
biopesticides (pesticides derived from
natural materials such as animals,
plants, bacteria, and minerals) to
combat, for example, mosquitoes.
Our Response: We do not have
sufficient data to evaluate the effects
that biopesticides, in particular, Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), may have
on Hawaiian damselflies. Therefore, Bti
is not considered a current threat to the
three proposed Hawaiian damselflies
because the specific impacts to these
damselflies are unknown at this time.
(4) Comment: Two peer reviewers
provided information from their recent
surveys for species of Megalagrion and
stated that survey results demonstrated
that only streams without nonnative fish
provide habitat for native damselflies,
and that these streams are crucial for the
continued survival of Megalagrion. The
commenters also stated that, in addition
to predation by nonnative fish, siltation
of stream gravel beds and other stream
modifications resulting from erosion of
nearby riparian habitat caused by the
actions of feral ungulates is a significant
threat to Megalagrion species. The
commenters recommended that the
Service should try to protect the
remaining stream habitat that is free of
nonnative fish, eliminate nonnative fish
in the streams in which they occur, and
restore streams and surrounding habitat
to provide suitable habitat for Hawaii’s
Megalagrion and other native aquatic
species. They also stated that the
positive impacts from the removal of
nonnative fish and ungulates in aquatic
and surrounding habitat will improve
overall environmental conditions, that
native Hawaiian damselfly larvae may
effectively control mosquitoes in place
of nonnative fish, and that removal of
ungulates in stream areas may reduce
the incidence of leptospirosis in Hawaii,
which has the largest number of
reported cases of this human-health
hazard in the United States.
Our Response: We agree that habitat
degradation and destruction by feral
ungulates and predation of Megalagrion
spp. by nonnative fish are significant
threats to the three species of
damselflies in this rule (see Factor A
and Factor C, below). Listing these
species as endangered and designating
their critical habitat will provide
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conservation benefits including:
Protection from being jeopardized by
Federal activities; protections against
the adverse modification of critical
habitat; restrictions on take and
trafficking; a requirement that the
Service develop and implement
recovery plans; authorization to seek
land purchases or exchanges for
important habitat; and Federal aid to
State conservation departments and
cooperative endangered species
agreements. Listing also lends greater
recognition to a species’ precarious
status, encouraging conservation effort
by other agencies, independent
organizations, and concerned
individuals.
The Service has identified highquality stream habitat in the State of
Hawaii and participates in several
programs that provide for stream habitat
restoration. One of these programs is the
Hawaii Fish Habitat Partnership, whose
members developed a strategic plan for
implementation of stream restoration
projects. Also, funding for
implementation of stream restoration
activities is available through the
National Fish Habitat Action Plan
(which includes Federal, State, and
private partners), and through the
National Fish Passage Program
(Service), which will allow for
migration of native fish and
invertebrates (while excluding
nonnative fish) into essential headwater
stream reaches. Currently, there are two
stream restoration projects funded by
these programs on the windward side of
Oahu. In 2009, funding was provided to
restore native habitat in Waihee Stream
and provide a barrier to prevent
nonnative fish passage into the upper
reaches of the stream where the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly occurs. In
2010 and 2011, funds were provided to
initiate restoration of habitat for native
fish and the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly at the lower elevations of
Heeia Stream. Additional funding will
be pursued to restore the habitat further
upstream and to construct a barrier to
prevent nonnative fish passage into the
upper elevation watershed.
Comments From the State of Hawaii
(5) Comment: The Department of
Business, Economic Development &
Tourism (DBEDT), Office of Planning
commented that the proposed rule for
the Oahu species is subject to Hawaii
Coastal Zone Management (CZM)
Program Federal consistency review,
pursuant to section 307(c) of the Coastal
Zone Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1451
et seq.) and 15 CFR part 930, subpart C.
In their letter, DBEDT stated that
Federal consistency review is required
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because the Federal agency activity will
occur within the Hawaii CZM area,
which includes all lands of the State
(Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 205A),
and will affect coastal uses and
resources (i.e., any land or water use or
natural resource of the coastal zone (15
CFR 930.11(b))). In addition, DBEDT
cited Palila v. Hawaii Department of
Land and Natural Resources [DLNR],
471 F. Supp. 985 (Haw. 1979), as a case
where no Federal lands or Federal funds
were involved yet Hawaii DLNR was
held liable for its non-Federal actions
within palila critical habitat.
Our Response: The Palila case was
based on section 9 of the Act, which
makes it a crime for anyone to ‘‘take’’
(defined as harass, harm, pursue, hunt,
shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect,
or attempt any of these actions) an
endangered species. This provision of
the Act can be asserted by private
citizens or by the Federal Government.
In the palila lawsuit, private nonprofit
organizations claimed that DLNR was
taking the Palila by maintaining
populations of feral sheep and goats in
the bird’s habitat. The fact that the
bird’s habitat was designated critical
habitat had no legal relevance to this
allegation; the designation played only
an informational role in identifying
habitat important to the species. There
is no regulatory connection between the
Act’s section 9 prohibition against
‘‘take’’ of a listed species and the
designation of critical habitat.
The designation of critical habitat
does not physically alter any coastal
resources or uses, initiate any activity or
a series of activities with effects on
coastal resources or uses, or direct
future agency actions that affect or alter
coastal resources or uses. The
designation of critical habitat simply
requires a Federal agency proposing an
activity that may itself affect the coastal
zone to consult with the Service under
section 7(a)(2) of the Act to ensure that
the activity does not destroy or
adversely modify critical habitat. It is
the Federal agency activity that results
in reasonably foreseeable effects on
coastal resources or coastal uses that is
subject to the consistency requirement
of the Coastal Zone Management Act
(CZMA). It is also the responsibility of
the Federal agency proposing the
activity to ensure the agency complies
with the CZMA. The designation of
critical habitat does not affect coastal
resources or uses in this manner, nor
does critical habitat designation affect
the coastal zone in other ways. Thus,
the designation of critical habitat is not
a ‘‘Federal agency activity’’ under the
CZMA definition, and a consistency
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determination is not necessary for the
designation of critical habitat on Oahu.
(6) Comment: The Department of
Hawaiian Homelands (DHHL) expressed
concerns over the designation of critical
habitat on their lands. DHHL requested
that we remove Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 10, which overlays lands on which
they were developing two on-grid 5
megawatt (MW) solar power generating
facilities (DHHL 2011, in litt.). In
addition, they requested that we remove
any pasture lands from Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8 and any DHHL lands that
overlay Oahu—Lowland Wet—Units 9
and 13, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8
from the final designation, to ensure
there are no limitations on their
authority over the use and development
of their landholdings.
Our Response: We carefully reviewed
the areas proposed as critical habitat
that overlap lands owned by DHHL. We
determined that proposed Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10 (43 ac; 17 ha) is
essential for the conservation and
recovery of 17 plant species that require
the physical and biological features of
the lowland dry ecosystem. This unit
also provides the species-specific
primary constituent element of coral
outcrop substrate required for the
endangered plant Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (Ewa Plains
akoko), which was present in the area in
1998, and is endemic only to the
Kalaeloa area. The revised recovery
strategy for akoko (‘‘Recovery Needs and
Strategy for Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii (Ewa Plains akoko)’’)
(Service 2012, entire) describes the need
for several discrete populations
distributed across the landscape, in
order to recover this species. For C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, a plant
requiring another individual for
pollination (obligate-outcrosser) and
living 10 years or less (short-lived
perennial), we need to establish and
maintain 7 to 8 populations across the
4 units proposed in the lowland dry
habitat in Kalaeloa (Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Units 8–11), although there may
be some flexibility within each unit
regarding the precise location and
management of each population within
the unit (HPPRCC 2011; Guerrant et al.
2004, pp. 419–441; Neel and Cummings
2003).
We are aware of the planned
development of the Kalaeloa Solar One
and Two alternative energy facilities
(DHHL 2011, in litt.) on lands within,
and adjacent to, this unit. The facilities,
which are independently owned and
operated, are being developed for the
purpose of reducing Oahu’s dependence
on fossil-fuel for power generation. The
January 2011 Draft Environmental
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Assessment prepared for this project
states that no Federal funding or Federal
authorizations will be required to
develop this facility. We are also
unaware of any Federal nexus for this
project. Accordingly, since a critical
habitat designation only triggers a
consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the
Act for activities that have a Federal
nexus, the designation of this unit as
critical habitat is not anticipated to have
an impact on this project as proposed.
Another 52 ac (21 ha) of proposed
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8 overlap DHHL
lands in the Waianae Mountains;
however, this area is situated on a steep
cliff (greater than 65 degree slope), and
does not include any pastureland.
Accordingly, the critical habitat
designation is not expected to affect any
pasture operations. This portion of
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8 is essential to
the conservation and recovery of 45
plant species that require the physical
and biological features of the dry cliff
ecosystem. Based upon landownership
information from the State’s GIS
database, we determined that proposed
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9 and
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 do not overlap
any DHHL lands. We removed 86 ac (35
ha) from proposed Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 13 (which corresponds to the
critical habitat units Megalagrion
leptodemas Unit 8—Lowland Wet; M.
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum Unit 8—
Lowland Wet, and M. oceanicum Unit
9—Lowland Wet), portions of which
overlap DHHL lands. We determined
these unoccupied lands, which are too
degraded or modified by buildings and
roads to support the species, are not
essential for the conservation and
recovery of the 45 species for which
they were proposed as critical habitat.
The designation of critical habitat does
not affect activities on State or private
lands absent a Federal nexus (a program
or project authorized, funded, or carried
out by a Federal agency), even if such
lands are within the geographical
boundaries of the critical habitat.
(7) Comment: The Hawaii Department
of Transportation (HDOT) opposed the
designation of critical habitat on lands
surrounding the Kalaeloa Barber’s Point
Harbor, specifically in proposed Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8. The HDOT
believes the critical habitat designation
will result in a significant delay in
implementing the expansion of Kalaeloa
Barber’s Point Harbor, which would be
detrimental to the State and local
economy. The HDOT Harbors Division
is planning to expand the harbor, which
would include purchasing 54 ac (22 ha)
within the proposed Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8 area. The HDOT is
concerned that designating the 54-ac
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(22-ha) area will impact planning efforts
that have been underway for decades,
within one of Oahu’s and the State of
Hawaii’s most important industrial
areas.
Our Response: When proposed,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 was
comprised of 292 ac (118 ha).
Information gained from site visits and
from comments we received during the
public comment period (76 FR 46362,
August 2, 2011; 77 FR 21936, April 12,
2012) confirmed that 193 ac (78 ha) of
this unit are not essential to the
conservation of the species because they
are too degraded to support the species
or be functionally restored to support
the essential features and habitat for
which this area was proposed as critical
habitat (see ‘‘Summary of Changes from
Proposed Rule,’’ below). The 54-ac (22ha) area to be purchased by HDOT is no
longer within Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 8.
(8) Comment: In a separate letter, the
HDOT requested clarification regarding
the impact of listing the 23 species on
State and federally funded highway
projects currently undergoing
environmental review, existing HDOT
roadways, and mitigation requirements
for future HDOT projects in or near
designated critical habitat.
Our Response: The listing of the 23
Oahu species and designation of critical
habitat would not impact existing
HDOT roadways, unless a proposed or
ongoing federal action (i.e., a federally
funded highway modification) may
affect one or more of the 124 Oahu
species or designated critical habitat. If
an existing or ongoing Federal, federally
authorized, or federally funded project
is likely to adversely affect one or more
of these species or critical habitat, ESA
section 7 consultation would be
required so the Federal agency can
ensure the proposed action(s) are not
likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of the species, or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of
designated critical habitat. This would
also apply to future HDOT project(s)
with a Federal nexus. If such projects
would likely result in jeopardy to the
listed species or the adverse
modification of critical habitat, the
Service would identify reasonable and
prudent alternatives to minimize such
impact. Reasonable and prudent
alternatives are alternative actions
identified during formal section 7
consultation that can be implemented in
a manner consistent with the purpose of
the action and the Federal agency’s legal
authority and jurisdiction. Reasonable
and prudent alternatives must be
economically and technical feasible,
and avoid the likelihood of jeopardizing
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the continued existence of a listed
species or destroying or adversely
modifiying critical habitat.
(9) Comment: The HDOT, Harbors
Division, Planning Office requested
information on how the designation of
critical habitat in Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 8 may affect harbor development in
the existing Kalaeloa Barber’s Point
Harbor area and the proposed
acquisition area for harbor expansion.
Our Response: See also our response
to Comment (7), above. The designation
of critical habitat does not affect
activities on State or private lands
absent a Federal nexus, even if such
lands are within the geographical
boundaries of the critical habitat.
However, Federal agencies are required
to consult with the Service on actions
they carry out, fund, or authorize to
ensure that their actions will not destroy
or adversely modify critical habitat. In
this way, a critical habitat designation
provides additional protections beyond
classifying a species as endangered or
threatened by requiring consideration of
the effects of Federal actions on areas
essential for the conservation of the
species. The area being considered for
harbor expansion, which was within
proposed Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8,
was resurveyed by the Service. Those
areas that are too degraded to support
the species or be functionally restored to
support the essential features and
habitat are not essential for the
conservation of the species, and have
been removed from critical habitat. This
includes the proposed acquisition area
for harbor expansion.
(10) Comment: The Hawaii
Community Development Authority
(HCDA), which expects to acquire lands
within the former Barbers Point Naval
Air Station at Kalaeloa, requested that
lands within the Kalaeloa Northern
Skeet Range, which are overlapped by
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, be
excluded from critical habitat.
According to HCDA, they are
developing a preservation plan for
akoko, which occurs on this land, in
coordination with the Navy, Hawaii
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
(HDOFAW), and the Service; the
planned development of the renewable
energy project in this area will reduce
the State’s dependence on foreign oil
and generate revenue to develop needed
infrastructure in Kalaeloa and fund
akoko preservation activities. The
HCDA is developing a cadre of
volunteers to steward the site.
The HDOFAW concurred with the
proposed listing of the 23 Oahu species
and the designation of critical habitat
for 124 species with the exception of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11. Hawaii
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DOFAW recommended that the western
third of TMK parcel 91013039
(approximately 60 ac (24 ha)) within the
unit be removed from critical habitat
designation. According to their letter,
this portion of the parcel is the most
appropriate area for development of a
photovoltaic project, because of the
absence or low numbers of akoko, due
to the dense overgrowth of weeds and
tall grasses. The Hawaii DOFAW is
recommending that HCDA and the
photovoltaic developer enter into a
[Hawaii State] Habitat Conservation
Plan for the site, in order to secure
development rights and provide
assurances of funding for akoko
conservation.
Our Response: We determined that
proposed Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
(166 ac; 67 ha) is essential for the
conservation and recovery of 17 plant
species that require the physical and
biological features of the lowland dry
ecosystem. This unit also provides the
species-specific primary constituent
element of coral outcrop substrate
required for the endangered Ewa Plains
akoko, known only from the Kalaeloa
area. This area was once the largest
known population of akoko and
contains the last known wild
individuals and approximately 600
outplanted individuals. The revised
recovery strategy for akoko (‘‘Recovery
Needs and Strategy for Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (Ewa Plains
akoko)’’) (Service 2012, entire) describes
the need for several discrete populations
distributed across the landscape, in
order to recover this species. For C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, a plant
requiring another individual for
pollination (obligate-outcrosser) and
living 10 years or less (short-lived
perennial), we need to establish and
maintain 7 to 8 populations across the
4 units proposed in the lowland dry
habitat in Kalaeloa (Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Units 8–11), although there may
be some flexibility within each unit
regarding the precise location and
management of each population within
the unit. (HPPRCC 2011; Guerrant et al.
2004, pp. 419–441; Neel and Cummings
2003).
We are aware and supportive of the
efforts underway by State and the Navy
to develop a long-term preservation or
conservation plan for C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii within this unit. These
include the development of a State of
Hawaii Habitat Conservation Plan and
the conditional transfer of some of the
Navy lands within this unit to the
HCDA. The State of Hawaii Endangered
Species Act already prohibits the take of
individual listed plants by the State or
any other non-Federal entity, without
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State review and authorization. If the
lands are transferred by the Navy, the
deed will require Grantees and
successors to enter into a legally binding
conservation and management plan
approved by the Hawaii Department of
Land and Natural Resources, to ensure
protection of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii before conveying the
property (U.S. Navy 2011, in litt.), based
on the species being State and federally
listed. The purpose of this agreement is
to ensure the use or development of the
transferred property does not adversely
affect C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, as
long as the species remains listed under
the Act. If the Navy lands are transferred
to HCDA, a portion of the lands may be
used to develop a photovoltaic
alternative energy project (HCDA 2012,
in litt.; HDOFAW 2012, in litt.). The
HCDA plans to use a portion of the
revenue generated by commercial use of
HCDA property to fund the conservation
actions required under a conservation
management plan (U.S. Navy 2011, in
litt.). The Service is committed to
working with the Navy and HCDA in
the development of this conservation
plan, to ensure it will provide for the
long-term conservation of the plant and
its habitat. Because of this close
coordination, and because the deed
restriction stipulates that C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii will not be adversely
affected, we believe the development of
the photovoltaic alternative energy
project, as proposed, will not be
impacted by the designation of critical
habitat in this unit, and it is our intent
to work with our partners to facilitate
this project.
Comments From Federal Agencies
(11) Comment: The Navy requested
that the Service exclude Navy lands
from critical habitat designation under
Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act because
of benefits provided to the species from
the implementation of an integrated
natural resources management plan
(INRMP). The Navy advised the Service
that is was revising the Joint Base Pearl
Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH) INRMP, and
the finalized plan will address
conservation measures for plant species
for which critical habitat is proposed on
Navy lands (U.S. Navy 2011, in litt.).
The INRMP will be fully coordinated
with the Service and include an
assessment of conservation needs of the
listed plant species, a statement of goals
and priorities, and a detailed
description of the actions to address the
needs of the plant species, and will
include a monitoring and adaptive
management plan.
Our Response: Critical habitat was
proposed for 60 plant species within 10
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units that overlap Navy lands at
Lualualei Valley (NAVMAG PH
Lualualei and NRTF Lualualei) (Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Units 3, 4, and 5; Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Units 4, 5, 6, and 7; and
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Units 2 and 5) and at
Kalaeloa Barber’s Point (Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11). The 10 units
are occupied by 28 of the 60 plant
species and provide unoccupied habitat
essential to the conservation of 32
species. Implementation of the June
2012 Addendum to the Navy’s
September 2011 final INRMP JBPHH
(encompassing Naval facilities of Pearl
Harbor Naval Complex, Naval Magazine
Pearl Harbor Lualuaei and West Loch
Branches, Naval Computer and
Telecommunications Area Master
Station Pacific Wahiawa, Naval Radio
Transmitter Facility Lualualei, Navyretained lands at Kalaeloa, and Hickam
Air Force Base) will provide a
conservation benefit for 59 of the 60
plant species for which critical habitat
was proposed on Navy lands (76 FR
46362). The Navy’s final INRMP and
Addendum does not include
conservation measures for Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11 at Kalaeloa
Barber’s Point), as the Navy is planning
on transferring the property as part of
the closure process (or Base
Realignment and Closure (BRAC)) of the
Barber’s Point Naval Facility. The
Navy’s INRMP also does not cover
actions conducted by the Navy on U.S.
Coast Guard property. We are exempting
critical habitat from Navy lands within
Lualualei Valley, based on the
implementation of conservation
measures described in the 2011 final
INRMP and the 2012 Addendum. For
detailed information regarding
conservation measures for listed plants
and their critical habitat provided by the
2011 final INRMP and the 2012
Addendum to the INRMP, please see
‘‘Approved INRMPs,’’ below). We are
retaining Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
as critical habitat because the INRMP
does not provide a benefit to the species
for which that critical habitat unit is
designated and the Navy is in the
process of transferring ownership of this
property.
(12) Comment: The Navy commented
that they agree with the proposed
critical habitat designation within
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Units 9, 10, and
11, and that the parcel that is within
proposed Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
is owned by the Hawaii Community
Development Authority (HCDA), in
accordance with 2005 Defense Base
Closure and Realignment Commission
(BRAC) law. The Navy has no planned
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conservation actions for the listed plant
species on this site.
Our Response: A review of tax
assessor parcel data for Oahu confirms
that the Navy does not own lands
overlapped by critical habitat units
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9 and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10.
Accordingly, the Navy is no longer
subject to requirements under the Act
on these lands. Current City and County
records indicate that the Navy retains
ownership of its lands within Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11 (City and County
Real Property Assessment Division
2011). All lands under U.S. Navy
ownership or management continue to
be subject to requirements under the Act
until such time as they are conveyed to
other parties. The Navy’s 2011 INRMP
and 2012 Addendum provide
conservation measures that allow
exemption of proposed critical habitat
on Navy lands at Lualualei; however,
the last remaining wild population of
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii occurs on Navy lands at
Barber’s Point (Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 11). The Service believes the
Navy’s INRMP does not provide a
benefit to the species for which critical
habitat was proposed, and we therefore
cannot exempt this area from critical
habitat.
(13) Comment: The Navy commented
that the proposed critical habitat within
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 slightly
overlaps Navy land by a small area (0.16
acres (ac) (0.063 hectares (ha)), and that
if the intent was for the boundary to
follow the ridgeline, no Navy lands
would be included in the unit. If true,
the Navy recommends that this unit be
adjusted to follow the ridge and not
overlap Navy property.
Our Response: We have reexamined
proposed critical habitat on Navy lands
in Lualualei Valley. The Service
believes that if conservation measures
outlined in the 2010 INRMP and the
2012 Addendum are followed, fences
are constructed for ungulate control,
nonnative plants are controlled,
propagation and outplanting of
endangered species on Navy lands is
allowed, monitoring and adaptive
management actions are completed, and
reporting is provided, including
development and implementation of a
fire management plan, we can exclude
areas of Navy land in Lualualei Valley
from critical habitat. The portion of
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 on Navy
lands at Lualualei referred to in the
comment above is therefore exempted
from critical habitat in this rule.
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Public Comments on Proposed Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8
Many commenters opposed the
designation of critical habitat in
proposed Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8,
and we grouped similar comments
together relating specifically to this
proposed unit. These comments are
addressed in the following summary.
(14) Comment: Several commenters
requested that their specific lands
within Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 be
excluded from the final designation of
critical habitat for akoko due to:
Potential significant economic impacts,
the lands absence of the physical and
biological features essential to the
conservation of akoko, or the social or
economic benefits of excluding these
lands from critical habitat outweighs the
conservation benefit to the species that
may result from their inclusion in the
final designation.
Our Response: Following the
publication of the proposed rule, the
Service, in coordination with the
property owners, conducted a field visit
of Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 in
November 2011, to obtain further field
verification of the current condition of
habitat for akoko. Following the field
visit, it was determined that
approximately 193 acres of the 292 acres
proposed were too degraded to support
akoko or to be functionally restored to
support the essential features and
habitat for akoko. It was further
determined during that field visit and a
subsequent field visit in June 2012, that
99 acres (40 ha) contained the features
essential to the conservation of akoko
and could be adequately restored to
allow for a functioning population of
akoko if re-established. In our April 12,
2012, Notice of Availability of the Draft
Economic Analysis (DEA) (77 FR
21936), we advised the public that we
were considering these boundary
adjustments and requested comment.
The DEA did not reflect these revisions
to Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8.
Based on the revisions the final rule
makes to Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8,
many of the specific lands that
commenters were concerned with were
removed from the designation due to the
lack of features or because they were so
degraded. These include: (1) Kapolei
Harborside, (2) the lands where the
biofuel farm is planned, (3) the
Wastepile site, (4) the Maritime
Industrial area where the harbor
expansion is planned, and (5) Ko Olina
Resort and Marina property. As a result,
we will not address any specific
comments concerning the inclusion of
these lands in this final rule or the
potential impacts from their inclusion.
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The remaining lands within Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8 overlap two
parcels that are part of the Kapolei West
planned development area. Comments
concerning the inclusion of these lands
in the final rule have been fully
considered and are addressed in the
‘‘Public Comments on Proposed Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8’’ section.
(15) Comment: The primary
constituent elements (PCEs) for
ecosystems are arbitrary and capricious,
and are conflicting for the lowland dry
area.
Our Response: We disagree. We
consider the PCEs to be the specific
compositional elements of physical and
biological features that are essential to
the conservation of the species. This
final rule identifies the appropriate
PCEs sufficient to support the lifehistory processes for each species
within the ecosystems in which they
occur, and reflects a distribution that we
believe is essential to the species’
recovery needs within those ecosystems.
The ecosystems’ features include the
appropriate microclimatic conditions
for germination and growth of the plants
(e.g., light availability, soil nutrients,
hydrologic regime, and temperature)
and space within the appropriate
habitats for population growth and
expansion, as well as to maintain the
historical geographical and ecological
distribution of each species. The PCEs
are defined by elevation, annual levels
of precipitation, substrate type and
slope, and the potential to maintain
characteristic native plant genera in the
canopy, subcanopy, and understory
levels of the vegetative community. The
PCEs for the lowland dry ecosystem are
described in Table 4 of this final rule
and were derived from several sources,
including:
(a) The Nature Conservancy’s
Ecoregional Assessment of the Hawaiian
High Islands (2006) and ecosystem maps
(2007);
(b) Natural Resources Conservation
Service’s soil type analysis data layer for
GIS mapping;
(c) Oahu vegetation analyses by Gagne
and Cuddihy (1999, pp. 45–114);
(d) Plant databases from the U.S.
Army Environmental (2006) and the
National Tropical Botanical Garden;
(e) Geographic information system
maps of habitat essential to the recovery
of Hawaiian plants (HPPRCC 1998);
(f) GAP (geographic analysis program)
vegetation data (GAP 2005);
(g) Federal Register documents such
as listing rules and 5-year status
reviews;
(h) Final critical habitat designation
for the island of Oahu (68 FR 35950,
June 17, 2003); and
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(i) Recent biological surveys and
scientific reports regarding species and
their habitats.
Where further information was
available indicating additional, specific,
life-history requirements for some
species, the primary constituent
elements (PCEs) relating to these
requirements are described separately
and are termed ‘‘unique’’ PCEs for
species; for example, we have identified
coral outcrop substrate as a unique PCE
for Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (see Table 5, below).
(16) Comment: One commenter
disputed the number of occurrences and
individuals reported for Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii in our
proposed rule (76 FR 46362; August 2,
2011), based on a September 2011 report
by a private consultant on C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii at Barber’s Point. In
addition, the commenter questioned
why our total number of individuals of
C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii did not
include the individuals outplanted in
the Kalaeloa unit of the Pearl Harbor
National Wildlife Refuge, and why we
did not include a map of the location of
the 1998 C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
observation by Whistler (2008).
Our Response: In the September 2011
report provided by the commenter on
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii at Barber’s Point, the author
summarized status information for this
species. According to the report, C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii was found
at the Northern Trap and Skeet Range
(NTSR), Building 1527, and at the
Service’s Kalaeloa unit of the Pearl
Harbor National Wildlife Refuge
(Refuge). No information was provided
on the total number of individuals or
the numbers of individuals at each
location. However, based on the best
available information, approximately
700 individuals of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii are present in two
occurrences within an area previously
used by the Navy as a trap and skeet
range for the Barber’s Point Naval Air
Station, and at the Refuge (U.S. Navy et
al. 2012). Of these, fewer than
approximately 200 are wild individuals.
The Whistler (2008) reference
mentioned by the commenter was used
in our analysis, but was inadvertently
omitted from the list of references for
the proposed rule.
(17) Comment: Designation of critical
habitat in Oahu–Lowland Dry–Unit 8 is
a taking of property without just
compensation.
Our Response: The mere
promulgation of a regulation, like the
enactment of a statute, does not take
private property, unless the regulation
on its face denies the property owners
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all economically beneficial or
productive use of their land. The
designation of critical habitat alone does
not deny anyone economically viable
use of their property. The Act does not
automatically restrict all uses of critical
habitat, but only imposes restrictions
under section 7(a)(2) on Federal agency
actions that may result in destruction or
adverse modification of designated
critical habitat. Furthermore, if in the
course of a consultation with a Federal
agency, the resulting biological opinion
concludes that a proposed action is
likely to result in destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat, we are
required to suggest reasonable and
prudent alternatives that can be
implemented in a manner consistent
with the intended purpose of the action,
that can be implemented consistent
with the scope of the Federal agency’s
legal authority and jurisdiction, and that
are economically and technologically
feasible (Service 1998, p. xvii).
(18) Comment: The Service did not
have accurate land ownership
information for Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 8.
Our Response: During the initial
public comment period on our proposed
rule (76 FR 46362; August 2, 2011), we
became aware that there were errors in
the landownership information for
proposed Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8
in the geospatial data sets associated
with parcel data from Honolulu County
(2008), which were used to identify
affected landowners. However, we
subsequently received accurate
landownership information from the
City and County of Honolulu’s Real
Property Assessment Office (2011). We
sent letters to all of the affected
landowners we were able to identify,
notifying them that the proposed critical
habitat designation may overlap some or
all of their property. In that letter we
also provided general information on
the proposed critical habitat designation
and that we were considering a revision
for proposed Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8.
Public Comments on the Draft Economic
Analysis
Many commenters questioned the
draft economic analysis (DEA). These
comments and our responses are
grouped below.
(19) Comment: Several commenters
questioned our assumption that a
Federal nexus may not exist for the
planned development projects in
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, and that
by asserting there was no Federal nexus,
we may be underestimating the
potential impacts resulting from the
inclusion of these lands in the final
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designation of critical habitat for akoko.
Commenters further asserted that if
there was a Federal nexus, there would
be many more than one consultation
due to parcels being subdivided, with
individual consultations conducted on
actions affecting each parcel. One
commenter stated they submitted permit
applications to the Department of the
Army for the expansion of existing
buildings, infrastructure and facilities at
Ko Olina Resort and Marina within
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8. Another
commenter (James Campbell Company
LLC) identified several potential
activities that could trigger section 7
consultation, including Army Corps of
Engineers approval of a regional
drainage system, Federal funding for a
State highway project, Federal grants to
fund harbor expansion, EPA emission
permits for energy projects, and Small
Business Administration loans. National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
permits under the Clean Water Act for
any storm water discharges associated
with any of the above development.
Our Response: Following a review of
the information we received from public
comments and otherwise available to us,
we agree there is a reasonable
probability that a Federal action agency
would be involved with funding,
permitting, or otherwise authorizing the
planned development project for
Kapolei West. Because it now appears
that there are only two parcels that we
are designating as critical habitat in
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 that are
part of the larger Kapolei West planned
development, we anticipate there would
likely be only a single consultation
involved for the entire master planned
development. In our history with such
large development projects, it has
generally been the case that there is one
consultation with the Federal action
agency covering the entire project, and
not smaller individual consultations on
smaller individual components of the
project.
That being stated, to evaluate
potential impacts from the designation
given the uncertainty of whether there
may be a Federal nexus and how many
specific consultations there may be, we
evaluated a range in the DEA and our
final rule. At one end of the range, we
assume that there will be no Federal
nexus. In this case, because there is no
regulatory effect under the Act for a
designation of critical habitat absent a
Federal nexus, we assume there will be
no impact from the designation. This
constitutes the lower bound that is
identified in the DEA, and we still
believe this scenario could occur. At the
other end of the range, where a Federal
nexus is assumed, we also assume that
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the consultation resulting from the
designation of critical habitat would
take into consideration the entire master
planned project based on past
comparable examples. For example, one
property owner (James Campbell
Company LLC) commented that the
entire 107 acres (43 ha) being designated
within Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 fall
within the Kapolei West project, which
is slated for residential and mixed-use
development, with development rights
vested by several public approval
processes and County ordinance. They
also commented that the land use
entitlement process for Kapolei West
began in the 1980’s and was assessed in
an Environmental Impact Statement
prepared under Hawaii Revised Statutes
Chapter 343 (Kapolei West Expansion
Area Final EIS, June 2005; James
Campbell Company LLC letter dated
May 12, 2012). Because the consultation
is anticipated to be for the entire master
planned community, then the specific
number of parcels may not be
significant. The final economic analysis
rexamined the potential upper-bound of
economic costs, including
administrative costs to the Service,
Federal agencies, and third parties. The
estimated combined administrative
costs in occupied and unoccupied
critical habitat is $145,000 over a 20year period ($94, 178 using a 7 percent
discount rate, $117,075 using a 3
percent discount rate). The total
administrative costs (i.e., costs related to
section 7 consultation) in occupied
areas are estimated to be $105,000 over
a 20-year period (or $54,178 using a 7
percent discount rate—$77,075 using a
3 percent discount rate). Combined
annualized costs over this period are
$8,776 using a 7 percent discount rate,
or $7,000 using a 3 percent discount rate
(Service 2012, Table ES–12).
(20) Comment: One commenter
indicated that the time horizon of the
DEA, 20-years, was too short a time to
evaluate the potential economic impacts
of the designation.
Our Response: While Executive Order
12866 and 13563 and Office of
Management and Budget (OMB)
Circular A–4 clarify the importance for
the government to carefully assess, to
the best of its abilities, the benefits and
costs of proposed rules before making
any final determinations, neither
Executive Order nor Circular A–4
specify a specific timeframe for analysis.
Recent guidance from OMB indicates
that if a regulation has no
predetermined sunset provision, the
agency will need to choose the endpoint
of its analysis based on the foreseeable
future or the agency’s ability to forecast
reliably (Office of Management and
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Budget, 2011 p. 5). For most agencies,
a standard time period of analysis is 10
to 20 years. Additionally, since we
identified 21 parcels of property in
unoccupied habitat, and the DEA
assumed that there would be a single
section 7 consultation in each unit, the
DEA made the further assumption that
there would be, on average, one
consultation each year for the next 21
years. This assumption was influenced
by the fact that it was unknown when
activities would take place in the future
that would trigger a consultation and
that it was highly unlikely all 21
supposed consultations would occur in
the first year (which would provide the
most conservative (i.e., highest)
economic cost after discounting).
(21) Comment: One commenter stated
that the DEA understates the economic
impact the designation will have on
small business.
Our Response: Section 4(b)(2) of the
Act requires us to consider the
economic impact of designating a
particular area as critical habitat for an
endangered or threatened species. We
also evaluate potential economic
impacts of a rulemaking pursuant to
Executive Order 12866 (E.O. 12866),
which states that a rulemaking will be
determined to be economically
significant if it will result in an impact
of more than $100 million in any given
year, and the Regulatory Flexibility Act
(RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) as amended
by the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996
(SBREFA; 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). Under
the RFA, whenever an agency is
required to publish a notice of
rulemaking for any proposed or final
rule, it must prepare and make available
for public comment a regulatory
flexibility analysis that describes the
effects of the rule on small entities
(small businesses, small organizations,
and small government jurisdictions).
However, no regulatory flexibility
analysis is required if the head of the
agency certifies the rule will not have a
significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
The SBREFA amended the RFA to
require Federal agencies to provide a
certification statement of the factual
basis for certifying that the rule will not
have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
To understand the potential impacts
of a critical habitat designation as
discussed in the DEA, we evaluate the
incremental impacts of the designation
as identified by evaluating the
additional protections or conservation
measures afforded the species through
the designation beyond those that the
species receives by being federally listed
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(i.e., baseline conservation measures).
Under E.O. 12866, we are required to
evaluate the direct and indirect impacts
of the designation. The evaluation of
these potential impacts is discussed in
our final economic analysis (FEA).
Additionally, under the RFA and
following recent case law, we are to
evaluate the potential impacts to small
businesses, but this evaluation is
limited to impacts to only directly
regulated entities. The designation of
critical habitat only has regulatory
impact through section 7 of the Act, in
which a Federal action agency is
required to consult with us on any
project that is funded, permitted, or
otherwise authorized that may affect
designated critical habitat. In other
words, critical habitat only has a
regulatory effect and therefore impact if
a Federal nexus exists. Critical habitat
has no regulatory effect or impact under
the Act on actions that do not have a
Federal nexus. Since Federal action
agencies are the only directly regulated
entities as a result of the designation of
critical habitat, it is therefore reasonable
for us to conclude that the designation
of critical habitat does not directly
regulate small business entities and,
therefore, does not significantly impact
them. As a result, we believe that we
have accurately assessed potential
impacts to small business entities in the
rulemaking, and can reasonably certify
that this designation will not have a
significant impact on a substantial
number of small business entities. For a
further discussion of our rationale,
please see the Required Determinations
section of this final rule, below.
(22) Comment: The DEA misstates the
development planned within Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8. The commenter
claims that the DEA part II failed to
discuss the potential that a critical
habitat designation could influence the
State Land Use Commission to reclassify
lands from its current status as part of
the Urban District to Conservation
District. Furthermore, the commenter
claims that the DEA incorrectly assumes
that some of the parcels within Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8 are classified as
agricultural and that the DEA fails to
acknowledge that some of the parcels
also fall within the Kapolei West
project.
The commenter also states that DEA
misstates the intended use of parcel
191014041, based on the Kapolei Area
Long Range Master Plan, and that the
DEA needs to provide an assessment for
parcel 191015004, which the Honolulu
Land Information System (HOLIS)
database identified as having no
assessment. The HOLIS database is used
to collect, maintain, and distribute geo-
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referenced information necessary to
support City of Honolulu operations,
including land use, permits, tax,
infrastructure, and environmental data.
Our Response: Table 3.3 of the DEA
and the associated discussion identify
the zoning status for each parcel within
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8. None of
the parcels are identified in the table as
having agricultural zoning, but rather as
being zoned for commercial or
industrial purposes. However, in the
DEA’s introductory description of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, the DEA
did cite the commenter’s description of
the area from its Web site, which stated
at that time that some of the lands
within Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8
were still zoned as agriculture, although
a petition was filed with the State Land
Use Commission to rezone the area for
industrial. Since then, the land
classification on the Web site has been
updated, and the FEA has factored this
into the description and analysis.
The commenter is correct that part II
of the DEA did not discuss the potential
that a critical habitat designation could
have on influencing the State Land Use
Commission to reclassify its lands to a
more conservative category. This is
because the Service is unaware of any
instances over the past 10 years, when
critical habitat designations were
initially promulgated across the State of
Hawaii, where the State Land Use
Commission reclassified lands based on
critical habitat.
The DEA’s discussion of the parcels
in Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 did not
acknowledge that some of the parcels
may have fallen within the Kapolei
West project. The discussion in the FEA
acknowledges the existence of this
master plan.
The commenter did not state what the
characterization of TMK (tax map key)
91014041 was according to their reading
of the Master Plan. The commenter
stated only that the DEA was incorrect.
A review of the zoning characteristics
identified in the DEA match that in
HOLIS. The commenter helpfully
provided the current TMK for that
identified by the Service (TMK
91015004) that is no longer in the
HOLIS database. The correct TMK for
this parcel is 91015026. The Honolulu
Real Property Assessment Division
clarified that TMK 91014041 is
primarily zoned P–2 (General
Preservation), which typically carries a
low value. Since the assessment did not
take into account the A–2 (Medium
Density Apartments), B–2 (Community
Business), and IMX–1 (Industrial Mixed
Use) portions, it is undervalued. TMK
91015026 contains a 3-acre common
element value for a condominium
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project, and eight CPR’s carry the
remaining condominium value for that
parcel (Palenske 2012, pers. comm.).
The FEA will be updated to reflect the
characteristics and valuations for this
parcel.
(23) Comment: The DEA misstates
land ownership within Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8.
Our Response: This comment
references statements made in the
Incremental Effects Memorandum that
is appended to the DEA. The
Incremental Effects memorandum is an
early, iterative statement as to what
potential effects may result from critical
habitat designation. Through the
rulemaking process, we received
clarifications of land ownership, and
this information has been incorporated
into the FEA and final rule.
(24) Comment: The DEA misstates the
status of development within Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8.
Our Response: The DEA states that of
the 13 parcels in Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 8 analyzed, only one, at the time,
had an active permit. This information
came from the HOLIS Web site. This
information has been updated through
the information and clarifications we
received as a result of the rulemaking
process.
(25) Comment: The DEA fails to
consider State and county land use
plans.
Our Response: The commenter
believes the DEA should also expressly
consider the General Plan for the City
and County of Honolulu (2002) and the
Ewa Development Plan (2000). The DEA
relied on current assessment and zoning
information from the City and County of
Honolulu, as well as more recent
planning documents, some of which are
affiliated with the commenter. In
summary, the DEA was clear about the
planned development of all parcels in
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 for
commercial and industrial purposes,
despite their current status as relatively
undeveloped properties.
(26) Comment: The DEA understates
the economic impact of designation.
The DEA inappropriately uses property
tax assessed values rather than market
values. The DEA inappropriately uses a
‘‘per acre’’ approach to determine
economic impact potential, and it does
not take into account the impact on
development cost and revenue streams
of prohibiting development on a portion
of land.
Our Response: In developing our DEA
we relied on the publicly available
information from the Honolulu Land
Information System (HOLIS; https://gis.
hicentral.com). This database contains
the latest assessed values for real
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properties originating from the City and
County of Honolulu Department of
Budget and Fiscal Services Real
Property Assessment Division (https://
www.realpropertyhonolulu.com).
According to the Division’s Web site,
sec. 8–7.1, Revised Ordinances of
Honolulu, requires the fair market value
of all taxable real property to be
determined and annually assessed by
the market data (sales comparison) and
cost approaches to value. All properties
are valued at 100 percent of market
value. While actual sales values may
deviate from current assessed values
based on factors such as economic
conditions or site characteristics, we
believe that the City and County of
Honolulu’s database reflects the best
available information for our assessment
of potential economic impacts.
As explained in the DEA, the current
market value for property (as best
represented by the assessed sales price
absent a direct sale) reflects the present
value of future revenue streams that the
property would generate under
anticipated development scenarios.
Lacking any information to credibly
differentiate within a parcel how
development may or may not be
suitable, given certain land
characteristics, the analysis reasonably
assumed that each parcel analyzed was
uniform in its physical development
characteristics, and, correspondingly
that the total assessed value of a parcel
reflected these uniform characteristics
for the purposes of this analysis. As
explained in the DEA, the analysis
makes the case that the current market
assessment for land in this area
primarily reflects the discounted future
earnings that the land is expected to
generate after development (i.e., growth
premium).
(27) Comment: In section 3.5 of the
DEA, the Department’s 137-acre parcel
in Kalaeloa was assessed at
approximately $48,000,000 based on the
Kalaeloa Master Plan and the General
Urban land use designation under
HCDA Chapter 15–215. However, since
the Hawaiian Homes Commission
(HHC) has land use authorities that
cannot be superseded by other
authority, it is not clear that the urban
designation used as a basis for
assessment would be the designation
the HHC would choose. For example,
the HHC could designate these lands at
a high or more intensive urban, or
industrial value, that would result in a
higher land assessed value.
Our response: We appreciate the
information concerning the
categorization for the assessed land
value; however, in developing our DEA,
we relied on the publicly available
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information from HOLIS (https://gis.
hicentral.com). This database contains
the latest assessed values for real
properties originating from the City and
County of Honolulu Department of
Budget and Fiscal Services Real
Property Assessment Division (https://
www.realpropertyhonolulu.com).
According to the Division’s Web site,
sec. 8–7.1, Revised Ordinances of
Honolulu, requires the fair market value
of all taxable real property to be
determined and annually assessed by
the market data (sales comparison) and
cost approaches to value. All properties
are valued at 100 percent of market
value. While actual sales values may
deviate from current assessed values,
based on factors such as economic
conditions or site characteristics, we
believe that the City and County of
Honolulu’s database reflects the best
available information for our assessment
of potential economic impacts. Further,
any changes in land use by HHC is
speculative at this time.
Other Public Comments Not Related to
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8
(28) Comment: All species of
Chamaesyce are now recognized as
species of Euphorbia.
Our Response: We agree. Steinman
and Porter’s 2002 (p. 473) molecular
data for classification of Euphorbieae
and the analysis of Bruyns et al. (2006,
pp. 416–417) found that Chamaesyce is
nested among species of Euphorbia.
However, changing the names for the
endangered Oahu plants Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, C. deppeana,
C. herbstii, C. kuwaleana, C. rockii and
C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii in 50
CFR 17.12 and in 50 CFR 17.99(j) would
require a separate rulemaking, not only
for the Hawaiian species listings, but for
all previously listed species.
(29) Comment: One landowner
questioned the designation of critical
habitat in several units, including
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Blackline
Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 4—Lowland
Wet, Crimson Hawaiian damselfly—
Unit 4—Lowland Wet, and Oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 5—Lowland
Wet, and the existing plant critical
habitat designated in 2003 under and
next to Hawaii Interstate H–3, near the
summit of the Koolau Mountains.
Our Response: Although no specific
objections to the proposed critical
habitat were given, we provided the
commenter with maps of Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9 and all three
damselfly units (Blackline Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 4—Lowland Wet,
Crimson Hawaiian damselfly—Unit 4—
Lowland Wet, and Oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 5—Lowland Wet),
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which geographically correspond to the
same area (i.e., they completely
overlap). These units provide critical
habitat for 44 plant species and 3
Hawaiian damselflies. The area consists
of 15,728 ac (6,365 ha) on the leeward
side of the Koolau Mountains, on
Federal, State, City and County of
Honolulu, and privately-owned lands.
This area includes the wet forest and
shrubland, moisture regime and
subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as the unique PCEs
(e.g., perennial streams, slow reaches of
streams or pools) for the Hawaiian
damselflies. This critical habitat is
essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species,
because it provides suitable habitat and
space for expansion of populations, and
for reintroduction of individuals within
their current and historical ranges. We
have no information that would indicate
any areas within these units should be
removed based on economic, national
security, or other relevant impacts, or
new biological information.
(30) Comment: The Service does not
provide justification for elimination of
11,549 ac (4,674 ha) of critical habitat.
The proposed rule eliminates smaller
habitat patches and undermines the
2003 proposal.
Our Response: The commenter did
not provide clarification on the
statement that 11,549 ac (4,674 ha) of
critical habitat were eliminated in the
August 2011 proposed rule. When
55,040 ac (22,274 ha) of critical habitat
were designated for 99 Oahu plants in
the June 17, 2003, final rule (68 FR
35950), the designation was based
primarily on the specific localities
where the species were known to occur,
and focused on discrete areas occupied
by the species at the time of listing. In
this final rule, we have revised critical
habitat for these 99 species based on
new information on plant occurrences
and a better understanding of the
species’ biological requirements. As a
result, we are designating both occupied
areas with physical or biological
features essential to the species’
conservation, and unoccupied areas that
are essential to the species’
conservation. We are able to do this
with a designation of 42,804 ac (17,322
ha. Each of the areas provides critical
habitat for multiple species based upon
their shared habitat requirements, and
takes into account any species-specific
conservation needs, as appropriate. We
have found that some of the areas
designated as critical habitat in 2003
were not within the historical or current
ranges of the species, and do not
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provide the PCEs essential to their
conservation and recovery (i.e., these
areas were not within the geographical
area occupied at the time of the species’
listing, and are not essential to their
conservation). Accordingly, 17,325 ac
(7,011 ha) designated in 2003 that fall
into this category are not included in
this critical habitat designation. The
critical habitat designated in this rule is
based on a biological and ecosystembased approach, and provides essential
habitat for the conservation and
recovery of the 124 species included in
this rule. Therefore, contrary to the
commenter’s assertion, the proposed
rule does not undermine the 2003 final
critical habitat designation for 99 Oahu
plants.
(31) Comment: Given the extremely
low population numbers of many of the
species, it is not scientifically justifiable
to eliminate habitat that supports
individuals of the endangered plants.
The proposed rule does not state that
habitat that is known to support
individuals is not being removed from
critical habitat. Since the 2003 rule is
based on occurrence data, the public is
left to assume that some habitat that is
known to support individuals will no
longer be protected as critical habitat.
We are concerned that eliminating
critical habitat where plants currently
occur will interfere with the recovery of
these endangered species.
Our Response: The only designated
critical habitat known to support
individuals that is being removed from
critical habitat in this rule are those
areas covered by the Navy’s INRMP for
Lualualei. In this final rule, lands under
Navy jurisdiction are exempted from
critical habitat designation under
section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (a 2004
amendment to the Act). Section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act states the
Secretary shall not designate as critical
habitat any lands or other geographical
areas owned or controlled by the
Department of Defense, or designated
for its use, that are subject to an
integrated natural resources
management plan prepared under
section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C.
670a), if the Secretary determines in
writing that such plan provides a benefit
to the species for which critical habitat
is proposed for designation. (See
‘‘Approved INRMPs’’, below, for further
discussion).
(32) Comment: One commenter stated
that ‘‘the proposed rule expressly fails
to provide any detailed narrative
description of appropriate specificity to
allow fair comment’’ and cites page 76
FR 46511 at (12)(i) ‘‘[Reserved for
textual description of Unit 8]’’. The
commenter also stated that the proposed
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rule contains only generalized ‘‘maps’’
to indicate the areas proposed for
designation, and this failure to provide
sufficient information to allow fully
informed public review and comment is
arbitrary, capricious, and otherwise not
in accordance with law.
Our Response: The section in brackets
was reserved for the UTMs (mapping
vertices) for unit delineation using GIS,
which, until recently, were identified
and published in the Federal Register in
the final rule. However, on May 1, 2012
(USFWS 2012a, 77 FR 25611), the
Service published revised regulations
for requirements to publish textual
descriptions of final critical habitat
boundaries in the Federal Register. As
of May 31, 2012, the Service no longer
publishes the coordinates for critical
habitat boundaries in the Federal
Register. The coordinates on which
each map is based are available to the
public at the Federal eRulemaking
portal (https://www.regulations.gov)
using the docket number for the
rulemaking (in this case, FWS–R1–ES–
2010–0043), and at the web site of the
field office responsible for the critical
habitat (https://www.fws.gov/
pacificislands) for the final critical
habitat for the 124 Oahu species. The
maps provided in the proposed rule
identify the areas proposed for critical
habitat designation. We believe these
maps are adequate for regulatory
purposes. The proposed rule also directs
reviewers to contact the Service for
further clarification on any part of the
proposed rule, and provides contact
information (76 FR 46362; August 2,
2011).
(33) Comment: The Service did not
provide references. Unpublished
databases are not references.
Our Response: Complete lists of
references cited in the proposed rule (76
FR 46362; August 2, 2011) and in this
final rule are available on the Internet at
https://www.regulations.gov, and upon
request from the Pacific Islands Fish
and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES).
This information was also presented in
the proposed rule (76 FR 46470). One
reference (Whistler 2008) was
inadvertently omitted from those
provided for the proposed rule, and is
now available on our Web site. Under
section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act, we make
a determination whether a species is
endangered or threatened solely on the
basis of the best scientific and
commercial data available. Under
section 4(b)(2), we designate, and make
revisions to, critical habitat based on the
best scientific data available and after
taking into consideration the economic
impact, the impact on national security,
and any other relevant impact. In the
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August 2, 2011, proposed rule and in
this final rule, we used the best
information available, including the
State’s Hawaii Biodiversity and
Mapping Program database, the U.S.
Army Environmental database from
2006 for Oahu, and the National
Tropical Botanical Garden’s plant
databases. These databases include
information from numerous sources
including, but not limited to, expert
field observations, museum collections,
and published and unpublished
literature, and are, in our opinion,
sources of the best scientific data
available.
(34) Comment: The damselflies
should not be protected under the Act
because flies do not need our protection.
Residents should not have to fear
punishment for removing pests from
their homes and property.
Our Response: Native Hawaiian
damselflies (in the genus Megalagrion)
are endemic (i.e., unique and found
nowhere else in the world) to Hawaii
and are similar to dragonflies in
appearance. There are 23 species of
these damselflies, and they are found
almost entirely in aquatic habitats (e.g.,
streams, lowland swamps, and
marshes), although a few species are
considered terrestrial or semi-terrestrial
and found in moist, damp areas like
rock faces, wet leaf litter, or water
trapped in the leaves of native plants.
Native Hawaiian damselflies are
unlikely to be found in homes or
developed property or landscaped areas
because of their ecological
requirements, and are not considered
pests.
Summary of Changes From Proposed
Rule
We fully considered comments from
the public and peer reviewers on the
proposed rule to develop this final
listing for 23 species and critical habitat
designation for 124 species from Oahu.
This final rule incorporates the
following substantive changes to our
proposed listing and designation, based
on the comments we received:
(1) We removed 193 ac (78 ha) from
proposed Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8
to exclude areas that are not essential to
the conservation of the species, based
on additional, refined information
gained from field visits. We observed
that changes in land use had occurred
in certain areas within the proposed
critical habitat that would preclude
these areas from supporting the primary
constituent elements, and that these
areas would not support viable
populations of the 17 plants for which
it was proposed critical habitat. Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8 now encompasses
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99 ac (40 ha) essential to the
conservation of 16 lowland dry plant
species.
(2) We made revisions to the
demographic status and distribution of
11 species of plants (Cyanea lanceolata,
C. purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra sessilis, C.
waiolani, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope hiiakae,
M. makahae, Pleomele forbesii,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
and Zanthoxylum oahuense) by
correcting their current locations or
numbers of individuals in Description
of the 23 Species, based on comments
we received.
(3) We made revisions to the primary
constituent elements (PCEs) for three
plants, based on comments we received,
by removing the lowland mesic
ecosystem from the PCEs for Cyrtandra
waiolani and the lowland wet
ecosystem from the PCEs for Melicope
makahae and Pleomele forbesii.
Accordingly, we removed Cyrtandra
waiolani from the list of plants in
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Units 4, 5, 6,
and 7, and we removed Pleomele
forbesii and Melicope makahae from the
list of plants in Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Units 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, because a peer
reviewer recommended that these
ecosystems were inappropriate for the
species. We also removed Pleomele
forbesii from the list of plants in Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Units 8, 9, 10, and 11
because the elevation of these four units
is too low to have the ability to provide
habitat for this species.
(4) We revised the unit boundaries we
proposed Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 5, which resulted in
acreage reductions in these units as
follows:
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5: Reduced by 2
ac (1 ha)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13: Reduced by
86 ac (35 ha)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4: Reduced by 84 ac
(34 ha)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6: Reduced by 106 ac
(43 ha))
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7: Reduced by 102 ac
(42 ha)) (combined 7a and 7b)
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2: Reduced by 4 ac (2
ha))
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5: Reduced by 12 ac
(5 ha))
These revisions were based on
comments indicating that (a) Changes in
land use had occurred within the
proposed critical habitat units that
would preclude certain areas from
supporting the primary constituent
elements; (b) adjustments were needed
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for the adjoining borders of wet cliff and
lowland wet ecosystem areas; (c) the
areas in question were not essential to
the conservation of the species; or (d)
portions of the unit were exempted from
critical habitat under section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act.
(5) We are not designating lands
within proposed Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 5 as critical habitat
under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act.
(6) Following publication of our
proposed rule in August 2011, we found
that 21 plants (Bidens amplectens,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Cyrtandra dentata, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, Korthalsella degeneri,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Schiedea
kealiae, S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, and Tetramolopium
filiforme) were inadvertently omitted
from the discussion of species for which
critical habitat was initially proposed on
Navy lands. We also determined that
four previously listed plants
(Hesperomannia arbuscula, Melicope
pallida, Stenogyne kanehoana, and
Urera kaalae) were inadvertently
included in this discussion (i.e., critical
habitat was proposed for these species
when it should not have been).
Although critical habitat is exempted for
the above 21 species within one or more
of the 10 units that overlap Navy lands,
none of these species presently occupy
Navy lands.
(7) We adjusted critical habitat
acreages on Table 7A and Table 7B to
account for changes in unit areas and to
correct arithmetical errors. This resulted
in the following specific changes:
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9: reduced by 4 ac (2
ha)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13: Reduced by 1 ac (0
ha)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15: Reduced by 1 ac (0
ha)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9: Reduced by 4
ac (2 ha)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1: Reduced by
1 ac (0 ha)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7: Reduced by
6 ac (3 ha)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7: Reduced by 3
ac (1 ha)
(8) We added ‘‘coral outcrop
substrate’’ to the PCEs for Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
(9) We added Plumbago, Sida, and
Waltheria to the list of understory plants
in the lowland dry ecosystem.
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(10) We removed Cyrtandra waiolani
from the list of plants in Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Units 4, 5, 6, and 7, as
a peer reviewer recommended that this
ecosystem was inappropriate for the
species.
Summary of Factors Affecting the 23
Species
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Section 4 of the Act and its
implementing regulations (50 CFR part
424) set forth the procedures for adding
species to the Federal Lists of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
and Plants. A species may be
determined to be an endangered or
threatened species due to one or more
of the five factors described in section
4(a)(1) of the Act: (A) The present or
threatened destruction, modification, or
curtailment of its habitat or range; (B)
overutilization for commercial,
recreational, scientific, or educational
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purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D)
the inadequacy of existing regulatory
mechanism; and (E) other natural or
manmade factors affecting its continued
existence. Listing actions may be
warranted based on any of the above
threat factors, singly, or in combination.
The threats to each of the individual 23
species are summarized in Table 2 and
discussed in detail below. Factor B
(overutilization) is not included in the
table because we have no information
on primary threats to the species that
would fall under this category.
Ecosystem Approach
Each of the 23 species in this final
rule is adversely affected by the threats
to the ecosystems on which it depends.
There is information available on many
of the threats that act on Hawaiian
ecosystems, and for some ecosystems,
there is a growing body of literature
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regarding these threats (e.g., nonnative
ungulates and invasive plant species).
The best available information on
ecosystem threats affecting the species
therein is discussed below. Table 2
identifies the threats to the ecosystems
and the individual species within those
ecosystems that are affected by those
threats. Information on threats specific
to certain species is also discussed
where necessary and available; however
we acknowledge that we do not
completely understand all the threats to
each species. Scientific research
directed toward these species is limited
because of their rarity and the generally
challenging logistics associated with
conducting field work in Hawaii (e.g.,
areas are typically remote and difficult
to survey in a comprehensive manner,
and the target species are exceptionally
uncommon).
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Ecosystem-Scale Threats That Affect the
23 Species
The following constitutes a list of
ecosystem-scale threats that affect the 23
species in all of the seven ecosystems on
Oahu:
(1) Foraging and trampling of native
plants by goats (Capra hircus) and pigs
(Sus scrofa), which results in severe
erosion of watersheds because these
mammals inhabit terrain that is often
steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 63). These events destabilize
soils that support native plant
communities, bury or damage native
plants, and have adverse water quality
effects due to runoff over exposed soils.
(2) Disturbance of soils by feral pigs,
which creates fertile seedbeds for alien
plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 65).
(3) Increased nutrient availability as a
result of pigs rooting in nitrogen-poor
soils, which facilitates the establishment
of alien weeds. Alien weeds are more
adapted to nutrient rich soils than
native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 63), and rooting activity creates open
areas in forests allowing alien species to
completely replace native stands.
(4) Ungulate destruction of seeds and
seedlings of native plant species
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 63), which
facilitates the conversion of disturbed
areas from native to nonnative
vegetative communities.
(5) Rodent damage to plant
propagules, seedlings, or native trees,
which changes forest composition and
structure (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
67).
(6) Feeding or defoliation of native
plants by alien insects, which reduces
geographic ranges of some species
because of damage (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 71).
(7) Alien insect predation on native
insects, which affects pollination of
native plant species (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 71).
(8) Significant changes in nutrient
cycling processes, because of large
numbers of alien invertebrates such as
earthworms, ants, slugs, and snails,
resulting in the changes to the
composition and structure of plant
communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 73).
Each of the above threats is discussed
in more detail below, and summarized
in Table 2 above. The most-often cited
effects of nonnative plants on native
plant species are competition and
displacement; competition may be for
water or nutrients, or it may involve
allelopathy (chemical inhibition of other
plants). Alien plants may displace
native species of plants by preventing
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their reproduction, usually by shading
and taking up available sites for
seedling establishment. Alien plant
invasions may also alter entire
ecosystems by forming monotypic
stands, changing fire characteristics of
native communities, altering soil-water
regimes, changing nutrient cycling, or
encouraging other nonnative organisms
(Smith 1985, pp. 180, 218, 228–229;
Vitousek et al. 1987 in Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 74).
A. The Present or Threatened
Destruction, Modification, or
Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range
The Hawaiian Islands are located over
2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the nearest
continent. This isolation has allowed
the few plants and animals that arrived
in the Hawaiian Islands to evolve into
many highly varied and endemic
species (species that occur nowhere else
in the world). The only native terrestrial
mammals on the Hawaiian Islands are
two bat taxa, the Hawaiian hoary bat
(Lasiurus cinereus semotus), and an
extinct, unnamed insectivorous bat
(Ziegler 2002, p. 245). The native plants
of the Hawaiian Islands therefore
evolved in the absence of mammalian
predators, browsers, or grazers; many of
the native species lost unneeded
defenses against threats such as
mammalian predation and competition
with aggressive, weedy plant species
that are typical of mainland
environments (Loope 1992, p. 11; Gagne
and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45; Wagner et al.
1999, pp. 3–6). For example, Carlquist
(in Carlquist and Cole 1974, p. 29) notes
that ‘‘Hawaiian plants are notably
nonpoisonous, free from armament, and
free from many characteristics thought
to be deterrents to herbivores (oils,
resins, stinging hairs, coarse texture).’’
In addition, species restricted to highly
specialized locations or food sources
(e.g., some Hawaiian damselflies) are
particularly vulnerable to changes (from
nonnative species, hurricanes, fire, and
climate change) in their habitat
(Carlquist and Cole 1974, pp. 28–29;
Loope 1992, pp. 3–6; Stone 1992, pp.
88–102).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Introduced Ungulates
Introduced mammals have greatly
impacted the native vegetation, as well
as the native fauna, of the Hawaiian
Islands. Impacts to the native species
and ecosystems of Hawaii accelerated
following the arrival of Captain James
Cook in 1778. The Cook expedition and
subsequent explorers intentionally
introduced a European race of pigs or
boars and other livestock, such as goats,
to serve as food sources for seagoing
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explorers (U.S. Geological Survey 1998,
p. 752). The mild climate of the islands,
combined with the lack of competitors
or predators, led to the successful
establishment of large populations of
these introduced mammals, to the
detriment of native Hawaiian species
and ecosystems (Cox 1992, pp. 116–
117). The presence of introduced alien
mammals is considered one of the
primary factors underlying the
alteration and degradation of native
vegetation and habitats on the island of
Oahu (Cox 1992, pp. 118–119). Six of
the seven ecosystems (lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, montane
wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff) and their
associated species are currently
impacted by threats of the destruction or
degradation of habitat due to nonnative
ungulates (hoofed mammals), including
pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra
hircus) (HBMP 2008). Only the coastal
ecosystem on Oahu is not currently
facing threats by nonnative ungulates
(Perlman 2007a, in litt.).
Pigs have been described as the most
pervasive and disruptive nonnative
influence on the unique native forests of
the Hawaiian Islands, and are widely
recognized as one of the greatest current
threats to forest ecosystems in Hawaii
(Aplet et al. 1991, p. 56; Anderson and
Stone 1993, p. 195). European pigs,
introduced to Hawaii by Captain James
Cook in 1778, hybridized with
domesticated Polynesian pigs, became
feral, and invaded forested areas,
especially wet and mesic forests and dry
areas at high elevations. They are
currently present on Kauai, Niihau,
Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The
Hawaii Territorial Board of Agriculture
and Forestry started a feral pig
eradication project in the early 1900s
that continued through 1958, removing
170,000 pigs from forests Statewide
(Diong 1982 in Loope 1998, pp. 752–
753).
These introduced pigs are extremely
destructive, and have both direct and
indirect impacts on native plant
communities. While rooting in the earth
in search of invertebrates and plant
material, pigs directly impact native
plants by disturbing and destroying
vegetative cover, and trampling plants
and seedlings. They may also reduce or
eliminate plant regeneration by
damaging or eating seeds and seedlings.
Further discussion of predation by
nonnative ungulates is under Factor C,
below. Pigs are a major vector for the
establishment and spread of competing
invasive, nonnative plant species, by
dispersing plant seeds on their hooves
and coats, as well as through the spread
of their feces (Diong 1982, pp. 169–170),
and by fertilizing the disturbed soil with
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their feces (Matson 1990, p. 245;
Siemann et al. 2009, p. 547). Pigs feed
preferentially on the fruits of many
nonnative plants, such as Passiflora
tarminiana (banana poka) and Psidium
cattleianum (strawberry guava),
spreading the seeds of these invasive
species through their feces as they travel
in search of food. In addition, rooting
pigs contribute to erosion by clearing
vegetation and creating large areas of
disturbed soil, especially on slopes
(Smith 1985, pp. 190, 192, 196, 200,
204, 230–231; Stone 1985, pp. 254–255,
262–264; Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 27–
28; Scott et al. 1986, pp. 360–361;
Tomich 1986, pp. 120–126; Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 64–65; Aplet et al.
1991, p. 56; Loope et al. 1991, pp. 1–21;
Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 52).
Goats native to the Middle East and
India were also successfully introduced
to the Hawaiian Islands in the late
1700s. Actions to control goat
populations began in the 1920s (Tomich
1986, pp. 152–153). Feral goats now
occupy a wide variety of habitats on
Oahu, where they consume native
vegetation, trample roots and seedlings,
accelerate erosion, and promote the
invasion of alien plants that have greater
competitive abilities (van Riper and van
Riper 1982, pp. 34–35; Stone 1985, p.
261). Goats are able to access and forage
in extremely rugged terrain, and they
have a high reproductive capacity
(Clarke and Cuddihy 1980, pp. C–19, C–
20; Culliney 1988, p. 336; Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 64). Because of these
factors, goats are believed to have
completely eliminated some plant
species from islands (Atkinson and
Atkinson 2000, p. 21). Goats can be
highly destructive to natural vegetation
and contribute to erosion by: (1) Eating
young trees and young shoots of plants
before they can become established; (2)
creating trails that can damage native
vegetative cover, destabilize substrate,
and create gullies that convey water;
and (3) dislodging stones from ledges
that can cause rockfalls and landslides
that damage vegetation below (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 63–64).
The 23 species dependent on the
lowland dry, lowland mesic, lowland
wet, montane wet, dry cliff, and wet
cliff ecosystems are exposed to direct
and indirect negative impacts of feral
ungulates (pigs and goats), which result
in the destruction and degradation of
habitat for these native Oahu species.
The effects of these nonnative animals
include: (1) The destruction of
vegetative cover; (2) trampling of plants
and seedlings; (3) direct consumption of
native vegetation; (4) soil disturbance;
(5) dispersal of alien plant seeds on
hooves, coats, and through the spread of
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seeds in feces; and (5) the creation of
open, disturbed areas conducive to
further invasion by nonnative pest plant
species. All of these impacts lead to the
subsequent conversion of a plant
community dominated by native species
to one dominated by nonnative species
(see ‘‘Habitat Destruction and
Modification by Nonnative Plants,’’
below). In addition, because these
mammals inhabit terrain that is often
steep and remote (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 59), foraging and trampling
contributes to severe erosion of
watersheds and degradation of streams.
As early as 1900, there was increasing
concern expressed about the integrity of
island watersheds, due to effects of
ungulates and other factors, leading to
establishment of a professional forestry
program emphasizing soil and water
conservation (Nelson 1989, p. 3).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Nonnative Plants
Native vegetation on all of the main
Hawaiian Islands has undergone
extreme alteration, because of past and
present land management practices,
including ranching, the deliberate
introduction of nonnative plants and
animals, and agricultural development
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 27, 58).
The original native flora of Hawaii
(plant species that were present before
humans arrived) consisted of about
1,000 taxa, 89 percent of which were
endemic. Over 800 plant taxa have been
introduced from outside Hawaii, and
nearly 100 of these have become pests
(e.g., injurious plants) (Smith 1985, p.
180; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73;
Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 45). Of
these 100 nonnative plant species, over
50 species have altered the habitat of 20
of the 23 species in this final rule. Some
of these plants were brought to Hawaii
by various groups of people, for food or
cultural reasons, to reforest native
forests destroyed by grazing feral and
domestic animals, for pasture for
domestic animals, and for other
agricultural purposes. Other plants were
brought to Hawaii for their potential
horticultural value (Scott et al. 1986, pp.
361–363; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
73).
Nonnative plants adversely impact
native habitat in Hawaii, including the
seven Oahu ecosystems and the 20 plant
species identified in this final rule, by:
(1) Modifying the availability of light;
(2) altering soil-water regimes; (3)
modifying nutrient cycling; (4) altering
fire characteristics of native plant
communities (e.g., successive fires that
burn farther and farther into native
habitat, destroying native plants and
removing habitat for native species by
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altering microclimatic conditions to
favor alien species); and (5) ultimately,
converting native-dominated plant
communities to nonnative plant
communities (Smith 1985, pp. 180–181;
Cuddihy and Stone, 1990, p. 74;
D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73;
Vitousek et al. 1997, p. 6). Nonnative
plants (and animals) have contributed to
the extinction of native species in the
lowlands of Hawaii and have been a
primary cause of extinction in upland
habitats (Vitousek et al. 1987, in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 74). The
most-often cited effects of nonnative
plants on native plant species are
displacement through competition.
Competition may be for water or
nutrients, or it may involve allelopathy
(chemical inhibition of other plants)
(Smith 1985, in Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 74). Nonnative plants may also
displace native species by preventing
their reproduction, usually by shading
and taking up available sites for
seedling establishment (Vitousek et al.
1987, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p.
74).
Alteration of fire regimes clearly
represents an ecosystem-level change
caused by the invasion of nonnative
grasses (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
p. 73). The grass life form supports
standing dead material that burns
readily, and grass tissues have large
surface-to-volume ratios and can dry out
quickly (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
p. 73). The flammability of biological
materials is determined primarily by
their surface-to-volume ratio and
moisture content, and secondarily by
mineral content and tissue chemistry
(D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p. 73).
The finest size classes of material
(mainly grasses) ignite and spread fires
under a broader range of conditions
than do woody fuels or even surface
litter (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, p.
73). The grass life form allows rapid
recovery following fire; there is little
above-ground structural tissue, so
almost all new tissue fixes carbon and
contributes to growth (D’Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, p. 73). Grass canopies
also support a microclimate in which
surface temperatures are hotter, vapor
pressure deficits are larger, and the
drying of tissues occurs more rapidly
than in forests or woodlands (D’Antonio
and Vitousek 1992, p. 73). Thus,
conditions that favor fire are much more
frequent in grasslands (D’Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, p. 73). In summary,
nonnative plants directly and indirectly
affect the 20 plant species in this final
rule by modifying or destroying their
terrestrial habitat. Please refer to the
proposed rule (76 FR 46362; August 2,
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2011) for a list of nonnative plants and
a discussion of their specific negative
effects on the 20 plant species.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Fire
Fire is a relatively new, humanexacerbated threat to native species and
natural vegetation in Hawaii. The
historical fire regime in Hawaii was
characterized by infrequent, lowseverity fires, as few natural ignition
sources existed (Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992,
pp. 395–397). Natural fuel beds were
often discontinuous, and rainfall in
many areas on most islands was, and is,
moderate to high. Fires inadvertently or
intentionally ignited by the original
Polynesians in Hawaii probably
contributed to the initial decline of
native vegetation in the drier plains and
foothills. These early settlers practiced
slash-and-burn agriculture that created
open lowland areas suitable for the later
colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted
grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5–6, 8; Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 30–31). Beginning
in the late 18th century, Europeans and
Americans introduced plants and
animals that further degraded native
Hawaiian ecosystems. Pasturage and
ranching, in particular, created highly
fire-prone areas of nonnative grasses
and shrubs (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 67). Although fires are
infrequent in mountainous regions
today, extensive fires have occurred in
lowland mesic areas, leading to grass/
fire cycles that convert woodland to
grassland (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 77).
Although Vogl (1969, in Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, p. 91) proposed that
naturally occurring fires, primarily from
lightning strikes, have been important in
the development of the original
Hawaiian flora, and that many Hawaiian
plants might be fire adapted, MuellerDombois (1981, in Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 91) points out that most natural
vegetation types of Hawaii would not
carry fire before the introduction of
alien grasses. Smith and Tunison (in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 91) state
that native plant fuels typically have
low flammability. Because of the greater
frequency, intensity, and duration of
fires that have resulted from the
introduction of nonnative plants
(especially grasses), fires are now
destructive to native Hawaiian
ecosystems (Brown and Smith 2000, p.
172), and a single grass-fueled fire can
kill most native trees and shrubs in the
burned area (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 74).
Fire represents a threat to the habitats
of six of the plant species in this final
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rule, based on information identifying
fire as a threat to a particular species at
a particular location: Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Pleomele forbesii, and
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (see Table 2).
These six plant species are found in the
coastal, lowland dry, lowland mesic, or
dry cliff ecosystems. Fire can destroy
dormant seeds of the six species as well
as the plants themselves, even in steep
or inaccessible areas. Successive fires
that burn farther and farther into native
habitat destroy native plants, and
remove habitat for native species by
altering microclimate conditions
favorable to alien plants. Alien plant
species most likely to be spread as a
consequence of fire are those that
produce a high fuel load, are adapted to
survive and regenerate after fire, and
establish rapidly in newly burned areas.
Grasses (particularly those that produce
mats of dry material or retain a mass of
standing dead leaves) that invade native
forests and shrublands provide fuels
that allow fire to burn areas that would
not otherwise easily burn (Fujioka and
Fujii 1980, in Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 93; D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp.
70, 73–74; Tunison et al. 2002, p. 122).
Native woody plants may recover from
fire to some degree, but fire tips the
competitive balance toward alien
species (National Park Service 1989, in
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93).
On a post-burn survey at Puuwaawaa
on the island of Hawaii within an area
of native Diospyros forest with
undergrowth of the nonnative grass
Pennisetum setaceum, Takeuchi noted
that ‘‘no regeneration of native canopy
is occurring within the Puuwaawaa
burn area’’ (Takeuchi 1991, p. 2).
Takeuchi also stated that ‘‘burn events
served to accelerate a decline process
already in place, compressing into days
a sequence which would ordinarily
have taken decades’’ (Takeuchi 1991, p.
4), and concluded that in addition to
increasing the number of fires, the
nonnative Pennisetum acted to suppress
establishment of native plants after a
fire (Takeuchi 1991, p. 6). There have
been several recent fires on Oahu that
have impacted rare or endangered
species, including areas designated as
critical habitat in this final rule.
Between 2004 and 2005, wildfires
burned more than 360 ac (146 ha) in
Honouliuli Preserve, home to more than
90 rare and endangered plants and
animals, which is located along the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains (The Nature Conservancy
2005, in litt.). In 2006, a fire at Kaena
Point State Park burned 60 ac (24 ha),
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including portions of two units
designated as critical habitat in this
rule, and encroached on endangered
plants in Makua Military Training Area.
In 2007, there was a significant fire at
Kaukonahua that crossed 12 gulches,
eventually encompassing 5,655 ac
(2,289 ha), and negatively impacted
seven endangered plant species.
Occurrences of three of the species were
extirpated as a result of the fire. The
Kaukonahua fire also provided
pathways for nonnative ungulates
(cattle, goats, and pigs) into previously
undisturbed areas, and opened up
previously densely vegetated areas for
growth of the invasive grass Panicum
maximum (guinea grass), which is also
used as a food source by cattle and
goats. An area infested by guinea grass
burned, and the grass was observed to
generate blades over 2 feet in length
only 2 weeks after the fire (U.S. Army
Garrison 2007, Appendices pp. 1–5). In
2009, there were two smaller fires that
burned 200 ac (81 ha) at Manini Pali
(Kaena Point State Park) and 4 ac (2 ha)
at Makua Cave (at the mouth of Makua
Valley). Both of these fires burned in
designated critical habitat, although no
individual plants were directly affected
(U.S. Army Natural Resource Program
2009, Appendix 2, 17 pp.). These
examples of recent fires illustrate that
nonnative grass invasion leads to grass/
fire cycles that convert native vegetation
to grassland (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, p. 77)
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Hurricanes
Hurricanes adversely impact native
Hawaiian terrestrial habitat, including
each of the seven Oahu ecosystems and
their associated species identified in
this final rule. They do this by
destroying native vegetation, opening
the canopy and thus modifying the
availability of light, and creating
disturbed areas conducive to invasion
by nonnative pest species (see ‘‘Specific
Nonnative Plant Species Impacts,’’ in
our August 2, 2011, proposed rule (76
FR 46362)) (Asner and Goldstein 1997,
p. 148; Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 539–
540). Canopy gaps allow for the
establishment of nonnative plant
species, which may be present as plants,
or as seeds incapable of growing under
shaded conditions. In addition,
hurricanes adversely impact native
Hawaiian stream habitat by defoliating
and toppling vegetation, thus loosening
the soil around the toppled vegetation.
Loosened soil, loose vegetation, and
other debris can be washed into
streambeds (by hurricane-induced rain
or subsequent rain storms), resulting in
the scouring of the stream bottoms and
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channels, and catastrophic flooding
(Polhemus 1993, 88 pp.). Because many
Hawaiian plant and animal species,
including the 23 species in this final
rule, persist in low numbers and in
restricted ranges, natural disasters, such
as hurricanes, can be particularly
devastating (Mitchell et al. 2005, p. 4–
3).
Hurricanes affecting Hawaii were only
rarely reported from ships in the area
from the 1800s until 1949. Between
1950 and 1997, 22 hurricanes passed
near or over the Hawaiian Islands, 5 of
which caused serious damage (Businger
1998, pp. 1–2). In November 1982,
Hurricane Iwa struck the Hawaiian
Islands, with wind gusts exceeding 100
miles per hour (mph) (161 kilometers
per hour (kph)), causing extensive
damage, especially on the islands of
Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (Businger
1998, pp. 2, 6). Many native forest trees
were destroyed (Perlman 1992, in litt.,
pp. 1–9), which opened the canopy and
facilitated the invasion of nonnative
plants (Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois
1995, p. 671). Historically (prior to the
introduction of nonnative, invasive
plants to the Hawaiian Islands), it is
likely that areas affected by hurricanes
would eventually have been
repopulated by native plants. However,
competition with nonnative plants is
exacerbated by hurricanes, and
represents a threat to each of the 7
ecosystems and the 20 plant species
addressed in this final rule, as described
in ‘‘Specific Nonnative Plant Species
Impacts,’’ in our August 2, 2011,
proposed rule (76 FR 46362). In
September 1992, Hurricane Iniki, a
Category 4 hurricane with maximum
sustained wind speeds recorded at 140
mph (225 kph), passed directly over the
island of Kauai and close to the island
of Oahu, causing significant damage to
areas along Oahu’s southwestern coast
(from Barber’s Point or Kalaeloa, to
Kaena Point) (Blake et al. 2007, p. 20),
where the endangered plant Bidens
amplectens occurs. Biologists have
documented hurricane damage (e.g.,
denuded foliage, toppled and uprooted
trees and shrubs, landslides) to the
habitat of six other plant species
(Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Melicope christophersenii, M. hiiakae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, and
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis).
Polhemus (1993, pp. 86–87)
documented the extirpation of the
scarlet Kauai damselfly (Megalagrion
vagabundum), a species related to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies included in this
final rule, from the entire Hanakapiai
Stream system on the island of Kauai as
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a result of the impacts of Hurricane Iniki
in 1992. Damage by future hurricanes
could further decrease the remaining
native-plant-dominated habitat areas
that support rare plants and animals in
Oahu ecosystems (Bellingham et al.
2005, p. 681).
Habitat Destruction and Modification
Due to Landslides, Rockfalls, Flooding,
and Drought
Landslides, rockfalls, and flooding
destabilize substrates, damage and
destroy individual plants, and alter
hydrological patterns, which result in
changes to native plant and animal
communities. In the open sea near
Hawaii, rainfall averages 25 to 30 in (63
to 76 cm) per year, yet the islands may
receive up to 15 times this amount in
some places, caused by orographic
features (Wagner et al. 1999; adapted
from Price (1983) and Carlquist (1980),
pp. 38–39). During storms, rain may fall
at 3 in (7.6 cm) per hour or more, and
sometimes may reach nearly 40 in (100
cm) in 24 hours, causing destructive
flash-flooding in streams and narrow
gulches (Wagner et al. 1999; adapted
from Price (1983) and Carlquist (1980),
pp. 38–39). Due to the steep topography
of much of the area on Oahu where the
species remain, erosion and disturbance
caused by introduced ungulates
exacerbate the potential for landslides,
rockfalls, or flooding, which in turn
threaten native plants and some of the
damselfly species (see Table 2). For
those species that occur in small
numbers in highly restricted geographic
areas, such events have the potential to
eradicate all individuals of a
population, or even all populations of a
species, resulting in extinction.
Landslides and rockfalls likely
adversely impact nine of the species
addressed in this final rule, including
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Melicope makahae,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
and the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, as documented in
observations by field botanists and
surveyors (HBMP 2008). Monitoring
data from the PEP program and the
Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping
Program (HBMP) suggest that these nine
species face threats from landslides or
falling rocks, as they are found in
landscape settings susceptible to these
events (e.g., steep slopes and cliffs).
Since C. kaulantha is known from only
a few individuals in steep-walled stream
valleys, one landslide could lead to near
extirpation of the species by direct
destruction of the individual plants,
mechanical damage to individual plants
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that could lead to their death,
destabilization of the cliff habitat
leading to additional landslides, and
alteration of hydrological patterns (e.g.,
affecting the availability of soil
moisture). Landslides can modify and
destroy riparian and stream habitat by
direct physical damage (e.g., rocks and
debris falling in a stream, mechanical
damage to riparian vegetation), and
create disturbed areas leading to
invasion by nonnative plants that
outcompete the native plants, as well as
damage or destroy plants used by the
crimson and oceanic damselflies for
perching. Field survey data presented
by Bakutis (2006c, in litt.) and the PEP
Program (2006, p. 51) suggest that
flooding is a likely threat to two plant
species included in this final listing,
one population of Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis, located in a narrow
gulch, and one population of Cyrtandra
sessilis, growing near a stream in a
narrow valley. Intermittent flooding
events likely occurred in the stream
habitats of the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies in the
past, due to stochastic events such as
storms and hurricanes. However, the
current low numbers of individuals and
populations, combined with their
breeding, life-history requirements in
stream habitats, and reduced ranges, of
these three Hawaiian damselflies
increase their vulnerability to the threat
of flooding. The impact of flooding
events may be increased by
channelization of stream reaches, or
degradation of riparian vegetation by
feral ungulates. Naiads may be washed
out of streams into the surrounding
terrestrial habitat or washed
downstream into portions of streams
that are occupied by nonnative
predatory fish. Adults perching on
surrounding vegetation may be washed
into flooded streams and drown.
The blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies may also be
affected by temporary habitat loss
associated with droughts, which are not
uncommon in the Hawaiian Islands.
Between 1860 and 2002, the island of
Oahu was affected by 49 periods of
drought (Giambelluca et al. 1991, pp. 3–
4; Hawaii Commission on Water
Resource Management 2009a and
2009b). These drought events often
desiccate streams, irrigation ditches,
and reservoirs; deplete groundwater
supplies; and lead to forest and brush
fires (Hawaii Commission on Water
Resource Management 2009a and
2009b). Desiccation of streams, ditches,
and reservoirs directly removes
damselfly hunting and breeding habitat.
Drought leads to an increase in the
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number of forest and brush fires
(Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v), causing
a reduction of native plant cover and
habitat (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992,
pp. 77–79), and of plants used by the
three Hawaiian damselflies for perching
and hunting for prey.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Agriculture and Urban Development
Although we are unaware of any
comprehensive, site-by-site assessment
of wetland loss in Hawaii, Erikson and
Puttock (2006, p. 40) and Dahl (1990, p.
7) estimated that at least 12 percent of
lowland to upper-elevation wetlands in
Hawaii had been converted to nonwetland habitat by the 1980s. If only
coastal plain (below 1,000 ft (300 m))
marshlands and wetlands are
considered, it is estimated that 30
percent have been converted to
agricultural and urban development
(Kosaka 1990, in litt.). Historical records
show these marshlands and wetlands
provided habitat for many damselfly
species, including the blackline,
oceanic, and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies (Polhemus 2007, pp. 233,
237–239; HBMP 2008).
Although filling of wetlands is
regulated by permitting today, the loss
of riparian or wetland habitats utilized
by the blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies may still occur due to
Oahu’s population growth and
development, with concurrent demands
on limited developable land and water
resources (Lester 2007, in litt.). The
State’s Commission on Water Resource
Management recognized the need for a
water resource protection plan, which is
currently under development
(Commission on Water Resource
Management 2010). In addition,
marshes have been slowly filled and
converted to meadow habitat, as a result
of sedimentation from increased storm
water runoff from upslope development,
the accumulation of uncontrolled
growth of invasive vegetation, and
blockage of downslope drainage (Wilson
Okamoto & Associates, Inc. 1993, pp. 3–
4, 3–5).
The threats posed by conversion of
wetland and other aquatic habitat for
agriculture and urban development are
ongoing and are expected to continue
into the future. Hawaii’s population has
increased almost 8 percent in the past
11 years, along with the associated
increased demands on limited land and
water resources (Hawaii Department of
Business, Economic Development and
Tourism (HDBEDT) 2012). These
modified areas lack the aquatic habitat
features that the blackline and crimson
Hawaiian damselflies require for
essential life-history needs, such as
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marshes, sidepools along streams, and
slow sections of perennial streams, and
no longer support populations of these
two species. Agriculture and urban
development have thus contributed to
the present curtailment of the habitat of
these two Hawaiian damselflies, and we
have no indication that this threat is
likely to be significantly ameliorated in
the near future.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Stream Diversion
Stream modifications began with the
early Hawaiians who diverted water to
irrigate taro (kalo, Colocasia esculenta).
A taro planter’s share of water was
determined by the amount of labor
contributed to the construction and
maintenance of the ditch, and was not
proportional to their acreage of flooded
terraces. Water rights of others taking
water from the main stream below the
dam had to be respected, and no ditch
was permitted to divert more than half
the flow from a stream. Water was
withdrawn according to a time
schedule, from a few hours at a time day
or night, up to 2 or 3 days, and in times
of drought, the ‘‘water boss’’ had the
right to adjust the sharing of available
water to meet exigencies (Handy and
Handy 1972, pp. 58–59).
The advent of plantation sugarcane
cultivation led to far more extensive
stream diversions, with the first
diversion built in 1856 on Kauai
(Wilcox 1996, p. 54). The first diversion
on Oahu, Oahu Ditch, was built in 1902
(Wilcox 1996, p. 65). These systems
were designed to tap water at upper
elevations (above 1,000 ft (300 m)) by
means of a concrete weir in the stream
(Wilcox 1996, p. 54). All, or most, of the
low or average flow of the stream was,
and often still is, diverted into fields or
reservoirs, leaving many stream
channels completely dry (Takasaki et al.
1969, pp. 27–28; Harris et al. 1993, p.
12; Wilcox 1996, p. 56).
By the 1930s, water diversions had
been developed on all of the main
Hawaiian Islands, and by 1978, the
stream flow in more than half the 366
perennial streams in Hawaii had been
altered in some manner (Brasher 2003,
p. 1,055). Some stream diversion
systems are extensive, such as the
Waiahole Ditch on Oahu, built in the
early 1900s, which diverts water from
37 streams within the ranges of the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
damselflies, on the windward side of
Oahu to the dry plains on the leeward
side of the island via a tunnel cut
through the Koolau range (Stearns and
Vaksvik 1935, pp. 399–403; Tvedt and
Oestigaard 2006, pp. 43–44).
Historically, damselflies in the genus
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Megalagrion were a common component
of Hawaiian streams and wetlands at
elevations ranging from sea level to the
summit of the Koolau range on Oahu.
This loss of stream habitat may have
contributed to the extirpation of
populations of the three damselflies
from lower elevations (Polhemus 2007,
pp. 233–234, 238–239).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Dewatering of Aquifers
In addition to the diversion of stream
water and the resultant downstream
dewatering, many streams on Oahu have
experienced reduced or zero surface
flow as a result of the dewatering of
their source aquifers. Often these
aquifers, which previously fed the
streams, were tapped by tunneling or
through the injudicious placement of
wells (Gingerich and Oki 2000, p. 6;
Stearns 1985, pp. 291–305). These
groundwater sources were diverted for
both domestic and agricultural use, and
in some areas have completely depleted
nearby stream and spring flows. For
example, both the bore tunnels and the
contour tunnel of the Waiahole Ditch
system intersect perched aquifers
(aquifers above the primary ground
water table), which subsequently are
drained to the elevation of the tunnels
(Stearns and Vaksvik 1935, pp. 399–
406). This has reduced stream habitat
available to the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic damselflies. Likewise, the
boring of the Haiku tunnel on Oahu in
1940 caused a 25 percent reduction in
the base flow of Kahaluu Stream, which
is more than 2.5 mi (4 km) away
(Takasaki et al. 1969, pp. 31–32), and
has impacted available habitat for the
blackline and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (HBMP 2008). Many of these
aquifers were also the sources of springs
that contributed flow to Oahu’s
windward streams; draining of these
aquifers caused many of the springs to
dry up, including some more than 0.3
mi (0.5 km) away from the bore tunnels
(Stearns and Vaksvik 1935, pp. 379–
380).
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Vertical Wells
Surface flow of streams has also been
affected by vertical wells drilled in premodern times, because the basal aquifer
(lowest groundwater layer) and alluvial
caprock (sediment-deposited harder
rock layer) through which the lower
sections of streams flow can be
penetrated and hydraulically connected
by wells (Gingerich and Oki 2000, p. 6;
Stearns 1940, p. 88). This allows water
in aquifers normally feeding the stream
to be diverted elsewhere underground.
Dewatering of the streams by tunneling
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and well placement near or in streams
was a significant cause of habitat loss,
and these effects continue today.
Historically, for example, there was
sufficient surface flow in Makaha and
Nanakuli Streams on Oahu to support
taro loi (artificial ponds for taro
cultivation) in their lower reaches, but
this flow disappeared subsequent to
construction of vertical wells upstream
(Devick 1995, pers. comm.). The
inadvertent dewatering of streams
through the penetration of their aquifers
(which are normally separated from
adjacent waterbearing layers by an
impermeable layer), by tunneling or
through placement of vertical wells,
caused the loss of habitat of blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies habitat, as these species
were historically known from these
areas.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Stream Channelization
Stream degradation has been
particularly severe on the island of
Oahu where, by 1978, 58 percent of the
perennial streams and banks had been
channelized (e.g., concrete lined,
partially lined, or altered) to control
flooding (Polhemus and Asquith 1996,
p. 24; Brasher 2003, p. 1,055). These
alterations have resulted in an overall
89 percent loss of the total stream length
island-wide (Polhemus and Asquith
1996, p. 24; Parrish et al. 1984, p. 83).
The channelization of streams creates
artificial, wide-bottomed stream beds,
and often results in removal of riparian
vegetation, which reduces shading,
increases substrate homogeneity,
increases temporal water velocity
(increased water flow speed during
times of higher precipitation including
minor and major flooding), and causes
higher water temperatures (Parrish et al.
1984, p. 83; Brasher 2003, p. 1,052).
Tests conducted on native aquatic
species showed that the higher water
temperatures in channelized streams
caused stress, and sometimes death
(Parrish et al. 1984, p. 83). Natural
streams meander and are lined with
rocks, trees, and natural debris, and
during times of flooding, jump their
banks. Channelized streams are
straightened and often lack natural
obstructions, and during times of higher
precipitation or flooding, facilitate a
higher water flow velocity. Hawaiian
damselflies are largely absent from
channelized portions of streams
(Polhemus and Asquith 1996, p. 24),
which has likely contributed to a
reduction in the historical range of
Hawaiian damselfly species. In contrast,
undisturbed Hawaiian stream systems
exhibit a greater amount of riffle and
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pool habitat canopy closure, higher
consistent flow velocity, and lower
water temperatures that are
characteristic of streams to which the
Hawaiian damselflies, in general, are
adapted (Brasher 2003, pp. 1,054–
1,057).
Channelization of streams has not
been restricted to lower stream reaches.
For example, there is extensive
channelization of Oahu’s Kalihi Stream
above 1,000 ft (300 m) elevation.
Extensive stream channelization on
Oahu has also contributed to the loss of
habitat for the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies (Englund
1999, p. 236; Polhemus 2008, in litt.).
Stream diversion, channelization,
dewatering, and vertical wells represent
serious and ongoing threats to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies for the following
reasons: (1) They reduce the amount
and distribution of stream habitat
available to these species; (2) they
reduce stream flow, leaving lower
elevation stream segments completely
dry except during storms, or leaving
many streams completely dry year
round, thus reducing or eliminating
stream habitat; and (3) they indirectly
lead to an increase in water temperature
that results in physiological stress and
to the loss of blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly naiads. The
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies are particularly
vulnerable to extinction due to such
changes (i.e., stream diversion,
channelization, and dewatering), a
vulnerability which is exacerbated by
their range and habitat constrictions and
declines in their population numbers.
Habitat Destruction and Modification by
Climate Change
Climate change will be a particular
challenge for biodiversity because the
introduction and interaction of
additional stressors may push species
beyond their ability to survive (Lovejoy
et al. 2005, pp. 325–326). The
synergistic implications of climate
change and habitat fragmentation are
the most threatening facet of climate
change for biodiversity (Lovejoy et al.
2005, p. 4). The magnitude and intensity
of the impacts of global climate change
and increasing temperatures on native
Hawaiian ecosystems are unknown. We
are not aware of climate change studies
specifically related to the seven Oahu
ecosystems described in this final rule,
or the 23 species that are associated
with those ecosystems. Based on the
best available information, climate
change impacts could lead to the
decline or loss of native species that
comprise the communities in which the
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23 species occur (Pounds et al. 1999, pp.
611–612; Still et al. 1999, p. 610;
Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246 and
14,248). In addition, weather regime
changes (e.g., droughts, floods) will
likely result from increased annual
average temperatures related to more
˜
frequent El Nino episodes in Hawaii.
These changes may decrease water
availability and increase the
consumptive demand on Oahu’s natural
streams and reservoirs by Oahu’s
residents (Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. v).
The effects of increasing temperatures
on the aquatic habitat of the three
damselfly species are not specifically
known, but likely include the loss of
aquatic habitat from reduced stream
flow, evaporation of standing water, and
increased water temperature (Pounds et
al. 1999, pp. 611–612; Still et al. 1999,
p. 610; Benning et al. 2002, pp. 14,246
and 14,248).
Oki (2004, p. 4) has noted long-term
evidence of decreased precipitation and
stream flow on the Hawaiian Islands,
based upon evidence collected by
stream gauging stations. This long-term
drying trend, coupled with existing
˜
ditch diversions and periodic El Ninocaused drying events, has created a
pattern of severe and persistent stream
dewatering events (Polhemus 2008, in
litt.). Future changes in precipitation
and the forecast of those changes are
highly uncertain because they depend,
˜
˜
in part, on how the El Nino-La Nina
weather cycle (a disruption of the ocean
atmospheric system in the tropical
Pacific having important global
consequences for weather and climate)
might change (Hawaii Climate Change
Action Plan 1998, pp. 2–10).
The 23 species in this final rule may
be especially vulnerable to extinction
due to anticipated environmental
changes that may result from global
climate change. Environmental changes
that may affect these species are
expected to include habitat loss or
alteration and changes in disturbance
regimes (e.g., storms and hurricanes), in
addition to direct physiological stress
caused by increased streamwater
temperatures to which the native
Hawaiian damselfly fauna are not
adapted. The probability of a species
going extinct as a result of these factors
increases when its range is restricted,
habitat decreases, and population
numbers decline (Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change 2007, p. 8).
The 23 species have limited
environmental tolerances, limited
ranges, restricted habitat requirements,
small population sizes, and low
numbers of individuals. Therefore, we
would expect these species to be
particularly vulnerable to projected
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environmental impacts that may result
from changes in climate, and
subsequent impacts to their habitats
(e.g., Pounds et al. 1999, pp. 611–612;
Still et al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al.
2002, pp. 14,246 and 14,248). We
believe changes in environmental
conditions that may result from climate
change may impact these 23 species and
their habitat, and we do not anticipate
a reduction in this potential threat in
the near future.
Summary of Habitat Destruction and
Modification
The threats to the habitats of each of
the 23 Oahu species addressed in this
final rule are occurring throughout the
entire range of each of the species.
These threats include introduced
ungulates, nonnative plants, fire, natural
disasters, and climate change. In
addition, the habitats of the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies also face threats from
agricultural and urban development,
stream diversion, stream channelization,
and stream dewatering.
The effects from ungulates are
ongoing, because ungulates currently
occur in six of the seven ecosystems on
which these species depend. The threat
posed by introduced ungulates to the
species and their habitats in this final
rule that occur in these six ecosystems
(see Table 2) is serious, because they
cause: (1) Trampling and grazing that
directly impact the plant communities,
which include the 19 of the 20 plant
species listed in this final rule, and
impact plants in riparian areas used by
the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
damselflies for perching, reproduction,
and hunting for prey; (2) increased soil
disturbance, leading to mechanical
damage to individuals of the plant
species listed in this final rule, and
plants in riparian areas used by the
damselflies for perching, reproduction,
and hunting for prey; (3) creation of
open, disturbed areas conducive to
weedy plant invasion and establishment
of alien plants from dispersed fruits and
seeds, which results over time in the
conversion of a community dominated
by native vegetation to one dominated
by nonnative vegetation (leading to all
of the negative impacts associated with
nonnative plants, listed below); and (4)
increased watershed erosion and
sedimentation, which affects aquatic
habitats used by the three Hawaiian
damselflies. Although plants used for
perching by damselflies are not
necessarily native plants, ungulate
activity damages or removes all plants
near the stream. Damselflies depend on
plants near the stream for their daily
activities, territory establishment,
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reproduction, and hunting prey. These
threats are expected to continue or
increase without ungulate control or
eradication.
Nonnative plants represent a serious
and ongoing threat to the habitats of all
20 plant species being addressed in this
final rule through habitat destruction
and modification because they: (1)
Adversely impact microhabitat by
modifying the availability of light; (2)
alter soil-water regimes; (3) modify
nutrient cycling processes; (4) alter fire
characteristics of native plant habitat,
leading to incursions of fire-tolerant
nonnative plant species into native
habitat; and (5) outcompete, and
possibly directly inhibit the growth of,
native plant species. Each of these
threats can convert native-dominated
plant communities to nonnative plant
communities (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 74; Vitousek 1992, pp. 33–35). This
conversion has negative impacts on, and
is a threat to, the 20 plant species
addressed here.
The threat from fire to the habitats of
six species in this final rule (Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Pleomele forbesii, and
Pteralyxia macrocarpa; see Table 2) is a
serious and ongoing threat, because fire
damages and destroys native vegetation,
including dormant seeds, seedlings, and
juvenile and adult plants. Many
nonnative, invasive plants, particularly
fire-tolerant grasses, can outcompete
native plants and inhibit their
regeneration (D’Antonio and Vitousek
1992, pp. 70, 73–74; Tunison et al.
2002, p. 122). Successive fires that burn
farther and farther into native habitat
destroy native plants and remove
habitat for native species by altering
microclimatic conditions and creating
conditions favorable to alien plants. The
threat from fire is unpredictable but
omnipresent in ecosystems that have
been invaded by nonnative, fire-prone
grasses.
Natural disasters, such as hurricanes,
represent a serious threat to the habitats
of 7 of the 20 plant species addressed
in this final rule (Bidens amplectens,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Melicope christophersenii, M. hiiakae,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta, and
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis),
because they open the forest canopy,
modify available light, and create
disturbed areas that are conducive to
invasion by nonnative pest plants
(Asner and Goldstein 1997, p. 148;
Harrington et al. 1997, pp. 346–347).
The discussion under ‘‘Habitat
Destruction and Modification by
Nonnative Plants’’ above provides
additional information related to canopy
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gaps, light availability, and the
establishment of nonnative plant
species. In addition, hurricanes are a
threat to the habitats of the three
Hawaiian damselfly species in this final
rule, because they alter and cause direct
damage to streams (Polhemus 1993, pp.
86–87). These habitat impacts can be
particularly devastating to the seven
plant species and three Hawaiian
damselfly species addressed in this final
rule, because, due to other threats, they
now persist in low numbers or occur in
restricted ranges, and are therefore less
resilient to such disturbances.
Furthermore, a particularly destructive
hurricane holds the potential to drive a
localized endemic species to extinction
in a single event. Hurricanes pose an
ongoing and ever-present threat,
because they can occur at any time,
although their occurrence is not
predictable.
Landslides, rockfalls, and flooding
adversely impact the habitats of 10 of
the species in this final rule (Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C.
sessilis, Doryopteris takeuchii, Melicope
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, and the blackline, crimson
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies) (see
Table 2) by destabilizing substrates,
damaging and destroying individual
plants and damselflies, and altering
hydrological patterns. These threats
result in habitat destruction or
modification, and changes to native
plant and animal communities. Drought
is a threat to all three damselfly species’
habitats by desiccation of streams,
ditches, and reservoirs, which
eliminates damselfly hunting and
breeding habitat. These threats are
significant and have the potential to
occur at any time, although their
incidence is not predictable.
The threats caused by conversion of
wetland and other aquatic habitat to
agriculture and urban development are
ongoing, expected to continue into the
future, and affect each of the three
damselfly’s habitats. Twelve percent of
the freshwater habitat in Hawaii has
already been lost, and 30 percent of all
coastal plain wetlands in Hawaii has
been lost to agriculture and urban
development (Kosaka 1990, in litt.).
These modified areas no longer support
populations of these Hawaiian
damselflies. These threats are expected
to continue in the future.
Stream diversion, channelization, and
dewatering represent serious and
ongoing threats to the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies because they: (1) Reduce the
amount and distribution of stream
habitat; (2) reduce stream flow, which
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leaves lower elevation stream segments
either completely dry year round, or
completely dry except during storms,
which reduces or eliminates stream
habitat; and (3) indirectly lead to an
increase in water temperature by
altering the normal hydrograph patterns,
which leads to the loss of damselfly
naiads, due to direct physiological
stress. The probability of species
extinction increases when ranges are
restricted, the quality and quantity of
habitat decreases, and population
numbers decline. Accordingly, the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies are vulnerable to
extinction due to such changes in their
stream habitat.
The projected effects of global climate
change and increasing temperatures on
the habitats of the 23 species addressed
in this final rule are related to changes
in microclimatic conditions in their
habitats. These changes may lead to the
loss of native species due to direct
physiological stress, the loss or
alteration of habitat, increased
competition from nonnative species,
and changes in disturbance regimes
(e.g., fire, storms, and hurricanes).
Because the specific and cumulative
effects of climate change on these 23
species are presently unknown, we are
not able to determine the magnitude of
this possible threat with confidence.
B. Overutilization for Commercial,
Recreational, Scientific, or Educational
Purposes
We are not aware of any threats to the
23 species addressed in this final rule
that are attributable to overutilization
for commercial, recreational, scientific,
or educational purposes.
C. Disease or Predation
Disease
We are not aware of any threats to the
23 species addressed in this final rule
that are attributable to disease.
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Predation
Hawaii’s plants and animals evolved
in nearly complete isolation from
continental influences. Successful
colonization of these remote volcanic
islands was infrequent, and many
organisms never established
populations. For example, Hawaii lacks
any native ants or conifers, has very few
bird families, and has only a single
native land mammal (Loope 1998, p.
748). Defenses against mammalian
herbivory, such as thorns, prickles, and
production of toxins, were not needed,
and the evolutionary pressure for plants
to produce or maintain them was
lacking. Therefore, Hawaiian plants
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either lost or never developed these
defenses (Carlquist 1980, p. 173). The
native flora and fauna of the islands are
thus particularly vulnerable to the
impacts of introduced nonnative
species, as discussed below.
Introduced Ungulates
In addition to the habitat impacts
discussed above, ungulates pose a threat
to the following 19 of the 20 plant
species in this final rule by trampling
and eating individual plants (this
information is also presented in Table
2): Bidens amplectens (feral pigs and
goats), Cyanea calycina (feral pigs and
goats), C. lanceolata (feral pigs), C.
purpurellifolia (feral pigs), Cyrtandra
gracilis (feral pigs), C. kaulantha (feral
pigs), C. sessilis (feral pigs), C. waiolani
(feral pigs), Korthalsella degeneri (feral
pigs and goats), Melicope
christophersenii (feral pigs), M. hiiakae
(feral pigs), M. makahae (feral pigs and
goats), Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
(feral pigs), P. cornuta var. decurrens
(feral pigs and goats), Pleomele forbesii
(feral pigs and goats), Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis (feral pigs),
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (feral pigs and
goats), Tetraplasandra lydgatei (feral
pigs), and Zanthoxylum oahuense (feral
pigs). Predation by feral pigs and goats
is also a threat to the host plants
(Nestegis sandwicensis and Sapindus
oahuensis) of Korthalsella degeneri. The
fern Doryopteris takeuchii grows on the
slopes of Diamond Head Crater, an area
that is not affected by introduced
ungulates.
We have direct evidence of ungulate
damage to some of these species, but for
many, ungulate damage is presumed
based on several studies conducted in
Hawaii and elsewhere. In a study
conducted by Diong (1982, p. 160) on
Maui, feral pigs were observed browsing
on young shoots, leaves, and fronds of
a wide variety of plants, of which over
75 percent were endemic species (Diong
1982, p. 160). A stomach content
analysis in this study showed that 60
percent of the pigs’ food source
consisted of the endemic Cibotium
(hapuu, tree fern). Pigs were observed to
fell plants and remove the bark of the
native plant species Clermontia,
Cibotium, Coprosma, Psychotria,
Scaevola, and Hedyotis, resulting in
larger trees being killed over a few
months of repeated feeding (Diong 1982,
p. 144). A study in Texas conducted by
Beach (1997, pp. 3–4) revealed that feral
pigs spread disease and parasites, and
that their rooting and wallowing
behavior led to spoilage of watering
holes and loss of soil through leaching
and erosion. Rooting activities also
decreased the survivability of some
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plant species through disruption at root
level of mature plants and seedlings
(Beach 1997, pp. 3–4).
Feral goats thrive on a variety of food
plants, and are instrumental in the
decline of native vegetation in many
areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 64).
Feral goats trample roots and seedlings,
cause erosion, and promote the invasion
of alien plants. They are able to forage
in extremely rugged terrain and have a
high reproductive capacity (Clarke and
Cuddihy 1980, p. C–20; van Riper and
van Riper 1982, pp. 34–35; Tomich
1986, pp. 153–156; Cuddihy and Stone
1990, p. 64). A study of goat predation
on a native Acacia koa forest on the
island of Hawaii has shown that grazing
pressure by goats can cause the eventual
extinction of Acacia koa because it is
unable to reproduce (Spatz and MuellerDombois 1973, p. 876). If goats are
maintained at constantly high numbers,
mature trees will eventually die,
including the root systems that support
suckers and vegetative reproduction
(Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1973, p.
876). Another study at Puuwaawaa on
the island of Hawaii demonstrated that
prior to management actions in 1985,
regeneration of endemic shrubs and
trees in goat-grazed areas was almost
totally lacking, contributing to the
invasion of the forest understory by
exotic grasses and weeds. After the
removal of grazing animals in 1985, A.
koa and Metrosideros spp. seedlings
were observed germinating by the
thousands (HDLNR 2002, p. 52). Based
on a comparison of fenced and unfenced
areas, it is clear that goats can devastate
native ecosystems (Loope et al. 1988, p.
277). Because goats occur in 6 of the 7
described ecosystems on Oahu, the
results of the studies described above
suggest that goats can also alter these
ecosystems and directly damage or
destroy native plants.
Rats
There are three species of introduced
rats on the Hawaiian Islands. The
Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and the
black rat (Rattus rattus) are primarily
found in the wild, in dry to wet habitats,
while the Norway rat (Rattus
norvegicus) is typically found in
manmade habitats such as urban areas
or agricultural fields (Tomich 1986, p.
41). Studies of Polynesian rat DNA
suggest that they first appeared in the
Hawaiian Islands along with emigrants
from the Marquesas about 400 A.D.,
with a second cultural interaction
around 1100 A.D. (Ziegler 2002, p. 315).
The black rat and the Norway rat most
likely arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
more recently, as stowaways on ships,
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sometime in the 19th century (Atkinson
and Atkinson 2000, p. 25).
Rats occur in all 7 of the Oahu
ecosystems, and rat predation is a threat
to 5 of the 20 plant species addressed
in this final rule (Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, Cyrtandra gracilis, Melicope
hiiakae, and Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis; see Table 2), which have
fleshy fruits. Rats impact native plants
by eating fleshy fruits, seeds, flowers,
stems, leaves, roots, and other plant
parts (Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p.
23), and can seriously affect
regeneration. They are known to have
caused declines or even the total
elimination of island plant species
(Campbell and Atkinson 1999, as cited
in Atkinson and Atkinson 2000, p. 24).
On the Hawaiian Islands, rats may
consume as much as 90 percent of the
seeds produced by some trees, or, in
some cases, prevent the regeneration of
forest species completely (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, pp. 68–69). Plants with
fleshy fruits are particularly susceptible
to rat predation, including several of the
plant genera in this final rule, for
example, the fruits of plants in the
bellflower (e.g., Cyanea spp.) and
African violet (e.g., Cyrtandra spp.)
families (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp.
67–69). Research on rats in forests in
New Zealand has demonstrated that,
over time, rats may alter the species
composition of forested areas (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, pp. 68–69).
Nonnative Fish
Predation by nonnative fish is a
serious and ongoing threat to the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies. Crimson and
blackline Hawaiian damselfly naiads
occur in standing or seep-fed pools and
slow-flowing sections of streams, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly naiads
occur under stones or mats of moss and
algae in streams, where they are each
vulnerable to predation by nonnative
fish. Information suggests that Hawaiian
damselflies experience limited natural
predation pressure from the five species
of freshwater fish native to Hawaii—
gobies (Gobiidae) and sleepers
(Eleotridae) (Ego 1956, p. 24; Kido et al.
1993, pp. 43–44; Englund 1999, pp.
236–237). Hawaii’s native fishes are
benthic (bottom) feeders, and streamdwelling Hawaiian damselfly species,
including the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, avoid
these areas in preference for shallow
side channels, sidepools, and higher
velocity riffles and seeps (Englund 1999,
pp. 236–237). While fish predation has
been an important factor in the
evolution of behavior in damselfly
naiads in continental systems (Johnson
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1991, p. 8), it can only be speculated
that Hawaii’s stream-dwelling
damselflies adapted behaviors to avoid
the benthic feeding habits of native fish
species.
Over 70 species of nonnative fish
have been introduced into Hawaiian
freshwater habitats (Devick 1991, p. 190;
Englund 1999, p. 226; Englund and
Eldredge 2001, p. 32; Brasher 2003, p.
1,054; Englund 2004, p. 27; Englund et
al. 2007, p. 232), with at least 51 species
now established (Freshwater Fishes of
Hawaii 2008). The initial introduction
of nonnative fish to Hawaii began with
the release of food stock species by
Asian immigrants at the turn of the 20th
century; however, the impact of these
first introductions on Hawaiian
damselflies cannot be assessed because
they predated the initial collection of
damselflies in Hawaii (Perkins 1899, pp.
64–76). Between 1905 and 1922, fish
were introduced for biological control of
mosquitoes, including the mosquito fish
(Gambusia affinis), sailfin molly
(Poecilia latipinna), green swordtail
(Xiphophorus helleri), moonfish
(Xiphophorus maculatus), and guppy
(Poecilia reticulata) (Van Dine 1907, p.
9; Englund 1999, p. 225; Brasher 2003,
p. 1,054). By 1935, some Oahu
damselflies were becoming less
common, and these introduced fish
were the suspected cause of their
decline (Williams 1936, p. 313;
Zimmerman 1948a, p. 341). From 1946
through 1961, several additional
nonnative fish were introduced for the
purpose of controlling nonnative
aquatic plants and for recreational
fishing (Brasher 2003, p. 1,054). During
the 1980s, additional nonnative fish
species were established in Oahu
waters, including aggressive predators
and habitat-altering species such as the
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus),
cichlids (e.g., Tilapia spp.), sailfin
catfish (Liposarcus multiradiatus), top
minnows (Limia vittata), and piranha
(Serrasalmus sp.) (Devick 1991, pp. 189,
191–192; Brasher 2003, p. 1,054;
Freshwater Fishes of Hawaii 2008).
Englund (1999, p. 233) found several of
these species to be abundant in nearly
all lowland Oahu streams and water
systems, although not all were as
capable of colonizing higher elevation
stream reaches as the introduced
poeciliid species.
Geologic or manmade barriers (e.g.,
waterfalls, steep gradients, dry stream
midreaches, or constructed diversions)
appear to prevent access by nonnative
fish species to stream areas above these
barriers; however, there is still a chance
of facilitated fish movement. For
example, in 2000, a maintenance worker
introduced Tilapia spp. into ponds
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located on the grounds of Tripler
Medical Army Hospital that were
upslope from the remaining Oahu
population of the orangeblack Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion xanthomelas)
(Englund 2000, in litt.). The ponds were
drained and the Tilapia spp. removed.
The importance of their removal was
underscored by the fact that a large
storm caused the ponds to fill and
overflow downslope into the stream
supporting the damselflies soon after
the Tilapia spp. were removed (Preston
et al. 2007, p. 263).
Current literature indicates that the
extirpation of Hawaiian damselflies
from nearly all of their historical
lowland habitat sites on Oahu is the
result of predation by introduced
nonnative fish (Moore and Gagne 1982,
p. 4; Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, p.
502; Englund 1999, pp. 235–237;
Brasher 2003, p. 1,055; Englund et al.
2007, p. 215; Polhemus 2007, pp. 238–
239). The threats posed by continued
introduction and establishment of
nonnative fish in Hawaiian waters, and
the possible movement of those
nonnative species to new streams and
other aquatic habitat, are ongoing and
expected to continue into the future.
This represents a serious threat to the
survival of the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies.
Bullfrogs and Toads
Currently there are three species of
introduced aquatic amphibians on the
Hawaiian Islands: the North American
bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the cane
toad (Bufo marinus), and the Japanese
wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa). Native to
the eastern United States and the Great
Plains region (Moyle 1973, pp. 18–19;
Bury and Whelan 1985, p. 1; Lever
2003, p. 203), the bullfrog was first
introduced to Hawaii in 1899 (Bryan
1931, pp. 62–63) to help control insects,
specifically the nonnative Japanese
beetle (Popillia japonica), a significant
pest of ornamental plants (Bryan 1931,
p. 62). First released on the island of
Hawaii, bullfrogs have demonstrated
great success in establishing new
populations on all the main islands
(Bryan 1931, p. 63; Moyle 1973, p. 19;
USGS 2008, p. 8). This species is
flexible in both habitat and food
requirements (McKeown 1996, pp. 24–
27; Bury and Whelan 1984, pp. 3–7;
Lever 2003, pp. 203–204), and can
utilize any water source within its
temperature range, 60°F to 75 °F (16 °C
to 24 °C) (DesertUSA 2008). In other
areas outside its native range, the
bullfrog’s primary impact is the
elimination of native frog species
(Moyle 1973, p. 21). Englund et al.
(2007, pp. 215, 219) found a strong
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correlation between the presence of
bullfrogs and the absence of Hawaiian
damselflies in their study of streams on
all the main Hawaiian Islands. Bullfrogs
are a threat to the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
because they are omnivorous feeders
that occur in the same habitat as the
damselflies on Oahu (McKeown 1996,
pp. 24–27; Bury and Whelan 1984, pp.
3–7; Lever 2003, pp. 203–204). They
have a negatively correlated pattern of
occurrence with native damselflies,
including the three species described in
this final rule (Polhemus 2012, in litt.).
The effects of possible predation by
the cane toad and the Japanese wrinkled
frog on the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies are
unknown at this time, and we are not
able to determine the magnitude or the
significance of this potential threat.
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Invertebrates
Predation by nonnative invertebrate
pests adversely impacts 11 of the plant
species (see Table 2) through
mechanical damage, destruction of plant
parts, parasitism, and mortality. Those
introduced invertebrate pests with the
greatest effect on these native plant
species include at least 14 different
species of slugs (Joe 2006, p. 10), the
black twig borer (Xylosandrus
compactus) (Davis 1970, pp. 38–39),
and the two-spotted leafhopper
(Sophonia rufofascia) (Fukada 1996, pp.
1–12; Hawaii Department of Agriculture
2006). The blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies face the
threat of predation by ants (Borror et al.
1989, pp. 737–741).
Slugs
Predation by nonnative slugs is a
threat to individuals of the three species
of Cyanea (Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, and C. purpurellifolia) and
the four species of Cyrtandra (Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. sessilis, and C.
waiolani) (Joe 2006, p. 10) in this final
rule. On Oahu, slugs have been reported
to destroy Cyanea calycina and
Cyrtandra kaulantha in the wild, and
have been observed eating leaves and
fruit of cultivated individuals of Cyanea
(Mehrhoff 1995, in litt.; U.S. Army
Garrison 2005a, pp. 3–34, 3–51). In
addition, slugs have damaged
individuals of Cyrtandra and
individuals of other species of Cyanea
in the wild (Wood et al. 2001, p. 3;
Sailer and Kier 2002, p. 3; PEP 2007, p.
38; PEP 2008, pp. 23, 49, 52, 53, 57).
Little is known about predation of
certain rare plants by slugs; however,
information in the U.S. Army’s 2005
‘‘Status Report for the Makua
Implementation Plan’’ indicates that
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slugs can be a threat to all species of
Cyanea, based on laboratory studies
(U.S. Army Garrison 2005a, p. 3–51).
Research investigating slug herbivory
and control methods shows that slug
impacts on Cyanea spp. seedlings result
in up to 80 percent seedling mortality
(U.S. Army Garrison 2005a, p. 3–51).
Direct evidence of slug predation has
been reported for Cyanea calycina and
Cyrtandra kaulantha in the wild (see
above). Although we do not have direct
evidence of slug predation on the
species of Cyanea and Cyrtandra that
are addressed in this final rule, research
and field observations indicate that
predation by slugs is a threat to species
of Cyanea and Cyrtandra in the wild,
the five species have similar life forms
(e.g., fleshy stems, fruit, and leaves) and
occur in habitat similar to that of the
species that have been impacted by slug
herbivory in the wild and under
laboratory conditions, and slugs are
found in the ecosystems on Oahu in
which these plants occur. It is therefore
reasonable to assume Cyanea lanceolata
and C. purpurellifolia, and Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. sessilis, and C. waiolani are
exposed to similar impacts from slug
predation.
Black Twig Borer
The black twig borer is known to
infest a wide variety of common plant
taxa, including native species of
Melicope (Davis 1970, pp. 38–39;
Extension Entomology and UH–CTAHR
Integrated Pest Management Program
2006, p. 1). This insect pest burrows
into branches, introduces a pathogenic
fungus as food for its larvae, and lays its
eggs (Davis 1970, p. 39). Twigs,
branches, and entire plants can be
damaged or killed from an infestation
(Extension Entomology and UH–CTAHR
Integrated Pest Management Program
2006, p. 2). Black twig borer damage is
typically observed on plants in mesic or
dry forests or shrublands, and not
usually observed on plants in wet forest
or shrubland (Lau 2012, in litt.). On the
Hawaiian Islands, the black twig borer
has many hosts, disperses easily, and is
probably present at most elevations up
to 2,500 ft (762 m) (Howarth 1985, pp.
152–153). The black twig borer is a
threat to M. makahae, the only species
of Melicope that occurs in mesic forest
and shrubland.
Two-Spotted Leafhopper
The effects of predation by the twospotted leafhopper have been observed
on three plant species included in this
final rule, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense (HBMP 2008). This nonnative
insect damages the leaves it feeds on,
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typically causing chlorosis (yellowing
due to disrupted chlorophyll
production) to browning and death of
foliage (Hawaii Department of
Agriculture 2006). The damage to plants
can result in the death of affected leaves
or the whole plant, owing to the
combined action of its feeding and
oviposition behavior (Alyokhin et al.
2004, p. 1). In addition to the
mechanical damage caused by the
feeding process, the insect may
introduce plant pathogens that lead to
eventual plant death (Extension
Entomology and UH–CTAHR Integrated
Pest Management Program 2006, p. 2).
The two-spotted leafhopper is a highly
polyphagous insect (it feeds on many
different types of food). Sixty-eight
percent of its recorded host plant
species in Hawaii are fruit, vegetable,
and ornamental crops, and 22 percent
are endemic plants, over half of which
are rare and endangered (Alyokhin et al.
2004, p. 6). Its range is limited to below
4,000 ft (1,200 m) in elevation, unless
there is a favorable microclimate. While
there has been a dramatic reduction in
the number of two-spotted leafhopper
populations in the past few years
(possibly due to egg parasitism), this
nonnative insect has not been
eradicated, and predation by this
nonnative insect remains a threat
(Fukada 2007, pers. comm.).
Ants
Ants are not a natural component of
Hawaii’s arthropod fauna, and native
species evolved in the absence of
predation pressure from ants. Ants can
be particularly destructive predators
because of their high densities,
recruitment behavior, aggressiveness,
and broad range of diet (Reimer 1993,
pp. 14, 17–18). The threat of ant
predation on the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies is
amplified by the fact that most ant
species have winged reproductive
adults (Borror et al. 1989, p. 738) and
can quickly establish new colonies in
additional suitable habitats (Staples and
Cowie 2001, pp. 53–55). These
attributes allow some ants to destroy
otherwise geographically isolated
populations of native arthropods (Nafus
1993, pp. 19, 22–23).
At least 47 species of ants are known
to be established on the Hawaiian
Islands (Hawaii Ants 2008, pp. 1–11),
and at least four particularly aggressive
species, the big-headed ant (Pheidole
megacephala), the long-legged ant (also
known as the yellow crazy ant,
Anoplolepis gracilipes), Solenopsis
papuana (NCN), and Solenopsis
geminata (NCN) have severely impacted
the native insect fauna, likely including
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native damselflies (Zimmerman 1948b,
p. 173; Reimer 1993, pp. 11–13; Hawaii
Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) database
2007). Numerous other species of ants
are recognized as threats to Hawaii’s
native invertebrates, and an unknown
number of new species are established
every few years (Staples and Cowie
2001, p. 53). Due to their preference for
drier habitat sites, ants are less likely to
occur in high densities in the aquatic
habitat currently occupied by the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies. However, some
species of ants (e.g., the long-legged ant
and Solenopsis papuana) have
increased their range into this aquatic
habitat. Furthermore, the presence of
ants in nearly all of the lower elevation,
historical habitat sites may preclude the
future recolonization of these areas by
damselflies, including the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies. Damselfly naiads may be
particularly susceptible to ant predation
while perching on vegetation or rocks
when they crawl out of the water or seek
a terrestrial location for their
metamorphosis into the adult stage
(Polhemus 2008b, in litt.). Newly
emerged adult damselflies are also
susceptible to predation until their
wings have sufficiently hardened to
permit flight (Polhemus and Asquith
1996, p. 4).
The long-legged ant appeared in
Hawaii in 1952, and now occurs on
Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Reimer
et al. 1990, p. 42). It inhabits low- to
mid-elevation (less than 2,000 ft (600
m)) rocky areas of moderate rainfall (less
than 100 in (250 cm) annually) (Reimer
et al. 1990, p. 42). Direct observations
indicate that Hawaiian arthropods are
susceptible to predation by this species
(Hardy 1979, p. 34; Gillespie and
Reimer 1993, p. 21). Solenopsis
papuana is the only abundant,
aggressive ant that has invaded intact
mesic and wet forest from sea level to
3,600 ft (1,100 m) on all the main
Hawaiian Islands. Colonies reach dense
populations, and ranges of this species
are expanding on all islands (Reimer
1993, p. 14). The blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies’
historical ranges were from sea level to
over 2,400 ft (732 m) (Williams 1936, p.
318; Englund 1999, pp. 229–230), and
they are currently found between 80 and
2,500 ft (24 and 760 m) in elevation
(Polhemus 2008a, in litt.; Polhemus and
Asquith 1996, p. 77; HBMP 2008). It is
likely, based on our knowledge of the
expanding range of Solenopsis papuana,
that it threatens all populations of these
three Hawaiian damselflies. The rarity
or disappearance of the native blackline,
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crimson, and oceanic damselfly species
from historical observation sites is due
to a variety of factors. While there is no
documentation that conclusively ties
the decrease in the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
observations to the establishment of
nonnative ants in the lowland mesic
and lowland wet habitats, the presence
of ants in these habitats, the knowledge
that they prey on native invertebrates,
and the decline of damselfly
observations in some areas in these
habitats suggest that nonnative ants play
a role in the decline of some
populations of these damselflies.
Summary of Disease or Predation
We are unaware of any information
that indicates that disease is a threat to
the 23 species. We consider predation
and parasitism by nonnative animal
species (pigs, goats, rats, fish, bullfrogs,
and invertebrates) to pose an ongoing
threat to 22 of the 23 species in this
final rule throughout their ranges, and
will continue to be so in the foreseeable
future, for the following reasons:
(1) Observations and reports have
documented that pigs and goats browse
on and trample 19 of the 20 plant
species, and browse on and trample the
host plants of the other species (see
Table 2); other studies demonstrate the
negative impacts of ungulate browsing
and trampling on native plant species of
the Hawaiian islands (Spatz and
Mueller-Dombois 1973, p. 874; Diong
1982, p. 160; Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
p. 67).
(2) Nonnative invertebrates and rats
cause mechanical damage to plants and
destruction of plant parts (branches,
fruits, seeds), affecting 13 of the 20 plant
species in this final rule (see Table 2).
(3) The absence of Hawaiian
damselflies (including the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies) in streams and other
aquatic habitat on the main Hawaiian
Islands is strongly correlated with the
presence of predatory nonnative fish as
documented in numerous observations
and reports (Englund 1999, p. 237;
Englund 2004, p. 27; Englund et al.
2007, p. 215), which suggests nonnative
predatory fishes eliminate native
Hawaiian damselflies from these aquatic
habitats. There are 70 introduced
species of nonnative fishes, with over 51
species established in freshwater
habitats on the Hawaiian Islands from
sea level to over 3,800 ft (1,150 m) in
elevation (Devick 1991, p. 190; Englund
and Eldredge 2001, p. 32; Brasher 2003,
p. 1,054; Englund 1999, p. 226; Englund
2004, p. 27; Englund et al. 2007, p. 232).
Accordingly, predation by nonnative
fishes is a serious and ongoing threat to
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the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies (see Table 2).
(4) Damselfly naiads are vulnerable to
predation by ants, and the ranges of the
blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies overlap that of
particularly aggressive, nonnative,
predatory ant species that currently
occur from sea level to 2,000 ft (610 m)
in elevation on all of the main Hawaiian
Islands. We therefore consider the three
Hawaiian damselflies in this final rule
to be facing the threat of predation by
these nonnative ants.
(5) Englund et al. (2007, pp. 215, 219)
found a strong correlation between the
presence of nonnative bullfrogs and the
absence of Hawaiian damselflies.
Bullfrogs are reported from riparian
habitat on all the main Hawaiian
Islands, except Kahoolawe and Niihau.
Bullfrogs prey on almost anything that
moves, including a wide variety of
insects, invertebrates, and vertebrates
(McKeown 1996, p. 24). The blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies also use riparian habitat,
and face the threat of predation by
bullfrogs.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing
Regulatory Mechanisms
Feral Ungulates
Nonnative ungulates pose a major
ongoing threat to 19 of the 20 plant
species through destruction and
degradation of terrestrial habitat, and
through direct predation of 19 of the 20
plant species. The State of Hawaii
provides game mammal (feral pigs and
goats) hunting opportunities on 12
State-designated public hunting areas
on the island of Oahu (H.A.R. sec. 13–
123; HDLNR 2009, pp. 25–30). The
State’s management objectives for game
animals range from maximizing public
hunting opportunities (e.g., sustained
yield) in some areas to removal by State
staff, or their designees, in other areas
(H.A.R. sec. 13–123). Approximately 23
percent (10,168 ac (4,119 ha)) of the
critical habitat being designated in this
final rule is in State hunting areas.
Fifteen of the 20 plant species and all
three damselfly species have
populations in areas where terrestrial
habitat may be managed for game
enhancement, and where game
populations are maintained at certain
levels through public hunting (HBMP
2008; H.A.R. sec. 13–123). Public
hunting areas are not fenced, and game
mammals have unrestricted access to
most areas across the landscape,
regardless of underlying land use
designation. While fences are sometimes
built to provide protection from game
mammals, the current number and
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locations of fences are not adequate to
prevent habitat destruction and
degradation of the terrestrial habitat of
22 of the 23 species, and direct
predation of 19 of the 20 plant species
on Oahu. However, the State game
animal regulations are not designed nor
intended to provide habitat protection,
and there are no other regulations
designed to address habitat protection
from ungulates.
Stream Flow
In Hawaii, instream flow is regulated
by establishing standards on a streamby-stream basis. The standards currently
in effect represent flow conditions in
1988, the year the administrative rules
were adopted (State Water Code, Haw.
Rev. Stat. 174C–71, and Administrative
Rules of the State Water Code, Title 13,
Chapter 169–44–49). The State of
Hawaii considers all natural flowing
surface water (streams, springs, and
seeps) as State property (Haw. Rev. Stat.
174C), and the Hawaii Department of
Land and Natural Resources (HDLNR)
has management responsibility for the
aquatic organisms in these waters (Haw.
Rev. Stat. Annotated, 1988, Title 12;
1992 Cumulative Supplement).
Accordingly, damselfly populations in
all natural flowing surface waters are
under jurisdiction of the State of
Hawaii, regardless of property
ownership. This includes the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly populations.
The State of Hawaii manages the use
of surface and ground water resources
through the Commission on Water
Resource Management (Water
Commission), as mandated by the 1987
State Water Code (State Water Code,
Haw. Rev. Stat. 174, and Administrative
Rules of the State Water Code, Title 13,
Chapters 168 and 169). Because of the
complexity of establishing instream
flow standards (IFS) for approximately
376 perennial streams, the Water
Commission established interim IFS at
status quo levels in 1987 (Hawaii
Commission on Water Resource
Management 2009c). In the Waiahole
Ditch Combined Contested Hearing on
Oahu (1997–2006), the Hawaii Supreme
Court determined that status quo
interim IFS were not adequate, and
required the Water Commission to
reassess the IFS for Waiahole Ditch and
other streams Statewide (Case No. CCH–
OA95–1). The Water Commission has
been gathering information to fulfill this
requirement since 2006, but no IFS
recommendations have been made to
date (Hawaii Commission on Water
Resource Management 2009c).
Therefore, we find that the existing
State regulations are inadequate to
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maintain stream flow year round for the
different life stages of the three
damselflies. These threats are ongoing
and are expected to continue into the
future.
Introduction of Nonnative Species
The Hawaii Department of
Agriculture (HDOA) is the lead State
agency in protecting Hawaii’s
agricultural and horticultural industries,
animal and public health, natural
resources, and environment from the
introduction of nonnative, invasive
species (HDLNR 2003, p. 3–10). While
there are several State agencies (HDOA,
HDLNR, Hawaii Department of Health)
authorized to prevent the entry of pest
species into the State, the existing
regulations are inadequate for the
reasons discussed in the sections below.
In 1995, a partnership, Coordinating
Group on Alien Pest Species (CGAPS),
comprised primarily of managers from
every major Federal, State, county, and
private agency and organization
involved in invasive species work in
Hawaii, was formed in an effort to
influence policy and funding decisions,
improve communication, increase
collaboration, and promote public
awareness (CGAPS 2009). This group
facilitated the formation of the Hawaii
Invasive Species Council (HISC), which
was created by gubernatorial executive
order in 2002, to coordinate local
initiatives for the prevention and
control of invasive species by providing
policy level direction and planning for
the State departments responsible for
invasive species issues. In 2003, the
governor signed into law Act 85, which
conveys statutory authority to the HISC
to continue to coordinate approaches
among the various State and Federal
agencies, and international and local
initiatives, for the prevention and
control of invasive species (HDLNR
2003, p. 3–15; HISC 2009a; Haw. Rev.
Stat. sec. 194–2(a)). Some of the recent
priorities for the HISC include
interagency efforts to control nonnative
species such as the plants Miconia
calvescens (miconia) and Cortaderia sp.
(pampas grass), coqui frogs
(Eleutherodactylus coqui), and ants
(HISC 2009a). Since 2009, State funding
for HISC has been cut by approximately
50 percent (total funding dropped from
$4 million in FY 2009 to $2 million in
FY 2010, and to $1.8 mil in FY 2011
(Atwood 2012, in litt.)). Congressional
earmarks made up some of the shortfall
in State funding in 2010 and into 2011.
These funds supported ground crew
staff that would have been laid off due
to the shortfall in State funding (Clark
2012, in litt.). Currently (in 2012) the
HISC budget is relatively flat (i.e., State
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funding is equal to funding provided in
2009). Current positions supported by
HISC are fewer than those supported in
2009; most of the positions have been
lost through attrition and have not been
refilled (Atwood 2012, in litt.; Clark
2012, in litt.). In addition, HISC funds
fewer projects and provides fewer
services (Atwood 2012, in litt.; Clark
2012, in litt.) than in 2009 and earlier.
Many projects (such as invasive species
and biological control research) that
were previously funded by HISC are
receiving negligible HISC funding or
remain unfunded (Atwood 2012, in litt.;
Clark 2012, in litt.).
Nonnative Aquatic Species—The
importation of nondomestic animals,
including aquatic species, is regulated
by a permit system (H.A.R. sec. 4–71)
managed through the Hawaii
Department of Agriculture (HDOA). The
HDOA’s Board of Agriculture maintains
lists of nondomestic animals that are
prohibited from entry, animals with
entry restrictions, and those that require
a permit for import and possession. The
HDOA requires a permit to import
animals, and conditionally approves
entry for individual possession,
businesses (e.g., pet/resale trade, retail
sales, food consumption), or
institutions.
The Division of Aquatic Resources
(DAR), within the State’s HDLNR,
manages the aquatic resources of the
State (Hawaii DAR 2009) and is
responsible for conserving, protecting,
and enhancing the State’s renewable
resources of aquatic life and habitat
(HDLNR 2003, p. 3–13). The release of
live nonnative fish or other live
nonnative aquatic life into any waters of
the State is prohibited (Haw. Rev. Stat.
sec. 187A–6.5). The DAR has the
authority to seize, confiscate, or destroy
as a public nuisance, any fish or other
aquatic life found in any waters of the
State and whose importation is
prohibited or restricted pursuant to
rules of the HDOA (section 187A–2 (4
Haw. Rev. Stat. sec. 187A–6.5)). State
and Federal regulations are in place to
prevent the unauthorized entry of
nonnative aquatic animals such as fish
and amphibians into the State of
Hawaii; however, their intentional or
inadvertent introduction and movement
between islands and between
watersheds continues, although
prohibited (HDOA 2003, pp. 2–12–2–
14). Further, there is insufficient
regulatory capacity to adequately
enforce such regulations or to provide
for sufficient inspection services and
monitoring, although this priority need
is recognized (Cravalho and Wilson
2009, in litt.).
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Nonnative Invertebrate Species—
Predation by nonnative invertebrate
pests (e.g., slugs, black twig borer, twospotted leafhopper) adversely impacts
13 of the plant species (see Table 2). In
addition, naiads of the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are vulnerable to predation
by ants. The decline of damselfly
observations and the establishment of
ants in lowland mesic and lowland wet
habitats on Oahu suggest that the
presence of nonnative ants in these
habitats may preclude their occupancy
by native damselflies (see Factor C.
Disease or Predation). The prevention
and control of introduction of pest
species in Hawaii is the responsibility of
Hawaii State government and Federal
agencies, along with a few private
organizations. Even though these
agencies have regulations and some
controls in place, the introduction and
movement of nonnative invertebrate
pest species between islands and from
one watershed to the next continues.
For example, an average of 20 new alien
invertebrate species were introduced to
Hawaii per year since 1970, an increase
of 25 percent over the previous totals
between 1930 to 1970 (The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) 1992, p.
8).
Nonnative Plant Species—Nonnative
plants destroy and modify habitat
throughout the ranges of each of the 20
plant species being addressed in this
final rule. As such, they represent a
serious and ongoing threat to each of
these plant species. In addition,
nonnative plants have been shown to
outcompete native plants and convert
native-dominated plant communities to
nonnative plant communities (see
‘‘Habitat Destruction and Modification
by Nonnative Plants,’’ under Factor A,
above). The HDOA regulates the import
of plants into the State from domestic
origins under Hawaii State law (Haw.
Rev. Stat. Ch. 150A). While all plants
require inspection upon entry into the
State and must be ‘‘apparently free’’ of
insects and diseases, not all plants
require import permits. Parcels brought
into the State by mail or cargo must be
clearly labeled as ‘‘plant materials’’ or
‘‘agricultural commodities,’’ but it is
unlikely that all of these parcels are
inspected or monitored prior to delivery
in Hawaii. Shipments of plant material
into Hawaii must be accompanied by an
invoice or packing manifest listing the
contents and quantities of the items
imported, but, again, it is unclear if all
of these shipments are inspected or
monitored prior to delivery (HDOA
2009).
There are only 12 plant crops that are
regulated (H.A.R. 4–70) to some degree,
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including sugarcane and grasses,
pineapple and other bromeliads, coffee,
cruciferous vegetables, orchids, banana,
passion fruit, pine, coconut, hosts of
European corn borer, palms, and hosts
of Caribbean fruit fly (HDLNR 2003, p.
3–11). The HDOA also maintains the
State list of noxious weeds, and these
plants are restricted from entry into the
State except by permit from the HDOA’s
Plant Quarantine Branch. Although the
State has general guidelines for the
importation of plants, and regulations
are in place regarding the plant crops
mentioned above, the intentional or
inadvertent introduction of nonnative
plants outside the regulatory process
and movement of species between
islands and from one watershed to the
next continues, which represents a
threat to native flora for the reasons
described above. In addition,
government funding is inadequate to
provide for sufficient inspection
services and monitoring. One study
concluded that the plant importation
laws virtually ensure new invasive
plants will be introduced via the
nursery and ornamental trade, and that
outreach efforts cannot keep up with the
multitude of new invasive plants being
distributed. The author states the only
thing that wide-scale public outreach
can do in this regard is to let the public
know new invasive plants are still being
sold, and they should ask for
noninvasive or native plants instead
(Martin 2007, in litt.).
On the basis of the above information,
existing State and Federal regulatory
mechanisms are not adequately
preventing the introduction of
nonnative species into Hawaii via
interstate and international
mechanisms, or via intrastate movement
of nonnative species between islands
and watersheds in Hawaii. Therefore,
State and Federal regulatory
mechanisms do not adequately protect
the 23 species being addressed in this
final rule from the threat of new
introductions of nonnative species or
the continued expansion of nonnative
species populations on and between
islands and watersheds. Nonnative
species may prey upon, modify or
destroy habitat of, or directly compete
with one or more of the 23 species for
food, space, and other necessary
resources. The impacts from these
introduced threats are ongoing and are
expected to continue in the foreseeable
future.
Summary of Inadequacy of Existing
Regulatory Mechanisms
The State Water Code does not
provide for permanent or minimum IFS
for the protection of aquatic ecosystems
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upon which the three damselfly species
in this final rule depend, and does not
contain a regulatory mechanism for
identifying and protecting damselfly
habitat (Factor A). Existing State and
Federal regulatory mechanisms are not
preventing the introduction into Hawaii
of nonnative species or the spread of
nonnative species between islands and
watersheds. Habitat-altering nonnative
plant species (Factor A) and predation
by nonnative animal species (Factor C)
pose a major ongoing threat to the 23
species being addressed in this final
rule. Because these regulatory
mechanisms are inadequate to maintain
habitat for the 23 species, and to prevent
the spread of nonnative species, the
inadequacy of existing regulatory
mechanisms is considered to be a
serious threat, both now and in the
foreseeable future. Each of the 20 plant
species experiences threats from habitat
degradation and loss by nonnative
plants (Factor A), and 19 of the 20
plants experience threats from
nonnative animals (Factor A and Factor
C). The three damselflies experience
threats from habitat degradation and
loss by stream channeling, conversion,
and similar activities (Factor A), and by
predation by nonnative fish and ants
(Factor C). Therefore, the inadequacy of
the regulatory mechanisms to address
stream flow management and nonnative
species is a threat to all 23 species.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors
Affecting Their Continued Existence
Other factors that pose threats to some
or all of the 23 species include small
number of populations and small
population sizes, human trampling as a
result of hiking and other activities, loss
of host plants, and lack of regeneration.
Each threat is discussed in detail below,
along with identification of which
species are affected by these threats.
Small Number of Populations and
Individuals
Species that are endemic to single
islands are inherently more vulnerable
to extinction than are widespread
species, because of the increased risk of
genetic bottlenecks; random
demographic fluctuations; climate
change effects; and localized
catastrophes such as hurricanes,
landslides, rockfalls, drought, and
disease outbreaks (Pimm et al. 1988, p.
757; Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 607).
These problems are further magnified
when populations are few and restricted
to a very small geographic area, and
when the number of individuals of each
population is very small. Populations
with these characteristics face an
increased likelihood of stochastic
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extinction, due to changes in
demography, the environment, genetics,
´
or other factors (Gilpin and Soule 1986,
pp. 24–34). Small, isolated populations
often exhibit reduced levels of genetic
variability, which diminishes the
species’ capacity to adapt and respond
to environmental changes, thereby
lessening the probability of long-term
persistence (e.g., Barrett and Kohn 1991,
p. 4; Newman and Pilson 1997, p. 361).
The problems associated with small
population size and vulnerability to
random demographic fluctuations or
natural catastrophes are further
magnified by synergistic interactions
with other threats, such as those
discussed above (see discussions under
Factors A and C).
Very small plant populations may
experience reduced reproductive vigor
due to ineffective pollination or
inbreeding depression. This is
particularly true for functionally
unisexual plants like Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, in which
staminate (male) and pistillate (female)
flowers occur on separate individuals.
Isolated individuals have difficulty
achieving natural pollen exchange,
which decreases the production of
viable seed. Populations are also
impacted by demographic stochasticity,
through which populations are skewed
toward either male or female
individuals by chance.
The following nine plant species in
this final rule face the threat of limited
numbers (e.g., they total fewer than 50
individuals): Cyanea purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense. We consider
small population size to be a threat to
these species for the following reasons:
• Cyanea purpurellifolia is
susceptible to reduced reproductive
vigor due to the low number (20) of
individuals remaining (DLNR 2005b, p.
2). Although facing severe threats from
feral pigs, none of the individuals of this
species are protected from ungulate
predation (PEP 2007, p. 13).
• Cyrtandra gracilis is known only
from a single occurrence, with six to
eight individuals (NTBG Provenance
Reports 2002, p. 1 and 2004, p. 1; PEP
2007, p. 16).
• The only known wild populations
of Cyrtandra kaulantha and Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis are facing
imminent threats from flooding,
landslides, and rock falls because of
their locations in steep gulches (PEP
2006, p. 46, 51; PEP 2007, p. 25).
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• The last confirmed observation of
Cyrtandra waiolani in the wild was
approximately 40 years ago. The
identification of a possible wild
individual of C. waiolani in 2005 was
confirmed not to be this species. In
addition, there are no tissues,
propagules, or seeds in storage or
propagation that have positively been
identified (PEP 2007, p. 19; Bakutis
2008, in litt.; Lau 2011, in litt.).
• Melicope hiiakae is susceptible to
reduced reproductive vigor due to the
lack of pollination and seed predation
(NTBG Report 2007b, p. 4; Perlman,
2007b, in litt.).
• Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
individuals are widely scattered in the
Koolau Mountains, and are susceptible
to reduced reproductive vigor (HBMP
2008).
• The range of known occurrences of
Tetraplasandra lydgatei has been
reduced from 10 mi (16 km) to 2 mi (3
km) since 2005, and consists of 2
occurrences totaling 8 individuals
(HBMP 2008). These individuals are
showing a decline in health (Bakutis
2008, in litt.).
• Botanists have observed a steady
decline in the numbers of individuals of
Zanthoxylum oahuense over the last 9
years. This species is also susceptible to
infestation by the two-spotted
leafhopper (Garnett and Obata 1999, in
litt.).
The blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies face the threat of
limited numbers. Jordan et al. (2007, p.
247) conducted a genetic and
comparative phylogeography analysis
(study of historical processes
responsible for genetic divergence
within a species) of four Hawaiian
Megalagrion species, including Pacific
Hawaiian damselfly (Megalagrion
pacificum), an endangered species (75
FR 35990; June 24, 2010), and the
orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly, a
candidate species (76 FR 66370; October
26, 2011). This analysis demonstrated
Megalagrion populations with low
genetic diversity are at greater risk of
decline and extinction than those with
high genetic diversity. The authors
found that low genetic diversity was
observed in populations known to be
bottlenecked or relictual (groups of
animals or plants that exist as a remnant
of a formerly widely distributed group),
including Oahu and Maui populations
of orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly and
Pacific Hawaiian damselfly. Although
this study did not include an analysis of
the blackline, crimson, or oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, given that these
five species have similar habitat,
breeding, and life-history requirements,
are related phylogenetically (same
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genus), and have low numbers of
populations and individuals, it is
reasonable to assume that populations
of the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies (each known from
fewer than 20 populations) are also at
great risk of decline and extinction.
Human Trampling and Hiking
Visitors on foot, horseback, and
motorbikes may pose threats to Cyanea
calycina directly due to trampling and
other direct damage, and indirectly due
to being a source of fire ignition in areas
in the southern Waianae Mountains
(TNCH 1997, p. 10). Human impacts,
such as trampling by hikers, has been
documented as a threat to C. calycina in
the northern Waianae Mountains,
between Kaala and Puu Kalena summits
(Wood 2001, in litt.). The largest known
population of Cyrtandra sessilis is
located along a popular hiking trail in
the Koolau Mountains, and individuals
climbing and hiking off the established
trail to visit this occurrence could
trample individual plants and
contribute to soil compaction and
erosion, preventing growth and
establishment of seedlings (Bakutis
2008). This type of activity has been
observed with other native species
(Wood 2001, in litt.; Hawaii Rare Plant
Restoration Group (HRPRG) 2007, p. 2).
Doryopteris takeuchii occurs on the
slopes of Diamond Head crater, a
popular location for visitation by tour
groups and hikers (HBMP 2008).
Individuals leaving established trails
will inadvertently trample plants and
contribute to erosion of the steep
hillsides where the plants are found.
Field biologists have also observed
trampling of vegetation near
populations of Melicope hiiakae in the
Koolau Mountains, suggesting that
hikers could also be a threat to this
species (HRPRG 2007, p. 2).
Loss of Host Plants and Loss of
Regeneration
One species in this final rule,
Korthalsella degeneri, is an obligate
parasite on two native host plants,
Sapindus oahuensis and Nestegis
sandwicensis, which occur in the dry
cliff ecosystem of the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Introduced
ungulates are a threat to the host plants,
because of trampling and topsoil
disruption, leading to erosion and the
establishment and spread of nonnative
plants (Factor A). Nonnative plants are
a threat to K. degeneri, because they: (1)
Degrade habitat and outcompete native
plants; (2) can increase the intensity,
extent, and frequency of fire, converting
native shrubland and forest to land
dominated by alien grasses; and (3) may
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cause the loss of the native host plants
upon which K. degeneri depends (Factor
A). In addition, the host plants are at
risk of predation by feral ungulates,
although ungulates are unlikely to be a
direct threat to K. degeneri (Factor C),
because of its parasitic characteristics.
Lack of regeneration or low levels of
regeneration (i.e., reproduction) in the
wild has been documented, and
represents a threat to, Melicope
makahae and Pleomele forbesii (HBMP
2008; Lau 2001, in litt.). There are four
scattered populations of Melicope
makahae in the Waianae Mountains.
Two of these populations are at risk of
extirpation because only one adult plant
has been observed at one location and
one adult plant and a single juvenile
plant have been observed at the second
location. There are 19 populations of P.
forbesii in the Waianae Mountains, and
only one population in the Koolau
Mountains. The Koolau population is at
risk of extirpation because of very few
(if any) seedlings or juvenile plants have
been observed, which indicates a lack of
reproduction.
Summary of Other Natural or Manmade
Factors Affecting Their Continued
Existence
We consider the limited numbers of
populations and few (fewer than 50)
individuals to be serious and ongoing
threat to at least nine plant species in
this final rule because: (1) These species
may experience reduced reproductive
vigor due to ineffective pollination or
inbreeding depression; (2) they may
experience reduced levels of genetic
variability, leading to diminished
capacity to adapt and respond to
environmental changes, thereby
lessening the probability of long-term
persistence; and (3) a single catastrophic
event may result in extirpation of
remaining populations and extinction of
the species. This threat applies to the
entire range of each species.
The threat to the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies from
limited numbers of populations and
individuals is ongoing and is expected
to continue into the future because: (1)
These species may experience reduced
reproductive vigor due to inbreeding
depression; (2) they may experience
reduced levels of genetic variability,
leading to diminished capacity to adapt
and respond to environmental changes,
thereby lessening the probability of
long-term persistence; (3) a single
catastrophic event (e.g., hurricane,
landslide) may result in extirpation of
remaining populations and extinction of
these species; and (4) species with few
known locations, such as the blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
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damselflies, are less resilient to threats
that might otherwise have a relatively
minor impact on widely distributed
species. For example, the reduced
availability of breeding habitat or an
increase in predation of naiads that
might be absorbed in widely distributed
species could result in a significant
decrease in survivorship or
reproduction of a species with limited
distribution. The limited distribution of
these three species thus magnifies the
severity of the impact of the other
threats discussed in this final rule.
In addition, the threat to Cyanea
calycina, Cyrtandra sessilis, Doryopteris
takeuchii, and Melicope hiiakae from
human activities (e.g., trampling and
hiking) is ongoing and expected to
continue into the future because
populations of all of these species are
located near hiking trails or in areas
used for recreational activities, and the
effect of these activities could lead to
injury and death of individual plants.
The threat to Korthalsella degeneri
from loss of its host plants is ongoing
and expected to continue into the future
because threats to its host plants from
nonnative plants and feral ungulates are
uncontrolled. Finally, we consider the
threat to Melicope makahae and
Pleomele forbesii from lack of
regeneration to be ongoing and expected
to continue into the future because, with
their small numbers in the wild, any
competition from nonnative plants or
habitat modification or predation by
ungulates could lead to the extirpation
of these species.
Determination
We have carefully assessed the best
scientific and commercial information
available regarding threats to each of the
23 Oahu species. We find that all of
these species face threats, which are
ongoing and expected to continue into
the future throughout their ranges, from
the present destruction and
modification of their habitats, primarily
from introduced ungulates and
nonnative plants. Six of these species
(Bidens amplectens, Cyanea calycina,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Korthalsella
degeneri, Pleomele forbesii, and
Pteralyxia macrocarpa) experience
threats from habitat destruction and
modification from fire, and 14 species
(Bidens amplectens, Cyanea lanceolata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
Doryopteris takeuchii, Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae, M.
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
and the blackline, crimson, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies) experience
threats from the destruction and
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modification of their habitats from
hurricanes, landslides, rockfalls, and
flooding. In addition, we are concerned
about the effects of projected climate
change but recognize there is limited
information on the exact nature of
impacts from climate change (Factor A).
There is a serious threat of widespread
impacts of predation and herbivory on
19 of the 20 plant species (all plant
species except Doryopteris takeuchii) by
nonnative pigs, goats, rats, and
invertebrates; and likely by predation on
the three damselflies (blackline,
crimson, and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies) by nonnative fish,
bullfrogs, and ants (Factor C). The
inadequacy of existing regulatory
mechanisms (e.g., inadequate protection
of habitat and inadequate protection
from the introduction of nonnative
species) poses a current and ongoing
threat to all 23 species (Factor D). There
are current and ongoing threats to nine
plant species (Cyanea purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra gracilis, C. kaulantha, C.
waiolani, Melicope hiiakae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense) and the three
damselflies due to factors associated
with small numbers of populations and
individuals (Factor E); to Melicope
makahae and Pleomele forbesii from the
lack of regeneration (Factor E); to
Cyanea calycina, Cyrtandra sessilis,
Doryopteris takeuchii, and Melicope
hiiakae from trampling (Factor E); and
to Korthalsella degeneri from the loss of
native host plants (Factor E) (see Table
2). In addition, the blackline, crimson,
and oceanic Hawaiian damselflies
experience threats from habitat
degradation and loss due to agriculture
and urban development, by stream
diversion and channelization, and by
dewatering of aquifers (Factor A). These
threats are exacerbated by these species’
inherent vulnerability to extinction from
stochastic events at any time because of
their endemism, small numbers of
individuals and populations, and
restricted habitats.
The Act defines an endangered
species as any species that is ‘‘in danger
of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range’’ and a
threatened species as any species that is
‘‘likely to become an endangered
species within the foreseeable future
throughout all or a significant portion of
its range.’’ We find that each of these
endemic species is presently in danger
of extinction throughout its entire range,
based on the immediacy, severity, and
scope of the threats described above.
Based on our analysis, we have no
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reason to believe that population trends
for any of the species addressed in this
final rule will improve, nor will the
effects of current threats acting on the
species be ameliorated in the
foreseeable future. Therefore, on the
basis of the best available scientific and
commercial information, we are listing
the following 23 species as endangered
in accordance with section 3(6) of the
Act: Bidens amplectens, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyrtandra gracilis,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Korthalsella degeneri,
Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pterlyxia macrocarpa,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense; and the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, crimson
Hawaiian damselfly, and oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly.
Under the Act and our implementing
regulations, a species may warrant
listing if it is endangered or threatened
throughout all or a significant portion of
its range. Each of the 23 endemic Oahu
species in this final rule is highly
restricted in its range, and the threats
occur throughout its range. Therefore,
we assessed the status of each species
throughout its entire range. In each case,
the threats to the survival of these
species occur throughout the species’
entire range and are not restricted to any
particular portion of that range.
Accordingly, our assessment and
determination applies to each species
throughout its entire range.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to
species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act include
recognition, recovery actions,
requirements for Federal protection, and
prohibitions against certain activities.
Recognition through listing results in
public awareness and conservation by
Federal, State, and local agencies,
private organizations, and individuals.
The Act encourages cooperation with
the States and requires that recovery
actions be carried out for all listed
species. The protection measures
required of Federal agencies and the
prohibitions against certain activities
involving listed animals and plants are
discussed, in part, below.
The primary purpose of the Act is the
conservation of endangered and
threatened species and the ecosystems
upon which they depend. The ultimate
goal of such conservation efforts is the
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recovery of these listed species, so that
they no longer need the protective
measures of the Act. Subsection 4(f) of
the Act requires the Service to develop
and implement recovery plans for the
conservation of endangered and
threatened species unless it would not
promote the conservation of the species.
The recovery planning process involves
the identification of actions that are
necessary to halt or reverse the species’
decline by addressing the threats to its
survival and recovery. The goal of this
process is to restore listed species to a
point where they are secure, selfsustaining, and functioning components
of their ecosystems.
Recovery planning includes the
development of a recovery outline at the
same time or shortly after a species is
listed, preparation of a draft and final
recovery plan, and revisions to the plan
as significant new information becomes
available. The recovery outline guides
the immediate implementation of urgent
recovery actions and describes the
process to be used to develop a recovery
plan. The recovery plan identifies sitespecific management actions that will
achieve recovery of the species,
measurable criteria that determine when
a species may be downlisted or delisted,
and methods for monitoring recovery
progress. Recovery plans also establish
a framework for agencies to coordinate
their recovery efforts and provide
estimates of the cost of implementing
recovery tasks. Recovery teams are often
established to develop recovery plans.
When completed, the recovery outlines,
draft recovery plans, and the final
recovery plans will be available from
our Web site (https://www.fws.gov/
endangered), or from our Pacific Islands
Fish and Wildlife Office (see
ADDRESSES).
Implementation of recovery actions
generally requires the participation of a
broad range of partners, including other
Federal agencies, States,
nongovernmental organizations,
businesses, and private landowners.
Examples of recovery actions include
habitat restoration (e.g., restoration of
native vegetation), research, captive
propagation and reintroduction, and
outreach and education. The recovery of
many listed species cannot be
accomplished solely on Federal lands
because their range may occur primarily
or solely on non-Federal lands. To
achieve recovery of these species
requires cooperative conservation efforts
on private and State lands.
Funding for recovery actions are
available from a variety of sources,
including Federal budgets, State
programs, and cost share grants for nonFederal landowners, the academic
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57685
community, and nongovernmental
organizations. In addition, under section
6 of the Act, the State of Hawaii will be
eligible for Federal funds to implement
management actions that promote the
protection and recovery of the 23
species in this rule. Information on our
grant programs that are available to aid
species recovery can be found at:
https://www.fws.gov/grants.
Please let us know if you are
interested in participating in recovery
efforts for these listed species.
Additionally, we invite you to submit
any new information on these species
whenever it becomes available and any
information you may have for recovery
planning purposes (see ADDRESSES).
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended,
requires Federal agencies to evaluate
their actions with respect to any species
that is proposed or listed as endangered
or threatened and with respect to its
critical habitat, if any is designated.
Regulations implementing this
interagency cooperation provision of the
Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402.
Section 7(a)(1) of the Act mandates that
all Federal agencies shall utilize their
authorities in furtherance of the
purposes of the Act by carrying out
programs for the conservation of
endangered and threatened species
listed under section 4 of the Act.
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires
Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not
likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of a listed species or result in
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat. If a Federal action may
affect the continued existence of a listed
species or its critical habitat, the
responsible Federal agency must enter
into consultation with the Service.
For the 23 plants and animals listed
as endangered in this final rule, Federal
agency actions that may require
consultation as described in the
preceding paragraph include, but are
not limited to, actions within the
jurisdiction of the Natural Resources
Conservation Service, the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and branches of the
Department of Defense (DOD). Examples
of these types of actions include
activities funded or authorized under
the Farm Bill Program, Environmental
Quality Incentives Program, Ground and
Surface Water Conservation Program,
Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.),
Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program,
and DOD construction activities related
to training or other military missions.
The Act and its implementing
regulations set forth a series of general
prohibitions and exceptions that apply
to all endangered wildlife and plants.
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The prohibitions, codified at 50 CFR
17.21 for wildlife and 17.61 for plants,
apply. For listed wildlife species, these
prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for
any person subject to the jurisdiction of
the United States to take (includes
harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot,
wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect; or
to attempt any of these), import, export,
ship in interstate commerce or foreign
commerce in the course of commercial
activity, or sell or offer for sale in
interstate or foreign commerce any
listed wildlife species. It is also illegal
to possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport,
or ship any such wildlife that has been
taken illegally. In addition, for plants
listed as endangered, the prohibitions
include import or export, malicious
damage or destruction on areas under
Federal jurisdiction, and the removal,
cutting, digging up, or damaging or
destroying of such plants in knowing
violation of any State law or regulation,
including State criminal trespass law.
Certain exceptions to the prohibitions
apply to agents of the Service and State
conservation agencies.
We may issue permits to carry out
otherwise prohibited activities
involving endangered or threatened
wildlife and plant species under certain
circumstances. Regulations governing
permits are codified at 50 CFR 17.22
and 17.62 for endangered wildlife and
plants, respectively. With regard to
endangered wildlife, a permit must be
issued for the following purposes: for
scientific purposes, to enhance the
propagation and survival of the species,
and for incidental take in connection
with otherwise lawful activities. With
regard to endangered plants, a permit
must be issued for the following
purposes: for scientific purposes or for
the enhancement of propagation or
survival. Requests for copies of the
regulations regarding listed species and
inquiries about prohibitions and permits
may be addressed to U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Ecological Services,
Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th
Avenue, Portland, OR 97232–4181
(telephone 503–231–6158; facsimile
503–231–6243).
It is our policy, as published in the
Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34272), to identify to the maximum
extent practicable at the time a species
is listed, those activities that would or
would not constitute a violation of
section 9 of the Act. The intent of this
policy is to increase public awareness of
the effect of a listing on proposed and
ongoing activities within the range of a
listed species. The following activities
could potentially result in a violation of
section 9 of the Act; this list is not
comprehensive:
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(1) Unauthorized collecting, handling,
possessing, selling, delivering, carrying,
or transporting of the species, including
import or export across State lines and
international boundaries, except for
properly documented antique
specimens of these taxa at least 100
years old, as defined by section 10(h)(1)
of the Act.
(2) Introduction of nonnative species
that compete with or prey upon the 23
species, such as the introduction of
competing, nonnative plants or animals
to the State of Hawaii.
(3) The unauthorized release of
biological control agents that attack any
life stage of these 23 species.
(4) Unauthorized modification of the
channel or water flow of any stream, or
removal or destruction of emergent
aquatic vegetation in any body of water
in which the blackline, crimson, or
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly is known to
occur.
(5) Unauthorized discharge of
chemicals or fill material into any
waters in which the blackline, crimson,
or oceanic Hawaiian damselfly is known
to occur.
Questions regarding whether specific
activities would constitute a violation of
section 9 of the Act should be directed
to the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife
Office (see ADDRESSES). Requests for
copies of the regulations concerning
listed species and general inquiries
regarding prohibitions and permits may
be addressed to the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Endangered Species
Permits, Ecological Services, Eastside
Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th Avenue,
Portland, OR 87232–4181 (telephone
503–231–6158; facsimile 503–231–
6243).
The State of Hawaii’s endangered
species law (State of Hawaii 2009) is
automatically invoked when a species is
listed, and provides supplemental
protection, including prohibiting take of
these species and encouraging
conservation by State government
agencies. Further, the State may enter
into agreements with Federal agencies
to administer and manage any area
required for the conservation,
management, enhancement, or
protection of endangered species (State
of Hawaii 2009). Funds for these
activities could be made available under
section 6 of the Act (Cooperation with
the States). Thus, Federal protection
afforded to listed species is reinforced
and supplemented by protection under
State law.
Taxonomic Name Changes for Nine
Plant Species Since Listing
In 1982, we listed Euphorbia
skottsbergii var. kalaeloana (47 FR
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36846; August 24, 1982) as endangered
following the taxonomy of Sherff (1936),
although in 1959, Degener and Degener
had moved this species to Chamaesyce
(Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
kalaeloana). In both publications, the
range for this species included only the
‘‘Ewa Plains of Oahu, Hawaii, in the
vicinity of Barber’s Point’’ (also known
as Kalaeloa). In 1990, Koutnik (p. 615)
placed Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
kalaeloana in synonymy with C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii. According
to Koutnik, the range for C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii included southwestern
Oahu (the Ewa Plains) and northwestern
Molokai. However, in 2005, based on
genetic analysis, Morden and Gregoritza
(2005, p. 969) found that the Oahu and
Molokai populations of C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii are genetically distinct,
and they supported the recognition of
these two populations as distinct
varieties. The authors suggested that the
variety on Molokai should be
recognized by the previously used
variety name, C. skottsbergii var.
audens. The scientific community and
the Service currently accept Morden
and Gregoritza’s taxonomic clarification
of C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, the
range of which includes only
southwestern Oahu, and C. skottsbergii
var. audens, the range of which includes
only Molokai.
We are aware of Steinman and
Porter’s 2002 (p. 473) molecular data for
classification of Euphorbieae and the
analysis of Bruyns et al. (2006, pp. 416–
417), who found that Chamaesyce is
nested among species of Euphorbia.
Changing the names for the endangered
Oahu plants Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, C. deppeana, C. herbstii,
C. kuwaleana, C. rockii and C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii at 50 CFR
17.12 and at 50 CFR 17.99(j) would
require a separate amendment to the
CFR, not only for the Hawaiian species
listings, but for all previously listed
species nationwide. This amendment
requires a separate notice and
opportunity for public comment, and
although we are unable to address this
change in this final rule, we will initiate
proposed taxonomic name changes for
these five endangered plants in a future
proposed rule.
At the time we listed Alsinidendron
obovatum (56 FR 55770; October 29,
1991), A. trinerve (56 FR 55770; October
29, 1991), Hedyotis coriacea (57 FR
20772; May 15, 1992), H. degeneri (56
FR 55770; October 29, 1991), H. parvula
(56 FR 55770; October 29, 1991), and
Lipochaeta tenuifolia (56 FR 55770;
October 29, 1991) as endangered, we
followed the taxonomic treatment of
Wagner et al. (1990, pp. 343, 501,
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1,141–1,142, 1,148–1,150).
Subsequently, Wagner et al. (2005, pp.
57–63) recognized and published new
combinations (new genus and species
names) for Alsinidendron obovatum
(now Schiedea obovata) and A. trinerve
(now Schiedea trinervis) based on
phylogenetic analyses. These new
combinations are currently accepted by
the scientific community and by the
Service. Terrell et al. (2005, pp. 832,
833) published new combinations for
Hedyotis coriacea (now Kadua
coriacea), H. degeneri (now Kadua
degeneri, and includes K. degeneri var.
coprosmifolia and K. degeneri var.
degeneri), and placed Hedyotis parvula
in synonymy with Kadua parvula, an
earlier and validly published name.
Wagner and Robinson (2001, p. 554)
recognized and published new
combinations for several Hawaiian
species of Lipochaeta, including
Lipochaeta tenuifolia (now Melanthera
tenuifolia). At the time we listed
Phlegmariurus nutans (59 FR 14482;
March 28, 1994), we followed Ollgaard’s
Index of the Lycopodiaceae (1989, 135
pp.). Most recently, Palmer placed
Phlegmariurus nutans in synonymy
with Huperzia nutans (Palmer 2003, p.
257). We listed Mariscus pennatiformis
(which included M. pennatiformis ssp.
bryanii and M. pennatiformis ssp.
pennatiformis) as endangered in 1994
(59 FR 56333) following the taxonomic
treatment of Koyama (in Wagner et al.
1990, pp. 1,421–1,422). Since then,
Strong and Wagner (1997, p. 39), and
more recently Wagner and Herbst (2003,
pp. 52–53), moved all Hawaiian species
of Mariscus to Cyperus. The accepted
57687
epithet for this species is Cyperus
pennatiformis and includes C.
pennatiformis var. bryanii and C.
pennatiformis var. pennatiformis. The
range of the species at the time of listing
and now has not changed.
All of the aforementioned name
changes are currently accepted by the
scientific community, and, in
accordance with the references cited
above, we are revising the List of
Endangered and Threatened Plants at 50
CFR 17.12 (see Table 3). In addition, we
made editorial revisions to a limited
number of units and species
descriptions in 50 CFR 17.99(a)(1) and
(b) (Kauai), 50 CFR 17.99(e)(1) and (f)
(Maui), and 50 CFR 17.99(g) and (h)
(Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) to
adopt the taxonomic revisions.
TABLE 3—NAME CHANGES FOR 9 LISTED ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS
Listing
56
56
47
57
56
56
56
59
59
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
55770
55770
36846
20772
55770
55770
55770
14482
56333
Currently listed name
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
Alsinidendron obovatum ..............................................
Alsinidendron trinerve .................................................
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana ..................
Hedyotis coriacea ........................................................
Hedyotis degeneri .......................................................
Hedyotis parvula .........................................................
Lipochaeta tenuifolia ...................................................
Phlegmariurus nutans .................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis ...............................................
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Critical Habitat
Background
Critical habitat is defined in section 3
of the Act as:
(i) The specific areas within the
geographical area occupied by the
species, at the time it is listed in
accordance with the Act, on which are
found those physical or biological
features
(I) Essential to the conservation of the
species and
(II) Which may require special
management considerations or
protection; and
(ii) Specific areas outside the
geographical area occupied by the
species at the time it is listed, upon a
determination that such areas are
essential for the conservation of the
species.
Conservation, as defined under
section 3 of the Act, means to use and
the use of all methods and procedures
that are necessary to bring an
endangered or threatened species to the
point at which the measures provided
under the Act are no longer necessary.
Such methods and procedures include,
but are not limited to, all activities
associated with scientific resources
management, such as research, census,
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Schiedea obovata.
Schiedea trinervis.
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii.
Kadua coriacea.
Kadua degeneri.
Kadua parvula.
Melanthera tenuifolia.
Huperzia nutans.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
law enforcement, habitat acquisition
and maintenance, propagation, live
trapping, transplantation, and, in the
extraordinary case where population
pressures within a given ecosystem
cannot be otherwise relieved, may
include regulated taking.
Critical habitat receives protection
under section 7 of the Act through the
prohibition against Federal agencies
carrying out, funding, or authorizing the
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat. Section 7(a)(2) requires
consultation on Federal actions that
may affect critical habitat. The
designation of critical habitat does not
affect land ownership or establish a
refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or
other conservation area. Such
designation does not allow the
government or public access to private
lands. Such designation does not
require implementation of restoration,
recovery, or enhancement measures by
the landowner. Where a landowner
seeks or requests Federal agency
funding or authorization that may affect
a listed species or critical habitat, the
consultation requirements of section
7(a)(2) of the Act would apply, but even
in the event of a destruction or adverse
modification finding, the Federal action
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agency’s and the applicant’s obligation
is not to restore or recover the species,
but to implement reasonable and
prudent alternatives to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat.
For inclusion in a critical habitat
designation, the habitat within the
geographical area occupied by the
species at the time of listing must
contain physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the
species, and be included only if those
features may require special
management considerations or
protection. Critical habitat designations
identify, to the extent known using the
best scientific and commercial data
available, habitat areas that provide for
the necessary life cycle needs of the
species (areas on which are found the
physical or biological features essential
for the conservation of the species).
Under the Act and regulations at 50 CFR
424.12(e), we can designate critical
habitat in areas outside the geographical
area occupied by the species at the time
it is listed only when we determine that
those areas are essential for the
conservation of the species and that
designation limited to those areas
occupied at the time of listing would be
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inadequate to ensure the conservation of
the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we
designate critical habitat on the basis of
the best scientific and commercial data
available. Further, our Policy on
Information Standards Under the
Endangered Species Act (published in
the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59
FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act
(section 515 of the Treasury and General
Government Appropriations Act for
Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106–554; H.R.
5658)), and our associated Information
Quality Guidelines, provide criteria,
establish procedures, and provide
guidance to ensure that our decisions
are based on the best scientific data
available. They require our biologists, to
the extent consistent with the Act and
with the use of the best scientific data
available, to use primary and original
sources of information as the basis for
recommendations to designate critical
habitat.
When we are determining which areas
we should designate as critical habitat,
our primary source of information is
generally the information developed
during the listing process for the
species. Additional information sources
may include the recovery plan for the
species, articles in peer-reviewed
journals, conservation plans developed
by States and counties, scientific status
surveys and studies, biological
assessments, or other unpublished
materials and expert opinion or
personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species
may move from one area to another over
time. Furthermore, we recognize that
critical habitat designated at a particular
point in time may not include all of the
habitat areas that we may later
determine to be necessary for the
recovery of the species, as additional
scientific information may become
available in the future. For these
reasons, a critical habitat designation
does not signal that habitat outside the
designated area is unimportant or may
not be required for recovery of the
species.
The information currently available
on the effects of global climate change
and increasing temperatures does not
make sufficiently precise estimates of
the location and magnitude of the
effects. We are currently not aware of
any climate change information specific
to the habitat of any of the species
addressed in this rule that would
indicate what areas may become
important to the species in the future.
Therefore, we were unable to determine
what additional areas, if any, may be
appropriate to include in the critical
habitat designation for these species.
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Areas that are important to the
conservation of the species, but are
outside the critical habitat designation,
will continue to be subject to
conservation actions we implement
under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. These
areas are also subject to the regulatory
protections afforded by the section
7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as determined
on the basis of the best available
scientific information at the time of the
agency action. Federally funded or
permitted projects affecting listed
species outside their designated critical
habitat areas may still result in jeopardy
findings in some cases. Similarly,
critical habitat designations made on the
basis of the best available information at
the time of designation will not control
the direction and substance of future
recovery plans, habitat conservation
plants (HCPs), section 7 consultations,
or other species conservation planning
efforts if new information available to
these planning efforts calls for a
different outcome.
Prudency Determination for 25 Oahu
Species
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as
amended, and implementing regulations
(50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the
maximum extent prudent and
determinable, the Secretary designate
critical habitat at the time a species is
determined to be endangered or
threatened. Our regulations at 50 CFR
424.12(a)(1) state that designation of
critical habitat is not prudent when one
or both of the following situations exist:
(1) The species is threatened by taking
or other activity, and the identification
of critical habitat can be expected to
increase the degree of threat to the
species; or (2) the designation of critical
habitat would not be beneficial to the
species.
As we have discussed under the
Factor B analysis, there is currently no
documentation that the 23 species listed
in this rule are threatened by taking or
other human activity. At the time we
listed the plant Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata as endangered, we found
that designation of critical habitat was
not prudent because this plant was
threatened by taking for lei-making, and
the publication of critical habitat
descriptions would make this plant
more vulnerable (51 FR 10518; March
26, 1986). However, we have examined
the best available information, and
found no information to indicate that
this plant is currently threatened by
overcollection for lei-making, or is
otherwise used for commercial,
recreational, scientific, or educational
purposes. Moreover, we have no
information to indicate that
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identification of critical habitat is
expected to initiate such a threat to any
of the species addressed in this final
rule. Accordingly, this designation will
provide information to individuals,
local and State governments, and other
entities engaged in activities or longrange planning in areas essential to the
conservation of these species.
Conservation of these species and their
essential habitat will require habitat
management, protection, and
restoration, which will be facilitated by
knowledge of habitat locations and the
physical or biological features of the
habitat. Other potential benefits include:
(1) Triggering consultation under
section 7 of the Act in new areas for
actions with a Federal nexus where it
would not otherwise occur; (2) focusing
conservation activities on the most
essential features and areas; and (3)
preventing individuals from causing
inadvertent harm to the species. Based
on this information, we believe critical
habitat will be beneficial, and have
determined the designation of critical
habitat is prudent for each of the species
addressed in this final rule.
The primary regulatory effect of
critical habitat is the section 7(a)(2)
requirement that Federal agencies
refrain from taking any action that
destroys or adversely modifies critical
habitat. We find that the designation of
critical habitat for each of the 23 species
listed listing in this final rule and the
endangered plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata and
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii will benefit them by serving
to focus conservation efforts on the
restoration and maintenance of
ecosystem functions that are essential
for attaining their recovery and longterm viability. In addition, the
designation of critical habitat serves to
inform management and conservation
decisions by identifying any additional
physical or biological features of the
ecosystem that may be essential for the
conservation of certain species, such as
the availability of sufficient instream
flow for the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, or
specific host plants such as Nestegis
sandwicensis and Sapindus oahuensis
for Korthalsella degeneri. Therefore,
because we have determined that the
designation of critical habitat will not
likely increase the degree of threat to the
species, and may provide some measure
of benefit, we find that designation of
critical habitat is prudent for the
following 25 species, as critical habitat
will be beneficial and there is no
evidence that the designation of critical
habitat will result in an increased threat
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from taking or other human activity for
these species:
(1) Plants—Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Bidens amplectens,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
lanceolata, Cyanea purpurellifolia,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
waiolani, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope
christophersenii, Melicope hiiakae,
Melicope makahae, Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Tetraplasandra lydgatei,
and Zanthoxylum oahuense;
(2) Animals—Megalagrion
leptodemas, Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum, and Megalagrion
oceanicum.
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Critical Habitat Determinability
As stated above, section 4(a)(3) of the
Act requires the designation of critical
habitat concurrently with the species’
listing ‘‘to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable.’’ Our regulations at
50 CFR 424.12(a)(2) state that critical
habitat is not determinable when one or
both of the following situations exist:
(i) Information sufficient to perform
required analyses of the impacts of the
designation is lacking, or
(ii) The biological needs of the species
are not sufficiently well known to
permit identification of an area as
critical habitat.
When critical habitat is not
determinable, the Act provides for an
additional year to publish a critical
habitat designation (16 U.S.C.
1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)).
At the time we listed the plant
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (see ‘‘Taxonomic Name
Changes for Nine Plant Species Since
Listing,’’ above) as endangered, we were
unable to identify the biological needs
of this species, and, therefore were
unable to identify areas essential for its
conservation (critical habitat) (47 FR
36846; August 24, 1982). We reviewed
the information available (since it was
listed in 1982) pertaining to the
biological needs of Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and
available information pertaining to the
biological needs of the 23 species listed
in this final rule and habitat
characteristics where these species are
located. This and other information
represent the best scientific data
available and led us to conclude that the
designation of critical habitat is both
prudent and determinable for these 25
species.
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Revision of Critical Habitat for 99 Oahu
Plants and Designation for 2 PreviouslyListed Plants
This section discusses the revision of
currently designated critical habitat for
99 Oahu plant species, based on new
information. This section also provides
a brief description of the two additional
plant species (Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata and Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii) that were
previously listed without designation of
critical habitat, for which we are now
designating critical habitat. This
information represents the best
scientific and commercial information
available.
Revision of Critical Habitat for 99 Oahu
Plants
Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act
we may, as appropriate, revise a critical
habitat designation. In 2003, we
designated critical habitat for 99 Oahu
plants on 55,040 ac (22,274 ha) in 303
units, based on their known locations
(68 FR 35950; June 17, 2003). Based on
new information and scientific data
available since 2003, we have revised
critical habitat for these 99 plant
species. In addition, since critical
habitat was designated in 2003, we have
learned that many native Hawaiian
plants and animals can thrive when
reintroduced into historical habitats,
when threats are effectively managed.
For this reason, we believe it is
important to designate unoccupied
habitat when it is essential for the
recovery of the species. Approximately
93 percent of the area designated as
critical habitat in this rule overlaps with
the area designated in the 2003 final
critical habitat rule. In some areas, the
footprint of the revision is larger than
the 2003 designation, to accommodate
the expansion of species’ ranges within
the particular ecosystem in which they
occur (e.g., expansion into unoccupied
habitat). In other areas, we are reducing
critical habitat, based on updated
information on the historical ranges of
certain species. The revision simply
correlates to each species’ physical or
biological requirements with the
characteristics of the ecosystems within
which they occur (e.g., elevation,
rainfall, species associations, etc.), and
also includes areas unoccupied by the
species, which are essential for their
conservation. The revision will enable
managers to focus conservation
management efforts on common threats
that occur across shared ecosystems and
facilitate the restoration of the
ecosystem function and species-specific
habitat needs for the recovery of each of
the 99 species. An added benefit
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includes the publication of more
comprehensive maps that should be
more useful to the public and
conservation managers.
Background for 99 Listed Oahu Plants
It is our intent to discuss only those
topics directly relevant to the
designation of critical habitat. For
additional information on these 99
Oahu plants, refer to the final critical
habitat rule for Oahu plants published
in the Federal Register on June 17, 2003
(68 FR 35950).
Current Status of the 99 Plant Species
With Revised Critical Habitat and the 2
Previously-Listed Plant Species
Abutilon sandwicense (no common
name (NCN)), a member of the mallow
family (Malvaceae), is a perennial shrub
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Bates 1999, pp. 873–875). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, the 30 known occurrences
contained an estimated 253 to 263
individuals (68 FR 35950; June 17,
2003). This species currently occurs in
the Waianae Mountains in the dry cliff
and lowland mesic ecosystems in 17 to
19 occurrences totaling between 296
and 515 individuals (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
(round-leaved chaff flower), a shrub in
the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae),
occurred historically on Oahu, Lanai,
and Molokai. In 1986, at the time of
listing, four occurrences containing
approximately 400 individuals were
known from southwestern and western
Oahu in the coastal ecosystem at
Barber’s Point and Kaena Point,
respectively (51 FR 10518, March 26,
1986; HBMP 2008). Subsequently, three
additional occurrences were
documented in Keawaula, Makaha, and
Waianae Kai (HBMP 2008). Currently,
this species is found in 8 occurrences in
the coastal, lowland dry, and dry cliff
ecosystems totaling approximately 700
individuals (Kane 2004, in litt.;
Phillipson 2007, in litt.; HBMP 2008;
Silbernagle 2010, in litt.).
Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi
fern), a fern in the grammitis family
(Grammitidaceae), occurs on the islands
of Hawaii, Molokai, and Kauai, and was
known historically from the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Palmer 2003, p. 39).
This species is an epiphyte found in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The last
recorded observances of this fern on
Oahu were in the early 1900s (HBMP
2008).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe), a
member of the soapberry family
(Sapindaceae), is a tree found on the
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islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,225). This
species is known from two varieties, A.
macrococcus var. auwahiensis (Maui)
and A. macrococcus var. macrococcus
(Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, A. macrococcus var.
macrococcus was known from 82
occurrences on Oahu containing
approximately 300 individuals.
Currently, A. macrococcus var.
macrococcus is found in the Waianae
Mountains in the dry cliff, lowland
mesic, and montane wet ecosystems, in
15 occurrences totaling between 366
and 371 individuals (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). This variety
was historically known from the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains.
Bonamia menziesii (NCN), a perennial
vine in the morning glory family
(Convolvulaceae), is found on Kauai,
Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (Austin
1999, p. 550). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 18 occurrences on Oahu
totaling fewer than 100 individuals.
Currently, this species is declining on
Oahu, with approximately 12 to 13
occurrences totaling fewer than 60
individuals, located in both the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains, in the lowland
dry, lowland mesic, and dry cliff
ecosystems (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cenchrus agrimonioides
(kamanomano), a perennial in the grass
family (Poaceae), occurred historically
on Oahu, Lanai, and Maui (O’Connor
1999, pp. 1,511–1,512). This species is
known from two varieties, C.
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides
(Oahu, Lanai, and Maui) and C.
agrimonioides var. laysanensis (Kure
Atoll, Midway Atoll, and Laysan). C.
agrimonioides var. laysanensis may be
extinct. At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, C.
agrimoniodies var. agrimonioides was
known from 7 occurrences in the
Waianae Mountains on Oahu,
containing between 113 and 118
individuals. This variety is currently
found on Oahu and Maui, and has been
outplanted on Kahoolawe (USFWS
2007a; 2007b). On Oahu, 3 to 6
occurrences totaling approximately 300
wild individuals are found in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; USFWS 2007a; 2007b).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi), an
annual herb in the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), is known from Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and west Maui
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 725). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
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this species was known from 2
occurrences in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains, totaling between 60 and 80
individuals. Currently, C. sebaeoides
occurs on Oahu in the coastal ecosystem
at Kaena Point and Halona (Waianae
and Koolau Mountains), in 2
occurrences totaling between 40 and 50
individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana (akoko), a shrub in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to
Oahu (Koutnik 1999, pp. 605–606). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from 15
occurrences containing 569 individuals.
Historically known from both the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains, C.
celastroides var. kaenana is currently
found in the coastal, lowland dry, and
lowland mesic ecosystems only in the
Waianae Mountains, in 8 occurrences
totaling more than 900 individuals
(Makua Implementation Team 2003, pp.
16–32—16–38; U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko), a
perennial subshrub in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Koutnik
1999, p. 607). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from one occurrence of
approximately 50 individuals.
Currently, the same occurrence in the
wet cliff ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains is estimated to contain as
many as 100 individuals (Lau 2006b, in
litt.; Perlman 2006, pers. comm.; TNC
2007).
Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko), a small
tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Koutnik
1999, p. 609). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 4 occurrences totaling
between 162 and 164 individuals.
Chamaesyce herbstii is declining in
numbers, and is currently found in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains, in 2
occurrences totaling fewer than 60
individuals (Makua Implementation
Team 2003, pp. 16–39—16–44; U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko), a
shrub in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to Oahu. At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from 5
occurrences containing approximately
2,000 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains, with one individual known
from Mokumanu, an islet off the
windward coast of the Koolau
Mountains (Koutnik 1999, p. 611).
Chamaesyce kuwaleana was found
historically in the coastal and dry cliff
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ecosystems, but is currently found only
in the dry cliff ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains in 2 occurrences of
approximately 1,200 individuals (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce rockii (akoko), a shrub or
small tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Koutnik
1999, p. 614). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 20 occurrences containing
between 641 and 733 individuals.
Currently, this species is found in 6
occurrences in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains, totaling between 576 and
710 individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (formerly Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. kalaeloana) (Ewa Plains
akoko), a small shrub in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is endemic to
Oahu. Historically, this species was
known only from the Ewa Plains on
southwestern Oahu in the vicinity of
Barber’s Point (also known as Kalaeloa).
The precise natural range of this taxon
was unknown, but probably did not go
beyond the coralline plains of
southwestern Oahu (47 FR 36846,
August 24, 1982). In 1982, at the time
of listing, this species was known from
4 occurrences containing approximately
1,000 to 1,500 individuals (Char and
Balakrishnan 1979, p.67; HBMP 2008).
Surveys conducted between 1983 and
1984 in the vicinity of the former
Barber’s Point Naval Air Station
indicated there was a total of
approximately 5,000 plants (HINHP
1991; USFWS 1993, pp. 13–15).
However, surveys conducted a decade
later located only several hundred
plants in the same location (USFWS
1993, pp. 13–15). Currently, this species
is found in 2 occurrences in the lowland
dry ecosystem on the Ewa Plain in
southwestern Oahu, totaling
approximately 200 wild individuals and
600 outplanted individuals (Guinther
and Withrow 2008, pp. 6, 9–10;
Whistler 2008, pp. 7–9; U.S. Navy et al.
2012, pp. 19–20).
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila), a tree
in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae),
is known from Oahu, Maui, and the
island of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999, p.
1,094). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
found in 5 occurrences in the Waianae
Mountains containing 61 individuals.
Currently, on Oahu, C. oppositifolia is
found in the lowland mesic ecosystem
in the Waianae Mountains, in 4
occurrences totaling approximately 50
individuals (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
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Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa), a
medium to large-sized fern in the
spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is
found on all the major islands except
Hawaii. It is possibly now extinct on
Kauai (Palmer 2003, pp. 100–102). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 8 known
occurrences with more than 80
individuals in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu. Currently there are
4 occurrences totaling approximately
100 individuals, in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea acuminata (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 444). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were fewer than 200
individuals in 20 occurrences.
Currently, there are 15 occurrences
totaling between 149 and 175
individuals in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyanea crispa (haha), a shrub in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, pp. 481–482;
Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 11 occurrences
containing a total of 56 individuals.
Currently, this species is found in 7
occurrences, totaling 56 individuals, in
the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
(haha), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is found on Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Oahu (Lammers 1999,
pp. 451–452). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were seven
occurrences totaling nine individuals in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains in
the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). The last known wild
individual in Kupaua died in 2005.
Propagules are in cultivation and will be
outplanted in protected areas (PEP 2008,
p. 19; Lau 2011, in litt.).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha),
a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, pp. 451–452). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 8 occurrences containing 16
individuals. Currently, there are 8
occurrences totaling 41 individuals in
the dry cliff, lowland mesic, and
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lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyanea humboldtiana (haha), a shrub
in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 483; Wagner and Herbst 1999,
p. 1,870). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 9
occurrences totaling between 133 and
239 individuals. Currently, this species
occurs in 9 occurrences totaling
between 160 to 260 individuals in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea koolauensis (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 481; Wagner
and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 42 occurrences with fewer
than 80 individuals. Currently, this
species is found in 15 occurrences with
approximately 100 individuals in the
lowland wet ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyanea longiflora (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
occurs in the Waianae Mountains, and
was historically known from the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p.
484; Wagner and Herbst 1999, p. 1,870).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 4
occurrences of fewer than 220
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, there are 4 occurrences
totaling fewer than 170 individuals in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyanea pinnatifida (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 459). The last
known wild individual died in 2001,
although the species remains in
cultivation, and 70 individuals have
been outplanted within historical range
in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (TNC 2006h, p. 6).
Cyanea st.-johnii (haha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Lammers 1999, p. 484; Wagner
and Herbst 1999, p. 1,871). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
there were 7 occurrences containing 57
individuals. Currently, 6 occurrences
are found in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems, with approximately 70
individuals, in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
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Cyanea superba (NCN), a palm-like
tree in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
lowland mesic ecosystem of the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 465). This species is known
from two subspecies, C. superba ssp.
regina (southern Koolau Mountains) and
C. superba ssp. superba (northern
Waianae Mountains). The last known
wild individual of C. superba ssp.
superba died in 2002; however,
propagules are in cultivation, and more
than 400 individuals have been
outplanted over the past 10 years in the
Waianae Mountains. Currently a total of
at least 200 mature outplanted
individuals survive (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Cyanea superba ssp. regina has
not been observed since the 1930s
(Lammers 1999, p. 465).
Cyanea truncata (haha), a shrub in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu, in the lowland mesic, lowland
wet, and wet cliff ecosystems (Lammers
1999, p. 466). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were only
two known individuals in the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains. Currently, these individuals
survive along with 4 outplanted
occurrences totaling 37 individuals
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyperus pennatiformis (formerly
Mariscus pennatiformis) (NCN), a
perennial in the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), was found on Kauai,
Oahu, east Maui, the island of Hawaii,
and Laysan Island in the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1999,
pp. 1,421–1,423). This species is known
from two varieties, C. pennatiformis var.
bryanii (Laysan) and C. pennatiformis
var. pennatiformis (Kauai, Oahu, east
Maui, and Hawaii). The last known
individual of C. pennatiformis var.
pennatiformis on Oahu was observed in
the 1930s, in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa), a
perennial in the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), was known from Niihau,
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai; and is
currently extant on Niihau, Kauai, and
Oahu (Koyama 1999, p. 1,399). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 6 occurrences totaling
40 individuals on Oahu. Currently,
there are 3 occurrences totaling
approximately 400 individuals in
seasonal wetlands in the coastal and
lowland dry ecosystems in both the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale), a shrub
in the African violet family
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(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to Oahu, and
is known from both the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 753). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 11
known occurrences totaling 136
individuals. Currently, due to an
increase in survey efforts over the last
6 years in potentially suitable habitat for
this species, there are 6 occurrences
totaling approximately 1,640
individuals in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems of both
mountain ranges, and in the dry cliff
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Cyrtandra polyantha (haiwale), a
shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
pp. 774–775). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there was one
known occurrence of three individuals.
Currently, there are two occurrences of
seven to nine individuals in the lowland
mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale), a
shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 779). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling 12 individuals.
Currently, there are 3 occurrences
totaling a little more than 100
individuals in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale), a
small shrub in the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 780). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 23
occurrences totaling 52 individuals.
Currently, there are 5 occurrences
totaling 75 individuals in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Delissea subcordata (oha), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is found in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p.
471). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 21 occurrences containing fewer
than 70 individuals, in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, there are 9
occurrences totaling between 28 and 40
individuals in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
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Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved
diellia), a fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), occurs on Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Palmer
2003, p. 117). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and
Hawaii, and there was only 1 known
occurrence of 20 individuals on Oahu.
This occurrence on Oahu persists, with
approximately 20 to 30 individuals, in
the lowland mesic ecosystem of the
Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diellia falcata (NCN), a fern in the
spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Palmer 2003, p.
119). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was found
in 30 occurrences totaling fewer than
6,000 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, D. falcata is
found in 13 occurrences (totaling
between 4,000 and 7,000 individuals) in
the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Diellia unisora (NCN), a fern in the
spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Palmer 2003, p. 122). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 4
occurrences containing fewer than 800
individuals. Currently, D. unisora is
known from 4 occurrences totaling
approximately 700 individuals in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN), a fern
in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae),
was known from all the major islands
except Hawaii (Palmer 2003, p. 125). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species had not been
documented on Oahu since 1945, and
was present only at one site on east
Maui. On Oahu, this species was known
from the lowland mesic and lowland
wet ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (Wood 2006, p. 32; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Dubautia herbstobatae (naenae), a
shrub in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Carr 1999, pp. 297–
298). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 12 occurrences totaling fewer than
100 individuals. Currently, D.
herbstobatae is found in 2 occurrences
totaling over 2,000 individuals in the
lowland mesic and dry cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The
increase in the number of individuals is
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possibly due to the recent removal of
feral goats from surrounding areas
through fencing and eradication efforts
(Makua Implementation Team 2003, pp.
2–98–2–104).
Eragrostis fosbergii (Fosberg’s
lovegrass), a perennial in the grass
family (Poaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (O’Connor
1999, pp. 1,541–1,542). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were only four occurrences known, each
of a single individual. Currently, these
individuals remain, with no reports of
regeneration, in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi), a small
tree or shrub in the myrtle family
(Myrtaceae), is known from Oahu and
Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 960). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 12 occurrences
totaling fewer than 70 individuals in the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, this species is found in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains (2 occurrences) and
in the Koolau Mountains (11
occurrences), totaling approximately
500 mature individuals (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). These
individuals are currently threatened by
Puccinia psidii, a rust fungus that
infests plants in the Myrtaceae family
(Loope and LaRosa 2007, p.1).
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko), a
small tree in the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is known from Kauai
and Oahu (Koutnik and Huft 1999, p.
619). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 8 occurrences of approximately
134 individuals, in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
6 occurrences totaling 65 individuals in
the lowland dry and lowland mesic
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Flueggea neowawraea
(mehamehame), a tree in the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is known from
Oahu, Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii, and
was possibly historically found on
Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 620–
621). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was found
in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, in
23 occurrences with a total of 31
individuals. Currently, there are 18
occurrences totaling 36 individuals in
the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Gardenia mannii (nanu), a tree in the
coffee family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,133). At
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the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, there were 49 occurrences in
both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains, totaling between 69 and 80
individuals. Currently, 18 occurrences
are known (totaling 108 to 110
individuals) in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems in both
mountain ranges (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Gouania meyenii (NCN), a shrub in
the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is
known from Oahu and Kauai (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 1,095–1,096; NTBG
Provenance Report 1994, 2 pp.). On
Oahu, this species was historically
found in the lowland dry and lowland
mesic ecosystems of the Waianae
Mountains, and the lowland dry
ecosystem at Diamond Head (HBMP
2008). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, the 4 known
occurrences in the Waianae Mountains
contained 63 individuals. Currently,
this species is found in 3 occurrences
totaling fewer than 70 individuals in the
dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Gouania vitifolia (NCN), a climbing
shrub in the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is known from Oahu,
west Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,097). This species is endemic
to the Waianae Mountains (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,097), and was thought to be
extirpated from Oahu in the 1990s.
However, at the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, G. vitifolia was
found in 2 occurrences totaling 44
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, there are 2 occurrences
totaling 58 to 64 individuals, within the
lowland dry, lowland wet, and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(HBMP 2008). This species was also
historically known from the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (HBMP 2008).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN), a
small tree in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is found on Maui, Molokai,
and the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, and
was historically found on Lanai (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 325). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 36 occurrences containing between
86 and 93 individuals on Oahu.
Currently, there are 19 occurrences
totaling approximately 130 individuals
in the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN), a
small tree or shrub in the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is found on Oahu
and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 325).
At the time we designated critical
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habitat in 2003, there were 6
occurrences containing between 90 and
92 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
5 occurrences totaling 14 individuals in
the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau
hele), a shrub in the mallow family
(Malvaceae), includes 3 subspecies and
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (Bates 1999,
pp. 883–884). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, H. brackenridgei
ssp. brackenridgei was known from
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii.
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus was known from Oahu and
Kauai. On Oahu, there were fewer than
206 individuals in 5 occurrences in the
Waianae Mountains. Also at that time,
H. brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was
known from one occurrence of five
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, H. brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus is known from 7
occurrences totaling between 47 and 50
individuals in the lowland dry and
lowland mesic ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007; U.S. Army 2006). Hibiscus
brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana is known
from 1 occurrence of 32 individuals in
the lowland dry and lowland mesic
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Huperzia nutans (formerly
Phlegmariurus nutans) (wawaeiole), a
fern ally in the hanging fir-moss family
(Lycopodiaceae), is known from Kauai
and Oahu (Palmer 2003, p. 257). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 3 occurrences
containing 7 individuals in the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
2 occurrences totaling between 10 to 15
individuals in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka), a
shrub in the violet family (Violaceae), is
known from Kauai and Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 1,329). This species was
historically known from both the
Koolau and Waianae Mountains (HBMP
2008). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling between 22 and 23
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, there are 5 known
occurrences totaling between 24 and 64
individuals in the dry cliff ecosystem in
the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
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Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka), a
shrub in the violet family (Violaceae), is
known from Kauai and Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 1,329–1,331). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 7
occurrences totaling 30 individuals in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, there are 4 occurrences
of I. longifolium totaling between 32 and
36 individuals in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho
kula), a shrub in the violet family
(Violaceae), is known from Oahu, Maui,
Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,331). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was no longer extant
on Oahu. Currently, there are no known
occurrences on Oahu; however, I.
pyrifolium was documented in the
lowland dry and dry cliff ecosystems in
the Waianae Mountains (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Kadua coriacea (formerly Hedyotis
coriacea) (kioele), a shrub in the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), is known from
Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 1,141). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known only from historical
occurrences on Oahu. Currently, there
are no known occurrences on Oahu;
however, K. coriacea is historic to the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains (TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Kadua degeneri (formerly Hedyotis
degeneri) (NCN), a shrub in the coffee
family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, pp. 1,141–1,142). Two varieties
have been recognized. Kadua degeneri
var. coprosmifolia occurred in the
lowland mesic ecosystem until the late
1980s; however, this occurrence may no
longer be extant (Motley 2006, pers.
comm.; HBMP 2008). Kadua degeneri
var. degeneri was known from 4
occurrences, totaling 60 individuals at
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, and currently there are 4 to 5
occurrences totaling between 280 and
370 individuals, in the lowland mesic
and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Kadua parvula (formerly Hedyotis
parvula) (NCN), a small shrub in the
coffee family (Rubiaceae), is endemic to
the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,149–1,150).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 7 occurrences totaling between 116
and 131 individuals. Currently, K.
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parvula is found in 2 occurrences
totaling approximately 240 individuals,
in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2003, pp. 16–91—16–95;
U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008; U.S. Army Garrison 2008, p. 2–
45).
Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala), a
shrub in the logania family
(Loganiaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 854–855). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, L. cyrtandrae was known from
the Waianae Mountains, in 10
occurrences containing 20 individuals.
Currently, due to an increase in survey
efforts over the last 6 years in
potentially suitable habitat for this
species, there are 3 occurrences totaling
44 individuals in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane wet, and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains;
and one individual in the lowland wet
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains,
with historical occurrences in the
lowland mesic and wet cliff ecosystems
of the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army
2006a; U.S. Army 2006b, pp. 3–2–13—
3–2–17; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lepidium arbuscula (anaunau), a
shrub in the mustard family
(Brassicaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 406). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 10 occurrences totaling
approximately 1,000 individuals.
Currently, there are 9 occurrences
totaling fewer than 900 individuals in
the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
(nehe), a perennial herb in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 337–338).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 4 occurrences totaling 147
individuals. Currently, there are 4
occurrences of approximately 150
individuals in the dry cliff ecosystem in
the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
(NCN), a shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 476). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling fewer than 270
individuals. Currently, this species is
known from 2 occurrences totaling
approximately 280 individuals in the
lowland wet ecosystem in the Koolau
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Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Lobelia monostachya (NCN), a shrub
in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 478). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, L. monostachya
was known from one occurrence of
three individuals. Currently, there are
two occurrences (eight individuals) in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
PEP 2007, p. 33; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is known from Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau
(Lammers 1999, pp. 478–479). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 40 occurrences
containing between 362 and 397
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, there are 14
occurrences totaling approximately 400
individuals in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN), a shrub in
the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains of Oahu (Lammers 1999, p.
479). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 12 occurrences totaling 42
individuals. Currently, L. oahuensis is
found in 7 occurrences totaling 41
individuals in the lowland wet,
montane wet, and wet cliff ecosystems
in the Waianae Mountains; and in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN), a small
shrub in the primrose family
(Primulaceae), is found on Kauai and
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,080). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from 1
occurrence containing 50 individuals in
the Koolau Mountains of Oahu.
Currently, L. filifolia is found in 2 to 3
occurrences totaling between 50 and
160 individuals in the wet cliff
ecosystem in the Koolau Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi), a fern in the
water clover fern family (Marsileaceae),
is known from Niihau, Molokai, and
Oahu (Palmer 2003, pp. 180–182). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from
five occurrences of an unknown number
of individuals on Oahu. Currently, M.
villosa is found in five to six
occurrences of an unknown number of
individuals in seasonal wetlands of the
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coastal and lowland dry ecosystems in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008; Chau 2009, in
litt.).
Melanthera tenuifolia (formerly
Lipochaeta tenuifolia) (nehe), a
perennial herb in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
p. 343). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from 41 occurrences containing
between 759 and 1,174 individuals.
Currently, M. tenuifolia is found in 11
occurrences totaling as many as 4,000
individuals in the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope lydgatei (alani), a small
shrub in the rue family (Rutaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Stone et al. 1999, p. 1,193). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, this species was known from 18
occurrences containing an unknown
number of individuals. Currently, M.
lydgatei is found in 5 occurrences
totaling 26 individuals in the lowland
mesic and lowland wet ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope pallida (alani), a tree in the
rue family (Rutaceae), is known from
Kauai and Oahu (Stone et al. 1999, pp.
1,198–1,199). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
known from one individual in the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently,
one individual is found in the lowland
mesic ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Melicope saint-johnii (alani), a tree in
the rue family (Rutaceae), is endemic to
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Stone et al. 1999, pp. 1,203–
1,204). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were no
individuals in the Koolau Mountains,
and 6 occurrences totaling fewer than
170 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, M. saint-johnii is
found in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems of the Waianae Mountains,
in 2 occurrences totaling as many as 162
individuals (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Historically, this species also occurred
in the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains.
Myrsine juddii (kolea), a shrub in the
myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is
endemic to the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 940–941).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from 3 occurrences with an estimated
5,000 individuals. Currently, there is a
single wide-ranging occurrence,
estimated to contain 3,000 individuals,
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in the lowland wet ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army Garrison
2005b, p. 16–123; HBMP 2008).
Neraudia angulata (NCN), a shrub in
the nettle family (Urticaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,302–
1,303). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, the two
recognized varieties, N. angulata var.
angulata and N. angulata var. dentata,
were found in 27 occurrences totaling
51 individuals. Currently, there are 4
occurrences (106 individuals)
considered to be N. angulata var.
angulata, and 2 occurrences (3
individuals) considered to be N.
angulata var. dentata. Intermediate
forms of the two varieties are found in
2 occurrences totaling over 100
individuals. The six occurrences are
found in the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains. The numbers of
individuals in each occurrence vary
widely from year to year (U.S. Army
Garrison 2003, pp. 16–116—16–119;
U.S. Army 2006, pp. 3–1–129—3–1–
139; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Nototrichium humile (kului), a shrub
in the amaranth family
(Amaranthaceae), is known from Oahu
and east Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, pp.
193–194). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 25
occurrences containing between 775
and 995 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are
12 occurrences totaling over 1,000
individuals in the lowland dry, lowland
mesic, and dry cliff ecosystems in the
Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
U.S. Army Garrison 2006, pp. 3–1–
140—3–1–146; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou), a
perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Kauai,
Molokai, Maui, and Oahu (Constance
and Affolter 1999, p. 208; HBMP 2008).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was found
in 4 occurrences containing 51
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, there are 2
occurrences totaling 61 individuals in
the dry cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN), a
subshrub or vine in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae
and Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Wagner
et al. 1999, p. 817). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 26 occurrences
totaling between 214 and 277
individuals in the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains. Currently, there are 9
occurrences totaling approximately 160
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individuals in the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, and wet cliff ecosystems
in both the Waianae and Koolau
Mountains; and in the montane wet
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; U.S. Army Garrison
2006, pp. 3–2–24—3–2–28; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN), an
herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner 1999, p. 270). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 7
occurrences containing fewer than 45
individuals. All of those occurrences (in
the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains)
have since then been extirpated.
However, there are 14 individuals
outplanted in 4 locations in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army Garrison 2006,
pp. 3–1–147—3–1–152).
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN), a perennial
herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is
known from Molokai, Maui, and Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 821). This
species was historically known from
both the Koolau and Waianae
Mountains. At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
found in 5 occurrences totaling between
85 and 105 individuals only in the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently,
P. mollis is known from 6 occurrences
totaling between 42 and 92 individuals
in the lowland mesic and lowland wet
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN), a
perennial herb in the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is known from Oahu,
Maui, and the island of Hawaii (Wagner
et al. 1999, pp. 821–822; Wagner 1999,
p. 273). There are three recognized
varieties: Phyllostegia parviflora var.
glabriuscula is known only from the
island of Hawaii, P. parviflora var.
parviflora is found on Maui and the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu, and P.
parviflora var. lydgatei is known from
Oahu’s Waianae Mountains. At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003, P.
parviflora var. parviflora was known
from 30 individuals in 1 occurrence in
the Koolau Mountains, and P. parviflora
var. lydgatei was known from 4
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, all four wild individuals of P.
parviflora var. lydgatei in the Waianae
Mountains are extirpated; however, 100
individuals have been outplanted
(TNCH 1997, p. A–10; Sailer 2006, in
litt.). Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora is known from approximately
100 individuals in the lowland wet and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (NTBG 2009).
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Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi),
a small shrub or perennial herb in the
plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and
Molokai, and occurred historically on
the island of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999,
pp. 1,054–1,055). Plantago princeps is
subdivided into four varieties: P.
princeps var. anomala (Kauai), P.
princeps var. laxifolia (Molokai, Maui,
Hawaii), P. princeps var. longibracteata
(Kauai and Oahu), and P. princeps var.
princeps (Oahu). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, P.
princeps var. longibracteata, known
from the lowland wet ecosystem, was no
longer extant on Oahu (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008). Plantago princeps var.
princeps was known from 11
occurrences containing between 130
and 180 individuals. Currently, only P.
princeps var. princeps is extant on
Oahu, in 7 occurrences totaling between
159 and 232 individuals, in the lowland
mesic, lowland wet, and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains,
and in the lowland wet and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Koolau Mountains.
This taxon historically also occurred in
the lowland mesic ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Platanthera holochila (NCN), an herb
in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,474). This
species was last collected on Oahu in
1938, in the lowland wet ecosystem in
the Koolau Mountains (TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN), a terrestrial fern
in the maidenhair fern family
(Adiantaceae), is known from Maui,
Molokai, and Oahu (Palmer 2003, pp.
227–229). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, this species was
found in 9 occurrences totaling 13
individuals in the Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Currently, there are 5 occurrences
totaling between 17 and 24 individuals
in the lowland wet ecosystem in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Sanicula mariversa (NCN), a
perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Constance and
Affolter, pp. 209–210). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 4 occurrences
containing approximately 170
individuals. Currently, S. mariversa is
found in 2 occurrences totaling as many
as 188 individuals in the lowland mesic
and dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 200a; U.S. Army
Garrison 2006, pp. 3–1–169—3–1–174;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
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Sanicula purpurea (NCN), a stout
perennial herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Maui and
Oahu (Constance and Affolter 1999, p.
210). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 5
occurrences totaling 21 individuals in
the Koolau Mountains. Currently, S.
purpurea is found in 5 occurrences
totaling 24 individuals in the lowland
wet and wet cliff ecosystems in the
Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea hookeri (NCN), a perennial
herb in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is known from Oahu
and from a fragmentary collection from
Maui that may represent a different
species (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 514). At
the time we designated critical habitat
in 2003, this species was known from 17
occurrences containing between 328
and 378 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, S.
hookeri is found in 17 occurrences
totaling approximately the same number
of individuals, in the lowland dry,
lowland mesic, lowland wet, dry cliff,
and wet cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Schiedea kaalae (NCN), a nearly
stemless plant in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 515). At the time
we designated critical habitat in 2003,
this species was known from 7
occurrences totaling 49 individuals in
the Waianae and Koolau Mountains.
Currently, S. kaalae is found in 9
occurrences totaling 40 individuals, in
the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains, and in the lowland mesic
and wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Schiedea kealiae (maolioli), a
subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 515). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 4 occurrences
totaling between 265 and 315
individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, S. kealiae is found in 1
occurrence totaling between 50 and 100
individuals, in the coastal and lowland
dry ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN), a subshrub
in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and
Maui (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 517–519;
Wagner et al. 2005). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
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species was found in 7 occurrences with
49 individuals in the Waianae
Mountains. Currently, there are 2
occurrences totaling between 41 and 54
individuals in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008). Historical occurrences of this
species were also known from the
lowland mesic ecosystem in the Koolau
Mountains (TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea obovata (formerly
Alsinidendron obovatum) (NCN), a
subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 501). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, S.
obovata was known from 6 occurrences
containing 8 to 10 individuals in the
Waianae Mountains. Currently, this
species is found in 2 to 3 occurrences,
totaling between 14 and 44 individuals,
in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; U.S. Army Garrison
2006, pp. 3–1–190—3–1–197; TNC
2007; HBMP 2008).
Schiedea trinervis (formerly
Alsinidendron trinerve) (NCN), a
subshrub in the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is endemic to the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 501). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from 13 occurrences
totaling between 18 and 34 individuals.
Currently, S. trinervis is found in 2
occurrences, totaling 192 individuals, in
the montane wet, dry cliff, and wet cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; U.S. Army Garrison
2005b, pp. 16–151—16–153; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai), a shrub in
the pea family (Fabaceae), is known
from all of the main Hawaiian Islands,
and from the Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands of Necker and Nihoa (Geesink et
al. 1999, pp. 704–705). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, this
species was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, Hawaii,
Nihoa, and Necker. On Oahu, S.
tomentosa was found in 3 occurrences
totaling 55 individuals. Currently on
Oahu, there are 2 outplanted
occurrences totaling approximately 30
individuals in the coastal ecosystem at
Kaena Point and Kaohikaipu islet (U.S.
Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Silene lanceolata (NCN), a subshrub
in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai,
Molokai, and Hawaii (Wagner et al.
1999, p. 523). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 4
occurrences with 62 individuals in the
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently,
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S. lanceolata is found in 3 occurrences
totaling between 100 and 130
individuals, in the dry cliff ecosystem in
the Waianae Mountains (U.S. Army
2006; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Silene perlmanii (NCN), a subshrub in
the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 523–524).
At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was
presumed extirpated. Currently, S.
perlmanii is in propagation, and 15
individuals were outplanted in the
Honouliuli Preserve between 2003 and
2006. However, as of 2007, only three
plants were extant (Sailer 2007, pers.
comm.).
Solanum sandwicense (popolo
aiakeakua), a shrub in the nightshade
family (Solanaceae), is known from
Kauai and the lowland mesic ecosystem
in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains
of Oahu (Symon 1999, p. 1,275). This
species was last observed on Oahu in
2000, in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, there are at least six
outplantings of this species totaling an
unknown number of individuals in the
Waianae Mountains (PEP 2007, p. 27;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN), an
annual herb in the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is known from Oahu and
Maui (Constance and Affolter 1999, p.
212). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 6
occurrences totaling between 110 and
910 individuals in the Waianae and
Koolau Mountains (Diamond Head), in
the lowland dry and dry cliff
ecosystems. Currently, S. hawaiiensis is
found in 4 occurrences totaling several
hundred to thousands of individuals,
depending on annual weather
conditions (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN), a vine
in the mint family (Lamiaceae), is
endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Weller and Sakai 1999, pp. 838–
839). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, this species was known
from a recently extirpated occurrence of
two individuals, and a newly
discovered occurrence (in 2000) of one
to six individuals in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains.
Currently, the occurrence discovered in
2000 is no longer extant; however,
another individual was discovered in
2004, and may persist at this time (U.S.
Army Garrison 2005b, pp. 16–155—16–
157; U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN), a
dwarf shrub in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae), is endemic to the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999,
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p. 366). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 21
occurrences containing approximately
250 individuals. Currently, this species
is found in the dry cliff ecosystem in the
Waianae Mountains, in 6 occurrences
totaling almost 3,000 individuals (U.S.
Army Garrison 2006b, pp. 3–1–198—3–
1–204; TNC 2007; HBMP 2008). The
large increase in the number of
individuals is likely due to an increase
in survey efforts over the past 6 years in
potentially suitable habitat for this
species (U.S. Army Garrison 2006b, p.
3–1–202).
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum (NCN), a shrub in the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is known
from Lanai, Maui, and Oahu (Wagner et
al. 1999, p. 367). At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were 5 occurrences of approximately 15
individuals in the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu. Currently, this species is found
in 3 occurrences totaling 65 individuals,
in the lowland mesic and dry cliff
ecosystems in the Waianae Mountains
(U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007; HBMP
2008).
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (ohe
ohe), a tree in the ginseng family
(Araliaceae), is endemic to the Koolau
Mountains of Oahu, and was
historically known from one location in
the Waianae Mountains (Lowry 1999, p.
234). At the time we designated critical
habitat in 2003, there were 30
occurrences totaling fewer than 100
individuals in the Koolau Mountains.
Currently, there are 13 occurrences
totaling approximately 140 individuals
in the lowland mesic, lowland wet, and
wet cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN), a
shrub in the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is endemic to the
Koolau Mountains of Oahu (Lammers
1999, p. 488). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 3
occurrences totaling 165 individuals.
Currently, T. singularis is found in 4
occurrences totaling approximately 360
individuals in the lowland wet and wet
cliff ecosystems in the Koolau
Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Urera kaalae (opuhe), a small tree or
shrub in the nettle family (Urticaceae),
is endemic to the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,313–
1,314). At the time we designated
critical habitat in 2003, there were 12
occurrences containing 41 individuals.
Currently, U. kaalae is found in 4
occurrences totaling between 49 and 60
individuals, in the lowland mesic and
lowland wet ecosystems in the Waianae
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Mountains (U.S. Army 2006; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN), a twining
annual or perennial herb in the pea
family (Fabaceae), is known from
Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii (Geesink
et al. 1999, p. 720). The last collection
from Oahu was made on the Mokulua
Islets and North Islet, off Oahu’s
northeastern coast, in 1938, in the
coastal ecosystem. At the time we
designated critical habitat in 2003, there
were no known occurrences, and
currently, there are still no known
occurrences on Oahu’s offshore islets
(TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana (pamakani), a shrub in
the violet family (Violaceae), is endemic
to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,333). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 15 occurrences
containing 59 individuals. Currently,
this species is found in 8 occurrences
totaling slightly more than 600
individuals in the lowland mesic and
dry cliff ecosystems in the Waianae
Mountains (U.S. Army Garrison 2006b,
pp. 3–1–205—3–1–210; TNC 2007;
HBMP 2008).
Viola oahuensis (NCN), a subshrub in
the violet family (Violaceae), is endemic
to the Koolau Mountains of Oahu
(Wagner et al. 1999, p. 1,336). At the
time we designated critical habitat in
2003, there were 18 occurrences totaling
fewer than 200 individuals. Currently,
there are 8 occurrences totaling
approximately 170 individuals in the
lowland wet and wet cliff ecosystems in
the Koolau Mountains (U.S. Army 2006;
TNC 2007; HBMP 2008).
Methods
As required by section 4(b) of the Act,
we used the best scientific data
available in determining those areas that
contain the physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of
the 124 species, and for which
designation of critical habitat is
considered prudent, by identifying the
occurrence for each species and
determining the ecosystems upon which
they depend. This information was
developed by using:
• The known locations of the 124
species, including site-specific species
information from the HBMP database
(HBMP 2008), the Army Environmental
Division database (U.S. Army 2006), and
our own rare plant database;
• Species information from the plant
databases housed at NTBG;
• Oahu map of important habitat for
the recovery of plants protected under
the Act (Service 1999, p. F–7);
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• Geographic Information System
(GIS) map layer of habitat essential to
the recovery of Hawaiian plants as
determined by the Hawaii and Pacific
Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee
(HPPRCC 1998);
• Geodatabase feature dataset for
Oahu soils (NRCS 2007);
• The Nature Conservancy’s
Ecoregional Assessment of the Hawaiian
High Islands (2006) and ecosystem maps
(2007);
• Color mosaic 1:19,000 scale digital
aerial photographs for the Hawaiian
Islands (April to May 2005);
• Island-wide GIS coverage (e.g., Gap
Analysis Program (GAP)) vegetation
data of 2005;
• 1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics
of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
topographic quadrangles;
• Geospatial data sets associated with
parcel data from Honolulu County
(2012);
• Final critical habitat designation for
listed plant species on the island of
Oahu (68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003);
• The FWS report (June 2012)
‘‘Recovery Needs and Strategy for
‘Akoko’’’;
• Recent biological surveys and
reports; and
• Discussions with qualified
individuals familiar with these species
and ecosystems (HBMP 2008; TNC
2007; NTBG 2007; PEP 2007; Polhemus
2008, pers. comm.; Bakutis, 2006, in
litt.).
Physical or Biological Features
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i)
and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and regulations
at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which
areas within the geographical area
occupied at the time of listing to
designate as critical habitat, we consider
the physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the
species and which may require special
management considerations or
protection. These physical or biological
features provide the necessary lifehistory requirements of the species and
include, but are not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and
population growth and for normal
behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or
other nutritional or physiological
requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or
rearing (or development) of offspring;
and
(5) Habitats that are protected from
disturbance or are representative of the
historical, geographical, and ecological
distributions of a species.
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For plant species, ecosystems that
provide appropriate seasonal wetland
and dry land habitats, host species,
pollinators, soil types, and associated
plant communities are taken into
consideration when determining the
physical or biological features essential
for a species.
Under section 4(a)(3)(A)(ii) of the Act
we may, as appropriate, revise a critical
habitat designation. For the reasons
described above, we revise critical
habitat for 99 Oahu plants based on new
information received since 2003, and
the need to designate unoccupied
habitat to conserve the species. We have
derived the specific physical or
biological features required for each of
the 99 Oahu plants based on studies of
their habitat, ecology, and life history;
information in the 2003 critical habitat
designations; and new scientific
information that has become available
since that time. In addition, the
Recovery Plan for the Oahu Plants
(Service 1998, p. vii) identifies several
actions needed to recover these species,
including expanding existing wild
populations and reestablishing wild
populations within the historic range. In
accordance with the recovery plan, we
have determined that designating
certain unoccupied habitat is essential
to the conservation of the species and
that designation limited to occupied
areas would be inadequate to ensure the
conservation of the species. The
physical or biological features for
occupied areas, in conjunction with the
unoccupied areas needed to expand and
reestablish wild populations within the
historical range, provide a more
comprehensive view of the recovery
needs and relevant geographic areas for
each species. We believe this
information will be helpful to Federal
agencies and our other partners, as we
collectively work to recover these
imperiled species.
In 2003, the physical or biological
features for each plant species were
defined on the basis of habitat features
of the areas actually occupied by the
plants, which included plant
community, associated native plant
species, locale information (e.g., steep
rocky cliffs, talus slopes, gulches,
stream banks), and elevation (68 FR
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35950; June 17, 2003). However, since
2003, we have found that many areas
where these species are currently or
recently reported are marginal habitat;
the species occurs in these areas due to
remoteness or inaccessibility to feral
ungulates. In this final rule, the physical
or biological features have been
categorized into the ecosystem types on
which these species depend. They have
also been more precisely identified, and
now include elevation, precipitation,
substrate, canopy, subcanopy, and
understory characteristics.
We identify these features in areas
occupied by the species at the time of
listing, focusing on the features’ primary
constituent elements. We consider the
primary constituent elements (PCEs) to
be the elements of physical and
biological features that, provide for a
species’ life-history processes and are
essential to the conservation of the
species. In this rule, PCEs for each of the
124 species are defined based on those
physical or biological features essential
to support the successful functioning of
the ecosystem upon which each species
depends, and which may require special
management considerations or
protection. As the conservation of each
species is dependent upon a functioning
ecosystem to provide its fundamental
life requirements, such as a certain soil
type, minimum level of rainfall, or
suitable water quantity (in the case of
the three damselflies), we consider the
physical or biological features present in
the ecosystems described in this rule to
provide the necessary PCEs for each
species. The ecosystems’ features
collectively provide the suite of
environmental conditions within each
ecosystem essential to meeting the
requirements of each species, including
the appropriate microclimatic
conditions for germination and growth
of the plants (e.g., light availability, soil
nutrients, hydrologic regime,
temperature); adequate instream flows
and upland habitat for cover and
foraging for the damselfly species;
maintenance of upland habitat so that it
provides for the proper ecological
functioning of streams for the
damselflies (e.g., water quality, water
temperature); and in all cases, space
within the appropriate habitats for
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population growth and expansion, as
well as to maintain the historical,
geographical, and ecological
distribution of each species. In many
cases, due to our limited knowledge of
the specific life-history requirements for
these species, which are little-studied
and occur in remote and inaccessible
areas, the more general description of
the physical or biological features that
provide for the successful function of
the ecosystem that is essential to the
conservation of the species represents
the best scientific information available.
Accordingly, for purposes of this rule,
the physical or biological features of a
properly functioning ecosystem are the
physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of the 124 species in
this rule that occur in those ecosystems.
Table 4 identifies the physical or
biological features of a functioning
ecosystem for each of the ecosystem
types identified in this rule, and each
species identified in this rule requires
the physical or biological features for
each ecosystem in which that species
occurs, as noted in Table 5. These
physical or biological features provide
the PCEs for the individual species in
each ecosystem. The physical or
biological features are defined here by
elevation, annual levels of precipitation,
substrate type and slope, and the ability
to support viable populations of
characteristic native plant genera that
are found in the canopy, subcanopy,
and understory levels of the vegetative
community where applicable. If further
information is available indicating
additional, specific life-history
requirements for some species, PCEs
relating to these requirements are
described separately and are termed
‘‘unique PCEs for species,’’ and are
identified in Table 5. The PCEs for each
species are therefore composed of the
physical or biological features found in
its functioning ecosystem(s), in
combination with additional unique
requirements, if any, as shown in Table
4. Note that the PCEs identified in Table
5 for each species are directly related to
the physical or biological features
presented in detail in Table 4; thus, both
Tables 4 and 5 must be read together to
fully describe all of the PCEs for each
species.
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57699
TABLE 4—PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL FEATURES IN EACH ECOSYSTEM
[Read in association with table 5]
Ecosystem
Elevation
Annual
precipitation
Substrate
Capable of Supporting Viable Populations of Associated
Native Plant Genera
Canopy
Subcanopy
Understory
Hibiscus,
Myoporum,
Santalum,
Scaevola.
Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
Diospyros,
Myoporum,
Pleomele,
Santalum,
Sapindus.
Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea,
Leptecophylla,
Osteomeles,
Psydrax,
Scaevola,
Wikstroemia.
Dodonaea,
Freycinetia,
Leptecophylla,
Melanthera,
Osteomeles,
Pleomele,
Psydrax.
Cibotium,
Claoxylon,
Kadua,
Melicope.
Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia,
Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium,
Sporobolus,
Vigna
Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium,
Nephrolepis,
Peperomia,
Plumbago,
Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria
Carex,
Dicranopteris,
Diplazium,
Elaphoglossum,
Peperomia
Physical or Biological Features
Coastal 1 .................
< 980 ft (< 300 m)
< 20 in (50 cm) ...
Lowland Dry 2 .........
< 3,300 ft (<1,000
m).
< 50 in (130 cm)
Lowland Mesic 3 .....
< 3,300 ft (<1,000
m).
50–75 in (130–
190 cm).
Shallow soils, little
to no herbaceous layer.
Acacia,
Diospyros,
Metrosideros,
Myrsine,
Pouteria,
Santalum.
Lowland Wet 4 ........
< 3,300 ft (<1,000
m).
> 75 in (> 190
cm).
Clays; ashbeds;
deep, welldrained soils;
lowland bogs.
Montane Wet 5 .......
3,300 to 6,600 ft
(1,000 to 2,000
m).
> 75 in (> 190
cm).
Well-developed
soils, montane
bogs.
Antidesma,
Metrosideros,
Myrsine,
Pisonia,
Psychotria.
Acacia,
Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron,
Metrosideros.
Dry Cliff 6 ................
Unrestricted .........
< 75 in (< 190
cm).
> 65 degree
slope, rocky
talus.
none ....................
Wet Cliff 7 ...............
unrestricted .........
> 75 in (> 190
cm).
> 65 degree
slope, shallow
soils, weathered
lava.
none ....................
1 The
Well-drained, calcareous, talus
slopes; weathered clay soils;
ephemeral
pools; mudflats.
Weathered silty
loams to stony
clay, rocky
ledges, littleweathered lava.
Broussaisia,
Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex,
Myrsine.
Antidesma,
Chamaesyce,
Diospyros,
Dodonaea.
Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron,
Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris,
Diplazium,
Machaerina,
Microlepia
Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma,
Leptecophylla,
Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora,
Vaccinium
Bidens,
Eragrostis,
Melanthera,
Schiedea
Ferns,
Bryophytes,
Coprosma,
Dubautia,
Kadua,
Peperomia
physical or biological features for species in the Coastal ecosystem apply to the following plant ecosystem units: Oahu–Coastal–Units 1–
15.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
2 The physical or biological features for species in the Lowland Dry ecosystem apply to the following plant ecosystem units: Oahu–Lowland
Dry–Units 1–11.
3 The physical or biological features for species in the Lowland Mesic ecosystem apply to the following plant ecosystem units: Oahu–Lowland
Mesic–Units 1–7, and to the following damselfly ecosystem units Megalagrion oceanicum Unit 1–Lowland Mesic.
4 The physical or biological features for species in the Lowland Wet ecosystem apply to the following plant ecosystem units: Oahu–Lowland
Wet–Units 1–16, and to the following damselfly ecosystem units Megalagrion leptodemas Units 1–11–Lowland Wet, M. nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum Units 1–11–Lowland Wet, and M. oceanicum Units 2–12–Lowland Wet.
5 The physical or biological features for species in the Montane Wet ecosystem apply to the following plant ecosystem units: Oahu–Montane
Wet–Unit–1.
6 The physical or biological features for species in the Dry Cliff ecosystem apply to the following plant ecosystem units: Oahu–Dry Cliff–Units
1–8.
7 The physical or biological features for species in the Wet Cliff ecosystem apply to the following plant ecosystem units: Oahu–Wet Cliff–Units
1–8, and to the following damselfly ecosystem units Megalagrion leptodemas Units 12–14–Wet Cliff, and M. oceanicum Units 13–15–Wet Cliff.
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57700
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
TABLE 5—PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE OAHU SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL FEATURES (SEE TABLE 4) IN THE APPLICABLE ECOSYSTEM(S) AS WELL AS UNIQUE PCES FOR SPECIES, IF
ANY ARE IDENTIFIED
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Coastal
PLANTS
Abutilon sandwicense .........
Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata.
Adenophorus periens ..........
Alectryon macrococcus .......
Bidens amplectens ..............
Bonamia menziesii ..............
Cenchrus agrimonioides .....
Centaurium sebaeoides ......
Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana.
Chamaesyce deppeana ......
Chamaesyce herbstii ..........
Chamaesyce kuwaleana .....
Chamaesyce rockii ..............
Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii.
Colubrina oppositifolia .........
Ctenitis squamigera ............
Cyanea acuminata ..............
Cyanea calycina ..................
Cyanea crispa .....................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae.
Cyanea humboldtiana .........
Cyanea koolauensis ............
Cyanea lanceolata ..............
Cyanea longiflora ................
Cyanea pinnatifida ..............
Cyanea purpurellifolia .........
Cyanea st.-johnii .................
Cyanea superba ..................
Cyanea truncata ..................
Cyperus pennatiformis ........
Cyperus trachysanthos .......
Cyrtandra dentata ...............
Cyrtandra gracilis ................
Cyrtandra kaulantha ............
Cyrtandra polyantha ............
Cyrtandra sessilis ................
Cyrtandra subumbellata ......
Cyrtandra viridiflora .............
Cyrtandra waiolani ..............
Delissea subcordata ...........
Diellia erecta .......................
Diellia falcata .......................
Diellia unisora .....................
Diplazium molokaiense .......
Doryopteris takeuchii ..........
Dubautia herbstobatae ........
Eragrostis fosbergii .............
Eugenia koolauensis ...........
Euphorbia haeleeleana .......
Flueggea neowawraea ........
Gardenia mannii ..................
Gouania meyenii .................
Gouania vitifolia ..................
Hesperomannia
arborescens.
Hesperomannia arbuscula ..
Hibiscus brackenridgei ........
Huperzia nutans ..................
Isodendrion laurifolium ........
Isodendrion longifolium .......
Isodendrion pyrifolium .........
VerDate Mar<15>2010
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
Dry
cliff
Wet
cliff
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X
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X
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
Unique PCEs for
species
coral outcrop substrate.
seasonal wetlands.
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57701
TABLE 5—PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE OAHU SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL FEATURES (SEE TABLE 4) IN THE APPLICABLE ECOSYSTEM(S) AS WELL AS UNIQUE PCES FOR SPECIES, IF
ANY ARE IDENTIFIED—Continued
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
Dry
cliff
Wet
cliff
Kadua coriacea ...................
Kadua degeneri ...................
Kadua parvula .....................
Korthalsella degeneri ..........
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Coastal
................
................
................
................
................
................
................
................
X
X
X
................
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X
X
X
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Labordia cyrtandrae ............
Lepidium arbuscula .............
Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla.
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis.
Lobelia monostachya ..........
Lobelia niihauensis .............
Lobelia oahuensis ...............
Lysimachia filifolia ...............
Marsilea villosa ...................
Melanthera tenuifolia ...........
Melicope christophersenii ...
Melicope hiiakae .................
Melicope lydgatei ................
Melicope makahae ..............
Melicope pallida ..................
Melicope saint-johnii ...........
Myrsine judii ........................
Neraudia angulata ...............
Nototrichium humile ............
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia hirsuta .............
Phyllostegia kaalaensis .......
Phyllostegia mollis ..............
Phyllostegia parviflora var.
lydgatei.
Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora.
Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata.
Plantago princeps var.
princeps.
Platanthera holochila ..........
Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta.
Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens.
Pleomele forbesii ................
Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis.
Pteralyxia macrocarpa ........
Pteris lidgatei ......................
Sanicula mariversa .............
Sanicula purpurea ...............
Schiedea hookeri ................
Schiedea kaalae .................
Schiedea kealiae .................
Schiedea nuttallii .................
Schiedea obovata ...............
Schiedea trinervis ...............
Sesbania tomentosa ...........
Silene lanceolata .................
Silene perlmanii ..................
Solanum sandwicense ........
Spermolepis hawaiiensis ....
Stenogyne kanehoana ........
Tetramolopium filiforme ......
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum.
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei ......
Trematolobelia singularis ....
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
Unique PCEs for
species
host plants Sapindus
oahuensis and Nestegis
sandwicensis.
bogs.
seasonal wetlands.
bog hummocks.
Bogs.
57702
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
TABLE 5—PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS FOR THE OAHU SPECIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL FEATURES (SEE TABLE 4) IN THE APPLICABLE ECOSYSTEM(S) AS WELL AS UNIQUE PCES FOR SPECIES, IF
ANY ARE IDENTIFIED—Continued
Coastal
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
Dry
cliff
Wet
cliff
................
X
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ANIMALS
blackline Hawaiian
damselfly.
................
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X
................
................
................
crimson Hawaiian damselfly
................
................
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X
................
................
X
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
................
................
X
X
................
................
X
Urera kaalae .......................
Vigna o-wahuensis ..............
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana.
Viola oahuensis ...................
Zanthoxylum oahuense .......
Unique PCEs for
species
perennial stream, slow
reaches of streams or
pools.
perennial stream, slow
reaches of streams or
pools.
perennial stream, swift-flowing sections and riffles of
streams.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Note: Total number of species in table is greater than 124 because we identify the applicable ecosystems and unique PCEs for the Oahu varieties of Phyllostegia parviflora and Plantago princeps.
Some of the species addressed in this
rule occur in more than one ecosystem.
The PCEs for these species are described
separately for each ecosystem in which
they occur. The reasoning behind this
approach is that each species requires a
different suite of environmental
conditions, depending upon the
ecosystem in which it occurs. For
example, Cyanea calycina will occur in
association with different native plant
species, depending on whether it is
found within the lowland mesic,
lowland wet, montane wet, or wet cliff
ecosystems. Each of the physical or
biological features described in each
ecosystem in which the species occurs
are essential to the conservation of the
species, to retain its geographical and
ecological distribution across the
different ecosystem types in which it
may occur. Each physical or biological
feature is also essential to retaining the
genetic representation that allows this
species to successfully adapt to different
environmental conditions in various
native ecosystems. Although some of
these species occur in multiple native
ecosystems, their declining abundance
in the face of ongoing threats, such as
increasing numbers of nonnative plant
competitors, indicates that they are not
such broad habitat generalists as to be
able to persist in highly altered habitats.
Based on an analysis of the best
available scientific information,
functioning native ecosystems provide
the fundamental biological requirements
for the narrow-range endemics
addressed in this rule.
Some examples may help to clarify
our approach to describing the PCEs for
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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each individual species. If we want to
determine the PCEs for the plant
Zanthoxylum oahuense, we look at
Table 5 to see that the PCEs for Z.
oahuense are provided by the physical
or biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem. Table 4 indicates that the
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem include
elevations of less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m); annual precipitation of more than 75
in (190 cm); clays, ashbeds, deep, welldrained soils, and lowland bogs; and
one or more genera of the subcanopy
and understory plants Alyxia, Cibotium,
Claoxylon, Cyrtandra, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Kadua, Machaerina,
Melicope, Microlepia; and one or more
of the genera of the canopy species
Antidesma, Metrosideros, Myrsine,
Pisonia, and Psychotria. As we do not
specifically know the unique PCEs for
Z. oahuense, and this plant is found
only in the lowland wet ecosystem, the
physical or biological features that
characterize the lowland wet ecosystem
are the physical and biological features
required by Z. oahuense.
As another example, Table 5 tells us
that the physical or biological features
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly
include the physical or biological
features for the lowland wet or wet cliff
ecosystems, depending on the location,
and also that this species has a speciesspecific PCE, which is a perennial
stream with slow reaches. The PCEs for
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly are
thus composed of the physical or
biological features for each of the two
ecosystems it occupies, as described in
Table 4 for the lowland wet and wet
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cliff ecosystems, as well as perennial
streams with slow reaches (i.e., stream
areas with no riffles or rapids). Table 5
is read in a similar fashion in
conjunction with Table 4 to describe the
PCEs for each of the 124 species for
which we are designating critical habitat
in this rule.
Criteria Used To Identify Critical
Habitat Boundaries
We considered several factors in the
selection of specific boundaries for
critical habitat for these 124 species. We
are designating critical habitat on lands
that contain the physical or biological
features essential to conserving multiple
species, based on their shared
dependence on the functioning
ecosystems they have in common.
Because each of the seven ecosystems
addressed in this rule does not form a
single contiguous area, the ecosystems
are divided into geographic units. The 7
ecosystem areas are divided into 62
critical habitat units.
The designated critical habitat is a
combination of areas currently occupied
by the species in that ecosystem, as well
as areas that may be currently
unoccupied. Due to the extremely
remote and inaccessible nature of some
of the areas, surveys are relatively
infrequent and may be limited in scope;
therefore, it is difficult to say with
certainty whether individual
representatives of a rare species may or
may not be present. However, the best
available scientific information suggests
that these species are occupying or have
occupied these habitats. A properly
functioning ecosystem provides the life-
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history requirements of the species that
make up that ecosystem, and the
physical and biological features found
in such an ecosystem are the PCEs
essential for the conservation of the
species that occur there. In other words,
the occupied areas provide the physical
or biological features essential to the
conservation of the species that occur in
the ecosystems we analyzed, by
providing for the successful functioning
of the ecosystem on which the species
depend. However, due to the small
population sizes, few numbers of
individuals, and reduced geographic
range of each of the 124 species for
which critical habitat is designated, we
have determined that a designation
limited to known present range of each
species would be inadequate to achieve
the conservation of those species. The
areas believed to be unoccupied have
been determined to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of the species
and will promote conservation actions
to restore their historical, geographical,
and ecological representation on Oahu.
Based on the best information
available at this time, we have
determined that the current size and
distribution of the extant populations
are not sufficient to expect a reasonable
probability of long-term survival and
recovery. For each of the 99 plant
species for which critical habitat was
designated in 2003 (and for which
critical habitat is being revised in this
rule), the overall recovery strategy
outlined in approved recovery plans
includes: (1) Stabilizing existing wild
populations; (2) protection and
management of habitat; (3) enhancement
of existing small populations and
reestablishment of new populations
with historic range; and (4) research on
species biology and ecology (Service
1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b,
1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). The
overall recovery goal in the short-term is
a successful population that can carry
on basic life history processes, such as
establishment, reproduction, and
dispersal, at a level where the
probability of extinction is low. In the
long-term, the species and its
populations should be at a reduced risk
of extinction and be adaptable to
environmental change. In general,
longlived woody perennial species
would be expected to be viable at
population levels of 50 to 250
individuals or more per population,
while short-lived perennial species
would be viable at levels of 1,500 to
2,500 individuals or more per
population. In general, the larger the
number of populations and the larger
the size of each population, the lower
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the probability of extinction (Meffe and
Carroll 1996, pp. 218–219, Raup 1991,
pp. 124, 126–127). The draft recovery
plan for Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii and Achranthes splendens
var. rotundata identifies the
augmentation of existing populations
and reestablishing both species in areas
where they are no longer extant (Service
1994, p. 58) as a recovery strategy. The
survival and recovery potential for the
three Hawaiian damselflies for which
critical habitat is being designated is
compromised by a combination of
threats exacerbated by their inherent
vulnerability to extinction. Each of these
species faces threats from limited
numbers (less than 20 populations exist
for each species), and susceptibility to
stochastic events such as drought and
flooding. The key to survival and
recovery of these species relies on the
effective use of measures to keep
nonnative species, particularly fish, out
of currently occupied habitats, and the
reestablishment of populations within
their historic range to reduce the
possibility of extinction due to
stochastic events or other threats.
Protecting and properly managing
occupied and unoccupied critical
habitat areas is necessary to provide for
the persistence of viable populations of
these species.
In summary, the long-term survival
and conservation of these species
requires the designation of sufficient
critical habitat units with suitable
habitat. Some of the habitat being
designated in this final rule is currently
not known to be occupied. However, to
recover these species, it is essential to
conserve suitable habitat in both
occupied and unoccupied units, which
will in turn allow for the establishment
of additional populations through
natural recruitment or managed
reintroductions. Establishment of these
additional populations will increase the
likelihood that the species will survive
and recover in the face of normal and
stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire,
and nonnative species introductions)
(Mangel and Tier 1994, p. 612; Pimm et
al. 1998, p. 777; Stacey and Taper 1992,
p. 27). In this regard, the designation of
critical habitat limited to the geographic
areas occupied by the species at the
time of listing would be insufficient to
achieve these recovery objectives.
For seven of the plant species
reported from Oahu and other Hawaiian
Islands, Adenophorus periens (extant on
Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii), Cyperus
pennatiformis (formerly Mariscus
pennatiformis) (extant on Maui and
Kauai), Diplazium molokaiense (extant
on Maui), Isodendrion pyrifolium
(extant on Hawaii), Kadua coriacea
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(formerly Hedyotis coriacea) extant on
Maui and Kauai), Platanthera holochila
(extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui),
and Vigna o-wahuensis (extant on
Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, and
Maui), we are designating unoccupied
areas only, as these species are not
believed to be extant on Oahu. For
Cyrtandra waiolani, a plant known only
from Oahu, we are designating
potentially unoccupied areas only.
Critical habitat boundaries for all
species were delineated to clearly depict
and promote the recovery and
conservation of these species by
incorporating the functioning
ecosystems on which they depend.
With the exception of the seven above
plant species believed to no longer be
extant on Oahu, and Cyrtandra
waiolani, which may no longer be
extant in the wild, each of the critical
habitat units in these ecosystems
contain both occupied areas and areas
that are currently unoccupied but
essential for the conservation of the
species. Because of their small numbers
or low population sizes, each of the 124
species requires suitable habitat and
space for the expansion of existing
populations to achieve a level that could
approach recovery. For example,
although Cyanea calycina is found in
multiple critical habitat units across
four ecosystem types, its entire
distribution is comprised of only 325 to
339 individuals (U.S. Army 2006;
HBMP 2008). The unoccupied areas
within each unit where the species
occurs are essential for the expansion of
this species to achieve viable population
numbers and maintain its historical
geographical and ecological
distribution.
Current and historical species
location information was used to
develop initial critical habitat
boundaries (polygons) in each of the 7
ecosystems that would individually and
collectively provide for the conservation
of the 124 species addressed in this rule.
While all 3 damselfly species are
historically known from both the
Koolau and Waianae Mountains, 83 of
the 122 plant species for which we are
designating critical habitat are
historically known from only one
mountain range on Oahu. Forty-nine
plant species (Abutilon sandwicense,
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Cenchrus
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, C.
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis var. pennatiformis, C.
trachysanthos, Diellia unisora,
Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia
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herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niiahuensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope christophersenii, M.
makahae, M. pallida, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, S. obovata,
S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S.
perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana) are
known only from the Waianae
Mountains. Thirty-six plant species
(Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea crispa, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani,
Diellia erecta, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Huperzia nutans, Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis, L. monostachya,
Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope hiiakae,
M. lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
T. lydgatei, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense) are known only from the
Koolau Mountains. For these species,
we are designating critical habitat only
in the mountain range of their historical
no longer be extant in the wild) and may
be currently unoccupied by this species.
All 40 damselfly critical habitat units
overlap areas also designated as plant
critical habitat.
When determining critical habitat
boundaries within this rule, we made
every effort to avoid including
developed areas, such as buildings and
paved areas, that lack the physical or
biological features essential for the
conservation of the 124 species. The
scale of the maps we prepared under the
parameters for publication within the
Code of Federal Regulations may not
reflect the exclusion of such developed
areas. Any such structures and the land
under them inadvertently left inside
critical habitat boundaries shown on the
maps of this rule have been excluded by
text in the rule and are not designated
as critical habitat. Therefore, Federal
actions involving these areas would not
trigger section 7 consultation with
respect to critical habitat unless the
specific action would affect the adjacent
critical habitat or its primary constituent
elements.
The critical habitat designation is
defined by the map or maps, as
modified by any accompanying
regulatory text, presented at the end of
this document in the rule portion. We
include more detailed information on
the boundaries of the critical habitat
designation in the preamble of this
document. The coordinates or plot
points, or both, on which each map is
based, is available to the public at
https://www.fws.gov/pacificislands, at
https://www.regulations.gov at Docket
No. FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043, and at the
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office
(see ADDRESSES, above).
occurrence. The initial polygons were
superimposed over digital topographic
maps of the island of Oahu and further
evaluated. In general, land areas that
were identified as highly degraded were
not included in the critical habitat units,
and natural or manmade features (e.g.,
ridge lines, valleys, streams, coastlines,
roads, obvious land features, etc.) were
used to delineate critical habitat
boundaries. Two species, Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and
Doryopteris takeuchii are not reported
from either mountain range, and we are
designating critical habitat only in their
known geographic areas, the Ewa plain
(Kalaeloa; represented by ‘‘W’’ for
Waianae in Table 7A) and Diamond
Head (represented by ‘‘K’’ for Koolau in
Table 7A), respectively.
The critical habitat areas described
below constitute our best assessment of
the areas occupied at the time of listing
containing the physical or biological
features essential for the recovery and
conservation of the 124 species,
including unoccupied areas essential for
the conservation of the species because
they, for example, provide for the
needed for expansion of reduced
populations. The approximate size of
each of the 62 plant critical habitat units
and the 40 damselfly critical habitat
units, and the status of their land
ownership, are identified in Tables 6A
and 6B, respectively. The species that
currently occupy each of the 62 plant
and 40 damselfly units are identified in
Table 7A, along with areas determined
to be exempt from critical habitat
designation under section 4(a)(3) of the
Act (Table 7B; see Exemptions, below,
for further information). Table 7A also
identifies the areas designated for
Cyrtandra waiolani (a species that may
TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATED FOR 121 OAHU PLANT SPECIES
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Land ownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Critical habitat area
Size of unit
in hectares
958
12
15
3
12
9
67
10
80
74
20
11
23
4
33
388
5
6
1
5
4
27
4
33
30
8
5
9
2
13
Oahu—Coastal
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
—Unit 12 ..........................................................................
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
—Unit 15 ..........................................................................
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State
946
12
15
3
12
9
67
10
80
0
0
0
1
0
9
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
City and
county
Federal
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
21
18SER2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74
0
0
19
2
0
Private
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
11
3
0
2
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57705
TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATED FOR 121 OAHU PLANT SPECIES—Continued
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Land ownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
TOTAL Coastal .........................................................
1,332
539
1,164
34
95
38
Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
102
29
287
15
99
37
43
166
41
12
116
6
40
15
17
67
49
0
287
15
3
1
43
0
0
29
0
0
0
16
0
166
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
0
53
0
0
0
96
3
0
0
TOTAL Lowland Dry .................................................
778
314
398
211
17
152
Oahu—Lowland Mesic
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
4,448
1,062
353
20
29
247
1,663
1,800
430
143
8
12
100
673
3,565
1,062
353
20
29
12
681
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
583
0
0
0
0
0
129
277
0
0
0
0
235
852
TOTAL Lowland Mesic .............................................
7,822
3,166
5,722
22
712
1,364
Oahu—Lowland Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
—Unit 12 ..........................................................................
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
—Unit 15 ..........................................................................
—Unit 16 ..........................................................................
541
19
29
27
74
790
1,786
3,041
15,728
124
123
53
75
478
407
2,507
219
8
12
11
30
320
723
1,231
6,365
50
50
21
30
193
165
1,014
428
19
29
27
74
0
1,499
1,386
3,827
0
0
0
1
274
407
1,533
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,509
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
112
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
147
0
123
28
74
195
0
365
0
0
0
0
0
790
288
1,655
7,245
124
0
26
0
9
0
608
TOTAL Lowland Wet ................................................
25,802
10,442
9,504
4,509
1,044
10, 745
Oahu—Montane Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
370
150
352
0
18
<1
TOTAL Montane Wet ................................................
370
150
352
0
18
<1
Oahu—Dry Cliff
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7a ..........................................................................
—Unit 7b ..........................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
49
412
450
24
149
68
38
259
20
167
182
10
60
27
16
105
49
320
101
24
149
68
38
259
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
91
349
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL Dry Cliff ........................................................
1,449
587
1,008
0
440
0
Oahu—Wet Cliff
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
235
3
16
23
31
151
95
1
6
9
13
61
167
3
16
23
31
151
0
0
0
0
0
0
68
0
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
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Critical habitat area
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TABLE 6A—CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATED FOR 121 OAHU PLANT SPECIES—Continued
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Land ownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
144
4,649
58
1,881
144
1,479
0
5
0
1,281
0
1,884
TOTAL Wet Cliff .......................................................
5,252
2,124
2,014
5
1,349
1,884
TOTAL ALL UNITS ...................................................
42,804
17,322
20,162
4,871
3,675
14,183
Critical habitat area
State
City and
county
Federal
Private
TABLE 6B—CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATED FOR 3 OAHU DAMSELFLY SPECIES
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Landownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
790
1,786
3,041
15,728
124
123
53
75
478
407
2,507
320
723
1,231
6,365
50
50
21
30
193
165
1,014
0
1,499
1,386
3,827
0
0
0
1
274
407
1,533
0
0
0
4,509
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
147
0
123
28
74
195
0
365
790
288
1,655
7,245
124
0
26
0
9
0
608
TOTAL Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland
Wet ........................................................................
25,112
10,162
8,927
4,509
932
10,745
Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Wet Cliff
—Unit 12 ..........................................................................
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
151
144
4,649
61
58
1,881
151
144
1,479
0
0
5
0
0
1,281
0
0
1,884
TOTAL Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly—Wet Cliff .....
4,944
2,000
1,774
5
1,281
1,884
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Wet
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
—Unit 2 ............................................................................
—Unit 3 ............................................................................
—Unit 4 ............................................................................
—Unit 5 ............................................................................
—Unit 6 ............................................................................
—Unit 7 ............................................................................
—Unit 8 ............................................................................
—Unit 9 ............................................................................
—Unit 10 ..........................................................................
—Unit 11 ..........................................................................
790
1,786
3,041
15,728
124
123
53
75
478
407
2,507
320
723
1,231
6,365
50
50
21
30
193
165
1,014
0
1,499
1,386
3,827
0
0
0
1
274
407
1,533
0
0
0
4,509
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
147
0
123
28
74
195
0
365
790
288
1,655
7,245
124
0
26
0
9
0
608
TOTAL Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland
Wet ........................................................................
25,112
10,162
8,927
4,509
932
10,745
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Mesic
—Unit 1 ............................................................................
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland
Mesic .....................................................................
247
100
12
0
0
235
247
100
12
0
0
235
790
1,786
3,041
15,728
123
320
723
1,231
6,365
50
0
1,499
1,386
3,827
0
0
0
0
4,509
0
0
0
0
147
0
790
288
1,655
7,245
124
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Critical habitat unit
Oceanic
—Unit 2
—Unit 3
—Unit 4
—Unit 5
—Unit 6
Hawaiian Damselfly —Lowland Wet
............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
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State
City and
county
Federal
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
Private
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57707
TABLE 6B—CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATED FOR 3 OAHU DAMSELFLY SPECIES—Continued
[Totals may not sum due to rounding]
Landownership (acres)
Size of unit
in acres
Size of unit
in hectares
7 ............................................................................
8 ............................................................................
9 ............................................................................
10 ..........................................................................
11 ..........................................................................
12 ..........................................................................
124
53
75
478
407
2,507
50
21
30
193
165
1,014
0
0
0
274
407
1,533
0
0
1
0
0
0
123
28
74
195
0
365
0
26
0
9
0
608
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Lowland Wet
25,112
10,162
8,927
4,509
932
10,745
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly —Wet Cliff
—Unit 13 ..........................................................................
—Unit 14 ..........................................................................
—Unit 15 ..........................................................................
151
144
4,649
61
58
1,881
151
144
1,479
0
0
5
0
0
1,281
0
0
1,884
TOTAL Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Wet Cliff ......
4,944
2,000
1,774
5
1,281
1,884
Critical habitat unit
—Unit
—Unit
—Unit
—Unit
—Unit
—Unit
State
City and
county
Federal
Private
TABLE 7A—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM, AND SECTION 4(A)(3) EXEMPT
AREAS
[See discussion below]
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Species
PLANTS
Abutilon sandwicense ........................
Achyranthes
splendens
var.
rotundata.
Adenophorus periens .........................
Alectryon macrococcus ......................
Bidens amplectens .............................
Bonamia menziesii .............................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ....................
Centaurium sebaeoides .....................
Chamaesyce
celastroides
var.
kaenana.
Chamaesyce deppeana .....................
Chamaesyce herbstii .........................
Chamaesyce kuwaleana ....................
Chamaesyce rockii .............................
Chamaesyce
skottsbergii
var.
skottsbergii.
Colubrina oppositifolia ........................
Ctenitis squamigera ...........................
Cyanea acuminata .............................
Cyanea calycina .................................
Cyanea crispa ....................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ........
Cyanea humboldtiana ........................
Cyanea koolauensis ...........................
Cyanea lanceolata .............................
Cyanea longiflora ...............................
Cyanea pinnatifida .............................
Cyanea purpurellifolia ........................
Cyanea st.-johnii ................................
Cyanea superba .................................
Cyanea truncata .................................
Cyperus pennatiformis .......................
Cyperus trachysanthos ......................
Cyrtandra dentata ..............................
Cyrtandra gracilis ...............................
Cyrtandra kaulantha ...........................
Cyrtandra polyantha ...........................
Cyrtandra sessilis ...............................
Cyrtandra subumbellata .....................
Cyrtandra viridiflora ............................
Cyrtandra waiolani* ............................
Delissea subcordata ..........................
Diellia erecta ......................................
Diellia falcata ......................................
Diellia unisora ....................................
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
Montane
wet
XW
XW
Dry cliff
XK–H
XW,
K–H
XW
XW,
XW
7,332 (2,967)
2,941 (1,190)
1,726 (699)
932 (377)
30,056 (12,163)
9,641 (3,902)
1,493 (604)
9,747 (3,944)
7,332 (2,967)
1,332 (539)
9,315 (3,770)
5,901 (2,388)
2,250 (911)
67 (27)
1,919 (777)
1,726 (699)
0 (0)
1,504 (427)
4,944 (2,001)
7,332 (2,967)
1,764 (714)
30,056 (12,163)
345 (139)
60 (24)
1,726 (699)
865 (350)
5,901 (2,388)
0 (0)
5,884 (2,381)
7,823 (3,166)
39,247 (15,883)
39,247 (15,883)
31,995 (12,948)
33,624 (13,607)
8,022 (3,246)
30,056 (12,163)
25,112 (10,163)
27,051 (10,947)
7,823 (3,166)
5,884 (2,381)
30,056 (12,163)
30,056 (12,163)
5,884 (2,381)
31,995 (12,948)
5,884 (2,381)
112 (45)
35,073 (14,194)
25,112 (10,163)
30,056 (12,163)
27,051 (10,947)
30,056 (12,163)
30,056 (12,163)
30,056 (12,163)
25,112 (10,163)
7,823 (3,166)
1,939 (785)
9,271 (3,752)
7,332 (2,967)
861 (349)
987 (349)
7,548 (3,055)
7,548 (3,055)
6,027 (2,439)
6,989 (2,828)
1,887 (764)
5,901 (2,388)
5,841 (2,364)
5,966 (2,415)
987 (399)
861 (349)
5,901 (2,388)
5,901 (2,388)
861 (349)
6,027 (2,439)
861 (349)
50 (20)
7,854 (3,178)
5,841 (2,634)
5,901 (2,388)
65,966 (2,415)
5,901 (2,388)
5,901 (2,388)
5,901 (2,388)
5,841 (2,364)
987 (399)
126 (51)
1,534 (621)
1,726 (699)
Wet cliff
XW
XW
XW
XW,
XW
K
XW
XW
Exempt from
critical habitat ac
(ha) under
4(a)(3)
XK–H
Lowland
wet
Critical habitat ac
(ha)
XK
Coastal
XW,
XW
XW
K–H
XW
XW
XW
K
XW
XW
XW
XK–H
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW,
XW,
XW,
XK
XW,
XW
K–H
K
K
K
XK
XW, K–H
XW–H
XW,
XW,
XK
XW,
XW
XK
XK
XK
K
K
XW
XW
XW,
XW,
XK
K
K
K
XW
XK
XK
XK
XW
XK
XW–H
XW,
K
Jkt 226001
XW,
XK
XK
XK–H
XK–H
K
XW,
K
XK
XW,
XK
XW,
XW
PO 00000
XW, K
XK
XK
XK
XK
XK
XK
XK–H
XW
XK
XK
XK
XK
K–H
XW
XW
K–H
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
TABLE 7A—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM, AND SECTION 4(A)(3) EXEMPT
AREAS—Continued
[See discussion below]
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Species
Coastal
Diplazium molokaiense ......................
Doryopteris takeuchii .........................
Dubautia herbstobatae .......................
Eragrostis fosbergii ............................
Eugenia koolauensis ..........................
Euphorbia haeleeleana ......................
Flueggea neowawraea .......................
Gardenia mannii .................................
Gouania meyenii ................................
Gouania vitifolia .................................
Hesperomannia arborescens .............
Hesperomannia arbuscula .................
Hibiscus brackenridgei .......................
Huperzia nutans .................................
Isodendrion laurifolium .......................
Isodendrion longifolium ......................
Isodendrion pyrifolium ........................
Kadua coriacea ..................................
Kadua degeneri ..................................
Kadua parvula ....................................
Korthalsella degeneri .........................
Labordia cyrtandrae ...........................
Lepidium arbuscula ............................
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla .....
Lobelia
gaudichaudii
ssp.
koolauensis.
Lobelia monostachya .........................
Lobelia niihauensis ............................
Lobelia oahuensis ..............................
Lysimachia filifolia ..............................
Marsilea villosa ..................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ..........................
Melicope christophersenii ..................
Melicope hiiakae ................................
Melicope lydgatei ...............................
Melicope makahae .............................
Melicope pallida .................................
Melicope saint-johnii ..........................
Myrsine juddii .....................................
Neraudia angulata ..............................
Nototrichium humile ...........................
Peucedanum sandwicense ................
Phyllostegia hirsuta ............................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ......................
Phyllostegia mollis .............................
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei ...
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
Plantago princeps var. longibracteata
Plantago princeps var. princeps ........
Platanthera holochila .........................
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta .......
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens ...
Pleomele forbesii ...............................
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .......................
Pteris lidgatei .....................................
Sanicula mariversa ............................
Sanicula purpurea ..............................
Schiedea hookeri ...............................
Schiedea kaalae ................................
Schiedea kealiae ................................
Schiedea nuttallii ................................
Schiedea obovata ..............................
Schiedea trinervis ..............................
Sesbania tomentosa ..........................
Silene lanceolata ................................
Silene perlmanii .................................
Solanum sandwicense .......................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...................
Stenogyne kanehoana .......................
Tetramolopium filiforme .....................
Tetramolopium
lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum.
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ..............
Tetraplasandra lydgatei .....................
Trematolobelia singularis ...................
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Lowland
dry
Lowland
mesic
XW–H
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
Dry cliff
XW–H
XK
XW
XW,
XW
K–H
XW
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW–H
XW, K
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW,
K
XW
XW
XW
XK
XW
XK
XW,
XW,
XK
XW
K–H
XW,
K
K
XW–H
XW–H
XW–H,
XW
XW
XW,
K–H
XW
XW
XW
XW,
K
K
XW
XW,
K
XW,
XK
K
XW
XW
XK
XK
XW
XW
XW,
XW,
K
XW,
XW
K
XW
K
XW
XW
XW
XK
XW
XW
XW,
XW
XK
XK
XW
XW
K–H
XK
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW
XW, K
XW
XW, K–H
XW–H
XK–H
XW,
XW
XK
XK–H
XW, K
XK
XK
K
XW
XW
XW,
XW
XK
XW
XW
XK
XW,
XK
XW
K
XK
XW,
K
XK
XW
XW,
K
XW
XK
XW
XW
K
XW
XW
XW,
XW
K–H
XW
XW,
K
XK
XW
XW
XW,
XW
K
XW,
K
XW
K–H
XW
XW,
XW
XW,
XW
XW
XW
K
Jkt 226001
XW
XW–H,
XW,
XW
XW
K–H
XW
K
XW
XW
XW
XW
XK
XK
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XK
XK
PO 00000
XK
XK
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
Critical habitat ac
(ha)
Exempt from
critical habitat ac
(ha) under
4(a)(3)
6,573 (2,660)
301 (122)
7,332 (2,967)
7,332 (2,967)
7,823 (3,166)
6,359 (2,573)
7,332 (2,967)
33,624 (13,607)
8,109 (3,281)
8,497 (3,439)
32,935 (13,328)
6,573 (2,660)
6,359 (2,573)
30,056 (12,163)
9,271 (3,752)
33,624 (13,607)
1,924 (779)
7,823 (3,166)
7,332 (2,967)
7,332 (2,967)
1,449 (586)
39,247 (15,883)
1,449 (586)
1,449 (586)
25,112 (10,163)
1,023 (414)
0 (0)
1,726 (699)
1,726 (699)
987 (399)
929 (376)
1,726 (699)
6,989 (2,828)
1,793 (726)
1,955 (791)
6,827 (2,763)
1,023 (414)
929 (376)
5,901 (2,388)
1,852 (749)
6,989 (2,828)
932 (377)
987 (399)
1,726 (699)
1,726 (699)
865 (350)
7,548 (3,055)
865 (350)
865 (350)
5,841 (2,364)
1,939 (785)
7,372 (2,967)
31,425 (12,717)
4,944 (2,001)
127 (51)
7,808 (3,160)
679 (275)
25,112 (10,163)
27,051 (10,947)
7,332 (2,967)
5,884 (2,381)
9,271 (3,752)
25,112 (10,163)
7,808 (3,160)
7,808 (3,160)
1,449 (586)
39,247 (15,883)
7,332 (2,967)
8,512 (3,445)
5,884 (2,381)
31,995 (12,948)
25,112 (10,163)
35,382 (14,319)
25,112 (10,163)
25,112 (10,163)
7,332 (2,967)
9,747 (3,944)
30,056 (12,163)
40,326 (16,320)
25,112 (10,163)
7,332 (2,967)
30,056 (12,163)
8,806 (3,564)
13,765 (5,571)
1,493 (604)
7,823 (3,166)
7,332 (2,967)
2,127 (861)
1,332 (539)
1,449 (586)
7,332 (2,967)
7,823 (3,166)
2,225 (900)
5,884 (2,381)
1,449 (586)
7,332 (2,967)
126 (51)
1,726 (699)
6,562 (2,655)
60 (24)
50 (20)
1,793 (726)
499 (202)
5,841 (2,364)
5,966 (2,415)
1,726 (699)
861 (349)
1,852 (749)
5,841 (2,364)
1,793 (726)
1,793 (726)
865 (350)
7,548 (3,055)
1,726 (699)
1,148 (465)
861 (349)
6,027 (2,439)
5,841 (2,364)
7,954 (3,219)
5,841 (2,364)
5,841 (2,364)
1,726 (699)
1,919 (777)
5,901 (2,388)
8,014 (3,243)
5,841 (2,364)
1,726 (699)
5,901 (2,388)
2,055 (832)
1,309 (529)
67 (27)
987 (399)
1,726 (699)
1,364 (552)
0 (0)
865 (350)
1,726 (699)
987 (399)
932 (377)
861 (349)
865 (350)
1,726 (699)
31,995 (12,948)
1,939 (785)
30,056 (12,163)
Wet cliff
6,027 (2,439)
126 (51)
5,901 (2,388)
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57709
TABLE 7A—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT IS DESIGNATED IN EACH ECOSYSTEM, AND SECTION 4(A)(3) EXEMPT
AREAS—Continued
[See discussion below]
Species
Lowland
dry
Coastal
Urera kaalae ......................................
Vigna o-wahuensis .............................
Viola
chamissoniana
ssp.
chamissoniana.
Viola oahuensis ..................................
Zanthoxylum oahuense ......................
XW
XW–H,
Exempt Area ac (ha) ..........................
Total Area Designated as Critical
Habitat (including Exempt Area) ac
(ha).
Lowland
wet
Montane
wet
Critical habitat ac
(ha)
1,023 (414)
0 (0)
1,726 (699)
30,056 (12,163)
25,112 (10,163)
5,901 (2,388)
5,841 (2,364)
25,112 (10,163)
30,056 (12,163)
30,303 (12,263)
Wet cliff
Exempt from
critical habitat ac
(ha) under
4(a)(3)
6,573 (2,660)
1,332 (539)
7,332 (2,967)
Dry cliff
5,841 (2,364)
5,901 (2,388)
6,027 (2,439)
XW
K–H
XW
XW
XK
XK
ANIMALS
blackline Hawaiian damselfly .............
crimson Hawaiian damselfly ..............
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly ..............
Designated CH ac (ha) ......................
Lowland
mesic
XK
XW–H,
XW–H,
XW–H,
XK
K
XK
XK
K
K
1,332
(539)
0
(0)
776
(314)
335
(136)
7,823
(3,166)
987
(399)
25,802
(10,442)
6,002
(2,429)
370
(150)
399
(161)
1,449
(586)
865
(350)
5,253
(2,126)
161
(65)
1,332
(539)
1,111
(450)
8,810
(3,565)
31,804
(12,871)
769
(311)
2,314
(936)
5,414
(2,191)
W = occurs within indicated ecosystem in the Waianae Mountain caldera complex.
K = occurs within indicated ecosystem in the Koolau Mountain caldera complex.
W–H = known historically (last observed > 20 yrs ago) from indicated ecosystem in the Waianae Mountain caldera complex.
K–H = known historically (last observed > 20 yrs ago) from indicated ecosystem in the Koolau Mountain caldera complex.
The area known to be occupied by species for which the unit is designated also provides area essential to the conservation of all of the species that occur in that
particular ecosystem. Unoccupied habitat provides space and appropriate environmental conditions for activities such as seed dispersal and reproduction that will
serve to expand the existing populations.
* This species may no longer occur in the wild.
Note: Total number of species in table is greater than 124 because we identify the applicable ecosystems and section 4(A)(3) exempt areas for the Oahu varieties
of Phyllostegia parviflora and Plantago princeps.
TABLE 7B—AREAS BY ECOSYSTEM DETERMINED TO BE EXEMPT FROM DESIGNATION UNDER SECTION 4(A)(3) OF THE
ACT
Designated critical habitat
Ecosystem
Ac
Coastal .............................................................................
Lowland Dry .....................................................................
Lowland Mesic .................................................................
Lowland Wet ....................................................................
Montane Wet ....................................................................
Dry Cliff ............................................................................
Wet Cliff ...........................................................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Special Management Considerations or
Protections
The term critical habitat is defined in
section 3(5)(A) of the Act, in part, as
geographic areas on which are found the
physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of the species and
‘‘which may require special
management considerations or
protection.’’
In identifying critical habitat in
occupied areas, we determine whether
those areas that contain the features
essential to the conservation of the
species require any special management
actions. Although the determination
that special management may be
required is not a prerequisite to
designating critical habitat in
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
1,332
776
7,823
25,802
370
1,449
4,649
Ha
Acres (hectares) exempt
from critical habitat
Ac
539
314
3,166
10,442
150
586
1,881
0
335
987
6,002
399
865
161
unoccupied areas, special management
is needed throughout all of the critical
habitat units. The following discussion
of special management needs is
therefore applicable to each of the 124
Oahu species for which we are
designating critical habitat.
The 124 Oahu species for which we
are designating critical habitat include
116 species that are currently found in
the wild on Oahu; 7 plant species found
currently only on other Hawaiian
Islands, but which were historically
found on Oahu; and 1 plant species,
Cyrtandra waiolani, which may not be
extant in the wild. For each of the 123
species currently found in the wild, we
have determined that the features
essential to their conservation are
PO 00000
Frm 00063
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
Ha
0
136
399
2,429
161
350
65
Total area considered
Ac
1,332
1,111
8,810
31,804
769
2,314
5,414
Ha
539
450
3,565
12,871
311
936
2,191
primarily dependent on the successful
functioning of the ecosystem(s) in
which they occur (see Tables 4 and 5).
As described earlier, in some cases,
additional species-specific primary
constituent elements were also
identified (see Table 5). Special
management considerations or
protections are necessary throughout the
critical habitat areas designated to avoid
further degradation or destruction of the
habitat that provides those features
essential to their conservation. The
primary threats to the physical or
biological features essential to the
conservation of all of these species
include habitat destruction and
modification by feral ungulates,
competition with nonnative species,
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hurricanes, landslides, rockfalls,
flooding, fire, drought, and climate
change. The Hawaiian damselflies are
additionally threatened by destruction
and modification of their aquatic habitat
due to conversion and fill for agriculture
and development, and stream
alterations (diversions, channelization,
and dewatering). The reduction of these
threats will require the implementation
of special management actions within
each of the critical habitat areas
identified in this rule.
All critical habitat, except in the
coastal ecosystem on Oahu, requires
active management to address the
ongoing degradation and loss of native
habitat caused by feral ungulates (pigs
and goats). Feral ungulates also impact
the habitat through predation and
trampling. Without this special
management, habitat containing the
features that are essential for the
conservation of these species will
continue to be degraded and destroyed.
All critical habitat requires active
management to address the ongoing
degradation and loss of native habitat
caused by nonnative plants. Special
management is also required to prevent
the introduction of new alien plant
species into native habitats. Particular
attention is required during nonnative
plant control efforts to avoid creating
additional disturbances that may
facilitate the further introduction and
establishment of invasive plant seeds.
Precautions are also required to avoid
the inadvertent trampling of listed plant
species in the course of management
activities.
The active control of nonnative plant
species will help to address the threat
posed by fire to 25 of the designated
ecosystem critical habitat units in
particular: Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
6, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
(Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 7b), and Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8. This threat is largely a
result of the presence of nonnative plant
species such as the grasses Cenchrus
ciliaris and Melinis minutiflora that
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increase the fuel load and quickly
regenerate after a fire. These nonnative
grass species can outcompete native
plants that are not adapted to fire,
creating a grass-fire cycle that alters
ecosystem functions (D’Antonio and
Vitousek 1992, pp. 64–66; Brooks et al.
2004, p. 680).
Thirty-four of the ecosystem critical
habitat units (Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 (Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 7b), Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8) may
require special management to reduce
the threat of landslides, rockfalls, and
flooding. These threaten to further
degrade habitat conditions in these
units and have the potential to eliminate
some populations of 23 plants (e.g.,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
lanceolata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
kaulantha, C. sessilis, Doryopteris
takeuchii, Huperzia nutans, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope makahae,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora, Plantago princeps, P. cornuta
var. decurrens, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea kealiae, S. obovata, Solanum
sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana) and the 3 damselfly
species found on steep slopes and cliffs,
or in narrow gulches. In addition,
perennial streams in 40 of the
overlapping ecosystem units (blackline
Hawaiian damselfly Lowland Wet units
1–11; crimson Hawaiian damselfly
Lowland Wet units 1–11 and Wet Cliff
units 12–14; and oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly critical habitat Lowland
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Mesic unit 1, Lowland Wet units 2–12,
and Wet Cliff units 13–15) may require
special management to reduce the
threats to the blackline, crimson, and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies from
diversions, dewatering, vertical wells,
and stream channelization.
In summary, we find that each of the
areas we are designating as critical
habitat contains features essential for
the conservation of the species that may
require special management
considerations or protection to ensure
the conservation of the 124 Oahu
species. These special management
considerations and protections are
required to preserve and maintain the
essential features provided to these
species by the ecosystems upon which
they depend. The specific areas
designated as critical habitat that are
outside the geographical areas occupied
by these species have been determined
to be essential for their conservation.
Critical Habitat Designation
We are designating 42,804 ac (17,322
ha) as critical habitat in 7 ecosystem
types for 124 species. The critical
habitat is comprised of 62 critical
habitat units for the plants and 40
critical habitat units for the damselflies
(see Tables 6A and 6B, above, for
details). The critical habitat includes
land under State, City and County of
Honolulu, Federal (Department of
Defense–Navy; Department of
Homeland Security–Coast Guard;
Department of the Interior–Fish and
Wildlife Service), and private
ownership. The critical habitat units we
describe below constitute our current
best assessment of those areas that meet
the definition of critical habitat for the
124 species of plants and animals.
Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units
The unit descriptions presented here
represent the 7 essential ecosystem
areas that we have identified for all 124
species. Critical habitat for the 121
Oahu plant species and critical habitat
for the 3 Oahu damselflies are published
in separate sections of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR); critical
habitat is published at 50 CFR 17.99(i)
for Oahu plants and at 50 CFR 17.95(i)
for the 3 damselfly species. However,
the same geographic area represents
designated critical habitat for both
plants and damselflies in some portions
of Oahu. For example, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 6 and oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly—Unit 1—Lowland Mesic
correspond to the same geographic area.
Therefore, because the unit boundaries
are the same, we are describing them
only once to avoid redundancy, as
indicated in the unit descriptions by the
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inclusion of ‘‘(and)’’ following the unit
name.
As provided under section 4(b)(2) of
the Act, some or portions of each of
these areas were considered for
exclusion from critical habitat in this
final rule. Exclusions are considered
based weighing the benefits of inclusion
against the benefits of excluding such
area in critical habitat after considering
all relevant impacts, including
information provided during the public
comment period on potential economic
impacts of this critical habitat
designation. The consideration of
potential economic impacts applies
solely to the designation of critical
habitat, and is not a factor in our
assessment of whether a species
warrants listing as endangered or
threatened under the Act.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1 consists of
946 ac (383 ha) of State land, 11 ac (4
ha) of Federal land, and 2 ac (1 ha) of
privately owned land in the coastal
ecosystem along the northwestern coast
of Oahu from Kaena Point east to
Kauhao Pali and southeast to Keawaula.
This unit is partially within Kaena Point
State Park. It is occupied by the plants
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
and Sesbania tomentosa, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see
Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 1 is not known to be occupied by
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Schiedea kealiae, or Vigna
o-wahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within their historical
range. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2 consists of 12
ac (5 ha) in the coastal ecosystem on
Mokuaula, an islet east of Kalanai Point
on the northeastern coast of Oahu. This
unit is State-owned and is classified as
a State Seabird Sanctuary. It includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
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features in the coastal ecosystem (see
Table 4). Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 2 is not currently occupied by
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3 consists of 15
ac (6 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
the larger of two islets (Moku Manu) off
the windward coast of Oahu near
Mokapu Peninsula. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as PCEs
in the coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3 is not
currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4 consists of 3
ac (1 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, the
smaller of two islets (Moku Manu) off
the windward coast of Oahu near
Mokapu Peninsula. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4 is not
currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
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population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5 consists of 12
ac (5 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, the
larger of two islands (Mokulua Islands)
off the windward coast of Oahu near
Wailea Point. This unit is State-owned,
classified as a State Seabird Sanctuary,
and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5 is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 consists of 9
ac (4 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
the smaller of two islands (Mokulua
Islands) off the windward coast of Oahu
near Wailea Point. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 is not
currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7 consists of 67
ac (27 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
the larger of two islands (Manana
Island) off the windward coast of Oahu
near Makapuu Point. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
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native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4).
Although Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7 is not
currently occupied by Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8 consists of 10
ac (4 ha) in the coastal ecosystem, on
the smaller of two islands (Kaohikaipu
Island) off the windward coast of Oahu
near Makapuu Point. This unit is Stateowned, classified as a State Seabird
Sanctuary, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit is occupied by the plant Sesbania
tomentosa and contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 8 is not currently occupied by
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, or Vigna o-wahuensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these coastal species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9 consists of 80
ac (33 ha) of State land in the coastal
ecosystem on the leeward side of
Makapuu Point (Puuokipahulu). This
unit is occupied by the plants Cyperus
trachysanthos and Marsilea villosa, and
includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem, as well as PCEs unique for
the plants C. trachysanthos and M.
villosa (see Tables 4 and 5). This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
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species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 9 is not currently occupied by
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10 consists of
74 ac (30 ha) in the coastal ecosystem,
owned by the City and County of
Honolulu at Halona Point on the
leeward side of Koko Crater, extending
from Sandy Beach to Kahauloa. It is
occupied by the plant Centaurium
sebaeiodes and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10 is not known
to be occupied by Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11 consists of
20 ac (8 ha) of privately owned land in
the coastal ecosystem, at Ihiihilauakea
on Koko Head (Kaihuokapuaa). This
unit is occupied by the plant Marsilea
villosa, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem, as well as PCEs
unique for this species (see Tables 4 and
5). This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
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expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 11 is not currently occupied by
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 consists of
11 ac (5 ha) of City and County land in
the coastal ecosystem, at Nonoula on
Koko Head (Kaihuokapuaa). This unit is
occupied by the plant Marsilea villosa,
and includes the mixed herbland and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the coastal
ecosystem, as well as PCEs unique for
this species (see Tables 4 and 5). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 is not currently
occupied by Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Sesbania tomentosa, or
Vigna o-wahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these
coastal species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13 consists of
19 ac (8 ha) of City and County land, 1
ac (0.5 ha) of State land, and 3 ac (1 ha)
of privately owned land in the coastal
ecosystem at Kalaeloa. This unit is
occupied by the plant Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see
Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
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populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 13 is not known to be occupied by
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14 consists of 2
ac (1 ha) of City and County of Honolulu
land, and 2 ac (1 ha) of Federal land
(U.S. Coast Guard) in the coastal
ecosystem at Kalaeloa. This unit is
occupied by the plant Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, and includes
the mixed herbland and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the coastal ecosystem (see
Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 14 is not known to be occupied by
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna owahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15 consists of 9
ac (4 ha) of State land, 2 ac (1 ha) of
privately owned land, and 21 ac (9 ha)
of Federal (Pearl Harbor NWR) land at
Kalaeloa. This unit is occupied by the
plant Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, and includes the mixed
herbland and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
coastal ecosystem (see Table 4). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the PCEs
necessary for the expansion of the
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existing wild populations. Although
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15 is not known
to be occupied by Bidens amplectens,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Schiedea
kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, or Vigna
o-wahuensis, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these coastal species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 consists
of 49 ac (20 ha) of State land and 53 ac
(22 ha) of privately owned land in the
Waianae Mountains, extending from
Haili Gulch to Kawaipahai. This unit is
occupied by the plants Bidens
amplectens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea
kealiae, and includes the dry forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Pleomele
forbesii, Schiedea hookeri, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2 consists
of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland dry
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains,
on Federal land within Kaena Point
State Park. This unit is occupied by the
plants Bonamia menziesii, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Nototrichium humile, and
Pleomele forbesii, and includes the dry
forest and shrubland, the moisture
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regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bidens
amplectens, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Neraudia angulata, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kealiae, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6 consists
of 287 ac (116 ha) of State land in the
lowland dry ecosystem, on the outer rim
of Leahi (Diamond Head) Crater within
Diamond Head State Monument. This
unit is occupied by the plants
Doryopteris takeuchii and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, and includes the dry forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland dry ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 6 is not known to be
occupied by the plant Gouania meyenii,
we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and
recovery of this lowland dry species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical range
of the species. Due to its small numbers
of individuals or low population sizes,
this species requires suitable habitat and
space for expansion or reintroduction to
achieve population levels that could
achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7 consists
of 15 ac (6 ha) of State land in the
lowland dry ecosystem, in Leahi
(Diamond Head) Crater within Diamond
Head State Monument. This unit is
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occupied by the plant Cyperus
trachysanthos and includes the dry
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland dry ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for this plant
(see Tables 4 and 5). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Doryopteris
takeuchii, Gouania meyenii, Marsilea
villosa, or Spermolepis hawaiiensis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species, and the unique PCEs for the
species M. villosa (see Table 5). Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 consists
of 96 ac (40 ha) of privately owned land
and 3 ac (1 ha) of State land as part of
the old railroad right-of-way in the
lowland dry ecosystem, at the Kalaeloa
Barber’s Point Harbor area. The area was
occupied by Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii at the time the species
was listed (see 47 FR 36846, August 24,
1982), although it is not currently
known to be occupied by C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii. The species was last
observed on this site in 1989. However,
even though the site is degraded, during
two recent field surveys (November
2011 and June 2012), we verified that
the area being designated contains the
physical and biological features of the
lowland dry ecosystem and the coral
outcrop substrate that is essential for the
conservation of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (see Tables 4 and 5). Based
on the field visits, the boundaries of the
unit were revised to remove areas that
were modified by construction and
excavation activities, and do not contain
essential features. This resulted in the
reduction of the unit from the 292 ac
(118 ha) that were originally proposed
to the 99 ac (40 ha) that are included in
this final rule.
These physical and biological features
are essential to the conservation of the
species in this location because the
conservation of the species requires reestablishment of populations of this
species in areas where it once occurred.
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Based on our evaluation of the
conservation needs for Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, a plant
requiring another individual for
pollination (obligate-outcrosser) and
living 10 years or less (short-lived
perennial), we will need 7 to 8
populations containing a total of 10,000
mature individuals with at least 1,000
mature individuals per population in
order to recover the species. The
numbers of individuals and numbers of
populations calculated for the 4
Lowland Dry units for akoko was based
on our analysis (white paper) ‘‘Recovery
Needs and Strategy for Akoko’’, June 20,
2012. This analysis incorporated data
from the Recovery Plan for C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
(1993), surveys/species reports from
1979, 1981, 1984, and 2012, the Revised
Recovery Objective Guidelines as
determined by the Hawaii and Pacific
Plants Recovery Coordinating
Committee (HPPRCC) 2011, and plant
genetics information from Guerrant et
al. (2004, pp. 419–441) and Neel and
Cummings (2003).
Currently, Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii is found in 2
occurrences in the lowland dry
ecosystem on the Ewa Plain in
southwestern Oahu, totaling
approximately 200 wild individuals and
600 outplanted individuals (Guinther
and Withrow 2008, pp. 6, 9–10;
Whistler 2008, pp. 7–9; U.S. Navy et al.
2012, pp. 19–20). In our review of areas
on the Ewa Plain where the features
essential to the conservation of this
species are still present, we were only
able to find four sites that still had the
essential features; were not already
modified by construction, development,
or excavation activities; were large
enough to provide habitat for at least
one self-sustaining population; and
provided adequate distribution across
the historical range of the species. To
the extent that portions of this unit may
not have been occupied at the time of
listing, they are essential to the
conservation of the species because, as
discussed above, conservation of this
species will require establishment of
additional populations and this is one of
the few suitable locations. Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8 is one of four
locations included in this final critical
habitat designation that is essential to
the conservation of Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii. It was
previously occupied by the species and
still contains the features essential to its
conservation, such as the unique coral
outcrop substrate. Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8 may be able to provide for
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two separate populations of C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii. A
designation limited to areas presently
occupied by the species would be
inadequate to ensure the conservation of
the species because the one occupied
unit (only Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
11, see below, is occupied by wild
individuals; Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9 contains outplanted, propagated
individuals) would not provide enough
area to support 7 to 8 populations
needed for recovery, as determined in
the ‘‘Recovery Needs and Strategy for
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (Ewa Plains akoko)’’
(Service 2012, entire).There are no other
geographic areas that are both
undeveloped and contain the speciesspecific PCE of coral outcrop substrate.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 is not
known to be occupied by Bidens
amplectens, one of the plants being
listed in this rule as endangered.
However, we have determined the lands
within this unit are essential for the
conservation of this lowland dry
species, because they provide the
habitat necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species (see Table 4). Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, this species requires
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Additionally, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 8 was not occupied by the
endangered plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (see 51 FR
10518, March 26, 1986, and 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003, for previous
Federal actions), at the time they were
listed, and is not currently known to be
occupied by these 14 species. However,
we have determined the lands within
this unit are essential for the
conservation of these lowland dry
species, because they provide the
habitat necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species (see Table 4). Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9 consists
of 17 ac (7 ha) of City and County land,
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3 ac (1 ha) of privately owned land, 1
ac (0.5 ha) of State land, and 16 ac (6
ha) of Federal (Pearl Harbor NWR) land
in the lowland dry ecosystem at
Kalaeloa. This unit was not occupied by
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii at the time the species was
listed (see 47 FR 36846, August 24,
1982). As noted in the description of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 above, we
have determined that for C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii, a plant requiring
another individual for pollination
(obligate-outcrosser) and living 10 years
or less (short-lived perennial), we will
need 7 to 8 populations containing at
least a total of 10,000 mature
individuals with at least 1,000 mature
individuals per population in order to
recover the species HPPRCC 2011;
Guerrant et al. 2004, pp. 419–441; Neel
and Cummings 2003). Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9 is one of the four locations
included in this final critical habitat
designation that is essential to the
conservation of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii; please see discussion of the
importance of these areas on the Ewa
Plain, above, in the description of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8. This unit
is currently occupied by recently
outplanted individuals of Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, and
includes the dry forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland dry
ecosystem, and the unique PCEs for the
species C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
(see Tables 4 and 5). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing
populations. Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9 may be able to provide for one
separate population of C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii. Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 9 is not known to be occupied by
another plant being listed as endangered
in this rule, Bidens amplectens. We
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
both of these lowland dry species
because it provides the habitat
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species (see Table 4). Due
to their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery. A designation limited to areas
presently occupied by the species
would be inadequate because the one
occupied unit (only Oahu—Lowland
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Dry—Unit 11, see below, is occupied by
wild individuals; Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9 contains outplanted,
propagated individuals) would not
provide enough area to support 7 to 8
populations needed for recovery, as
determined in the ‘‘Recovery Needs and
Strategy for Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii (Ewa Plains akoko)’’
(Service 2012, entire). There are no
other geographic areas that are both
undeveloped and contain the speciesspecific PCE of coral outcrop substrate.
Additionally, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 9 was not occupied by the
endangered plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (see 51 FR
10518, March 26, 1986 and 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003), at the time they
were listed, and is not currently known
to be occupied by these 14 species. We
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species (see Table 4). Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10
consists of 43 ac (17 ha) of State land
(DHHL) in the lowland dry ecosystem at
Kalaeloa. This unit was not occupied by
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii at the time the species was
listed (see 47 FR 36846, August 24,
1982); however, C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii was observed in the area in
1998, but has not been re-observed since
that time. As noted in the description of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, above, we
have determined that C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, a plant requiring another
individual for pollination (obligateoutcrosser) and living 10 years or less
(short-lived perennial), we will need 7
to 8 populations containing a total of
10,000 mature individuals with at least
1,000 mature individuals per population
in order to recover the species (HPPRCC
2011; Guerrant et al. 2004, pp. 419–441;
Neel and Cummings 2003). Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10 is one of the four
locations included in this final critical
habitat designation that is essential to
the conservation of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii; please see discussion of the
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importance of these areas on the Ewa
Plain, above, in the description of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8. This unit
was previously occupied by
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii and still contains the
features essential to its conservation,
such as the unique coral outcrop
substrate (see Tables 4 and 5). In the
future, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10
may be able to provide for one separate
population of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii. A designation limited to
areas presently occupied by the species
would be inadequate to ensure the
conservation of the species, because the
one occupied unit (Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11) would not provide
enough area to support 7 to 8
populations needed for recovery, as
determined in the ‘‘Recovery Needs and
Strategy for Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii (Ewa Plains akoko)’’
(Service 2012, entire). There are no
other geographic areas that are both
undeveloped and contain the speciesspecific PCE of coral outcrop substrate.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10 is not
known to be occupied by another plant
being listed as endangered in this rule,
Bidens amplectens. However, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of this
lowland dry species, because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species (see Table 4). Due to its small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, this species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Additionally, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 10 was not occupied by the
endangered plants Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (see 51 FR
10518, March 26, 1986, and 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003), at the time they
were listed, and is not currently known
to be occupied by these 14 species. We
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species (see Table 4). Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
We are aware of the planned
development of the Kalaeloa Solar One
and Two alternative energy facilities
(DHHL 2011, in litt.) on lands within,
and adjacent to, this unit. The facilities,
which are independently owned and
operated, are being developed for the
purpose of reducing Oahu’s dependence
on fossil-fuel for power generation. The
January 2011 Draft Environmental
Assessment prepared for this project
states that no Federal funding or Federal
authorizations will be required to
develop this facility. We are also
unaware of any Federal nexus for this
project. Accordingly, since a critical
habitat designation only triggers a
consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the
Act for activities that have a Federal
nexus, the designation of this unit as
critical habitat is not anticipated to have
an impact on this project as proposed.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
consists of 166 ac (67 ha) of federal land
(U.S. Navy) in the lowland dry
ecosystem at Kalaeloa. The area was
occupied by Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii at the time the species
was listed (47 FR 36846, August 24,
1982), and is currently occupied by C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii. As noted in
the description of Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, above, we have determined
that for C. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii,
a plant requiring another individual for
pollination (obligate-outcrosser) and
living 10 years or less (short-lived
perennial), we will need 7 to 8
populations containing a total of 10,000
mature individuals with at least 1,000
mature individuals per population in
order to recover the species (HPPRCC
2011; Guerrant et al. 2004, pp. 419- 441;
Neel and Cummings 2003). Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11 is one of the four
locations included in this final critical
habitat designation that is essential to
the conservation of C. skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii; please see discussion of the
importance of these areas on the Ewa
Plain, above, in the description of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
includes the dry forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland dry
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (see Tables 4 and 5). This
unit also contains unoccupied habitat
that is essential to the conservation of
this species by providing the habitat
necessary for the expansion of the
existing wild populations. A
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designation limited to areas presently
occupied by the species would be
inadequate to ensure the conservation of
the species because this occupied unit
(only Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11 is
occupied by wild individuals; Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9 (see above)
contains outplanted, propagated
individuals, not wild plants) would not
provide enough area to support 7 to 8
populations needed for recovery, as
determined in the ‘‘Recovery Needs and
Strategy for Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii (Ewa Plains akoko)’’
(Service 2012, entire). There are no
other geographic areas that are both
undeveloped and contain the speciesspecific PCE of coral outcrop substrate.
In the future, Lowland Dry—Unit 11
may be able to provide for three or four
separate populations of C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii.
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11 is not
known to be occupied by another plant
being listed as endangered in this rule,
Bidens amplectens. However, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland dry species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species (see Table 4). Due to its small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, this species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Additionally, Lowland Dry—Unit 11
was not occupied by the endangered
plants Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kealiae, or
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (see 51 FR
10518, March 26, 1986, and 68 FR
35950, June 17, 2003) at the time they
were listed, and is not currently known
to be occupied by these 14 species. We
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland dry species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species (see Table 4). Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
We are aware and supportive of the
efforts underway by State and the Navy,
in coordination with the Service, to
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develop a long-term preservation or
conservation plan for Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii within this
unit. These include the development of
a State of Hawaii Habitat Conservation
Plan and the conditional transfer of
some of the Navy lands within this unit
to the Hawaii Community Development
Authority (HCDA). The State of Hawaii
Endangered Species Act already
prohibits the take of individual listed
plants by the State or any other nonFederal entity, without State review and
authorization. If the lands are
transferred by the Navy, the deed will
require Grantees and successors to enter
into a legally binding conservation and
management plan approved by the
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources, to ensure protection of C.
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii before
conveying the property (U.S. Navy 2011,
in litt.), based on the species being State
and federally listed. The purpose of this
agreement is to ensure the use or
development of the transferred property
does not adversely affect C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii, as long as the species
remains listed under the Act. If the
Navy lands are transferred to HCDA, a
portion of the lands may be used to
develop a photovoltaic alternative
energy project (HCDA 2012, in litt.;
HDOFAW 2012, in litt.). The HCDA
plans to use a portion of the revenue
generated by commercial use of HCDA
property to fund the conservation
actions required under a conservation
management plan (U.S. Navy 2011, in
litt.). The Service is committed to
working with the Navy and HCDA in
the development of this conservation
plan, to ensure it will provide for the
long-term conservation of the plant and
its habitat. Because of this close
coordination, and because the deed
restriction stipulates that C. skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii will not be adversely
affected, we believe the development of
the photovoltaic alternative energy
project, as proposed, will not be
impacted by the designation of critical
habitat in this unit, and it is our intent
to work with our partners to facilitate
this project.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1
consists of 3,565 ac (1,443 ha) of State
land, 583 ac (236 ha) of City and County
of Honolulu land, 22 ac (9 ha) of Federal
land, and 277 ac (112 ha) of privately
owned land in the lowland mesic
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains,
encompassing a large area including the
north slopes of Mt. Kaala, from the
Pahole NAR to the Kaala NAR, and
south to the Waianae Kai Forest Reserve
(FR). This unit is occupied by the plants
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
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macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
C. longiflora, C. superba, Cyrtandra
dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,
Hesperomannia arborescens, H.
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua degeneri, Lobelia niihauensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. pallida, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae, S. nuttallii,
S. obovata, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana, and includes the
mesic forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyperus pennatiformis,
Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia, Kadua
coriacea, K. parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Melicope saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Sanicula
mariversa, Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, or Urera kaalae, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2
consists of 1,063 ac (430 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains, from Puuhapapa south to
Puukaua. This area was part of the
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Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Cyanea calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. obatae, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
falcata, Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. kaalaensis, P. mollis,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kaalae, Solanum sandwicense,
Stenogyne kanehoana, and Urera
kaalae, and includes the mesic forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland mesic ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
longiflora, C. pinnatifida, C. superba,
Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hesperomannia
arborescens, H. arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
I. longifolium, Kadua coriacea, K.
degeneri, K. parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia niihauensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. pallida, M. saint-johnii,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Phyllostegia parviflora,
Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea nuttallii, S. obovata, Silene
perlmanii, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, or Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
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Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3
consists of 353 ac (143 ha) in the
lowland mesic ecosystem on the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains, from Pohakea Pass to
Kaiakuakai Gulch. This area was part of
the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This
unit is occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, D.
unisora, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
mollis, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Silene
perlmanii, and Urera kaalae, and
includes the mesic forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 5). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
C. herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
C. longiflora, C. pinnatifida, C. superba,
Cyperus pennatiformis, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diplazium molokaiense,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, K. degeneri, K. parvula,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, M. pallida,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P.
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. nuttallii, S.
obovata, Solanum sandwicense,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
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these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4
consists of 20 ac (8 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem on the windward side
of the Koolau Mountains, between the
Waipilopilo and Hanaimoa gulches, on
State-owned land within the Hauula
Forest Reserve. This unit includes the
lowland mesic forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4 is not
known to be occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
lanceolata, C. longiflora, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. polyantha,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, D.
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia monostachya, Melicope
lydgatei, M. saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. mollis, P. parviflora, Plantago
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, S.
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, or T.
lydgatei, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland mesic species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5
consists of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland
mesic ecosystem on the windward side
of the Koolau Mountains, in Maakua
Gulch and ridge; is State-owned; and
within the Hauula FR. This unit
includes the mesic forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5 is not
known to be occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
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lanceolata, C. longiflora, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. polyantha,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, D.
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia monostachya, Melicope
lydgatei, M. saint-johnii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. mollis, P. parviflora, Plantago
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, S.
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, or T.
lydgatei, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland mesic species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6 (and)
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 1—
Lowland Mesic
This area consists of 12 ac (5 ha) State
land and 235 ac (95 ha) of privately
owned land in the lowland mesic
ecosystem on the windward side of the
Koolau Mountains, inland of Kaaawa
Point, and is partially within Ahupuaa
O Kahana State Park. This area is
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. crispa, C. truncata,
Gardenia mannii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Schiedea kaalae; and
the invertebrate, the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly. This area includes the
lowland mesic forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
the damselfly (see Tables 4 and 5).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly are
dispersed in the lowland mesic
ecosystem, the lowland mesic
ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
because they provide for the proper
ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
known to be occupied by the plants
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
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calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. lanceolata, C. longiflora, Cyrtandra
dentata, C. polyantha, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, D. falcata,
Eugenia koolauensis, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, I.
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pleomele
forbesii, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum
sandwicense, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, or T. lydgatei, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland mesic species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7
consists of 681 ac (276 ha) of State land,
129 ac (52 ha) of City and County of
Honolulu land, and 852 ac (345 ha) of
privately-owned land in the lowland
mesic ecosystem on the leeward side of
the Koolau Mountains, on Waialae Nui
ridge. This unit is occupied by the
plants Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. lanceolata, Cyrtandra
polyantha, Diellia erecta, Lobelia
monostachya, Pleomele forbesii,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and includes
the mesic forest and shrubland, the
moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland mesic
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of this
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 7 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea calycina, C. crispa, C. longiflora,
C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Eugenia
koolauensis, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Melicope lydgatei, M. saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis, P.
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Schiedea
kaalae, S. nuttallii, Solanum
sandwicense, or Tetraplasandra
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gymnocarpa, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland mesic
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1 consists
of 428 ac (173 ha) of State land and 112
ac (46 ha) of City and County of
Honolulu land in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the
Waianae Mountains, and partially
within the Mokuleia and Waianae Kai
Forest Reserves. This unit is occupied
by the plants Gouania vitifolia,
Schiedea hookeri, and Urera kaalae,
and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
P. mollis, Plantago princeps, Pterlyxia
macrocarpa, or Schiedea kaalae, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 consists
of 19 ac (8 ha) of State land in the
lowland wet ecosystem on the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains at Puuhapapa. This area was
part of the Honouliuli Preserve,
managed by The Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii, and was recently acquired by
the State. This unit is occupied by the
plants Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis,
and Urera kaalae, and includes the wet
forest and shrubland, the moisture
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regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Plantago
princeps, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea hookeri, or S. kaalae, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3 consists
of 29 ac (12 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the
Waianae Mountains at Puukanehoa.
This area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
is occupied by the plants Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. mollis, and Schiedea hookeri,
and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 3 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Plantago
princeps, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Schiedea kaalae, or Urera kaalae, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
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these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4 consists
of 27 ac (11 ha) in the lowland wet
ecosystem on the windward side of the
Waianae Mountains on State land at
Puukaua. A portion of this area was part
of the Honouliuli Preserve, managed by
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and
was recently acquired by the State. This
unit is occupied by the plant
Phyllostegia mollis and includes the wet
forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 4 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Plantago princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kaalae, or Urera kaalae, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 consists
of 74 ac (30 ha) of State land in the
lowland wet ecosystem, on the
windward side of the Waianae
Mountains at Palikea. A portion of this
area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
is occupied by the plants Cyanea
calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, and
Schiedea kaalae, and includes the wet
forest and shrubland, the moisture
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regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem
(see Table 4). This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyrtandra dentata,
Diplazium molokaiense, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
P. mollis, Plantago princeps, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, or Urera
kaalae, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
1—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 1—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 2—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 790 ac (320 ha)
of privately owned land in the lowland
wet ecosystem, in privately owned land
on the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, and includes Kahawainui,
Ihiihi, Wailele, and Koloa gulches. This
area is occupied by the plant
Hesperomannia arborescens and by the
blackline and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, and includes the wet forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as
unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Tables 4 and 5).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the lowland
wet ecosystem, the lowland wet
ecosystem physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
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18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or the crimson Hawaiian damselfly, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these lowland wet species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
2—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 2—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 3—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,499 ac (606 ha)
of State land and 288 ac (117 ha) of
privately-owned land in the lowland
wet ecosystem on the windward side of
the Koolau Mountains, within the
Kaipapau and Haula Forest Reserves
and Sacred Falls State Park, from
Puukainapuaa to Kaluanui (Sacred
Falls). This unit is occupied by the
plants Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C.
humboldtiana, C. purpurellifolia, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans, Myrsine
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Viola
oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum oahuense,
and by the blackline and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies. This area
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
PO 00000
Frm 00074
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselflies (see Tables 4 and 5).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the lowland
wet ecosystem, the lowland wet
ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. The streams, foraging areas,
and cover areas that are occupied
contain the essential PCEs, and the
streams and upland areas that are not
occupied are essential to the
conservation of the species because they
support the proper ecological
functioning of the occupied areas within
the ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Cyanea crispa, C.
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
koolauensis, C. lanceolata, C. st.-johnii,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. waiolani, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Phyllostegia parviflora,
Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Sanicula purpurea, or
Trematolobelia singularis, or by the
crimson Hawaiian damselfly, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
3—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 3—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 4—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,386 ac (561 ha)
of State land and 1,655 ac (670 ha) of
privately-owned land in the lowland
wet ecosystem on the windward side of
the Koolau Mountains, partially within
the Ahupuaa O Kahana State Park,
including Waihoi Springs, and Punaluu,
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Kahana, Waikane, Waikeekee, and
Uwao streams. This area is occupied by
the plant Cyrtandra kaulantha, and by
the invertebrates, the blackline and
crimson Hawaiian damselflies. This area
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
the Hawaiian damselflies (see Tables 4
and 5). Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the lowland
wet ecosystem, the lowland wet
ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope
hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine juddii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora,
Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
4—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 4—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 5—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 3,827 ac (1,545
ha) of State land, 147 ac (60 ha) of City
and County of Honolulu land, 4,509 ac
(1,825 ha) of Federal land (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service), and 7,245 ac (2,932
ha) of privately owned land in the
lowland wet ecosystem on the leeward
side of the Koolau Mountains, partially
within the Ewa FR Waimano Section
and the Oahu Forest National Wildlife
Refuge. This area extends along the
Koolau summit from Waipio to Manaiki
Stream, and is occupied by the plants
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea calycina, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. st.johnii, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope hiiakae, M. lydgatei,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora,
Plantago princeps, Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta, Pteris lidgatei,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Viola
oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum oahuense,
and by the blackline and crimson
Hawaiian damselflies. This area
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
the Hawaiian damselflies (see Tables 4
and 5). Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline and crimson Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the lowland
wet ecosystem, the lowland wet
ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Cyanea
acuminata, C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C.
polyantha, C. sessilis, C. subumbellata,
C. waiolani, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Myrsine
juddii, Platanthera holochila, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea, or
Trematolobelia singularis, or by the
PO 00000
Frm 00075
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
57721
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
5—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 5—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 6—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) of
privately-owned land in the lowland
wet ecosystem in private land on the
windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, along Kaalaea Stream. This
area is occupied by the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly, and includes the
wet forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly (see Tables 4 and
5). Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem’s physical or
biological features are essential to this
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57722
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the crimson or oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
6—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 6—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 7—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 124 ac (50 ha) in
the lowland wet ecosystem, owned by
the City and County of Honolulu on the
windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, along Waihee Stream. This
area is occupied by the blackline and
oceanic Hawaiian damselflies, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
the Hawaiian damselflies (see Tables 4
and 5). Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the lowland
wet ecosystem, the lowland wet
ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to these damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
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18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
we have determined this area to be
essential for the conservation and
recovery of these lowland wet species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
7—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 7—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 8—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 28 ac (11 ha) of
City and County of Honolulu land and
26 ac (10 ha) of privately-owned land in
the lowland wet ecosystem on the
windward side of the Koolau
Mountains, along Kahaluu Stream and
tributary. This area is occupied by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly, and
includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
this Hawaiian damselfly (see Tables 4
and 5). Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly are
dispersed in the lowland wet ecosystem,
the lowland wet ecosystem’s physical or
biological features are essential to this
damselfly species because they provide
for the proper ecological functioning of
this ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
PO 00000
Frm 00076
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the crimson or oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
8—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 8—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 9—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 74 ac (30 ha) of
City and County of Honolulu land and
1 ac (0.5 ha) of State land in the lowland
wet ecosystem on the windward side of
the Koolau Mountains, along Heeia
Stream and tributaries. This area is
occupied by the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly, and includes the wet forest
and shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as
unique PCEs for this Hawaiian
damselfly (see Tables 4 and 5). Because
the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed in the
lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland
wet ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to this damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of this species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the crimson or oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 14 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
9—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 9—Lowland
Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 10—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 274 ac (111 ha)
of State land, 195 ac (79 ha) of City and
County of Honolulu land, and 9 ac (4
ha) of privately owned land in the
lowland wet ecosystem on the leeward
side of the Koolau Mountains, extending
from the Wilson Tunnel area southeast
to Moole Stream. This area is occupied
by the plant, Cyanea koolauensis, and
by the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
lowland wet ecosystem, as well as
unique PCEs for the Hawaiian damselfly
(see Tables 4 and 5). Because the
streams and upland foraging and cover
areas required by the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed in the
lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland
wet ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
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18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
C. humboldtiana, C. lanceolata, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. gracilis, C.
kaulantha, C. polyantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, C. waiolani,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Huperzia nutans,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. oahuensis, Melicope
hiiakae, M. lydgatei, Myrsine juddii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora,
Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the crimson or oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 15 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
10—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 10—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 11—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 407 ac (165 ha)
in the lowland wet ecosystem in State
of Hawaii Department of Land and
Natural Resources Land Division land
on the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains in Maunawili Valley,
including Omao and Maunawili streams
and Kapakahi and Pikoakea Springs.
This area is occupied by the plant,
Cyanea crispa, and by the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly, and includes the
wet forest and shrubland, the moisture
regime, and canopy, subcanopy, and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the lowland wet ecosystem,
as well as unique PCEs for the Hawaiian
damselfly (see Tables 4 and 5). Because
the streams and upland foraging and
cover areas required by the blackline
Hawaiian damselfly are dispersed in the
lowland wet ecosystem, the lowland
wet ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to this damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area also contains
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unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, C. truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
C. gracilis, C. kaulantha, C. polyantha,
C. sessilis, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis,
L. oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula
purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the crimson or oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these lowland wet
species because it provides the PCEs
necessary for the reestablishment of
wild populations within the historical
ranges of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16 (and)
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit
11—Lowland Wet (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 11—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 12—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,533 ac (621 ha)
of State land, 365 ac (148 ha) of City and
County of Honolulu land, and 608 (246
ha) of privately owned land in the
lowland wet ecosystem in on the
leeward side of the Koolau Mountains,
partly within the Honolulu Watershed
Forest Reserve, extending from the
eastern side of Nuuanu Valley southeast
along the Koolau summit to
Kulepeamoa Ridge. This area is
occupied by the plants Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, C. crispa, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
lanceolata, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra
gracilis, C. polyantha, C. sessilis,
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia
aborescens, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, Sanicula purpurea, and
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa. This area
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includes the wet forest and shrubland,
the moisture regime, and canopy,
subcanopy, and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the lowland wet
ecosystem, as well as unique PCEs for
the Hawaiian damselfly (see Tables 4
and 5). This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, C. purpurellifolia, C.
truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, C.
kaulantha, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, C. waiolani, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L.
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, M.
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Trematolobelia singularis, Viola
oahuensis, or Zanthoxylum oahuense,
or by the blackline, crimson or oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
lowland wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1 consists
of 18 ac (7 ha) of City and County of
Honolulu land, 352 ac (142 ha) of State
land, and less than 1 ac (less than one
ha) of privately-owned land in the
montane wet ecosystem at the summit
of the Waianae Mountains at Kaala, and
partially within the Mokuleia Forest
Reserve and the Kaala Natural Area
Reserve. This unit is occupied by the
plants Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Melicope
christophersenii, and Schiedea trinervis,
and includes the wet forest and
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
canopy, subcanopy, and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the
montane wet ecosystem (see Table 4).
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
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expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Montane
Wet—Unit 1 is not known to be
occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Lobelia oahuensis, or
Phyllostegia hirsuta, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
montane wet species because it provides
the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 consists of
49 ac (20 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem,
on the leeward side of the Waianae
Mountains, along the rim of Makua
Valley. This unit is on State land within
the Pahole Natural Area Reserve, and
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
is occupied by the plants Alectryon
macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Kadua degeneri, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, and Schiedea
obovata. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1 is not currently occupied
by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Diellia falcata, D. unisora, Dubautia
herbtsobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua
parvula, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, S. perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these dry cliff species because it
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provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 consists of
320 ac (130 ha) of State land and 91 ac
(37 ha) of City and County of Honolulu
land in the dry cliff ecosystem, on the
leeward side of the Waianae Mountains,
along the ridge from Keaau to Ohikilolo.
This unit is almost entirely within the
Makua Keaau Forest Reserve, and
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). Dry Cliff—
Unit 2 is occupied by the plants
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Gouania vitifolia, Kadua parvula,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Tetramolopium
filiforme, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea obovata, S.
trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S.
perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
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suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3 consists of
349 ac (141 ha) of City and County of
Honolulu land and 101 ac (41 ha) of
State land in the dry cliff ecosystem on
the leeward side of the Waianae
Mountains, along the eastern rim of
Makaha Valley along Kamaileunu Ridge.
This unit is partially within the
Waianae Kai Forest Reserve, and
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Diellia falcata,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, Silene
lanceolata, Tetramolopium filiforme,
and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia unisora,
Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula,
Melicope saint-johnii, Plantago
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, or
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these dry cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 consists of
24 ac (10 ha) of State land in the dry
cliff ecosystem on the leeward side of
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the Waianae Mountains, along
Kauaopuu ridge, which divides Waianae
Kai and Lualualei valleys. This unit is
partially within the Waianae Kai Forest
Reserve, and includes the shrubland,
the moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the dry cliff ecosystem (see
Table 4). This unit is occupied by the
plants Alectryon macrococcus,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit also
contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4 is not currently occupied
by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M. saintjohnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. obovata, S.
trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S.
perlmanii, Tetramolopium filiforme, T.
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 consists of
149 ac (60 ha) in the dry cliff ecosystem
on the leeward side of the Waianae
Mountains, on State land along the rim
of Lualualei Valley from Puukanehoa to
Puukaua. This area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
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57725
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). The unit
is occupied by the plants Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Diellia unisora, Flueggea
neowawraea, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope saintjohnii, Neraudia angulata, Plantago
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, and Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum. This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6 is not currently occupied
by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce herbstii, C. kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
S. perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a consists of
68 ac (27 ha) of State land in the dry
cliff ecosystem on the leeward side of
the Waianae Mountains, along the rim
of Lualualei Valley to Pohakea. This
area was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4), and is
occupied by the plants Flueggea
neowawraea, Kadua parvula, Melicope
saint-johnii, Plantago princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
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Pleomele forbesii, Silene perlmanii, and
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a is not currently occupied
by Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, Korthalsella degeneri,
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Sanicula
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
obovata, S. trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, or T.
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
dry cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b consists of
38 ac (16 ha) of State land in the dry
cliff ecosystem on the leeward side of
the Waianae Mountains, along the rim
of Lualualei Valley at Palikea. This area
was part of the Honouliuli Preserve,
managed by The Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii, and was recently acquired by
the State. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the dry cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b is not
currently occupied by Abutilon
sandwicense, Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, C.
kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia
falcata, D. unisora, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
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Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania
meyenii, G. vitifolia, Isodendrion
laurifolium, I. pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, M. saintjohnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago
princeps, Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, S. obovata, S.
trinervis, Silene lanceolata, S.
perlmanii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Tetramolopium filiforme, T. lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, or Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
dry cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8 consists of
259 ac (105 ha) in the dry cliff
ecosystem on the leeward side of the
Waianae Mountains, on State land along
the rim of Nanakuli Valley from Palehua
to Puumanawanua, and partially within
the Nanakuli Forest Reserve. A small
portion of this area was part of the
Honouliuli Preserve, managed by The
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and was
recently acquired by the State. This unit
includes the shrubland, the moisture
regime, and subcanopy and understory
native plant species identified as
physical or biological features in the dry
cliff ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit
is occupied by the plants Abutilon
sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii,
Flueggea neowawraea, Lobelia
niihauensis, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, and Pleomele
forbesii. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8 is not currently occupied
by Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata, Alectryon macrococcus,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra
dentata, Diellia falcata, D. unisora,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Gouania meyenii, G. vitifolia,
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Isodendrion laurifolium, I. pyrifolium,
Kadua degeneri, K. parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Melicope
makahae, M. saint-johnii, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps, Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri,
S. obovata, S. trinervis, Silene
lanceolata, S. perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, or Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these dry cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 consists of
167 ac (68 ha) of State land, 68 ac (28
ha) of City and County of Honolulu
land, and less than 1 ac (less than 1 ha)
of privately owned land in the wet cliff
ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains,
near the summit of Kaala, and partially
within the Mokuleia and Waianae Kai
FRs and the Kaala Natural Area Reserve.
This unit includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem (see
Table 4). Wet Cliff—Unit 1 is occupied
by the plants Cyanea calycina, Melicope
christophersenii, and Schiedea trinervis.
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1 is not currently occupied
by Cyanea acuminata, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, or S.
kaalae, we have determined this area to
be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 consists of 3
ac (1 ha) of State land in the wet cliff
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ecosystem in the Waianae Mountains at
Puuhapapa, within a small area that was
part of the Honouliuli Preserve,
managed by The Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii, and was recently acquired by
the State. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Wet Cliff—Unit
2 is occupied by the plants Cyanea
calycina and Melicope christophersenii.
This unit also contains unoccupied
habitat that is essential to the
conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 2 is not currently occupied
by Cyanea acuminata, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea hookeri, S.
kaalae, or S. trinervis, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
wet cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 consists of
16 ac (6 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem
on State land in the Waianae Mountains
at Puukanehoa, partially within an area
that was part of the Honouliuli Preserve,
managed by The Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii, and was recently acquired by
the State. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 is not
currently occupied by Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kaalae, or S. trinervis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
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reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 consists of
23 ac (9 ha) in the wet cliff ecosystem
on State land in the Waianae Mountains
at Puukaua, partially overlapping an
area that was part of the Honouliuli
Preserve, managed by The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii, and recently
acquired by the State. This unit includes
the shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). This unit is
occupied by the plants Phyllostegia
hirsuta and Schiedea hookeri. This unit
also contains unoccupied habitat that is
essential to the conservation of these
species by providing the PCEs necessary
for the expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4 is not currently occupied
by Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, or S.
trinervis, we have determined this area
to be essential for the conservation and
recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 consists of
31 ac (13 ha) of State land in the wet
cliff ecosystem in the Waianae
Mountains, at Palikea and north of
Palikea. This unit includes the
shrubland, the moisture regime, and
subcanopy and understory native plant
species identified as physical or
biological features in the wet cliff
ecosystem (see Table 4). Although
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 is not
currently occupied by Cyanea
acuminata, C. calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, S. kaalae, or S. trinervis, we
have determined this area to be essential
for the conservation and recovery of
these wet cliff species because it
provides the PCEs necessary for the
reestablishment of wild populations
within the historical ranges of the
species. Due to their small numbers of
individuals or low population sizes,
these species require suitable habitat
and space for expansion or
reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
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Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6 (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 12—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 13—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 151 ac (61 ha) in
the wet cliff ecosystem on State land on
the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains in Kaipapau Gulch, entirely
within the Kaipapau Forest Reserve.
This area includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem, and
the unique features identified as PCEs
for the Hawaiian damselflies (see Tables
4 and 5). Because the streams and
upland foraging and cover areas
required by the crimson and oceanic
Hawaiian damselflies are dispersed in
the wet cliff ecosystem, the wet cliff
ecosystem’s physical or biological
features are essential to the damselfly
species because they provide for the
proper ecological functioning of this
ecosystem. This area is occupied by the
plants Cyanea crispa, Huperzia nutans,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, and Schiedea
kaalae, and by the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Lysimachia filifolia, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, P. parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
or Viola oahuensis, or by the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly, we have
determined this area to be essential for
the conservation and recovery of these
wet cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
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Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7 (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 13—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 14—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 144 ac (58 ha) in
the wet cliff ecosystem in State land on
the windward side of the Koolau
Mountains in Hauula Gulch, entirely
within the Hauula Forest Reserve. This
unit includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem, and
the unique features identified as PCEs
for the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (see Tables 4 and 5).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the wet cliff
ecosystem, the wet cliff ecosystem’s
physical or biological features are
essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper
ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area is occupied by the plants
Cyanea crispa, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, and Schiedea kaalae, and by
the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies. This area also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea acuminata,
C. calycina, C. humboldtiana, C.
purpurellifolia, C. st.-johnii, C. truncata,
Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis, C.
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Huperzia
nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora, P.
princeps, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
or Viola oahuensis, we have determined
this area to be essential for the
conservation and recovery of these wet
cliff species because it provides the
PCEs necessary for the reestablishment
of wild populations within the
historical ranges of the species. Due to
their small numbers of individuals or
low population sizes, these species
require suitable habitat and space for
expansion or reintroduction to achieve
population levels that could achieve
recovery.
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Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 (and) Crimson
Hawaiian Damselfly—Unit 14—
Lowland Wet (and) Oceanic Hawaiian
Damselfly—Unit 15—Lowland Wet
This area consists of 1,479 ac (598 ha)
of State land, 1,281 ac (519 ha) of City
and County of Honolulu land, 5 ac (2
ha) of Federal land, and 1,884 ac (762
ha) of privately owned land, in the wet
cliff ecosystem along the summit of the
Koolau Mountains, overlapping portions
of Sacred Falls State Park, the Waiahole
FR (Waiahole and Iolekaa sections), the
Kaneohe and Honolulu Watershed FRs,
and the Nuuana Pali State Wayside.
This unit includes the shrubland, the
moisture regime, and subcanopy and
understory native plant species
identified as physical or biological
features in the wet cliff ecosystem, as
well as unique for the species PCEs for
the crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies (see Tables 4 and 5).
Because the streams and upland
foraging and cover areas required by the
crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies are dispersed in the wet cliff
ecosystem, the wet cliff ecosystem’s
physical or biological features are
essential to the damselfly species
because they provide for the proper
ecological functioning of this ecosystem.
This area is occupied by the plants
Cyanea acuminata, C. calycina, C.
humboldtiana, C. purpurellifolia, C. st.johnii, Cyrtandra kaulantha, C. sessilis,
C. subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Huperzia
nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. parviflora,
Plantago princeps, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola
oahuensis. This unit also contains
unoccupied habitat that is essential to
the conservation of these species by
providing the PCEs necessary for the
expansion of the existing wild
populations. Although this area is not
currently occupied by the plants
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, C. rockii, Cyanea crispa, C.
truncata, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, or Schiedea kaalae, or by the
crimson and oceanic Hawaiian
damselflies, we have determined this
area to be essential for the conservation
and recovery of these wet cliff species
because it provides the PCEs necessary
for the reestablishment of wild
populations within the historical ranges
of the species. Due to their small
numbers of individuals or low
population sizes, these species require
suitable habitat and space for expansion
or reintroduction to achieve population
levels that could achieve recovery.
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Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7
Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act, as
amended, requires Federal agencies,
including the Service, to ensure that
actions they fund, authorize, or carry
out are not likely to destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat. Decisions by the
Fifth and Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
have invalidated our regulatory
definition of ‘‘destruction or adverse
modification’’ (50 CFR 402.02) (see
Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 378 F. 3d 1059
(9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d
434, 442 (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not
rely on this regulatory definition when
analyzing whether an action is likely to
destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat. Under the statutory provisions
of the Act, we determine destruction or
adverse modification on the basis of
whether, with implementation of the
proposed Federal action, the affected
critical habitat would remain functional
(or retain those physical or biological
features that relate to the ability of the
area to periodically support the species)
to serve its intended conservation role
for the species.
If a species is listed or critical habitat
is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act
requires Federal agencies to ensure that
activities they authorize, fund, or carry
out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to
destroy or adversely modify its critical
habitat. If a Federal action may affect a
listed species or its critical habitat, the
responsible Federal agency (action
agency) must enter into consultation
with us. As a result of this consultation,
we issue:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal
actions that may affect, but are not
likely to adversely affect, listed species
or critical habitat; or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal
actions that may affect, and are likely to
adversely affect, listed species or critical
habitat.
If we issue a biological opinion
concluding that a project is likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of a
listed species or destroy or adversely
modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to
the project, if any are identifiable. We
define ‘‘reasonable and prudent
alternatives’’ at 50 CFR 402.02 as
alternative actions identified during
consultation that:
• Can be implemented in a manner
consistent with the intended purpose of
the action;
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• Can be implemented consistent
with the scope of the Federal agency’s
legal authority and jurisdiction;
• Are economically and
technologically feasible; and
• Would, in the Director’s opinion,
avoid jeopardizing the continued
existence of the listed species or
destroying or adversely modifying
critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives
can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or
relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a
reasonable and prudent alternative are
similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require
Federal agencies to reinitiate formal
consultation on previously reviewed
actions in instances where we have
listed a new species or subsequently
designated critical habitat that may be
affected and the Federal agency has
retained discretionary involvement or
control over the action (or the agency’s
discretionary involvement or control is
authorized by law). Consequently,
Federal agencies may sometimes need to
request reinitiation of consultation with
us on actions for which formal
consultation has been completed, if
those actions with discretionary
involvement or control may affect
subsequently listed species or
designated critical habitat.
Federal activities that may adversely
affect the species included in this final
rule or their designated critical habitat
require section 7 consultation under the
Act. This includes activities on State,
tribal, local, or private lands requiring a
Federal permit (such as a permit from
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under
section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33
U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from us
under section 10 of the Act), or
activities involving some other Federal
action (such as funding from the Federal
Highway Administration, Federal
Aviation Administration, or the Federal
Emergency Management Agency). These
types of activities are subject to the
section 7 consultation process. Federal
actions not affecting listed species or
critical habitat, and actions on State,
tribal, local, or private lands that are not
federally funded, authorized, or
permitted, do not require section 7
consultations.
Application of the Jeopardy and
Adverse Modification Standards
The jeopardy analysis usually
expresses the survival and recovery
needs of a listed species in a qualitative
fashion without making distinctions
between what is necessary for survival
and what is necessary for recovery.
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Generally, the jeopardy analysis focuses
on the status of a species, the factors
responsible for that condition, and what
is necessary for the species to survive
and recover. An emphasis is also placed
on characterizing the condition of the
species in the area affected by the
proposed Federal action. That context is
then used to determine the significance
of adverse and beneficial effects of the
proposed Federal action and any
cumulative effects for purposes of
making the jeopardy determination. The
jeopardy analysis also considers any
conservation measures that may be
proposed by a Federal action agency to
minimize or compensate for adverse
project effects to the species or to
promote its recovery.
Application of the Adverse Modification
Standard
The key factor related to the adverse
modification determination is whether,
with implementation of the proposed
Federal action, the affected critical
habitat would continue to serve its
intended conservation role for the
species, or would retain its current
ability for the essential features to be
functionally established. Activities that
may destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat are those that alter the physical
or biological features to an extent that
appreciably reduces the conservation
value of critical habitat for the 124
species identified in this rule.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us
to briefly evaluate and describe, in any
proposed or final regulation that
designates critical habitat, activities
involving a Federal action that may
destroy or adversely modify such
habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation. Activities that, when
carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may destroy or
adversely modify critical habitat for the
124 species, and therefore may be
affected by this final designation,
include, but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that might appreciably
degrade or destroy the physical or
biological features for the species
including, but not limited to, the
following: Overgrazing; maintaining or
increasing feral ungulate levels; clearing
or cutting native live trees and shrubs
(e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing,
construction, road building, mining,
herbicide application); and taking
actions that pose a risk of fire.
(2) Activities that may alter watershed
characteristics in ways that would
appreciably reduce groundwater
recharge or alter natural, wetland,
aquatic, or vegetative communities.
Such activities include new water
diversion or impoundment, excess
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57729
groundwater pumping, and
manipulation of vegetation through
activities such as the ones mentioned in
(1) above.
(3) Recreational activities that may
appreciably degrade vegetation.
(4) Mining sand or other minerals.
(5) Introducing or encouraging the
spread of nonnative plant species.
(6) Importing nonnative species for
research, agriculture, and aquaculture,
and releasing biological control agents.
Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
The Sikes Act Improvement
Amendment of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16
U.S.C. 670a) required each military
installation that includes land and water
suitable for the conservation and
management of natural resources to
complete an integrated natural resources
management plan (INRMP) by
November 17, 2001. An INRMP
integrates implementation of the
military mission of the installation with
stewardship of the natural resources
found on the base. Each INRMP
includes:
• An assessment of the ecological
needs on the installation, including the
need to provide for the conservation of
listed species;
• A statement of goals and priorities;
• A detailed description of
management actions to be implemented
to provide for these ecological needs;
and
• A monitoring and adaptive
management plan.
Among other things, each INRMP
must, to the extent appropriate and
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife
management; fish and wildlife habitat
enhancement or modification; wetland
protection, enhancement, and
restoration where necessary to support
fish and wildlife; and enforcement of
applicable natural resource laws.
The National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. L. 108–
136) amended the Act to limit areas
eligible for designation as critical
habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i)
of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i))
provides: ‘‘The Secretary shall not
designate as critical habitat any lands or
other geographical areas owned or
controlled by the Department of
Defense, or designated for its use, that
are subject to an integrated natural
resources management plan prepared
under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16
U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary determines
in writing that such plan provides a
benefit to the species for which critical
habitat is proposed for designation.’’
We consult with the military on the
development and implementation of
INRMPs for installations with listed
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species. We analyzed INRMPs
developed by military installations
located within the areas that were being
considered for critical habitat
designation during the development of
this rule to determine if these
installations may warrant consideration
for exemption under section 4(a)(3) of
the Act. Each of the Department of
Defense (DOD) installations identified
below owns or manages such lands,
which have been analyzed for
exemption under the authority of
section 4(a)(3) of the Act.
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Approved INRMPs
Lands Under U.S. Army Jurisdiction
The U.S. Army has six training
installations under its jurisdiction on
the island of Oahu: Dillingham Military
Reservation (DMR), Kawailoa Training
Area (KLOA), Kahuku Training Area
(KTA), Makua Military Reservation
(MMR), Schofield Barracks Military
Reservation (SBMR), and Schofield
Barracks–East Range (SBER). These
lands are administered by the Army
Garrison Hawaii for various types of
military training. In our 2003 final rule
to designate critical habitat for 99 plant
species on Oahu (68 FR 35950, June 17,
2003), we did not designate critical
habitat on areas managed by the Army
that met the following criteria: (1) The
area was subject to a current and final
INRMP that provides a conservation
benefit to the species; (2) there were
assurances the conservation
management strategies will be
implemented; and (3) there were
assurances the conservation
management strategies will be effective.
These determinations were based
primarily on section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Our previous analysis determined the
ongoing and proposed management
activities described in the 2002 INRMP
provide a conservation benefit to the
plant species, and that the INRMP
provided assurances the conservation
plan would be implemented and
effective (68 FR 35950, June 17, 2003).
After applying the above three criteria,
we determined in the 2003 final rule
that 26,946 ac (10,905 ha) of Army lands
were excluded from critical habitat
designation. Our exclusion analysis of
Army lands determined that the benefits
of excluding these lands based on
impacts to national security and other
relevant factors outweighed the benefits
of designating these lands as critical
habitat. The exclusion of Army lands in
the 2003 final rule was based on our
review and analysis of the Army’s
INRMP (U.S. Army 2002), Ecosystem
Management Plan (U.S. Army 1998),
and Endangered Species Management
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Plan (Research Corporation of Hawaii
1998). We also evaluated the monthly
and annual summary reports describing
natural resources management projects
performed under the Ecosystems
Management Programs for each of the
six Oahu installations, reviewed the
Army’s Wildland Fire Management Plan
for Makua Military Installation (U.S.
Army 2000) and the Draft Wildland Fire
Management Plan for the other five
Oahu installations (U.S. Army 2003).
Subsequent to publication of the 2003
final rule, the National Defense
Authorization Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108–
136) was enacted, which amended the
Act. The Army’s 2001 INRMP was
updated in 2010 (see below), and we
have reevaluted the conservation and
management activities for the species
that occur on Army lands within this
statutory framework for purposes of this
rule.
The Army recently updated its 2001
INRMP, which was finalized in August
2010 (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii 2010).
The INRMP identifies management
actions during 2010–2014 for
threatened, endangered, and candidate
species, and for critical habitat for the
Oahu elepaio (an endangered flycatcher)
on all of their Oahu training
installations (U.S. Army Garrison
Hawaii 2010, p. 4–1). The INRMP
incorporates management actions
developed as implementation plans by a
team of biologists and field experts from
State, Federal, and private agencies and
organizations, who are familiar with the
species and their habitats (U.S. Army
Garrison Hawaii 2003; 2008, U.S. Army
Garrison Hawaii 2005c, Addendum).
The implementation plans and
addendum were prepared under the
terms of biological opinions issued by
the Service (USFWS 1999b, USFWS
2003b, 356 pp.; USFWS 2007c, 776 pp.).
Species conservation/management
activities conducted under the Army
INRMP include: (1) Propagation and
outplanting of plants to augment
existing populations and reintroduce
species and populations to areas where
they no longer occur; (2) construction of
fences to protect plants from feral
ungulates; (3) nonnative rodent, slug,
and snail control to protect plants from
fruit and seed predation and reduce
predation of elepaio nests (by rats); (4)
habitat restoration (e.g., restoration of
fire-altered native habitats to native
vegetation, erosion control); (5) control
of nonnative plants, nonnative
invertebrates (e.g., black-twig borer),
and feral ungulate populations; (6)
surveys and monitoring of rare plants
and animals; (7) monitoring for weeds;
and (8) monitoring fenced areas for
ungulate activity (U.S. Army Garrison
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Hawaii 2010, pp. 4–3—4–29). In
addition, the Army contracts with field
experts to monitor rare plants and
conduct predator control on their lands,
and supports several important research
projects (e.g., developing methods to
control nonnative slugs and snails;
developing methods to restore
nonnative, highly flammable grasslands
to native forest vegetation; and
determining home range and density of
rats (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii 2010,
p. 4–28)). The Army provides monthly
and annual summary reports to the
Service regarding the natural resources
management projects implemented
under the implementation plans and the
addendum, which are integrated in the
INRMP for the six installations. These
summary reports provide information
on management actions implemented
and whether they have proven
beneficial to listed species and species
proposed for listing. Examples of
ecosystem management activities that
protect rare species’ habitat and provide
conservation benefits include fence
construction, removal of feral ungulates
from within fenced areas, and
minimizing the threat of fire through the
control and eradication of fire-tolerant
nonnative plant species, construction of
fuel breaks, maintenance of existing
roads, roadside weed clearing, and
investing in firefighting equipment and
training fire crews (U.S. Army Garrison
Hawaii 2010, pp. 4–14, 4–65—4–66).
In 2003, the Army completed an
integrated wildland fire management
plan (WFMP) for all of its Oahu training
installations, which is integrated in the
2010 INRMP (U.S. Army 2010, p. 4–65).
The goal of the WFMP is to reduce the
threat of wildfire, which represents a
threat to listed and other rare species,
including 6 of the 23 species listed in
this final rule and 34 previously listed
plant species that occur on one or more
of Oahu’s six Army training
installations. Specific conservation/
management activities for individual
plant species are detailed in the
implementation plans and the
addendum, and are integrated in the
INRMP (U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii
2010, pp. 4–20–4–22; Appendix 4). Each
of these documents is available online at
‘‘U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii Natural
Resource Program Reports,’’ https://
manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/dpw.htm.
We reviewed the management activities
described in these plans, and have
determined that they provide
conservation benefits to 14 plant species
that are listed in this final rule and 63
previously listed plant species that have
been reported on one or more of Oahu’s
six Army training installations.
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ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
and Zanthoxylum oahuense. The 2010–
2014 INRMP also provides conservation
benefits to 63 previously listed plant
species that occur within the six Oahu
training areas, which include Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, C. herbstii, C. rockii,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
C. crispa, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C.
humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C.
longiflora, C. st.-johnii, C. superba,
Cyrtandra dentata, C. subumbellata, C.
viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia
falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, H.
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Huperzia nutans, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Kadua degeneri, K. parvula,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium
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arbuscula, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, L. niihauensis, L.
oahuensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, P. mollis,
Plantago princeps, Pritchardia kaalae,
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, S.
purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, S. kaalae,
S. nuttallii, S. obovata, S. trinervis,
Silene lanceolata, Solanum
sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium
filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana, and V. oahuensis (see
Table 7A and 7B, above) (U.S. Army
Garrison 2003, 2005b, 2008, 2010;
USFWS 2003b, 356 pp.; USFWS 2007c,
776 pp.). Figures 1 through 4 identify
the above areas on Army-managed lands
that were evaluated under section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act.
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Accordingly, we have determined that
8,310 ac (3,364 ha) of land on Oahu’s six
Army training installations (see Figures
1–4) are exempt from critical habitat
designation in accordance with section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. The conservation
actions identified in the 2010–2014
INRMP for the Army’s Oahu
installations, which incorporates the
2003 and 2008 implementation plans,
the 2005 Addendum (USFWS 2003b,
356 pp.; U.S. Army Garrison 2005c;
USFWS 2007c, 776 pp.), and the 2003
WFMP, provide conservation benefits to
14 plant species listed in this final rule
that occur within the six Oahu training
areas, which include Bidens
amplectens, Cyanea calycina, C.
lanceolata, C. purpurellifolia,
Korthalsella degeneri, Melicope
christophersenii, M. hiiakae, M.
makahae, Platydesma cornuta var.
cornuta, P. cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Psychotria hexandra
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Lands Under U.S. Navy Jurisdiction
The U.S. Navy (Navy) owns or leases
much of Lualualei Valley, on Oahu’s
leeward coast, which is operated as a
naval magazine and radio transmitting
facility. The Navy lands at Lualualei are
composed of two contiguous facilities,
Naval Station Pearl Harbor Lualualei
Branch (NAVMAG PH Lualualei) and
Naval Radar Transmittal Facility at
Lualualei (NRTF Lualualei). In addition,
the Navy still retains ownership of land
within the former Barber’s Point Naval
Air Station at Kalaeloa on Oahu’s
southwestern coast, including 166 ac
(67 ha) that are within Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11. We are aware that the
Navy plans to transfer ownership of
these 166 ac (67 ha) to the Hawaii
Community Development Authority
(HCDA), although this transfer has not
yet occurred (City and County Real
Property Assessment Division 2011).
Due to the pending land transfer, these
lands were not considered for
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exemption from this final designation of
critical habitat under section
4(a)(3)(B)(i), as the revised INRMP
discussed below would not cover those
lands once ownership is transferred.
However, we understand that as part of
the land transfer negotiations, a draft
conservation plan is being specifically
developed for this area.
In our June 17, 2003, final rule (68 FR
35950) to designate critical habitat for
99 plant species on Oahu, we
designated approximately 972 ac
(approximately 393 ha) of Navy lands as
critical habitat for 21 species (Abutilon
sandwicense, C. kuwaleana, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Diellia falcata,
D. unisora, Gouania meyenii,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Kadua
parvula, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, M.
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Schiedea hookeri,
Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
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chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana). We
determined that the benefits of
designating Navy lands as critical
habitat outweighed the benefits of
excluding these lands under section
4(b)(2) of the Act.
Subsequent to publication of our 2003
final rule, the Navy developed a
revision to their 2001 INRMP, which
was completed in September 2011 (2011
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam
INRMP), following the publication of
our August 2011 proposed rule (76 FR
46362). Since it was not completed at
the time of our August 2011 proposed
rule, we conducted an analysis of the
Navy’s 2001 INRMP to determine
whether it provided a conservation
benefit to the plant species for which
critical habitat was proposed on Navy
lands, for purposes of section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. In our proposed,
rule we determined that the Navy’s 2001
INRMP did not provide a conservation
benefit for previously listed species or
for those species proposed for listing for
which we found critical habitat to be
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
both prudent and determinable. As a
result, we proposed critical habitat for
60 plant species within 9 units that
overlap Navy lands at Lualuaei Valley
(Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
5, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 5) and in 1 unit that
overlaps Navy lands at Kalaeloa Barber’s
Point (Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11).
Within these 10 units, 28 species occur
57735
within one or more of the units
(occupied units) and 32 species are not
currently known to occur within one or
more of the units (unoccupied units)
(Table 8).
TABLE 8—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT WAS PROPOSED AT NAVMAG PH LUALUALEI, NRTF LUALUALEI AND
KALAELOA BARBER’S POINT
Unit occupied
Unoccupied
Abutilon sandwicense ..........
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 ..................................................
Achyranthes splendens var.
rotundata.
..........................................................................................
Alectryon macrococcus ........
Bidens amplectens ...............
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 .........
..........................................................................................
Bonamia menziesii ...............
..........................................................................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ......
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 ..................................................
Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana.
..........................................................................................
Chamaesyce herbstii ...........
..........................................................................................
Chamaesyce kuwaleana ......
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 ..................................................
Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii.
Cyanea acuminata ...............
Cyanea calycina ...................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae.
Cyperus trachysanthos ........
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11 .........................................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 11
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 11
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 11
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 11
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5 ...........................................
Cyrtandra dentata ................
..........................................................................................
Diellia falcata ........................
..........................................................................................
Diellia unisora ......................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 .........
Dubautia herbstobatae .........
..........................................................................................
Eragrostis fosbergii ..............
..........................................................................................
Euphorbia haeleeleana ........
..........................................................................................
Flueggea neowawraea .........
Gouania meyenii ..................
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Species
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7.
..........................................................................................
Gouania vitifolia ...................
..........................................................................................
Hibiscus brackenridgei .........
..........................................................................................
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..........................................................................................
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 .................................................
..........................................................................................
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Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry —Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11
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TABLE 8—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT WAS PROPOSED AT NAVMAG PH LUALUALEI, NRTF LUALUALEI AND
KALAELOA BARBER’S POINT—Continued
Species
Unit occupied
Unoccupied
Isodendrion laurifolium .........
..........................................................................................
Isodendrion pyrifolium ..........
..........................................................................................
Kadua degeneri ....................
..........................................................................................
Kadua parvula ......................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 ..................................................
Korthalsella degeneri ...........
..........................................................................................
Labordia cyrtandrae .............
Lepidium arbuscula ..............
..........................................................................................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 .........
Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla.
Lobelia niihauensis ..............
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 ..................................................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Lobelia oahuensis ................
Marsilea villosa ....................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 .........
Melanthera tenuifolia ............
..........................................................................................
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry
—Unit 4.
..........................................................................................
Melicope christophersenii ....
Melicope makahae ...............
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 .................................................
..........................................................................................
Melicope saint-johnii ............
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 .........
Neraudia angulata ................
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7.
Nototrichium humile .............
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 ..................................................
Peucedanum sandwicense ..
..........................................................................................
Phyllostegia hirsuta ..............
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ........
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
Plantago princeps ................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 .........
Platydesma cornuta var.
decurrens.
Pleomele forbesii .................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 .........
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 ..................................................
Sanicula mariversa ..............
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Pteralyxia macrocarpa .........
..........................................................................................
Schiedea hookeri .................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5 ..................................................
Schiedea kaalae ..................
..........................................................................................
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57737
TABLE 8—SPECIES FOR WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT WAS PROPOSED AT NAVMAG PH LUALUALEI, NRTF LUALUALEI AND
KALAELOA BARBER’S POINT—Continued
Species
Unit occupied
Unoccupied
Schiedea kealiae ..................
..........................................................................................
Schiedea obovata ................
..........................................................................................
Schiedea trinervis ................
..........................................................................................
Silene lanceolata ..................
..........................................................................................
Silene perlmanii ...................
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 ..................................................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis .....
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 ..................................................
Tetramolopium filiforme .......
..........................................................................................
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum.
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana.
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 ..................................................
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7 ..................................................
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On June 8, 2012, the Navy provided
an Addendum to its 2011 Joint Base
Pearl Harbor-Hickam INRMP. In the
Addendum, the Navy provides
additional information regarding
primary strategies of the INRMP to meet
management goals at Lualualei and
additional details regarding progress
made on planned projects for
endangered plants found on Navy lands
at Lualualei. These additional objectives
or amended action or actions in progress
include: (1) A survey documenting
numbers and locations of endangered
plant species; (2) identification of an
additional population of Marsilea
villosa in the Radio Transmitting
Facility; (3) development of a M. villosa
management plan based on
recommendation strategies outlined in a
dissertation, partly funded by the Navy;
(4) expansion of funding for a fencing
plan and fence construction for ungulate
control; (5) completion of aerial surveys
for feral goats, with plans for their
removal beginning in 2013; (6)
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nonnative plant removal within
exclosures at Halona and Mikiula
management areas; (7) allocation of
funding for research on black twig borer
control methods; (8) prioritization of
production of a wildfire management
plan; (9) request of permission through
the chain of command to outplant
endangered and threatened species to
augment and stabilize populations
within Navy property at Lualualei; and
(10) allocated funding for development
and implementation of a Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
management plan on Navy lands at
Kalaeloa. In summary, the Navy has
made progress in identifying needed
management actions, recognizing the
need for monitoring plans, increasing
initial determinations of funding
required for natural resource
management, and recognizing the need
for propagation and outplanting of
endangered and threatened plant
species on their lands.
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The exemption of Navy lands from
this final rule is based on our review
and analysis to determine whether the
area was subject to a current and final
INRMP that provides a conservation
benefit to the species. To evaluate
whether the INRMP provides a benefit
to the species, we considered (1)
whether the INRMP covered the areas
identified as critical habitat for the
species. After applying the above three
criteria, we determine that the Navy’s
2011 INRMP for Joint Base Pearl HarborHickam and 2012 addendum provide
conservation benefits to 60 listed plant
species that occur within the NAVMAG
PH Lualualei and NRTF Lualualei. As a
result, we have exempted 380 ac (154
ha) of Navy lands within the NAVMAG
PH Lualualei and NRTF Lualualei from
this final designation of critical habitat
for those species under section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. Figure 5
identifies the above areas on Navymanaged lands that were evaluated
under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act.
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Exclusions
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that
the Secretary must designate and revise
critical habitat on the basis of the best
available scientific data after taking into
consideration the economic impact,
national security impact, and any other
relevant impact of specifying any
particular area as critical habitat. The
Secretary may exclude an area from
critical habitat if he determines that the
benefits of such exclusion outweigh the
benefits of specifying such area as part
of the critical habitat, unless he
determines, based on the best scientific
data available, that the failure to
designate such area as critical habitat
will result in the extinction of the
species. The Secretary may exclude an
area from designated critical habitat
based on economic impacts, impacts on
national security, or any other relevant
impacts.
When considering the benefits of
inclusion for an area, we consider the
additional regulatory benefits under
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section 7 of the Act the area would
receive from the protection from adverse
modification or destruction as a result of
actions with a Federal nexus, the
educational benefits of mapping
essential habitat for recovery of the
listed species, and any benefits that may
result from a designation due to State or
Federal laws that may apply to critical
habitat. Benefits could include public
awareness of the presence of listed
species and the importance of habitat
protection, and in cases where a Federal
nexus exists, increased habitat
protection due to the protection from
adverse modification or destruction of
critical habitat.
When considering the benefits of
excluding an area from critical habitat,
we consider whether exclusion is likely
to result in conservation; the
continuation, strengthening, or
encouragement of partnerships; or
implementation of a management plan
that provides equal to or more
conservation than a critical habitat
designation would provide.
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In evaluating the existence of a
conservation plan when considering the
benefits of exclusion, we consider a
variety of factors, including, but not
limited to, whether the plan is finalized;
how it provides for the conservation of
essential physical or biological features;
whether there is a reasonable
expectation that the conservation
management strategies and actions
contained in the plan are likely to be
implemented into the future; whether
the conservation strategies in the plan
are likely to be effective; and whether
the plan contains a monitoring program
or adaptive management to ensure that
the conservation measures are effective
and can be adapted in the future in
response to new information.
After evaluating the benefits of
inclusion and the benefits of exclusion,
the two sides are carefully weighed to
determine whether the benefits of
exclusion outweigh those of inclusion.
If they do, we then determine whether
exclusion of the particular area would
result in the extinction of the species. If
exclusion of an area from critical habitat
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will result in extinction, it will not be
excluded from the designation.
Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we
consider the economic impacts of
specifying any particular area as critical
habitat. In order to consider economic
impacts, we prepared a draft economic
analysis (DEA) of the critical habitat
designation and related factors (77 FR
21936, April 21, 2012). The DEA, dated
April 12, 2012, was made available for
public review from April 12 through
May 14, 2012 (77 FR 21936). Following
the close of the comment period, a final
analysis (dated July 27, 2012) of the
potential economic effects of the
designation was developed taking into
consideration the public comments and
any new information (USFWS 2012b).
Substantive comments and information
received on the DEA are summarized in
the Summary of Comments and
Recommendations section above.
The intent of the final economic
analysis (FEA) is to quantify the
economic impacts of all potential
conservation efforts for the 124 species;
some of these costs will likely be
incurred regardless of whether we
designate critical habitat (baseline). The
economic impact of the final critical
habitat designation is analyzed by
comparing scenarios both ‘‘with critical
habitat’’ and ‘‘without critical habitat.’’
The ‘‘without critical habitat’’ scenario
represents the baseline for the analysis,
considering protections already in place
for the species (e.g., under the Federal
listing and other Federal, State, and
local regulations). The baseline,
therefore, represents the costs incurred
regardless of whether critical habitat is
designated. The ‘‘with critical habitat’’
scenario describes the incremental
impacts associated specifically with the
designation of critical habitat for the
species. The incremental conservation
efforts and associated impacts are those
not expected to occur absent the
designation of critical habitat for the
species. In other words, the incremental
costs are those attributable solely to the
designation of critical habitat above and
beyond the baseline costs; these are the
costs we consider in the final
designation of critical habitat. The
analysis looks at baseline impacts
expected to occur due to listing of these
124 species, and forecasts both baseline
and incremental impacts likely to occur
with the designation of critical habitat
for 25 species and revision of critical
habitat for 99 plant species.
The FEA also addresses how potential
economic impacts are likely to be
distributed, including an assessment of
any local or regional impacts of habitat
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conservation and the potential effects of
conservation activities on government
agencies, private businesses, and
individuals. The FEA measures lost
economic efficiency associated with
residential and commercial
development and public projects and
activities, such as economic impacts on
water management and transportation
projects, Federal lands, small entities,
and the energy industry. Decisionmakers can use this information to
assess whether the effects of the
designation might unduly burden a
particular group or economic sector.
Finally, the FEA looks and considers
those costs that may occur in the 20
years following listing of the 23 species;
designation of critical habitat for these
23 species and Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata and Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii; and costs
attributed to revision of critical habitat
for the 99 plant species which was
determined to be the appropriate period
for analysis because limited planning
information was available for most
activities to forecast activity levels for
projects beyond a 20-year timeframe.
The FEA quantifies economic impacts of
conservation efforts for the 124 species
associated with the following categories
of activity, which represent typical
conservation measures or conservation
recommendations the Service may
request or suggest during section 7
consultation for projects that may affect
critical habitat for listed plants at
Kalaeloa: Installation of silt fencing to
control erosion on construction sites;
containment of construction site surface
runoff to avoid contamination of native
plants; establishement of buffer zones
around fenced areas where plants are
located; cleaning procedures to reduce
the introduction of non-native plants;
and prohibiting the importation of
earthen soil from off-site to reduce the
introduction of non-native seeds
(USFWS 2012b, p. 12). Baseline impacts
include the potential economic impacts
of all actions relating to the
conservation of the 124 species,
including costs associated with sections
7, 9, and 10 of the Act. Baseline impacts
also include the economic impacts of
protective measures taken as a result of
other Federal, State, and local laws that
aid habitat conservation in the area
evaluated in the DEA. In other words,
baseline impacts include those impacts
associated with the listing of the 23
species and not associated with critical
habitat, costs associated with the
already listed Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata and Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, and costs
associated with critical habitat
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57739
designated in 2003 for the 99 plants.
Incremental impacts are those potential
future economic impacts of
conservation actions relating to the
designation of critical habitat for the 25
species; these impacts would not be
expected to occur without the
designation of critical habitat. In
addition, incremental impacts include
potential future economic impacts of
conservation actions relating to the
revised critical habitat for the 99 plants.
Baseline economic impacts are those
impacts that result from listing and
conservation efforts for the 23 species,
listed status of Achyranthes splendens
var. rotundata and Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, and from
the designation of critical habitat for the
99 plant species in 2003. The upper
bound of administrative costs and
conservation efforts to the Service,
Federal agency, and third parties related
to section 7 consultation in occupied
critical habitat constitute the majority of
total baseline costs (approximately 72
percent). Total future baseline impacts
are estimated to be $105,000, which
equates to (1) $54,178 in present value
terms using a 7 percent discount rate
over the next 20 years (2011 to 2031);
(2) $77,075 in present value terms using
a 3 percent discount rate over the next
20 years; or (3) $5000 annualized over
the next 20 years.
The upper bound of administrative
costs and conservation efforts to the
Service, Federal agency, and third
parties related to section 7 consultation
in unoccupied critical habitat constitute
the majority of total incremental costs
(approximately 28 percent). Total future
incremental impacts are estimated to be
$40,000 over the next 20 years (2011 to
2031). Annualized incremental
administrative in present value terms
using a 7 percent discount rate over the
next 20 years is $3,692, or $1,905 using
a 3 percent discount rate.
The FEA estimates total upper bound
potential economic impacts in areas
proposed as critical habitat over the
next 20 years (2011 to 2031) to be
$145,000, which equates to (1) $94,178
in present value terms using a 7 percent
discount rate over the next 20 years
(2011 to 2031); (2) $117,075 in present
value terms using a 3 percent discount
rate over the next 20 years; (3) $5000
annualized using a 7 percent discount
rate over the next 20 years, or (4) $6,905
using a 3 percent discount rate over the
next 20 years. This value is based on an
assumption of total avoidance of
designated acres and thus represents the
upper-bound potential cost for each
project. As such, it likely overstates the
expected absolute cost of future actions
to protect critical habitat.
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The FEA considers both economic
efficiency and distributional effects. In
the case of habitat conservation,
efficiency effects generally reflect the
‘‘opportunity costs’’ associated with the
commitment of resources to comply
with habitat protection measures (such
as lost economic opportunities
associated with restrictions on land
use). The FEA also addresses how
potential economic impacts are likely to
be distributed, including an assessment
of any local or regional impacts of
habitat conservation and the potential
effects of conservation activities on
government agencies, private
businesses, and individuals. Decisionmakers can use this information to
assess whether the effects of critical
habitat designation might unduly
burden a particular group or economic
sector.
Our economic analysis did not
identify any disproportionate costs that
are likely to result from the designation.
Consequently, the Secretary has
determined not to exercise his
discretion to exclude any areas from this
designation of critical habitat for the 124
species based on economic impacts.
A copy of the FEA with supporting
documents may be obtained by
contacting the Pacific Islands Fish and
Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES) or by
downloading from the Internet at
https://www.regulations.gov.
Exclusions Based on National Security
Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we
consider whether there are lands owned
or managed by the Department of
Defense (DOD) where a national security
impact might exist. In preparing this
final rule, we have exempted from the
designation of critical habitat those DOD
lands with completed INRMPs
determined to provide a benefit to the
124 species. We have determined that
certain lands owned or managed by the
DOD (Department of the Navy) at
Kalaeloa Barber’s Point are not being
exempted from the designation of
critical habitat (see discussion under
‘‘Approved INRMPs, above’’); however,
Navy lands at NAVMAG PH Lualuaei
Branch and NRFT Lualualei are
exempted from designation as critical
habitat under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the
Act. There are also lands owned or
managed at six Department of the Army
training installations (see discussion
under ‘‘Approved INRMPs, above’’) that
are exempted from designation as
critical habitat under section
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act. We are unaware
of any potential impacts to national
security on any DOD lands; therefore,
we are not excluding any areas from
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critical habitat designation based on
impacts to national security.
Exclusions Based on Other Relevant
Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we
consider any other relevant impacts, in
addition to economic impacts and
impacts on national security. We
consider a number of factors including
whether the landowners have developed
any conservation plans or other
management plans for the area, or
whether there are conservation
partnerships that would be encouraged
by designation of, or exclusion from,
critical habitat. We also consider any
social impacts that might occur because
of the designation.
In preparing this rule, we have
determined that the landowners have
not developed conservation plans or
other management plans for the 99
previously listed plant species, the two
previously listed plant species without
designated critical habitat, or the 23
species listed as endangered in this rule.
In addition, we have determined there
are no conservation partnerships that
would be encouraged by the exclusion
from critical habitat. We anticipate no
impact to partnerships, habitat
conservation plants (HCPs), or other
management plans from this critical
habitat designation. Accordingly, we do
not exert our discretion to exclude any
areas from final critical habitat
designation based on other relevant
impacts.
In conclusion, the Secretary will not
be exercising his discretion under
section 4(b)(2) of the Act to exclude any
particular area from this final rule,
based on the conservation value of these
areas.
Required Determinations
These required determinations relate
to the portion of this rule designating
critical habitat. Listing determinations
must be made solely on the basis of the
best scientific and commercial data
available. 16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(1)(A).
Regulatory Planning and Review—
Executive Orders 12866 and 13563
Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides
that the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) will review
all significant rules. The OIRA has
determined that this rule is not
significant.
E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of
E.O. 12866 while calling for
improvements in the nation’s regulatory
system to promote predictability, to
reduce uncertainty, and to use the best,
most innovative, and least burdensome
tools for achieving regulatory ends. The
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executive order directs agencies to
consider regulatory approaches that
reduce burdens and maintain flexibility
and freedom of choice for the public
where these approaches are relevant,
feasible, and consistent with regulatory
objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes
further that regulations must be based
on the best available science and that
the rulemaking process must allow for
public participation and an open
exchange of ideas. We have developed
this rule in a manner consistent with
these requirements.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601
et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
(RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), as amended
by the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of
1996 (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), an agency
must prepare and make available for
public comment a regulatory flexibility
analysis that describes the effects of the
rule on small entities (small businesses,
small organizations, and small
government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required
if the head of an agency certifies the rule
will not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small
entities. The SBREFA amended the RFA
to require Federal agencies to provide a
certification statement of the factual
basis for certifying that the rule will not
have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
In this final rule, we are certifying that
the critical habitat designation for the
124 Oahu species will not have a
significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
The following discussion explains our
rationale.
According to the Small Business
Administration, small entities include
small organizations, such as
independent nonprofit organizations;
small governmental jurisdictions,
including school boards and city and
town governments that serve fewer than
50,000 residents; and small businesses
(13 CFR 121.201). Small businesses
include manufacturing and mining
concerns with fewer than 500
employees, wholesale trade entities
with fewer than 100 employees, retail
and service businesses with less than $5
million in annual sales, general and
heavy construction businesses with less
than $27.5 million in annual business,
special trade contractors doing less than
$11.5 million in annual business, and
agricultural businesses with annual
sales less than $750,000. To determine
if potential economic impacts to these
small entities are significant, we
considered the types of activities that
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might trigger regulatory impacts under
this designation as well as types of
project modifications that may result. In
general, the term significant economic
impact is meant to apply to a typical
small business firm’s business
operations.
Designation of critical habitat only
affects activities authorized, funded, or
carried out by Federal agencies. Some
kinds of activities are unlikely to have
any Federal involvement and so will not
be affected by critical habitat
designation. In areas where one or more
of the 124 species are present, Federal
agencies already are required to consult
with us under section 7 of the Act on
activities they authorize, fund, or carry
out that may affect the species. Federal
agencies also must consult with us if
their activities may affect critical
habitat. Designation of critical habitat,
therefore, could result in an additional
economic impact on small entities due
to the requirement to reinitiate
consultation for ongoing Federal
activities (see Application of the
‘‘Adverse Modification’’ Standard
section).
Under the RFA, as amended, and
following recent court decisions,
Federal agencies are only required to
evaluate the potential incremental
impacts of rulemaking on those entities
directly regulated by the rulemaking
itself, and not the potential impacts to
indirectly affected entities. The
regulatory mechanism through which
critical habitat protections are realized
is section 7 of the Act, which requires
Federal agencies, in consultation with
the Service, to insure that any action
authorized, funded, or carried by the
Agency is not likely to adversely modify
critical habitat. Therefore, only Federal
action agencies are directly subject to
the specific regulatory requirement
(avoiding destruction and adverse
modification) imposed by critical
habitat designation. Under these
circumstances, it is our position that
only Federal action agencies will be
directly regulated by this designation.
Therefore, because Federal agencies are
not small entities, the Service may
certify that the proposed critical habitat
rule will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities.
We acknowledge, however, that in
some cases, third-party proponents of
the action subject to permitting or
funding may participate in a section 7
consultation, and thus may be indirectly
affected. We believe it is good policy to
assess these impacts if we have
sufficient data before us to complete the
necessary analysis, whether or not this
analysis is strictly required by the RFA.
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While this regulation does not directly
regulate these entities, in our final
economic analysis, we have conducted
an evaluation of the potential third
parties participating in consultations on
an annual basis, in order to ensure a
more complete examination of the
incremental effects of this rule in the
context of the RFA.
We are specifically aware of some
potential development activities in the
Barber’s Point area, which could
potentially affect the following critical
habitat units: Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8; Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11. These
potential development activities were
evaluated in the final economic
analysis. Kapolei West is a master
planned development within Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8 that includes
resort, mixed use residential, and
commercial components. Kapolei
Harborside is also within Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, and is part of a
larger Kapolei Business-Industrial Park
development. Within units Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9 and Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 15, there are plans to
construct approximately 28,000 square
feet of non-residential development over
the next 7 to 20 years. The Kalaeloa
Master Plan classifies this area as ecoindustrial for planning purposes,
targeting environmentally compatible
industries (e.g., solar or hybrid energy
generation, bio-filtration, or other
related types of industries). Property
owners within Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 10 have active permits to construct
a large scale solar array field, and the
Kalaeloa Master Plan projects this parcel
to support approximately 137,000
square feet of non-residential
development within the next 7 to 20
years. Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11 is
identified as a location for residential
and non-residential development, and
an energy generation project.
None of the other designated critical
habitat units contains significant
residential, commercial, industrial, or
golf-course projects; crop farming; or
intensive livestock operations, and few
projects are planned for locations in the
other designated critical habitat areas.
This situation reflects the fact that:
(1) Most of the land is unsuitable for
development, farming, or other
economic activities due to the rugged
mountain terrain, lack of access, and
remote locations; and
(2) Existing land-use controls severely
limit development and most other
economic activities in the mountainous
interior of Oahu.
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Existing planned projects, land uses,
and activities that could affect the
critical habitat but have no Federal
involvement would not require section
7 consultation with the Service, so they
are not restricted by the requirements of
the Act. Further, although some existing
and continuing activities involve the
operation and maintenance of existing
manmade features and structures in
certain areas, these areas do not contain
the PCEs for the species, and would not
be impacted by the designation. Finally,
for the anticipated projects and
activities that will have Federal
involvement, many are conservation
efforts that will not negatively impact
the species or their habitats, so they will
not be subject to a minimal level of
informal section 7 consultation. We
anticipate that a developer or other
project proponent could modify a
project or take measures to protect the
124 Oahu species. The kinds of actions
that may be included if future
reasonable and prudent alternatives
become necessary include conservation
set-asides, management of competing
non-native species, restoration of
degraded habitat, and regular
monitoring. These measures are not
likely to result in a significant economic
impact to project proponents, because
nearly all of the lands designated as
critical habitat are unsuitable for
development, as well as for most
commercial projects, land uses, and
activities. This is due to their remote
location, lack of access, and rugged
terrain.
In addition, Federal agencies may also
need to reinitiate a previous
consultation if discretionary
involvement or control over the Federal
action has been retained or is authorized
by law and the activities may affect
critical habitat. Since critical habitat
was designated on Oahu in June 2003
(for 99 Oahu plants), and, most recently
in December 2008 (for 12 picture-wing
flies, 73 FR 73795), we have conducted
28 formal consultations and 137
informal consultations on this island, in
addition to consultations on Federal
grants to State wildlife programs that do
not affect small entities. Of these, 13
formal consultations and 34 informal
consultations were primarily
consultations regarding Federal permits
to Service employees to implement
conservation actions for listed species.
The remainder, 15 formal consultations
and 103 informal consultations,
involved the U.S. Army, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Marine Corps,
U.S. Marine Corps Base of Hawaii, U.S.
Navy, U.S. Air Force, Department of
Commerce, Department of Homeland
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Security, Environmental Protection
Agency, Federal Aviation
Administration, Federal Highways
Administration, Department of
Agriculture (USDA-Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS); USDAAnimal and Plant Health Inspection
Service), General Services
Administration, Housing and Urban
Development, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Geological Survey, Hawaii Department
of Transportation, State of Hawaii,
Housing and Community Development
Corporation of Hawaii, and the
University of Hawaii. The majority of
formal consultations were related to
project effects on seabird flyways,
nesting by endangered waterbirds,
human disturbance such as fire from
military training exercises, and research
permits. The majority of informal
consultations were related to project
effects on seabird flyways and nesting
by endangered waterbirds. About a
quarter of the informal consultations
were conducted with the USDA–NRCS
for proposed funding for habitat
restoration projects under the auspices
of the Wildlife Habitat Incentives
Program.
Seven of the formal consultations
concerned designated critical habitat,
and we concurred with each agency’s
determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely
affect critical habitat. Of these seven
formal consultations, one was
conducted on behalf of the Navy in
upper Halawa Valley, one was
conducted on behalf of the Army
regarding routine military training and
transformation of the 2nd Brigade 25th
Infantry (Light) at six Army
installations, and five were conducted
on behalf of the Army regarding
reinitiation for routine military training
at Makua Military Reservation. The
Navy consultation involved a retrieval
of remains from a remote area crash site
in designated plant critical habitat, and
although it was carried out in an area
that is also designated critical habitat in
this rule, it was a single, one-time action
that is not ongoing. The project
regarding training at six Army
installations on Oahu is being
implemented on lands that we are
exempting from critical habitat in this
rule. Five of the Army consultations,
those that involve routine military
training at Makua Military Reservation,
involve actions that are still ongoing.
Because these five Federal actions were
subject to previous section 7
consultations, there may be a
requirement to reinitiate consultation
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for listed species for ongoing Federal
projects on these lands.
Sixteen of the 103 informal
consultations concerned designated
critical habitat, and in all cases we
concurred with each agency’s
determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely
affect critical habitat. These projects
were evenly divided between
conservation actions that would benefit
listed species, changes in labeling on
pesticides for use throughout the State
to manage conservation areas, and
effects on listed species by routine
training actions on the Army’s Makua
Military Reservation. For the 87
informal consultations that did not
concern designated critical habitat, we
concurred with each agency’s
determination that the project, as
proposed, was not likely to adversely
affect listed species.
In this rule, we are designating critical
habitat on a total of 42,804 ac (17,322
ha) of land. Ninety-three percent (40,447
ac (16,369 ha)) of this critical habitat
designation is already designated
critical habitat for one or more species
and 7 percent (3,044 ac (1,231 ha)) of
the designation is on land newly
designated as critical habitat. Some of
the Federal actions that were subject to
previous section 7 consultation are on
the lands we are designating as critical
habitat in this final rule. Therefore,
there may be a requirement to reinitiate
consultation for some ongoing Federal
projects. However, as the consultations
described above do not generally
involve small entities, the requirement
to reinitiate existing consultations is not
likely to affect a significant number of
small entities.
In the 2001, 2002, and 2008 economic
analyses of the designation of critical
habitat for the Oahu elepaio, 99 species
of Oahu plants, and 12 picture-wing
flies, we evaluated the potential
economic effects on small business
entities resulting from the protection of
these species and their habitats related
to the proposed designation of critical
habitat and determined that it would
not have a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small
entities. The RFA defines ‘‘small
governmental jurisdiction’’ as the
government of a city, county, town,
school district, or special district with a
population of less than 50,000. By this
definition, Honolulu County is not a
small governmental jurisdiction because
its population was 876,156 residents in
2000. Certain State agencies, such as the
Department of Land and Natural
Resources and the State Department of
Transportation, may be affected by the
critical habitat designation. However,
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for the purposes of the RFA, State
governments are considered
independent sovereigns, not small
governments. The significant overlap
between the critical habitat designations
for the Oahu elepaio, 99 plant species,
and the 12 picture-wing flies and this
critical habitat designation is further
evidence that this designation will not
have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
In our final economic analysis of the
critical habitat designation, we
evaluated the potential economic effects
on small business entities resulting from
implementation of conservation actions
related to the designation of critical
habitat for 124 Oahu species. The
analysis identifies the estimated
incremental impacts associated with the
proposed rulemaking, as described in
the Small Business Analysis Appendix
Part II of the analysis, and evaluates the
potential for economic impacts related
to the building construction industry.
The analysis concludes that it is
unlikely that every affected developer
would be a small business as defined by
the Small Business Administration.
However, because it is difficult to
predict which developers would be
specifically impacted by the designation
of critical habitat, the analysis
conservatively assumes that every
developer impacted is a small business,
likely overstating the economic impacts
of the designation. The analysis also
conservatively assumes that one
developer is associated with each
affected land parcel. The analysis
concluded that two small business
developers would be affected within in
the unoccupied unit Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, and 21 small business
developers would be affected in the
other occupied units. Key assumptions
used in the Small Business Impact
Analysis were that (1) Every parcel
would have one formal section 7
consultation; (2) parcels in the
unoccupied unit Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 8 would incur property value
losses; (3) a unique developer is
associated with each parcel; and (4)
each established reported in census data
reflects a unique business. However, it
is highly unlikely that every parcel
would have a formal consultation
because some parcels may have no
consultations or only informal
consultations, and every parcel is
unlikely to have a Federal nexus. It is
also highly unlikely the parcels in the
unoccupied unit Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 8 would incur property value
losses, since development activities that
with a Federal nexus that do not
adversely modify critical habitat are not
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prohibited. Likewise, it is highly
unlikely that a unique developer is
associated with each parcel, since more
than one parcel is likely to be included
in a single action and developers are
likely to be involved in more than a
single project. It is unlikely that each
establishment reported in census data
reflects a unique business, since a single
business can be composed of one or
more establishments. Accordingly, the
effect of taking the above assumptions
into consideration in the final economic
analysis overestimates the effect of the
designation on small businesses (i.e.,
reflects the upper bound of economic
impact). Table 4 in Part II of the Final
Economic Analysis concludes that the
upper bound of economic impacts to
small businesses as follows: (1) Property
Value Impacts (based on a total property
value impact (upper-bound) of
$7,620,971 for the two unoccupied
parcels in LDU8)—2 firms could
potentially be affected, and realize a
$351,666 average annualized property
value impact at a 7 percent discount rate
($247,193 at a 3 percent discount rate),
based on average receipts of
$14,673,156. This equates to an
annualized property value impact of 2.4
percent at a 7% discount rate, or 1.7
percent at a 3 percent discount rate.
Two businesses is not a substantial
number of businesses impacted, and the
annualized property impacts are not
significant; (2) Administrative
Impacts—23 firms could potentially be
affected, accruing a $3,500 cost related
to section 7 consultation (2 percent of
their averaged annualized receipts),
which is not a significant impact.
Incremental impacts are either not
expected for the other types of activities
considered or, if expected, will not be
borne by small entities.
In summary, we considered whether
the rule will result in a significant
economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities. For the above
reasons and based on currently available
information, we conclude that this rule
will not result in a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small
entities. Therefore, we are certifying that
the designation of critical habitat for 124
Oahu species will not have a significant
impact on a substantial number of small
entities, and a regulatory flexibility
analysis is not required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2
U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501),
we make the following findings:
(a) This rule will not produce a
Federal mandate. In general, a Federal
mandate is a provision in legislation,
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statute, or regulation that would impose
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or
tribal governments, or the private sector,
and includes both ‘‘Federal
intergovernmental mandates’’ and
‘‘Federal private sector mandates.’’
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C.
658(5)–(7). ‘‘Federal intergovernmental
mandate’’ includes a regulation that
‘‘would impose an enforceable duty
upon State, local, or tribal governments’’
with two exceptions. It excludes ‘‘a
condition of Federal assistance.’’ It also
excludes ‘‘a duty arising from
participation in a voluntary Federal
program,’’ unless the regulation ‘‘relates
to a then-existing Federal program
under which $500,000,000 or more is
provided annually to State, local, and
tribal governments under entitlement
authority,’’ if the provision would
‘‘increase the stringency of conditions of
assistance’’ or ‘‘place caps upon, or
otherwise decrease, the Federal
Government’s responsibility to provide
funding,’’ and the State, local, or tribal
governments ‘‘lack authority’’ to adjust
accordingly. At the time of enactment,
these entitlement programs were:
Medicaid; Aid to Families with
Dependent Children work programs;
Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social
Services Block Grants; Vocational
Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster Care,
Adoption Assistance, and Independent
Living; Family Support Welfare
Services; and Child Support
Enforcement. ‘‘Federal private sector
mandate’’ includes a regulation that
‘‘would impose an enforceable duty
upon the private sector, except (i) a
condition of Federal assistance; or (ii) a
duty arising from participation in a
voluntary Federal program.’’
The designation of critical habitat
does not impose a legally binding duty
on non-Federal Government entities or
private parties. Under the Act, the only
regulatory effect is that Federal agencies
must ensure that their actions do not
destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat under section 7. While nonFederal entities that receive Federal
funding, assistance, or permits, or that
otherwise require approval or
authorization from a Federal agency for
an action, may be indirectly impacted
by the designation of critical habitat, the
legally binding duty to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat rests squarely on the
Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are
indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate
in a voluntary Federal aid program, the
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act does
not apply, nor does critical habitat shift
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57743
the costs of the large entitlement
programs listed above onto State
governments.
(b) We do not believe that this rule
will significantly or uniquely affect
small governments. The lands we are
designating as critical habitat are owned
by the City and County of Honolulu, the
State of Hawaii, private citizens, and the
Federal Government. None of these
entities fit the definition of ‘‘small
governmental jurisdiction.’’ Therefore, a
Small Government Agency Plan is not
required.
Takings—Executive Order 12630
In accordance with E.O. 12630
(‘‘Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private
Property Rights’’), we have analyzed the
potential takings implications of
designating 42,804 ac (17,322 ha) of
lands in Honolulu County, Hawaii, as
critical habitat for the 124 species in a
takings implications assessment. The
takings implications assessment
concludes that this designation of
critical habitat for each of these 124
species does not pose significant takings
implications for lands within or affected
by the designation.
Federalism—Executive Order 13132
In accordance with E.O. 13132
(Federalism), this rule does not have
significant Federalism effects. A
federalism summary impact statement is
not required. In keeping with
Department of the Interior and
Department of Commerce policy, we
requested information from, and
coordinated development of, this
critical habitat designation with
appropriate State resource agencies in
Hawaii. The critical habitat designation
may have some benefit to these
governments because the areas that
contain the features essential to the
conservation of the species are more
clearly defined, and the essential
features themselves are specifically
identified. While making this definition
and identification does not alter where
and what federally sponsored activities
may occur, it may assist local
governments in long-range planning
(rather than having them wait for caseby-case section 7 consultations to
occur).
Where State and local governments
require approval or authorization from a
Federal agency for actions that may
affect critical habitat, consultation
under section 7(a)(2) will be required.
While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits,
or that otherwise require approval or
authorization from a Federal agency for
an action, may be indirectly impacted
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
by the designation of critical habitat, the
legally binding duty to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat rests squarely on the
Federal agency.
Civil Justice Reform—Executive Order
12988
In accordance with Executive Order
12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the Office
of the Solicitor has determined that the
rule does not unduly burden the judicial
system and that it meets the
requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2)
of the Order. We have designated
critical habitat in accordance with the
provisions of the Act. This final rule
uses standard property descriptions and
identifies the features essential to the
conservation of the species within the
designated areas to assist the public in
understanding the habitat needs of each
of the 124 species considered in this
rule.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any new
collections of information that require
approval by OMB under the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501
et seq.). This rule does not impose
recordkeeping or reporting requirements
on State or local governments,
individuals, businesses, or
organizations. An agency may not
conduct or sponsor, and a person is not
required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA)
It is our position that, outside the
jurisdiction of the Circuit Court of the
United States for the Tenth Circuit, we
do not need to prepare environmental
analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C.
4321 et seq.) in connection with
designating critical habitat under the
Act. We published a notice outlining
our reasons for this determination in the
Federal Register on October 25, 1983
(48 FR 49244). This position was upheld
by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v.
Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995),
cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).
Government-to-Government
Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President’s
memorandum of April 29, 1994
(Government-to-Government Relations
With Native American Tribal
Governments; 59 FR 22951), Executive
Order 13175 (Consultation and
Coordination With Indian Tribal
Governments), and the Department of
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the Interior’s manual at 512 DM 2, we
readily acknowledge our responsibility
to communicate meaningfully with
recognized Federal Tribes on a
government-to-government basis. In
accordance with Secretarial Order 3206
of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal
Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust
Responsibilities, and the Endangered
Species Act), we readily acknowledge
our responsibilities to work directly
with tribes in developing programs for
healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that
tribal lands are not subject to the same
controls as Federal public lands, to
remain sensitive to Indian culture, and
to make information available to tribes.
We have determined that there are no
tribal lands that are essential for the
conservation of the 124 Oahu species.
Therefore, we have not designated
critical habitat for any of the 124 species
on tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, and Use—
Executive Order 13211
On May 18, 2001, the President issued
an Executive Order (E.O. 13211; Actions
Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use) on regulations that
significantly affect energy supply,
distribution, and use. E.O. 13211
requires agencies to prepare Statements
of Energy Effects when undertaking
certain actions. This rule designating
critical habitat for 124 species is not a
significant regulatory action under E.O.
12866, and we do not expect it to
significantly affect energy supplies,
distribution, or use. Regarding the
proposed solar development project in
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10, we do
not foresee a Federal nexus for the
specific project proposal, and, therefore,
the designation of critical habitat is not
anticipated to impact that project.
Regarding the additional solar
development project in Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, we support the
development of a balanced conservation
plan or State habitat conservation plan,
which the Navy requires as a deed
transfer restriction, in order to complete
the proposed land transfer to the State
of Hawaii. Further, we support the
balanced approach planned by the Navy
and the State that will allow the solar
project to go forward in a portion of
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, as well
as the conservation of Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. skottsbergii on the site.
Therefore, since this designation of
critical habitat is not anticipated to
impact any of the proposed renewable
energy projects, this action is not a
significant energy action, and no
Statement of Energy Effects is required.
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Clarity of the Rule
We are required by Executive Orders
12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1,
1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we
publish must:
(a) Be logically organized;
(b) Use the active voice to address
readers directly;
(c) Use clear language rather than
jargon;
(d) Be divided into short sections and
sentences; and
(e) Use lists and tables wherever
possible.
If you feel that we have not met these
requirements, send us comments by one
of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES
section. To better help us revise the
rule, your comments should be as
specific as possible. For example, you
should tell us the numbers of the
sections or paragraphs that are unclearly
written, which sections or sentences are
too long, the sections where you feel
lists or tables would be useful, etc.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited
in this rulemaking is available on the
https://www.regulations.gov and upon
request from the Pacific Islands Fish
and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES).
Authors
The primary authors of this
rulemaking are staff members of the
Pacific Island Fish and Wildlife Office
(see ADDRESSES).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species,
Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements,
Transportation.
Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we amend part 17,
subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the
Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth
below:
PART 17—[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17
continues to read as follows:
■
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C.
1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99–
625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. Amend § 17.11(h), the List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by
adding entries for ‘‘Damselfly, blackline
Hawaiian’’, ‘‘Damselfly, crimson
Hawaiian’’, and ‘‘Damselfly, oceanic
Hawaiian’’, in alphabetical order under
INSECTS, to read as follows:
■
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§ 17.11 Endangered and threatened
wildlife.
*
*
*
*
(h) * * *
*
Species
Vertebrate
population
where endangered or
threatened
Historic range
Common name
Scientific name
*
INSECTS
*
*
Damselfly, blackline Hawaiian.
*
*
Damselfly, oceanic Hawaiian.
*
*
*
*
*
NA
E
*
....................
17.95(i)
NA
U.S.A. (HI) ...................
NA
E
....................
17.95(i)
NA
NA
E
*
....................
17.95(i)
*
3. Amend § 17.12(h), the List of
Endangered and Threatened Plants, as
follows:
■ a. By removing the entries for
Alsinidendron obovatum,
Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var. kalaeloana, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis
parvula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, and
Mariscus pennatiformis under
FLOWERING PLANTS;
■ b. By revising the entry for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
under FLOWERING PLANTS to read as
set forth below;
■
*
Special
rules
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...................
*
*
*
*
c. By adding entries for Bidens
amplectens, Chamaesyce skottsbergii
var. skottsbergii, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyperus pennatiformis,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
waiolani, Kadua coriacea, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope christophersenii, Melicope
hiiakae, Melicope makahae, Platydesma
cornuta var. cornuta, Platydesma
cornuta var. decurrens, Pleomele
forbesii, Psychotria hexandra ssp.
oahuensis, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
■
Historic range
Family
*
*
*
NA
*
Schiedea obovata, Schiedea trinervis,
Tetraplasandra lydgatei, and
Zanthoxylum oahuense in alphabetical
order under FLOWERING PLANTS to
read as set forth below;
■ d. By removing the entry for
Phlegmariurus nutans under FERNS
AND ALLIES; and
■ e. By adding entries for Doryopteris
takeuchii and Huperzia nutans in
alphabetical order under FERNS AND
ALLIES to read as set forth below.
§ 17.12
*
Endangered and threatened plants.
*
*
(h) * * *
Species
Scientific name
Critical
habitat
When listed
*
*
*
Megalagrion oceanicum U.S.A. (HI) ...................
Damselfly, crimson Hawaiian.
*
Megalagrion
nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum.
Megalagrion
leptodemas.
*
Status
Status
When listed
Common name
*
*
Critical
habitat
Special
rules
FLOWERING PLANTS
*
Round-leaved chaff
flower.
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Amaranthaceae ....... E
*
220
17.99(i)
*
Bidens amplectens ..
*
Kookoolau ................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Asteraceae .............. E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Chamaesyce
skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii.
*
Ewa plains akoko ....
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Euphorbiaceae ........ E
*
120
17.99(i)
*
Cyanea calycina ......
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*
Achyranthes
splendens var.
rotundata.
*
Haha ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Campanulaceae ...... E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Cyanea lanceolata ...
*
Haha ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Campanulaceae ...... E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Cyanea
purpurellifolia.
*
Haha ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Campanulaceae ...... E
*
806
17.99(i)
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
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Species
Historic range
Scientific name
Family
Status
When listed
Common name
Critical
habitat
Special
rules
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Cyperaceae ............. E
*
559
*
Cyrtandra gracilis .....
Cyrtandra kaulantha
*
Haiwale ....................
Haiwale ....................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Gesneriaceae .......... E
Gesneriaceae .......... E
*
806
806
17.99(i)
17.99(i)
*
Cyrtandra sessilis ....
*
Haiwale ....................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Gesneriaceae .......... E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Cyrtandra waiolani ...
*
Haiwale ....................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Gesneriaceae .......... E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Kadua coriacea ........
*
Kioele .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rubiaceae ............... E
*
467
*
Kadua degeneri .......
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rubiaceae ............... E
*
448
17.99(i)
*
Kadua parvula .........
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rubiaceae ............... E
*
448
17.99(i)
*
Korthalsella degeneri
*
Hulumoa ..................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Viscaceae ................ E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Melanthera tenuifolia
*
Nehe ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Asteraceae .............. E
*
448
17.99(i)
*
Melicope
christophersenii.
*
Alani .........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rutaceae ................. E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Melicope hiiakae ......
*
Alani .........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rutaceae ................. E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Melicope makahae ..
*
Alani .........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rutaceae ................. E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Platydesma cornuta
var. cornuta.
Platydesma cornuta
var. decurrens.
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rutaceae ................. E
*
806
17.99(i)
NA
None ........................
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
Rutaceae .................
E
806
17.99(i)
NA
*
Pleomele forbesii .....
*
Hala pepe ................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Asparagaceae ......... E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Psychotria hexandra
ssp. oahuensis.
*
Kopiko ......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rubiaceae ............... E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Pteralyxia
macrocarpa.
*
Kaulu .......................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Apocynaceae ........... E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Schiedea obovata ....
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Caryophyllaceae ...... E
*
448
17.99(i)
*
Schiedea trinervis ....
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
*
Cyperus
pennatiformis.
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Caryophyllaceae ...... E
*
448
17.99(i)
*
Tetraplasandra
lydgatei.
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Araliaceae ................ E
*
806
17.99(i)
*
Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
*
Ae ............................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Rutaceae ................. E
*
806
17.99(i)
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
Frm 00100
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
*
17.99(a)(1),
(e)(1), (g),
and (i)
NA
*
NA
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
17.99(e)(1)
and (i)
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
*
NA
57747
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Species
Historic range
Scientific name
Family
Status
*
FERNS AND ALLIES
*
*
*
*
*
*
Doryopteris takeuchii
*
None ........................
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Pteridaceae ............. E
*
Wawaeiole ...............
*
U.S.A. (HI) ...............
*
*
Lycopodiaceae ........ E
*
467
*
*
*
4. Amend § 17.95(i), by adding critical
habitat for ‘‘Blackline Hawaiian
Damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum),’’ ‘‘Crimson Hawaiian
Damselfly (Megalagrion leptodemas),’’
and ‘‘Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum)’’, in the same
alphabetical order as these species occur
in the table at § 17.11(h), to read as set
forth below.
■
§ 17.95
Critical habitat—fish and wildlife.
*
*
*
(i) Insects.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Blackline Hawaiian Damselfly
(Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted
for Honolulu County, Hawaii, on the
maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements. The
primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum) are:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
*
*
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(vii) Perennial streams.
(viii) Slow reaches of streams.
(ix) Pools.
(3) Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, existing trails,
campgrounds and their immediate
surrounding landscaped area, scenic
lookouts, remote helicopter landing
sites, and existing fences are not
included in the critical habitat
designation. Federal actions limited to
those areas, therefore, would not trigger
PO 00000
Frm 00101
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
Special
rules
*
*
806
*
Huperzia nutans ......
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Critical
habitat
When listed
Common name
*
17.99(i)
NA
*
17.99(e)(1)
and (i)
*
NA
*
a consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or
adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were
created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM
Zone 4, units in meters using North
American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). The
maps in this entry, as modified by any
accompanying regulatory text, establish
the boundaries of the critical habitat
designation. The coordinates or plot
points or both on which each map is
based are available to the public at the
Service’s internet site, https://
www.fws.gov/pacificislands; at https://
www.regulations.gov at Docket No.
FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043: and at the
field office responsible for the
designation. You may obtain field office
location information by contacting one
of the Service regional offices, the
addresses of which are listed at 50 CFR
2.2.
(5) Index map of critical habitat units
for the blackline Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
VerDate Mar<15>2010
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
Frm 00102
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.009
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
57748
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
nigrolineatum—Unit 3—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (3,041 ac;
1,231 ha). These units are critical
habitat for the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum. Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 1—
PO 00000
Frm 00103
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 3—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.010
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(6) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 1—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (790 ac; 320
ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 2—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,787 ac; 723
ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum
57749
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(7) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 4—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (15,728 ac;
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
6,365 ha). This unit is critical habitat for
the blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
PO 00000
Frm 00104
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
nigrolineatum. Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 4—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.011
57750
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
nigrolineatum—Unit 7—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha).
These units are critical habitat for the
blackline Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum. Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 5—
PO 00000
Frm 00105
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 7—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.012
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(8) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 5—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (124 ac; 50
ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 6—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (123 ac; 50
ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum
57751
57752
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Honolulu County, Hawaii (407 ac; 165
ha); and Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 11—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (2,507 ac;
1,014 ha). These units are critical
habitat for the blackline Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum. Map of Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 8—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit 9—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit
10—Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
nigrohamatum nigrolineatum—Unit
11—Lowland Wet follows:
BILLING CODE 4310–55–C
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Slow reaches of streams or ponds.
(ii) In units 12, 13, and 14, the
primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua, Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Slow reaches of streams or ponds.
(3) Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, existing trails,
campgrounds and their immediate
surrounding landscaped area, scenic
lookouts, remote helicopter landing
sites, and existing fences are not
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Crimson Hawaiian Damselfly
(Megalagrion leptodemas)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted
for Honolulu County, Hawaii, on the
maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
and 11, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the
crimson Hawaiian damselfly are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
Frm 00106
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.013
(9) Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 8—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (75 ac; 30 ha);
Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 9—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193
ha); Megalagrion nigrohamatum
nigrolineatum—Unit 10—Lowland Wet,
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
maps in this entry, as modified by any
accompanying regulatory text, establish
the boundaries of the critical habitat
designation. The coordinates or plot
points or both on which each map is
based are available to the public at the
Service’s internet site, https://
www.fws.gov/pacificislands; at https://
www.regulations.gov at Docket No.
FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043; and at the
field office responsible for the
PO 00000
Frm 00107
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
designation. You may obtain field office
location information by contacting one
of the Service regional offices, the
addresses of which are listed at 50 CFR
2.2.
(5) Index map of critical habitat units
for the crimson Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion leptodemas) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.014
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
included in the critical habitat
designation. Federal actions limited to
those areas, therefore, would not trigger
a consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or
physical or biological features in
adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were
created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM
Zone 4, units in meters using North
American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). The
57753
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(6) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 1—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(790 ac; 320 ha); Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 2—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,787ac; 723
ha); and Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
3—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (3,041 ac; 1,231 ha). These units
are critical habitat for the crimson
Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
leptodemas. Map of Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 1—Lowland Wet,
PO 00000
Frm 00108
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 3—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.015
57754
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion leptodemas.
PO 00000
Frm 00109
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Map of Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
4—Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.016
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(7) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 4—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(15,728 ac; 6,365 ha). This unit is
57755
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(8) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(124 ac; 50 ha); Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 6—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (123 ac; 50
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
ha); and Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
7—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha). These units are
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion leptodemas.
PO 00000
Frm 00110
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Map of Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
5—Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 6—Lowland Wet, and
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 7—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.017
57756
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Hawaii (407 ac; 165 ha); and
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 11—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(2,507 ac; 1,014 ha). These units are
critical habitat for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion leptodemas.
Map of Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
PO 00000
Frm 00111
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
8—Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 9—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 10—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 11—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.018
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(9) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 8—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(75 ac; 30 ha); Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 9—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193
ha); Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
10—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
57757
57758
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit 12—Wet
Cliff and Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
13—Wet Cliff follows:
habitat for the crimson Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion leptodemas.
Map of Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
14—Wet Cliff follows:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
Frm 00112
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.019
Honolulu County, Hawaii (144 ac; 58
ha). These units are critical habitat for
the crimson Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion leptodemas. Map of
(11) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
14—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(4,649 ac; 1,881 ha). This unit is critical
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(10) Megalagrion leptodemas—Unit
12—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(151 ac; 61 ha) and Megalagrion
leptodemas—Unit 13—Wet Cliff,
BILLING CODE 4310–55–C
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oceanic Hawaiian Damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted
for Honolulu County, Hawaii, on the
maps below.
(2) Primary constituent elements.
(i) In unit 1, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(H) Swift-flowing sections and riffles
of streams.
(ii) In units 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, and 12, the primary constituent
elements of critical habitat for the
oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Swift-flowing sections and riffles
of streams.
(iii) In units 13, 14, and 15, the
primary constituent elements of critical
habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly (Megalagrion oceanicum) are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
PO 00000
Frm 00113
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
57759
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
(G) Perennial streams.
(H) Swift-flowing sections and riffles
of streams.
(3) Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, existing trails,
campgrounds and their immediate
surrounding landscaped area, scenic
lookouts, remote helicopter landing
sites, and existing fences are not
included in the critical habitat
designation. Federal actions limited to
those areas, therefore, would not trigger
a consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.020
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
physical and biological features in
adjacent critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat maps. Maps were
created in GIS, with coordinates in UTM
Zone 4, units in meters using North
American datum of 1983 (NAD 83). The
maps in this entry, as modified by any
accompanying regulatory text, establish
the boundaries of the critical habitat
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
designation. The coordinates or plot
points or both on which each map is
based are available to the public at the
Service’s internet site, https://
www.fws.gov/pacificislands; at https://
www.regulations.gov at Docket No.
FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043; and at the
field office responsible for the
designation. You may obtain field office
PO 00000
Frm 00114
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
location information by contacting one
of the Service regional offices, the
addresses of which are listed at 50 CFR
2.2.
(5) Index map of critical habitat units
for the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly
(Megalagrion oceanicum) follows:
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.021
57760
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion oceanicum. Map
PO 00000
Frm 00115
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
of Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 1—
Lowland Mesic (Map 2) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.022
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(6) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 1—
Lowland Mesic, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (247 ac; 100 ha). This unit is
57761
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(7) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 2—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(790 ac; 320 ha); Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 3—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (1,787 ac; 723
ha); and Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
4—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (3,041 ac; 1,231 ha). These units
are critical habitat for the oceanic
Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion
oceanicum. Map of Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 2—Lowland Wet,
PO 00000
Frm 00116
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 3—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 4—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.023
57762
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion oceanicum. Map
PO 00000
Frm 00117
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
of Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.024
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(8) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 5—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(15,728 ac; 6,365 ha). This unit is
57763
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(9) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(124 ac; 50 ha); Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 7—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (123 ac; 50
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
ha); and Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
8—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (53 ac; 21 ha). These units are
critical habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion oceanicum. Map
PO 00000
Frm 00118
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
of Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 6—
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 7—Lowland Wet, and
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 8—
Lowland Wet follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.025
57764
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(407 ac; 165 ha); and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 12—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (2,507 ac;
1,014 ha). These units are critical
habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion oceanicum. Map
of Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 9—
PO 00000
Frm 00119
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Lowland Wet, Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 10—Lowland Wet,
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 11—
Lowland Wet, and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 12—Lowland Wet
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.026
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(10) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
9—Lowland Wet, Honolulu County,
Hawaii (75 ac; 30 ha); Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 10—Lowland Wet,
Honolulu County, Hawaii (478 ac; 193
ha); Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 11—
Lowland Wet, Honolulu County, Hawaii
57765
57766
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 13—Wet
Cliff and Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
14—Wet Cliff follows:
habitat for the oceanic Hawaiian
damselfly, Megalagrion oceanicum. Map
of Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit 15—
Wet Cliff follows:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
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Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.027
Honolulu County, Hawaii (144 ac; 58
ha). These units are critical habitat for
the oceanic Hawaiian damselfly,
Megalagrion oceanicum. Map of
(12) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
15—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(4,649 ac; 1,881 ha). This unit is critical
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(11) Megalagrion oceanicum—Unit
13—Wet Cliff, Honolulu County, Hawaii
(151 ac; 61 ha) and Megalagrion
oceanicum—Unit 14—Wet Cliff,
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
*
■
a. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
■
*
*
*
*
5. Amend § 17.99 as follows:
Paragraph designation
Remove
(a)(1)(civ), the introductory text ..........................
(a)(1)(ccxl), the introductory text ........................
Kauai 10—Phlegmariurus nutans—a ..............
Kauai 11—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ............
b. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by
removing the maps in paragraphs
(a)(1)(civ)(B) and (a)(1)(ccxl)(B), and
adding in their place the maps set forth
below.
■
Add
c. In paragraph (a)(1)(cdlix), amend
the Table of Protected Species Within
Each Critical Habitat Unit for Kauai, by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
■
Column heading
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
Kauai 10—Phlegmariurus nutans—a ..............
Phlegmariurus nutans. .....................................
Kauai 11—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ............
Mariscus pennatiformis ....................................
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
Remove
Unit name ...........................................................
Species unoccupied ...........................................
Unit name ...........................................................
Species unoccupied ...........................................
Kauai 10—Huperzia nutans—a.
Kauai 11—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
d. Amend paragraph (b)(1) by
removing the words listed in the
■
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Add
‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places
that they appear and adding in their
PO 00000
Frm 00121
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
Kauai 10—Huperzia nutans—a.
Huperzia nutans.
Kauai 11—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’
column below:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.028
BILLING CODE 4310–55–C
57767
57768
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Remove
Add
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ................................
Kauai 11—Mariscus pennatiformis—a .....................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis .............................................................................
e. Amend paragraph (b)(2) by
removing the words listed in the
Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN).
Kauai 11—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
‘‘Remove’’ column below in all places
that they appear and adding in their
■
place the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’
column below:
Remove
Add
Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) ....................
Kauai 10—Phlegmariurus nutans—a .......................................................
Phlegmariurus nutans ...............................................................................
f. Amend paragraph (e)(1) by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
■
Family Lycopodiaceae: Huperzia nutans (wawaeiole).
Kauai 10—Huperzia nutans—a.
Huperzia nutans.
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
Paragraph designation
Remove
(e)(1)(xii), the introductory text ...........................
(e)(1)(civ), the introductory text ..........................
(e)(1)(cv), the introductory text ...........................
Maui 6—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—a ......................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—b ......................
g. Amend paragraph (e)(1) by
removing the maps in paragraphs
(e)(1)(xii)(B), (e)(1)(civ)(B), and
(e)(1)(cv)(B), and adding in their place
the maps set forth below.
■
Add
h. In paragraph (e)(1)(cxxxviii), amend
the Table of Protected Species Within
Each Critical Habitat Unit for Maui, by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
■
Column heading
Maui 6—Mariscus pennatiformis—a ................
Mariscus pennatiformis ....................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—a ......................
Hedyotis coriacea ............................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—b ......................
Hedyotis coriacea ............................................
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
Remove
Unit name ...........................................................
Species occupied ...............................................
Unit name ...........................................................
Species occupied ...............................................
Unit name ...........................................................
Species unoccupied ...........................................
Maui 6—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—a.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—b.
i. Amend paragraph (f)(1) by removing
the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’
■
Add
column below in all places that they
appear and adding in their place the
Maui 6—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—a.
Kadua coriacea.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—b.
Kadua coriacea.
words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column
below:
Remove
Add
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN). ...............................
Maui 6—Mariscus pennatiformis—a. .......................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis .............................................................................
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea (kioele) .........................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—a ...............................................................
Maui 17—Hedyotis coriacea—b ...............................................................
Hedyotis coriacea .....................................................................................
j. Amend paragraph (g) by removing
the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’
column below and adding in their place
■
Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN).
Maui 6—Cyperus pennatiformis—a.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
Family Rubiaceae: Kadua coriacea (kioele).
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—a.
Maui 17—Kadua coriacea—b.
Kadua coriacea.
the words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column
below:
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Paragraph designation
Remove
Add
(g)(7), the introductory text .................................
Laysan 1—Mariscus pennatiformis—entire island.
Laysan 1—Cyperus pennatiformis—entire island.
k. Amend paragraph (g) by removing
the map in paragraph (g)(7)(ii), and
■
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18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
adding in its place the map set forth
below.
PO 00000
Frm 00122
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l. In paragraph (g)(9), amend the Table
of Protected Species Within Each
■
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Critical Habitat Unit for the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, by
removing the words listed in the
‘‘Remove’’ column below and adding in
Column heading
Mariscus pennatiformis ....................................
their place the words listed in the
‘‘Add’’ column below:
Remove
Species—Occupied ............................................
m. Amend paragraph (h) by removing
the words listed in the ‘‘Remove’’
■
57769
Add
column below in all places that they
appear and adding in their place the
Cyperus pennatiformis.
words listed in the ‘‘Add’’ column
below:
Remove
Add
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ................................
Laysan 1—Mariscus pennatiformis ..........................................................
Mariscus pennatiformis .............................................................................
Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN).
Laysan 1—Cyperus pennatiformis.
Cyperus pennatiformis.
(ccxl) * * *
n. Revise paragraphs (i) and (j) to read
as set forth below.
■
§ 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the
islands of Kauai, Niihau, Molokai, Maui,
Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Hawaii, HI, and on
the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
(a) * * *
(1) * * *
(civ) * * *
(B) Note: Map 49 follows:
*
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PO 00000
*
*
Frm 00123
*
Fmt 4701
*
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.029
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
57770
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
Frm 00124
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.030
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(B) Note: Map 134 follows:
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
*
*
*
*
(e) * * *
(1) * * *
(xii) * * *
(B) Note: Map 12 follows:
(civ) * * *
(B) Note: Map 104 follows:
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
*
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
*
*
Frm 00125
*
Fmt 4701
*
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.031
*
57771
57772
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
ER18SE12.033
(B) Note: Map 105 follows:
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18SER2
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tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(cv) * * *
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
*
*
*
*
(g) * * *
(7) * * *
(ii) Note: Map 7 follows:
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
*
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
*
*
Frm 00127
*
Fmt 4701
*
Sfmt 4700
(i) Oahu. Critical habitat units are
described below. Maps were created in
GIS, with coordinates in UTM Zone 4
with units in meters using North
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The
maps in this entry, as modified by any
accompanying regulatory text, establish
the boundaries of the critical habitat
designation. The coordinates or plot
points or both on which each map is
based are available to the public at the
Service’s Internet site, https://
www.fws.gov/pacificislands; at https://
www.regulations.gov at Docket No.
FWS–R1–ES–2010–0043; and at the
field office responsible for the
designation. You may obtain field office
location information by contacting one
of the Service regional offices, the
addresses of which are listed at 50 CFR
2.2. Existing manmade features and
structures, such as buildings, roads,
railroads, airports, runways, other paved
areas, lawns, and other urban
landscaped areas, existing trails,
campgrounds and their immediate
surrounding landscaped area, scenic
lookouts, remote helicopter landing
sites, and existing fences are not
included in the critical habiat
designation. Federal actions limited to
those areas, therefore, would not trigger
a consultation under section 7 of the Act
unless they may affect the species or
physical or biological features in
adjacent critical habitat.
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
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*
57773
57774
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.035
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(1) Map 1—Index map follows:
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
PO 00000
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Sfmt 4725
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna owahuensis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1
(Map 2) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.036
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(2) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1 (958 ac;
388 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
57775
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(3) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2 (12 ac; 5
ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2
(Map 3) follows:
PO 00000
Frm 00130
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.037
57776
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
PO 00000
Frm 00131
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
(ii) Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3
and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4 (Map 4)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
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tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(4) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3 (15 ac; 6
ha) and Oahu–Coastal–Unit 4 (3 ac; 1
ha).
57777
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(5) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5 (12 ac; 5
ha) and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 (9 ac; 4
ha).
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
PO 00000
Frm 00132
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
(ii) Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5
and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6 (Map 5)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.039
57778
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VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(i) These units are critical habitat for,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
PO 00000
Frm 00133
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
(ii) Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8, and Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 9 (Map 6) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.040
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(6) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7 (67 ac; 27
ha), Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8 (10 ac; 4
ha), and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9 (80 ac;
33 ha).
57779
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(7) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10 (74 ac; 30
ha), Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11 (20 ac; 8
ha), and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 (11 ac;
5 ha).
(i) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10 is critical
habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania
tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(ii) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11 and
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12 are critical
habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyperus
PO 00000
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Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
trachysanthos, Marsilea villosa,
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna owahuensis.
(iii) Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11, and Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 12 (Map 7) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
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57780
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VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. kaenana, Schiedea kealiae,
PO 00000
Frm 00135
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna owahuensis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 15 (Map 8) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
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tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(8) Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13 (23 ac; 10
ha), Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14 (4 ac; 2
ha), and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15 (33 ac;
13 ha).
57781
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(9) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1 (102
ac; 41 ha) and Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 2 (29 ac; 12).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
Melanthera tenuifolia, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
PO 00000
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Sfmt 4725
Pleomele forbesii, Schiedea hookeri,
Schiedea kealiae, and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1 and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2
(Map 9) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.043
57782
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57783
Gouania meyenii, and Spermolepis
hawaiiensis.
(ii) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7 is
critical habitat for Cyperus
trachysanthos, Doryopteris takeuchii,
Gouania meyenii, Marsilea villosa, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(iii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 6 and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7
(Map 10) follows:
(12) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8 (99
ac; 40 ha), Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9
(37 ac; 15 ha), Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 10 (43 ac; 17 ha), and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11 (166 ac; 67 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata,
Bidens amplectens, Bonamia menziesii,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
kealiae, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11 (Map 11)
follows:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
BILLING CODE 4310–55–P
Frm 00137
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.044
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(10) [Reserved]
(11) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6
(287 ac; 116 ha) and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7 (15 ac; 6 ha).
(i) Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6 is
critical habitat for Doryopteris takeuchii,
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(13) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1
(4,448 ac; 1,800 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua
coriacea, Kadua degeneri, Kadua
parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
PO 00000
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Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae,
Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea obovata,
Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
Map of Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1
(Map 12) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.045
57784
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Kadua
coriacea, Kadua degeneri, Kadua
parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
PO 00000
Frm 00139
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae,
Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea obovata,
Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 2 (Map 13) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.046
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(14) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2
(1,063 ac; 430 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
57785
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(15) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3
(353 ac; 143 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata,
Cyanea calycina, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea superba, Cyperus
pennatiformis, Cyrtandra dentata,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis
fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia,
Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion longifolium,
Kadua coriacea, Kadua degeneri, Kadua
parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
niihauensis, Melanthera tenuifolia,
Melicope makahae, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
PO 00000
Frm 00140
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae,
Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea obovata,
Silene perlmanii, Solanum
sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 3 (Map 14) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.047
57786
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
Frm 00141
Fmt 4701
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57787
ER18SE12.048
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(16) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4
(20 ac; 8 ha) and Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 5 (29 ac; 12 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea. calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
longiflora, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saintjohnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
PO 00000
Frm 00142
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4 and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 5 (Map 15) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.049
57788
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saintjohnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
PO 00000
Frm 00143
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 6 (Map 16) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.050
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(17) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6
(247 ac; 100 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
longiflora, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
57789
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(18) Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7
(1,669 ac; 676 ha).
(ii) This unit is critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia
menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
longiflora, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia
falcata, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Kadua coriacea, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saintjohnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
PO 00000
Frm 00144
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum sandwicense,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and
Tetraplasandra lydgatei.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 7 (Map 17) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.051
57790
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57791
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1 (Map 18) follows:
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4 (Map
19) follows:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
Frm 00145
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4700
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.052
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis,
(20) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2 (20
ac; 8 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3
(29 ac; 12 ha), and Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 4 (27 ac; 11 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(19) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1
(541 ac; 219 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
PO 00000
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.053
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
57792
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Cyrtandra dentata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Gardenia mannii, Gouania
vitifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis,
PO 00000
Frm 00147
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 5 (Map 20) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.054
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(21) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5 (74
ac; 30 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
57793
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(22) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6
(790 ac; 320 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 7 (1,787 ac; 723 ha), and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 8 (3,041 ac; 1,231
ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
PO 00000
Frm 00148
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8 (Map
21) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.055
57794
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
19:50 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
PO 00000
Frm 00149
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9 (Map 22) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.056
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(23) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9
(15,728 ac; 6,365 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
57795
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(24) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10
(124 ac; 50 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11 (124 ac; 50 ha), and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12 (53 ac; 21 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
19:50 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
PO 00000
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Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12
(Map 23) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.057
57796
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
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Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra gracilis, Cyrtandra
kaulantha, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Cyrtandra waiolani, Gardenia mannii,
Hesperomannia arborescens, Huperzia
nutans, Isodendrion longifolium,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
oahuensis, Melicope hiiakae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora, Plantago princeps var.
PO 00000
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Fmt 4701
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longibracteata, Plantago princeps var.
princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta,
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis,
Pteralyxia macrocarpa, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
Viola oahuensis, and Zanthoxylum
oahuense.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 13, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 14,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16 (Map 24)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.058
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(25) Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13
(75 ac; 30 ha), Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 14 (478 ac; 193 ha), Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15 (407 ac; 165 ha),
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16
(2,507 ac; 1,014 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
calycina, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea lanceolata, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
57797
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(26) Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1
(370 ac; 150 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus, Cyanea
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope
christophersenii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
and Schiedea trinervis.
PO 00000
Frm 00152
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
(ii) Map of Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1 (Map 25) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.059
57798
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
PO 00000
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Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 3 (Map 26) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.060
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(27) Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1 (49 ac;
20 ha), Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2 (412 ac;
167 ha), and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3
(450 ac; 182 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
57799
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(28) Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4 (24 ac;
10 ha) and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6
(149 ac; 60 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
PO 00000
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Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4
and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6 (Map 27)
follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.061
57800
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
vitifolia, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kadua
degeneri, Kadua parvula, Korthalsella
degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lobelia niihauensis, Melanthera
tenuifolia, Melicope makahae, Melicope
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Plantago princeps var. princeps,
PO 00000
Frm 00155
Fmt 4701
Sfmt 4725
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens,
Pleomele forbesii, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula mariversa,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea obovata,
Schiedea trinervis, Silene lanceolata,
Silene perlmanii, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8 (Map 28) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.062
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(29) Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a (68 ac;
27 ha), Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b (38 ac;
16 ha), and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8
(259 ac; 105 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense, Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata, Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii,
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyrtandra dentata, Diellia falcata,
Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae,
57801
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(30) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1 (235 ac;
95 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
19:50 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
PO 00000
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Sfmt 4725
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1
(Map 29) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.063
57802
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
VerDate Mar<15>2010
19:50 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
PO 00000
Frm 00157
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Sfmt 4725
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 4 (Map 30) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.064
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(31) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2 (3 ac; 1
ha), Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3 (16 ac; 6
ha), and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4 (23
ac; 9 ha).
57803
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(32) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5 (31 ac;
13 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea calycina,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia oahuensis,
Melicope christophersenii, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Pteralyxia macrocarpa,
PO 00000
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Sfmt 4725
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, and
Schiedea trinervis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
(Map 31) follows:
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.065
57804
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57805
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Huperzia nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea,
Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
and Viola oahuensis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7 (Map 32)
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310–55–C
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra kaulantha,
Cyrtandra sessilis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Huperzia nutans, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora, Plantago
princeps var. princeps, Psychotria
hexandra ssp. oahuensis, Pteralyxia
macrocarpa, Sanicula purpurea,
Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis,
and Viola oahuensis.
(ii) Map of Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8
(Map 33) follows:
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(34) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8 (4,649
ac; 1,881 ha).
(i) This unit is critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
ER18SE12.066
(33) Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6 (151 ac;
61 ha) and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7
(144 ac; 58 ha).
(i) These units are critical habitat for
Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce
deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea calycina, Cyanea
crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea
purpurellifolia, Cyanea st.-johnii,
57806
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana ..........
Sesbania tomentosa ........................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
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PO 00000
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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ER18SE12.067
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Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57807
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8
Sesbania tomentosa ........................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Cyperus trachysanthos ....................................
Marsilea villosa ................................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10
Centaurium sebaeoides ...................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11
Marsilea villosa ................................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Marsilea villosa ................................................
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyperus trachysanthos
Marsilea villosa
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Centaurium sebaeoides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Schiedea kealiae
Sesbania tomentosa
Vigna o-wahuensis
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 14
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1
Bidens amplectens ...........................................
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Euphorbia haeleeleana
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57808
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Hibiscus brackenridgei .....................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Schiedea kealiae ..............................................
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Pleomele forbesii
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 6
Doryopteris takeuchii .......................................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis .................................
Doryopteris takeuchii
Gouania meyenii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7
Cyperus trachysanthos ....................................
Cyperus trachysanthos
Doryopteris takeuchii
Gouania meyenii
Marsilea villosa
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata ............
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
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PO 00000
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Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57809
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii ......
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii ......
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Bidens amplectens
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Melanthera tenuifolia
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kealiae
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Chamaesyce herbstii .......................................
Colubrina oppositifolia ......................................
Ctenitis squamigera .........................................
Cyanea acuminate ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana ...............
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Obatae .....................
Cyanea longiflora .............................................
Cyanea superba ...............................................
Cyrtandra dentate ............................................
Delissea subcordata ........................................
Diellia falcate ....................................................
Dubautia herbstobatae .....................................
Eragrostis fosbergii ..........................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Euphorbia haeleeleana ....................................
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
Hesperomannia arbuscula ...............................
Hibiscus brackenridgei .....................................
Isodendrion laurifolium .....................................
Isodendrion longifolium ....................................
Kadua degeneri ................................................
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium molokaiense
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57810
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Melicope makahae ...........................................
Melicope pallida ...............................................
Neraudia angulate ............................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ....................................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea
Schiedea
Schiedea
Schiedea
hookeri .............................................
kaalae ..............................................
nuttallii ..............................................
obovata ............................................
Viola chamissoniana ssp. Chamissoniana ......
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Chamaesyce herbstii .......................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Obatae .....................
Delissea subcordata ........................................
Diellia falcate ....................................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium molokaiense
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57811
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Phyllostegia hirsute ..........................................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ....................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Solanum sandwicense .....................................
Stenogyne kanehoana .....................................
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Delissea subcordata ........................................
Diellia falcate ....................................................
Diellia unisora ..................................................
Hesperomannia arbuscula ...............................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Melicope saint-johnii ........................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Phyllostegia parviflora ......................................
Plantago princeps ............................................
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Abutilon sandwicense
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce herbstii
Colubrina oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida
Cyanea superba
Cyperus pennatiformis
Cyrtandra dentata
Delissea subcordata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Diplazium molokaiense
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Eugenia koolauensis
Euphorbia haeleeleana
Flueggea neowawraea
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arborescens
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Hibiscus brackenridgei
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope pallida
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57812
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Silene perlmanii ...............................................
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Schiedea obovata
Silene perlmanii
Solanum sandwicense
Stenogyne kanehoana
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Urera kaalae
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57813
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6
Cyanea acuminate ...........................................
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
Cyanea truncate ...............................................
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea acuminate ...........................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Grimesiana ...............
Cyanea lanceolata ...........................................
Cyrtandra polyantha .........................................
Diellia erecta ....................................................
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Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Ctenitis squamigera
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra polyantha
Delissea subcordata
Diellia erecta
Diellia falcata
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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57814
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Lobelia monostachya .......................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Tetraplasandra lydgatei ...................................
Eugenia koolauensis
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion longifolium
Kadua coriacea
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia monostachya
Melicope lydgatei
Melicope saint-johnii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea nuttallii
Solanum sandwicense
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Tetraplasandra lydgatei
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1
Gouania vitifolia ...............................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2
Phyllostegia hirsute ..........................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Urera kaalae ....................................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Phyllostegia hirsute ..........................................
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4
Phyllostegia mollis ...........................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Obatae .....................
Hesperomannia arbuscula ...............................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diplazium molokaiense
Gardenia mannii
Gouania vitifolia
Hesperomannia arbuscula
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia mollis
Plantago princeps
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Urera kaalae
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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57815
57816
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7
Chamaesyce rockii ...........................................
Cyanea acuminate ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea humboldtiana ......................................
Cyanea purpurellifolia ......................................
Cyanea truncate ...............................................
Cyrtandra viridiflora ..........................................
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
Huperzia nutans ...............................................
Myrsine juddii ...................................................
Phyllostegia hirsute ..........................................
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta .....................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Pteris lidgatei ...................................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Viola oahuensis ................................................
Zanthoxylum oahuense ....................................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyrtandra kaulantha .........................................
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9
Chamaesyce rockii ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea humboldtiana ......................................
Cyanea koolauensis .........................................
Cyanea st.-johnii ..............................................
Cyrtandra viridiflora ..........................................
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Labordia cyrtandrae .........................................
Lobelia oahuensis ............................................
Melicope hiiakae ..............................................
Melicope lydgatei .............................................
Phyllostegia hirsute ..........................................
Phyllostegia parviflora ......................................
Plantago princeps ............................................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57817
57818
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta .....................
Pteris lidgatei ...................................................
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Viola oahuensis ................................................
Zanthoxylum oahuense ....................................
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
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E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
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57819
57820
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 14
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea koolauensis .........................................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 15
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 16
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea acuminate ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
Cyanea humboldtiana ......................................
Cyanea koolauensis .........................................
Cyanea lanceolata ...........................................
Cyanea st.-johnii ..............................................
Cyrtandra gracilis .............................................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra dentata
Cyrtandra gracilis
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
18SER2
57821
57822
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Cyrtandra polyantha .........................................
Cyrtandra sessilis .............................................
Gardenia mannii ...............................................
Hesperomannia arborescens ...........................
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta .....................
Sanicula purpurea ............................................
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra polyantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Cyrtandra waiolani
Gardenia mannii
Hesperomannia arborescens
Huperzia nutans
Isodendrion longifolium
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope hiiakae
Melicope lydgatei
Myrsine juddii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Pteris lidgatei
Sanicula purpurea
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Zanthoxylum oahuense
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1
Cyanea acuminate ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Labordia cyrtandrae .........................................
Melicope christophersenii ................................
Schiedea trinervis ............................................
Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Chamaesyce herbstii .......................................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Obatae .....................
Cyrtandra dentate ............................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Kadua degeneri ................................................
Plantago princeps ............................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57823
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Schiedea obovata ............................................
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Dubautia herbstobatae .....................................
Gouania vitifolia ...............................................
Kadua parvula ..................................................
Lepidium arbuscula ..........................................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Melicope makahae ...........................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Peucedanum sandwicense ..............................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Sanicula mariversa ..........................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Tetramolopium filiforme ...................................
Viola chamissoniana ssp. Chamissoniana ......
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Diellia falcate ....................................................
Dubautia herbstobatae .....................................
Eragrostis fosbergii ..........................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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57824
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Gouania meyenii ..............................................
Isodendrion laurifolium .....................................
Korthalsella degeneri .......................................
Lepidium arbuscula ..........................................
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melanthera tenuifolia ........................................
Melicope makahae ...........................................
Neraudia angulate ............................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Peucedanum sandwicense ..............................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis ....................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Silene lanceolata ..............................................
Tetramolopium filiforme ...................................
Viola chamissoniana ssp. Chamissoniana ......
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4
Alectryon macrococcus ....................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Chamaesyce kuwaleana ..................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
57825
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Spermolepis hawaiiensis .................................
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6
Cenchrus agrimonioides ..................................
Diellia unisora ..................................................
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Lepidium arbuscula ..........................................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Melicope saint-johnii ........................................
Neraudia angulate ............................................
Plantago princeps ............................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. Lepidotum .......
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
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Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Kadua parvula ..................................................
Melicope saint-johnii ........................................
Plantago princeps ............................................
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens .................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Silene perlmanii ...............................................
Viola chamissoniana ssp. Chamissoniana ......
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
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57827
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8
Abutilon sandwicense ......................................
Bonamia menziesii ...........................................
Flueggea neowawraea .....................................
Lobelia niihauensis ..........................................
Neraudia angulate ............................................
Nototrichium humile .........................................
Pleomele forbesii .............................................
Abutilon sandwicense
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
Alectryon macrococcus
Bonamia menziesii
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Chamaesyce herbstii
Chamaesyce kuwaleana
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae
Cyrtandra dentata
Diellia falcata
Diellia unisora
Dubautia herbstobatae
Eragrostis fosbergii
Flueggea neowawraea
Gouania meyenii
Gouania vitifolia
Isodendrion laurifolium
Isodendrion pyrifolium
Kadua degeneri
Kadua parvula
Korthalsella degeneri
Lepidium arbuscula
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
Lobelia niihauensis
Melanthera tenuifolia
Melicope makahae
Melicope saint-johnii
Neraudia angulata
Nototrichium humile
Peucedanum sandwicense
Phyllostegia kaalaensis
Plantago princeps
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
Pleomele forbesii
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula mariversa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea obovata
Schiedea trinervis
Silene lanceolata
Silene perlmanii
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
Tetramolopium filiforme
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Melicope christophersenii ................................
Schiedea trinervis ............................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Melicope christophersenii ................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
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57828
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4
Phyllostegia hirsute ..........................................
Schiedea hookeri .............................................
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Melicope christophersenii
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Schiedea hookeri
Schiedea kaalae
Schiedea trinervis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
Huperzia nutans ...............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Huperzia nutans
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7
Cyanea crispa ..................................................
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
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57829
(35) TABLE OF PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued
Unit name
Species occupied
Species unoccupied
Psychotria hexandra ssp. Oahuensis ..............
Schiedea kaalae ..............................................
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Huperzia nutans
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8
Cyanea acuminate ...........................................
Cyanea calycina ...............................................
Cyanea humboldtiana ......................................
Cyanea purpurellifolia ......................................
Cyanea st.-johnii ..............................................
Cyrtandra kaulantha .........................................
Cyrtandra sessilis .............................................
Cyrtandra subumbellata ...................................
Cyrtandra viridiflora ..........................................
Huperzia nutans ...............................................
Labordia cyrtandrae .........................................
Lobelia oahuensis ............................................
Lysimachia filifolia ............................................
Phyllostegia hirsute ..........................................
Phyllostegia parviflora ......................................
Plantago princeps ............................................
Pteralyxia macrocarpa .....................................
Sanicula purpurea ............................................
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ............................
Trematolobelia singularis .................................
Viola oahuensis ................................................
(j) Plants on Oahu; Constituent
elements.
(1) Flowering plants.
FAMILY AMARANTHACEAE
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata
(round-leaved chaff flower)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
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critical habitat for Achyranthes
splendens var. rotundata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
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Adenophorus periens
Chamaesyce deppeana
Chamaesyce rockii
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea truncata
Cyrtandra kaulantha
Cyrtandra sessilis
Cyrtandra subumbellata
Cyrtandra viridiflora
Huperzia nutans
Labordia cyrtandrae
Lobelia oahuensis
Lysimachia filifolia
Phyllostegia hirsuta
Phyllostegia parviflora
Plantago princeps
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
Pteralyxia macrocarpa
Sanicula purpurea
Schiedea kaalae
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
Trematolobelia singularis
Viola oahuensis
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
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Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Nototrichium humile (KULUI)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Nototrichium humile on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY APIACEAE
Peucedanum sandwicense (MAKOU)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Peucedanum sandwicense on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Sanicula mariversa (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Sanicula mariversa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
PO 00000
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(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Sanicula purpurea on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
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(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava,
bogs.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
7, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 11, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Spermolepis
hawaiiensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the physical or
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
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7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY APOCYNACEAE
Pteralyxia macrocarpa (KAULU)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—6, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Pteralyxia macrocarpa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
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(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
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(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY ARALIACEAE
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (OHE OHE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Tetraplasandra lydgatei (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Tetraplasandra lydgatei on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY ASPARAGACEAE
Pleomele forbesii (HALA PEPE)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Pleomele forbesii on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1 and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
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(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY ASTERACEAE
Bidens amplectens (KOOKOOLAU)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11, identified in the
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legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Bidens amplectens on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
Dubautia herbstobatae (NAENAE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Dubautia herbstobatae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
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(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Hesperomannia
arbuscula on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
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(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
(NEHE)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Melanthera tenuifolia (NEHE)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melanthera tenuifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
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(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN)
Oahu–Dry Cliff–Unit 1, Oahu–Dry
Cliff–Unit 2, Oahu–Dry Cliff–Unit 3,
Oahu–Dry Cliff–Unit 4, Oahu–Dry Cliff–
Unit 6, Oahu–Dry Cliff–Unit 7a, Oahu–
Dry Cliff–Unit 7b, and Oahu–Dry Cliff–
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Tetramolopium filiforme on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
PO 00000
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Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY BRASSICACEAE
Lepidium arbuscula (ANAUNAU)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea acuminata (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea acuminata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Bryophytes,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea calycina (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
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57835
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea calycina on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea crispa (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea crispa on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
(HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
PO 00000
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Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
E:\FR\FM\18SER2.SGM
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tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
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(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Cyanea humboldtiana (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea humboldtiana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea koolauensis (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
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Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea koolauensis on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Cyanea lanceolata (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea lanceolata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
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Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea longiflora (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea longiflora on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Cyanea pinnatifida (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea pinnatifida
on Oahu. Within these units, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
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(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Cyanea purpurellifolia (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea purpurellifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical or
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea st.-johnii (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea st.-johnii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyanea superba (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea superba on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
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(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyanea truncata (HAHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyanea truncata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Delissea subcordata (OHA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Delissea subcordata on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
(NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis
on Oahu. Within these units, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
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(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Lobelia monostachya (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Lobelia monostachya on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Psydrax, Pleomele.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
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Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lobelia oahuensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Trematolobelia singularis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
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(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical or
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Schiedea hookeri on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
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(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(v) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
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(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Schiedea kaalae (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Schiedea kaalae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
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57841
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Schiedea kealiae (MAOLIOLI)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Schiedea kealiae on Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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Schiedea obovata (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Schiedea obovata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
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(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Schiedea trinervis (NCN)
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 8, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Schiedea trinervis on Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit
1, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
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(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(iii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Silene lanceolata on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Silene perlmanii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Silene perlmanii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical or biological features of critical
habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
FAMILY CONVOLVULACEAE
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Bonamia menziesii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
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(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY CYPERACEAE
Cyperus pennatiformis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyperus
pennatiformis on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
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(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Cyperus trachysanthos (PUUKAA)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 7,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyperus
trachysanthos on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11, and Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 12, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; seasonal wetlands; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In unit Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
7, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava, seasonal wetlands.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
(AKOKO)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
14, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
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for Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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Chamaesyce deppeana (AKOKO)
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce deppeana on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Chamaesyce herbstii (AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce herbstii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
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(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (AKOKO)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
4, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
7, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
10, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 12, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce kuwaleana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Coastal—Unit 2,
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 3, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 6, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 9, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
11, and Oahu—Coastal—Unit 12, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300
m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(D) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(E) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(F) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Chamaesyce rockii (AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
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Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Chamaesyce rockii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
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Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii (EWA PLAINS AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 11, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Chamaesyce skottsbergii var.
skottsbergii on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
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(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(v) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(vii) Coral outcrop substrate.
Euphorbia haeleeleana (AKOKO)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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Flueggea neowawraea
(MEHAMEHAME)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Flueggea neowawraea on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY FABACEAE
Sesbania tomentosa (OHAI)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Sesbania tomentosa on Oahu. Within
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these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
FAMILY GENTIANACEAE
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Centaurium sebaeoides (AWIWI)
Oahu—Coastal—Unit 1, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 2, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
3, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 4, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 5, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
6, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 7, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 8, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
9, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 10, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 11, Oahu—Coastal—Unit
12, Oahu—Coastal—Unit 13, Oahu—
Coastal—Unit 14, and Oahu—Coastal—
Unit 15, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Centaurium sebaeoides on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 980 ft (300 m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 20
in (50 cm).
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(iii) Substrate: Well-drained,
calcareous, talus slopes; weathered clay
soils; ephemeral pools; mudflats.
(iv) Canopy: Hibiscus, Myoporum,
Santalum, Scaevola.
(v) Subcanopy: Gossypium, Sida,
Vitex.
(vi) Understory: Eragrostis,
Jacquemontia, Lyceum, Nama,
Sesuvium, Sporobolus, Vigna.
FAMILY GESNERIACEAE
Cyrtandra dentata (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra dentata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
PO 00000
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Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Cyrtandra gracilis (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra gracilis on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
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(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyrtandra kaulantha (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra kaulantha on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra polyantha (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra polyantha on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Cyrtandra sessilis (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
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57847
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra sessilis Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils, lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra subumbellata (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra subumbellata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
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Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Cyrtandra viridiflora (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Cyrtandra viridiflora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
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(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Cyrtandra waiolani (HAIWALE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra waiolani on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY LAMIACEAE
Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
PO 00000
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Sfmt 4700
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Phyllostegia hirsuta on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
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(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Phyllostegia kaalaensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
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(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
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(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Phyllostegia parviflora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Phyllostegia
parviflora var. lydgatei are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Phyllostegia
parviflora var. parviflora are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
for Phyllostegia parviflora var.
parviflora are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora
are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Stenogyne kanehoana
on Oahu. Within these units, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
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(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY LOGANIACEAE
Labordia cyrtandrae (KAMAKAHALA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Labordia cyrtandrae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
PO 00000
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Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iv) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY MALVACEAE
Abutilon sandwicense (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
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Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Abutilon sandwicense on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Hibiscus brackenridgei (MAO HAU
HELE)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Hibiscus brackenridgei var.
mokuleianus and Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. molokaiana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Hibiscus
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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brackenridgei var. mokuleianus and
Hibiscus brackenridgei var. molokaiana
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Plumbago, Sicyos, Sida,
Waltheria.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. mokuleianus and
Hibiscus brackenridgei var. molokaiana
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY MYRSINACEAE
Myrsine juddii (KOLEA)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Myrsine juddii on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
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(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY MYRTACEAE
Eugenia koolauensis (NIOI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Eugenia koolauensis on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Platanthera holochila on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs and
bog hummocks.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 181 / Tuesday, September 18, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
FAMILY PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago princeps (LAUKAHI
KUAHIWI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Plantago princeps on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
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and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var.
longibracteata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
for Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Plantago princeps
var. princeps are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(v) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat for
Plantago princeps var. princeps are:
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(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY POACEAE
Cenchrus agrimonioides
(KAMANOMANO)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Cenchrus agrimonioides on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Eragrostis fosbergii (FOSBERG’S LOVE
GRASS)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
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Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Eragrostis fosbergii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY PRIMULACEAE
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Lysimachia filifolia on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
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(vi) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY RHAMNACEAE
Colubrina oppositifolia (KAUILA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Colubrina
oppositifolia on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Gouania meyenii (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Gouania meyenii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 10, and Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 11, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
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(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Gouania vitifolia on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
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Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(iv) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
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(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY RUBIACEAE
Gardenia mannii (NANU)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Gardenia mannii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Kadua coriacea (KIOELE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Kadua coriacea on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Kadua degeneri (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Kadua degeneri on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Kadua parvula (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Kadua parvula on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Jkt 226001
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
(KOPIKO)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Psychotria hexandra ssp. oahuensis
on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
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FAMILY RUTACEAE
Melicope christophersenii (ALANI)
Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Wet Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 5, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope christophersenii on Oahu.
(i) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—Unit
1, the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(ii) In unit Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 5, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
Melicope hiiakae (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope hiiakae on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
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(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Melicope lydgatei (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope lydgatei on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Melicope makahae (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope makahae on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 2, and Oahu—Lowland
Mesic—Unit 3, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Melicope pallida (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, and
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Melicope pallida on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
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(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Melicope saint-johnii (ALANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Melicope saint-johnii on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
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Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta on
Oahu. Within these units, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
(NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Zanthoxylum oahuense (AE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Zanthoxylum oahuense on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY SAPINDACEAE
Alectryon macrococcus (MAHOE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Montane Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Alectryon macrococcus var.
macrococcus on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
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57857
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In unit Oahu—Montane Wet—
Unit 1, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000
to 2,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Well-developed soils,
montane bogs.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Charpentiera,
Cheirodendron, Metrosideros.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia, Cibotium,
Eurya, Ilex, Myrsine.
(F) Understory: Ferns, Carex,
Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Oreobolus,
Rhynchospora, Vaccinium.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
FAMILY SOLANACEAE
Solanum sandwicense (POPOLO,
AIAKEAKUA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
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for Solanum sandwicense on Oahu.
Within these units, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
FAMILY URTICACEAE
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Neraudia angulata (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Neraudia angulata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Neraudia angulata
var. angulata and Neraudia angulata
var. dentata are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Neraudia angulata
var. angulata and Neraudia angulata
var. dentata are:
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Jkt 226001
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(iii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat for Neraudia angulata
var. angulata and Neraudia angulata
var. dentata are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Urera kaalae (OPUHE)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Urera kaalae on
Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
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Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY VIOLACEAE
Isodendrion laurifolium (AUPAKA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
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tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Isodendrion longifolium (AUPAKA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 9,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 5, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
Isodendrion pyrifolium (WAHINE
NOHO KULA)
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 1, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11, Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
1, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Dry—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland
Dry—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit
10, and Oahu—Lowland Dry—Unit 11,
the physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 50
in (130 cm).
(C) Substrate: Weathered silty loams
to stony clay, rocky ledges, littleweathered lava.
(D) Canopy: Diospyros, Myoporum,
Pleomele, Santalum, Sapindus.
(E) Subcanopy: Chamaesyce,
Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Osteomeles,
Psydrax, Scaevola, Wikstroemia.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Artemisia,
Bidens, Chenopodium, Nephrolepis,
Peperomia, Sicyos.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
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57859
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana (PAMAKANI)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
Viola oahuensis (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
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Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Viola oahuensis on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY VISCACEAE
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Korthalsella degeneri (HULUMOA)
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—
Dry Cliff—Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Korthalsella degeneri on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(ii) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(iv) Canopy: None.
(v) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
18:28 Sep 17, 2012
Jkt 226001
(vi) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
(vii) Host plants Sapindus oahuensis
and Nestigis sandwicensis.
(2) Ferns and allies.
FAMILY ADIANTACEAE
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Pteris lidgatei on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(iv) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(v) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(vi) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY ASPLENIACEAE
Ctenitis squamigera (PAUOA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Ctenitis squamigera on Oahu. Within
these units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
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Diellia erecta (ASPLENIUM–LEAVED
DIELLIA)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 4,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, identified in
the legal descriptions in paragraph (i) of
this section, constitute critical habitat
for Diellia erecta on Oahu. Within these
units, the physical and biological
features of critical habitat are:
(i) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft (1,000
m).
(ii) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(iii) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(iv) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(v) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(vi) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
Diellia falcata (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Diellia falcata on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 4, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 5, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 6, and Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 7, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
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Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES2
Diellia unisora (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 1, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 4, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—
Unit 8, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (i) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for
Diellia unisora on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 1,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 2, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 3, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 4,
Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Dry
Cliff—Unit 7a, Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit
7b, and Oahu—Dry Cliff—Unit 8, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Less than 75
in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, rocky talus.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Antidesma,
Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Dodonaea.
(F) Understory: Bidens, Eragrostis,
Melanthera, Schiedea.
VerDate Mar<15>2010
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Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 1,
Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2, Oahu—
Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 2, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 3, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 4,
and Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 5,
identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (i) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Diplazium
molokaiense on Oahu.
(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Mesic—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 2,
and Oahu—Lowland Mesic—Unit 3, the
physical and biological features of
critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: 50 to 75 in
(130 to 190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Shallow soils, little to
no herbaceous layer.
(D) Canopy: Acacia, Diospyros,
Metrosideros, Myrsine, Pouteria,
Santalum.
(E) Subcanopy: Dodonaea,
Freycinetia, Leptecophylla, Melanthera,
Osteomeles, Pleomele, Psydrax.
(F) Understory: Carex, Dicranopteris,
Diplazium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 1, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 2,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 3, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 4, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 5, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
FAMILY GRAMMITIDACEAE
Adenophorus periens (PENDANT KIHI
FERN)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Adenophorus periens on Oahu.
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(i) In units Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 6, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 7,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 10, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 11, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 12,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, and Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, the physical
and biological features of critical habitat
are:
(A) Elevation: Less than 3,300 ft
(1,000 m).
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Clays; ashbeds; deep,
well-drained soils; lowland bogs.
(D) Canopy: Antidesma, Metrosideros,
Myrsine, Pisonia, Psychotria.
(E) Subcanopy: Cibotium, Claoxylon,
Kadua, Melicope.
(F) Understory: Alyxia, Cyrtandra,
Dicranopteris, Diplazium, Machaerina,
Microlepia.
(ii) In units Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 6,
Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7, and Oahu—
Wet Cliff—Unit 8, the physical and
biological features of critical habitat are:
(A) Elevation: Unrestricted.
(B) Annual precipitation: Greater than
75 in (190 cm).
(C) Substrate: Greater than 65 degree
slope, shallow soils, weathered lava.
(D) Canopy: None.
(E) Subcanopy: Broussaisia,
Cheirodendron, Leptecophylla,
Metrosideros.
(F) Understory: Bryophytes, Ferns,
Coprosma, Dubautia, Kadua,
Peperomia.
FAMILY LYCOPODIACEAE
Huperzia nutans (WAWAEIOLE)
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 6, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 7, Oahu—Lowland
Wet—Unit 8, Oahu—Lowland Wet—
Unit 9, Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 10,
Oahu—Lowland Wet—Unit 11, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 12, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 13, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 14, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 15, Oahu—
Lowland Wet—Unit 16, Oahu—Wet
Cliff—Unit 6, Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 7,
and Oahu—Wet Cliff—Unit 8, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (i)
of this section, constitute critical habitat
for Huperzia nutans