National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the Pulp and Paper Industry, 55698-55715 [2012-20501]
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BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Part 63
[EPA–HQ–OAR–2007–0544; FRL–9684–7]
RIN 2060–AQ41
National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants From the
Pulp and Paper Industry
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
This action finalizes the
residual risk and technology review
conducted for the pulp and paper
industry source category regulated
under national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants. The EPA is
required to conduct residual risk and
technology reviews under the Clean Air
Act. This action finalizes amendments
to the national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants that include a
requirement for 5-year repeat emissions
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The SIP effective date is 6/1/12.
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6/1/12 by Letter Notice .................
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The SIP effective date is 6/1/12.
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This final action is effective on
September 11, 2012. The incorporation
by reference of certain publications
listed in this rule is approved by the
Director of the Federal Register as of
September 11, 2012.
DATES:
AGENCY:
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testing for selected process equipment;
revisions to provisions addressing
periods of startup, shutdown and
malfunction; a requirement for
electronic reporting; additional test
methods for measuring methanol
emissions; and technical and editorial
changes. The amendments are expected
to ensure that control systems are
properly maintained over time, ensure
continuous compliance with standards
and improve data accessibility; we
estimate facilities nationwide will
spend $2.1 million per year to comply.
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[FR Doc. 2012–22207 Filed 9–10–12; 8:45 am]
SUMMARY:
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The EPA has established a
docket for this action under Docket ID
Number EPA–HQ–OAR–2007–0544. All
documents in the docket are listed on
the https://www.regulations.gov Web
site. Although listed in the index, some
information is not publicly available,
e.g., confidential business information
or other information whose disclosure is
restricted by statute. Certain other
material, such as copyrighted material,
ADDRESSES:
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is not placed on the Internet and will be
publicly available only in hard copy
form. Publicly available docket
materials are available either
electronically through https://
www.regulations.gov, or in hard copy at
the EPA Docket Center, EPA West
Building, Room Number 3334, 1301
Constitution Ave. NW., Washington,
DC. The Public Reading Room hours of
operation are 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Eastern Standard Time, Monday
through Friday. The telephone number
for the Public Reading Room is (202)
566–1744, and the telephone number for
the Air and Radiation Docket and
Information Center is (202) 566–1742.
For
questions about this final action, contact
Mr. John Bradfield, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, (E143–03), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; telephone number: (919) 541–
3062; fax number: (919) 541–3470; and
email address: bradfield.john@epa.gov.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
For
specific information regarding the risk
modeling methodology, contact Mr.
James Hirtz, Health and Environmental
Impacts Division (C539–02), Office of
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
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Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; telephone number: (919) 541–
0881; fax number: (919) 541–0840; and
email address: hirtz.james@epa.gov. For
information about the applicability of
the national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants to a particular
entity, contact the appropriate person
listed in Table 1 to this preamble.
TABLE 1—LIST OF EPA CONTACTS
FOR THE NESHAP ADDRESSED IN
THIS FINAL ACTION
NESHAP
for:
OECA
Contact 1
OAQPS
Contact 2
Pulp and
Paper.
Sara Ayres,
(202) 564–
5391, ayres.
sara@epa.
gov.
John Bradfield,
(919) 541–
3062,
bradfield.
john@epa.
gov.
1 EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.
2 EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards.
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Preamble Acronyms and
Abbreviations. Several acronyms and
terms used to describe industrial
processes, data inventories and risk
modeling are included in this preamble.
While this may not be an exhaustive
list, to ease the reading of this preamble
and for reference purposes, the
following terms and acronyms are
defined here:
ANSI American National Standards
Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
CAA Clean Air Act
CBI Confidential Business Information
CCA Clean Condensate Alternative
CDX EPA’s Central Data Exchange
CEDRI EPA’s Compliance and Emissions
Data Reporting Interface
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CWA Clean Water Act
DC District of Columbia
DC Cir. United States Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia Circuit
EIA Economic Impact Analysis
EJ Environmental Justice
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERT Electronic Reporting Tool
FR Federal Register
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared
HAP Hazardous Air Pollutants
HVLC High Volume Low Concentration
IBR Incorporation by Reference
ICR Information Collection Request
km Kilometer
LVHC Low Volume High Concentration
MACT Maximum Achievable Control
Technology
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MACT Code Code within the NEI used to
identify processes included in a source
category
MIR Maximum Individual Risk
NAICS North American Industry
Classification System
NCASI National Council for Air and Stream
Improvement
NEI National Emissions Inventory
NESHAP National Emissions Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
NRDC Natural Resources Defense Council
NTTAA National Technology Transfer and
Advancement Act of 1995
NW Northwest
OAQPS EPA’s Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
ODTP Oven-Dried Ton of Pulp
OECA EPA’s Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance
OMB Office of Management and Budget
O&M Operations and Maintenance
ppmw Parts Per Million by Weight
PRA Paperwork Reduction Act
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis
RTR Residual Risk and Technology Review
S. Ct. United States Supreme Court
SBA Small Business Administration
SISNOSE Significant Economic Impact on a
Substantial Number of Small Entities
SSM Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction
the Court United State Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia Circuit
TOSHI Target Organ-Specific Hazard Index
tpy Tons Per Year
TTN EPA’s Technology Transfer Network
UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of
1995
U.S. United States
U.S.C. United States Code
VCS Voluntary Consensus Standards
WWW Worldwide Web
yr Year
Background Information Document.
On December 27, 2011 (76 FR 81328),
the EPA proposed revisions to the pulp
and paper industry NESHAP based on
evaluations performed by the EPA in
order to conduct our RTR. In this action,
we are finalizing decisions and
revisions for the rule. A summary of the
public comments on the proposal and
the EPA’s responses to those comments
is available in Docket ID Number EPA–
HQ–OAR–2007–0544. Organization of
this Document. The following outline is
provided to aid in locating information
in the preamble.
I. General Information
A. Executive Summary
B. Does this action apply to me?
C. Where can I get a copy of this
document?
D. Judicial Review
II. Background
III. Summary of the Final Rule
A. What are the final rule amendments for
the pulp and paper industry source
category?
B. What are the requirements during
periods of startup, shutdown and
malfunction?
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C. What are the effective and compliance
dates of the standards?
D. What are the requirements for
submission of performance test data to
the EPA?
IV. Summary of Significant Changes Since
Proposal
A. Changes to the Risk Assessment
Performed under CAA Section 112(f)
B. Changes to the Technology Review
Performed under CAA Section 112(d)(6)
C. Other Changes Since Proposal
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental and
Economic Impacts
A. What are the affected facilities?
B. What are the air quality impacts?
C. What are the cost impacts?
D. What are the economic impacts?
E. What are the benefits?
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
A. Executive Orders 12866: Regulatory
Planning and Review, and Executive
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and
Regulatory Review
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation
and Coordination With Indian Tribal
Governments
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of
Children From Environmental Health
Risks and Safety Risks
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions
Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use
I. National Technology Transfer and
Advancement Act
J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions
To Address Environmental Justice in
Minority Populations and Low-Income
Populations
K. Congressional Review Act
I. General Information
A. Executive Summary
1. Purpose of the Regulatory Action
Section 112(f)(2) of the CAA requires
us to determine for source categories
subject to MACT standards, whether the
MACT emissions standards provide an
ample margin of safety to protect public
health. This review, known as the
residual risk review—is a one-time
review that must occur within 8 years
of issuance of the MACT standard.
Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA requires
the EPA to review and revise section
112 emissions standards, as necessary,
taking into account developments in
practices, processes and control
technologies, emission standards
promulgated under section 112 no less
often than every 8 years. We issued the
NESHAP for the pulp and paper
industry (40 CFR part 63, subpart S) in
1998 and are due for review under CAA
sections 112(d)(6) and 112(f)(2). In
addition to conducting the RTR for
subpart S, we are evaluating the SSM
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provisions in the rule in light of the D.C.
Circuit Court of Appeals decision in
Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C.
Cir. 2008). As explained below, in the
Sierra Club case, the D.C. Circuit
vacated the SSM exemption provisions
in the General Provisions for nonopacity and opacity standards.
To address the RTR assessments and
SSM exemptions, proposed
amendments to subpart S were
developed, signed by the EPA
Administrator on December 15, 2011,
and published in the Federal Register
on December 27, 2011. A 60-day period
ending February 27, 2012, was provided
for the public to submit comments on
the proposal to the EPA. This action
addresses the public comments on the
proposal and finalizes the amendments
to subpart S. The amendments are
expected to ensure that control systems
are properly maintained over time,
ensure continuous compliance with
standards and improve data
accessibility.
2. Summary of Major Provisions
As part of an ongoing effort to
improve compliance with various
federal air emission regulations, we are
requiring repeat air emissions
performance testing once every 5 years
for facilities complying with the
standards for kraft, soda and semichemical pulping vent gases; sulfite
pulping processes; and bleaching
systems. We are also finalizing changes
to the subpart S NESHAP and the
General Provisions applicability table to
eliminate the SSM exemption. To
increase the ease and efficiency of data
submittal and improve data
accessibility, we are requiring mills to
submit electronic copies of performance
test reports to the EPA’s WebFIRE
database. To allow mills greater
flexibility in demonstrating compliance
with emission limits for total HAP
measured as methanol, we are including
four additional test methods for
measuring methanol emissions from
pulp and paper processes, as
alternatives to EPA Method 308. We are
also making a number of technical and
editorial changes, including clarifying
the location in the CFR of applicable
test methods, incorporating by reference
several non-EPA test methods and
revising the General Provisions
applicability table to align with those
sections of the General Provisions that
have been amended or reserved over
time.
3. Costs and Benefits
Table 2 summarizes the costs and
benefits of this action. See section V of
this preamble for further discussion.
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the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
TABLE 2—SUMMARY OF THE COSTS
AND
BENEFITS OF THE FINAL CONTACT section.
AMENDMENTS TO THE NESHAP FOR C. Where can I get a copy of this
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
document?
Requirement
Capital
cost
[million]
Annual
cost
[million]
Net
benefit
Repeat
emissions
testing ......
Incremental
reporting/
recordkeeping ....
$5.4
$1.3
N/A
0.50
0.74
N/A
Total nationwide
5.9
2.1
N/A
B. Does this action apply to me?
Regulated Entities. Categories and
entities potentially regulated by this
action are shown in Table 3 of this
preamble.
In addition to being available in the
docket, an electronic copy of this final
action will also be available on the
WWW through the TTN. Following
signature, a copy of the final action will
be posted on the TTN’s policy and
guidance page for newly proposed and
promulgated rules at the following
address: https://www.epa.gov/ttn/caaa/
new.html. The TTN provides
information and technology exchange in
various areas of air pollution control.
Additional information is available on
the RTR Web page at https://
www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.
This information includes source
category descriptions and detailed
emissions and other data that were used
as inputs to the risk assessments.
TABLE 3—NESHAP AND INDUSTRIAL D. Judicial Review
SOURCE CATEGORIES AFFECTED BY
Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA,
THIS FINAL ACTION
judicial review of this final action is
available only by filing a petition for
review in the Court by November 13,
2012. Under section 307(b)(2) of the
Pulp and Paper (SubCAA, the requirements established by
part S) .......................
322
1626–1
these final rules may not be challenged
1 North
American Industry Classification separately in any civil or criminal
System.
proceedings brought by the EPA to
2 Maximum Achievable Control Technology.
enforce the requirements.
Table 3 of this preamble is not
Section 307(d)(7)(B) of the CAA
intended to be exhaustive but rather
further provides that ‘‘[o]nly an
provides a guide for readers regarding
objection to a rule or procedure which
entities likely to be affected by the final
was raised with reasonable specificity
action for the source category listed. To
during the period for public comment
determine whether your facility would
(including any public hearing) may be
be affected, you should examine the
raised during judicial review.’’ This
applicability criteria in the appropriate
section also provides a mechanism for
NESHAP. As defined in the Source
us to convene a proceeding for
Category Listing Report published by
reconsideration, ‘‘[i]f the person raising
the EPA in 1992, the pulp and paper
production source category includes any an objection can demonstrate to EPA
that it was impracticable to raise such
facility engaged in the production of
objection within [the period for public
pulp and/or paper.1 This category
comment] or if the grounds for such
includes, but is not limited to,
objection arose after the period for
integrated mills (where pulp and paper
public comment (but within the time
or paperboard are manufactured onsite), non-integrated mills (where either specified for judicial review) and if such
objection is of central relevance to the
pulp or paper/paperboard are
manufactured on-site, but not both), and outcome of the rule.’’ Any person
seeking to make such a demonstration to
secondary fiber mills (where waste
us should submit a Petition for
paper is used as the primary raw
material). Examples of pulping methods Reconsideration to the Office of the
Administrator, U.S. EPA, Room 3000,
include kraft, soda, sulfite, semiAriel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania
chemical and mechanical.
Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460, with
If you have any questions regarding
the applicability of this NESHAP, please a copy to both the person(s) listed in the
preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
contact the appropriate person listed in
CONTACT section and the Associate
General Counsel for the Air and
1 USEPA. Documentation for Developing the
Radiation Law Office, Office of General
Initial Source Category List—Final Report, USEPA/
OAQPS, EPA–450/3–91–030, July, 1992.
Counsel (Mail Code 2344A), U.S. EPA,
NESHAP and source
category
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NAICS
Code 1
Sfmt 4700
MACT
Code 2
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1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW.,
Washington, DC 20460.
II. Background
Section 112 of the CAA establishes a
two-stage regulatory process to address
emissions of HAP from stationary
sources. In the first stage, after the EPA
has identified categories of sources
emitting one or more of the HAP listed
in CAA section 112(b), CAA section
112(d) calls for the EPA to promulgate
NESHAP for those sources. ‘‘Major
sources’’ are those that emit or have the
potential to emit 10 tpy or more of a
single HAP or 25 tpy or more of any
combination of HAP. For major sources,
these technology-based standards must
reflect the maximum degree of
emissions reductions of HAP achievable
(after considering cost, energy
requirements and nonair quality health
and environmental impacts) and are
commonly referred to as MACT
standards.
For MACT standards, the statute
specifies certain minimum stringency
requirements, which are referred to as
floor requirements and may not be
based on cost considerations. See CAA
section 112(d)(3). For new sources, the
MACT floor cannot be less stringent
than the emission control that is
achieved in practice by the best
controlled similar source. The MACT
standards for existing sources can be
less stringent than floors for new
sources but they cannot be less stringent
than the average emission limitation
achieved by the best-performing 12
percent of existing sources in the
category or subcategory (or the bestperforming five sources for categories or
subcategories with fewer than 30
sources). In developing MACT, we must
also consider control options that are
more stringent than the floor under CAA
section 112(d)(2). We may establish
standards more stringent than the floor,
based on the consideration of the cost of
achieving the emissions reductions, any
nonair quality health and environmental
impacts and energy requirements. In
promulgating MACT standards, CAA
section 112(d)(2) directs us to consider
the application of measures, processes,
methods, systems or techniques that
reduce the volume of or eliminate HAP
emissions through process changes,
substitution of materials or other
modifications; enclose systems or
processes to eliminate emissions;
collect, capture or treat HAP when
released from a process, stack, storage or
fugitive emissions point; and/or are
design, equipment, work practice or
operational standards.
In the second stage of the regulatory
process, we undertake two different
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analyses, as required by the CAA. First,
section 112(d)(6) of the CAA calls for us
to review the technology-based
standards and to revise them ‘‘as
necessary (taking into account
developments in practices, processes,
and control technologies)’’ no less
frequently than every 8 years. Second,
within 8 years after promulgation of the
MACT standards, CAA section 112(f)
calls for us to evaluate the risk to public
health remaining after application of the
standards and to revise the standards, if
necessary, to provide an ample margin
of safety to protect public health or to
prevent, taking into consideration costs,
energy, safety and other relevant factors,
an adverse environmental effect. Under
section 112(f)(2), the EPA may re-adopt
the existing MACT standards if the EPA
determines that those standards are
sufficiently protective. Natural
Resources Defense Council (NRDC) v.
EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (DC Cir.
2008).
On December 27, 2011, the EPA
published a proposed rule in the
Federal Register for the pulp and paper
industry NESHAP, 40 CFR part 63,
subpart S based on the RTR analyses
that the EPA conducted under CAA
sections 112(d)(6) and 112(f)(2) (76 FR
81328). Today’s action provides the
EPA’s final determinations and
regulatory amendments pursuant to the
RTR provisions of CAA section 112.
In addition, several other aspects of
the subpart S MACT rule were reviewed
and considered for revision at proposal,
and after review of the public comment
received, we are taking the following
actions:
• Finalizing the requirement for 5year repeat emissions testing for
selected process equipment.
• Revising the requirements in the
NESHAP related to emissions during
periods of SSM.
• Finalizing the requirement for
electronic reporting of performance test
data.
• Adding test methods for measuring
methanol emissions.
• Finalizing changes to address
technical and editorial corrections in
the rule.
III. Summary of the Final Rule
A. What are the final rule amendments
for the pulp and paper industry source
category?
The NESHAP for the pulp and paper
industry was promulgated on April 15,
1998 (63 FR 18504). The standards are
codified at 40 CFR part 63, subpart S.
The pulp and paper industry consists of
facilities engaged in the production of
pulp and/or paper/paperboard. This
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category includes, but is not limited to,
integrated mills (where pulp and paper
or paperboard are manufactured onsite), non-integrated mills (where paper/
paperboard or pulp are manufactured,
but not both), and secondary fiber mills
(where waste paper is used as the
primary raw material). The subpart S
MACT standard applies to major
sources of HAP emissions from the pulp
production areas (e.g., pulping system
vents, pulping process condensates) at
chemical, mechanical, secondary fiber
and non-wood pulp mills; bleaching
operations; and papermaking systems. A
separate NESHAP (40 CFR part 63,
subpart MM) applicable to chemical
recovery processes at kraft, soda, sulfite
and stand-alone semi-chemical pulp
mills was promulgated on January 12,
2001 (66 FR 3180). Today’s rule takes
final action only with respect to the RTR
for subpart S. The source category
covered by subpart S includes 171
facilities. As explained below, we are readopting the MACT standards pursuant
to section 112(f)(2). We also conducted
a section 112(d)(6) review and evaluated
developments in practices, processes
and control technologies applicable to
all the emission sources subject to the
pulp and paper MACT. After reviewing
the comments provided at proposal, we
have determined that our conclusion
that there have been no developments in
practices, processes and control
technologies since the subpart S
standard was originally promulgated
was correct. Although we proposed
revisions to the kraft pulping process
condensate standards based on our
conclusion at proposal that existing
technologies were achieving greater
than the 92 percent minimum level of
control, we re-analyzed the performance
data and impacts of revising the kraft
condensate standards in response to
public comments and have decided not
to promulgate amendments to those
standards because we found that the
costs and impacts associated with the
HAP reduction were not reasonable.
Consequently, we are not revising the
MACT standards for subpart S pursuant
to our 112(d)(6) review as explained
further below.
In addition, this section describes the
other final rule amendments to the pulp
and paper industry NESHAP. These
revisions include the addition of repeat
emissions testing for selected process
equipment; changes to the requirements
that apply during periods of SSM; the
addition of electronic reporting
requirements; and various minor
changes to address technical and
editorial corrections.
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1. Repeat Emissions Testing
As part of an ongoing effort to
improve compliance with the standard,
we are adding 40 CFR 63.457(a)(2) to
require repeat air emissions
performance testing once every 5 years
for facilities complying with the
standards for kraft, soda and semichemical pulping vent gases (40 CFR
63.443(a)); sulfite processes (40 CFR
63.444); and bleaching systems (40 CFR
63.445). Repeat performance tests are
already required by permitting
authorities for some facilities.2
Requiring periodic repeat performance
tests will help to ensure that control
systems are maintained properly over
time and a more rigorous testing
requirement will better assure
compliance with the standard.3
In this action, repeat air emissions
testing will be required for mills
complying with the kraft pulping
process condensate standards in 40 CFR
63.446 using a steam stripper since
stripper off-gases are, by definition, part
of the LVHC system. We are clarifying
that repeat air emissions testing will not
be required for: (1) Knotter or screen
systems with HAP emission rates below
the criteria specified in 40 CFR
63.443(a)(1)(ii); or (2) decker systems
using fresh water or paper machine
white water, or decker systems using
process water with a total HAP
concentration less than 400 ppmw as
specified in 40 CFR 63.443(a)(1)(iv).
2. Startup, Shutdown and Malfunction
We are also finalizing changes to the
subpart S NESHAP to eliminate the
SSM exemption, as discussed further in
section III.B below. The changes
include:
(1) Revising 40 CFR 63.443(e),
63.446(g) and 63.459(b)(11)(ii) to
eliminate reference to periods of SSM;
(2) Revising 40 CFR 63.453(q) to
incorporate the general duty from 40
CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) to minimize emissions;
(3) Adding 40 CFR 63.454(g), and 40
CFR 63.455(g) to require reporting and
recordkeeping requirements associated
with periods of malfunction;
(4) Adding 40 CFR 63.456 (formerly
reserved) to include an affirmative
defense to civil penalties for violations
of emissions limits caused by
malfunctions that meet the criteria for
establishing the affirmative defense;
(5) Adding 40 CFR 63.457(o) to
specify the conditions for performance
tests; and
2 Located
in 11 states.
information on the cost associated with the
repeat testing requirement, see the memorandum in
the docket titled, Costs, Environmental, and Energy
Impacts for the Promulgated Subpart S Risk and
Technology Review.
3 For
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(6) Revising Table 1 to specify that 40
CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) and (ii), 40 CFR
63.6(e)(3), 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1); 40 CFR
63.7(e)(1), 40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii),
and the last sentence of 40 CFR
63.8(d)(3); 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i), (ii), (iv)
and (v); 40 CFR 63.10(c)(10), (11) and
(15); and, 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5) of the
General Provisions do not apply.
3. Electronic Reporting
To increase the ease and efficiency of
data submittal and improve data
accessibility, we are requiring mills to
submit electronic copies of performance
test reports to the EPA’s WebFIRE
database, as discussed in section III.D
below. The electronic reporting
requirement is being added under 40
CFR 63.455(h).
4. Additional Test Methods for
Measuring Methanol Emissions
To allow mills greater flexibility in
demonstrating compliance with
emission limits for total HAP measured
as methanol, we are revising 40 CFR
63.457(b)(5)(i) to include four additional
test methods for measuring methanol
emissions from pulp and paper
processes, as alternatives to EPA
Method 308 of part 63, appendix A. The
four additional test methods are:
(1) Method 18 of part 60, appendix A–
6;
(2) Method 320 of part 63, appendix
A;
(3) ASTM D6420–99, determined to
be an acceptable alternative to EPA
Method 18; and
(4) ASTM D6348–03, determined to
be an acceptable alternative to EPA
Method 320.
We are also revising 40 CFR
63.14(b)(28) and (b)(54) to IBR ASTM
D6420–99 and ASTM D6348–03,
respectively.
5. Other
We are also finalizing the following
minor changes to the subpart S NESHAP
and part 63 General Provisions to
address technical and editorial
corrections:
(1) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(b)(1) to
specify part 60, appendix A–1 for
Method 1 or 1A;
(2) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(b)(3) to
specify part 60, appendix A–1 for
Method 2, 2A, 2C or 2D;
(3) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(b)(5)(ii) to
specify part 60, appendix A–8 for
Method 26A;
(4) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(d) to
specify part 60, appendix A–7 for
Method 21;
(5) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(k)(1) to
specify part 60, appendix A–2 for
Method 3A or 3B, and include ASME
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PTC 19.10—part 10 as an alternative to
Method 3B;
(6) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(c)(3)(ii) to
replace NCASI Method DI/MEOH–94.02
with the more recent version of this
method, NCASI Method DI/MEOH–
94.03;
(7) Revising 40 CFR 63.14(f)(1) to
incorporate by reference NCASI Method
DI/MEOH–94.03;
(8) Redesignating 40 CFR 63.14(f)(3)
and (f)(4) as 40 CFR 63.14(f)(4) and (f)(5)
and adding 40 CFR 63.14(f)(3) to
incorporate by reference NCASI Method
DI/HAPS–99.01;
(9) Revising 40 CFR 63.14(i)(1) to
incorporate by reference ANSI/ASME
PTC 19.10–1981; and
(10) Revising Table 1 so it aligns more
closely to the sections in subpart A
which have been amended or reserved
over time.
B. What are the requirements during
periods of startup, shutdown and
malfunction?
In 2008, the Court vacated portions of
two provisions in the EPA’s CAA
section 112 regulations governing the
emissions of HAP during periods of
SSM. Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019
(D.C. Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct.
1735 (U.S. 2010). Specifically, the Court
vacated the SSM exemption contained
in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and 40 CFR
63.6(h)(1), that are part of a regulation,
commonly referred to as the ‘‘General
Provisions Rule,’’ that the EPA
promulgated under section 112 of the
CAA. When incorporated into CAA
section 112(d) regulations for specific
source categories, these two provisions
exempt sources from the requirement to
comply with the otherwise applicable
CAA section 112(d) emission standard
during periods of SSM.
Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA,
we have eliminated the SSM exemption
in this rule. We have also revised Table
1 (the General Provisions table) in
several respects. For example, we have
eliminated the General Provisions’
requirement that the source develop a
SSM plan. We have also eliminated or
revised certain recordkeeping and
reporting that related to the SSM
exemption. The EPA has attempted to
ensure that we have not included in the
regulatory language any provisions that
are inappropriate, unnecessary or
redundant in the absence of the SSM
exemption.
In establishing the standards for
startup and shutdown, we reviewed the
information available to us from the
2011 pulp and paper ICR pertaining to
equipment and control and compliance
demonstration methods during startup
and shutdown. Some commenters
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suggested that we establish different
standards for periods of startup and
shutdown. However, the information
available to us regarding startup and
shutdown does not show that emissions
are higher during startup or shutdown
or indicate a need for alternate
standards for these periods. Further, the
commenters have not shown that
sources cannot comply with the
standards as proposed and have not
provided information to support
development of alternative standards
that would apply during startup and
shutdown periods.
Our findings relative to startup and
shutdown for the universe of pulp and
paper processes regulated under subpart
S (which offers a variety of compliance
options) are discussed in detail in the
response-to-comments document and in
a memorandum in the docket.4 Based
upon these findings, and consistent
with our proposal, the EPA has not
established different standards for
startup and shutdown periods.
Periods of startup, normal operations
and shutdown are all predictable and
routine aspects of a source’s operations.
However, by contrast, malfunction is
defined as a ‘‘sudden, infrequent, and
not reasonably preventable failure of air
pollution control and monitoring
equipment, process equipment or a
process to operate in a normal or usual
manner * * *’’ (40 CFR 63.2). The EPA
has determined that CAA section 112
does not require that emissions that
occur during periods of malfunction be
factored into development of CAA
section 112 standards. Under section
112, emissions standards for new
sources must be no less stringent than
the level ‘‘achieved’’ by the best
controlled similar source and for
existing sources generally must be no
less stringent than the average emission
limitation ‘‘achieved’’ by the best
performing 12 percent of sources in the
category. There is nothing in section 112
that directs the agency to consider
malfunctions in determining the level
‘‘achieved’’ by the best performing or
best controlled sources when setting
emission standards. Moreover, while the
EPA accounts for variability in setting
emissions standards consistent with the
section 112 case law, nothing in that
case law requires the agency to consider
malfunctions as part of that analysis.
Section 112 uses the concept of ‘‘best
controlled’’ and ‘‘best performing’’ unit
in defining the level of stringency that
section 112 performance standards must
4 See Review of Pulp and Paper Information
Collection Request (ICR) Responses Pertaining to
Startup and Shutdown of Subpart S Equipment, in
the docket for the subpart S rulemaking.
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meet. Applying the concept of ‘‘best
controlled’’ or ‘‘best performing’’ to a
unit that is malfunctioning presents
significant difficulties as malfunctions
are sudden and unexpected events.
Further, accounting for malfunctions
would be difficult, if not impossible,
given the myriad different types of
malfunctions that can occur across all
sources in the category and given the
difficulties associated with predicting or
accounting for the frequency, degree
and duration of various malfunctions
that might occur. As such, the
performance of units that are
malfunctioning is not ‘‘reasonably’’
foreseeable. See, e.g., Sierra Club v.
EPA, 167 F. 3d 658, 662 (D.C. Cir. 1999)
(the EPA typically has wide latitude in
determining the extent of data-gathering
necessary to solve a problem. We
generally defer to an agency’s decision
to proceed on the basis of imperfect
scientific information, rather than to
‘‘invest the resources to conduct the
perfect study.’’). See also, Weyerhaeuser
v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011, 1058 (D.C. Cir.
1978) (‘‘In the nature of things, no
general limit, individual permit, or even
any upset provision can anticipate all
upset situations. After a certain point,
the transgression of regulatory limits
caused by ‘uncontrollable acts of third
parties,’ such as strikes, sabotage,
operator intoxication or insanity, and a
variety of other eventualities, must be a
matter for the administrative exercise of
case-by-case enforcement discretion, not
for specification in advance by
regulation.’’). In addition, the goal of a
best controlled or best performing
source is to operate in such a way as to
avoid malfunctions of the source and
accounting for malfunctions could lead
to standards that are significantly less
stringent than levels that are achieved
by a well-performing nonmalfunctioning source. The EPA’s
approach to malfunctions is consistent
with section 112 and is a reasonable
interpretation of the statute.
In the event that a source fails to
comply with the applicable CAA section
112(d) standards as a result of a
malfunction event, the EPA would
determine an appropriate response
based on, among other things, the good
faith efforts of the source to minimize
emissions during malfunction periods,
including preventative and corrective
actions, as well as root cause analyses
to ascertain and rectify violations. The
EPA would also consider whether the
source’s failure to comply with the CAA
section 112(d) standard was, in fact,
‘‘sudden, infrequent, not reasonably
preventable’’ and was not instead
‘‘caused in part by poor maintenance or
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careless operation.’’ 40 CFR 63.2
(definition of malfunction).
Finally, the EPA recognizes that even
equipment that is properly designed and
maintained can sometimes fail and that
such failure can sometimes cause a
violation of the relevant emission
standard. (See, e.g., State
Implementation Plans: Policy Regarding
Excessive Emissions During
Malfunctions, Startup, and Shutdown
(Sept. 20, 1999); Policy on Excess
Emissions During Startup, Shutdown,
Maintenance, and Malfunctions (Feb.
15, 1983)). The EPA is therefore adding
to the final rule an affirmative defense
to civil penalties for violations of
emission standards that are caused by
malfunctions. See 40 CFR 63.441
(defining ‘‘affirmative defense’’ to mean,
in the context of an enforcement
proceeding, a response or defense put
forward by a defendant, regarding
which the defendant has the burden of
proof and the merits of which are
independently and objectively
evaluated in a judicial or administrative
proceeding). We also have added other
regulatory provisions to specify the
elements that are necessary to establish
this affirmative defense; the source must
prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that it has met all of the
elements set forth in 40 CFR 63.456.
(See 40 CFR 22.24). The criteria ensure
that the affirmative defense is available
only where the event that causes a
violation of the emission standard meets
certain criteria. For example, to
successfully assert the affirmative
defense, the source must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that the
violation was ‘‘caused by a sudden,
infrequent, and unavoidable failure of
air pollution control equipment, process
equipment, or a process to operate in a
normal or usual manner * * *.’’ The
criteria also are designed to ensure that
steps are taken to correct the
malfunction, to minimize emissions in
accordance with 40 CFR 63.456 and to
prevent future malfunctions. For
example, the source must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that
‘‘[r]epairs were made as expeditiously as
possible when a violation occurred
* * *’’ and that ‘‘[a]ll possible steps
were taken to minimize the impact of
the violation on ambient air quality, the
environment and human health * * *.’’
In any judicial or administrative
proceeding, the Administrator may
challenge the assertion of the affirmative
defense and, if the respondent has not
met its burden of proving all of the
requirements in the affirmative defense,
appropriate penalties may be assessed
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in accordance with section 113 of the
CAA (see also 40 CFR 22.27).
The EPA is including an affirmative
defense in the final rule in an attempt
to balance a tension, inherent in many
types of air regulation, to ensure
adequate compliance while
simultaneously recognizing that despite
the most diligent of efforts, emission
standards may be violated under
circumstances beyond the control of the
source. The EPA must establish
emission standards that ‘‘limit the
quantity, rate, or concentration of
emissions of air pollutants on a
continuous basis.’’ 42 U.S.C. 7602(k)
(defining ‘‘emission limitation and
emission standard’’). See generally
Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019, 1021
(D.C. Cir. 2008). Thus, the EPA is
required to ensure that section 112
emissions standards are continuous.
The affirmative defense for malfunction
events meets this requirement by
ensuring that even where there is a
malfunction, the emission standard is
still enforceable through injunctive
relief. While ‘‘continuous’’ standards,
on the one hand, are required, there is
also case law indicating that in many
situations, it is appropriate for the EPA
to account for the practical realities of
technology. For example, in Essex
Chemical v. Ruckelshaus, 486 F.2d 427,
433 (D.C. Cir. 1973), the D.C. Circuit
acknowledged that in setting standards
under CAA section 111 ‘‘variant
provisions’’ such as provisions allowing
for upsets during startup, shutdown and
equipment malfunction ‘‘appear
necessary to preserve the reasonableness
of the standards as a whole and that the
record does not support the ‘never to be
exceeded’ standard currently in force.’’
See also, Portland Cement Association
v. Ruckelshaus, 486 F.2d 375 (D.C. Cir.
1973). Though intervening case law
such as Sierra Club v. EPA and the CAA
1977 amendments call into question the
relevance of these cases today, they
support the EPA’s view that a system
that incorporates some level of
flexibility is reasonable. The affirmative
defense simply provides for a defense to
civil penalties for violations that are
proven to be beyond the control of the
source. By incorporating an affirmative
defense, the EPA has formalized its
approach to upset events. In a CWA
setting, the Ninth Circuit required this
type of formalized approach when
regulating ‘‘upsets beyond the control of
the permit holder.’’ Marathon Oil Co. v.
EPA, 564 F.2d 1253, 1272–73 (9th Cir.
1977). See also, Mont. Sulphur & Chem.
Co. v. United States EPA, 2012 U.S.
App. LEXIS 1056 (Jan 19, 2012)
(rejecting industry argument that
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reliance on the affirmative defense was
not adequate). But see, Weyerhaeuser
Co. v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011, 1057–58
(D.C. Cir. 1978) (holding that an
informal approach is adequate). The
affirmative defense provisions give the
EPA the flexibility to both ensure that
its emission standards are ‘‘continuous’’
as required by 42 U.S.C. 7602(k), and
account for unplanned upsets and thus
support the reasonableness of the
standard as a whole.
C. What are the effective and
compliance dates of the standards?
The revisions to subpart S being
promulgated in this action are effective
on September 11, 2012. The compliance
date for the revisions we are finalizing
today is September 11, 2012, with the
exception of the following: (1) The first
of the 5-year repeat tests must be
conducted within 36 months of the
effective date of the standards, by
September 7, 2015, and thereafter
within 60 months from the date of the
previous performance test; and (2) the
date to submit performance test data
through ERT is within 60 days after the
date of completing each performance
test.
D. What are the requirements for
submission of performance test data to
the EPA?
As stated in the proposed rule
preamble, the EPA is taking a step to
increase the ease and efficiency of data
submittal and data accessibility.
Specifically, the EPA is requiring
owners and operators of pulp and paper
facilities to submit electronic copies of
required performance test reports.
As mentioned in the proposed rule
preamble, data will be collected through
an electronic emissions test report
structure called the ERT. The ERT will
generate an electronic report, which will
be submitted to the EPA’s CDX through
the CEDRI. A description of the ERT can
be found at: https://www.epa.gov/ttn/
chief/ert/, and CEDRI can be
accessed through the CDX Web site:
(https://www.epa.gov/cdx).
The requirement to submit
performance test data electronically to
the EPA does not create any additional
performance testing and will apply only
to those performance tests conducted
using test methods that are supported by
the ERT. A listing of the pollutants and
test methods supported by the ERT is
available at the previously mentioned
ERT Web site. Through this approach,
industry is expected to save time in the
performance test submittal process.
Additionally this rulemaking benefits
industry by cutting back on
recordkeeping costs as the performance
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test reports that are submitted to the
EPA using CEDRI are no longer required
to be kept on-site.
As mentioned in the proposed rule
preamble, state, local and tribal agencies
will benefit from more streamlined and
accurate review of electronic data that
will be available on the EPA WebFIRE
database. Additionally, performance test
data will become available to the public
through WebFIRE. Having such data
publicly available enhances
transparency and accountability. The
major advantages of electronic reporting
are more fully explained in the
proposed rule preamble (76 FR 81348).
In summary, in addition to supporting
regulation development, control strategy
development and other air pollution
control activities, having an electronic
database populated with performance
test data will save industry, state, local,
tribal agencies and the EPA significant
time, money and effort, while improving
the quality of emissions inventories and,
as a result, air quality regulations.
IV. Summary of Significant Changes
Since Proposal
A. Changes to the Risk Assessment
Performed Under CAA Section 112(f)
As noted at proposal (76 FR 81344),
the risk analysis performed for the pulp
and paper source category indicated that
the cancer risks to the individual most
exposed are no higher than 10 in 1
million due to actual or MACTallowable emissions. These risks are
considerably less than 100 in 1 million,
which is the presumptive upper limit of
risk acceptability. The risk analysis also
showed generally low cancer incidence
(1 case every 100 years); no potential for
adverse environmental effects or human
health multipathway effects; no
potential for chronic noncancer impacts;
and, as explained in the proposal and
further below, while a potential exists
for some acute inhalation impacts, they
are likely to be minimal because the
potential impacts occur in uninhabited
areas where terrain prevents ready
access by the public. Also, we received
comment on the risk assessment that is
addressed in our comment response.5
The number of people exposed to
cancer risks of 1 in 1 million or greater
due to emissions from the source
category was determined to be relatively
low (76,000). The number of people
exposed at the MIR cancer risk of 10 in
1 million or greater due to emissions
5 See the memorandum in the docket titled,
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants From the Pulp and Paper Industry (40
CFR Part 63, Subpart S) Residual Risk and
Technology Review, Final Amendments Response to
Public Comments on December 27, 2011 Proposal.
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from the source category was
significantly lower (40). Considering all
of this health information and the
uncertainties discussed in the proposal
preamble (76 FR 81338–40), the risks
from the pulp and paper source category
were deemed to be acceptable. 76 FR
81344.
Our analysis of facilitywide risks
showed five mills with maximum
chronic cancer risks between 10 and 30
in 1 million and four mills with
maximum chronic noncancer TOSHI
between 1 and 2. For the facility with
the highest facilitywide risk (i.e., 30 in
1 million), emissions from the pulp and
paper (subpart S) source category only
contributed 27 percent to the chronic
cancer risk and 23 percent to the
chronic noncancer risk.
As directed by section 112(f)(2), we
conducted an analysis to determine if
the standard provides an ample margin
of safety analysis to protect public
health. Under the ample margin of
safety analysis, we first considered the
health impacts for the source category.
Then we analyzed the potential for
emissions reductions within the source
category by evaluating available control
technologies and their capabilities for
reduction of the residual risk remaining
after the implementation of MACT
controls. Then we evaluated the
potential costs and energy impacts of
these additional controls. 6 Based on
this analysis, we conclude that the
current standard protects public health
with an ample margin of safety. (76 FR
81344) We solicited comment on the
proposal (76 FR 81349–51), asking for
any additional data that may help to
reduce the uncertainties inherent in the
risk assessments and other analyses. We
were specifically interested in receiving
corrections to the mill-specific HAP
emissions data used in the risk
modeling. The mill-specific emissions
data were available for download on the
EPA’s RTR web page at: https://www.epa.
gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.
Commenters on the subpart S proposal
were asked to determine whether any of
the data were unrepresentative or
inaccurate and to submit their
comments on the data downloaded from
the RTR web page.
A total of 81 mills submitted specific
revisions to their mill-specific data. The
EPA reviewed the data revisions to
determine whether they would
influence the outcome of the risk
assessment results as proposed.
Specifically, the mills submitted data
6 For a full discussion of this analysis, see the
memorandum in the docket titled, Ample Margin of
Safety Analysis for Pulping and Papermaking
Processes.
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revisions that remove pollutants, change
emission release point type from
fugitive to stack and change stack/
fugitive emission parameters. Our
review indicated that these changes
would reduce emissions and/or impacts.
Consequently, we have determined that
the results of the revisions would most
likely adjust the risk results for the
subpart S source category downward
(i.e., reduce risk) if we were to remodel
the category. Therefore, we have
decided not to remodel risk for purposes
of promulgating the subpart S residual
risk review because our conservative
approach at proposal overstates existing
risk and reinforces the conclusions from
the risk modeling conducted at
proposal. A memorandum for the docket
was prepared that summarizes the data
revisions received and supports the
decision not to remodel risk.7 A
separate document presents the results
of the EPA’s risk analysis.8 We conclude
based on the Residual Risk Assessment
cited here that the risks from the subpart
S pulp and papermaking source
category are acceptable and that the
current standard protects the public
health with an ample margin of safety.
Consequently, we are re-adopting the
MACT standards for subpart S pursuant
to our 112(f)(2) review.
B. Changes to the Technology Review
Performed Under CAA Section 112(d)(6)
As a result of our initial technology
review, we proposed on December 27,
2011, to strengthen the kraft pulping
process condensate standards in 40 CFR
63.446 by increasing the HAP removal
requirement from 92 to 94 percent (or an
equivalent pound/ODTP or ppmw
limit). Several commenters opposed the
proposed revisions to the kraft pulping
process condensate standards, for
reasons including calculation
methodology issues, data
misinterpretation, undetermined
impacts on mills utilizing the clean
condensate compliance alternative and
additional steam and energy impacts for
rule compliance. A detailed discussion
of these comments can be found in the
Response to Comment Document.9
In response to these comments, we
have: (1) Re-analyzed the condensate
collection information provided in the
7 See the memorandum in the docket titled,
Recommendations Concerning Residual Risk
Remodeling for the Pulp and Paper Industry.
8 See Residual Risk Assessment for the Pulp and
Paper Source Category, in the docket for the subpart
S rulemaking.
9 See the memorandum in the docket titled,
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants From the Pulp and Paper Industry (40
CFR Part 63, Subpart S) Residual Risk and
Technology Review, Final Amendments Response to
Public Comments on December 27, 2011, Proposal.
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ICR; (2) evaluated the design criteria
(and energy impacts) of the steam
strippers and biotreatment units
typically used by facilities to assure
compliance with 40 CFR 63.446; (3)
reviewed additional cost and control
information that supplements the data
collected in the ICR; and (4) considered
the effects of the proposed standards on
CCA mills.
In our re-analysis, we estimated the
potential nationwide cost associated
with increasing condensate treatment
from 92 to 94 percent reduction would
be $423 million (capital) and $85.1
million/yr. We estimated a HAP
emissions reduction of 2,300 tpy, for a
cost effectiveness of $37,000/ton of
HAP. This estimate includes the costs
associated with a repeat CCA
demonstration and switching from CCA
to HVLC pulping vent gas control at
mills where the CCA approach would be
adversely affected. Our revised cost
estimates for a 94 percent reduction
standard are significantly higher than
the cost estimates that we developed at
proposal for a 94 percent reduction
standard because we determined that a
greater number of mills would be
affected after the potential impacts on
CCA mills. Also, the cost-to-sales ratios
for the three affected small businesses
are also higher with one small business
now estimated to have a ratio of 15
percent.10 For this reason alone, we
would decline to revise the standard
under (d)(6) because we find increasing
the standard from 92 percent to 94
percent not cost effective. In addition,
after review of the comments, we
recognize that we failed to fully
consider the energy and secondary air
emissions impacts associated with the
94 percent reduction limit for these
mills, due to increased steam demand
for new and upgraded stripper systems.
Upon review of the information in the
record, we believe these factors also
weigh against revising the MACT
standards. In the proposal, we estimated
energy and secondary emissions
impacts based on increased electricity
requirements for biological treatment.
We did not assume there were any
additional impacts from new and
upgraded steam strippers because they
were expected to be more energy
efficient, however, commenters
indicated that additional steam would
be required for these facilities. We have
10 For further information on the costs and
impacts associated with the 93 and 94 percent
reduction options considered for promulgation of
the kraft pulping process condensate standards, see
the memorandum in the docket titled, Costs,
Environmental, and Energy Impacts for the
Promulgated Subpart S Risk and Technology
Review.
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considered these energy and secondary
air emissions impacts for steam
strippers for the final rule as a result of
the public comments.11
Similarly, we also analyzed the
potential nationwide costs and impacts
of increasing the 92 percent reduction
standard to 93 percent reduction. For a
93 percent reduction standard,
estimated capital costs would be $396
million and estimated annualized costs
would be $74.4 million/yr, with a HAP
emission reduction of 989 tpy, or
approximately $75,000/ton of HAP.
Additionally, the cost-to-sales ratio is
nearly 6 percent for one of the three
small businesses.12 For this reason
alone, we would decline to revise the
standard under (d)(6) because we find
increasing the standard from 92 percent
to 93 percent not cost effective. In
addition, after review of the comments,
we recognize that we failed to fully
consider the energy and secondary air
emissions impacts associated with the
93 percent reduction limit for these
mills, due to increased steam demand
for new and upgraded stripper systems.
Upon review of the information in the
record, we believe these factors also
weigh against revising the MACT
standards.
Based on this re-analysis, we do not
consider the costs and impacts
associated with the HAP reduction that
would be achieved under either the 93
or 94 percent reduction options to be
reasonable. Consequently we are not
revising the MACT standards pursuant
to section 112(d)(6).
C. Other Changes Since Proposal
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1. Repeat Emissions Testing
In response to a comment, we have
added language to clarify that the 5-year
repeat testing is not required for: (1)
Knotter or screen systems with HAP
emission rates below the criteria
specified in 40 CFR 63.443(a)(1)(ii); or
(2) decker systems using fresh water or
paper machine white water or decker
systems using process water with a total
HAP concentration less than 400 ppm
by weight as specified in 40 CFR
63.443(a)(1)(iv).
2. Compliance Dates
Commenters requested clarification of
the electronic reporting effective date
since the proposed rule stated that
performance test data must be submitted
‘‘[a]s of January 1, 2012 and within 60
days of completing each performance
test * * *’’. The commenters noted that
the January 1, 2012, date would require
submission of performance testing
11 Id.
12 Id.
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before the final rule was in effect. In
response to this comment, we have
deleted reference to January 1, 2012,
from the final rule. Electronic reports
would be submitted within 60 days after
completing each performance test.
3. Excess Emissions Allowances
Some commenters expressed concern
regarding the EPA’s request for
comment in the preamble to the
proposed rule (76 FR 81346) as to
whether to remove or modify the excess
emissions allowance provisions in 40
CFR 63.443(e), 63.446(g) and
63.459(b)(11)(ii). We are deferring final
action on the excess emissions
allowances until a later date in order to
analyze more recent information on the
allowances that we have obtained from
industry. After we have completed our
analysis of the data, we expect to
publish a proposed rule describing the
changes to the excess emissions
allowance provisions that we believe are
warranted and provide a further
opportunity for public comment before
taking final action with respect to the
excess emissions allowance provisions.
4. Affirmative Defense
We have made certain changes to 40
CFR 63.456 for the final rule to clarify
the circumstances under which a source
may assert an affirmative defense. The
changes to 40 CFR 63.456 clarify that a
source may assert an affirmative defense
to a claim for civil penalties for
violations of standards that are caused
by malfunctions. A source can avail
itself of the affirmative defense when
there has been a violation of the
emission standards due to an event that
meets the definition of malfunction
under 40 CFR 63.2 and qualifies for
assertion of an affirmative defense
under § 63.456. In the proposal, we used
terms such as ‘‘exceedance’’ or ‘‘excess
emissions’’ in 40 CFR 63.456, which
created unnecessary confusion as to
when the affirmative defense could be
used. In the final rule, we have
eliminated those terms and used the
word ‘‘violation’’ to make clear that the
affirmative defense to civil penalties is
available only where an event that
causes a violation of the emissions
standard meets the criteria for the
assertion of an affirmative defense
under § 63.456.
We have also eliminated the 2-day
notification requirement that was
included in 40 CFR 63.456(b) at
proposal because we expect to receive
sufficient notification of malfunction
events that result in violations in other
required compliance reports, such as the
malfunction report required under 40
CFR 63.455(g). In addition, we have
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revised the 45-day affirmative defense
reporting requirement that was included
in 40 CFR 63.456(b) at proposal to
require sources to include the report in
the first compliance, deviation or excess
emission report due after the initial
occurrence of the violation, unless the
compliance, deviation or excess
emission report is due less than 45 days
after the violation. In that case, the
affirmative defense report may be
included in the second compliance,
deviation or excess emission report due
after the initial occurrence of the
violation. Because the affirmative
defense report is now included in a
subsequent compliance, deviation or
excess emission report, there is no
longer a need for the proposed 30-day
extension for submitting a stand-alone
affirmative defense report.
Consequently, we are not including this
provision in the final rule.
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental
and Economic Impacts
A. What are the affected facilities?
There are currently 171 major source
pulp and paper mills operating in the
United States. The affected source for
kraft, soda, sulfite or semi-chemical
pulping processes is the total of all HAP
emission points in the pulping and
bleaching systems. The affected source
for mechanical, secondary or non-wood
pulping processes is the total of all HAP
emission points in the bleaching system.
We estimate that 114 of the 171 major
source mills operate subpart S processes
that are affected by this final rule.
B. What are the air quality impacts?
These final amendments will require
an estimated 114 mills to conduct repeat
testing for pulping and bleaching
operations and all major sources with
equipment subject to the subpart S
standards to operate without the SSM
exemption. We were unable to quantify
the specific emissions reductions
associated with repeat emissions testing
or eliminating the SSM exemption.
However, repeat testing will tend to
reduce emissions by providing incentive
for facilities to maintain their control
systems and make periodic adjustments
to ensure peak performance. Eliminating
the SSM exemption will reduce
emissions by requiring facilities to meet
the applicable standard during SSM
periods.
Section IV.B of this preamble presents
estimates of the air quality impacts
associated with the kraft pulping
process condensate regulatory options
that were not selected for inclusion in
this final rule.
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C. What are the cost impacts?
Pulp and paper mills will incur costs
to conduct repeat testing and record
malfunctions in support of the new
affirmative defense in the rule. Costs
associated with elimination of the
startup and shutdown exemption were
estimated as part of the reporting and
recordkeeping costs and include time
for re-evaluating previously developed
SSM record systems. Nationwide capital
costs are estimated to be $5.9 million.
The total nationwide annualized costs
associated with these new requirements
are estimated to be $2.1 million per
year.
Section IV.B of this preamble presents
cost estimates associated with the kraft
pulping process condensate regulatory
options that were not selected for
inclusion in this final rule.
D. What are the economic impacts?
We performed an EIA of the final rule
for pulp and paper consumers and
producers nationally. The EIA, which
documents the data sources and
methods used and provides detailed
results, can be found in the docket for
the final rule. This section provides an
overview of key results.
The final rule induces minimal
changes in the average national price of
paper and paperboard products. Paper
and paperboard product prices increase
less than 0.01 percent on average, while
production levels decrease less that 0.01
percent on average, as a result of the
final rule. Consumers are estimated to
experience a reduction in economic
welfare of about $1.1 million as the
result of slightly higher prices and
slightly reduced consumption. Although
producers’ welfare losses are mitigated
to some degree by slightly higher prices,
market conditions limit their ability to
pass on all of the compliance costs. As
a result, they also are estimated to
experience a loss in economic welfare of
about $1.0 million as a result of the final
rule.
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E. What are the benefits?
Because this rulemaking is not likely
to have an annual effect on the economy
of $100 million or more, we have not
conducted a RIA or a benefits analysis.
Since we were unable to quantify the
emissions reductions associated with
the new requirements in the final rule
(repeat testing and elimination of the
SSM exemption), we were also unable
to quantify the monetary benefits
associated with these new requirements.
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VI. Statutory and Executive Order
Reviews
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory
Planning and Review, and Executive
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and
Regulatory Review
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR
51735, October 4, 1993), this action is a
‘‘significant regulatory action’’ because
it raises novel legal and policy issues.
Accordingly, the EPA submitted this
action to OMB for review under
Executive Order 12866 and 13563 (76
FR 3821, January 21, 2011), and any
changes made in response to OMB
recommendations have been
documented in the docket for this
action.
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
The information collection
requirements in this final rule have been
submitted for approval to OMB under
the PRA, 44 U.S.C. 3501, et seq. The ICR
document prepared by the EPA has been
assigned EPA ICR number 2452.02. The
information collection requirements are
not enforceable until OMB approves
them. The information requirements are
based on notification, recordkeeping
and reporting requirements in the
NESHAP General Provisions (40 CFR
part 63, subpart A), which are
mandatory for all operators subject to
national emissions standards. These
recordkeeping and reporting
requirements are specifically authorized
by CAA section 114 (42 U.S.C. 7414).
All information submitted to the EPA
pursuant to the recordkeeping and
reporting requirements for which a
claim of confidentiality is made is
safeguarded according to agency
policies set forth in 40 CFR part 2,
subpart B.
This final rule includes new
paperwork requirements for repeat
testing for selected process equipment,
as described in 40 CFR 63.457(a)(2).
More specifically, we are requiring stack
testing every 5 years for total HAP for
chemical pulping operations and
bleaching operations at pulp and paper
mills. This final rule also includes new
paperwork requirements for
recordkeeping of malfunctions, as
described in 40 CFR 63.454(g)
(conducted in support of the affirmative
defense provisions, as described in 40
CFR 63.456).
When a malfunction occurs, sources
must report the event according to the
applicable reporting requirements of 40
CFR part 63, subpart S. An affirmative
defense to civil penalties for violations
of emission limits that are caused by
malfunctions is available to a source if
it can demonstrate that certain criteria
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and requirements are satisfied. The
criteria ensure that the affirmative
defense is available only where the
event that causes a violation of the
emission limit meets the narrow
definition of malfunction in 40 CFR 63.2
(sudden, infrequent, not reasonable
preventable and not caused by poor
maintenance and or careless operation)
and where the source took necessary
actions to minimize emissions. In
addition, the source must meet certain
notification and reporting requirements.
For example, the source must prepare a
written root cause analysis and submit
a written report to the Administrator
documenting that it has met the
conditions and requirements for
assertion of the affirmative defense.
The EPA is adding affirmative defense
to the estimate of burden in the ICR. To
provide the public with an estimate of
the relative magnitude of the burden
associated with an assertion of the
affirmative defense position adopted by
a source, the EPA has provided
administrative adjustments to the ICR
that show what the notification,
recordkeeping and reporting
requirements associated with the
assertion of the affirmative defense
might entail. The EPA’s estimate for the
required notification, reports and
records for any individual incident,
including the root cause analysis, totals
$3,258, and is based on the time and
effort required of a source to review
relevant data, interview plant
employees and document the events
surrounding a malfunction that has
caused a violation of an emissions limit.
The estimate also includes time to
produce and retain the record and
reports for submission to the EPA. The
EPA provides this illustrative estimate
of this burden because these costs are
only incurred if there has been a
violation and a source chooses to take
advantage of the affirmative defense.
Given the variety of circumstances
under which malfunctions could occur,
as well as differences among sources’
operation and maintenance practices,
we cannot reliably predict the severity
and frequency of malfunction-related
excess emissions events for a particular
source. It is important to note that the
EPA has no basis currently for
estimating the number of malfunctions
that would qualify for an affirmative
defense. Current historical records
would be an inappropriate basis, as
source owners or operators previously
operated their facilities in recognition
that they were exempt from the
requirement to comply with emissions
standards during malfunctions. Of the
number of excess emissions events
reported by source operators, only a
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small number would be expected to
result from a malfunction (based on the
definition above), and only a subset of
violations caused by malfunctions
would result in the source choosing to
assert the affirmative defense. Thus, we
expect the number of instances in which
source operators might be expected to
avail themselves of the affirmative
defense will be extremely small. For this
reason, we estimate no more than two
such occurrences per year for all sources
subject to subpart S over the 3-year
period covered by this ICR. We expect
to gather information on such events in
the future and will revise this estimate
as better information becomes available.
The estimated recordkeeping and
reporting burden associated with
subpart S after the effective date of the
final rule is estimated to be 52,300 labor
hours at a cost of $4.94 million per year
and total non-labor capital and O&M
costs of $841,000 per year. This estimate
includes reporting costs, such as reading
and understanding the rule
requirements, conducting required
activities (e.g., stack testing,
inspections), and preparing notifications
and compliance reports and
recordkeeping costs associated with
malfunctions, monitoring and
inspections. The total burden for the
federal government is estimated to be
6,870 hours per year at a total labor cost
of $310,000 per year. Burden is defined
at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
An agency may not conduct or
sponsor, and a person is not required to
respond to, a collection of information
unless it displays a currently valid OMB
control number. The OMB control
numbers for the EPA’s regulations in 40
CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When
this ICR is approved by OMB, the
agency will publish a technical
amendment to 40 CFR part 9 in the
Federal Register to display the OMB
control numbers for the approved
information collection requirements
contained in this final rule.
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The RFA generally requires an agency
to prepare a regulatory flexibility
analysis of any rule subject to notice
and comment rulemaking requirements
under the Administrative Procedure
Act, or any other statute, unless the
agency certifies that the rule will not
have a SISNOSE. Small entities include
small businesses, small organizations
and small governmental jurisdictions.
For purposes of assessing the impacts
of this final rule on small entities, small
entity is defined as: (1) A small business
as defined by the SBA’s regulations at
13 CFR 121.201; (2) a small
governmental jurisdiction that is a
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government of a city, county, town,
school district or special district with a
population of less than 50,000; and (3)
a small organization that is any not-forprofit enterprise which is independently
owned and operated and is not
dominant in its field. For this source
category, which has the general NAICS
subsector code 322 (i.e., Paper
Manufacturing), the SBA small business
size standard is 500 to 750 employees
(depending on the specific NAICS code)
according to the SBA small business
standards definitions.
The EPA analyzed impacts on small
businesses by comparing estimated
annualized engineering compliance
costs at the company-level to company
revenue. The analysis found that the
ratio of compliance cost to company
revenue falls below 1 percent for the
three small companies that are likely to
be affected by the finalized rule. After
considering the economic impacts of
this final rule on small entities, I certify
that this action will not have a
SISNOSE. See the EIA in the docket for
this rule for more details on this
analysis.
Although this final rule will not have
a SISNOSE, the EPA nonetheless has
tried to reduce the impact of this rule on
small entities. The proposed
amendment tightening the kraft pulping
process condensate standards was not
finalized after the EPA re-evaluated the
amendment and its costs and impacts in
response to public comments (see
section IV.B of this preamble for further
information). The repeat testing
requirement was established in a way
that minimizes the costs for testing and
reporting while still providing the
agency the necessary information
needed to ensure continuous
compliance with the final standards.
Also, the final malfunction
recordkeeping requirement was
designed to provide all pulp and paper
companies, including small entities,
with a means of supporting an
affirmative defense in the event of a
violation occurring during a
malfunction.
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
This action does not contain a federal
mandate under the provisions of Title II
of the UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531–1538 for
state, local or tribal governments or the
private sector. This final rule is not
expected to impact state, local or tribal
governments. The nationwide annual
cost of this final rule for affected sources
is $2.1 million. Thus, this rule is not
subject to the requirements of sections
202 or 205 of the UMRA.
This rule is also not subject to the
requirements of section 203 of UMRA
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because it contains no regulatory
requirements that might significantly or
uniquely affect small governments. This
rule does not apply to such governments
and will not impose any obligations
upon them.
E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
This final rule does not have
federalism implications. It will not have
substantial direct effects on the states,
on the relationship between the national
government and the states, or on the
distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various
levels of government, as specified in
Executive Order 13132. None of the
facilities subject to this action are
owned or operated by state governments
and nothing in this final rule will
supersede state regulations. The burden
to the respondents and the states is less
than $2.1 million for the entire source
category. Thus, Executive Order 13132
does not apply to this final rule.
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation
and Coordination With Indian Tribal
Governments
This final rule does not have tribal
implications, as specified in Executive
Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9,
2000). It will not have substantial direct
effect on tribal governments, on the
relationship between the federal
government and Indian tribes, or on the
distribution of power and
responsibilities between the federal
government and Indian tribes, as
specified in Executive Order 13175.
Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not
apply to this action. However, the EPA
did outreach and consultation on this
rule. The EPA presented this
information to the tribes prior to
proposal of this rule via a call with the
National Tribal Air Association. In
addition, the EPA presented the
information on the sources and the
industry at the National Tribal Forum in
Spokane, Washington. The EPA also
offered consultation by letters sent to all
tribal leaders. We held that consultation
with the Nez Perce, Forest County
Potowatomi and Leech Lake Band of
Ojibewa on October 6, 2011.
Additionally, a public outreach webinar
was conducted during the comment
period on January 31, 2012, to review
the proposed rule. The webinar was
coordinated with the tribal governments
and the general public.
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of
Children From Environmental Health
Risks and Safety Risks
This final rule is not subject to
Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885,
April 23, 1997) because it is not
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economically significant as defined in
Executive Order 12866, and because the
agency does not believe the
environmental health risks or safety
risks addressed by this action present a
disproportionate risk to children. This
action will not relax the control
measures on existing regulated sources,
and the EPA’s risk assessment results—
included in the preamble (76 FR 81344)
and docket (EPA–HQ–OAR–2007–0544)
for the proposed rule—demonstrate that
the existing regulation is associated
with an acceptable level of risk and an
ample margin of safety to protect public
health.
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H. Executive Order 13211: Actions
Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use
This action is not a ‘‘significant
energy action’’ as defined under
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355,
May 22, 2001), because it is not likely
to have a significant adverse effect on
the supply, distribution or use of
energy. This action will not create any
new requirements for sources in the
energy supply, distribution or use
sectors.
I. National Technology Transfer and
Advancement Act
Section 12(d) of the NTTAA, Public
Law No. 104–113, 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272
note), directs the EPA to use VCS in its
regulatory activities, unless to do so
would be inconsistent with applicable
law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary
consensus standards are technical
standards (e.g., materials specifications,
test methods, sampling procedures and
business practices) that are developed or
adopted by VCS bodies. The NTTAA
directs the EPA to provide Congress,
through OMB, explanations when the
agency decides not to use available and
applicable VCS.
This final rulemaking involves
technical standards. The EPA has
decided to use three VCS in this final
rule.
One VCS, ASME PTC 19.10–1981,
‘‘Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses,’’ is
cited in this final rule for its manual
method of measuring the content of the
exhaust gas as an acceptable alternative
to EPA Method 3B of appendix A–2.
This standard is available at https://
www.asme.org or by mail at the ASME,
Post Office Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ
07007–2900; or at Global Engineering
Documents, Sales Department, 15
Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO
80112.
A second VCS, ASTM D6420–99
(2010), ‘‘Test Method for Determination
of Gaseous Organic Compounds by
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Direct Interface Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry’’ is cited as an
acceptable alternative to EPA Method
18. A third VCS, ASTM D6348–03
(2010), ‘‘Test Method for Determination
of Gaseous Compounds by Extractive
Direct Interface Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy,’’ was
determined to be an acceptable
alternative to EPA Method 320. EPA
Methods 18 and 320 are added as
alternatives to EPA Method 308 in this
final rule for measurement of methanol
emissions. The two VCS alternatives are
available for purchase from ASTM
International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
Post Office Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428–2959; or
ProQuest, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann
Arbor, MI 48106.
While the EPA has identified another
14 VCS as being potentially applicable
to this final rule, we have decided not
to use these VCS in this rulemaking.
The use of these VCS would be
impractical because they do not meet
the objectives of the standards cited in
this rule. See the docket for this rule for
the reasons for these determinations.
Under 40 CFR 63.7(e)(2)(ii) and (f)
and 63.8(f) of the NESHAP General
Provisions, a source may apply to the
EPA for permission to use alternative
test methods or alternative monitoring
requirements in place of any required
testing methods, performance
specifications or procedures in the final
rule and any amendments.
J. Executive Order 12898: Federal
Actions to Address Environmental
Justice in Minority Populations and
Low-Income Populations
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629,
February 16, 1994) establishes federal
executive policy on EJ. Its main
provision directs federal agencies, to the
greatest extent practicable and
permitted by law, to make EJ part of
their mission by identifying and
addressing, as appropriate,
disproportionately high and adverse
human health or environmental effects
of their programs, policies and activities
on minority populations and low
income populations in the United
States.
The EPA has determined that this
final rule will not have
disproportionately high and adverse
human health or environmental effects
on minority, low income or indigenous
populations because it does not affect
the level of protection provided to
human health or the environment.
These final standards will not relax
the control measures on sources
regulated by the rule and, therefore, will
not cause emissions increases from
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these sources. In fact, as noted in
section III.A of this preamble, the repeat
testing provisions included in this final
rule will tend to reduce emissions by
providing incentive for facilities to
maintain their control systems and
make periodic adjustments to ensure
peak performance. Also, eliminating the
SSM exemption will reduce emissions
by requiring facilities to meet the
applicable standard during SSM
periods.
Additionally, the agency has reviewed
this rule to determine if there is an
overrepresentation of minority, low
income or indigenous populations near
the sources such that they may face
disproportionate exposure from
pollutants that could potentially be
mitigated by this rulemaking. Although
this analysis gives some indication of
populations that may be exposed to
levels of pollution that cause concern, it
does not identify the demographic
characteristics of the most highly
affected individuals or communities.
The demographic data show that
while most demographic categories are
below, or within, 2 percentage points of
national averages, the African-American
population exceeds the national average
by 3 percentage points (15 percent
versus 12 percent), or +25 percent. The
facility-level demographic analysis
results are presented in the November
2011 memorandum titled, Review of
Environmental Justice Impacts: Pulp
and Paper, a copy of which is available
in the docket for this action (EPA–HQ–
OAR–2007–0544).
The analysis of demographic data
used proximity-to-a-source as a
surrogate for exposure to identify those
populations considered to be living near
affected sources, such that they have
measurable exposures to current HAP
emissions from these sources. The
demographic data for this analysis were
extracted from the 2000 census data,
which were provided to the EPA by the
U.S. Census Bureau. Distributions by
race are based on demographic
information at the census block level
and all other demographic groups are
based on the extrapolation of census
block group level data to the census
block level. The socio-demographic
parameters used in the analysis
included the following categories:
Racial (White, African American, Native
American, Other or Multiracial, and All
Other Races); Ethnicity (Hispanic); and
Other (Number of people below the
poverty line, Number of people with
ages between 0 and 18, Number of
people with ages greater than or equal
to 65, Number of people with no high
school diploma).
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In determining the aggregate
demographic makeup of the
communities near affected sources, the
EPA focused on those census blocks
within 3 miles of affected sources and
determined the demographic
composition (e.g., race, income, etc.) of
these census blocks and compared them
to the corresponding compositions
nationally. The radius of 3 miles (or
approximately 5 km) is consistent with
other demographic analyses focused on
areas around potential sources.13 14 15 16
In addition, air quality modeling
experience has shown that the area
within 3 miles of an individual source
of emissions can generally be
considered the area with the highest
ambient air levels of the primary
pollutants being emitted for most
sources, both in absolute terms and
relative to the contribution of other
sources (assuming there are other
sources in the area, as is typical in
urban areas). While facility processes
and fugitive emissions may have more
localized impacts, the EPA
acknowledges that because of various
stack heights, there is the potential for
dispersion beyond 3 miles. To the
extent that any minority, low income or
indigenous subpopulation is
disproportionately impacted by the
current emissions as a result of the
proximity of their homes to these
sources, that subpopulation also stands
to see increased environmental and
health benefit from the emissions
reductions that may result from this
rule.
The EPA did outreach and
consultation on this rule on the subject
of federal actions to address EJ issues.
The EPA requested input on EJ issues
prior to proposal of this rule in regional
conference calls and at the EPA’s
national EJ conference in 2011.
Additionally, a public outreach webinar
was conducted during the comment
period on January 31, 2012, to review
the proposed rule. As noted above, the
webinar was coordinated with the tribal
governments and the general public.
13 U.S. GAO (Government Accountability Office).
Demographics of People Living Near Waste
Facilities. Washington DC: Government Printing
Office; 1995.
14 Mohai P, Saha R. Reassessing Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Environmental Justice
Research. Demography. 2006;43(2): 383–399.
15 Mennis J. Using Geographic Information
Systems to Create and Analyze Statistical Surfaces
of Populations and Risk for Environmental Justice
Analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 2002;83(1):281–
297.
16 Bullard RD, Mohai P, Wright B, Saha R, et al.
Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty 1987–2007. United
Church of Christ. March, 2007.
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Jkt 226001
K. Congressional Review Act
The Congressional Review Act, 5
U.S.C. 801, et seq., as added by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement
Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides
that, before a rule may take effect, the
agency promulgating the rule must
submit a rule report, which includes a
copy of the rule, to each House of the
Congress and to the Comptroller General
of the United States. The EPA will
submit a report containing this final rule
and other required information to the
U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of
Representatives and the Comptroller
General of the United States prior to
publication of the rule in the Federal
Register. A major rule cannot take effect
until 60 days after it is published in the
Federal Register. This action is not a
‘‘major rule’’ as defined by 5 U.S.C.
804(2). The final rule will be effective
on September 11, 2012.
National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants From the
Pulp and Paper Industry
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63
Environmental protection, Air
pollution control, Hazardous
substances, Incorporation by reference,
Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
Dated: July 31, 2012.
Lisa P. Jackson,
Administrator.
For the reasons stated in the
preamble, the Environmental Protection
Agency is amending Title 40, chapter I
of the Code of Federal Regulations as
follows:
PART 63—[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 63
continues to read as follows:
■
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
2. Section 63.14 is amended by:
a. Revising paragraph (b)(28);
b. Revising paragraph (b)(54);
c. Revising paragraph (f)(1);
d. Redesignating paragraphs (f)(3) and
(4) as paragraphs (f)(4) and (5);
■ e. Adding new paragraph (f)(3); and
■ f. Revising paragraph (i)(1).
The revisions read as follows:
■
■
■
■
■
Incorporations by reference.
*
*
*
*
*
(b) * * *
(28) ASTM D6420–99 (Reapproved
2004), Standard Test Method for
Determination of Gaseous Organic
Compounds by Direct Interface Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,
approved 2004, IBR approved for
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Subpart S—[Amended]
*
*
*
*
*
3. Section 63.441 is amended by
adding a definition for ‘‘affirmative
defense,’’ in alphabetical order, to read
as follows:
■
Subpart A—[Amended]
§ 63.14
§§ 60.485, 60.485a, 63.457, 63.772,
63.2351, 63.2354, and table 8 to subpart
HHHHHHH of this part.
*
*
*
*
*
(54) ASTM D6348–03, Standard Test
Method for Determination of Gaseous
Compounds by Extractive Direct
Interface Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR) Spectroscopy, approved 2003,
IBR approved for §§ 63.457, 63.1349,
table 4 to subpart DDDD of this part, and
table 8 to subpart HHHHHHH of this
part.
*
*
*
*
*
(f) * * *
(1) NCASI Method DI/MEOH–94.03,
Methanol in Process Liquids and
Wastewaters by GC/FID, Issued May
2000, IBR approved for §§ 63.457 and
63.459 of subpart S of this part.
*
*
*
*
*
(3) NCASI Method DI/HAPS–99.01,
Selected HAPs In Condensates by GC/
FID, Issued February 2000, IBR
approved for § 63.459(b) of subpart S of
this part.
*
*
*
*
*
(i) * * *
(1) ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10–1981,
‘‘Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses [Part
10, Instruments and Apparatus],’’ IBR
approved for §§ 63.309, 63.457(k),
63.865, 63.3166, 63.3360, 63.3545,
63.3555, 63.4166, 63.4362, 63.4766,
63.4965, 63.5160, 63.9307, 63.9323,
63.11148, 63.11155, 63.11162, 63.11163,
63.11410, 63.11551, 63.11945, table 5 to
subpart DDDDD of this part, table 1 to
subpart ZZZZZ of this part, table 4 to
subpart JJJJJJ of this part, and table 5 to
subpart UUUUU of this part.
*
*
*
*
*
Sfmt 4700
§ 63.441
Definitions.
*
*
*
*
*
Affirmative defense means, in the
context of an enforcement proceeding, a
response or defense put forward by a
defendant, regarding which the
defendant has the burden of proof, and
the merits of which are independently
and objectively evaluated in a judicial
or administrative proceeding.
*
*
*
*
*
4. Section 63.443 is amended by
revising paragraph (e) introductory text
to read as follows:
■
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§ 63.443 Standards for the pulping system
at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical
processes.
*
*
*
*
*
(e) Periods of excess emissions
reported under § 63.455 shall not be a
violation of § 63.443(c) and (d) provided
that the time of excess emissions
divided by the total process operating
time in a semi-annual reporting period
does not exceed the following levels:
*
*
*
*
*
■ 5. Section 63.446 is amended by
revising paragraph (g) to read as follows:
§ 63.446 Standards for kraft pulping
process condensates.
*
*
*
*
*
(g) For each control device (e.g., steam
stripper system or other equipment
serving the same function) used to treat
pulping process condensates to comply
with the requirements specified in
paragraphs (e)(3) through (5) of this
section, periods of excess emissions
reported under § 63.455 shall not be a
violation of paragraphs (d), (e)(3)
through (5), and (f) of this section
provided that the time of excess
emissions divided by the total process
operating time in a semi-annual
reporting period does not exceed 10
percent. The 10 percent excess
emissions allowance does not apply to
treatment of pulping process
condensates according to paragraph
(e)(2) of this section (e.g., the biological
wastewater treatment system used to
treat multiple (primarily noncondensate) wastewater streams to
comply with the Clean Water Act).
*
*
*
*
*
■ 6. Section 63.453 is amended by
adding paragraph (q) to read as follows:
§ 63.453
Monitoring requirements.
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
*
*
*
*
*
(q) At all times, the owner or operator
must operate and maintain any affected
source, including associated air
pollution control equipment and
monitoring equipment, in a manner
consistent with safety and good air
pollution control practices for
minimizing emissions. Determination of
whether such operation and
maintenance procedures are being used
will be based on information available
to the Administrator which may
include, but is not limited to,
monitoring results, review of operation
and maintenance procedures, review of
operation and maintenance records, and
inspection of the source.
■ 7. Section 63.454 is amended by
revising paragraph (a) and adding
paragraph (g) to read as follows:
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§ 63.454
Recordkeeping requirements.
(a) The owner or operator of each
affected source subject to the
requirements of this subpart shall
comply with the recordkeeping
requirements of § 63.10, as shown in
Table 1 of this subpart, and the
requirements specified in paragraphs (b)
through (g) of this section for the
monitoring parameters specified in
§ 63.453.
*
*
*
*
*
(g) Recordkeeping of malfunctions.
The owner or operator must maintain
the following records of malfunctions:
(1) Records of the occurrence and
duration of each malfunction of
operation (i.e., process equipment) or
the air pollution control and monitoring
equipment.
(2) Records of actions taken during
periods of malfunction to minimize
emissions in accordance with
§ 63.453(q), including corrective actions
to restore malfunctioning process and
air pollution control and monitoring
equipment to its normal or usual
manner of operation.
■ 8. Section 63.455 is amended by
adding paragraphs (g) and (h) to read as
follows:
§ 63.455
Reporting requirements.
*
*
*
*
*
(g) Malfunction reporting
requirements. If a malfunction occurred
during the reporting period, the report
must include the number, duration and
a brief description for each type of
malfunction which occurred during the
reporting period and which caused or
may have caused any applicable
emission limitation to be exceeded. The
report must also include a description of
actions taken by an owner or operator
during a malfunction of an affected
source to minimize emissions in
accordance with § 63.453(q), including
actions taken to correct a malfunction.
(h) The owner or operator must
submit performance test reports as
specified in paragraphs (h)(1) through
(4) of this section.
(1) The owner or operator of an
affected source shall report the results of
the performance test before the close of
business on the 60th day following the
completion of the performance test,
unless approved otherwise in writing by
the Administrator. A performance test is
‘‘completed’’ when field sample
collection is terminated. Unless
otherwise approved by the
Administrator in writing, results of a
performance test shall include the
analysis of samples, determination of
emissions and raw data. A complete test
report must include the purpose of the
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Frm 00031
Fmt 4700
Sfmt 4700
55711
test; a brief process description; a
complete unit description, including a
description of feed streams and control
devices; sampling site description;
pollutants measured; description of
sampling and analysis procedures and
any modifications to standard
procedures; quality assurance
procedures; record of operating
conditions, including operating
parameters for which limits are being
set, during the test; record of
preparation of standards; record of
calibrations; raw data sheets for field
sampling; raw data sheets for field and
laboratory analyses; chain-of-custody
documentation; explanation of
laboratory data qualifiers; example
calculations of all applicable stack gas
parameters, emission rates, percent
reduction rates, and analytical results,
as applicable; and any other information
required by the test method and the
Administrator.
(2) Within 60 days after the date of
completing each performance test
(defined in § 63.2) as required by this
subpart, the owner or operator must
submit the results of the performance
tests, including any associated fuel
analyses, required by this subpart to the
EPA’s WebFIRE database by using the
Compliance and Emissions Data
Reporting Interface (CEDRI) that is
accessed through the EPA’s Central Data
Exchange (CDX) (https://www.epa.gov/
cdx). Performance test data must be
submitted in the file format generated
through use of the EPA’s Electronic
Reporting Tool (ERT) (see https://www.
epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/). Only
data collected using test methods on the
ERT Web site are subject to this
requirement for submitting reports
electronically to WebFIRE. Owners or
operators who claim that some of the
information being submitted for
performance tests is confidential
business information (CBI) must submit
a complete ERT file including
information claimed to be CBI on a
compact disk, flash drive or other
commonly used electronic storage
media to the EPA. The electronic media
must be clearly marked as CBI and
mailed to U.S. EPA/OAPQS/CORE CBI
Office, Attention: WebFIRE
Administrator, MD C404–02, 4930 Old
Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same
ERT file with the CBI omitted must be
submitted to the EPA via CDX as
described earlier in this paragraph. At
the discretion of the delegated authority,
the owner or operator must also submit
these reports, including the CBI, to the
delegated authority in the format
specified by the delegated authority. For
any performance test conducted using
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Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 176 / Tuesday, September 11, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
test methods that are not listed on the
ERT Web site, the owner or operator
must submit the results of the
performance test to the Administrator at
the appropriate address listed in § 63.13.
(3) Within 60 days after the date of
completing each CEMS performance
evaluation test as defined in § 63.2, the
owner or operator must submit relative
accuracy test audit (RATA) data to the
EPA’s CDX by using CEDRI in
accordance with paragraph (2) of this
section. Only RATA pollutants that can
be documented with the ERT (as listed
on the ERT Web site) are subject to this
requirement. For any performance
evaluations with no corresponding
RATA pollutants listed on the ERT Web
site, the owner or operator must submit
the results of the performance
evaluation to the Administrator at the
appropriate address listed in § 63.13.
(4) All reports required by this
subpart not subject to the requirements
in paragraphs (h)(2) and (3) of this
section must be sent to the
Administrator at the appropriate
address listed in § 63.13. The
Administrator or the delegated authority
may request a report in any form
suitable for the specific case (e.g., by
commonly used electronic media such
as Excel spreadsheet, on CD or hard
copy). The Administrator retains the
right to require submittal of reports
subject to paragraphs (h)(2) and (3) of
this section in paper format.
■ 9. Section 63.456 is added to read as
follows:
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
§ 63.456 Affirmative defense for violation
of emission standards during malfunction.
In response to an action to enforce the
standards set forth in §§ 63.443(c) and
(d), 63.444(b) and (c), 63.445(b) and (c),
63.446(c), (d), and (e), 63.447(b) or
§ 63.450(d), the owner or operator may
assert an affirmative defense to a claim
for civil penalties for violations of such
standards that are caused by
malfunction, as defined at 40 CFR 63.2.
Appropriate penalties may be assessed,
however, if the owner or operator fails
to meet the burden of proving all of the
requirements in the affirmative defense.
The affirmative defense shall not be
available for claims for injunctive relief.
(a) To establish the affirmative
defense in any action to enforce such a
standard, the owner or operator must
timely meet the reporting requirements
in paragraph (b) of this section, and
must prove by a preponderance of
evidence that:
(1) The violation:
(i) Was caused by a sudden,
infrequent, and unavoidable failure of
air pollution control equipment, process
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17:47 Sep 10, 2012
Jkt 226001
equipment, or a process to operate in a
normal or usual manner, and
(ii) Could not have been prevented
through careful planning, proper design
or better operation and maintenance
practices; and
(iii) Did not stem from any activity or
event that could have been foreseen and
avoided, or planned for; and
(iv) Was not part of a recurring pattern
indicative of inadequate design,
operation, or maintenance; and
(2) Repairs were made as
expeditiously as possible when a
violation occurred. Off-shift and
overtime labor were used, to the extent
practicable to make these repairs; and
(3) The frequency, amount and
duration of the violation (including any
bypass) were minimized to the
maximum extent practicable; and
(4) If the violation resulted from a
bypass of control equipment or a
process, then the bypass was
unavoidable to prevent loss of life,
personal injury, or severe property
damage; and
(5) All possible steps were taken to
minimize the impact of the violation on
ambient air quality, the environment
and human health; and
(6) All emissions monitoring and
control systems were kept in operation
if at all possible, consistent with safety
and good air pollution control practices;
and
(7) All of the actions in response to
the violation were documented by
properly signed, contemporaneous
operating logs; and
(8) At all times, the affected source
was operated in a manner consistent
with good practices for minimizing
emissions; and
(9) A written root cause analysis has
been prepared, the purpose of which is
to determine, correct, and eliminate the
primary causes of the malfunction and
the violation resulting from the
malfunction event at issue. The analysis
shall also specify, using best monitoring
methods and engineering judgment, the
amount of any emissions that were the
result of the malfunction.
(b) Report. The owner or operator
seeking to assert an affirmative defense
shall submit a written report to the
Administrator with all necessary
supporting documentation, that it has
met the requirements set forth in
paragraph (a) of this section. This
affirmative defense report shall be
included in the first periodic
compliance, deviation report or excess
emission report otherwise required after
the initial occurrence of the violation of
the relevant standard (which may be the
end of any applicable averaging period).
If such compliance, deviation report or
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Fmt 4700
Sfmt 4700
excess emission report is due less than
45 days after the initial occurrence of
the violation, the affirmative defense
report may be included in the second
compliance, deviation report or excess
emission report due after the initial
occurrence of the violation of the
relevant standard.
■ 10. Section 63.457 is amended by:
■ a. Revising paragraph (a);
■ b. Revising paragraph (b)(1)
introductory text;
■ c. Revising paragraph (b)(3);
■ d. Revising paragraph (b)(4);
■ e. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(i);
■ f. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(ii)
introductory text;
■ g. Revising paragraph (c)(3)(ii);
■ h. Revising paragraph (d)(1);
■ i. Revising paragraph (k)(1); and
■ j. Adding paragraph (o).
The revisions read as follows:
§ 63.457
Test methods and procedures.
(a) Performance tests. Initial and
repeat performance tests are required for
the emissions sources specified in
paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section,
except for emission sources controlled
by a combustion device that is designed
and operated as specified in
§ 63.443(d)(3) or (4).
(1) Conduct an initial performance
test for all emission sources subject to
the limitations in §§ 63.443, 63.444,
63.445, 63.446, and 63.447.
(2) Conduct repeat performance tests
at five-year intervals for all emission
sources subject to the limitations in
§§ 63.443, 63.444, and 63.445. The first
of the 5-year repeat tests must be
conducted by September 7, 2015, and
thereafter within 60 months from the
date of the previous performance test.
Five-year repeat testing is not required
for the following:
(i) Knotter or screen systems with
HAP emission rates below the criteria
specified in § 63.443(a)(1)(ii).
(ii) Decker systems using fresh water
or paper machine white water, or decker
systems using process water with a total
HAP concentration less than 400 parts
per million by weight as specified in
§ 63.443(a)(1)(iv).
(b) * * *
(1) Method 1 or 1A of part 60,
appendix A–1, as appropriate, shall be
used for selection of the sampling site
as follows:
*
*
*
*
*
(3) The vent gas volumetric flow rate
shall be determined using Method 2,
2A, 2C, or 2D of part 60, appendix A–
1, as appropriate.
(4) The moisture content of the vent
gas shall be measured using Method 4
of part 60, appendix A–3.
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(5) * * *
(i) Method 308 in Appendix A of this
part; Method 320 in Appendix A of this
part; Method 18 in appendix A–6 of part
60; ASTM D6420–99 (Reapproved 2004)
(incorporated by reference in
§ 63.14(b)(28) of subpart A of this part);
or ASTM D6348–03 (incorporated by
reference in § 63.14(b)(54) of subpart A
of this part) shall be used to determine
the methanol concentration. If ASTM
D6348–03 is used, the conditions
specified in paragraphs (b)(5)(i)(A)
though (b)(5)(i)(B) must be met.
(A) The test plan preparation and
implementation in the Annexes to
ASTM D6348–03, sections A1 through
A8 are required.
(B) In ASTM D6348–03 Annex A5
(Analyte Spiking Technique), the
percent (%) R must be determined for
each target analyte (Equation A5.5 of
ASTM D6348–03). In order for the test
data to be acceptable for a compound,
%R must be between 70 and 130
percent. If the %R value does not meet
this criterion for a target compound, the
test data is not acceptable for that
compound and the test must be repeated
for that analyte following adjustment of
the sampling or analytical procedure
before the retest. The %R value for each
compound must be reported in the test
report, and all field measurements must
be corrected with the calculated %R
value for that compound using the
following equation: Reported Result =
Measured Concentration in the Stack ×
100)/%R.
(ii) Except for the modifications
specified in paragraphs (b)(5)(ii)(A)
through (b)(5)(ii)(K) of this section,
Method 26A of part 60, appendix A–8
shall be used to determine chlorine
concentration in the vent stream.
*
*
*
*
*
(c) * * *
(3) * * *
(ii) For determining methanol
concentrations, NCASI Method DI/
MEOH–94.03. This test method is
incorporated by reference in
§ 63.14(f)(1) of subpart A of this part.
*
*
*
*
*
(d) * * *
(1) Method 21, of part 60, appendix
A–7; and
*
*
*
*
*
(k) * * *
(1) The emission rate correction factor
and excess air integrated sampling and
analysis procedures of Methods 3A or
3B of part 60, appendix A–2 shall be
used to determine the oxygen
concentration. The samples shall be
taken at the same time that the HAP
samples are taken. As an alternative to
Method 3B, ASME PTC 19.10–1981
[Part 10] may be used (incorporated by
reference, see § 63.14(i)(1)).
*
*
*
*
*
(o) Performance tests shall be
conducted under such conditions as the
Administrator specifies to the owner or
operator based on representative
performance of the affected source for
the period being tested. Upon request,
the owner or operator shall make
available to the Administrator such
records as may be necessary to
determine the conditions of
performance tests.
■ 11. Section 63.459 is amended by:
■ a. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(iv)(A)
introductory text;
■ b. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(iv)(A)(2);
■ c. Revising paragraph (b)(8)(ii);
■ d. Revising paragraph (b)(8)(iii); and
■ e. Revising paragraph (b)(11)(ii).
The revisions read as follows:
§ 63.459
*
Alternative standards.
*
*
(b) * * *
(5) * * *
*
*
55713
(iv) * * *
(A) The owner or operator shall
measure the methanol concentration of
the outfall of any basin, using NCASI
Method DI/MEOH 94.03 (incorporated
by reference, see § 63.14), when the VA/
A ratio of that basin exceeds the
following:
*
*
*
*
*
(2) The highest VA/A ratio at which
the outfall of any basin has previously
measured non-detect for methanol,
using NCASI Method DI/MEOH 94.03
(incorporated by reference, see § 63.14).
*
*
*
*
*
(8) * * *
(ii) The owner or operator shall use
NCASI Method DI/HAPS–99.01
(incorporated by reference, see § 63.14)
to collect a grab sample and determine
the HAP concentration of the Raw Mill
Effluent, Pulping Process Condensates,
and Anaerobic Basin Discharge for the
quarterly performance test conducted
during the first quarter each year.
(iii) For each of the remaining three
quarters, the owner or operator may use
NCASI Method DI/MEOH 94.03
(incorporated by reference, see § 63.14)
as a surrogate to collect and determine
the HAP concentration of the Raw Mill
Effluent, Pulping Process Condensates,
and Anaerobic Basin Discharge.
*
*
*
*
*
(11) * * *
(ii) Periods of excess emissions shall
not constitute a violation provided the
time of excess emissions divided by the
total process operating time in a semiannual reporting period does not exceed
one percent. All periods of excess
emission shall be reported, and shall
include:
*
*
*
*
*
■ 12. Table 1 to subpart S is revised to
read as follows:
TABLE 1 TO SUBPART S OF PART 63—GENERAL PROVISIONS APPLICABILITY TO SUBPART S a
Applies to
subpart S
63.1(a)(1)–(3) ............................................
63.1(a)(4) ..................................................
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Reference
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
63.1(a)(5) ..................................................
63.1(a)(6) ..................................................
63.1(a)(7)–(9) ............................................
63.1(a)(10) ................................................
63.1(a)(11)–(12) ........................................
63.1(b)(1) ..................................................
63.1(b)(2) ..................................................
63.1(b)(3) ..................................................
63.1(c)(1)–(2) ............................................
63.1(c)(3)–(4) ............................................
63.1(c)(5) ..................................................
63.1(d) ......................................................
63.1(e) ......................................................
63.2 ...........................................................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
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Comment
Subpart S (this table) specifies applicability of each paragraph in subpart A to
subpart S.
Section reserved.
Sections reserved.
Subpart S and other cross-referenced subparts specify calendar or operating day.
Subpart S specifies its own applicability.
Section reserved.
Sections reserved.
Section reserved.
Fmt 4700
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11SER1
55714
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 176 / Tuesday, September 11, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
TABLE 1 TO SUBPART S OF PART 63—GENERAL PROVISIONS APPLICABILITY TO SUBPART S a—Continued
Applies to
subpart S
63.3 ...........................................................
63.4(a)(1)–(2) ............................................
63.4(a)(3)–(5) ............................................
63.4(b) ......................................................
63.4(c) .......................................................
63.5(a) ......................................................
63.5(b)(1) ..................................................
63.5(b)(2) ..................................................
63.5(b)(3)–(4) ............................................
63.5(b)(5) ..................................................
63.5(b)(6) ..................................................
63.5(c) .......................................................
63.5(d) ......................................................
63.5(e) ......................................................
63.5(f) .......................................................
63.6(a) ......................................................
63.6(b)(1)–(5) ............................................
63.6(b)(6) ..................................................
63.6(b)(7) ..................................................
63.6(c)(1)–(2) ............................................
63.6(c)(3)–(4) ............................................
63.6(c)(5) ..................................................
63.6(d) ......................................................
63.6(e)(1)(i) ...............................................
63.6(e)(1)(ii) ..............................................
63.6(e)(1)(iii) .............................................
63.6(e)(2) ..................................................
63.6(e)(3) ..................................................
63.6(f)(1) ...................................................
63.6(f)(2)–(3) .............................................
63.6(g) ......................................................
63.6(h)(1)–(2) ............................................
63.6(h)(3) ..................................................
63.6(h)(4)–(9) ............................................
63.6(i)(1)–(14) ...........................................
63.6(i)(15) .................................................
63.6(i)(16) .................................................
63.6(j) ........................................................
63.7(a) ......................................................
63.7(b) ......................................................
63.7(c) .......................................................
63.7(d) ......................................................
63.7(e)(1) ..................................................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
63.7(e)(2)–(4) ............................................
63.7(f) .......................................................
63.7(g)(1) ..................................................
63.7(g)(2) ..................................................
63.7(g)(3) ..................................................
63.7(h) ......................................................
63.8(a)(1)–(2) ............................................
63.8(a)(3) ..................................................
63.8(a)(4) ..................................................
63.8(b)(1) ..................................................
63.8(b)(2) ..................................................
63.8(b)(3) ..................................................
63.8(c)(1)–(c)(1)(i) ....................................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
63.8(c)(1)(ii) ..............................................
63.8(c)(1)(iii) .............................................
63.8(c)(2)–(3) ............................................
63.8(c)(4) ..................................................
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
Reference
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
63.8(c)(5) ..................................................
63.8(c)(6)–(8) ............................................
63.8(d)(1)–(2) ............................................
63.8(d)(3) ..................................................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes, except for
last sentence,
which refers
to an SSM
plan.
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Comment
Sections reserved.
Section reserved.
Section reserved.
Section reserved.
Subpart S specifies compliance dates for sources
Section reserved.
Subpart S specifies compliance dates for sources
Subpart S specifies compliance dates for sources
Sections reserved.
Subpart S specifies compliance dates for sources
Section reserved.
See § 63.453(q) for general duty requirement.
subject to subpart S.
subject to subpart S.
subject to subpart S.
subject to subpart S.
Section reserved.
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
Section reserved.
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
Section reserved.
Replaced with § 63.457(o), which specifies performance testing conditions under
subpart S.
Section reserved.
Section reserved.
Subpart S specifies locations to conduct monitoring.
See § 63.453(q) for general duty requirement (which includes monitoring equipment).
Subpart S allows site specific determination of monitoring frequency in
§ 63.453(n)(4).
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
SSM plans are not required
Fmt 4700
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11SER1
Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 176 / Tuesday, September 11, 2012 / Rules and Regulations
55715
TABLE 1 TO SUBPART S OF PART 63—GENERAL PROVISIONS APPLICABILITY TO SUBPART S a—Continued
Reference
Applies to
subpart S
63.8(e) ......................................................
63.8(f)(1)–(5) .............................................
63.8(f)(6) ...................................................
63.8(g) ......................................................
63.9(a) ......................................................
63.9(b)(1)–(2) ............................................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
63.9(b)(3) ..................................................
63.9(b)(4)–(5) ............................................
63.9(c) .......................................................
63.9(d) ......................................................
63.9(e) ......................................................
63.9(f) .......................................................
63.9(g)(1) ..................................................
63.9(g)(2) ..................................................
63.9(g)(3) ..................................................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
63.9(h)(1)–(3) ............................................
63.9(h)(4) ..................................................
63.9(h)(5)–(6) ............................................
63.9(i) ........................................................
63.9(j) ........................................................
63.10(a) ....................................................
63.10(b)(1) ................................................
63.10(b)(2)(i) .............................................
63.10(b)(2)(ii) ............................................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
63.10(b)(2)(iii) ...........................................
63.10(b)(2)(iv)–(v) .....................................
63.10(b)(2)(vi)–(xiv) ..................................
63.10(b)(3) ................................................
63.10(c)(1) ................................................
63.10(c)(2)–(4) ..........................................
63.10(c)(5)–(8) ..........................................
63.10(c)(9) ................................................
63.10(c)(10)–(11) ......................................
63.10(c)(12)–(14) ......................................
63.10(c)(15) ..............................................
63.10(d)(1)–(2) ..........................................
63.10(d)(3) ................................................
63.10(d)(4) ................................................
63.10(d)(5) ................................................
63.10(e)(1) ................................................
63.10(e)(2)(i) .............................................
63.10(e)(2)(ii) ............................................
63.10(e)(3) ................................................
63.10(e)(4) ................................................
63.10(f) .....................................................
63.11–63.15 ..............................................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
No .....................
Yes ...................
Yes ...................
Comment
Subpart S does not specify relative accuracy test for CEMs.
Initial notifications must be submitted within one year after the source becomes
subject to the relevant standard.
Section reserved.
Special compliance requirements are only applicable to kraft mills.
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
Subpart S does not specify relative accuracy tests, therefore no notification is required for an alternative.
Section reserved.
See § 63.454(g) for recordkeeping of (1) occurrence and duration and (2) actions
taken during malfunction.
Sections reserved.
Section reserved.
See § 63.454(g) for malfunction recordkeeping requirements.
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
See § 63.455(g) for malfunction reporting requirements.
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
Pertains to continuous opacity monitors that are not part of this standard.
a Wherever subpart A specifies ‘‘postmark’’ dates, submittals may be sent by methods other than the U.S. Mail (e.g., by fax or courier). Submittals shall be sent by the specified dates, but a postmark is not required.
[FR Doc. 2012–20501 Filed 9–10–12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS
COMMISSION
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
47 CFR Parts 2 and 95
[ET Docket No. 08–59; FCC 12–54]
Medical Area Body Network
Federal Communications
Commission.
ACTION: Final rule.
AGENCY:
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This document expands the
Commission’s Medical Device
Radiocommunications Service
(MedRadio) rules to permit the
development of new Medical Body Area
Network (MBAN) devices in the 2360–
2400 MHz band. The MBAN technology
will provide a flexible platform for the
wireless networking of multiple body
transmitters used for the purpose of
measuring and recording physiological
parameters and other patient
information or for performing diagnostic
or therapeutic functions, primarily in
health care facilities. This platform will
SUMMARY:
PO 00000
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Fmt 4700
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enhance patient safety, care and comfort
by reducing the need to physically
connect sensors to essential monitoring
equipment by cables and wires. This
decision is the latest in a series of
actions to expand the spectrum
available for wireless medical use. The
Commission finds that the risk of
increased interference is minimal and is
greatly outweighed by the benefits of the
MBAN rules.
Effective October 11, 2012,
except for §§ 95.1215(c), 95.1217(a)(3),
95.1223, and 95.1225, which contain
information collection requirements that
DATES:
E:\FR\FM\11SER1.SGM
11SER1
]]>Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 176 (Tuesday, September 11, 2012)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 55698-55715]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2012-20501]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 63
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0544; FRL-9684-7]
RIN 2060-AQ41
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the
Pulp and Paper Industry
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: This action finalizes the residual risk and technology review
conducted for the pulp and paper industry source category regulated
under national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. The EPA
is required to conduct residual risk and technology reviews under the
Clean Air Act. This action finalizes amendments to the national
emission standards for hazardous air pollutants that include a
requirement for 5-year repeat emissions testing for selected process
equipment; revisions to provisions addressing periods of startup,
shutdown and malfunction; a requirement for electronic reporting;
additional test methods for measuring methanol emissions; and technical
and editorial changes. The amendments are expected to ensure that
control systems are properly maintained over time, ensure continuous
compliance with standards and improve data accessibility; we estimate
facilities nationwide will spend $2.1 million per year to comply.
DATES: This final action is effective on September 11, 2012. The
incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in this rule
is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of September 11,
2012.
ADDRESSES: The EPA has established a docket for this action under
Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0544. All documents in the docket are
listed on the https://www.regulations.gov Web site. Although listed in
the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g.,
confidential business information or other information whose disclosure
is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted
material, is not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available
only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are
available either electronically through https://www.regulations.gov, or
in hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, EPA West Building, Room Number
3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC. The Public Reading
Room hours of operation are 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Eastern Standard
Time, Monday through Friday. The telephone number for the Public
Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the Air
and Radiation Docket and Information Center is (202) 566-1742.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions about this final action,
contact Mr. John Bradfield, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, (E143-03), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 541-3062;
fax number: (919) 541-3470; and email address: bradfield.john@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: For specific information regarding the risk
modeling methodology, contact Mr. James Hirtz, Health and Environmental
Impacts Division (C539-02), Office of
[[Page 55699]]
Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number:
(919) 541-0881; fax number: (919) 541-0840; and email address:
hirtz.james@epa.gov. For information about the applicability of the
national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants to a
particular entity, contact the appropriate person listed in Table 1 to
this preamble.
Table 1--List of EPA Contacts for the NESHAP Addressed in This Final
Action
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NESHAP for: OECA Contact \1\ OAQPS Contact \2\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pulp and Paper.................. Sara Ayres, (202) John Bradfield,
564-5391, (919) 541-3062,
ayres.sara@epa.go bradfield.john@ep
v. a.gov.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.
\2\ EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Preamble Acronyms and Abbreviations. Several acronyms and terms
used to describe industrial processes, data inventories and risk
modeling are included in this preamble. While this may not be an
exhaustive list, to ease the reading of this preamble and for reference
purposes, the following terms and acronyms are defined here:
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CAA Clean Air Act
CBI Confidential Business Information
CCA Clean Condensate Alternative
CDX EPA's Central Data Exchange
CEDRI EPA's Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CWA Clean Water Act
DC District of Columbia
DC Cir. United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit
EIA Economic Impact Analysis
EJ Environmental Justice
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERT Electronic Reporting Tool
FR Federal Register
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared
HAP Hazardous Air Pollutants
HVLC High Volume Low Concentration
IBR Incorporation by Reference
ICR Information Collection Request
km Kilometer
LVHC Low Volume High Concentration
MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology
MACT Code Code within the NEI used to identify processes included in
a source category
MIR Maximum Individual Risk
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NCASI National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
NEI National Emissions Inventory
NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NRDC Natural Resources Defense Council
NTTAA National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995
NW Northwest
OAQPS EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
ODTP Oven-Dried Ton of Pulp
OECA EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
OMB Office of Management and Budget
O&M Operations and Maintenance
ppmw Parts Per Million by Weight
PRA Paperwork Reduction Act
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis
RTR Residual Risk and Technology Review
S. Ct. United States Supreme Court
SBA Small Business Administration
SISNOSE Significant Economic Impact on a Substantial Number of Small
Entities
SSM Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction the Court United State Court
of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
TOSHI Target Organ-Specific Hazard Index
tpy Tons Per Year
TTN EPA's Technology Transfer Network
UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
U.S. United States
U.S.C. United States Code
VCS Voluntary Consensus Standards
WWW Worldwide Web
yr Year
Background Information Document. On December 27, 2011 (76 FR
81328), the EPA proposed revisions to the pulp and paper industry
NESHAP based on evaluations performed by the EPA in order to conduct
our RTR. In this action, we are finalizing decisions and revisions for
the rule. A summary of the public comments on the proposal and the
EPA's responses to those comments is available in Docket ID Number EPA-
HQ-OAR-2007-0544. Organization of this Document. The following outline
is provided to aid in locating information in the preamble.
I. General Information
A. Executive Summary
B. Does this action apply to me?
C. Where can I get a copy of this document?
D. Judicial Review
II. Background
III. Summary of the Final Rule
A. What are the final rule amendments for the pulp and paper
industry source category?
B. What are the requirements during periods of startup, shutdown
and malfunction?
C. What are the effective and compliance dates of the standards?
D. What are the requirements for submission of performance test
data to the EPA?
IV. Summary of Significant Changes Since Proposal
A. Changes to the Risk Assessment Performed under CAA Section
112(f)
B. Changes to the Technology Review Performed under CAA Section
112(d)(6)
C. Other Changes Since Proposal
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental and Economic Impacts
A. What are the affected facilities?
B. What are the air quality impacts?
C. What are the cost impacts?
D. What are the economic impacts?
E. What are the benefits?
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
A. Executive Orders 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review, and
Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With
Indian Tribal Governments
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income
Populations
K. Congressional Review Act
I. General Information
A. Executive Summary
1. Purpose of the Regulatory Action
Section 112(f)(2) of the CAA requires us to determine for source
categories subject to MACT standards, whether the MACT emissions
standards provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health.
This review, known as the residual risk review--is a one-time review
that must occur within 8 years of issuance of the MACT standard.
Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA requires the EPA to review and revise
section 112 emissions standards, as necessary, taking into account
developments in practices, processes and control technologies, emission
standards promulgated under section 112 no less often than every 8
years. We issued the NESHAP for the pulp and paper industry (40 CFR
part 63, subpart S) in 1998 and are due for review under CAA sections
112(d)(6) and 112(f)(2). In addition to conducting the RTR for subpart
S, we are evaluating the SSM
[[Page 55700]]
provisions in the rule in light of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals
decision in Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 2008). As
explained below, in the Sierra Club case, the D.C. Circuit vacated the
SSM exemption provisions in the General Provisions for non-opacity and
opacity standards.
To address the RTR assessments and SSM exemptions, proposed
amendments to subpart S were developed, signed by the EPA Administrator
on December 15, 2011, and published in the Federal Register on December
27, 2011. A 60-day period ending February 27, 2012, was provided for
the public to submit comments on the proposal to the EPA. This action
addresses the public comments on the proposal and finalizes the
amendments to subpart S. The amendments are expected to ensure that
control systems are properly maintained over time, ensure continuous
compliance with standards and improve data accessibility.
2. Summary of Major Provisions
As part of an ongoing effort to improve compliance with various
federal air emission regulations, we are requiring repeat air emissions
performance testing once every 5 years for facilities complying with
the standards for kraft, soda and semi-chemical pulping vent gases;
sulfite pulping processes; and bleaching systems. We are also
finalizing changes to the subpart S NESHAP and the General Provisions
applicability table to eliminate the SSM exemption. To increase the
ease and efficiency of data submittal and improve data accessibility,
we are requiring mills to submit electronic copies of performance test
reports to the EPA's WebFIRE database. To allow mills greater
flexibility in demonstrating compliance with emission limits for total
HAP measured as methanol, we are including four additional test methods
for measuring methanol emissions from pulp and paper processes, as
alternatives to EPA Method 308. We are also making a number of
technical and editorial changes, including clarifying the location in
the CFR of applicable test methods, incorporating by reference several
non-EPA test methods and revising the General Provisions applicability
table to align with those sections of the General Provisions that have
been amended or reserved over time.
3. Costs and Benefits
Table 2 summarizes the costs and benefits of this action. See
section V of this preamble for further discussion.
Table 2--Summary of the Costs and Benefits of the Final Amendments to
the NESHAP for the Pulp and Paper Industry
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Capital Annual
Requirement cost cost Net
[million] [million] benefit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Repeat emissions testing................ $5.4 $1.3 N/A
Incremental reporting/recordkeeping..... 0.50 0.74 N/A
-------------------------------
Total nationwide...................... 5.9 2.1 N/A
------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Does this action apply to me?
Regulated Entities. Categories and entities potentially regulated
by this action are shown in Table 3 of this preamble.
Table 3--NESHAP and Industrial Source Categories Affected by this Final
Action
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAICS MACT
NESHAP and source category Code \1\ Code \2\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pulp and Paper (Subpart S).......................... 322 1626-1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ North American Industry Classification System.
\2\ Maximum Achievable Control Technology.
Table 3 of this preamble is not intended to be exhaustive but
rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be
affected by the final action for the source category listed. To
determine whether your facility would be affected, you should examine
the applicability criteria in the appropriate NESHAP. As defined in the
Source Category Listing Report published by the EPA in 1992, the pulp
and paper production source category includes any facility engaged in
the production of pulp and/or paper.\1\ This category includes, but is
not limited to, integrated mills (where pulp and paper or paperboard
are manufactured on-site), non-integrated mills (where either pulp or
paper/paperboard are manufactured on-site, but not both), and secondary
fiber mills (where waste paper is used as the primary raw material).
Examples of pulping methods include kraft, soda, sulfite, semi-chemical
and mechanical.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ USEPA. Documentation for Developing the Initial Source
Category List--Final Report, USEPA/OAQPS, EPA-450/3-91-030, July,
1992.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you have any questions regarding the applicability of this
NESHAP, please contact the appropriate person listed in the preceding
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section.
C. Where can I get a copy of this document?
In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of
this final action will also be available on the WWW through the TTN.
Following signature, a copy of the final action will be posted on the
TTN's policy and guidance page for newly proposed and promulgated rules
at the following address: https://www.epa.gov/ttn/caaa/new.html. The TTN
provides information and technology exchange in various areas of air
pollution control.
Additional information is available on the RTR Web page at https://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. This information includes source
category descriptions and detailed emissions and other data that were
used as inputs to the risk assessments.
D. Judicial Review
Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA, judicial review of this final
action is available only by filing a petition for review in the Court
by November 13, 2012. Under section 307(b)(2) of the CAA, the
requirements established by these final rules may not be challenged
separately in any civil or criminal proceedings brought by the EPA to
enforce the requirements.
Section 307(d)(7)(B) of the CAA further provides that ``[o]nly an
objection to a rule or procedure which was raised with reasonable
specificity during the period for public comment (including any public
hearing) may be raised during judicial review.'' This section also
provides a mechanism for us to convene a proceeding for
reconsideration, ``[i]f the person raising an objection can demonstrate
to EPA that it was impracticable to raise such objection within [the
period for public comment] or if the grounds for such objection arose
after the period for public comment (but within the time specified for
judicial review) and if such objection is of central relevance to the
outcome of the rule.'' Any person seeking to make such a demonstration
to us should submit a Petition for Reconsideration to the Office of the
Administrator, U.S. EPA, Room 3000, Ariel Rios Building, 1200
Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460, with a copy to both the
person(s) listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT
section and the Associate General Counsel for the Air and Radiation Law
Office, Office of General Counsel (Mail Code 2344A), U.S. EPA,
[[Page 55701]]
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460.
II. Background
Section 112 of the CAA establishes a two-stage regulatory process
to address emissions of HAP from stationary sources. In the first
stage, after the EPA has identified categories of sources emitting one
or more of the HAP listed in CAA section 112(b), CAA section 112(d)
calls for the EPA to promulgate NESHAP for those sources. ``Major
sources'' are those that emit or have the potential to emit 10 tpy or
more of a single HAP or 25 tpy or more of any combination of HAP. For
major sources, these technology-based standards must reflect the
maximum degree of emissions reductions of HAP achievable (after
considering cost, energy requirements and nonair quality health and
environmental impacts) and are commonly referred to as MACT standards.
For MACT standards, the statute specifies certain minimum
stringency requirements, which are referred to as floor requirements
and may not be based on cost considerations. See CAA section 112(d)(3).
For new sources, the MACT floor cannot be less stringent than the
emission control that is achieved in practice by the best controlled
similar source. The MACT standards for existing sources can be less
stringent than floors for new sources but they cannot be less stringent
than the average emission limitation achieved by the best-performing 12
percent of existing sources in the category or subcategory (or the
best-performing five sources for categories or subcategories with fewer
than 30 sources). In developing MACT, we must also consider control
options that are more stringent than the floor under CAA section
112(d)(2). We may establish standards more stringent than the floor,
based on the consideration of the cost of achieving the emissions
reductions, any nonair quality health and environmental impacts and
energy requirements. In promulgating MACT standards, CAA section
112(d)(2) directs us to consider the application of measures,
processes, methods, systems or techniques that reduce the volume of or
eliminate HAP emissions through process changes, substitution of
materials or other modifications; enclose systems or processes to
eliminate emissions; collect, capture or treat HAP when released from a
process, stack, storage or fugitive emissions point; and/or are design,
equipment, work practice or operational standards.
In the second stage of the regulatory process, we undertake two
different analyses, as required by the CAA. First, section 112(d)(6) of
the CAA calls for us to review the technology-based standards and to
revise them ``as necessary (taking into account developments in
practices, processes, and control technologies)'' no less frequently
than every 8 years. Second, within 8 years after promulgation of the
MACT standards, CAA section 112(f) calls for us to evaluate the risk to
public health remaining after application of the standards and to
revise the standards, if necessary, to provide an ample margin of
safety to protect public health or to prevent, taking into
consideration costs, energy, safety and other relevant factors, an
adverse environmental effect. Under section 112(f)(2), the EPA may re-
adopt the existing MACT standards if the EPA determines that those
standards are sufficiently protective. Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC) v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (DC Cir. 2008).
On December 27, 2011, the EPA published a proposed rule in the
Federal Register for the pulp and paper industry NESHAP, 40 CFR part
63, subpart S based on the RTR analyses that the EPA conducted under
CAA sections 112(d)(6) and 112(f)(2) (76 FR 81328). Today's action
provides the EPA's final determinations and regulatory amendments
pursuant to the RTR provisions of CAA section 112.
In addition, several other aspects of the subpart S MACT rule were
reviewed and considered for revision at proposal, and after review of
the public comment received, we are taking the following actions:
Finalizing the requirement for 5-year repeat emissions
testing for selected process equipment.
Revising the requirements in the NESHAP related to
emissions during periods of SSM.
Finalizing the requirement for electronic reporting of
performance test data.
Adding test methods for measuring methanol emissions.
Finalizing changes to address technical and editorial
corrections in the rule.
III. Summary of the Final Rule
A. What are the final rule amendments for the pulp and paper industry
source category?
The NESHAP for the pulp and paper industry was promulgated on April
15, 1998 (63 FR 18504). The standards are codified at 40 CFR part 63,
subpart S. The pulp and paper industry consists of facilities engaged
in the production of pulp and/or paper/paperboard. This category
includes, but is not limited to, integrated mills (where pulp and paper
or paperboard are manufactured on-site), non-integrated mills (where
paper/paperboard or pulp are manufactured, but not both), and secondary
fiber mills (where waste paper is used as the primary raw material).
The subpart S MACT standard applies to major sources of HAP emissions
from the pulp production areas (e.g., pulping system vents, pulping
process condensates) at chemical, mechanical, secondary fiber and non-
wood pulp mills; bleaching operations; and papermaking systems. A
separate NESHAP (40 CFR part 63, subpart MM) applicable to chemical
recovery processes at kraft, soda, sulfite and stand-alone semi-
chemical pulp mills was promulgated on January 12, 2001 (66 FR 3180).
Today's rule takes final action only with respect to the RTR for
subpart S. The source category covered by subpart S includes 171
facilities. As explained below, we are re-adopting the MACT standards
pursuant to section 112(f)(2). We also conducted a section 112(d)(6)
review and evaluated developments in practices, processes and control
technologies applicable to all the emission sources subject to the pulp
and paper MACT. After reviewing the comments provided at proposal, we
have determined that our conclusion that there have been no
developments in practices, processes and control technologies since the
subpart S standard was originally promulgated was correct. Although we
proposed revisions to the kraft pulping process condensate standards
based on our conclusion at proposal that existing technologies were
achieving greater than the 92 percent minimum level of control, we re-
analyzed the performance data and impacts of revising the kraft
condensate standards in response to public comments and have decided
not to promulgate amendments to those standards because we found that
the costs and impacts associated with the HAP reduction were not
reasonable. Consequently, we are not revising the MACT standards for
subpart S pursuant to our 112(d)(6) review as explained further below.
In addition, this section describes the other final rule amendments
to the pulp and paper industry NESHAP. These revisions include the
addition of repeat emissions testing for selected process equipment;
changes to the requirements that apply during periods of SSM; the
addition of electronic reporting requirements; and various minor
changes to address technical and editorial corrections.
[[Page 55702]]
1. Repeat Emissions Testing
As part of an ongoing effort to improve compliance with the
standard, we are adding 40 CFR 63.457(a)(2) to require repeat air
emissions performance testing once every 5 years for facilities
complying with the standards for kraft, soda and semi-chemical pulping
vent gases (40 CFR 63.443(a)); sulfite processes (40 CFR 63.444); and
bleaching systems (40 CFR 63.445). Repeat performance tests are already
required by permitting authorities for some facilities.\2\ Requiring
periodic repeat performance tests will help to ensure that control
systems are maintained properly over time and a more rigorous testing
requirement will better assure compliance with the standard.\3\
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\2\ Located in 11 states.
\3\ For information on the cost associated with the repeat
testing requirement, see the memorandum in the docket titled, Costs,
Environmental, and Energy Impacts for the Promulgated Subpart S Risk
and Technology Review.
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In this action, repeat air emissions testing will be required for
mills complying with the kraft pulping process condensate standards in
40 CFR 63.446 using a steam stripper since stripper off-gases are, by
definition, part of the LVHC system. We are clarifying that repeat air
emissions testing will not be required for: (1) Knotter or screen
systems with HAP emission rates below the criteria specified in 40 CFR
63.443(a)(1)(ii); or (2) decker systems using fresh water or paper
machine white water, or decker systems using process water with a total
HAP concentration less than 400 ppmw as specified in 40 CFR
63.443(a)(1)(iv).
2. Startup, Shutdown and Malfunction
We are also finalizing changes to the subpart S NESHAP to eliminate
the SSM exemption, as discussed further in section III.B below. The
changes include:
(1) Revising 40 CFR 63.443(e), 63.446(g) and 63.459(b)(11)(ii) to
eliminate reference to periods of SSM;
(2) Revising 40 CFR 63.453(q) to incorporate the general duty from
40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) to minimize emissions;
(3) Adding 40 CFR 63.454(g), and 40 CFR 63.455(g) to require
reporting and recordkeeping requirements associated with periods of
malfunction;
(4) Adding 40 CFR 63.456 (formerly reserved) to include an
affirmative defense to civil penalties for violations of emissions
limits caused by malfunctions that meet the criteria for establishing
the affirmative defense;
(5) Adding 40 CFR 63.457(o) to specify the conditions for
performance tests; and
(6) Revising Table 1 to specify that 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) and (ii),
40 CFR 63.6(e)(3), 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1); 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1), 40 CFR
63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii), and the last sentence of 40 CFR 63.8(d)(3); 40
CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i), (ii), (iv) and (v); 40 CFR 63.10(c)(10), (11) and
(15); and, 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5) of the General Provisions do not apply.
3. Electronic Reporting
To increase the ease and efficiency of data submittal and improve
data accessibility, we are requiring mills to submit electronic copies
of performance test reports to the EPA's WebFIRE database, as discussed
in section III.D below. The electronic reporting requirement is being
added under 40 CFR 63.455(h).
4. Additional Test Methods for Measuring Methanol Emissions
To allow mills greater flexibility in demonstrating compliance with
emission limits for total HAP measured as methanol, we are revising 40
CFR 63.457(b)(5)(i) to include four additional test methods for
measuring methanol emissions from pulp and paper processes, as
alternatives to EPA Method 308 of part 63, appendix A. The four
additional test methods are:
(1) Method 18 of part 60, appendix A-6;
(2) Method 320 of part 63, appendix A;
(3) ASTM D6420-99, determined to be an acceptable alternative to
EPA Method 18; and
(4) ASTM D6348-03, determined to be an acceptable alternative to
EPA Method 320.
We are also revising 40 CFR 63.14(b)(28) and (b)(54) to IBR ASTM
D6420-99 and ASTM D6348-03, respectively.
5. Other
We are also finalizing the following minor changes to the subpart S
NESHAP and part 63 General Provisions to address technical and
editorial corrections:
(1) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(b)(1) to specify part 60, appendix A-1
for Method 1 or 1A;
(2) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(b)(3) to specify part 60, appendix A-1
for Method 2, 2A, 2C or 2D;
(3) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(b)(5)(ii) to specify part 60, appendix
A-8 for Method 26A;
(4) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(d) to specify part 60, appendix A-7 for
Method 21;
(5) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(k)(1) to specify part 60, appendix A-2
for Method 3A or 3B, and include ASME PTC 19.10--part 10 as an
alternative to Method 3B;
(6) Revising 40 CFR 63.457(c)(3)(ii) to replace NCASI Method DI/
MEOH-94.02 with the more recent version of this method, NCASI Method
DI/MEOH-94.03;
(7) Revising 40 CFR 63.14(f)(1) to incorporate by reference NCASI
Method DI/MEOH-94.03;
(8) Redesignating 40 CFR 63.14(f)(3) and (f)(4) as 40 CFR
63.14(f)(4) and (f)(5) and adding 40 CFR 63.14(f)(3) to incorporate by
reference NCASI Method DI/HAPS-99.01;
(9) Revising 40 CFR 63.14(i)(1) to incorporate by reference ANSI/
ASME PTC 19.10-1981; and
(10) Revising Table 1 so it aligns more closely to the sections in
subpart A which have been amended or reserved over time.
B. What are the requirements during periods of startup, shutdown and
malfunction?
In 2008, the Court vacated portions of two provisions in the EPA's
CAA section 112 regulations governing the emissions of HAP during
periods of SSM. Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 2008),
cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 1735 (U.S. 2010). Specifically, the Court
vacated the SSM exemption contained in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and 40 CFR
63.6(h)(1), that are part of a regulation, commonly referred to as the
``General Provisions Rule,'' that the EPA promulgated under section 112
of the CAA. When incorporated into CAA section 112(d) regulations for
specific source categories, these two provisions exempt sources from
the requirement to comply with the otherwise applicable CAA section
112(d) emission standard during periods of SSM.
Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA, we have eliminated the SSM
exemption in this rule. We have also revised Table 1 (the General
Provisions table) in several respects. For example, we have eliminated
the General Provisions' requirement that the source develop a SSM plan.
We have also eliminated or revised certain recordkeeping and reporting
that related to the SSM exemption. The EPA has attempted to ensure that
we have not included in the regulatory language any provisions that are
inappropriate, unnecessary or redundant in the absence of the SSM
exemption.
In establishing the standards for startup and shutdown, we reviewed
the information available to us from the 2011 pulp and paper ICR
pertaining to equipment and control and compliance demonstration
methods during startup and shutdown. Some commenters
[[Page 55703]]
suggested that we establish different standards for periods of startup
and shutdown. However, the information available to us regarding
startup and shutdown does not show that emissions are higher during
startup or shutdown or indicate a need for alternate standards for
these periods. Further, the commenters have not shown that sources
cannot comply with the standards as proposed and have not provided
information to support development of alternative standards that would
apply during startup and shutdown periods.
Our findings relative to startup and shutdown for the universe of
pulp and paper processes regulated under subpart S (which offers a
variety of compliance options) are discussed in detail in the response-
to-comments document and in a memorandum in the docket.\4\ Based upon
these findings, and consistent with our proposal, the EPA has not
established different standards for startup and shutdown periods.
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\4\ See Review of Pulp and Paper Information Collection Request
(ICR) Responses Pertaining to Startup and Shutdown of Subpart S
Equipment, in the docket for the subpart S rulemaking.
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Periods of startup, normal operations and shutdown are all
predictable and routine aspects of a source's operations. However, by
contrast, malfunction is defined as a ``sudden, infrequent, and not
reasonably preventable failure of air pollution control and monitoring
equipment, process equipment or a process to operate in a normal or
usual manner * * *'' (40 CFR 63.2). The EPA has determined that CAA
section 112 does not require that emissions that occur during periods
of malfunction be factored into development of CAA section 112
standards. Under section 112, emissions standards for new sources must
be no less stringent than the level ``achieved'' by the best controlled
similar source and for existing sources generally must be no less
stringent than the average emission limitation ``achieved'' by the best
performing 12 percent of sources in the category. There is nothing in
section 112 that directs the agency to consider malfunctions in
determining the level ``achieved'' by the best performing or best
controlled sources when setting emission standards. Moreover, while the
EPA accounts for variability in setting emissions standards consistent
with the section 112 case law, nothing in that case law requires the
agency to consider malfunctions as part of that analysis. Section 112
uses the concept of ``best controlled'' and ``best performing'' unit in
defining the level of stringency that section 112 performance standards
must meet. Applying the concept of ``best controlled'' or ``best
performing'' to a unit that is malfunctioning presents significant
difficulties as malfunctions are sudden and unexpected events.
Further, accounting for malfunctions would be difficult, if not
impossible, given the myriad different types of malfunctions that can
occur across all sources in the category and given the difficulties
associated with predicting or accounting for the frequency, degree and
duration of various malfunctions that might occur. As such, the
performance of units that are malfunctioning is not ``reasonably''
foreseeable. See, e.g., Sierra Club v. EPA, 167 F. 3d 658, 662 (D.C.
Cir. 1999) (the EPA typically has wide latitude in determining the
extent of data-gathering necessary to solve a problem. We generally
defer to an agency's decision to proceed on the basis of imperfect
scientific information, rather than to ``invest the resources to
conduct the perfect study.''). See also, Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, 590
F.2d 1011, 1058 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (``In the nature of things, no general
limit, individual permit, or even any upset provision can anticipate
all upset situations. After a certain point, the transgression of
regulatory limits caused by `uncontrollable acts of third parties,'
such as strikes, sabotage, operator intoxication or insanity, and a
variety of other eventualities, must be a matter for the administrative
exercise of case-by-case enforcement discretion, not for specification
in advance by regulation.''). In addition, the goal of a best
controlled or best performing source is to operate in such a way as to
avoid malfunctions of the source and accounting for malfunctions could
lead to standards that are significantly less stringent than levels
that are achieved by a well-performing non-malfunctioning source. The
EPA's approach to malfunctions is consistent with section 112 and is a
reasonable interpretation of the statute.
In the event that a source fails to comply with the applicable CAA
section 112(d) standards as a result of a malfunction event, the EPA
would determine an appropriate response based on, among other things,
the good faith efforts of the source to minimize emissions during
malfunction periods, including preventative and corrective actions, as
well as root cause analyses to ascertain and rectify violations. The
EPA would also consider whether the source's failure to comply with the
CAA section 112(d) standard was, in fact, ``sudden, infrequent, not
reasonably preventable'' and was not instead ``caused in part by poor
maintenance or careless operation.'' 40 CFR 63.2 (definition of
malfunction).
Finally, the EPA recognizes that even equipment that is properly
designed and maintained can sometimes fail and that such failure can
sometimes cause a violation of the relevant emission standard. (See,
e.g., State Implementation Plans: Policy Regarding Excessive Emissions
During Malfunctions, Startup, and Shutdown (Sept. 20, 1999); Policy on
Excess Emissions During Startup, Shutdown, Maintenance, and
Malfunctions (Feb. 15, 1983)). The EPA is therefore adding to the final
rule an affirmative defense to civil penalties for violations of
emission standards that are caused by malfunctions. See 40 CFR 63.441
(defining ``affirmative defense'' to mean, in the context of an
enforcement proceeding, a response or defense put forward by a
defendant, regarding which the defendant has the burden of proof and
the merits of which are independently and objectively evaluated in a
judicial or administrative proceeding). We also have added other
regulatory provisions to specify the elements that are necessary to
establish this affirmative defense; the source must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that it has met all of the elements set
forth in 40 CFR 63.456. (See 40 CFR 22.24). The criteria ensure that
the affirmative defense is available only where the event that causes a
violation of the emission standard meets certain criteria. For example,
to successfully assert the affirmative defense, the source must prove
by a preponderance of the evidence that the violation was ``caused by a
sudden, infrequent, and unavoidable failure of air pollution control
equipment, process equipment, or a process to operate in a normal or
usual manner * * *.'' The criteria also are designed to ensure that
steps are taken to correct the malfunction, to minimize emissions in
accordance with 40 CFR 63.456 and to prevent future malfunctions. For
example, the source must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
``[r]epairs were made as expeditiously as possible when a violation
occurred * * *'' and that ``[a]ll possible steps were taken to minimize
the impact of the violation on ambient air quality, the environment and
human health * * *.'' In any judicial or administrative proceeding, the
Administrator may challenge the assertion of the affirmative defense
and, if the respondent has not met its burden of proving all of the
requirements in the affirmative defense, appropriate penalties may be
assessed
[[Page 55704]]
in accordance with section 113 of the CAA (see also 40 CFR 22.27).
The EPA is including an affirmative defense in the final rule in an
attempt to balance a tension, inherent in many types of air regulation,
to ensure adequate compliance while simultaneously recognizing that
despite the most diligent of efforts, emission standards may be
violated under circumstances beyond the control of the source. The EPA
must establish emission standards that ``limit the quantity, rate, or
concentration of emissions of air pollutants on a continuous basis.''
42 U.S.C. 7602(k) (defining ``emission limitation and emission
standard''). See generally Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019, 1021
(D.C. Cir. 2008). Thus, the EPA is required to ensure that section 112
emissions standards are continuous. The affirmative defense for
malfunction events meets this requirement by ensuring that even where
there is a malfunction, the emission standard is still enforceable
through injunctive relief. While ``continuous'' standards, on the one
hand, are required, there is also case law indicating that in many
situations, it is appropriate for the EPA to account for the practical
realities of technology. For example, in Essex Chemical v. Ruckelshaus,
486 F.2d 427, 433 (D.C. Cir. 1973), the D.C. Circuit acknowledged that
in setting standards under CAA section 111 ``variant provisions'' such
as provisions allowing for upsets during startup, shutdown and
equipment malfunction ``appear necessary to preserve the reasonableness
of the standards as a whole and that the record does not support the
`never to be exceeded' standard currently in force.'' See also,
Portland Cement Association v. Ruckelshaus, 486 F.2d 375 (D.C. Cir.
1973). Though intervening case law such as Sierra Club v. EPA and the
CAA 1977 amendments call into question the relevance of these cases
today, they support the EPA's view that a system that incorporates some
level of flexibility is reasonable. The affirmative defense simply
provides for a defense to civil penalties for violations that are
proven to be beyond the control of the source. By incorporating an
affirmative defense, the EPA has formalized its approach to upset
events. In a CWA setting, the Ninth Circuit required this type of
formalized approach when regulating ``upsets beyond the control of the
permit holder.'' Marathon Oil Co. v. EPA, 564 F.2d 1253, 1272-73 (9th
Cir. 1977). See also, Mont. Sulphur & Chem. Co. v. United States EPA,
2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 1056 (Jan 19, 2012) (rejecting industry argument
that reliance on the affirmative defense was not adequate). But see,
Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011, 1057-58 (D.C. Cir. 1978)
(holding that an informal approach is adequate). The affirmative
defense provisions give the EPA the flexibility to both ensure that its
emission standards are ``continuous'' as required by 42 U.S.C. 7602(k),
and account for unplanned upsets and thus support the reasonableness of
the standard as a whole.
C. What are the effective and compliance dates of the standards?
The revisions to subpart S being promulgated in this action are
effective on September 11, 2012. The compliance date for the revisions
we are finalizing today is September 11, 2012, with the exception of
the following: (1) The first of the 5-year repeat tests must be
conducted within 36 months of the effective date of the standards, by
September 7, 2015, and thereafter within 60 months from the date of the
previous performance test; and (2) the date to submit performance test
data through ERT is within 60 days after the date of completing each
performance test.
D. What are the requirements for submission of performance test data to
the EPA?
As stated in the proposed rule preamble, the EPA is taking a step
to increase the ease and efficiency of data submittal and data
accessibility. Specifically, the EPA is requiring owners and operators
of pulp and paper facilities to submit electronic copies of required
performance test reports.
As mentioned in the proposed rule preamble, data will be collected
through an electronic emissions test report structure called the ERT.
The ERT will generate an electronic report, which will be submitted to
the EPA's CDX through the CEDRI. A description of the ERT can be found
at: https://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/, and CEDRI can be
accessed through the CDX Web site: (https://www.epa.gov/cdx).
The requirement to submit performance test data electronically to
the EPA does not create any additional performance testing and will
apply only to those performance tests conducted using test methods that
are supported by the ERT. A listing of the pollutants and test methods
supported by the ERT is available at the previously mentioned ERT Web
site. Through this approach, industry is expected to save time in the
performance test submittal process. Additionally this rulemaking
benefits industry by cutting back on recordkeeping costs as the
performance test reports that are submitted to the EPA using CEDRI are
no longer required to be kept on-site.
As mentioned in the proposed rule preamble, state, local and tribal
agencies will benefit from more streamlined and accurate review of
electronic data that will be available on the EPA WebFIRE database.
Additionally, performance test data will become available to the public
through WebFIRE. Having such data publicly available enhances
transparency and accountability. The major advantages of electronic
reporting are more fully explained in the proposed rule preamble (76 FR
81348).
In summary, in addition to supporting regulation development,
control strategy development and other air pollution control
activities, having an electronic database populated with performance
test data will save industry, state, local, tribal agencies and the EPA
significant time, money and effort, while improving the quality of
emissions inventories and, as a result, air quality regulations.
IV. Summary of Significant Changes Since Proposal
A. Changes to the Risk Assessment Performed Under CAA Section 112(f)
As noted at proposal (76 FR 81344), the risk analysis performed for
the pulp and paper source category indicated that the cancer risks to
the individual most exposed are no higher than 10 in 1 million due to
actual or MACT-allowable emissions. These risks are considerably less
than 100 in 1 million, which is the presumptive upper limit of risk
acceptability. The risk analysis also showed generally low cancer
incidence (1 case every 100 years); no potential for adverse
environmental effects or human health multipathway effects; no
potential for chronic noncancer impacts; and, as explained in the
proposal and further below, while a potential exists for some acute
inhalation impacts, they are likely to be minimal because the potential
impacts occur in uninhabited areas where terrain prevents ready access
by the public. Also, we received comment on the risk assessment that is
addressed in our comment response.\5\
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\5\ See the memorandum in the docket titled, National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the Pulp and Paper
Industry (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart S) Residual Risk and Technology
Review, Final Amendments Response to Public Comments on December 27,
2011 Proposal.
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The number of people exposed to cancer risks of 1 in 1 million or
greater due to emissions from the source category was determined to be
relatively low (76,000). The number of people exposed at the MIR cancer
risk of 10 in 1 million or greater due to emissions
[[Page 55705]]
from the source category was significantly lower (40). Considering all
of this health information and the uncertainties discussed in the
proposal preamble (76 FR 81338-40), the risks from the pulp and paper
source category were deemed to be acceptable. 76 FR 81344.
Our analysis of facilitywide risks showed five mills with maximum
chronic cancer risks between 10 and 30 in 1 million and four mills with
maximum chronic noncancer TOSHI between 1 and 2. For the facility with
the highest facilitywide risk (i.e., 30 in 1 million), emissions from
the pulp and paper (subpart S) source category only contributed 27
percent to the chronic cancer risk and 23 percent to the chronic
noncancer risk.
As directed by section 112(f)(2), we conducted an analysis to
determine if the standard provides an ample margin of safety analysis
to protect public health. Under the ample margin of safety analysis, we
first considered the health impacts for the source category. Then we
analyzed the potential for emissions reductions within the source
category by evaluating available control technologies and their
capabilities for reduction of the residual risk remaining after the
implementation of MACT controls. Then we evaluated the potential costs
and energy impacts of these additional controls. \6\ Based on this
analysis, we conclude that the current standard protects public health
with an ample margin of safety. (76 FR 81344) We solicited comment on
the proposal (76 FR 81349-51), asking for any additional data that may
help to reduce the uncertainties inherent in the risk assessments and
other analyses. We were specifically interested in receiving
corrections to the mill-specific HAP emissions data used in the risk
modeling. The mill-specific emissions data were available for download
on the EPA's RTR web page at: https://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. Commenters on the subpart S proposal were asked to
determine whether any of the data were unrepresentative or inaccurate
and to submit their comments on the data downloaded from the RTR web
page.
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\6\ For a full discussion of this analysis, see the memorandum
in the docket titled, Ample Margin of Safety Analysis for Pulping
and Papermaking Processes.
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A total of 81 mills submitted specific revisions to their mill-
specific data. The EPA reviewed the data revisions to determine whether
they would influence the outcome of the risk assessment results as
proposed. Specifically, the mills submitted data revisions that remove
pollutants, change emission release point type from fugitive to stack
and change stack/fugitive emission parameters. Our review indicated
that these changes would reduce emissions and/or impacts. Consequently,
we have determined that the results of the revisions would most likely
adjust the risk results for the subpart S source category downward
(i.e., reduce risk) if we were to remodel the category. Therefore, we
have decided not to remodel risk for purposes of promulgating the
subpart S residual risk review because our conservative approach at
proposal overstates existing risk and reinforces the conclusions from
the risk modeling conducted at proposal. A memorandum for the docket
was prepared that summarizes the data revisions received and supports
the decision not to remodel risk.\7\ A separate document presents the
results of the EPA's risk analysis.\8\ We conclude based on the
Residual Risk Assessment cited here that the risks from the subpart S
pulp and papermaking source category are acceptable and that the
current standard protects the public health with an ample margin of
safety. Consequently, we are re-adopting the MACT standards for subpart
S pursuant to our 112(f)(2) review.
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\7\ See the memorandum in the docket titled, Recommendations
Concerning Residual Risk Remodeling for the Pulp and Paper Industry.
\8\ See Residual Risk Assessment for the Pulp and Paper Source
Category, in the docket for the subpart S rulemaking.
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B. Changes to the Technology Review Performed Under CAA Section
112(d)(6)
As a result of our initial technology review, we proposed on
December 27, 2011, to strengthen the kraft pulping process condensate
standards in 40 CFR 63.446 by increasing the HAP removal requirement
from 92 to 94 percent (or an equivalent pound/ODTP or ppmw limit).
Several commenters opposed the proposed revisions to the kraft pulping
process condensate standards, for reasons including calculation
methodology issues, data misinterpretation, undetermined impacts on
mills utilizing the clean condensate compliance alternative and
additional steam and energy impacts for rule compliance. A detailed
discussion of these comments can be found in the Response to Comment
Document.\9\
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\9\ See the memorandum in the docket titled, National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the Pulp and Paper
Industry (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart S) Residual Risk and Technology
Review, Final Amendments Response to Public Comments on December 27,
2011, Proposal.
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In response to these comments, we have: (1) Re-analyzed the
condensate collection information provided in the ICR; (2) evaluated
the design criteria (and energy impacts) of the steam strippers and
biotreatment units typically used by facilities to assure compliance
with 40 CFR 63.446; (3) reviewed additional cost and control
information that supplements the data collected in the ICR; and (4)
considered the effects of the proposed standards on CCA mills.
In our re-analysis, we estimated the potential nationwide cost
associated with increasing condensate treatment from 92 to 94 percent
reduction would be $423 million (capital) and $85.1 million/yr. We
estimated a HAP emissions reduction of 2,300 tpy, for a cost
effectiveness of $37,000/ton of HAP. This estimate includes the costs
associated with a repeat CCA demonstration and switching from CCA to
HVLC pulping vent gas control at mills where the CCA approach would be
adversely affected. Our revised cost estimates for a 94 percent
reduction standard are significantly higher than the cost estimates
that we developed at proposal for a 94 percent reduction standard
because we determined that a greater number of mills would be affected
after the potential impacts on CCA mills. Also, the cost-to-sales
ratios for the three affected small businesses are also higher with one
small business now estimated to have a ratio of 15 percent.\10\ For
this reason alone, we would decline to revise the standard under (d)(6)
because we find increasing the standard from 92 percent to 94 percent
not cost effective. In addition, after review of the comments, we
recognize that we failed to fully consider the energy and secondary air
emissions impacts associated with the 94 percent reduction limit for
these mills, due to increased steam demand for new and upgraded
stripper systems. Upon review of the information in the record, we
believe these factors also weigh against revising the MACT standards.
In the proposal, we estimated energy and secondary emissions impacts
based on increased electricity requirements for biological treatment.
We did not assume there were any additional impacts from new and
upgraded steam strippers because they were expected to be more energy
efficient, however, commenters indicated that additional steam would be
required for these facilities. We have
[[Page 55706]]
considered these energy and secondary air emissions impacts for steam
strippers for the final rule as a result of the public comments.\11\
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\10\ For further information on the costs and impacts associated
with the 93 and 94 percent reduction options considered for
promulgation of the kraft pulping process condensate standards, see
the memorandum in the docket titled, Costs, Environmental, and
Energy Impacts for the Promulgated Subpart S Risk and Technology
Review.
\11\ Id.
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Similarly, we also analyzed the potential nationwide costs and
impacts of increasing the 92 percent reduction standard to 93 percent
reduction. For a 93 percent reduction standard, estimated capital costs
would be $396 million and estimated annualized costs would be $74.4
million/yr, with a HAP emission reduction of 989 tpy, or approximately
$75,000/ton of HAP. Additionally, the cost-to-sales ratio is nearly 6
percent for one of the three small businesses.\12\ For this reason
alone, we would decline to revise the standard under (d)(6) because we
find increasing the standard from 92 percent to 93 percent not cost
effective. In addition, after review of the comments, we recognize that
we failed to fully consider the energy and secondary air emissions
impacts associated with the 93 percent reduction limit for these mills,
due to increased steam demand for new and upgraded stripper systems.
Upon review of the information in the record, we believe these factors
also weigh against revising the MACT standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\12\ Id.
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Based on this re-analysis, we do not consider the costs and impacts
associated with the HAP reduction that would be achieved under either
the 93 or 94 percent reduction options to be reasonable. Consequently
we are not revising the MACT standards pursuant to section 112(d)(6).
C. Other Changes Since Proposal
1. Repeat Emissions Testing
In response to a comment, we have added language to clarify that
the 5-year repeat testing is not required for: (1) Knotter or screen
systems with HAP emission rates below the criteria specified in 40 CFR
63.443(a)(1)(ii); or (2) decker systems using fresh water or paper
machine white water or decker systems using process water with a total
HAP concentration less than 400 ppm by weight as specified in 40 CFR
63.443(a)(1)(iv).
2. Compliance Dates
Commenters requested clarification of the electronic reporting
effective date since the proposed rule stated that performance test
data must be submitted ``[a]s of January 1, 2012 and within 60 days of
completing each performance test * * *''. The commenters noted that the
January 1, 2012, date would require submission of performance testing
before the final rule was in effect. In response to this comment, we
have deleted reference to January 1, 2012, from the final rule.
Electronic reports would be submitted within 60 days after completing
each performance test.
3. Excess Emissions Allowances
Some commenters expressed concern regarding the EPA's request for
comment in the preamble to the proposed rule (76 FR 81346) as to
whether to remove or modify the excess emissions allowance provisions
in 40 CFR 63.443(e), 63.446(g) and 63.459(b)(11)(ii). We are deferring
final action on the excess emissions allowances until a later date in
order to analyze more recent information on the allowances that we have
obtained from industry. After we have completed our analysis of the
data, we expect to publish a proposed rule describing the changes to
the excess emissions allowance provisions that we believe are warranted
and provide a further opportunity for public comment before taking
final action with respect to the excess emissions allowance provisions.
4. Affirmative Defense
We have made certain changes to 40 CFR 63.456 for the final rule to
clarify the circumstances under which a source may assert an
affirmative defense. The changes to 40 CFR 63.456 clarify that a source
may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for
violations of standards that are caused by malfunctions. A source can
avail itself of the affirmative defense when there has been a violation
of the emission standards due to an event that meets the definition of
malfunction under 40 CFR 63.2 and qualifies for assertion of an
affirmative defense under Sec. 63.456. In the proposal, we used terms
such as ``exceedance'' or ``excess emissions'' in 40 CFR 63.456, which
created unnecessary confusion as to when the affirmative defense could
be used. In the final rule, we have eliminated those terms and used the
word ``violation'' to make clear that the affirmative defense to civil
penalties is available only where an event that causes a violation of
the emissions standard meets the criteria for the assertion of an
affirmative defense under Sec. 63.456.
We have also eliminated the 2-day notification requirement that was
included in 40 CFR 63.456(b) at proposal because we expect to receive
sufficient notification of malfunction events that result in violations
in other required compliance reports, such as the malfunction report
required under 40 CFR 63.455(g). In addition, we have revised the 45-
day affirmative defense reporting requirement that was included in 40
CFR 63.456(b) at proposal to require sources to include the report in
the first compliance, deviation or excess emission report due after the
initial occurrence of the violation, unless the compliance, deviation
or excess emission report is due less than 45 days after the violation.
In that case, the affirmative defense report may be included in the
second compliance, deviation or excess emission report due after the
initial occurrence of the violation. Because the affirmative defense
report is now included in a subsequent compliance, deviation or excess
emission report, there is no longer a need for the proposed 30-day
extension for submitting a stand-alone affirmative defense report.
Consequently, we are not including this provision in the final rule.
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental and Economic Impacts
A. What are the affected facilities?
There are currently 171 major source pulp and paper mills operating
in the United States. The affected source for kraft, soda, sulfite or
semi-chemical pulping processes is the total of all HAP emission points
in the pulping and bleaching systems. The affected source for
mechanical, secondary or non-wood pulping processes is the total of all
HAP emission points in the bleaching system. We estimate that 114 of
the 171 major source mills operate subpart S processes that are
affected by this final rule.
B. What are the air quality impacts?
These final amendments will require an estimated 114 mills to
conduct repeat testing for pulping and bleaching operations and all
major sources with equipment subject to the subpart S standards to
operate without the SSM exemption. We were unable to quantify the
specific emissions reductions associated with repeat emissions testing
or eliminating the SSM exemption. However, repeat testing will tend to
reduce emissions by providing incentive for facilities to maintain
their control systems and make periodic adjustments to ensure peak
performance. Eliminating the SSM exemption will reduce emissions by
requiring facilities to meet the applicable standard during SSM
periods.
Section IV.B of this preamble presents estimates of the air quality
impacts associated with the kraft pulping process condensate regulatory
options that were not selected for inclusion in this final rule.
[[Page 55707]]
C. What are the cost impacts?
Pulp and paper mills will incur costs to conduct repeat testing and
record malfunctions in support of the new affirmative defense in the
rule. Costs associated with elimination of the startup and shutdown
exemption were estimated as part of the reporting and recordkeeping
costs and include time for re-evaluating previously developed SSM
record systems. Nationwide capital costs are estimated to be $5.9
million. The total nationwide annualized costs associated with these
new requirements are estimated to be $2.1 million per year.
Section IV.B of this preamble presents cost estimates associated
with the kraft pulping process condensate regulatory options that were
not selected for inclusion in this final rule.
D. What are the economic impacts?
We performed an EIA of the final rule for pulp and paper consumers
and producers nationally. The EIA, which documents the data sources and
methods used and provides detailed results, can be found in the docket
for the final rule. This section provides an overview of key results.
The final rule induces minimal changes in the average national
price of paper and paperboard products. Paper and paperboard product
prices increase less than 0.01 percent on average, while production
levels decrease less that 0.01 percent on average, as a result of the
final rule. Consumers are estimated to experience a reduction in
economic welfare of about $1.1 million as the result of slightly higher
prices and slightly reduced consumption. Although producers' welfare
losses are mitigated to some degree by slightly higher prices, market
conditions limit their ability to pass on all of the compliance costs.
As a result, they also are estimated to experience a loss in economic
welfare of about $1.0 million as a result of the final rule.
E. What are the benefits?
Because this rulemaking is not likely to have an annual effect on
the economy of $100 million or more, we have not conducted a RIA or a
benefits analysis. Since we were unable to quantify the emissions
reductions associated with the new requirements in the final rule
(repeat testing and elimination of the SSM exemption), we were also
unable to quantify the monetary benefits associated with these new
requirements.
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review, and Executive
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), this
action is a ``significant regulatory action'' because it raises novel
legal and policy issues. Accordingly, the EPA submitted this action to
OMB for review under Executive Order 12866 and 13563 (76 FR 3821,
January 21, 2011), and any changes made in response to OMB
recommendations have been documented in the docket for this action.
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
The information collection requirements in this final rule have
been submitted for approval to OMB under the PRA, 44 U.S.C. 3501, et
seq. The ICR document prepared by the EPA has been assigned EPA ICR
number 2452.02. The information collection requirements are not
enforceable until OMB approves them. The information requirements are
based on notification, recordkeeping and reporting requirements in the
NESHAP General Provisions (40 CFR part 63, subpart A), which are
mandatory for all operators subject to national emissions standards.
These recordkeeping and reporting requirements are specifically
authorized by CAA section 114 (42 U.S.C. 7414). All information
submitted to the EPA pursuant to the recordkeeping and reporting
requirements for which a claim of confidentiality is made is
safeguarded according to agency policies set forth in 40 CFR part 2,
subpart B.
This final rule includes new paperwork requirements for repeat
testing for selected process equipment, as described in 40 CFR
63.457(a)(2). More specifically, we are requiring stack testing every 5
years for total HAP for chemical pulping operations and bleaching
operations at pulp and paper mills. This final rule also includes new
paperwork requirements for recordkeeping of malfunctions, as described
in 40 CFR 63.454(g) (conducted in support of the affirmative defense
provisions, as described in 40 CFR 63.456).
When a malfunction occurs, sources must report the event according
to the applicable reporting requirements of 40 CFR part 63, subpart S.
An affirmative defense to civil penalties for violations of emission
limits that are caused by malfunctions is available to a source if it
can demonstrate that certain criteria and requirements are satisfied.
The criteria ensure that the affirmative defense is available only
where the event that causes a violation of the emission limit meets the
narrow definition of malfunction in 40 CFR 63.2 (sudden, infrequent,
not reasonable preventable and not caused by poor maintenance and or
careless operation) and where the source took necessary actions to
minimize emissions. In addition, the source must meet certain
notification and reporting requirements. For example, the source must
prepare a written root cause analysis and submit a written report to
the Administrator documenting that it has met the conditions and
requirements for assertion of the affirmative defense.
The EPA is adding affirmative defense to the estimate of burden in
the ICR. To provide the public with an estimate of the relative
magnitude of the burden associated with an assertion of the affirmative
defense position adopted by a source, the EPA has provided
administrative adjustments to the ICR that show what the notification,
recordkeeping and reporting requirements associated with the assertion
of the affirmative defense might entail. The EPA's estimate for the
required notification, reports and records for any individual incident,
including the root cause analysis, totals $3,258, and is based on the
time and effort required of a source to review relevant data, interview
plant employees and document the events surrounding a malfunction that
has caused a violation of an emissions limit. The estimate also
includes time to produce and retain the record and reports for
submission to the EPA. The EPA provides this illustrative estimate of
this burden because these costs are only incurred if there has been a
violation and a source chooses to take advantage of the affirmative
defense.
Given the variety of circumstances under which malfunctions could
occur, as well as differences among sources' operation and maintenance
practices, we cannot reliably predict the severity and frequency of
malfunction-related excess emissions events for a particular source. It
is important to note that the EPA has no basis currently for estimating
the number of malfunctions that would qualify for an affirmative
defense. Current historical records would be an inappropriate basis, as
source owners or operators previously operated their facilities in
recognition that they were exempt from the requirement to comply with
emissions standards during malfunctions. Of the number of excess
emissions events reported by source operators, only a
[[Page 55708]]
small number would be expected to result from a malfunction (based on
the definition above), and only a subset of violations caused by
malfunctions would result in the source choosing to assert the
affirmative defense. Thus, we expect the number of instances in which
source operators might be expected to avail themselves of the
affirmative defense will be extremely small. For this reason, we
estimate no more than two such occurrences per year for all sources
subject to subpart S over the 3-year period covered by this ICR. We
expect to gather information on such events in the future and will
revise this estimate as better information becomes available.
The estimated recordkeeping and reporting burden associated with
subpart S after the effective date of the final rule is estimated to be
52,300 labor hours at a cost of $4.94 million per year and total non-
labor capital and O&M costs of $841,000 per year. This estimate
includes reporting costs, such as reading and understanding the rule
requirements, conducting required activities (e.g., stack testing,
inspections), and preparing notifications and compliance reports and
recordkeeping costs associated with malfunctions, monitoring and
inspections. The total burden for the federal government is estimated
to be 6,870 hours per year at a total labor cost of $310,000 per year.
Burden is defined at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When this ICR
is approved by OMB, the agency will publish a technical amendment to 40
CFR part 9 in the Federal Register to display the OMB control numbers
for the approved information collection requirements contained in this
final rule.
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The RFA generally requires an agency to prepare a regulatory
flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice and comment
rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act, or any
other statute, unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have
a SISNOSE. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations
and small governmental jurisdictions.
For purposes of assessing the impacts of this final rule on small
entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business as defined
by the SBA's regulations at 13 CFR 121.201; (2) a small governmental
jurisdiction that is a government of a city, county, town, school
district or special district with a population of less than 50,000; and
(3) a small organization that is any not-for-profit enterprise which is
independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. For
this source category, which has the general NAICS subsector code 322
(i.e., Paper Manufacturing), the SBA small business size standard is
500 to 750 employees (depending on the specific NAICS code) according
to the SBA small business standards definitions.
The EPA analyzed impacts on small businesses by comparing estimated
annualized engineering compliance costs at the company-level to company
revenue. The analysis found that the ratio of compliance cost to
company revenue falls below 1 percent for the three small companies
that are likely to be affected by the finalized rule. After considering
the economic impacts of this final rule on small entities, I certify
that this action will not have a SISNOSE. See the EIA in the docket for
this rule for more details on this analysis.
Although this final rule will not have a SISNOSE, the EPA
nonetheless has tried to reduce the impact of this rule on small
entities. The proposed amendment tightening the kraft pulping process
condensate standards was not finalized after the EPA re-evaluated the
amendment and its costs and impacts in response to public comments (see
section IV.B of this preamble for further information). The repeat
testing requirement was established in a way that minimizes the costs
for testing and reporting while still providing the agency the
necessary information needed to ensure continuous compliance with the
final standards. Also, the final malfunction recordkeeping requirement
was designed to provide all pulp and paper companies, including small
entities, with a means of supporting an affirmative defense in the
event of a violation occurring during a malfunction.
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
This action does not contain a federal mandate under the provisions
of Title II of the UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538 for state, local or tribal
governments or the private sector. This final rule is not expected to
impact state, local or tribal governments. The nationwide annual cost
of this final rule for affected sources is $2.1 million. Thus, this
rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202 or 205 of the
UMRA.
This rule is also not subject to the requirements of section 203 of
UMRA because it contains no regulatory requirements that might
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. This rule does not
apply to such governments and will not impose any obligations upon
them.
E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
This final rule does not have federalism implications. It will not
have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship
between the national government and the states, or on the distribution
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government,
as specified in Executive Order 13132. None of the facilities subject
to this action are owned or operated by state governments and nothing
in this final rule will supersede state regulations. The burden to the
respondents and the states is less than $2.1 million for the entire
source category. Thus, Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this
final rule.
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian
Tribal Governments
This final rule does not have tribal implications, as specified in
Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). It will not have
substantial direct effect on tribal governments, on the relationship
between the federal government and Indian tribes, or on the
distribution of power and responsibilities between the federal
government and Indian tribes, as specified in Executive Order 13175.
Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action. However, the
EPA did outreach and consultation on this rule. The EPA presented this
information to the tribes prior to proposal of this rule via a call
with the National Tribal Air Association. In addition, the EPA
presented the information on the sources and the industry at the
National Tribal Forum in Spokane, Washington. The EPA also offered
consultation by letters sent to all tribal leaders. We held that
consultation with the Nez Perce, Forest County Potowatomi and Leech
Lake Band of Ojibewa on October 6, 2011. Additionally, a public
outreach webinar was conducted during the comment period on January 31,
2012, to review the proposed rule. The webinar was coordinated with the
tribal governments and the general public.
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental
Health Risks and Safety Risks
This final rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR
19885, April 23, 1997) because it is not
[[Page 55709]]
economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866, and
because the agency does not believe the environmental health risks or
safety risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk
to children. This action will not relax the control measures on
existing regulated sources, and the EPA's risk assessment results--
included in the preamble (76 FR 81344) and docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-
0544) for the proposed rule--demonstrate that the existing regulation
is associated with an acceptable level of risk and an ample margin of
safety to protect public health.
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
This action is not a ``significant energy action'' as defined under
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001), because it is not
likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution
or use of energy. This action will not create any new requirements for
sources in the energy supply, distribution or use sectors.
I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
Section 12(d) of the NTTAA, Public Law No. 104-113, 12(d) (15
U.S.C. 272 note), directs the EPA to use VCS in its regulatory
activities, unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law
or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical
standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling
procedures and business practices) that are developed or adopted by VCS
bodies. The NTTAA directs the EPA to provide Congress, through OMB,
explanations when the agency decides not to use available and
applicable VCS.
This final rulemaking involves technical standards. The EPA has
decided to use three VCS in this final rule.
One VCS, ASME PTC 19.10-1981, ``Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses,'' is
cited in this final rule for its manual method of measuring the content
of the exhaust gas as an acceptable alternative to EPA Method 3B of
appendix A-2. This standard is available at https://www.asme.org or by
mail at the ASME, Post Office Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900; or at
Global Engineering Documents, Sales Department, 15 Inverness Way East,
Englewood, CO 80112.
A second VCS, ASTM D6420-99 (2010), ``Test Method for Determination
of Gaseous Organic Compounds by Direct Interface Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry'' is cited as an acceptable alternative to EPA Method
18. A third VCS, ASTM D6348-03 (2010), ``Test Method for Determination
of Gaseous Compounds by Extractive Direct Interface Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy,'' was determined to be an acceptable
alternative to EPA Method 320. EPA Methods 18 and 320 are added as
alternatives to EPA Method 308 in this final rule for measurement of
methanol emissions. The two VCS alternatives are available for purchase
from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, Post Office Box C700,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959; or ProQuest, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann
Arbor, MI 48106.
While the EPA has identified another 14 VCS as being potentially
applicable to this final rule, we have decided not to use these VCS in
this rulemaking. The use of these VCS would be impractical because they
do not meet the objectives of the standards cited in this rule. See the
docket for this rule for the reasons for these determinations.
Under 40 CFR 63.7(e)(2)(ii) and (f) and 63.8(f) of the NESHAP
General Provisions, a source may apply to the EPA for permission to use
alternative test methods or alternative monitoring requirements in
place of any required testing methods, performance specifications or
procedures in the final rule and any amendments.
J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) establishes
federal executive policy on EJ. Its main provision directs federal
agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, to
make EJ part of their mission by identifying and addressing, as
appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health or
environmental effects of their programs, policies and activities on
minority populations and low income populations in the United States.
The EPA has determined that this final rule will not have
disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental
effects on minority, low income or indigenous populations because it
does not affect the level of protection provided to human health or the
environment.
These final standards will not relax the control measures on
sources regulated by the rule and, therefore, will not cause emissions
increases from these sources. In fact, as noted in section III.A of
this preamble, the repeat testing provisions included in this final
rule will tend to reduce emissions by providing incentive for
facilities to maintain their control systems and make periodic
adjustments to ensure peak performance. Also, eliminating the SSM
exemption will reduce emissions by requiring facilities to meet the
applicable standard during SSM periods.
Additionally, the agency has reviewed this rule to determine if
there is an overrepresentation of minority, low income or indigenous
populations near the sources such that they may face disproportionate
exposure from pollutants that could potentially be mitigated by this
rulemaking. Although this analysis gives some indication of populations
that may be exposed to levels of pollution that cause concern, it does
not identify the demographic characteristics of the most highly
affected individuals or communities.
The demographic data show that while most demographic categories
are below, or within, 2 percentage points of national averages, the
African-American population exceeds the national average by 3
percentage points (15 percent versus 12 percent), or +25 percent. The
facility-level demographic analysis results are presented in the
November 2011 memorandum titled, Review of Environmental Justice
Impacts: Pulp and Paper, a copy of which is available in the docket for
this action (EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0544).
The analysis of demographic data used proximity-to-a-source as a
surrogate for exposure to identify those populations considered to be
living near affected sources, such that they have measurable exposures
to current HAP emissions from these sources. The demographic data for
this analysis were extracted from the 2000 census data, which were
provided to the EPA by the U.S. Census Bureau. Distributions by race
are based on demographic information at the census block level and all
other demographic groups are based on the extrapolation of census block
group level data to the census block level. The socio-demographic
parameters used in the analysis included the following categories:
Racial (White, African American, Native American, Other or Multiracial,
and All Other Races); Ethnicity (Hispanic); and Other (Number of people
below the poverty line, Number of people with ages between 0 and 18,
Number of people with ages greater than or equal to 65, Number of
people with no high school diploma).
[[Page 55710]]
In determining the aggregate demographic makeup of the communities
near affected sources, the EPA focused on those census blocks within 3
miles of affected sources and determined the demographic composition
(e.g., race, income, etc.) of these census blocks and compared them to
the corresponding compositions nationally. The radius of 3 miles (or
approximately 5 km) is consistent with other demographic analyses
focused on areas around potential sources.13 14 15 16 In
addition, air quality modeling experience has shown that the area
within 3 miles of an individual source of emissions can generally be
considered the area with the highest ambient air levels of the primary
pollutants being emitted for most sources, both in absolute terms and
relative to the contribution of other sources (assuming there are other
sources in the area, as is typical in urban areas). While facility
processes and fugitive emissions may have more localized impacts, the
EPA acknowledges that because of various stack heights, there is the
potential for dispersion beyond 3 miles. To the extent that any
minority, low income or indigenous subpopulation is disproportionately
impacted by the current emissions as a result of the proximity of their
homes to these sources, that subpopulation also stands to see increased
environmental and health benefit from the emissions reductions that may
result from this rule.
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\13\ U.S. GAO (Government Accountability Office). Demographics
of People Living Near Waste Facilities. Washington DC: Government
Printing Office; 1995.
\14\ Mohai P, Saha R. Reassessing Racial and Socio-economic
Disparities in Environmental Justice Research. Demography.
2006;43(2): 383-399.
\15\ Mennis J. Using Geographic Information Systems to Create
and Analyze Statistical Surfaces of Populations and Risk for
Environmental Justice Analysis. Social Science Quarterly,
2002;83(1):281-297.
\16\ Bullard RD, Mohai P, Wright B, Saha R, et al. Toxic Waste
and Race at Twenty 1987-2007. United Church of Christ. March, 2007.
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The EPA did outreach and consultation on this rule on the subject
of federal actions to address EJ issues. The EPA requested input on EJ
issues prior to proposal of this rule in regional conference calls and
at the EPA's national EJ conference in 2011. Additionally, a public
outreach webinar was conducted during the comment period on January 31,
2012, to review the proposed rule. As noted above, the webinar was
coordinated with the tribal governments and the general public.
K. Congressional Review Act
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801, et seq., as added by
the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996,
generally provides that, before a rule may take effect, the agency
promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy
of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller
General of the United States. The EPA will submit a report containing
this final rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the
U.S. House of Representatives and the Comptroller General of the United
States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. A
major rule cannot take effect until 60 days after it is published in
the Federal Register. This action is not a ``major rule'' as defined by
5 U.S.C. 804(2). The final rule will be effective on September 11,
2012.
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the Pulp
and Paper Industry
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hazardous
substances, Incorporation by reference, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
Dated: July 31, 2012.
Lisa P. Jackson,
Administrator.
For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Environmental
Protection Agency is amending Title 40, chapter I of the Code of
Federal Regulations as follows:
PART 63--[AMENDED]
0
1. The authority citation for part 63 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Subpart A--[Amended]
0
2. Section 63.14 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b)(28);
0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(54);
0
c. Revising paragraph (f)(1);
0
d. Redesignating paragraphs (f)(3) and (4) as paragraphs (f)(4) and
(5);
0
e. Adding new paragraph (f)(3); and
0
f. Revising paragraph (i)(1).
The revisions read as follows:
Sec. 63.14 Incorporations by reference.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(28) ASTM D6420-99 (Reapproved 2004), Standard Test Method for
Determination of Gaseous Organic Compounds by Direct Interface Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, approved 2004, IBR approved for
Sec. Sec. 60.485, 60.485a, 63.457, 63.772, 63.2351, 63.2354, and table
8 to subpart HHHHHHH of this part.
* * * * *
(54) ASTM D6348-03, Standard Test Method for Determination of
Gaseous Compounds by Extractive Direct Interface Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, approved 2003, IBR approved for
Sec. Sec. 63.457, 63.1349, table 4 to subpart DDDD of this part, and
table 8 to subpart HHHHHHH of this part.
* * * * *
(f) * * *
(1) NCASI Method DI/MEOH-94.03, Methanol in Process Liquids and
Wastewaters by GC/FID, Issued May 2000, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.
63.457 and 63.459 of subpart S of this part.
* * * * *
(3) NCASI Method DI/HAPS-99.01, Selected HAPs In Condensates by GC/
FID, Issued February 2000, IBR approved for Sec. 63.459(b) of subpart
S of this part.
* * * * *
(i) * * *
(1) ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981, ``Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses [Part
10, Instruments and Apparatus],'' IBR approved for Sec. Sec. 63.309,
63.457(k), 63.865, 63.3166, 63.3360, 63.3545, 63.3555, 63.4166,
63.4362, 63.4766, 63.4965, 63.5160, 63.9307, 63.9323, 63.11148,
63.11155, 63.11162, 63.11163, 63.11410, 63.11551, 63.11945, table 5 to
subpart DDDDD of this part, table 1 to subpart ZZZZZ of this part,
table 4 to subpart JJJJJJ of this part, and table 5 to subpart UUUUU of
this part.
* * * * *
Subpart S--[Amended]
* * * * *
0
3. Section 63.441 is amended by adding a definition for ``affirmative
defense,'' in alphabetical order, to read as follows:
Sec. 63.441 Definitions.
* * * * *
Affirmative defense means, in the context of an enforcement
proceeding, a response or defense put forward by a defendant, regarding
which the defendant has the burden of proof, and the merits of which
are independently and objectively evaluated in a judicial or
administrative proceeding.
* * * * *
0
4. Section 63.443 is amended by revising paragraph (e) introductory
text to read as follows:
[[Page 55711]]
Sec. 63.443 Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and
semi-chemical processes.
* * * * *
(e) Periods of excess emissions reported under Sec. 63.455 shall
not be a violation of Sec. 63.443(c) and (d) provided that the time of
excess emissions divided by the total process operating time in a semi-
annual reporting period does not exceed the following levels:
* * * * *
0
5. Section 63.446 is amended by revising paragraph (g) to read as
follows:
Sec. 63.446 Standards for kraft pulping process condensates.
* * * * *
(g) For each control device (e.g., steam stripper system or other
equipment serving the same function) used to treat pulping process
condensates to comply with the requirements specified in paragraphs
(e)(3) through (5) of this section, periods of excess emissions
reported under Sec. 63.455 shall not be a violation of paragraphs (d),
(e)(3) through (5), and (f) of this section provided that the time of
excess emissions divided by the total process operating time in a semi-
annual reporting period does not exceed 10 percent. The 10 percent
excess emissions allowance does not apply to treatment of pulping
process condensates according to paragraph (e)(2) of this section
(e.g., the biological wastewater treatment system used to treat
multiple (primarily non-condensate) wastewater streams to comply with
the Clean Water Act).
* * * * *
0
6. Section 63.453 is amended by adding paragraph (q) to read as
follows:
Sec. 63.453 Monitoring requirements.
* * * * *
(q) At all times, the owner or operator must operate and maintain
any affected source, including associated air pollution control
equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety
and good air pollution control practices for minimizing emissions.
Determination of whether such operation and maintenance procedures are
being used will be based on information available to the Administrator
which may include, but is not limited to, monitoring results, review of
operation and maintenance procedures, review of operation and
maintenance records, and inspection of the source.
0
7. Section 63.454 is amended by revising paragraph (a) and adding
paragraph (g) to read as follows:
Sec. 63.454 Recordkeeping requirements.
(a) The owner or operator of each affected source subject to the
requirements of this subpart shall comply with the recordkeeping
requirements of Sec. 63.10, as shown in Table 1 of this subpart, and
the requirements specified in paragraphs (b) through (g) of this
section for the monitoring parameters specified in Sec. 63.453.
* * * * *
(g) Recordkeeping of malfunctions. The owner or operator must
maintain the following records of malfunctions:
(1) Records of the occurrence and duration of each malfunction of
operation (i.e., process equipment) or the air pollution control and
monitoring equipment.
(2) Records of actions taken during periods of malfunction to
minimize emissions in accordance with Sec. 63.453(q), including
corrective actions to restore malfunctioning process and air pollution
control and monitoring equipment to its normal or usual manner of
operation.
0
8. Section 63.455 is amended by adding paragraphs (g) and (h) to read
as follows:
Sec. 63.455 Reporting requirements.
* * * * *
(g) Malfunction reporting requirements. If a malfunction occurred
during the reporting period, the report must include the number,
duration and a brief description for each type of malfunction which
occurred during the reporting period and which caused or may have
caused any applicable emission limitation to be exceeded. The report
must also include a description of actions taken by an owner or
operator during a malfunction of an affected source to minimize
emissions in accordance with Sec. 63.453(q), including actions taken
to correct a malfunction.
(h) The owner or operator must submit performance test reports as
specified in paragraphs (h)(1) through (4) of this section.
(1) The owner or operator of an affected source shall report the
results of the performance test before the close of business on the
60th day following the completion of the performance test, unless
approved otherwise in writing by the Administrator. A performance test
is ``completed'' when field sample collection is terminated. Unless
otherwise approved by the Administrator in writing, results of a
performance test shall include the analysis of samples, determination
of emissions and raw data. A complete test report must include the
purpose of the test; a brief process description; a complete unit
description, including a description of feed streams and control
devices; sampling site description; pollutants measured; description of
sampling and analysis procedures and any modifications to standard
procedures; quality assurance procedures; record of operating
conditions, including operating parameters for which limits are being
set, during the test; record of preparation of standards; record of
calibrations; raw data sheets for field sampling; raw data sheets for
field and laboratory analyses; chain-of-custody documentation;
explanation of laboratory data qualifiers; example calculations of all
applicable stack gas parameters, emission rates, percent reduction
rates, and analytical results, as applicable; and any other information
required by the test method and the Administrator.
(2) Within 60 days after the date of completing each performance
test (defined in Sec. 63.2) as required by this subpart, the owner or
operator must submit the results of the performance tests, including
any associated fuel analyses, required by this subpart to the EPA's
WebFIRE database by using the Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting
Interface (CEDRI) that is accessed through the EPA's Central Data
Exchange (CDX) (https://www.epa.gov/cdx). Performance test data must be
submitted in the file format generated through use of the EPA's
Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT) (see https://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/). Only data collected using test methods on the ERT Web site
are subject to this requirement for submitting reports electronically
to WebFIRE. Owners or operators who claim that some of the information
being submitted for performance tests is confidential business
information (CBI) must submit a complete ERT file including information
claimed to be CBI on a compact disk, flash drive or other commonly used
electronic storage media to the EPA. The electronic media must be
clearly marked as CBI and mailed to U.S. EPA/OAPQS/CORE CBI Office,
Attention: WebFIRE Administrator, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd.,
Durham, NC 27703. The same ERT file with the CBI omitted must be
submitted to the EPA via CDX as described earlier in this paragraph. At
the discretion of the delegated authority, the owner or operator must
also submit these reports, including the CBI, to the delegated
authority in the format specified by the delegated authority. For any
performance test conducted using
[[Page 55712]]
test methods that are not listed on the ERT Web site, the owner or
operator must submit the results of the performance test to the
Administrator at the appropriate address listed in Sec. 63.13.
(3) Within 60 days after the date of completing each CEMS
performance evaluation test as defined in Sec. 63.2, the owner or
operator must submit relative accuracy test audit (RATA) data to the
EPA's CDX by using CEDRI in accordance with paragraph (2) of this
section. Only RATA pollutants that can be documented with the ERT (as
listed on the ERT Web site) are subject to this requirement. For any
performance evaluations with no corresponding RATA pollutants listed on
the ERT Web site, the owner or operator must submit the results of the
performance evaluation to the Administrator at the appropriate address
listed in Sec. 63.13.
(4) All reports required by this subpart not subject to the
requirements in paragraphs (h)(2) and (3) of this section must be sent
to the Administrator at the appropriate address listed in Sec. 63.13.
The Administrator or the delegated authority may request a report in
any form suitable for the specific case (e.g., by commonly used
electronic media such as Excel spreadsheet, on CD or hard copy). The
Administrator retains the right to require submittal of reports subject
to paragraphs (h)(2) and (3) of this section in paper format.
0
9. Section 63.456 is added to read as follows:
Sec. 63.456 Affirmative defense for violation of emission standards
during malfunction.
In response to an action to enforce the standards set forth in
Sec. Sec. 63.443(c) and (d), 63.444(b) and (c), 63.445(b) and (c),
63.446(c), (d), and (e), 63.447(b) or Sec. 63.450(d), the owner or
operator may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil
penalties for violations of such standards that are caused by
malfunction, as defined at 40 CFR 63.2. Appropriate penalties may be
assessed, however, if the owner or operator fails to meet the burden of
proving all of the requirements in the affirmative defense. The
affirmative defense shall not be available for claims for injunctive
relief.
(a) To establish the affirmative defense in any action to enforce
such a standard, the owner or operator must timely meet the reporting
requirements in paragraph (b) of this section, and must prove by a
preponderance of evidence that:
(1) The violation:
(i) Was caused by a sudden, infrequent, and unavoidable failure of
air pollution control equipment, process equipment, or a process to
operate in a normal or usual manner, and
(ii) Could not have been prevented through careful planning, proper
design or better operation and maintenance practices; and
(iii) Did not stem from any activity or event that could have been
foreseen and avoided, or planned for; and
(iv) Was not part of a recurring pattern indicative of inadequate
design, operation, or maintenance; and
(2) Repairs were made as expeditiously as possible when a violation
occurred. Off-shift and overtime labor were used, to the extent
practicable to make these repairs; and
(3) The frequency, amount and duration of the violation (including
any bypass) were minimized to the maximum extent practicable; and
(4) If the violation resulted from a bypass of control equipment or
a process, then the bypass was unavoidable to prevent loss of life,
personal injury, or severe property damage; and
(5) All possible steps were taken to minimize the impact of the
violation on ambient air quality, the environment and human health; and
(6) All emissions monitoring and control systems were kept in
operation if at all possible, consistent with safety and good air
pollution control practices; and
(7) All of the actions in response to the violation were documented
by properly signed, contemporaneous operating logs; and
(8) At all times, the affected source was operated in a manner
consistent with good practices for minimizing emissions; and
(9) A written root cause analysis has been prepared, the purpose of
which is to determine, correct, and eliminate the primary causes of the
malfunction and the violation resulting from the malfunction event at
issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods
and engineering judgment, the amount of any emissions that were the
result of the malfunction.
(b) Report. The owner or operator seeking to assert an affirmative
defense shall submit a written report to the Administrator with all
necessary supporting documentation, that it has met the requirements
set forth in paragraph (a) of this section. This affirmative defense
report shall be included in the first periodic compliance, deviation
report or excess emission report otherwise required after the initial
occurrence of the violation of the relevant standard (which may be the
end of any applicable averaging period). If such compliance, deviation
report or excess emission report is due less than 45 days after the
initial occurrence of the violation, the affirmative defense report may
be included in the second compliance, deviation report or excess
emission report due after the initial occurrence of the violation of
the relevant standard.
0
10. Section 63.457 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (a);
0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(1) introductory text;
0
c. Revising paragraph (b)(3);
0
d. Revising paragraph (b)(4);
0
e. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(i);
0
f. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(ii) introductory text;
0
g. Revising paragraph (c)(3)(ii);
0
h. Revising paragraph (d)(1);
0
i. Revising paragraph (k)(1); and
0
j. Adding paragraph (o).
The revisions read as follows:
Sec. 63.457 Test methods and procedures.
(a) Performance tests. Initial and repeat performance tests are
required for the emissions sources specified in paragraphs (a)(1) and
(2) of this section, except for emission sources controlled by a
combustion device that is designed and operated as specified in Sec.
63.443(d)(3) or (4).
(1) Conduct an initial performance test for all emission sources
subject to the limitations in Sec. Sec. 63.443, 63.444, 63.445,
63.446, and 63.447.
(2) Conduct repeat performance tests at five-year intervals for all
emission sources subject to the limitations in Sec. Sec. 63.443,
63.444, and 63.445. The first of the 5-year repeat tests must be
conducted by September 7, 2015, and thereafter within 60 months from
the date of the previous performance test. Five-year repeat testing is
not required for the following:
(i) Knotter or screen systems with HAP emission rates below the
criteria specified in Sec. 63.443(a)(1)(ii).
(ii) Decker systems using fresh water or paper machine white water,
or decker systems using process water with a total HAP concentration
less than 400 parts per million by weight as specified in Sec.
63.443(a)(1)(iv).
(b) * * *
(1) Method 1 or 1A of part 60, appendix A-1, as appropriate, shall
be used for selection of the sampling site as follows:
* * * * *
(3) The vent gas volumetric flow rate shall be determined using
Method 2, 2A, 2C, or 2D of part 60, appendix A-1, as appropriate.
(4) The moisture content of the vent gas shall be measured using
Method 4 of part 60, appendix A-3.
[[Page 55713]]
(5) * * *
(i) Method 308 in Appendix A of this part; Method 320 in Appendix A
of this part; Method 18 in appendix A-6 of part 60; ASTM D6420-99
(Reapproved 2004) (incorporated by reference in Sec. 63.14(b)(28) of
subpart A of this part); or ASTM D6348-03 (incorporated by reference in
Sec. 63.14(b)(54) of subpart A of this part) shall be used to
determine the methanol concentration. If ASTM D6348-03 is used, the
conditions specified in paragraphs (b)(5)(i)(A) though (b)(5)(i)(B)
must be met.
(A) The test plan preparation and implementation in the Annexes to
ASTM D6348-03, sections A1 through A8 are required.
(B) In ASTM D6348-03 Annex A5 (Analyte Spiking Technique), the
percent (%) R must be determined for each target analyte (Equation A5.5
of ASTM D6348-03). In order for the test data to be acceptable for a
compound, %R must be between 70 and 130 percent. If the %R value does
not meet this criterion for a target compound, the test data is not
acceptable for that compound and the test must be repeated for that
analyte following adjustment of the sampling or analytical procedure
before the retest. The %R value for each compound must be reported in
the test report, and all field measurements must be corrected with the
calculated %R value for that compound using the following equation:
Reported Result = Measured Concentration in the Stack x 100)/%R.
(ii) Except for the modifications specified in paragraphs
(b)(5)(ii)(A) through (b)(5)(ii)(K) of this section, Method 26A of part
60, appendix A-8 shall be used to determine chlorine concentration in
the vent stream.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(3) * * *
(ii) For determining methanol concentrations, NCASI Method DI/MEOH-
94.03. This test method is incorporated by reference in Sec.
63.14(f)(1) of subpart A of this part.
* * * * *
(d) * * *
(1) Method 21, of part 60, appendix A-7; and
* * * * *
(k) * * *
(1) The emission rate correction factor and excess air integrated
sampling and analysis procedures of Methods 3A or 3B of part 60,
appendix A-2 shall be used to determine the oxygen concentration. The
samples shall be taken at the same time that the HAP samples are taken.
As an alternative to Method 3B, ASME PTC 19.10-1981 [Part 10] may be
used (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 63.14(i)(1)).
* * * * *
(o) Performance tests shall be conducted under such conditions as
the Administrator specifies to the owner or operator based on
representative performance of the affected source for the period being
tested. Upon request, the owner or operator shall make available to the
Administrator such records as may be necessary to determine the
conditions of performance tests.
0
11. Section 63.459 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(iv)(A) introductory text;
0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(5)(iv)(A)(2);
0
c. Revising paragraph (b)(8)(ii);
0
d. Revising paragraph (b)(8)(iii); and
0
e. Revising paragraph (b)(11)(ii).
The revisions read as follows:
Sec. 63.459 Alternative standards.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(5) * * *
(iv) * * *
(A) The owner or operator shall measure the methanol concentration
of the outfall of any basin, using NCASI Method DI/MEOH 94.03
(incorporated by reference, see Sec. 63.14), when the VA/A ratio of
that basin exceeds the following:
* * * * *
(2) The highest VA/A ratio at which the outfall of any basin has
previously measured non-detect for methanol, using NCASI Method DI/MEOH
94.03 (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 63.14).
* * * * *
(8) * * *
(ii) The owner or operator shall use NCASI Method DI/HAPS-99.01
(incorporated by reference, see Sec. 63.14) to collect a grab sample
and determine the HAP concentration of the Raw Mill Effluent, Pulping
Process Condensates, and Anaerobic Basin Discharge for the quarterly
performance test conducted during the first quarter each year.
(iii) For each of the remaining three quarters, the owner or
operator may use NCASI Method DI/MEOH 94.03 (incorporated by reference,
see Sec. 63.14) as a surrogate to collect and determine the HAP
concentration of the Raw Mill Effluent, Pulping Process Condensates,
and Anaerobic Basin Discharge.
* * * * *
(11) * * *
(ii) Periods of excess emissions shall not constitute a violation
provided the time of excess emissions divided by the total process
operating time in a semi-annual reporting period does not exceed one
percent. All periods of excess emission shall be reported, and shall
include:
* * * * *
0
12. Table 1 to subpart S is revised to read as follows:
Table 1 to Subpart S of Part 63--General Provisions Applicability to
Subpart S \a\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Applies to subpart
Reference S Comment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
63.1(a)(1)-(3).............. Yes................. ....................
63.1(a)(4).................. Yes................. Subpart S (this
table) specifies
applicability of
each paragraph in
subpart A to
subpart S.
63.1(a)(5).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.1(a)(6).................. Yes................. ....................
63.1(a)(7)-(9).............. No.................. Sections reserved.
63.1(a)(10)................. No.................. Subpart S and other
cross-referenced
subparts specify
calendar or
operating day.
63.1(a)(11)-(12)............ Yes................. ....................
63.1(b)(1).................. No.................. Subpart S specifies
its own
applicability.
63.1(b)(2).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.1(b)(3).................. Yes................. ....................
63.1(c)(1)-(2).............. Yes................. ....................
63.1(c)(3)-(4).............. No.................. Sections reserved.
63.1(c)(5).................. Yes................. ....................
63.1(d)..................... No.................. Section reserved.
63.1(e)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.2........................ Yes................. ....................
[[Page 55714]]
63.3........................ Yes................. ....................
63.4(a)(1)-(2).............. Yes................. ....................
63.4(a)(3)-(5).............. No.................. Sections reserved.
63.4(b)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.4(c)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.5(a)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.5(b)(1).................. Yes................. ....................
63.5(b)(2).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.5(b)(3)-(4).............. Yes................. ....................
63.5(b)(5).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.5(b)(6).................. Yes................. ....................
63.5(c)..................... No.................. Section reserved.
63.5(d)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.5(e)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.5(f)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.6(a)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.6(b)(1)-(5).............. No.................. Subpart S specifies
compliance dates
for sources subject
to subpart S.
63.6(b)(6).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.6(b)(7).................. No.................. Subpart S specifies
compliance dates
for sources subject
to subpart S.
63.6(c)(1)-(2).............. No.................. Subpart S specifies
compliance dates
for sources subject
to subpart S.
63.6(c)(3)-(4).............. No.................. Sections reserved.
63.6(c)(5).................. No.................. Subpart S specifies
compliance dates
for sources subject
to subpart S.
63.6(d)..................... No.................. Section reserved.
63.6(e)(1)(i)............... No.................. See Sec. 63.453(q)
for general duty
requirement.
63.6(e)(1)(ii).............. No.................. ....................
63.6(e)(1)(iii)............. Yes................. ....................
63.6(e)(2).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.6(e)(3).................. No.................. ....................
63.6(f)(1).................. No.................. ....................
63.6(f)(2)-(3).............. Yes................. ....................
63.6(g)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.6(h)(1)-(2).............. No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.6(h)(3).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.6(h)(4)-(9).............. No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.6(i)(1)-(14)............. Yes................. ....................
63.6(i)(15)................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.6(i)(16)................. Yes................. ....................
63.6(j)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.7(a)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.7(b)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.7(c)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.7(d)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.7(e)(1).................. No.................. Replaced with Sec.
63.457(o), which
specifies
performance testing
conditions under
subpart S.
63.7(e)(2)-(4).............. Yes................. ....................
63.7(f)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.7(g)(1).................. Yes................. ....................
63.7(g)(2).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.7(g)(3).................. Yes................. ....................
63.7(h)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.8(a)(1)-(2).............. Yes................. ....................
63.8(a)(3).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.8(a)(4).................. Yes................. ....................
63.8(b)(1).................. Yes................. ....................
63.8(b)(2).................. No.................. Subpart S specifies
locations to
conduct monitoring.
63.8(b)(3).................. Yes................. ....................
63.8(c)(1)-(c)(1)(i)........ No.................. See Sec. 63.453(q)
for general duty
requirement (which
includes monitoring
equipment).
63.8(c)(1)(ii).............. Yes................. ....................
63.8(c)(1)(iii)............. No.................. ....................
63.8(c)(2)-(3).............. Yes................. ....................
63.8(c)(4).................. No.................. Subpart S allows
site specific
determination of
monitoring
frequency in Sec.
63.453(n)(4).
63.8(c)(5).................. No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.8(c)(6)-(8).............. Yes................. ....................
63.8(d)(1)-(2).............. Yes................. ....................
63.8(d)(3).................. Yes, except for last SSM plans are not
sentence, which required
refers to an SSM
plan.
[[Page 55715]]
63.8(e)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.8(f)(1)-(5).............. Yes................. ....................
63.8(f)(6).................. No.................. Subpart S does not
specify relative
accuracy test for
CEMs.
63.8(g)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.9(a)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.9(b)(1)-(2).............. Yes................. Initial
notifications must
be submitted within
one year after the
source becomes
subject to the
relevant standard.
63.9(b)(3).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.9(b)(4)-(5).............. Yes................. ....................
63.9(c)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.9(d)..................... No.................. Special compliance
requirements are
only applicable to
kraft mills.
63.9(e)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.9(f)..................... No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.9(g)(1).................. Yes................. ....................
63.9(g)(2).................. No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.9(g)(3).................. No.................. Subpart S does not
specify relative
accuracy tests,
therefore no
notification is
required for an
alternative.
63.9(h)(1)-(3).............. Yes................. ....................
63.9(h)(4).................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.9(h)(5)-(6).............. Yes................. ....................
63.9(i)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.9(j)..................... Yes................. ....................
63.10(a).................... Yes................. ....................
63.10(b)(1)................. Yes................. ....................
63.10(b)(2)(i).............. No.................. ....................
63.10(b)(2)(ii)............. No.................. See Sec. 63.454(g)
for recordkeeping
of (1) occurrence
and duration and
(2) actions taken
during malfunction.
63.10(b)(2)(iii)............ Yes................. ....................
63.10(b)(2)(iv)-(v)......... No.................. ....................
63.10(b)(2)(vi)-(xiv)....... Yes................. ....................
63.10(b)(3)................. Yes................. ....................
63.10(c)(1)................. Yes................. ....................
63.10(c)(2)-(4)............. No.................. Sections reserved.
63.10(c)(5)-(8)............. Yes................. ....................
63.10(c)(9)................. No.................. Section reserved.
63.10(c)(10)-(11)........... No.................. See Sec. 63.454(g)
for malfunction
recordkeeping
requirements.
63.10(c)(12)-(14)........... Yes................. ....................
63.10(c)(15)................ No.................. ....................
63.10(d)(1)-(2)............. Yes................. ....................
63.10(d)(3)................. No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.10(d)(4)................. Yes................. ....................
63.10(d)(5)................. No.................. See Sec. 63.455(g)
for malfunction
reporting
requirements.
63.10(e)(1)................. Yes................. ....................
63.10(e)(2)(i).............. Yes................. ....................
63.10(e)(2)(ii)............. No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.10(e)(3)................. Yes................. ....................
63.10(e)(4)................. No.................. Pertains to
continuous opacity
monitors that are
not part of this
standard.
63.10(f).................... Yes................. ....................
63.11-63.15................. Yes................. ....................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Wherever subpart A specifies ``postmark'' dates, submittals may be
sent by methods other than the U.S. Mail (e.g., by fax or courier).
Submittals shall be sent by the specified dates, but a postmark is not
required.
[FR Doc. 2012-20501 Filed 9-10-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
