Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: acceptability Determination 26 for Significant New Alternatives Policy Program, 61269-61279 [2011-25391]
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 192 / Tuesday, October 4, 2011 / Rules and Regulations
(2) On Jenny Lake:
(i) Operating a power-driven vessel
using a motor exceeding 71⁄2
horsepower is prohibited, except:
(ii) An NPS authorized boating
concessioner may operate power-driven
vessels under conditions specified by
the Superintendent.
*
*
*
*
*
(h) Where may I ride a bicycle in
Grand Teton National Park? (1) You
may ride a bicycle on park roads, in
parking areas, and upon designated
routes established within the park in
accordance with § 4.30(a) of this
chapter. The following routes are
designated for bicycle use:
(i) The paved multi-use pathway
alongside Dornan Road between
Dornan’s and the Teton Park Road.
(ii) The paved multi-use pathway
alongside the Teton Park Road between
Dornan Road (Dornan’s Junction) and
the South Jenny Lake developed area.
(2) The Superintendent may open or
close designated routes, or portions
thereof, or impose conditions or
restrictions for bicycle use after taking
into consideration the location of or
impacts on wildlife, the amount of snow
cover or other environmental
conditions, public safety, and other
factors, under the criteria and
procedures of §§ 1.5 and 1.7 of this
chapter.
Dated: September 22, 2011.
Eileen Sobeck,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and
Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2011–25394 Filed 10–3–11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310–CT–P
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Part 82
[EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118; FRL–9474–4]
RIN 2060–AG12
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone:
acceptability Determination 26 for
Significant New Alternatives Policy
Program
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Determination of acceptability.
AGENCY:
This Determination of
Acceptability expands the list of
acceptable substitutes for ozonedepleting substances under the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency’s
(EPA) Significant New Alternatives
Policy (SNAP) program. The
determinations concern new substitutes
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SUMMARY:
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for use in the refrigeration and air
conditioning, solvent cleaning and fire
suppression sectors.
DATES: This determination is effective
on October 4, 2011.
ADDRESSES: EPA has established a
docket for this action under Docket ID
No. EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118
(continuation of Air Docket A–91–42).
All electronic documents in the docket
are listed in the index at https://
www.regulations.gov. Although listed in
the index, some information is not
publicly available, i.e., Confidential
Business Information (CBI) or other
information whose disclosure is
restricted by statute. Publicly available
docket materials are available either
electronically at https://
www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at
the EPA Air Docket (No. A–91–42),
EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301
Constitution Ave., NW., Washington,
DC. The Public Reading Room is open
from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday
through Friday, excluding legal
holidays. The telephone number for the
Public Reading Room is (202) 566–1744,
and the telephone number for the Air
Docket is (202) 566–1742.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Margaret Sheppard by telephone at
(202) 343–9163, by facsimile at (202)
343–2338, by e-mail at
sheppard.margaret@epa.gov, or by mail
at U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Mail Code 6205J, 1200
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.,
Washington, DC 20460. Overnight or
courier deliveries should be sent to the
office location at 1310 L Street, NW.,
10th floor, Washington, DC 20005.
For more information on the Agency’s
process for administering the SNAP
program or criteria for evaluation of
substitutes, refer to the original SNAP
rulemaking published in the Federal
Register on March 18, 1994 (59 FR
13044). Notices and rulemakings under
the SNAP program, as well as other EPA
publications on protection of
stratospheric ozone, are available at
EPA’s Ozone Depletion World Wide
Web site at https://www.epa.gov/ozone/
including the SNAP portion at https://
www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
B. Solvent Cleaning
C. Fire Suppression
II. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements and Authority
for the SNAP Program
B. EPA’s Regulations Implementing
Section 612
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP
Program Work
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61269
D. Additional Information About the SNAP
Program
Appendix A—Summary of Decisions for New
Acceptable Substitutes
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
This section presents EPA’s most
recent acceptable listing decisions for
substitutes in the refrigeration and air
conditioning, solvent cleaning, and fire
suppression sectors. For copies of the
full list of ozone-depleting substance
(ODS) substitutes in all industrial
sectors, visit EPA’s Ozone Layer
Protection Web site at https://
www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/lists/
index.html.
The sections below discuss each
substitute listing in detail. Appendix A
contains a table summarizing today’s
listing decisions for new substitutes.
The statements in the ‘‘Further
Information’’ column in the table
provide additional information, but are
not legally binding under section 612 of
the Clean Air Act (CAA). In addition,
the ‘‘further information’’ may not be a
comprehensive list of other legal
obligations you may need to meet when
using the substitute. Although you are
not required to follow recommendations
in the ‘‘further information’’ column of
the table to use a substitute consistent
with section 612 of the CAA, EPA
strongly encourages you to apply the
information when using these
substitutes. In many instances, the
information simply refers to standard
operating practices in existing industry
and/or building-code standards.
However, some of these statements may
refer to obligations that are enforceable
or binding under federal or state
programs other than the SNAP program.
Many of these statements, if adopted,
would not require significant changes to
existing operating practices.
You can find submissions to EPA for
the use of the substitutes listed in this
document and other materials
supporting the decisions in this action
in docket EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118 at
https://www.regulations.gov.
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1. Hot Shot 2
EPA’s decision: EPA finds Hot Shot 2
is acceptable as a substitute for CFC–12,
CFC–11, CFC–113, CFC–114, R–13B1, R–
500, R–502, HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including those containing HCFC–22
and/or HCFC–142b, for use in retrofit
equipment in:
• Centrifugal chillers
• Reciprocating and screw chillers
• Industrial process refrigeration
• Ice skating rinks
• Cold storage warehouses
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• Refrigerated transport
• Retail food refrigeration
• Vending machines
• Commercial ice machines
• Residential dehumidifiers
• Household and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps
Hot Shot 2 is a blend by weight of
79.3 percent HFC–134a, which is also
known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811–97–2), 19.5 percent HFC–
125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6), and 1.7 percent R–600, which is
also known as n-butane (CAS Reg. No.
106–97–8). You may find the
submission under Docket item EPA–
HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0271 at https://
www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: Hot Shot
2 has no ozone depletion potential
(ODP). Its components (HFC–134a,
HFC–125, and R–600) have 100-year
integrated (100-yr) global warming
potentials (GWPs) of 1,430,1 3,500, and
4 respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then Hot
Shot 2 has a GWP of about 1,820. Of the
three components of Hot Shot 2, R–600
is defined as a volatile organic
compound (VOC) under CAA
regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of State
Implementation Plans (SIPs) to attain
and maintain the national ambient air
quality standards. The emissions of this
refrigerant will be limited given it is
subject to the venting prohibition under
section 608(c)(2) of the CAA and EPA’s
implementing regulations codified at 40
CFR 82.154(a)(1).2 Considering the
small expected emissions of this
refrigerant and particularly of the VOC
component, use of Hot Shot 2 is not
expected to pose any significant adverse
impacts on local air quality.
Flammability information: While the
component R–600, isobutane, is a
hydrocarbon that is flammable, Hot Shot
2 as formulated and in the worst-case
fractionation formulation is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of this substitute include
drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute
may also irritate the skin or eyes or
cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
1 Unless otherwise stated, all GWPs in this
document are from: IPCC, 2007: Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M.
Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller
(eds.)). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. This
document is accessible at https://www.ipcc.ch/
publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html.
2 For more information, including definitions, see
40 CFR part 82 subpart F.
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concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that Hot Shot 2 will
be used consistent with the
recommendations specified in the
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for
the blend and for the individual
components. For the blend, the
manufacturer recommends an
acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 1000
ppm on an 8-hour time-weighted
average. For both HFC–134a and HFC–
125, the American Industrial Hygiene
Association (AIHA) recommends
workplace environmental exposure
limits (WEELs) of 1000 ppm on an 8hour time-weighted average. Similarly,
for R–600 the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has established a threshold
limit value (TLV) of 1,000 ppm on an
8-hour time-weighted average. The
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) has a
recommended exposure limit (REL) of
800 ppm for R–600 on a 10-hour timeweighted average. EPA anticipates that
users will be able to meet workplace
exposure limits (WEELs, TLVs, RELs
and manufacturer AELs) and address
potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in
the MSDS and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
Comparison to other refrigerants: Hot
Shot 2 is not ozone-depleting in contrast
to CFC–12, CFC–11, CFC–113, CFC–114
(with ODPs ranging from 0.58 to 1.0 3),
R–13B1 (with an ODP of 15.9), HCFC–
22 (with an ODP of 0.04), R–500 (with
an ODP of 0.074) and R–502 (with an
ODP of 0.334), the ozone-depleting
substances which it replaces, and
comparable to a number of other
acceptable non-ozone-depleting
substitutes for these end uses such as
HFC–134a, R–410A, and R–404A. Hot
Shot 2’s GWP of about 1,820 is lower
than or comparable to those of the
substances it is replacing, including
CFC–12, CFC–11, CFC–113, CFC–114,
R–13B1, R–500, R–502, and HCFC–22,
with GWPs ranging from 1,810 to
10,900. Furthermore, the GWP of Hot
Shot 2 is lower than or comparable to
that of other non-ozone-depleting
3 Unless otherwise stated, all ODPs in this
document are from: WMO (World Meteorological
Organization), Scientific Assessment of Ozone
Depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and
Monitoring Project–Report No. 52, 516 pp., Geneva,
Switzerland, 2011. This document is accessible at
https://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/SAP/
Scientific_Assessment_2010/index.shtml.
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substitutes in the same refrigeration and
air conditioning end uses for which we
are finding it acceptable, such as HFC–
134a with a GWP of 1,430, R–410A with
a GWP of 2,100 and R–404A with a
GWP of 3,930. Flammability and
toxicity risks are low, as discussed
above. Thus, EPA finds Hot Shot 2
acceptable in the end uses listed above
because the overall environmental and
human health risk posed by Hot Shot 2
is lower than or comparable to the risks
posed by other substitutes found
acceptable in the same end uses.
2. R–407F
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R–407F is
acceptable as a substitute for HCFC–22
and HCFC blends, including those
containing HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–
142b, for use in new and retrofit
equipment in:
• Industrial process refrigeration
• Ice skating rinks
• Industrial process air conditioning
• Cold storage warehouses
• Refrigerated transport
• Retail food refrigeration
• Commercial ice machines
• Household refrigerators and freezers
• Motor vehicle air conditioning
(buses and passenger trains only)
• Household and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps
R–407F, marketed under the trade
name Genetron® LT or Genetron®
PerformaxTM LT, is a weighted blend of
30 percent HFC–32, which is also
known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75–10–5), 30 percent HFC–125,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354–
33–6), and 40 percent HFC–134a, which
is also known as 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811–
97–2). You may find the submission
under Docket item EPA–HQ–OAR–
2003–0118–0264 at https://
www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: R–407F
has no ODP. HFC–32, HFC–125, and
HFC–134a have GWPs of 675, 3500, and
1430, respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R–
407F has a GWP of about 1,820. The
contribution of this refrigerant blend to
greenhouse gas emissions will be
limited given it is subject to the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA and EPA’s implementing
regulations codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1), which limit emissions of
refrigerant substitutes.
R–407F does not contain any VOCs as
defined under CAA regulations (see 40
CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the national ambient air
quality standards.
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Flammability information: While the
component HFC–32 is moderately
flammable, R–407F as formulated and in
the worst-case fractionation formulation
is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of this substitute include
drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute
may also irritate the skin or eyes or
cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause
irregular heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of
1000 ppm on an 8-hour time-weighted
average for each of the components of
R–407F. The manufacturer also
recommends an AEL of 1000 ppm on an
8-hour time-weighted average for each
of the R–407F components. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet AIHA’s WEELs and the
manufacturer’s recommended AELs and
address potential health risks by
following requirements and
recommendations in the MSDS and
other safety precautions common to the
refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to other refrigerants: R–
407F is not ozone-depleting in contrast
to HCFC–22 (with an ODP of 0.04) and
HCFC–142b (with an ODP of 0.06), the
ozone-depleting substances which it
replaces, and comparable to a number of
other acceptable non-ozone-depleting
substitutes in these end uses (e.g., R–
410A and R–404A). R–407F’s GWP of
about 1,820 is comparable to that of
HCFC–22 with a GWP of 1,810 and
lower than or comparable to that of
other non-ozone-depleting substitutes
for HCFC–22 in the same refrigeration
and air conditioning end uses, such as
R–410A with a GWP of 2,100 and R–
404A with a GWP of 3,930.
Flammability and toxicity risks are low,
as discussed above. Thus, EPA finds R–
407F acceptable in the end uses listed
above because the overall
environmental and human health risk
posed by R–407F is lower than or
comparable to the risks posed by other
substitutes found acceptable in the same
end uses.
3. R–507A
EPA’s decision: EPA finds R–507A is
acceptable as a substitute for R–13B1 for
use in retrofit equipment in very low
temperature refrigeration.
R–507A, also known as R–507, is a
blend of 50% by weight HFC–125
(1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane) and 50%
by weight HFC–143a (1,1,1trifluoroethane). EPA previously listed
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R–507A as an acceptable alternative for
various CFCs (e.g., CFC–12) and CFCcontaining blends (e.g., R–500 and R–
502) in several refrigeration and air
conditioning end uses and as an
alternative for HCFC–22 and blends in
the very low temperature refrigeration
end use. (March 18, 1994, 59 FR 13044;
August 26, 1994, 59 FR 44240; January
13, 1995, 60 FR 3318; September 5,
1996, 61 FR 47012; December 20, 2002,
67 FR 77927). Today’s decision finds R–
507A acceptable as a substitute for R–
13B1 (also known as halon 1301) in the
very low temperature refrigeration end
use.4
Environmental information: The ODP
of R–507A is zero. The GWPs of HFC–
125 and HFC–143a are about 3,400 and
4,300, respectively. If these values are
weighted by mass percentage, then R–
507A has a GWP of 3,850. The
contribution of this refrigerant blend to
greenhouse gas emissions will be
limited given it is subject to the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA and EPA’s implementing
regulations codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1), which limit emissions of
refrigerant substitutes.
R–507A does not contain any VOCs as
defined under CAA regulations (see 40
CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the national ambient air
quality standards.
Flammability Information: While the
component HFC–143a is moderately
flammable, R–507A as formulated and
in the worst-case fractionation
formulation is not flammable.
Toxicity and Exposure Data: Potential
health effects of this substitute include
headache, nausea, dizziness,
drowsiness, or loss of consciousness.
The substitute may also irritate the skin
or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently
high concentrations, the substitute may
cause irregular heartbeat or rapid
heartbeat. The substitute could cause
asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These
potential health effects are common to
many refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that R–507A will be
used consistent with the
recommendations specified in the
MSDSs for the blend and the individual
components. All components of the
blend have WEELs of 1,000 ppm, as
established by AIHA. EPA anticipates
that users will be able to meet AIHA’s
WEELs and address potential health
risks by following requirements and
1. Perfluorobutyl Iodide (PFBI)
EPA’s decision: EPA finds
perfluorobutyl iodide (PFBI) is
acceptable as a substitute for CFC–113,
methyl chloroform, and HCFC–225ca,
HCFC–225cb, and blends thereof for use
in:
• Metal cleaning.
• Electronics cleaning.
• Precision cleaning.
PFBI is also known as
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-iodobutane (CAS Reg. No. 423–39–2). This
substitute was submitted to EPA under
the trade name Capstone® 4–I as a
fluorinated iodide mixture containing
greater than 99 percent PFBI. You may
find the submission under Docket item
EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0269 at
https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: PFBI has
an ODP of less than 0.005. PFBI has a
GWP of less than 5 relative to CO2 and
an atmospheric lifetime of a few days 5.
PFBI is currently defined as a VOC
under Clean Air Act regulations (see 40
CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the national ambient air
quality standards. Many States
currently, in particular those with areas
that are violating the ozone NAAQS,
4 EPA received a test marketing notification for
this use, accessible under Docket item EPA–HQ–
OAR–2003–0118–0266 at https://
www.regulations.gov.
5 ODP, GWP and atmospheric lifetime for PFBI
are from information provided in the submission
under Docket item EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0269
at https://www.regulations.gov.
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recommendations in the MSDS and
other safety precautions common to the
refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
Comparison to Other Refrigerants: R–
507A is not ozone-depleting, in contrast
to R–13B1 (with an ODP of 15.9), the
ozone-depleting substance which it
replaces, and in contrast to NARM–502
and R–403B, substitutes for this end use
that contain HCFC–22 with an ODP of
0.04. R–507A’s GWP of about 3,850 is
well below that of R–13B1 with a GWP
of 7,140 and lower than or comparable
to that of other non-ozone-depleting
substitutes for R–13B1 in the very low
temperature refrigeration end use, such
as R–508A with a GWP of 13,200,
NARM–502 with a GWP of 2,380, and
R–403B with a GWP of 1,500.
Flammability and toxicity risks are low,
as discussed above. Thus, EPA finds R–
507A acceptable in the very low
temperature refrigeration end use for
retrofit equipment because the overall
environmental and human health risk
posed by R–507A is lower than or
comparable to the risks posed by other
substitutes found acceptable in the same
end use.
B. Solvent Cleaning
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have regulations governing the VOC
content of solvents.
Some evidence shows that the
substitute can cause aquatic toxicity,
with an LC506 of 2 mg/l in a 96-hour test
on fathead minnows under laboratory
conditions. Due to PFBI’s low solubility
in water, high vapor pressure and high
volatility, it is not likely to accumulate
in surface water at concentrations high
enough to be toxic to fish 7. To address
the potential for toxicity to fish, the EPA
recommends that users follow
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
MSDS, including:
• Collect the spent solvent for
reclamation or incineration;
• Incinerate materials that contain or
are contaminated with the solvent;
• Send solvent-contaminated
wastewater to a wastewater treatment
facility to prevent the solvent from
entering waterways; and
• Do not dispose of the solvent by
releasing it into waterways.
EPA anticipates that PFBI will be
disposed of consistent with regulations
pertaining to the definition of hazardous
waste under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) as well as
with the recommendations above.
Flammability information: PFBI is not
flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential
health effects of this substitute include
cough, shortness of breath, central
nervous system depression, dizziness,
confusion, incoordination, drowsiness,
or unconsciousness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes. At
sufficiently high concentrations, the
substitute may cause irregular heartbeat
or fluid in the lungs. These potential
health effects are common to many
solvents.
EPA anticipates that PFBI will be
used consistent with the
recommendations specified in the
manufacturer’s MSDS. EPA and the
manufacturer both recommend an
acceptable exposure limit of 375 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average
for PFBI. Users should be aware of
additional exposure limits that may be
associated with byproducts in PFBI
solutions, such as iodine. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to
meet the workplace exposure limits
(manufacturer AEL and EPA
recommendation) and address potential
health risks by following requirements
and recommendations in the MSDSs
and other safety precautions common in
the solvent cleaning industry.
6 LC
50 is defined as the concentration at which
50% of the test animals die.
7 For more information see the risk screen for
PFBI provided in the Docket at https://
www.regulations.gov.
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Comparison to other solvents: PFBI’s
ODP of less than 0.005 is below that of
CFC–113 (with an ODP of 0.85) and
lower than or comparable to that of
other substitutes for CFC–113 in metals,
electronics, and precision cleaning such
as HCFC–225ca with an ODP of 0.02,
HCFC–225cb with an ODP of 0.03, and
HFE–7100 with an ODP of zero. PFBI’s
GWP of less than 5 is well below that
of CFC–113 with a GWP of 6,130 and is
lower than that of other substitutes for
CFC–113 in the listed end uses, such as
HCFC–225ca with a GWP of 1,220,
HCFC–225cb with a GWP of 595, and
HFE–7100 with a GWP of 297. PFBI has
a lower LC50 for fish than some other
acceptable solvents in these end uses
(e.g., 7280 to 8120 mg/l for acetone 8,
40.7 to 66.8 mg/l for trichloroethylene,9
and greater than 7.9 mg/l for HFE–
7100 10) and an LC50 higher than for
some other acceptable substitutes (e.g.,
0.7 mg/l for d-limonene 11). EPA expects
that following the disposal
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
MSDS can sufficiently address this risk.
Flammability and toxicity risks are low,
as discussed above. Thus, EPA finds
PFBI acceptable in the end uses listed
above because the overall risk to human
health and the environment posed by
PFBI is lower than or comparable to the
risks posed by other substitutes found
acceptable in the same end uses.
C. Fire Suppression
1. Firebane® All-Weather 1115 and
Firebane® 1115
EPA’s decision: EPA finds Firebane®
All-Weather 1115 and Firebane® 1115
acceptable as substitutes for halon 1211
for use as streaming agents.
Because the formulations of Firebane®
All-Weather 1115 and Firebane® 1115
are very similar and share the same
human health and environmental risks,
we are listing them together and,
8 Fisher Scientific, 2001. Material Safety Data
Sheet for acetone. Updated March 19, 2001.
Available at https://www.mhatt.aps.anl.gov/dohn/
msds/acetone.html.
9 NPS, 1997. Irwin, R.J., M. VanMouwerik, L.
Stevens, M.S. Seese, and W. Basham. 1997.
Environmental Contaminants Encyclopedia.
National Park Service, Water Resources Division,
Fort Collins, Colorado.
10 Material Safety Data Sheet for 3MTM NovecTM
7100 Engineered Fluid. March 17, 2011.
Downloaded from https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/
mediawebserver?mwsId=SSS
SSuUn_zu8l00xl8mBm8mePv70k17zHvu9lxtD7
SSSSSS—on August 10, 2011. HFE–7100’s LC50 for
fish (fathead minnow) is reported as being greater
than its saturation concentration in water.
11 Toxicity of eight terpenes to fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas), daphnids (Daphnia
magna), and algae (Selenastrum capricornutum).
AScI Corporation and U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Research
Laboratory–Duluth. 1990.
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hereinafter, collectively referring to
them as ‘‘both Firebane® 1115
formulations.’’ The manufacturer of
both Firebane® 1115 formulations has
claimed their composition as CBI. You
may find the submissions under Docket
items EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0255
and EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0256 at
https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: Both
Firebane® 1115 formulations have zero
ODP and zero GWP. Therefore, both
Firebane® 1115 formulations are not
expected to pose any significant adverse
impacts on the ozone layer or climate.
In the case of both Firebane® 1115
formulations, it is expected that all of
the constituents would rapidly
aerosolize during expulsion from the
container and then settle as a liquid on
surfaces. After settling, cleanup would
involve washing or rinsing of surfaces.
The substitutes are readily
biodegradable and have an
exceptionally low biological oxygen
demand 12 (BOD) level for wastewater
and low chemical oxygen demand.
Discharge of either Firebane® 1115
formulation is, therefore, not expected
to contribute to surface water
contamination or generation of solid
waste.
Of the constituents of both Firebane
1115® formulations, only one has not
been exempted as a VOC under the CAA
(40 CFR 51.100(s)). Potential emissions
of VOCs from the use of substitutes for
halons in the fire extinguishing and
explosion prevention sector are likely to
be insignificant relative to VOCs from
all other sources (i.e., other industries,
mobile sources, and biogenic sources).
Even at full market penetration, and
given typical annual emission rates for
halon substitute fire suppressants,
estimated annual VOC emissions from
both formulations of Firebane® 1115 are
not expected to pose any significant
adverse impacts on local air quality.
Flammability information: Both
Firebane® 1115 formulations are nonflammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The
majority of the constituents of the
Firebane® 1115 formulations are
classified by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) as ‘‘Generally
Recognized as Safe (GRAS)’’
compounds, and the remaining
constituents are FDA-approved for use
as direct and/or indirect food additives.
These compounds are commonly used
in food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic
applications. Individual constituents
may cause gastrointestinal discomfort (if
12 BOD is the amount of oxygen consumed by
microorganisms as they decompose organic
materials in water.
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excessively ingested), or minor irritation
to the eyes, skin, and/or respiratory
tract.
Given the low toxicity of its
constituents, both formulations of
Firebane® 1115 are not expected to pose
a significant risk to personnel during
manufacture, installation and
maintenance. To minimize worker
exposure to any chemicals during
manufacture, installation, and
maintenance through an accidental
release or spill, EPA recommends the
following:
• Proper personal protective
equipment (PPE) be used during
handling of the substitute (e.g., goggles,
gloves);
• Adequate ventilation should be in
place;
• All spills should be cleaned up
immediately in accordance with good
industrial hygiene practices;
• Training for safe handling
procedures should be provided to all
employees that would be likely to
handle containers of or extinguishing
units filled with Firebane® 1115 or
Firebane® All-Weather 1115; and
• In case of an inadvertent discharge,
workers should immediately follow the
instructions listed in the manufacturer’s
MSDS.
The above recommendations are all
contained in the manufacturers’s MSDS.
EPA also recommends that use of these
systems should be in accordance with
the latest edition of NFPA 10 Standard
for Portable Extinguishers.
Firebane® 1115 and Firebane® AllWeather 1115 are not expected to cause
significant harm to human health when
used as streaming agents in portable fire
extinguishers. As described above, the
constituents of both Firebane® 1115
formulations are composed of
compounds with low toxicity. Their use
as streaming agents is not expected to
pose any significant adverse health
effects when the recommended safety
precautions are followed.
Comparison to other fire
suppressants: Both Firebane® 1115
formulations have zero ODP and GWP
in contrast to halon 1211 (with an ODP
of 7.1 and a GWP of 1,890), the ODS
which they replace. Compared to other
substitutes for halon 1211, such as
HCFC Blend B (with ODP of roughly
0.01 and GWP of roughly 80), HFC–
227ea (with ODP of 0 and GWP of
3,220), and HFC–236fa (with an ODP of
0 and GWP of 9,810), both Firebane®
1115 formulations have less impact on
the atmosphere. Toxicity risks are low,
as discussed above. Thus, we find that
Firebane® 1115 and Firebane® AllWeather 1115 are acceptable because
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the overall environmental and human
health risk posed by Firebane® 1115 and
Firebane® All-Weather 1115 is lower
than or comparable to the risks posed by
other substitutes found acceptable in the
same end use.
2. Firebane® 1170 and Firebane® 1179
EPA’s decision: EPA finds Firebane®
1170 and Firebane® 1179 acceptable as
substitutes for halon 1211 for use as
streaming agents.
Because the formulations of Firebane®
1170 and Firebane® 1179 are very
similar and share the same human
health and environmental risks, they are
being listed together and, hereinafter,
collectively referred to in this section as
‘‘both Firebane® formulations.’’ The
manufacturer of both Firebane®
formulations has claimed their
composition as CBI. You may find the
submissions under Docket items EPA–
HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0260 and EPA–
HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0270 at https://
www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: Both
Firebane® formulations have zero ODP
and zero GWP. Therefore, both
Firebane® formulations are not expected
to pose any significant adverse impacts
on the ozone layer or climate.
At manufacture, EPA believes that
regulatory requirements on industrial
wastewater discharges are sufficient to
prevent the unlikely release of the
substitute to surface water during the
manufacturing operations of both
Firebane® formulations. Because of the
BOD level of these formulations,
discharges of either Firebane®
formulation that result in release to
waterways could result in relatively
high BOD in the waterways. However,
neither Firebane® formulation is
expected to pose significant harm to the
environment, provided that proper
disposal procedures are followed. As
with the majority of halon substitutes,
their physicochemical properties make
it unlikely that the substitutes would be
released to surface water.
During discharge, the constituents of
both Firebane® formulations would
rapidly aerosolize during expulsion
from the container and then settle as a
liquid on surfaces. After settling,
cleanup would involve washing or
rinsing of surfaces. It is recommended
that discharges of either Firebane®
formulation not be released to
waterways. Further, during cleanup, it
is recommended that discharges of
either Firebane® formulation be
collected (e.g., mopped) and sealed in
containers and then disposed of in
accordance with local, state, and federal
requirements and as specified in the
manufacturer’s MSDS. The MSDS also
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specifies that training for safe handling
procedures be provided to all employees
that would be likely to dispose of either
Firebane® formulation at cleanup. In
addition, the use of an extinguisher is
expected to be infrequent (i.e., in case of
a fire emergency), and therefore
discharges at end-use would be
infrequent. Therefore, EPA expects that
following the safe handling and disposal
recommendations in the manufacturer’s
MSDS would protect against significant
harm to surface water during
manufacture, end-use or at cleanup.
Of the constituents of both Firebane®
formulations, only one has not been
exempted as a VOC under the CAA (40
CFR 51.000). Potential emissions of
VOCs from the use of substitutes for
halons in the fire extinguishing and
explosion prevention sector are likely to
be insignificant relative to VOCs from
all other sources (i.e., other industries,
mobile sources, and biogenic sources).
Even at full market penetration, and
given typically annual emission rates for
halon substitute fire suppressants,
estimated annual VOC emissions from
both Firebane® formulations are not
expected to pose any significant adverse
impact on local air quality.
Flammability information: Both
Firebane® formulations are nonflammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The
majority of the constituents of both
Firebane® formulations are composed of
FDA-classified GRAS compounds, and
the remaining constituents are FDAapproved for use as direct or indirect
food additives. These compounds are
commonly used in food,
pharmaceutical, or cosmetic
applications. Individual constituents
may cause gastrointestinal discomfort (if
excessively ingested), or minor irritation
to the eyes, skin, and/or respiratory
tract. Given the low toxicity of their
constituents, both Firebane®
formulations are not expected to pose a
significant risk to personnel during
manufacture, installation and
maintenance. To minimize worker
exposure to any chemicals during
manufacture, installation, and
maintenance through an accidental
release or spill, EPA recommends the
following:
• Proper Level C or higher PPE be
used during handling of the substitute
(e.g., goggles, gloves);
• Adequate ventilation should be in
place;
• All spills should be cleaned up
immediately in accordance with good
industrial hygiene practices;
• Training for safe handling
procedures should be provided to all
employees that would be likely to
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handle containers of or extinguishing
units filled with Firebane® 1170 or
Firebane® 1179; and
• In case of an inadvertent discharge,
workers should immediately follow the
instructions listed in the MSDS for
Firebane® 1170 or for Firebane® 1179.
The above recommendations are all
included in the manufacturer’s MSDSs.
EPA also recommends that use of these
systems should be in accordance with
the latest edition of NFPA 10 Standard
for Portable Extinguishers.
Firebane® 1170 and Firebane® 1179
are not expected to cause harm to
human health when used as streaming
agents in portable fire extinguishers.
EPA expects no significant adverse
health effects when the recommended
safety precautions and normal industry
practices are applied and use of the
substitutes is in accordance with the
manufacturer’s MSDSs.
Comparison to other fire
suppressants: Both Firebane® 1170 and
Firebane® 1179 have zero ODP and
GWP in contrast to halon 1211 (with an
ODP of 7.1 and a GWP or 1,890), the
ODS they replace. Compared to other
substitutes for halon 1211, such as
HCFC Blend B (with an ODP of roughly
0.01 and GWP of roughly 80), HFC–
227ea (with an ODP of 0 and GWP of
3,220), and HFC–236fa (with an ODP of
0 and GWP of 9,810), both Firebane®
formulations have less impact on the
atmosphere. Toxicity risks are low, as
discussed above. Thus, we find that
Firebane® 1170 and Firebane® 1179 are
acceptable because the overall
environmental and human health risk
posed by Firebane® 1170 and Firebane®
1179 is lower than or comparable to the
risks posed by other substitutes found
acceptable in the same end use.
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3. Firebane® 1179 Total Flooding
EPA’s decision: EPA finds Firebane®
1179 acceptable as a substitute for
halon 1301 for total flooding uses in
both occupied and unoccupied areas.
The manufacturer of Firebane® 1179
has claimed its composition as CBI. You
may find the submission under Docket
item EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0270 at
https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information:
Firebane® 1179 has zero ODP and zero
GWP. Firebane® 1179 is expected to
aerosolize rapidly during expulsion
from the fire suppression system and
then settle as a liquid on surfaces. After
settling, cleanup would involve washing
or rinsing of surfaces. See the listing for
Firebane® 1179 above in section C.2 for
further information.
Flammability information: Firebane®
1179 is non-flammable.
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Toxicity and exposure data: The
majority of the constituents in the
Firebane® 1179 formulation are FDAclassified GRAS compounds, and the
remaining constituents are FDAapproved for use as direct or indirect
food additives. These compounds are
commonly used in food,
pharmaceutical, or cosmetic
applications. Individual constituents
may cause gastrointestinal discomfort (if
excessively ingested), or minor irritation
to the eyes, skin, and/or respiratory
tract. Given the low toxicity of its
constituents, EPA expects no significant
adverse health effects when the
recommended safety precautions and
normal industry practices are applied
and use of the substitute is in
accordance with the manufacturer’s
MSDS. See the listing for Firebane®
1179 above in section C.2 for further
information.
Comparison to other fire
suppressants: Firebane® 1179 has zero
ODP and GWP in contrast to halon 1301
(with an ODP of 16 and a GWP of
7,140), the ozone-depleting substance
which it replaces, and comparable to
other acceptable non-ozone-depleting
substitutes (e.g., Inert Gas 541, HFC–
227ea and HFC–125). Firebane® 1179’s
GWP is comparable to or less than that
for other non-ozone depleting
substitutes for halon 1301, such as Inert
Gas 541, HFC–227ea or HFC–125, with
GWPs of less than 1, 3,220, and 3,500,
respectively. Toxicity risks are low, as
discussed above. Thus, we find that
Firebane® 1179 is acceptable because
the overall environmental and human
health risk posed by Firebane® 1179 is
lower than or comparable to the risks
posed by other substitutes found
acceptable in the same end use.
4. N2 Towers Inert Gas Generator Fire
Suppression System (N2 Towers®
System)
EPA’s decision: EPA finds the N2
Towers Inert Gas Generator Fire
Suppression System (N2 Towers®
System) is acceptable as a substitute for
halon 1301 for total flooding uses in
both occupied and unoccupied areas.
The N2 Towers® System is a fire
suppression system that pyrotechnically
generates nitrogen (N2, CAS Reg. No.
7727–37–9). It is designed for use with
Class A and B fires (ordinary
combustible materials fires and
flammable liquids fires, respectively).
The N2 Towers® System is an inert gas
system designed for total flooding
applications for fires in normally
occupied or unoccupied spaces. Each N2
generator unit contains a large number
of small propellant grain discs that
generate nitrogen gas when activated.
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Depending on the fire suppression
requirement, several generators may be
stacked inside an N2 tower in a room,
or a single generator may be bracketed
inside a vehicle. You may find the
submission under Docket item EPA–
HQ–OAR–2003–0118–0253 at https://
www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: The
constituents of the N2 Towers® System
are solids before use and therefore have
zero ODP and zero GWP. Further, the
ODP of each of the post-activation
constituents of the N2 Towers® System
is zero, and the GWPs of post-activation
constituents are 1 or less.
The N2 Towers® System does not
contain any VOCs as defined under
CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to
attain and maintain the national
ambient air quality standards.
Accordingly, use of the N2 Towers®
System is not expected to pose any
significant adverse impacts on local air
quality.
Flammability information: The N2
Towers® System generates products that
are non-flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The
potential health risks of the N2 Towers®
System come from its production of
nitrogen gas, an inert gas that at
sufficiently high levels can cause
asphyxiation. The N2 Towers® System
is designed to ensure that the oxygen
concentration in any protected space
will not fall below 12 percent over the
5-minute discharge period, consistent
with the health criteria in NFPA
Standard 2001 for Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems. EPA
recommends that use of this system
should be in accordance with the safe
exposure guidelines for inert gas
systems in the latest edition of NFPA
2001, specifically the requirements for
residual oxygen levels, and that use
should be in accordance with the
relevant operational requirements in
NFPA Standard 2010 for Aerosol
Extinguishing Systems. EPA also
recommends that Section VIII of the
OSHA Technical Manual be consulted
as well as all information from the
manufacturer for information on
selecting the appropriate types of PPE to
be worn by personnel involved in the
manufacture, installation, and
maintenance of the N2 Towers® System.
Comparison to other fire
suppressants: The N2 Towers® System
is not ozone-depleting in contrast to
halon 1301 (with an ODP of 16 and a
GWP of 7,140), the ODS which it
replaces, and comparable to other
acceptable non-ozone-depleting
substitutes (e.g., Inert Gas 541, HFC–
227ea and HFC–125). The GWPs of the
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post-activation constituents of the N2
Towers® System range from zero to
three which are comparable to or less
than the GWPs for other non-ozone
depleting substitutes for halon 1301,
such as Inert Gas 541, HFC–227ea or
HFC–125, with GWPs of less than 1,
3,220, and 3,500, respectively. Toxicity
risks are low, as discussed above. Thus,
we find that the N2 Towers® System is
acceptable because the overall
environmental and human health risk
posed by the N2 Towers® System is
lower than or comparable to the risks
posed by other substitutes found
acceptable in the same end use.
to grant or deny a petition. Where the
Agency grants the petition, EPA must
publish the revised lists within an
additional six months.
A. Statutory Requirements and
Authority for the SNAP Program
Section 612 of the Clean Air Act
(CAA) requires EPA to develop a
program for evaluating alternatives to
ozone-depleting substances. EPA refers
to this program as the Significant New
Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program.
The major provisions of section 612 are:
5. Outreach
Section 612(b)(1) states that the
Administrator shall seek to maximize
the use of federal research facilities and
resources to assist users of class I and
II substances in identifying and
developing alternatives to the use of
such substances in key commercial
applications.
1. Rulemaking
Section 612(c) requires EPA to
promulgate rules making it unlawful to
replace any class I substance (i.e.,
chlorofluorocarbon, halon, carbon
tetrachloride, methyl chloroform,
methyl bromide, and
hydrobromofluorocarbon) or class II
substance (i.e.,
hydrochlorofluorocarbon) with any
substitute that the Administrator
determines may present adverse effects
to human health or the environment
where the Administrator has identified
an alternative that (1) Reduces the
overall risk to human health and the
environment, and (2) is currently or
potentially available.
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II. Section 612 Program
4. 90-Day Notification
Section 612(e) directs EPA to require
any person who produces a chemical
substitute for a class I substance to
notify the Agency not less than 90 days
before new or existing chemicals are
introduced into interstate commerce for
significant new uses as substitutes for a
class I substance. The producer must
also provide the Agency with the
producer’s unpublished health and
safety studies on such substitutes.
6. Clearinghouse
Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency
to set up a public clearinghouse of
alternative chemicals, product
substitutes, and alternative
manufacturing processes that are
available for products and
manufacturing processes which use
class I and II substances.
2. Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable
Substitutes
Section 612(c) requires EPA to
publish a list of the substitutes
unacceptable for specific uses and to
publish a corresponding list of
acceptable alternatives for specific uses.
The list of acceptable substitutes may be
found at https://www.epa.gov/ozone/
snap/lists/ and the lists of
substitutes that are ‘‘unacceptable,’’
‘‘acceptable subject to use conditions,’’
and ‘‘acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits’’ are in subpart G of 40 CFR part
82.
B. EPA’s Regulations Implementing
Section 612
On March 18, 1994, EPA published
the original rulemaking (59 FR 13044)
which established the process for
administering the SNAP program and
issued EPA’s first lists identifying
acceptable and unacceptable substitutes
in the major industrial use sectors
(subpart G of 40 CFR part 82). These
sectors—refrigeration and air
conditioning; foam blowing; cleaning
solvents; fire suppression and explosion
protection; sterilants; aerosols;
adhesives, coatings and inks; and
tobacco expansion—are the principal
industrial sectors that historically
consumed the largest volumes of ODS.
Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA
to ensure that substitutes found
acceptable do not present a significantly
greater risk to human health and the
environment than other substitutes that
are currently or potentially available.
3. Petition Process
Section 612(d) grants the right to any
person to petition EPA to add a
substance to, or delete a substance from,
the lists published in accordance with
section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP
Program Work
Under the SNAP regulations, anyone
who plans to market or produce a
substitute to replace a class I substance
or class II substance in one of the eight
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61275
major industrial use sectors must
provide notice to the Agency, including
health and safety information on the
substitute, at least 90 days before
introducing it into interstate commerce
for significant new use as an alternative.
This requirement applies to the persons
planning to introduce the substitute into
interstate commerce,13 which typically
are chemical manufacturers but may
include importers, formulators,
equipment manufacturers, and endusers 14. The regulations identify certain
narrow exemptions from the notification
requirement, such as research and
development and test marketing (40
CFR 82.176(b)(4) and (5), respectively).
The Agency has identified four
possible decision categories for
substitutes that are submitted for
evaluation: Acceptable; acceptable
subject to use conditions; acceptable
subject to narrowed use limits; and
unacceptable (40 CFR 82.180(b)). Use
conditions and narrowed use limits are
both considered ‘‘use restrictions’’ and
are explained in the paragraphs below.
Substitutes that are deemed acceptable
with no use restrictions (no use
conditions or narrowed use limits) can
be used for all applications within the
relevant end uses within the sector.
After reviewing a substitute, the
Agency may determine that a substitute
is acceptable only if certain conditions
in the way that the substitute is used are
met to minimize risks to human health
and the environment. EPA describes
such substitutes as ‘‘acceptable subject
to use conditions.’’ Entities that use
these substitutes without meeting the
associated use conditions are in
violation of EPA’s SNAP regulations.
For some substitutes, the Agency may
permit a narrowed range of use within
an end-use or sector. For example, the
Agency may limit the use of a substitute
to certain end-uses or specific
applications within an industry sector.
EPA describes these substitutes as
‘‘acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits.’’ The Agency requires the user of
a narrowed-use substitute to
13 As defined at 40 CFR 82.104, ‘‘interstate
commerce’’ means the distribution or transportation
of any product between one state, territory,
possession or the District of Columbia, and another
state, territory, possession or the District of
Columbia, or the sale, use or manufacture of any
product in more than one state, territory, possession
or District of Columbia. The entry points for which
a product is introduced into interstate commerce
are the release of a product from the facility in
which the product was manufactured, the entry into
a warehouse from which the domestic manufacturer
releases the product for sale or distribution, and at
the site of United States Customs clearance.
14 As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ‘‘end-use’’ means
processes or classes of specific applications within
major industrial sectors where a substitute is used
to replace an ODS.
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demonstrate that no other acceptable
substitutes are available for the specific
application by conducting
comprehensive studies. A person using
a substitute that is acceptable subject to
narrowed use limits in applications and
end-uses that are not consistent with the
narrowed use limit is using the
substitute in an unacceptable manner
and is in violation of section 612 of the
CAA and EPA’s SNAP regulations.
The Agency publishes its SNAP
program decisions in the Federal
Register (FR). EPA publishes decisions
concerning substitutes that are deemed
acceptable subject to use restrictions
(use conditions and/or narrowed use
limits), or substitutes deemed
unacceptable, as proposed rulemakings
to provide the public with an
opportunity to comment, before
publishing final decisions.
In contrast, EPA publishes decisions
concerning substitutes that are deemed
acceptable with no restrictions in
‘‘notices of acceptability’’ or
‘‘determinations of acceptability,’’ rather
than as proposed and final rules. As
described in the March 18, 1994, rule
initially implementing the SNAP
program, EPA does not believe that
rulemaking procedures are necessary to
list alternatives that are acceptable
without restrictions because such
listings neither impose any sanction nor
prevent anyone from using a substitute.
Many SNAP listings include
‘‘Comments’’ or ‘‘Further Information’’
to provide additional information on
substitutes. Since this additional
information is not part of the regulatory
decision, these statements are not
binding for use of the substitute under
the SNAP program. However, regulatory
requirements so listed are binding under
other regulatory programs (e.g., worker
protection regulations promulgated by
the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)). The ‘‘Further
Information’’ classification does not
necessarily include all other legal
obligations pertaining to the use of the
substitute. While the items listed are not
legally binding under the SNAP
program, EPA encourages users of
substitutes to apply all statements in the
‘‘Further Information’’ column in their
use of these substitutes. In many
instances, the information simply refers
to sound operating practices that have
already been identified in existing
industry and/or building codes or
standards. Thus many of the statements,
if adopted, would not require the
affected user to make significant
changes in existing operating practices.
D. Additional Information About the
SNAP Program
For copies of the comprehensive
SNAP lists of substitutes or additional
information on SNAP, refer to EPA’s
Ozone Depletion Web site at: https://
www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/.
For more information on the Agency’s
process for administering the SNAP
program or criteria for evaluation of
substitutes, refer to the March 18, 1994,
SNAP final rulemaking (59 FR 13044),
codified at 40 CFR part 82, subpart G.
A complete chronology of SNAP
decisions and the appropriate citations
is found at: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/
snap/chron.html.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82
Environmental protection,
Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: September 27, 2011.
Elizabeth Craig,
Acting Director, Office of Atmospheric
Programs.
Appendix A: Summary of Acceptable
Decisions
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
End-Use
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Centrifugal chillers (retrofit only) .....
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–11, CFC–12, CFC–114,
R–500, HCFC–22 and HCFC
blends, including those containing
HCFC–22
and/or
HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12,
R–500,
R–502,
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–11, CFC–12, CFC–113,
CFC–114, R–13B1, R–500, R–
502, HCFC–22 and HCFC
blends, including those containing
HCFC–22
and/or
HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12,
R–500,
R–502,
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Acceptable ........
The American Industrial Hygiene Association
(AIHA) has established workplace environmental
exposure limits (WEELs) of 1,000 ppm over an
8-hour time-weighted average for each of R–
407F’s individual components.
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Reciprocating and screw chillers
(retrofit only).
Industrial process refrigeration (retrofit only).
Industrial process refrigeration (retrofit and new).
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
Ice skating rinks (retrofit only) .........
Ice skating rinks (retrofit and new)
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Acceptable ........
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over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 192 / Tuesday, October 4, 2011 / Rules and Regulations
61277
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING—Continued
End-Use
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Industrial process air conditioning
(retrofit and new).
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12,
R–500,
R–502,
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12,
R–500,
R–502,
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12,
R–500,
R–502,
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12,
R–500,
R–502,
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12,
R–500,
R–502,
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12, R–500, HCFC–22
and HCFC blends, including
those containing HCFC–22
and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for
HCFC–22 and HCFC blends,
including
those
containing
HCFC–22 and/or HCFC–142b.
Hot Shot 2 as a substitute for
CFC–12, R–502, HCFC–22
and HCFC blends, including
those containing HCFC–22
and/or HCFC–142b.
R–407F as a substitute for CFC–
12, R–502, HCFC–22 and
HCFC blends, including those
containing HCFC–22 and/or
HCFC–142b.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Acceptable ........
The manufacturer has an acceptable exposure
limit of 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted
average for Hot Shot 2.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–407F’s individual components.
Cold storage warehouses (retrofit
only).
Cold storage warehouses (retrofit
and new).
Refrigerated transport (retrofit only)
Refrigerated transport (retrofit and
new).
Retail food
only).
refrigeration
(retrofit
Retail food refrigeration (retrofit and
new).
Vending machines (retrofit only) .....
Commercial ice machines (retrofit
only).
Commercial ice machines (retrofit
and new).
Residential
only).
dehumidifiers
(retrofit
Household refrigerators and freezers (retrofit and new).
Motor vehicle air conditioning (retrofit and new-bus and passenger
trains only).
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
Household and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps (retrofit only).
Household and light commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps (retrofit and new).
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 192 / Tuesday, October 4, 2011 / Rules and Regulations
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING—Continued
End-Use
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1
Very low temperature refrigeration
(retrofit).
R–507A as a substitute for R–
13B1.
Acceptable ........
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for each
of R–507A’s individual components.
1 Users
should observe recommendations in the manufacturer’s MSDS and guidance for all listed refrigerants.
SOLVENT CLEANING
End-Uses
Substitute
Decision
Further information
Metals cleaning ...............................
Acceptable ........
PFBI has an ODP of less than 0.005 and a 100year global warming potential of less than 5. Its
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number
(CAS Reg. No.) is 423–39–2.
Electronics cleaning ........................
Perfluorobutyl iodide (PFBI) as a
substitute for CFC–113, methyl
chloroform, and HCFC–225ca,
HCFC–225cb,
and
blends
thereof.
.......................................................
...........................
Precision cleaning ...........................
.......................................................
...........................
EPA recommends an acceptable exposure limit of
375 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted average
for PFBI.
Observe recommendations in the manufacturer’s
MSDS and guidance for using this substitute,
particularly with respect to disposal considerations. EPA recommends that spent solvent is
collected for reclamation or incineration, materials that contain or contaminated with solvents
are incinerated, and that solvent-contaminated
wastewater is sent to a wastewater treatment facility to prevent the solvent from entering waterways.
PFBI is currently defined as a volatile organic compound (VOC) under CAA regulations (see 40
CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) to attain and
maintain the national ambient air quality standards.
FIRE SUPPRESSION
End-Use
Substitute
Decision
Further information 1 2
Total flooding systems (occupied
and unoccupied areas).
Firebane® 1179 as a substitute
for halon 1301.
Acceptable ........
N2 Towers® System as a substitute for halon 1301.
Acceptable ........
Firebane® All-Weather 1115 and
Firebane® 1115 as substitutes
for halon 1211.
Firebane® 1170 and Firebane®
1179 as substitutes for halon
1211.
Acceptable ........
EPA recommends that use of this system should
be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
MSDS.
EPA recommends that use of this system should
be in accordance with the safe exposure guidelines for inert gas systems in the latest edition of
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, specifically the requirements
for residual oxygen levels, and use should be in
accordance with the NFPA Standard 2010 for
Aerosol Extinguishing Systems.
EPA recommends that use of these systems be in
accordance with the latest edition of NFPA 10
Standard for Portable Extinguishers.
EPA recommends that use of these systems be in
accordance with the latest edition of NFPA 10
Standard for Portable Extinguishers.
Streaming agents ............................
Acceptable ........
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
1 EPA recommends that users consult Section VIII of the OSHA Technical Manual for information on selecting the appropriate types of personal protective equipment for all listed fire suppression agents. EPA has no intention of duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the
use of personal protective equipment (e.g., respiratory protection), fire protection, hazard communication, worker training or any other occupational safety and health standard with respect to halon substitutes.
2 Use of all listed fire suppression agents should conform to relevant OSHA requirements, including 29 CFR part 1910, subpart L, sections
1910.160 and 1910.162.
[FR Doc. 2011–25391 Filed 10–3–11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 192 / Tuesday, October 4, 2011 / Rules and Regulations
Division, Wireline Competition Bureau,
at lynne.engledow@fcc.gov.
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
SECURITY
44 CFR Part 67
[Docket ID FEMA–2011–0002]
Final Flood Elevation Determinations
Correction
In rule document 2011–15507,
beginning on page 36373, in the issue of
Wednesday June 22, 2011, make the
following corrections:
§ 67.11
[Corrected]
1. On page 36379, in the first column
of the table for Clinton County, Iowa,
‘‘Unincorporated Areas of Clinton
County’’ should not have appeared.
2. On the same page, in the first
column of the table for Muscatine
County, Iowa, ‘‘Unincorporated Areas of
Muscatine County, Iowa’’ should not
have appeared.
[FR Doc. C1–2011–15507 Filed 10–3–11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 1505–01–D
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS
COMMISSION
47 CFR Parts 32, 52, 61, 64, and 69
Communications Common Carriers,
Reporting and Recordkeeping
Requirements, Telephone,
Telecommunications, Uniform System
of Accounts
Federal Communications
Commission.
ACTION: Final rule; announcement of
effective date.
AGENCY:
This document announces the
approval of the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) for information
collection requirements in the sections
outlined in the DATES section.
DATES: Effective October 4, 2011, the
following regulations have been
approved by OMB:
32.2000—64 FR 50007, September 15,
1999.
52.33—63 FR 35161, June 29, 1998.
52.33(a)(3)—67 FR 40620, June 13,
2002.
61.38(b)(4)—69 FR 25336, May 6,
2004.
61.41(c), (d) and (e)—69 FR 25336,
May 6, 2004.
64.5001—71 FR 43673, August 2,
2006.
69.123—69 FR 25336, May 6, 2004.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Lynne Hewitt Engledow, Pricing Policy
sroberts on DSK5SPTVN1PROD with RULES
SUMMARY:
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On June
23 2000, OMB approved the information
collection requirements contained in
§ 32.2000 of title 47 of the United States
Code as a revision to OMB Control
Number 3060–0370.
On September 12, 2000, OMB
approved the information collection
requirements contained in § 52.33 of
title 47 of the United States Code as a
revision to OMB Control Number 3060–
0370.
On October 22, 2002 OMB approved
the information collection requirements
contained in § 52.33(a)(3) of title 47 of
the United States Code as a revision to
OMB Control Number 3060–0742.
On May 25, 2005, OMB approved the
information collection requirements
contained in §§ 61.38(b)(4), 61.41(c), (d)
and (e) and 69.123 of title 47 of the
United States Code as a revision to OMB
Control Number 3060–0298.
On February 5, 2007, OMB approved
the information collection requirements
contained in § 64.5001 of title 47 of the
United States Code as a new collection,
OMB Control Number 3060–1096. These
information collection requirements
required OMB approval to become
effective. The Commission publishes
this document as an announcement of
those approvals. If you have any
comments on the burden estimates
listed below, or how the Commission
can improve the collections and reduce
any burdens caused thereby, please
contact Thomas Butler, Federal
Communications Commission, Room 5–
C458, 445 12th Street, SW., Washington,
DC 20554. Please include the OMB
Control Numbers, 3060–0370, 3060–
0742, 3060–0298, and 3060–1096 in
your correspondence. The Commission
will also accept your comments via the
Internet if you send them to
PRA@fcc.gov.
To request materials in accessible
formats for people with disabilities
(Braille, large print, electronic files,
audio format), send an e-mail to
fcc504@fcc.gov or call the Consumer &
Governmental Affairs Bureau at (202)
418–0530 (voice, (202) 419–0432 (TTY).
Synopsis: As required by the
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3507), the FCC is notifying the
public that it received OMB approval for
the information collection requirements
described above. The OMB Control
Numbers are 3060–0370, 3060–0742,
3060–0298 and 3060–1096. The total
annual reporting burden for respondents
for these collections of information,
including the time for gathering and
maintaining the collection of
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Federal Emergency Management
Agency
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61279
information, has been most recently
approved to be:
For 3060–0370: 859 responses, for a
total of 859 hours, and no annual costs.
For 3060–0742: 10,001,890 responses,
for a total of 672,516 hours and
$13,423,321 in annual costs.
For 3060–0298: 1,160 responses, for a
total annual burden of 58,000 hours,
and $945,400 in annual costs.
For 3060–1096: 1,896 responses, for a
total of 15,800 hours, and no annual
costs.
An agency may not conduct or
sponsor a collection of information
unless it displays a current valid OMB
Control Number. No person shall be
subject to any penalty for failing to
comply with a collection of information
subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act,
which does not display a current, valid
OMB Control Number. The foregoing
notice is required by the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104–
13, October 1, 1995, and 44 U.S.C. 3507.
List of Subjects in 47 CFR Parts 32, 52,
61, 64, and 69
Communications common carriers,
reporting and Recordkeeping
requirements, Telephone,
Telecommunications, Uniform system
of accounts.
Federal Communications Commission.
Marlene H. Dortch,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2011–25586 Filed 10–3–11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6712–01–P
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Defense Acquisition Regulations
System
48 CFR Parts 212, 247, and 252
RIN 0750–AG25
Defense Federal Acquisition
Regulation Supplement; Defense
Cargo Riding Gang Member (DFARS
Case 2007–D002)
Defense Acquisition
Regulations System, Department of
Defense (DoD).
AGENCY:
ACTION:
Final rule.
DoD is adopting as final, with
changes, an interim rule amending the
Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation
Supplement (DFARS) to implement
section 3504 of the National Defense
SUMMARY:
E:\FR\FM\04OCR1.SGM
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]]>Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 192 (Tuesday, October 4, 2011)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 61269-61279]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-25391]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 82
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118; FRL-9474-4]
RIN 2060-AG12
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: acceptability Determination 26
for Significant New Alternatives Policy Program
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Determination of acceptability.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: This Determination of Acceptability expands the list of
acceptable substitutes for ozone-depleting substances under the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Significant New Alternatives
Policy (SNAP) program. The determinations concern new substitutes for
use in the refrigeration and air conditioning, solvent cleaning and
fire suppression sectors.
DATES: This determination is effective on October 4, 2011.
ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID
No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 (continuation of Air Docket A-91-42). All
electronic documents in the docket are listed in the index at https://www.regulations.gov. Although listed in the index, some information is
not publicly available, i.e., Confidential Business Information (CBI)
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically
at https://www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the EPA Air Docket
(No. A-91-42), EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave.,
NW., Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to
4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The
telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the
telephone number for the Air Docket is (202) 566-1742.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Margaret Sheppard by telephone at
(202) 343-9163, by facsimile at (202) 343-2338, by e-mail at
sheppard.margaret@epa.gov, or by mail at U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Mail Code 6205J, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC
20460. Overnight or courier deliveries should be sent to the office
location at 1310 L Street, NW., 10th floor, Washington, DC 20005.
For more information on the Agency's process for administering the
SNAP program or criteria for evaluation of substitutes, refer to the
original SNAP rulemaking published in the Federal Register on March 18,
1994 (59 FR 13044). Notices and rulemakings under the SNAP program, as
well as other EPA publications on protection of stratospheric ozone,
are available at EPA's Ozone Depletion World Wide Web site at https://www.epa.gov/ozone/ including the SNAP portion at https://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
B. Solvent Cleaning
C. Fire Suppression
II. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements and Authority for the SNAP Program
B. EPA's Regulations Implementing Section 612
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP Program Work
D. Additional Information About the SNAP Program
Appendix A--Summary of Decisions for New Acceptable Substitutes
I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
This section presents EPA's most recent acceptable listing
decisions for substitutes in the refrigeration and air conditioning,
solvent cleaning, and fire suppression sectors. For copies of the full
list of ozone-depleting substance (ODS) substitutes in all industrial
sectors, visit EPA's Ozone Layer Protection Web site at https://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/lists/.
The sections below discuss each substitute listing in detail.
Appendix A contains a table summarizing today's listing decisions for
new substitutes. The statements in the ``Further Information'' column
in the table provide additional information, but are not legally
binding under section 612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In addition, the
``further information'' may not be a comprehensive list of other legal
obligations you may need to meet when using the substitute. Although
you are not required to follow recommendations in the ``further
information'' column of the table to use a substitute consistent with
section 612 of the CAA, EPA strongly encourages you to apply the
information when using these substitutes. In many instances, the
information simply refers to standard operating practices in existing
industry and/or building-code standards. However, some of these
statements may refer to obligations that are enforceable or binding
under federal or state programs other than the SNAP program. Many of
these statements, if adopted, would not require significant changes to
existing operating practices.
You can find submissions to EPA for the use of the substitutes
listed in this document and other materials supporting the decisions in
this action in docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 at https://www.regulations.gov.
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1. Hot Shot 2
EPA's decision: EPA finds Hot Shot 2 is acceptable as a substitute
for CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113, CFC-114, R-13B1, R-500, R-502, HCFC-22 and
HCFC blends, including those containing HCFC-22 and/or HCFC-142b, for
use in retrofit equipment in:
Centrifugal chillers
Reciprocating and screw chillers
Industrial process refrigeration
Ice skating rinks
Cold storage warehouses
[[Page 61270]]
Refrigerated transport
Retail food refrigeration
Vending machines
Commercial ice machines
Residential dehumidifiers
Household and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps
Hot Shot 2 is a blend by weight of 79.3 percent HFC-134a, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2), 19.5
percent HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6), and 1.7 percent R-600, which is also known as
n-butane (CAS Reg. No. 106-97-8). You may find the submission under
Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0271 at https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: Hot Shot 2 has no ozone depletion
potential (ODP). Its components (HFC-134a, HFC-125, and R-600) have
100-year integrated (100-yr) global warming potentials (GWPs) of
1,430,\1\ 3,500, and 4 respectively. If these values are weighted by
mass percentage, then Hot Shot 2 has a GWP of about 1,820. Of the three
components of Hot Shot 2, R-600 is defined as a volatile organic
compound (VOC) under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing
the development of State Implementation Plans (SIPs) to attain and
maintain the national ambient air quality standards. The emissions of
this refrigerant will be limited given it is subject to the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA and EPA's implementing
regulations codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).\2\ Considering the small
expected emissions of this refrigerant and particularly of the VOC
component, use of Hot Shot 2 is not expected to pose any significant
adverse impacts on local air quality.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Unless otherwise stated, all GWPs in this document are from:
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon, S., D. Qin,
M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L.
Miller (eds.)). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. This document is accessible at https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html.
\2\ For more information, including definitions, see 40 CFR part
82 subpart F.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flammability information: While the component R-600, isobutane, is
a hydrocarbon that is flammable, Hot Shot 2 as formulated and in the
worst-case fractionation formulation is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that Hot Shot 2 will be used consistent with the
recommendations specified in the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
for the blend and for the individual components. For the blend, the
manufacturer recommends an acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 1000 ppm
on an 8-hour time-weighted average. For both HFC-134a and HFC-125, the
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) recommends workplace
environmental exposure limits (WEELs) of 1000 ppm on an 8-hour time-
weighted average. Similarly, for R-600 the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established a threshold
limit value (TLV) of 1,000 ppm on an 8-hour time-weighted average. The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has a
recommended exposure limit (REL) of 800 ppm for R-600 on a 10-hour
time-weighted average. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet
workplace exposure limits (WEELs, TLVs, RELs and manufacturer AELs) and
address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the MSDS and other safety precautions common to the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other refrigerants: Hot Shot 2 is not ozone-depleting
in contrast to CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113, CFC-114 (with ODPs ranging from
0.58 to 1.0 \3\), R-13B1 (with an ODP of 15.9), HCFC-22 (with an ODP of
0.04), R-500 (with an ODP of 0.074) and R-502 (with an ODP of 0.334),
the ozone-depleting substances which it replaces, and comparable to a
number of other acceptable non-ozone-depleting substitutes for these
end uses such as HFC-134a, R-410A, and R-404A. Hot Shot 2's GWP of
about 1,820 is lower than or comparable to those of the substances it
is replacing, including CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113, CFC-114, R-13B1, R-
500, R-502, and HCFC-22, with GWPs ranging from 1,810 to 10,900.
Furthermore, the GWP of Hot Shot 2 is lower than or comparable to that
of other non-ozone-depleting substitutes in the same refrigeration and
air conditioning end uses for which we are finding it acceptable, such
as HFC-134a with a GWP of 1,430, R-410A with a GWP of 2,100 and R-404A
with a GWP of 3,930. Flammability and toxicity risks are low, as
discussed above. Thus, EPA finds Hot Shot 2 acceptable in the end uses
listed above because the overall environmental and human health risk
posed by Hot Shot 2 is lower than or comparable to the risks posed by
other substitutes found acceptable in the same end uses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ Unless otherwise stated, all ODPs in this document are from:
WMO (World Meteorological Organization), Scientific Assessment of
Ozone Depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-
Report No. 52, 516 pp., Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. This document is
accessible at https://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/SAP/Scientific_Assessment_2010/index.shtml.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. R-407F
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-407F is acceptable as a substitute for
HCFC-22 and HCFC blends, including those containing HCFC-22 and/or
HCFC-142b, for use in new and retrofit equipment in:
Industrial process refrigeration
Ice skating rinks
Industrial process air conditioning
Cold storage warehouses
Refrigerated transport
Retail food refrigeration
Commercial ice machines
Household refrigerators and freezers
Motor vehicle air conditioning (buses and passenger trains
only)
Household and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps
R-407F, marketed under the trade name Genetron[supreg] LT or
Genetron[supreg] PerformaxTM LT, is a weighted blend of 30
percent HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No.
75-10-5), 30 percent HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6), and 40 percent HFC-134a,
which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
2). You may find the submission under Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-
0264 at https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: R-407F has no ODP. HFC-32, HFC-125, and
HFC-134a have GWPs of 675, 3500, and 1430, respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-407F has a GWP of about
1,820. The contribution of this refrigerant blend to greenhouse gas
emissions will be limited given it is subject to the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA and EPA's implementing
regulations codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1), which limit emissions of
refrigerant substitutes.
R-407F does not contain any VOCs as defined under CAA regulations
(see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the national ambient air quality standards.
[[Page 61271]]
Flammability information: While the component HFC-32 is moderately
flammable, R-407F as formulated and in the worst-case fractionation
formulation is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
The AIHA has established WEELs of 1000 ppm on an 8-hour time-
weighted average for each of the components of R-407F. The manufacturer
also recommends an AEL of 1000 ppm on an 8-hour time-weighted average
for each of the R-407F components. EPA anticipates that users will be
able to meet AIHA's WEELs and the manufacturer's recommended AELs and
address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the MSDS and other safety precautions common to the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to other refrigerants: R-407F is not ozone-depleting in
contrast to HCFC-22 (with an ODP of 0.04) and HCFC-142b (with an ODP of
0.06), the ozone-depleting substances which it replaces, and comparable
to a number of other acceptable non-ozone-depleting substitutes in
these end uses (e.g., R-410A and R-404A). R-407F's GWP of about 1,820
is comparable to that of HCFC-22 with a GWP of 1,810 and lower than or
comparable to that of other non-ozone-depleting substitutes for HCFC-22
in the same refrigeration and air conditioning end uses, such as R-410A
with a GWP of 2,100 and R-404A with a GWP of 3,930. Flammability and
toxicity risks are low, as discussed above. Thus, EPA finds R-407F
acceptable in the end uses listed above because the overall
environmental and human health risk posed by R-407F is lower than or
comparable to the risks posed by other substitutes found acceptable in
the same end uses.
3. R-507A
EPA's decision: EPA finds R-507A is acceptable as a substitute for
R-13B1 for use in retrofit equipment in very low temperature
refrigeration.
R-507A, also known as R-507, is a blend of 50% by weight HFC-125
(1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane) and 50% by weight HFC-143a (1,1,1-
trifluoroethane). EPA previously listed R-507A as an acceptable
alternative for various CFCs (e.g., CFC-12) and CFC-containing blends
(e.g., R-500 and R-502) in several refrigeration and air conditioning
end uses and as an alternative for HCFC-22 and blends in the very low
temperature refrigeration end use. (March 18, 1994, 59 FR 13044; August
26, 1994, 59 FR 44240; January 13, 1995, 60 FR 3318; September 5, 1996,
61 FR 47012; December 20, 2002, 67 FR 77927). Today's decision finds R-
507A acceptable as a substitute for R-13B1 (also known as halon 1301)
in the very low temperature refrigeration end use.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ EPA received a test marketing notification for this use,
accessible under Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0266 at https://www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental information: The ODP of R-507A is zero. The GWPs of
HFC-125 and HFC-143a are about 3,400 and 4,300, respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-507A has a GWP of 3,850.
The contribution of this refrigerant blend to greenhouse gas emissions
will be limited given it is subject to the venting prohibition under
section 608(c)(2) of the CAA and EPA's implementing regulations
codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1), which limit emissions of refrigerant
substitutes.
R-507A does not contain any VOCs as defined under CAA regulations
(see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the national ambient air quality standards.
Flammability Information: While the component HFC-143a is
moderately flammable, R-507A as formulated and in the worst-case
fractionation formulation is not flammable.
Toxicity and Exposure Data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, or loss of
consciousness. The substitute may also irritate the skin or eyes or
cause frostbite. At sufficiently high concentrations, the substitute
may cause irregular heartbeat or rapid heartbeat. The substitute could
cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a confined space.
These potential health effects are common to many refrigerants.
EPA anticipates that R-507A will be used consistent with the
recommendations specified in the MSDSs for the blend and the individual
components. All components of the blend have WEELs of 1,000 ppm, as
established by AIHA. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet
AIHA's WEELs and address potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in the MSDS and other safety
precautions common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
Comparison to Other Refrigerants: R-507A is not ozone-depleting, in
contrast to R-13B1 (with an ODP of 15.9), the ozone-depleting substance
which it replaces, and in contrast to NARM-502 and R-403B, substitutes
for this end use that contain HCFC-22 with an ODP of 0.04. R-507A's GWP
of about 3,850 is well below that of R-13B1 with a GWP of 7,140 and
lower than or comparable to that of other non-ozone-depleting
substitutes for R-13B1 in the very low temperature refrigeration end
use, such as R-508A with a GWP of 13,200, NARM-502 with a GWP of 2,380,
and R-403B with a GWP of 1,500. Flammability and toxicity risks are
low, as discussed above. Thus, EPA finds R-507A acceptable in the very
low temperature refrigeration end use for retrofit equipment because
the overall environmental and human health risk posed by R-507A is
lower than or comparable to the risks posed by other substitutes found
acceptable in the same end use.
B. Solvent Cleaning
1. Perfluorobutyl Iodide (PFBI)
EPA's decision: EPA finds perfluorobutyl iodide (PFBI) is
acceptable as a substitute for CFC-113, methyl chloroform, and HCFC-
225ca, HCFC-225cb, and blends thereof for use in:
Metal cleaning.
Electronics cleaning.
Precision cleaning.
PFBI is also known as 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-iodo-butane
(CAS Reg. No. 423-39-2). This substitute was submitted to EPA under the
trade name Capstone[supreg] 4-I as a fluorinated iodide mixture
containing greater than 99 percent PFBI. You may find the submission
under Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0269 at https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: PFBI has an ODP of less than 0.005. PFBI
has a GWP of less than 5 relative to CO2 and an atmospheric
lifetime of a few days \5\. PFBI is currently defined as a VOC under
Clean Air Act regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and maintain the national ambient air
quality standards. Many States currently, in particular those with
areas that are violating the ozone NAAQS,
[[Page 61272]]
have regulations governing the VOC content of solvents.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ ODP, GWP and atmospheric lifetime for PFBI are from
information provided in the submission under Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-
2003-0118-0269 at https://www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Some evidence shows that the substitute can cause aquatic toxicity,
with an LC50\6\ of 2 mg/l in a 96-hour test on fathead
minnows under laboratory conditions. Due to PFBI's low solubility in
water, high vapor pressure and high volatility, it is not likely to
accumulate in surface water at concentrations high enough to be toxic
to fish \7\. To address the potential for toxicity to fish, the EPA
recommends that users follow recommendations in the manufacturer's
MSDS, including:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\ LC50 is defined as the concentration at which 50%
of the test animals die.
\7\ For more information see the risk screen for PFBI provided
in the Docket at https://www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Collect the spent solvent for reclamation or incineration;
Incinerate materials that contain or are contaminated with
the solvent;
Send solvent-contaminated wastewater to a wastewater
treatment facility to prevent the solvent from entering waterways; and
Do not dispose of the solvent by releasing it into
waterways.
EPA anticipates that PFBI will be disposed of consistent with
regulations pertaining to the definition of hazardous waste under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as well as with the
recommendations above.
Flammability information: PFBI is not flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include cough, shortness of breath, central nervous system
depression, dizziness, confusion, incoordination, drowsiness, or
unconsciousness. The substitute may also irritate the skin or eyes. At
sufficiently high concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular
heartbeat or fluid in the lungs. These potential health effects are
common to many solvents.
EPA anticipates that PFBI will be used consistent with the
recommendations specified in the manufacturer's MSDS. EPA and the
manufacturer both recommend an acceptable exposure limit of 375 ppm
over an 8-hour time-weighted average for PFBI. Users should be aware of
additional exposure limits that may be associated with byproducts in
PFBI solutions, such as iodine. EPA anticipates that users will be able
to meet the workplace exposure limits (manufacturer AEL and EPA
recommendation) and address potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in the MSDSs and other safety
precautions common in the solvent cleaning industry.
Comparison to other solvents: PFBI's ODP of less than 0.005 is
below that of CFC-113 (with an ODP of 0.85) and lower than or
comparable to that of other substitutes for CFC-113 in metals,
electronics, and precision cleaning such as HCFC-225ca with an ODP of
0.02, HCFC-225cb with an ODP of 0.03, and HFE-7100 with an ODP of zero.
PFBI's GWP of less than 5 is well below that of CFC-113 with a GWP of
6,130 and is lower than that of other substitutes for CFC-113 in the
listed end uses, such as HCFC-225ca with a GWP of 1,220, HCFC-225cb
with a GWP of 595, and HFE-7100 with a GWP of 297. PFBI has a lower
LC50 for fish than some other acceptable solvents in these
end uses (e.g., 7280 to 8120 mg/l for acetone \8\, 40.7 to 66.8 mg/l
for trichloroethylene,\9\ and greater than 7.9 mg/l for HFE-7100 \10\)
and an LC50 higher than for some other acceptable
substitutes (e.g., 0.7 mg/l for d-limonene \11\). EPA expects that
following the disposal recommendations in the manufacturer's MSDS can
sufficiently address this risk. Flammability and toxicity risks are
low, as discussed above. Thus, EPA finds PFBI acceptable in the end
uses listed above because the overall risk to human health and the
environment posed by PFBI is lower than or comparable to the risks
posed by other substitutes found acceptable in the same end uses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ Fisher Scientific, 2001. Material Safety Data Sheet for
acetone. Updated March 19, 2001. Available at https://www.mhatt.aps.anl.gov/dohn/msds/acetone.html.
\9\ NPS, 1997. Irwin, R.J., M. VanMouwerik, L. Stevens, M.S.
Seese, and W. Basham. 1997. Environmental Contaminants Encyclopedia.
National Park Service, Water Resources Division, Fort Collins,
Colorado.
\10\ Material Safety Data Sheet for 3M\TM\ Novec\TM\ 7100
Engineered Fluid. March 17, 2011. Downloaded from https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xl8mBm8mePv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--on August 10, 2011. HFE-
7100's LC50 for fish (fathead minnow) is reported as being greater
than its saturation concentration in water.
\11\ Toxicity of eight terpenes to fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas), daphnids (Daphnia magna), and algae (Selenastrum
capricornutum). AScI Corporation and U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth. 1990.
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C. Fire Suppression
1. Firebane[supreg] All-Weather 1115 and Firebane[supreg] 1115
EPA's decision: EPA finds Firebane[supreg] All-Weather 1115 and
Firebane[supreg] 1115 acceptable as substitutes for halon 1211 for use
as streaming agents.
Because the formulations of Firebane[supreg] All-Weather 1115 and
Firebane[supreg] 1115 are very similar and share the same human health
and environmental risks, we are listing them together and, hereinafter,
collectively referring to them as ``both Firebane[supreg] 1115
formulations.'' The manufacturer of both Firebane[supreg] 1115
formulations has claimed their composition as CBI. You may find the
submissions under Docket items EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0255 and EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0118-0256 at https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: Both Firebane[supreg] 1115 formulations
have zero ODP and zero GWP. Therefore, both Firebane[supreg] 1115
formulations are not expected to pose any significant adverse impacts
on the ozone layer or climate.
In the case of both Firebane[supreg] 1115 formulations, it is
expected that all of the constituents would rapidly aerosolize during
expulsion from the container and then settle as a liquid on surfaces.
After settling, cleanup would involve washing or rinsing of surfaces.
The substitutes are readily biodegradable and have an exceptionally low
biological oxygen demand \12\ (BOD) level for wastewater and low
chemical oxygen demand. Discharge of either Firebane[supreg] 1115
formulation is, therefore, not expected to contribute to surface water
contamination or generation of solid waste.
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\12\ BOD is the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms as
they decompose organic materials in water.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Of the constituents of both Firebane 1115[supreg] formulations,
only one has not been exempted as a VOC under the CAA (40 CFR
51.100(s)). Potential emissions of VOCs from the use of substitutes for
halons in the fire extinguishing and explosion prevention sector are
likely to be insignificant relative to VOCs from all other sources
(i.e., other industries, mobile sources, and biogenic sources). Even at
full market penetration, and given typical annual emission rates for
halon substitute fire suppressants, estimated annual VOC emissions from
both formulations of Firebane[supreg] 1115 are not expected to pose any
significant adverse impacts on local air quality.
Flammability information: Both Firebane[supreg] 1115 formulations
are non-flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The majority of the constituents of the
Firebane[supreg] 1115 formulations are classified by the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) as ``Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)''
compounds, and the remaining constituents are FDA-approved for use as
direct and/or indirect food additives. These compounds are commonly
used in food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic applications. Individual
constituents may cause gastrointestinal discomfort (if
[[Page 61273]]
excessively ingested), or minor irritation to the eyes, skin, and/or
respiratory tract.
Given the low toxicity of its constituents, both formulations of
Firebane[supreg] 1115 are not expected to pose a significant risk to
personnel during manufacture, installation and maintenance. To minimize
worker exposure to any chemicals during manufacture, installation, and
maintenance through an accidental release or spill, EPA recommends the
following:
Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) be used during
handling of the substitute (e.g., goggles, gloves);
Adequate ventilation should be in place;
All spills should be cleaned up immediately in accordance
with good industrial hygiene practices;
Training for safe handling procedures should be provided
to all employees that would be likely to handle containers of or
extinguishing units filled with Firebane[supreg] 1115 or
Firebane[supreg] All-Weather 1115; and
In case of an inadvertent discharge, workers should
immediately follow the instructions listed in the manufacturer's MSDS.
The above recommendations are all contained in the manufacturers's
MSDS. EPA also recommends that use of these systems should be in
accordance with the latest edition of NFPA 10 Standard for Portable
Extinguishers.
Firebane[supreg] 1115 and Firebane[supreg] All-Weather 1115 are not
expected to cause significant harm to human health when used as
streaming agents in portable fire extinguishers. As described above,
the constituents of both Firebane[supreg] 1115 formulations are
composed of compounds with low toxicity. Their use as streaming agents
is not expected to pose any significant adverse health effects when the
recommended safety precautions are followed.
Comparison to other fire suppressants: Both Firebane[supreg] 1115
formulations have zero ODP and GWP in contrast to halon 1211 (with an
ODP of 7.1 and a GWP of 1,890), the ODS which they replace. Compared to
other substitutes for halon 1211, such as HCFC Blend B (with ODP of
roughly 0.01 and GWP of roughly 80), HFC-227ea (with ODP of 0 and GWP
of 3,220), and HFC-236fa (with an ODP of 0 and GWP of 9,810), both
Firebane[supreg] 1115 formulations have less impact on the atmosphere.
Toxicity risks are low, as discussed above. Thus, we find that
Firebane[supreg] 1115 and Firebane[supreg] All-Weather 1115 are
acceptable because the overall environmental and human health risk
posed by Firebane[supreg] 1115 and Firebane[supreg] All-Weather 1115 is
lower than or comparable to the risks posed by other substitutes found
acceptable in the same end use.
2. Firebane[supreg] 1170 and Firebane[supreg] 1179
EPA's decision: EPA finds Firebane[supreg] 1170 and
Firebane[supreg] 1179 acceptable as substitutes for halon 1211 for use
as streaming agents.
Because the formulations of Firebane[supreg] 1170 and
Firebane[supreg] 1179 are very similar and share the same human health
and environmental risks, they are being listed together and,
hereinafter, collectively referred to in this section as ``both
Firebane[supreg] formulations.'' The manufacturer of both
Firebane[supreg] formulations has claimed their composition as CBI. You
may find the submissions under Docket items EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0260
and EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0270 at https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: Both Firebane[supreg] formulations have
zero ODP and zero GWP. Therefore, both Firebane[supreg] formulations
are not expected to pose any significant adverse impacts on the ozone
layer or climate.
At manufacture, EPA believes that regulatory requirements on
industrial wastewater discharges are sufficient to prevent the unlikely
release of the substitute to surface water during the manufacturing
operations of both Firebane[supreg] formulations. Because of the BOD
level of these formulations, discharges of either Firebane[supreg]
formulation that result in release to waterways could result in
relatively high BOD in the waterways. However, neither Firebane[supreg]
formulation is expected to pose significant harm to the environment,
provided that proper disposal procedures are followed. As with the
majority of halon substitutes, their physicochemical properties make it
unlikely that the substitutes would be released to surface water.
During discharge, the constituents of both Firebane[supreg]
formulations would rapidly aerosolize during expulsion from the
container and then settle as a liquid on surfaces. After settling,
cleanup would involve washing or rinsing of surfaces. It is recommended
that discharges of either Firebane[supreg] formulation not be released
to waterways. Further, during cleanup, it is recommended that
discharges of either Firebane[supreg] formulation be collected (e.g.,
mopped) and sealed in containers and then disposed of in accordance
with local, state, and federal requirements and as specified in the
manufacturer's MSDS. The MSDS also specifies that training for safe
handling procedures be provided to all employees that would be likely
to dispose of either Firebane[supreg] formulation at cleanup. In
addition, the use of an extinguisher is expected to be infrequent
(i.e., in case of a fire emergency), and therefore discharges at end-
use would be infrequent. Therefore, EPA expects that following the safe
handling and disposal recommendations in the manufacturer's MSDS would
protect against significant harm to surface water during manufacture,
end-use or at cleanup.
Of the constituents of both Firebane[supreg] formulations, only one
has not been exempted as a VOC under the CAA (40 CFR 51.000). Potential
emissions of VOCs from the use of substitutes for halons in the fire
extinguishing and explosion prevention sector are likely to be
insignificant relative to VOCs from all other sources (i.e., other
industries, mobile sources, and biogenic sources). Even at full market
penetration, and given typically annual emission rates for halon
substitute fire suppressants, estimated annual VOC emissions from both
Firebane[supreg] formulations are not expected to pose any significant
adverse impact on local air quality.
Flammability information: Both Firebane[supreg] formulations are
non-flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The majority of the constituents of
both Firebane[supreg] formulations are composed of FDA-classified GRAS
compounds, and the remaining constituents are FDA-approved for use as
direct or indirect food additives. These compounds are commonly used in
food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic applications. Individual constituents
may cause gastrointestinal discomfort (if excessively ingested), or
minor irritation to the eyes, skin, and/or respiratory tract. Given the
low toxicity of their constituents, both Firebane[supreg] formulations
are not expected to pose a significant risk to personnel during
manufacture, installation and maintenance. To minimize worker exposure
to any chemicals during manufacture, installation, and maintenance
through an accidental release or spill, EPA recommends the following:
Proper Level C or higher PPE be used during handling of
the substitute (e.g., goggles, gloves);
Adequate ventilation should be in place;
All spills should be cleaned up immediately in accordance
with good industrial hygiene practices;
Training for safe handling procedures should be provided
to all employees that would be likely to
[[Page 61274]]
handle containers of or extinguishing units filled with
Firebane[supreg] 1170 or Firebane[supreg] 1179; and
In case of an inadvertent discharge, workers should
immediately follow the instructions listed in the MSDS for
Firebane[supreg] 1170 or for Firebane[supreg] 1179.
The above recommendations are all included in the manufacturer's MSDSs.
EPA also recommends that use of these systems should be in accordance
with the latest edition of NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Extinguishers.
Firebane[supreg] 1170 and Firebane[supreg] 1179 are not expected to
cause harm to human health when used as streaming agents in portable
fire extinguishers. EPA expects no significant adverse health effects
when the recommended safety precautions and normal industry practices
are applied and use of the substitutes is in accordance with the
manufacturer's MSDSs.
Comparison to other fire suppressants: Both Firebane[supreg] 1170
and Firebane[supreg] 1179 have zero ODP and GWP in contrast to halon
1211 (with an ODP of 7.1 and a GWP or 1,890), the ODS they replace.
Compared to other substitutes for halon 1211, such as HCFC Blend B
(with an ODP of roughly 0.01 and GWP of roughly 80), HFC-227ea (with an
ODP of 0 and GWP of 3,220), and HFC-236fa (with an ODP of 0 and GWP of
9,810), both Firebane[supreg] formulations have less impact on the
atmosphere. Toxicity risks are low, as discussed above. Thus, we find
that Firebane[supreg] 1170 and Firebane[supreg] 1179 are acceptable
because the overall environmental and human health risk posed by
Firebane[supreg] 1170 and Firebane[supreg] 1179 is lower than or
comparable to the risks posed by other substitutes found acceptable in
the same end use.
3. Firebane[supreg] 1179 Total Flooding
EPA's decision: EPA finds Firebane[supreg] 1179 acceptable as a
substitute for halon 1301 for total flooding uses in both occupied and
unoccupied areas.
The manufacturer of Firebane[supreg] 1179 has claimed its
composition as CBI. You may find the submission under Docket item EPA-
HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0270 at https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: Firebane[supreg] 1179 has zero ODP and
zero GWP. Firebane[supreg] 1179 is expected to aerosolize rapidly
during expulsion from the fire suppression system and then settle as a
liquid on surfaces. After settling, cleanup would involve washing or
rinsing of surfaces. See the listing for Firebane[supreg] 1179 above in
section C.2 for further information.
Flammability information: Firebane[supreg] 1179 is non-flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The majority of the constituents in the
Firebane[supreg] 1179 formulation are FDA-classified GRAS compounds,
and the remaining constituents are FDA-approved for use as direct or
indirect food additives. These compounds are commonly used in food,
pharmaceutical, or cosmetic applications. Individual constituents may
cause gastrointestinal discomfort (if excessively ingested), or minor
irritation to the eyes, skin, and/or respiratory tract. Given the low
toxicity of its constituents, EPA expects no significant adverse health
effects when the recommended safety precautions and normal industry
practices are applied and use of the substitute is in accordance with
the manufacturer's MSDS. See the listing for Firebane[supreg] 1179
above in section C.2 for further information.
Comparison to other fire suppressants: Firebane[supreg] 1179 has
zero ODP and GWP in contrast to halon 1301 (with an ODP of 16 and a GWP
of 7,140), the ozone-depleting substance which it replaces, and
comparable to other acceptable non-ozone-depleting substitutes (e.g.,
Inert Gas 541, HFC-227ea and HFC-125). Firebane[supreg] 1179's GWP is
comparable to or less than that for other non-ozone depleting
substitutes for halon 1301, such as Inert Gas 541, HFC-227ea or HFC-
125, with GWPs of less than 1, 3,220, and 3,500, respectively. Toxicity
risks are low, as discussed above. Thus, we find that Firebane[supreg]
1179 is acceptable because the overall environmental and human health
risk posed by Firebane[supreg] 1179 is lower than or comparable to the
risks posed by other substitutes found acceptable in the same end use.
4. N2 Towers Inert Gas Generator Fire Suppression System (N2
Towers[supreg] System)
EPA's decision: EPA finds the N2 Towers Inert Gas Generator Fire
Suppression System (N2 Towers[supreg] System) is acceptable as a
substitute for halon 1301 for total flooding uses in both occupied and
unoccupied areas.
The N2 Towers[supreg] System is a fire suppression system that
pyrotechnically generates nitrogen (N2, CAS Reg. No. 7727-
37-9). It is designed for use with Class A and B fires (ordinary
combustible materials fires and flammable liquids fires, respectively).
The N2 Towers[supreg] System is an inert gas system designed for total
flooding applications for fires in normally occupied or unoccupied
spaces. Each N2 generator unit contains a large number of
small propellant grain discs that generate nitrogen gas when activated.
Depending on the fire suppression requirement, several generators may
be stacked inside an N2 tower in a room, or a single
generator may be bracketed inside a vehicle. You may find the
submission under Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118-0253 at https://www.regulations.gov.
Environmental information: The constituents of the N2
Towers[supreg] System are solids before use and therefore have zero ODP
and zero GWP. Further, the ODP of each of the post-activation
constituents of the N2 Towers[supreg] System is zero, and the GWPs of
post-activation constituents are 1 or less.
The N2 Towers[supreg] System does not contain any VOCs as defined
under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development
of SIPs to attain and maintain the national ambient air quality
standards. Accordingly, use of the N2 Towers[supreg] System is not
expected to pose any significant adverse impacts on local air quality.
Flammability information: The N2 Towers[supreg] System generates
products that are non-flammable.
Toxicity and exposure data: The potential health risks of the N2
Towers[supreg] System come from its production of nitrogen gas, an
inert gas that at sufficiently high levels can cause asphyxiation. The
N2 Towers[supreg] System is designed to ensure that the oxygen
concentration in any protected space will not fall below 12 percent
over the 5-minute discharge period, consistent with the health criteria
in NFPA Standard 2001 for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. EPA
recommends that use of this system should be in accordance with the
safe exposure guidelines for inert gas systems in the latest edition of
NFPA 2001, specifically the requirements for residual oxygen levels,
and that use should be in accordance with the relevant operational
requirements in NFPA Standard 2010 for Aerosol Extinguishing Systems.
EPA also recommends that Section VIII of the OSHA Technical Manual be
consulted as well as all information from the manufacturer for
information on selecting the appropriate types of PPE to be worn by
personnel involved in the manufacture, installation, and maintenance of
the N2 Towers[supreg] System.
Comparison to other fire suppressants: The N2 Towers[supreg] System
is not ozone-depleting in contrast to halon 1301 (with an ODP of 16 and
a GWP of 7,140), the ODS which it replaces, and comparable to other
acceptable non-ozone-depleting substitutes (e.g., Inert Gas 541, HFC-
227ea and HFC-125). The GWPs of the
[[Page 61275]]
post-activation constituents of the N2 Towers[supreg] System range from
zero to three which are comparable to or less than the GWPs for other
non-ozone depleting substitutes for halon 1301, such as Inert Gas 541,
HFC-227ea or HFC-125, with GWPs of less than 1, 3,220, and 3,500,
respectively. Toxicity risks are low, as discussed above. Thus, we find
that the N2 Towers[supreg] System is acceptable because the overall
environmental and human health risk posed by the N2 Towers[supreg]
System is lower than or comparable to the risks posed by other
substitutes found acceptable in the same end use.
II. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements and Authority for the SNAP Program
Section 612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) requires EPA to develop a
program for evaluating alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. EPA
refers to this program as the Significant New Alternatives Policy
(SNAP) program. The major provisions of section 612 are:
1. Rulemaking
Section 612(c) requires EPA to promulgate rules making it unlawful
to replace any class I substance (i.e., chlorofluorocarbon, halon,
carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, methyl bromide, and
hydrobromofluorocarbon) or class II substance (i.e.,
hydrochlorofluorocarbon) with any substitute that the Administrator
determines may present adverse effects to human health or the
environment where the Administrator has identified an alternative that
(1) Reduces the overall risk to human health and the environment, and
(2) is currently or potentially available.
2. Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable Substitutes
Section 612(c) requires EPA to publish a list of the substitutes
unacceptable for specific uses and to publish a corresponding list of
acceptable alternatives for specific uses. The list of acceptable
substitutes may be found at https://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/lists/ and the lists of substitutes that are ``unacceptable,''
``acceptable subject to use conditions,'' and ``acceptable subject to
narrowed use limits'' are in subpart G of 40 CFR part 82.
3. Petition Process
Section 612(d) grants the right to any person to petition EPA to
add a substance to, or delete a substance from, the lists published in
accordance with section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days to grant or deny
a petition. Where the Agency grants the petition, EPA must publish the
revised lists within an additional six months.
4. 90-Day Notification
Section 612(e) directs EPA to require any person who produces a
chemical substitute for a class I substance to notify the Agency not
less than 90 days before new or existing chemicals are introduced into
interstate commerce for significant new uses as substitutes for a class
I substance. The producer must also provide the Agency with the
producer's unpublished health and safety studies on such substitutes.
5. Outreach
Section 612(b)(1) states that the Administrator shall seek to
maximize the use of federal research facilities and resources to assist
users of class I and II substances in identifying and developing
alternatives to the use of such substances in key commercial
applications.
6. Clearinghouse
Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency to set up a public
clearinghouse of alternative chemicals, product substitutes, and
alternative manufacturing processes that are available for products and
manufacturing processes which use class I and II substances.
B. EPA's Regulations Implementing Section 612
On March 18, 1994, EPA published the original rulemaking (59 FR
13044) which established the process for administering the SNAP program
and issued EPA's first lists identifying acceptable and unacceptable
substitutes in the major industrial use sectors (subpart G of 40 CFR
part 82). These sectors--refrigeration and air conditioning; foam
blowing; cleaning solvents; fire suppression and explosion protection;
sterilants; aerosols; adhesives, coatings and inks; and tobacco
expansion--are the principal industrial sectors that historically
consumed the largest volumes of ODS.
Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA to ensure that substitutes
found acceptable do not present a significantly greater risk to human
health and the environment than other substitutes that are currently or
potentially available.
C. How the Regulations for the SNAP Program Work
Under the SNAP regulations, anyone who plans to market or produce a
substitute to replace a class I substance or class II substance in one
of the eight major industrial use sectors must provide notice to the
Agency, including health and safety information on the substitute, at
least 90 days before introducing it into interstate commerce for
significant new use as an alternative. This requirement applies to the
persons planning to introduce the substitute into interstate
commerce,\13\ which typically are chemical manufacturers but may
include importers, formulators, equipment manufacturers, and end-users
\14\. The regulations identify certain narrow exemptions from the
notification requirement, such as research and development and test
marketing (40 CFR 82.176(b)(4) and (5), respectively).
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\13\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.104, ``interstate commerce'' means
the distribution or transportation of any product between one state,
territory, possession or the District of Columbia, and another
state, territory, possession or the District of Columbia, or the
sale, use or manufacture of any product in more than one state,
territory, possession or District of Columbia. The entry points for
which a product is introduced into interstate commerce are the
release of a product from the facility in which the product was
manufactured, the entry into a warehouse from which the domestic
manufacturer releases the product for sale or distribution, and at
the site of United States Customs clearance.
\14\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ``end-use'' means processes or
classes of specific applications within major industrial sectors
where a substitute is used to replace an ODS.
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The Agency has identified four possible decision categories for
substitutes that are submitted for evaluation: Acceptable; acceptable
subject to use conditions; acceptable subject to narrowed use limits;
and unacceptable (40 CFR 82.180(b)). Use conditions and narrowed use
limits are both considered ``use restrictions'' and are explained in
the paragraphs below. Substitutes that are deemed acceptable with no
use restrictions (no use conditions or narrowed use limits) can be used
for all applications within the relevant end uses within the sector.
After reviewing a substitute, the Agency may determine that a
substitute is acceptable only if certain conditions in the way that the
substitute is used are met to minimize risks to human health and the
environment. EPA describes such substitutes as ``acceptable subject to
use conditions.'' Entities that use these substitutes without meeting
the associated use conditions are in violation of EPA's SNAP
regulations.
For some substitutes, the Agency may permit a narrowed range of use
within an end-use or sector. For example, the Agency may limit the use
of a substitute to certain end-uses or specific applications within an
industry sector. EPA describes these substitutes as ``acceptable
subject to narrowed use limits.'' The Agency requires the user of a
narrowed-use substitute to
[[Page 61276]]
demonstrate that no other acceptable substitutes are available for the
specific application by conducting comprehensive studies. A person
using a substitute that is acceptable subject to narrowed use limits in
applications and end-uses that are not consistent with the narrowed use
limit is using the substitute in an unacceptable manner and is in
violation of section 612 of the CAA and EPA's SNAP regulations.
The Agency publishes its SNAP program decisions in the Federal
Register (FR). EPA publishes decisions concerning substitutes that are
deemed acceptable subject to use restrictions (use conditions and/or
narrowed use limits), or substitutes deemed unacceptable, as proposed
rulemakings to provide the public with an opportunity to comment,
before publishing final decisions.
In contrast, EPA publishes decisions concerning substitutes that
are deemed acceptable with no restrictions in ``notices of
acceptability'' or ``determinations of acceptability,'' rather than as
proposed and final rules. As described in the March 18, 1994, rule
initially implementing the SNAP program, EPA does not believe that
rulemaking procedures are necessary to list alternatives that are
acceptable without restrictions because such listings neither impose
any sanction nor prevent anyone from using a substitute.
Many SNAP listings include ``Comments'' or ``Further Information''
to provide additional information on substitutes. Since this additional
information is not part of the regulatory decision, these statements
are not binding for use of the substitute under the SNAP program.
However, regulatory requirements so listed are binding under other
regulatory programs (e.g., worker protection regulations promulgated by
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)). The
``Further Information'' classification does not necessarily include all
other legal obligations pertaining to the use of the substitute. While
the items listed are not legally binding under the SNAP program, EPA
encourages users of substitutes to apply all statements in the
``Further Information'' column in their use of these substitutes. In
many instances, the information simply refers to sound operating
practices that have already been identified in existing industry and/or
building codes or standards. Thus many of the statements, if adopted,
would not require the affected user to make significant changes in
existing operating practices.
D. Additional Information About the SNAP Program
For copies of the comprehensive SNAP lists of substitutes or
additional information on SNAP, refer to EPA's Ozone Depletion Web site
at: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/. For more information on
the Agency's process for administering the SNAP program or criteria for
evaluation of substitutes, refer to the March 18, 1994, SNAP final
rulemaking (59 FR 13044), codified at 40 CFR part 82, subpart G. A
complete chronology of SNAP decisions and the appropriate citations is
found at: https://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/chron.html.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: September 27, 2011.
Elizabeth Craig,
Acting Director, Office of Atmospheric Programs.
Appendix A: Summary of Acceptable Decisions
Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
End-Use Substitute Decision Further information \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Centrifugal chillers (retrofit Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
only). substitute for CFC-11, acceptable exposure limit of
CFC-12, CFC-114, R- 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
500, HCFC-22 and HCFC weighted average for Hot Shot 2.
blends, including
those containing HCFC-
22 and/or HCFC-142b.
Reciprocating and screw chillers Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
(retrofit only). substitute for CFC-12, acceptable exposure limit of
R-500, R-502, HCFC-22 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
and HCFC blends, weighted average for Hot Shot 2.
including those
containing HCFC-22 and/
or HCFC-142b.
Industrial process refrigeration Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
(retrofit only). substitute for CFC-11, acceptable exposure limit of
CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC- 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
114, R-13B1, R-500, R- weighted average for Hot Shot 2.
502, HCFC-22 and HCFC
blends, including
those containing HCFC-
22 and/or HCFC-142b.
Industrial process refrigeration R-407F as a substitute Acceptable........ The American Industrial Hygiene
(retrofit and new). for HCFC-22 and HCFC Association (AIHA) has
blends, including established workplace
those containing HCFC- environmental exposure limits
22 and/or HCFC-142b. (WEELs) of 1,000 ppm over an 8-
hour time-weighted average for
each of R-407F's individual
components.
Ice skating rinks (retrofit Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
only). substitute for CFC-12, acceptable exposure limit of
R-500, R-502, HCFC-22 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
and HCFC blends, weighted average for Hot Shot 2.
including those
containing HCFC-22 and/
or HCFC-142b.
Ice skating rinks (retrofit and R-407F as a substitute Acceptable........ The AIHA has established WEELs of
new). for HCFC-22 and HCFC 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
blends, including weighted average for each of R-
those containing HCFC- 407F's individual components.
22 and/or HCFC-142b.
[[Page 61277]]
Industrial process air R-407F as a substitute Acceptable........ The AIHA has established WEELs of
conditioning (retrofit and new). for HCFC-22 and HCFC 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
blends, including weighted average for each of R-
those containing HCFC- 407F's individual components.
22 and/or HCFC-142b.
Cold storage warehouses Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
(retrofit only). substitute for CFC-12, acceptable exposure limit of
R-500, R-502, HCFC-22 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
and HCFC blends, weighted average for Hot Shot 2.
including those
containing HCFC-22 and/
or HCFC-142b.
Cold storage warehouses R-407F as a substitute Acceptable........ The AIHA has established WEELs of
(retrofit and new). for HCFC-22 and HCFC 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
blends, including weighted average for each of R-
those containing HCFC- 407F's individual components.
22 and/or HCFC-142b.
Refrigerated transport (retrofit Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
only). substitute for CFC-12, acceptable exposure limit of
R-500, R-502, HCFC-22 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
and HCFC blends, weighted average for Hot Shot 2.
including those
containing HCFC-22 and/
or HCFC-142b.
Refrigerated transport (retrofit R-407F as a substitute Acceptable........ The AIHA has established WEELs of
and new). for HCFC-22 and HCFC 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
blends, including weighted average for each of R-
those containing HCFC- 407F's individual components.
22 and/or HCFC-142b.
Retail food refrigeration Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
(retrofit only). substitute for CFC-12, acceptable exposure limit of
R-500, R-502, HCFC-22 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
and HCFC blends, weighted average for Hot Shot 2.
including those
containing HCFC-22 and/
or HCFC-142b.
Retail food refrigeration R-407F as a substitute Acceptable........ The AIHA has established WEELs of
(retrofit and new). for HCFC-22 and HCFC 1,000 ppm over an 8-hour time-
blends, including weighted average for each of R-
those containing HCFC- 407F's individual components.
22 and/or HCFC-142b.
Vending machines (retrofit only) Hot Shot 2 as a Acceptable........ The manufacturer has an
substitute for CFC-12, acceptable exposure limit of
