CLIA Program and HIPAA Privacy Rule; Patients' Access to Test Reports, 56712-56724 [2011-23525]
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 178 / Wednesday, September 14, 2011 / Proposed Rules
the States, or on the distribution of
power and responsibilities among the
various levels of government).
6. Executive Order 13175: Consultation
and Coordination With Indian Tribal
Governments
Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249,
November 9, 2000) does not apply to
this rule because it will not have tribal
implications (i.e., substantial direct
effects on one or more Indian tribes, or
on the relationship between the Federal
Government and Indian tribes, or on the
distribution of power and
responsibilities between the Federal
Government and Indian tribes).
7. Executive Order 13045: Protection of
Children From Environmental Health
and Safety Risks
This rule is not subject to Executive
Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23,
1997), because it is not economically
significant as defined in Executive
Order 12866 and because the EPA does
not have reason to believe the
environmental health or safety risks
addressed by this action present a
disproportionate risk to children.
8. Executive Order 13211: Actions That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use
This rule is not subject to Executive
Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22,
2001), because it is not a significant
regulatory action as defined in
Executive Order 12866.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES
12. Executive Order 12898: Federal
Actions To Address Environmental
Justice in Minority Populations and Low
Income Populations
Office of the Secretary
Because this rule proposes
authorization of pre-existing State rules
and imposes no additional requirements
beyond those imposed by State law and
there are no anticipated significant
adverse human health or environmental
effects, the rule is not subject to
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629,
February 16, 1994).
RIN 0938–AQ38
13. Congressional Review Act
EPA will submit a report containing
this rule and other information required
by the Congressional Review Act (5
U.S.C. 801 et seq.) to the U.S. Senate,
the U.S. House of Representatives, and
the Comptroller General of the United
States prior to publication in the
Federal Register. A major rule cannot
take effect until 60 days after it is
published in the Federal Register. This
action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ as defined
by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 271
9. National Technology Transfer
Advancement Act
EPA approves State programs as long
as they meet criteria required by RCRA,
so it would be inconsistent with
applicable law for EPA, in its review of
a State program, to require the use of
any particular voluntary consensus
standard in place of another standard
that meets requirements of RCRA. Thus,
the requirements of section 12(d) of the
National Technology Transfer and
Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C.
272 note) do not apply to this rule.
10. Executive Order 12988
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1988) by examining the takings
implications of the rule in accordance
with the Attorney General’s
Supplemental Guidelines for the
Evaluation of Risk and Avoidance of
Unanticipated Takings issued under the
executive order.
As required by section 3 of Executive
Order 12988 (61 FR 4729, February 7,
1996), in issuing this rule, EPA has
taken the necessary steps to eliminate
drafting errors and ambiguity, minimize
potential litigation, and provide a clear
legal standard for affected conduct.
Environmental protection,
Administrative practice and procedure,
Confidential business information,
Hazardous materials transportation,
Hazardous waste, Indians—lands,
Intergovernmental relations, Penalties,
Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
Authority: This action is issued under the
authority of sections 2002(a), 3006 and
7004(b) of the Solid Waste Disposal Act as
amended, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a), 6926, 6974(b).
Dated: August 28, 2011.
Susan Hedman,
Regional Administrator, Region 5.
[FR Doc. 2011–23553 Filed 9–13–11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
11. Executive Order 12630: Evaluation
of Risk and Avoidance of Unanticipated
Takings
EPA has complied with Executive
Order 12630 (53 FR 8859, March 18,
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Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services
42 CFR Part 493
45 CFR Part 164
[CMS–2319–P]
CLIA Program and HIPAA Privacy
Rule; Patients’ Access to Test Reports
Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS; Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), HHS; Office for Civil Rights
(OCR), HHS.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
AGENCY:
This proposed rule would
amend the Clinical Laboratory
Improvement Amendments of 1988
(CLIA) regulations to specify that, upon
a patient’s request, the laboratory may
provide access to completed test reports
that, using the laboratory’s
authentication process, can be identified
as belonging to that patient. Subject to
conforming amendments, the proposed
rule would retain the existing
provisions that provide for release of
test reports to authorized persons and,
if applicable, the individuals (or their
personal representative) responsible for
using the test reports and, in the case of
reference laboratories, the laboratory
that initially requested the test. In
addition, this proposed rule would also
amend the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
Privacy Rule to provide individuals the
right to receive their test reports directly
from laboratories by removing the
exceptions for CLIA-certified
laboratories and CLIA-exempt
laboratories from the provision that
provides individuals with the right of
access to their protected health
information.
DATES: To be assured consideration,
comments must be received at one of
the addresses provided below, no later
than 5 p.m. on November 14, 2011.
ADDRESSES: In commenting, please refer
to file code CMS–2319–P. Because of
staff and resource limitations, we cannot
accept comments by facsimile (FAX)
transmission.
You may submit comments in one of
four ways (please choose only one of the
ways listed):
1. Electronically. You may submit
electronic comments on this regulation
SUMMARY:
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to https://www.regulations.gov. Follow
the ‘‘Submit a comment’’ instructions.
2. By regular mail. You may mail
written comments to the following
address ONLY: Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services, Department of
Health and Human Services, Attention:
CMS–2319–P, P.O. Box 8010, Baltimore,
MD 21244–8010.
Please allow sufficient time for mailed
comments to be received before the
close of the comment period.
3. By express or overnight mail. You
may send written comments to the
following address ONLY: Centers for
Medicare & Medicaid Services,
Department of Health and Human
Services, Attention: CMS–2319–P, Mail
Stop C4–26–05, 7500 Security
Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244–1850.
4. By hand or courier. Alternatively,
you may deliver (by hand or courier)
your written comments ONLY to the
following addresses prior to the close of
the comment period:
a. For delivery in Washington, DC—
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services, Department of Health and
Human Services, Room 445–G, Hubert
H. Humphrey Building, 200
Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20201.
(Because access to the interior of the
Hubert H. Humphrey Building is not
readily available to persons without
Federal government identification,
commenters are encouraged to leave
their comments in the CMS drop slots
located in the main lobby of the
building. A stamp-in clock is available
for persons wishing to retain a proof of
filing by stamping in and retaining an
extra copy of the comments being filed.)
b. For delivery in Baltimore, MD—
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services, Department of Health and
Human Services, 7500 Security
Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244–1850.
If you intend to deliver your
comments to the Baltimore address,
please call telephone number (410) 786–
9994 in advance to schedule your
arrival with one of our staff members.
Comments erroneously mailed to the
addresses indicated as appropriate for
hand or courier delivery may be delayed
and received after the comment period.
Submission of comments on
paperwork requirements. You may
submit comments on this document’s
paperwork requirements by following
the instructions at the end of the
‘‘Collection of Information
Requirements’’ section in this
document.
For information on viewing public
comments, see the beginning of the
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section.
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For
CLIA regulations:
Nancy Anderson, CDC, (404) 498–2280.
Judith Yost, CMS, (410) 786–3531.
For HIPAA Privacy Rule:
Andra Wicks, OCR, (202) 205–2292.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Inspection of Public Comments: All
comments received before the close of
the comment period are available for
viewing by the public, including any
personally identifiable or confidential
business information that is included in
a comment. We post all comments
received before the close of the
comment period on the following Web
site as soon as possible after they have
been received: https://
www.regulations.gov. Follow the search
instructions on that Web site to view
public comments.
Comments received timely will also
be available for public inspection as
they are received, generally beginning
approximately 3 weeks after publication
of a document, at the headquarters of
the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services, 7500 Security Boulevard,
Baltimore, Maryland 21244, Monday
through Friday of each week from 8:30
a.m. to 4 p.m. To schedule an
appointment to view public comments,
phone 1–800–743–3951.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
I. Background
A. CLIA Statute and Regulations
The Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) were
enacted to establish quality standards
for certain laboratory testing. These
standards ensure the accuracy,
reliability and timeliness of patient test
results, regardless of where the test is
performed. The standards are based on
the complexity of the laboratory test
method; the more complicated the test,
the more stringent the requirements for
the laboratory.
CLIA established three categories of
testing based on complexity level. In
increasing order of complexity, these
categories are waived complexity,
moderate complexity which includes
the subcategory of provider-performed
microscopy (PPM), and high
complexity. Laboratories must hold a
CLIA certificate for the most complex
form of CLIA-regulated testing that they
perform.
CLIA covers all phases of laboratory
testing, including the reporting out of
test results. The CLIA-based limitations
that govern to whom a laboratory may
issue a test report have become a point
of concern. The requirements for a
laboratory test report are set forth in 42
CFR 493.1291.
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Under the current regulations at
§ 493.1291(f), CLIA limits a laboratory’s
disclosure of laboratory test results to
three categories of individuals: the
‘‘authorized person,’’ the person
responsible for using the test results in
the treatment context, and, in the case
of reference laboratories, the referring
lab. Authorized person is defined in
§ 493.2 as the individual authorized
under State law to order or receive test
results, or both. In States that do not
provide for individual access to the
individual’s test results, the individual
must receive his or her results through
the ordering provider.
While individuals can obtain test
results through the ordering provider,
we believe that the advent of certain
health reform concepts (for example,
individualized medicine and an
individual’s active involvement in his
or her own health care) would be best
served by revisiting the CLIA limitations
on the disclosure of laboratory test
results.
Title XIII of Division A and Title IV
of Division B of the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (The
Recovery Act), which was enacted on
February 17, 2009, incorporated the
Health Information Technology for
Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH)
Act.
HITECH created a Federal advisory
committee known as the Health
Information Technology (HIT) Policy
Committee. The HIT Policy Committee
has broad representation from major
health care constituencies and provides
recommendations to the Office of the
National Coordinator for Health
Information Technology (ONC) on
issues relating to the implementation of
an interoperable, nationwide health
information infrastructure. Among other
efforts, the HIT Policy Committee has
sought to identify barriers to the
adoption and use of health information
technology. According to the HIT Policy
Committee, CLIA regulations are
perceived by some stakeholders as
imposing barriers to the exchange of
health information. These stakeholders
include large- and medium-sized
laboratories, some public health
laboratories, electronic health record
(EHR) system vendors, health policy
experts, health information exchange
organizations (HIOs) and healthcare
providers who believe that the
individual’s access to his or her own
records is impeded, preventing patients
from a more active role in their personal
health care decisions.
CLIA staff worked with the Office of
the National Coordinator for Health IT
(ONC), and the CMS Office of E–Health
Standards and Services (OESS) to
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ensure an individual’s direct access to
his or her own medical records through
laboratories.
The collaborating offices believe the
provision of direct patient access to
laboratory test reports would support
the commitments and goals of the
Secretary of HHS and the CMS
Administrator regarding the widespread
adoption of EHRs by 2014.
Therefore, in an effort to increase
direct patient access rights, we are
proposing that, upon a patient’s request,
CLIA regulations would allow
laboratories to provide direct patient
access to completed test reports that,
using the laboratory’s authentication
processes, the laboratory can identify as
belonging to that patient. We propose to
retain the other categories of individuals
who are eligible to receive test reports
from laboratories, namely the
individuals responsible for using the
test reports, and, in the case of a
reference laboratory, the laboratory that
initially requested the test. We also
propose certain conforming
amendments to the existing regulations.
CMS solicits comments from
stakeholders regarding the potential
impact of this change on improving
patients’ access to their laboratory
results.
B. HIPAA Statute and Privacy Rule
The Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA),
Title II, subtitle F—Administrative
Simplification, Public Law 104–191,
110 Stat., 2021, provided for the
establishment of national standards to
protect the privacy and security of
personal health information. The
Administrative Simplification
provisions of HIPAA apply to three
types of entities, which are known as
‘‘covered entities’’: health care providers
who conduct covered health care
transactions electronically, health plans,
and health care clearinghouses.
A laboratory, as a health care
provider, is only a covered entity if it
conducts electronic transactions (for
example, electronic submission of
health care claims). The list of HIPAA
transactions applicable to providers are:
• Health care claims or equivalent
encounter information.
• Coordination of benefits.
• Health care claim status.
• Eligibility for a health plan.
• Referral certification and
authorization.
If a laboratory does not conduct any
of the above transactions electronically
(either because it does not conduct the
transactions at all or because it does so
via paper), then it is not subject to the
HIPAA Privacy Rule. If a laboratory
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conducts a single transaction
electronically, then it becomes a
covered entity and is subject to the
Privacy Rule with respect to all
protected health information that it
creates or maintains (that is, the
application of the Privacy Rule is not
limited to the individuals or records
associated with an electronic
transaction).
Pursuant to HIPAA, on December 28,
2000, the Department published a final
rule in the Federal Register (65 FR
82462) entitled ‘‘Standards for Privacy
of Individually Identifiable Health
Information, known as the ‘‘Privacy
Rule,’’ which was amended on August
14, 2002 (67 FR 53182). The Privacy
Rule at 45 CFR 164.524 provides
individuals with a general right of
access to inspect and obtain a copy of
protected health information about the
individual in a designated record set
maintained by or for a covered entity. A
‘‘designated record set’’ is defined at
§ 164.501 as a group of records
maintained by or for a covered entity
that is comprised of the medical records
and billing records about individuals
maintained by or for a covered health
care provider; the enrollment, payment,
claims adjudication, and case or
medical management record systems
maintained by or for a health plan; or
used, in whole or in part, by or for the
covered entity to make decisions about
individuals.
The definition of ‘‘designated record
set’’ also clarifies that the term ‘‘record’’
means ‘‘any item, collection, or
grouping of information that includes
protected health information and is
maintained, collected, used or
disseminated by or for a covered
entity.’’ Laboratory test reports
maintained by or for a laboratory that is
a covered entity fall within the
definition of designated record set since
they are medical records about
individuals.
The right of access under § 164.524
extends not only to individuals, but also
to individuals’ personal representatives.
The rules governing who may act as a
personal representative under the
Privacy Rule are set forth at
§ 164.502(g).
While individuals (and personal
representatives) generally have the right
to inspect and obtain a copy of their
protected health information in a
designated record set, the Privacy Rule
includes a set of exceptions related to
CLIA. The right of access under
§ 164.524 of the Privacy Rule does not
apply to: protected health information
maintained by a covered entity that is—
(1) Subject to CLIA to the extent the
provision of access to the individual
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would be prohibited by law; or (2)
exempt from CLIA.
These exceptions at
§ 164.524(a)(1)(iii) were included in the
Privacy Rule because the Department
wanted to avoid a conflict with the
CLIA requirements that limited patient
access to test reports (65 FR 82485).
These exceptions only cover test reports
at CLIA and CLIA-exempt laboratories;
the individual has a right to access the
test reports when held by any other type
of covered entity (for example, a
hospital or treating physician).
Because CMS is proposing to amend
the CLIA regulations to allow CLIAcertified laboratories to provide patients
with direct access to their test reports,
there is no longer a need for the
exceptions at § 164.524 for CLIA and
CLIA-exempt laboratories. Unless these
exceptions are removed from the
Privacy Rule, they would serve as a
barrier to individuals’ right of access to
test reports. Failure to eliminate these
barriers would be inconsistent with the
CMS proposal and the goals of HHS to
improve individuals’ electronic access
to their health information and have
widespread adoption of EHRs by 2014.
Accordingly, HHS is proposing to
remove the exceptions for CLIA and
CLIA-exempt laboratories from the right
of access at § 164.524.
II. Provisions of the Proposed
Regulations
A. Proposed Changes to the CLIA
Regulations (42 CFR 493.1291)
This rule proposes revisions to
§ 493.1291 to provide patients, upon
request, with direct access to their
laboratory test reports. To do so we are
proposing to add § 493.1291(l) to specify
that, upon a patient’s request, the
laboratory may provide an individual
with access to his or her completed test
reports that, using the laboratory’s
authentication processes, can be
identified as belonging to that patient.
In using ‘‘may,’’ however, we would
highlight the importance of reading the
proposed CLIA provisions in concert
with the applicable HIPAA provisions.
As described in section IIB below,
HIPAA generally requires covered
entities to give patients access to their
records. One exception to this general
mandate is a provision that exempts
entities subject to CLIA where a law
bars disclosure. If finalized, the
proposed HIPAA amendments will
remove this exception, and covered
entity laboratories will be required to
provide patients with access to test
reports. While a more detailed HIPAA
preemption analysis is found in section
IIB below, we note that the CLIA ‘‘may’’
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plus the HIPAA ‘‘must’’ would result in
a ‘‘must disclose’’ for laboratories that
are HIPAA covered entities.
We also note that, as proposed, the
CLIA regulations would not spell out
the mechanism by which patient
requests for access would be submitted,
processed, or responded to by the
laboratories. In providing this latitude,
we intend to allow patients and their
personal representatives’ access to
patient test reports in accordance with
the requirements of the HIPAA Privacy
Rule.
Subject to conforming amendments,
we propose to retain the existing
requirements at § 493.1291(f) that
otherwise limit the release of test
reports to authorized persons and, if
applicable, the individuals (or their
personal representatives) responsible for
using the test reports and, in the case of
a reference laboratory, the laboratory
that initially requested the test.
B. Proposed Changes to the Privacy Rule
(45 CFR 164.524)
The Department also proposes to
amend the Privacy Rule at § 164.524 to
remove the exceptions that relate to
CLIA and affect an individual’s right of
access. This proposal would align the
Privacy Rule with CMS’ proposed
changes and the Department’s goal of
improving individuals’ access to their
health information.
As a result of this proposal, HIPAA
covered entities that are laboratories
subject to CLIA would have the same
obligations as other types of covered
health care providers with respect to
providing individuals with access to
their protected health information in
accordance with § 164.524. Similarly,
HIPAA covered entities that are CLIAexempt laboratories (as the term is
defined at 42 CFR 493.2) would no
longer be excepted from HIPAA’s right
of access under § 164.524(a)(1)(iii)(B).
As with other covered entities, HIPAA
covered laboratories would be required
to provide access to the individual or
the individual’s personal representative.
The current HIPAA Privacy Rule
requires covered entities to provide an
individual with access to protected
health information in the form or format
requested by the individual, if it is
readily producible in such form or
format. The Privacy Rule permits
covered entities to charge a reasonable,
cost-based fee to provide individuals
with copies of their protected health
information. The fee may include only
the cost of copying (including supplies
and labor) and postage, if the patient
requests that the copy be mailed. If the
patient has agreed to receive a summary
or explanation of his or her protected
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health information, the covered entity
may also charge a fee for preparation of
the summary or explanation. The fee
may not include costs associated with
searching for and retrieving the
requested information.
On July 14, 2010, the Department
issued a proposed rule to implement
most of the privacy and security
provisions of the HITECH Act, which
included provisions to strengthen an
individual’s right to receive an
electronic copy of his or her protected
health information, where such
information is maintained electronically
in one or more designated record sets.
Specifically, the proposed rule would
require in such cases that the covered
entity provide the individual with
access to the electronic information in
the electronic form and format
requested by the individual, if it is
readily producible in such form and
format, or, if not, in a readable
electronic form and format as agreed to
by the covered entity and the
individual. Additionally, the
Department proposed changes to
address and clarify the fees associated
with the provision of electronic access.
The Department proposed to allow
reasonable cost-based fees reflecting the
costs of labor for creating the electronic
copy of the information and of supplies,
such as CDs, if the individual requests
that the electronic copy be provided on
portable media. HIPAA covered
laboratories would be required to
comply with the Privacy Rule’s
provisions regarding form of access
provided and fees, as they exist
currently and then are ultimately
modified by a final rule implementing
the HITECH Act. With respect to the
provision of electronic access, covered
entities that have electronic reporting
capabilities are expected to provide the
individual with a machine readable or
other electronic copy of the individual’s
protected health information. (The
individual always retains the right to
request and receive a paper copy, if
desired.) The Department considers
machine readable data to mean digital
information stored in a standard format
enabling the information to be
processed and analyzed by computer.
For example, this would include
providing the individual with an
electronic copy of the protected health
information in the format of MS Word
or Excel, text, HTML, or text-based PDF,
among other formats. We request
comment on the ability of laboratories to
provide electronic copies of protected
health information in machine readable
or other electronic formats.
Under our proposal, § 164.524 would
preempt any contrary provisions of
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State law. HIPAA, at section 1178 of the
Social Security Act (the Act), provides
that the administrative simplification
regulations (‘‘the HIPAA Rules’’)
preempt any contrary provisions of
State law. A provision of State law is
‘‘contrary’’ to a provision of the HIPAA
Rules if a covered entity would find it
impossible to comply with both the
State and Federal requirements; or the
provision of State law stands as an
obstacle to the accomplishment and
execution of the full purposes and
objectives of part C of title XI of the Act
or section 254 of Public Law 104–191,
as applicable.
Pursuant to section 264(c)(2) of
HIPAA, the HIPAA Privacy Rule
includes an exception from this general
preemption if ‘‘the provision of State
law relates to the privacy of
individually identifiable health
information and is more stringent than
a standard, requirement, or
implementation specification adopted
under subpart E of part 164 of this
subchapter.’’ With respect to a State law
pertaining to an individual’s right to
access his or her protected health
information, a State law is more
stringent than the Privacy Rule if the
State law ‘‘permits greater rights of
access or amendment, as applicable’’
(§ 160.202).
A number of States have laws that
prohibit a laboratory from releasing a
test report directly to the patient or that
prohibit the release without the ordering
provider’s consent. If adopted, the
proposed changes to § 164.524 would
preempt any contrary State laws that
prohibit the HIPAA-covered laboratory
from directly providing access to the
individual.
We note that covered entities,
including CLIA and CLIA-exempt
laboratories under our proposal, must
satisfy the verification requirement of
§ 164.514(h) before providing an
individual with access. This
requirement is consistent with the
proposed change to the CLIA
requirements, which would allow a
laboratory to provide patients with
access to test reports when the
laboratory can authenticate that the test
report pertains to the patient. We
recognize that a laboratory may receive
a test order with only an anonymous
identifier and thus may be unable to
identify the individual who is the
subject of the test report. It is not our
intent to discourage such anonymous
testing. In this case, the laboratory that
receives a request for access from an
individual but cannot verify that the
requesting individual is the subject of a
test report is under no obligation to
provide access.
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We propose that, if finalized, HIPAAcovered laboratories would be required
to comply with the revised § 164.524 by
no later than 180 days after the effective
date of the final rule. The effective date
of the final rule would be 60 days after
publication in the Federal Register, so
laboratories would have a total of 240
days after publication of the final rule
to come into compliance. This
compliance period is consistent with
section 1175(b)(2) of the Act, which
provides that the Department must
provide covered entities with at least
180 days to come into compliance with
modifications to standards under the
HIPAA Rules. This compliance period
also is consistent with our proposed
changes to § 160.105 found in the July
14, 2010 proposed rule (75 FR 40868).
That proposal would establish at
§ 160.105 a 180-day compliance period
for future modifications to the HIPAA
Rules, unless otherwise specifically
provided.
III. Collection of Information
Requirements
Under the Paperwork Reduction Act
of 1995, we are required to provide 60day notice in the Federal Register and
solicit public comment before a
collection of information requirement is
submitted to the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) for review and
approval. In order to fairly evaluate
whether an information collection
should be approved by OMB, section
3506(c)(2)(A) of the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 requires that we
solicit comment on the following issues:
• The need for the information
collection and its usefulness in carrying
out the proper functions of our agency.
• The accuracy of our estimate of the
information collection burden.
• The quality, utility, and clarity of
the information to be collected.
• Recommendations to minimize the
information collection burden on the
affected public, including automated
collection techniques.
We are soliciting public comment on
each of these issues for the information
collection requirements (ICRs) in the
proposals for 42 CFR 493.1291.
Except as provided in § 493.1291(l),
test reports must be released only to
authorized persons and, if applicable,
the individuals (or their personal
representative) responsible for using the
test reports and, in the case of a
reference laboratory, the laboratory that
initially requested the test. Under
§ 493.1291(l), the laboratory may, upon
request by the patient, provide access to
the patient’s test reports that the
laboratory can identify as belonging to
that patient. The CLIA regulations
would not require that CLIA-certified
laboratories provide this access—rather,
the entities would be allowed to provide
for access. We note, however, that CLIAcertified laboratories generally are
covered entities under the HIPAA
Privacy Rule. That rule also provides for
patients’ access to their records. CLIAcertified laboratories will need to ensure
that their practices conform to CLIA and
HIPAA requirements.
We have prepared the Paperwork
Reduction Act and the Regulatory
Impact Analysis that represents the
costs and benefits of the proposed rule
based on analysis of identified variables
and data sources needed for this
proposed change. We identified known
data elements (Table 1) and made
assumptions on elements where a
source could not be identified (Table 2).
Our assumptions are based on internal
discussions and consultation with two
reference laboratories. We request
comments on the assumptions used and
analyses provided.
TABLE 1—SUMMARY OF KNOWN DATA ELEMENTS
Variable
Data element
Source
States/territories where
HIPAA will pre-empt State
Law.1
20
States/territories where laboratories are impacted.
39
Laboratories impacted ...........
22,671
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Test results in impacted laboratories.
Hourly salary of clerical level
employee to process test
request.
6,108,678,992
Hourly salary of management
level employee to determine policy.
$50.06
1 Note
$30.09
Determination of this finding is based on two reports as listed here:
1. Privacy and Security Solutions for Interoperable Health Information Exchange, Releasing Clinical Laboratory Test Results; Report on Survey of State Laws prepared
by Joy Pritts, JD, for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and Office of
the National Coordinator August 2009; RIT Project Number 0209825.000.015.100
(accessed July 15, 2010).
2. Electronic Release of Clinical Laboratory Results: A Review of State and Federal
Policy prepared by Kitty Purington, JD, for the California Healthcare Foundations
January 2010 (Accessed July 15, 2010).1)
Determination of this finding is based on two reports as listed here:
1. Privacy and Security Solutions for Interoperable Health Information Exchange, Releasing Clinical Laboratory Test Results; Report on Survey of State Laws prepared
by Joy Pritts, JD, for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and Office of
the National Coordinator August 2009; RIT Project Number 0209825.000.015.100
(Accessed July 15, 2010).
2. Electronic Release of Clinical Laboratory Results: A Review of State and Federal
Policy prepared by Kitty Purington, JD, for the California Healthcare Foundations
January 2010 Accessed July 15, 2010).
Data from CLIA Online Survey Certification and Reporting database (OSCAR) database
accessed July 8, 2010.
Data from OSCAR database accessed July 8, 2010.
2011 salary/wages and benefits—use 2010 salary/wages and benefits of $29.25 obtained
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Economic News Release, March 2010 U.S.—
Total employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation: Civilian workers;
Occupational
Group:
Service-providing
at
(https://www.bls.gov/news.release/
ecec.t01.htm) and adjusts annually by 2.78 percent to reflect an average increase in
total compensation costs from 2005–2009.
2011 salary/wages and benefits—use 2010 salary/wages and benefits of $48.66 obtained
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Economic News Release, March 2010 U.S.—
Total employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation: Civilian workers;
Occupational
Group:
Service-providing
at
(https://www.bls.gov/news.release/
ecec.t01.htm) and adjusts annually by 2.78 percent to reflect an l average increase in
total compensation costs from 2005–2009.
that there may be circumstances where a laboratory is able to comply with both HIPAA and the State law.
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56717
TABLE 2—SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS
Variable
Low
Number of test results per test report .....................................................
Percentage of patients requesting test report .........................................
Time required to process request for test report ....................................
10 test results ................................
0.05% .............................................
10 minutes .....................................
We determined that the impacted
CLIA-certified laboratories can be
broken down into four categories:
laboratories in States and territories
where there is no law regarding who can
receive test reports (N = 26), laboratories
in States and territories where test
reports can only be given to the provider
(N = 13), laboratories in States and
territories that allow test reports to go
directly to the patient through some
High
means or mechanism (N = 9), and
laboratories in States and territories that
allow the test reports to go to the patient
with provider approval (N = 7) (see
Table 3 for a list of states and territories
by category). Of these four categories,
we believe that laboratories in the 39
States and territories where there is
either no law regarding receipt of test
reports or where reports can only go to
the provider would be affected by the
20 test results.
0.50%.
30 minutes.
proposals contained in this rulemaking.
Laboratories in the remaining categories
would most likely have existing
procedures in place to respond to
patient requests for test reports, whereas
the laboratories in the first two
categories would most likely not have
procedures in place and would have to
develop mechanisms for handling these
requests and providing access.
TABLE 3—IMPACT OF PROPOSED RULE CHANGE ON LABORATORIES
Impacts laboratories
No State law
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Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Colorado
Guam
Idaho
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Louisiana
Minnesota
Mississippi
Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
N. Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Allows test reports only to
provider
Arkansas
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Kansas
Maine
Missouri
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Washington
Wisconsin
Wyoming
The CMS Online Survey,
Certification, and Reporting (OSCAR)
database indicates that there are a total
of 22,671 laboratories which provide
approximately 6.1 billion tests annually
(see Table 4) in the 39 States and
territories impacted by this rule. We
assume Certificate of Waiver
laboratories and Certificate of PPM
laboratories would not be impacted
because the tests are usually performed
in these sites during a patient’s visit. We
assume that the physician or health
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Does not impact laboratories
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Allows test reports to patient
Delaware
District of Columbia
Maryland
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Nevada
Oregon
Puerto Rico
West Virginia
practitioner would inform the patient of
those results during the visit, and we
anticipate that the patient would ask
that person with whom they interacted
as opposed to the laboratory, if they
have reason to seek copies of the test
report in the future. We request public
comments on the potential impact of
this rule on Certificate of Waiver and
Certificate of PPM laboratories.
If the proposals contained in this rule
are finalized, most of these 22,671
laboratories will need to develop
processes and procedures to provide
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Allows test reports to patient with
provider approval
California
Connecticut
Florida
Massachusetts
Michigan
New York
Virginia
direct patient access to test reports.
However, we recognize that some of
these 22,671 laboratories may not be
covered entities under HIPAA (because
they do not conduct covered health care
transactions electronically, for example,
filing electronic claims for payment)
and therefore would not be required to
provide direct patient access. We do not
have information on the number of
laboratories that are not covered entities
under HIPAA and invite comment on
this issue.
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TABLE 4—NUMBER OF IMPACTED LABORATORIES AND TESTS PER YEAR IN THE 39 AFFECTED STATES AND TERRITORIES
Number of
laboratories
State
Number of tests
Alabama ...................................................................................................................................................
Alaska ......................................................................................................................................................
Arizona .....................................................................................................................................................
Arkansas ..................................................................................................................................................
Colorado ..................................................................................................................................................
Georgia ....................................................................................................................................................
Guam .......................................................................................................................................................
Hawaii ......................................................................................................................................................
Idaho ........................................................................................................................................................
Iowa .........................................................................................................................................................
Illinois .......................................................................................................................................................
Indiana .....................................................................................................................................................
Kansas .....................................................................................................................................................
Kentucky ..................................................................................................................................................
Louisiana ..................................................................................................................................................
Maine .......................................................................................................................................................
Minnesota ................................................................................................................................................
Missouri ....................................................................................................................................................
N. Mariana Isl. .........................................................................................................................................
Mississippi ................................................................................................................................................
Montana ...................................................................................................................................................
N. Carolina ...............................................................................................................................................
N. Dakota .................................................................................................................................................
Nebraska ..................................................................................................................................................
New Mexico .............................................................................................................................................
Ohio .........................................................................................................................................................
Oklahoma .................................................................................................................................................
Pennsylvania ............................................................................................................................................
Rhode Island ............................................................................................................................................
S. Carolina ...............................................................................................................................................
S. Dakota .................................................................................................................................................
Tennessee ...............................................................................................................................................
Texas .......................................................................................................................................................
Utah .........................................................................................................................................................
Vermont ...................................................................................................................................................
Virgin Islands ...........................................................................................................................................
Washington ..............................................................................................................................................
Wisconsin .................................................................................................................................................
Wyoming ..................................................................................................................................................
851
95
563
513
498
1,172
12
124
231
536
1,077
640
442
697
666
138
831
665
3
617
157
1,424
139
372
190
1,112
531
1,095
110
709
211
1,070
3,211
315
81
12
727
748
86
243,512,093
8,456,680
194,894,073
66,845,370
125,645,501
194,786,593
2,055,709
32,566,029
25,623,535
75,797,879
497,900,106
172,798,521
239,488,953
110,373,950
119,794,280
32,909,637
145,496,862
163,380,564
88,177
74,187,598
24,428,257
288,449,078
19,783,502
64,790,081
42,105,436
345,544,798
108,564,207
487,529,546
35,429,909
92,320,737
664,345,948
219,535,503
783,048,259
61,663,359
9,894,769
1,902,023
176,535,389
146,846,804
9,359,277
Totals ................................................................................................................................................
22,671
6,108,678,992
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Data from the CLIA OSCAR database accessed on 7/8/2010.
The ‘‘Number of tests’’ is self reported by the laboratory without validation.
Includes only moderate and high complexity laboratories issued a CLIA Certificate of Registration, Certificate of Compliance, or Certificate of
Accreditation.
We assume that the development of
the mechanisms to provide patient
access to laboratory test reports would
be a one-time burden and that each
laboratory would develop its own
unique policies and procedures to
address patient access or adopt
mechanisms/procedures developed by
consultants or associations representing
laboratories. We assume a one-time
burden of 2–9 hours to identify the
applicable legal obligations and to
develop the processes and procedures
for handling patient requests for access
to test reports. While we provide a range
of burden estimates in this proposed
rule, for purposes of OMB review and
approval we will submit burden
estimates based on 9 hours. We also
assume an hourly rate for a management
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level employee to be $50.06 (see Table
1).
The range of costs for laboratories to
develop the necessary processes and
procedures for handling patient requests
would be:
2 hours × $50.06 per hour = $100.12 per
laboratory × 22, 671 laboratories =
$2,269,821
9 hours × $50.06 per hour = $450.54 per
laboratory × 22, 671 laboratories =
$10,214,192
The burden associated with
responding to test report requests is
dependent upon the total number of test
reports that exist in affected
laboratories, the percent of the results
that would be requested and the cost of
producing these reports for those
individuals who ask for direct access.
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Laboratory test reports are commonly
understood to contain multiple test
results with many laboratory tests being
ordered as panels of tests. Each
laboratory may have their own unique
test report panels which may contain
anywhere from 1 to 20 individual test
results.
Using a range of 10 to 20 test results
in a test report, we estimated the annual
number of test reports that may be
requested to be:
6,108,678,992 tests per year/20 tests per
report = 305,433,950 test reports/
year
6,108,678,992 tests per year/10 tests per
report = 610,867,899 test reports/
year
We are unaware of any data that
would provide a reasonable estimate for
the number of patients who would
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 178 / Wednesday, September 14, 2011 / Proposed Rules
request test reports from laboratories if
they are available. We are soliciting
public comments in order to better
estimate the number of patient requests
a laboratory might receive. We assume
a range of 1 in 2,000 patients (0.05%) to
1 in 200 patients (0.50%) would request
direct access to his or her test report.
Using these figures the range of the
number of patient requests per year
would be:
305,433,950 test reports per year × .0005
= 152,717 patient requests per year
610,867,899 test reports per year × .005
= 3,054,339 patient requests per
year
The processing of a patient request for
a test report generally covers steps from
actual receipt of the patient’s request to
the delivery of the report and
documentation of the delivery. Requests
for laboratory results are usually
handled by staff that is not management
level. Due to the lack of data that
indicates the amount of time it takes for
staff to process a test report request, we
assume a range of 10 to 30 minutes to
handle a request from start to finish. We
also assume an hourly rate for a clerical
level employee to be $30.09 (see Table
1)).
Using these figures, we calculated the
range of costs to produce one test report:
$30.09 per hour/60 minutes per hour =
$0.50/minute
$0.50 per minute × 10 minutes = $5.00
$.50 per minute × 30 minutes = $15.00
We then multiplied this range by the
range of the anticipated number of
patient requests to obtain a range of
costs to provide the patient requests per
year:
152,717 patient requests per year ×
$5.00 = $763,585
3,054,339 patient request per year ×
$15.00 = $45,815,092
We then added the cost to develop the
processes and procedures for handling
patient requests to the cost to provide
the test reports to obtain the range of the
total costs to laboratories to provide
patients with his or her test report upon
request in 2011:
$2,269,821 cost to develop process +
$763,585 cost to provide test reports
= $3,033,405
$10,214,192 cost to develop process +
$45,815,092 cost to provide test
reports = $56,029,285 annual cost
(undiscounted 2010 dollars)
TABLE 5—ESTIMATED ANNUAL RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING BURDEN
Regulation section(s)
OMB
Control No.
Respondents
42 CFR 493.1291 .......
45 CFR 493.1291 .......
0938–New
0938–New
22,671
3,054,339
3,077,010
9
.5
204,039
1,527,170
50.06
30.09
10,214,192
45,815,092
0
0
10,214,192
45,815,092
......................
3,077,010
Total .....................
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Hourly labor
cost of
reporting
($)
1,731,209
......................
......................
......................
56,029,285
22,671
3,054,339
..................
Total annual
burden
(hours)
Burden per
response
(hours)
We have provided an analysis of
burden based on available information
and certain assumptions. We request
comments from laboratories that
currently provide direct access to test
reports for patients as to how they
handle these requests (for example,
through a Web portal, fax, hard-copy,
with or without fees, etc) and the extent
to which patient requests impact
business operations. The Department
solicits comments additionally on best
practices in the direct provision of
patients’ laboratory results. We also
request comment on the burdens
associated with providing electronic
formats as requested by individuals,
machine readable or otherwise.
To obtain copies of the supporting
statement and any related forms for the
proposed paperwork collections
referenced above, access CMS’ Web site
address at https://www.cms.hhs.gov/
PaperworkReductionActof1995, or Email your request, including your
address, phone number, OMB number,
and CMS document identifier, to
Paperwork@cms.hhs.gov, or call the
Reports Clearance Office on (410) 786–
1326.
If you comment on these information
collection and recordkeeping estimates,
please do either of the following:
1. Submit your comments
electronically as specified in the
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Responses
ADDRESSES
section of this proposed rule;
or
2. Submit your comments to the
Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs, Office of Management and
Budget, Attention: CMS Desk Officer,
CMS–2319–P, Fax: (202) 395–6974; or
E-mail: OIRA_submission@omb.eop.gov.
IV. Response to Comments
Because of the large number of public
comments we normally receive on
Federal Register documents, we are not
able to acknowledge or respond to them
individually. We will consider all
comments we receive by the date and
time specified in the DATES section of
this preamble, and, when we proceed
with a subsequent document, we will
respond to the comments in the
preamble to that document.
V. Regulatory Impact Analysis
A. Overall Impact
We have examined the impacts of this
rule as required by Executive Order
12866 on Regulatory Planning and
Review (September 30, 1993), Executive
Order 13563 on Improving Regulation
and Regulatory Review (February 2,
2011), the Regulatory Flexibility Act
(RFA) (September 19, 1980, Pub. L. 96–
354), section 1102(b) of the Social
Security Act, section 202 of the
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
(March 22, 1995; Pub. L. 104–4),
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Total labor
cost of
reporting
($)
Total capital/
maintenance
costs
($)
Total cost
($)
Executive Order 13132 on Federalism
(August 4, 1999), and the Congressional
Review Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2)).
Executive Orders 13563 and 12866
direct agencies to assess all costs and
benefits of available regulatory
alternatives and, if regulation is
necessary, to select regulatory
approaches that maximize net benefits
(including potential economic,
environmental, public health and safety
effects, distributive impacts, and
equity). Executive Order 13563
emphasizes the importance of
quantifying both costs and benefits, of
reducing costs, of harmonizing rules,
and of promoting flexibility. This rule
has been designated a ‘‘significant
regulatory action’’ although not
economically significant, under section
3(f) of Executive Order 12866.
Accordingly, the rule has been reviewed
by the Office of Management and
Budget.
Laboratories regulated under CLIA
that do not currently provide patients
with an opportunity to receive, upon
request, a copy of their laboratory test
report (defined in CLIA regulations at
§ 493.1291) would be affected by this
proposed rule. According to CMS
OSCAR database accessed on July 8,
2010, there are 214,875 laboratories in
the United States that are subject to
CLIA. OSCAR is a data network
maintained by CMS in cooperation with
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the State surveying agencies and
accrediting organizations that provides a
compilation of all the data elements
collected during inspection surveys
conducted at laboratories for the
purpose of certification for participation
in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
Of the total CLIA-certified laboratories
identified in the OSCAR database, we
believe approximately 192,204, or 90
percent, of these would not be impacted
by this change because they perform
testing either under a Certificate of
Waiver or Certificate of Provider
Performed Microscopy (PPM) or they
are located in States that already allow
the laboratory to provide patient access
to test reports, either directly or with
provider approval. Removing the step in
which the provider grants permission to
the laboratory should not pose an
additional impact on the laboratory, as
we believe these laboratories already
have processes in place to provide
patients access to test reports once that
permission is received.
We expect that 22,671 laboratories
located in the 39 states and territories
identified in Table 3 as having no State
law or a State law that provides test
reports only to the provider would be
impacted by the changes outlines in this
proposed rule.
We believe that, if finalized, this
proposed rule would not constitute an
economically significant rule because
we estimate the range of overall annual
costs that would be expended by the
affected laboratories would be less than
$100 million for 2011.
The RFA requires agencies to analyze
options for regulatory relief of small
entities, if a rule has a significant impact
on a substantial number of small
entities. For purposes of the RFA, we
assume that the great majority of
medical laboratories are small entities,
either by virtue of being nonprofit
organizations or by meeting the SBA
definition of a small business by having
revenues of less than $13.5 million in
any 1 year. We believe at least 83
percent of medical laboratories qualify
as small entities based on their
nonprofit status as reported in the
American Hospital Association Fast
Fact Sheet updated June 24, 2010
(https://www.aha.org/aha/resourcecenter/Statistics-and-Studies/Fast_
Facts_Nov_11_2009.pdf.)
Other options for regulatory relief of
small businesses as discussed in section
E of this proposed rule, were
determined not to be feasible and
therefore these options were not
analyzed for this proposed rule. We
believe any alternative to allowing the
laboratory to provide patient access to
test reports would be counterproductive
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to HHS efforts to provide patientcentered healthcare. We are unaware of
any instances in which the changes
included in this proposed rule would
affect health care entities operated by
small government jurisdictions. We are
requesting public comments in this area,
particularly from laboratories in state
health departments (including Newborn
screening), prisons, school clinics or
state universities that would be
impacted, to assist us in making this
determination in the final rule.
Section 1102(b) of the Social Security
Act also requires us to prepare a
regulatory impact analysis if a rule may
have a significant impact on the
operations of a substantial number of
small rural hospitals. This analysis must
conform to the provisions of section 603
of the RFA. For purposes of section
1102(b) of the Act, we define a small
rural hospital as a hospital that is
located outside of a metropolitan
statistical area and has fewer than 100
beds. We do not expect this proposed
rule would have a significant impact on
small rural hospitals. The proposed rule
would only apply to laboratories. If a
small rural hospital were to operate its
laboratory such that it would have to
adopt means of complying with these
proposed provisions, we anticipate that
it would require minimal effort to put
policies and procedures in place to
respond to patient requests to the
laboratory as we expect that the
cahospital would already have
procedures in place for responding to
patient access requests for hospital
records under the HIPAA Privacy Rule.
We believe that these existing policies
and procedures should be easy to
translate for use in direct access
requests to hospital-operated
laboratories. Therefore, the Secretary
has determined that this proposed rule,
if finalized, would not have a significant
impact on the operations of a substantial
number of small rural hospitals.
Section 202 of the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA)
also requires that agencies assess
anticipated costs and benefits before
issuing any rule whose mandates
require spending in any 1 year of $100
million in 1995 dollars, updated
annually for inflation. In 2011, that
threshold is approximately $136
million. We do not anticipate this
proposed rule would impose an
unfunded mandate on states, tribal
governments, or the private sector of
more than $136 million annually. We
request comments from States, tribal
governments, and the private sector on
this assumption.
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Executive Order 13132 establishes
certain requirements that an agency
must meet when it promulgates a
proposed rule (and subsequent final
rule) that imposes substantial direct
requirements and costs on state and
local governments, preempts State law,
or otherwise has Federalism
implications.
The proposed changes to the CLIA
regulations at § 493.1291 would not
have a substantial direct effect on State
and local governments, preempt State
law, or otherwise have a Federalism
implication and there is no change in
the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various
levels of government. We believe that
this change is compatible with existing
State law for 35 States and territories as
shown in Table 6. Of the 35, we believe
that nine already allow the laboratory to
release test reports directly to the
patient. In 26 States and territories, we
believe that the licensing statutes and
regulations are silent with respect to
who is authorized to receive laboratory
test reports. If finalized, the CLIA
regulations will allow laboratories in
these States and territories to provide,
upon a patient’s request, direct access to
the patient’s identifiable test reports.
The Federalism implications of the
Privacy Rule were assessed as required
by Executive Order 13132 and
published as part of the preamble to the
final rule on December 28, 2000 (65 FR
82462, 82797). Regarding preemption,
though the proposed changes to the
Privacy Rule will preempt a number of
State laws (see Table 6, below), this
preemption of State law is consistent
with the preemption provision of the
HIPAA statute. The preamble to the
final Privacy Rule explains that the
HIPAA statute dictates the relationship
between State law and Privacy Rule
requirements, and the rule’s preemption
provisions do not raise Federalism
issues.
We do not believe that this rule would
impose substantial direct compliance
costs on State and local governments
that are not required by statute. We do
not believe that a significant number of
laboratories affected by these proposals
are operated by State or local
governments. Therefore, the proposed
modifications in these areas would not
cause additional costs to State and local
governments.
In considering the principles in and
requirements of Executive Order 13132,
the Department has determined that this
proposed modification to the Privacy
Rule will not significantly affect the
rights, roles and responsibilities of the
States.
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56721
TABLE 6—EXISTING LAWS IN STATES/TERRITORIES PERTAINING TO TEST REPORTS
HIPAA will preempt State law
Compatible with State law
Allows test reports only to provider
Allows test reports to patient with
provider approval
Arkansas
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Kansas
Maine
Missouri
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Washington
Wisconsin
Wyoming
California
Connecticut
Florida
Massachusetts
Michigan
New York
Virginia
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B. Anticipated Effects
The current CLIA regulations and
related laws of the States and territories
pose potential barriers to the laboratory
exchange of health care information
(test reports) directly with the patient.
These proposed regulatory changes
would amend § 493.1291(f) and add
§ 493.1291(l) to the CLIA regulations
and also amend § 164.524 of the Privacy
Rule. These changes are being made in
support of HHS’ efforts toward
achieving patient-centered and health
IT-enabled healthcare and would allow
patients direct access to their laboratory
test reports from a laboratory without
having to go to their healthcare provider
to obtain this information.
This proposed rule includes changes
that, if finalized, would impact
laboratories in 39 States and territories
(Table 3) where State law does not
permit the laboratory to provide test
reports directly to the patient. For the
laboratories in the remaining 16 States
and territories where the laboratory is
allowed to provide the test report to the
patient either directly or after provider
approval, there is no impact based on
this proposed rule.
C. Costs
Although data are not available to
calculate the estimated costs and
benefits that would result from these
proposed regulatory changes, we are
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Allows test reports to patient
Delaware
District of Columbia
Maryland
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Nevada
Oregon
Puerto Rico
West Virginia
providing an analysis of the potential
impact based upon available
information and certain assumptions.
We assume that the costs and benefits
of the change to the HIPAA Privacy Rule
would not be separate from the costs
and benefits associated with the changes
to the CLIA regulations. We request
comments on how laboratories would
handle patient requests for laboratory
test reports and the associated costs.
These proposed regulatory changes, if
finalized, are anticipated to have the
following associated costs and benefits:
• The impacted laboratories may
require additional resources to process
the patient requests for test reports and
to provide the test reports to the
patients.
• Patients will benefit from having
direct access to their laboratory test
results. (See section D below).
1. Quantifiable Impacts
We assume that, if this proposed rule
is finalized, laboratories that are issued
a CLIA Certificate of Registration,
Certificate of Compliance, or Certificate
of Accreditation in the 39 States and
territories identified in Table 3 will be
allowed to provide patients with a copy
of their test report upon request. The
OSCAR database includes 22,671
laboratories in the 39 States and
territories that would be impacted by
this proposed change and the
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Frm 00061
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
No State law
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Colorado
Guam
Idaho
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Louisiana
Minnesota
Mississippi
Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
N. Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
corresponding number of annual tests in
these laboratories is approximately 6.1
billion as shown in Table 4. Data are not
available for estimating the number of
test results reported per test report.
However, it is common knowledge that
the majority of test reports contain
multiple test results. Tests are
frequently ordered as panels of
individual tests. For example, according
to 2008 CMS reimbursement data, three
of the four most frequently ordered tests
in the Medicare outpatient setting are
panels of multiple individual tests,
some of which may contain up to 20
tests. As part of a medical encounter,
frequently more than one panel is
ordered per patient, and a test report
could contain a large number of
individual test results. Therefore, for the
purposes of this analysis, an assumed
range of 10 to 20 is used to represent the
average number of test results per test
report. Applying this range to the total
number of annual tests (6,108,678,992)
from Table 4, the estimated number of
total annual test reports ranges from a
low of 305,433,950 to a high of
610,867,899.
There are no data available to estimate
the proportion of test reports that would
be requested by patients from the
laboratories impacted by these proposed
provisions once this rule is finalized.
We welcome data pertaining to the
number of test reports requested from
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 178 / Wednesday, September 14, 2011 / Proposed Rules
laboratories that are already providing
test reports upon request so that we
would be better able to provide a more
accurate estimate in the final rule. For
the purposes of this analysis, we assume
that many patients would still prefer to
obtain their laboratory result
information from their healthcare
provider, who would also be able to
provide interpretation of the test results,
and thus an assumed range of from 1 in
2,000 (0.05 percent) to 1 in 200 (0.50
percent) is used to represent the
proportion of test reports requested.
Applying this range to the number of
estimated annual test reports
(305,433,950 to 610,867,899) yields an
estimated annual number patient
requests ranging from 152,717 to
3,054,339.
Processing a request for a test report,
either manually or electronically, would
require completion of the following
steps: (1) Receipt of the request from the
patient; (2) authentication of the
identification of the patient; (3) retrieval
of test reports; (4) verification of how
and where the patient wants the test
report to be delivered and provision of
the report by mail, fax, e-mail or other
electronic means; and (5)
documentation of test report issuance.
We estimated the total time to process
each test report request to be in the
range of 10 minutes to 30 minutes. This
estimate for a range of total time
includes estimates for a range of time for
each of the five steps listed above. The
time needed to complete each step is
dependent on the capabilities of the
laboratory, such as whether manual or
automated processes are available, and
the desired method of communication
of test reports to the individual patient
as listed in step 5. We welcome
comments based on data from
laboratories that already provide test
reports to patients upon request. We
also request comment on the burdens
associated with providing electronic
formats as requested by individuals,
machine readable or otherwise.
To determine the cost of processing
test reports we used an hourly rate for
a clerical level employee of $30.09 (see
Table 1) and determined the costs to
process one test report to be $5.00 if it
took 10 minutes and $15.00 if it took 30
minutes. We multiplied the range for
the number of patient requests, 152,717
to 3,054,339 by $5.00 and $15.00. The
estimated annual cost to process all test
report requests in 2011 ranges from
$763,585 to $45,815,092.
The analysis also assumed each of the
estimated 22,671 laboratories to be
impacted by this rule (Table 3) would
need to develop and implement a policy
and process to receive and respond to
patient requests as discussed above. To
estimate the initial, one-time
development cost, it is assumed to
require laboratory management staff
time ranging from a low of 2 hours to
a high of 9 hours per laboratory. To
convert the number of hours to an
estimated cost per laboratory, we
applied the rate of $50.06 (see Table 1)
to the assumed 2 to 9 hour time range
yields an estimated cost per laboratory
ranging from $100.12 to $450.54, which
when applied to the estimated 22,671
laboratories impacted results in a total
estimated one-time development cost
ranging from $2,269,821 to $10,214,192.
Table 7 shows the total estimated
range of annual costs for the proposed
change in undiscounted 2010 dollars
and discounted at 3 percent and 7
percent to translate expected benefits or
costs in any given future year into
present value terms. To calculate the
total estimated costs in 2011, we added
the cost to develop the necessary
policies and processes (which would
only be applicable in the first year) and
the cost of responding to test report
requests. These costs total between $3
million and $56 million for 2011. As
subsequent years would only entail the
costs associated with processing
requests, we simply took the 2011
values for the cost of responding to test
reports and applied the same inflation
factor used in Table 1 for the hourly rate
calculations. The resulting values can be
found in Table 7.
TABLE 7—TOTAL ESTIMATED ANNUAL COSTS OF PATIENT TEST REPORT REQUESTS (POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND
PROCESSING)
Undiscounted
(Base year: 2010 $)
Low
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2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
High
$3,033,405
787,919
810,572
833,876
857,850
Laboratories would be able to offset
some of these costs pursuant to
§ 164.524(c)(4) of the HIPAA Privacy
Rule, which permits covered entities to
impose on the patient a reasonable, costbased fee for providing access to their
health information, including the cost of
supplies for and labor of copying the
requested information.
2. Non-Quantifiable Impacts
The burden in this proposed rule
would be primarily on laboratories to
provide the laboratory test reports when
requested by the patient; however, there
may be some impacts on the healthcare
provider’s office. If the patient does not
know where the provider sent the test,
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Discounted at
3 percent
Low
$56,029,285
47,275,146
48,634,307
50,032,543
51,470,978
High
$2,945,054
742,689
741,788
740,888
739,989
Frm 00062
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
Low
$54,397,364
44,561,359
44,507,280
44,453,266
44,399,318
the provider may need to provide
laboratory contact information to the
patient so they may request the test
report. We assume that notification of
the laboratory name and contact
information could be provided in as
little as 30 seconds; however there are
no data to confirm this and we thus
request comment on the issue. We also
note that since the provider may need
to provide an interpretation of the test
results, the provider may give the
patient a copy of the test report rather
than referring the patient to the
laboratory for the information.
PO 00000
Discounted at
7 percent
$2,834,958
688,199
661,668
636,160
611,635
High
$52,363,818
41,291,943
39,700,081
38,169,587
36,698,096
D. Benefits
Although we cannot quantify the
impact on patients, we believe that it
would be positive in light of findings
from studies that focused on patient
receipt of test results from the provider.
We found several studies where greater
than 90 percent of patients stated they
preferred being notified of all test
results, both normal and abnormal (1.
Baldwin et al. Patient preferences for
notification of normal laboratory test
results: a report from the ASIPS
Collaborative. BMC Fam Practice
2005;6:11; 2. Booker et al. Patient
notification and follow-up of abnormal
test results. Arch Intern Med 1996; 327–
E:\FR\FM\14SEP1.SGM
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 178 / Wednesday, September 14, 2011 / Proposed Rules
331; 3. Grimes et al. Patient preferences
and physician practices for laboratory
test result notification. JABFM
2009:22:6:670–676; and 4. Meza JP and
Webster DS. Patient preferences for
laboratory test result notification. Am J
Manag Care 2000; 6:1297–300). These
same studies reported, for both the
healthcare provider and patient, the
preferred method for receiving normal
test results was the U.S. mail and direct
phone contact from the provider was the
preferred method for abnormal test
results. These preferences may have
changed in the last 5 years given the
increase in the use of electronic
communications. Advantages reported
in these studies for the patient having
direct access to the test report include
reduced workload for the healthcare
provider’s office, reduced chance of a
patient not being informed of a
laboratory test result, and reduced
numbers of patients who fail to seek
appropriate medical care.
Category
E. Alternatives Considered
The proposed changes to the CLIA
regulations and the HIPAA Privacy Rule
are being proposed in support of the
Department’s efforts toward achieving
patient-centered health care. Several
alternatives were considered before
selecting the approach in this proposed
rule to provide access to laboratory test
reports upon a patient’s request. One
alternative would have been to leave the
regulations as written without making
any changes. However, this option
would leave in place the restrictions on
patients’ direct access to their laboratory
test results and would therefore impede
the goal of promoting patient-centered
health care. Another alternative would
have been to revise the definition of
‘‘authorized person’’ under CLIA to
specifically include a patient as an
authorized person. This alternative was
not considered feasible because the
definition of ‘‘authorized person’’ in the
CLIA regulations also permits
individuals to order tests, and it defers
to State law for authorization. A last
Primary estimate
Minimum
estimate
56723
alternative considered would have been
to require the laboratory to
automatically provide each test report
directly to each patient rather than the
permissive approach to provide patients
access to their reports upon request.
However, this alternative would have
had the potential of significantly
increasing the cost for laboratories since
100 percent of the 300 million to 500
million test reports issued annually
would need to be provided to the
patients. As discussed earlier in this
regulatory impact analysis, we welcome
comments and the submission of data
and information on the costs and
benefits of implementation of this
proposed change so that we can conduct
a more robust assessment of the
alternatives comparing incremental
costs and benefits for the final rule.
F. Accounting Statement and Table
We have prepared the following
accounting statement showing the
classification of the expenditures
associated with the provisions of this
proposed rule.
Maximum
estimate
Source citation
(RIA, preamble, etc.)
BENEFITS
Monetized benefits ....................................
Annualized qualified, but unmonetized,
benefits.
(Unqualified benefits) ................................
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
RIA Section C2.
RIA Section C2.
n/a
n/a
n/a
RIA Section C2.
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
$3,033,405
787,919
810,572
833,876
857,850
n/a
$56,029,285
47,275,146
48,634,307
50,032,543
51,470,978
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
COSTS
Annualized monetized costs (2010 $):
2011 ...................................................
2012 ...................................................
2013 ...................................................
2014 ...................................................
2015 ...................................................
Annualized qualified, but unmonetized,
benefits.
Qualitative (unquantified) costs ................
RIA
RIA
RIA
RIA
RIA
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
(Table
(Table
(Table
(Table
(Table
9).
9).
9).
9).
9).
RIA Section C2.
TRANSFERS
Annualized
budget’’.
From whom
Annualized
budget’’.
From whom
monetized
transfers:
‘‘on
n/a
n/a
n/a
to whom?
monetized
transfers:
‘‘off-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
to whom?
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS
Category
Effects
Effects on State, local, and/or tribal governments.
Effects on small businesses .....................
Effects on wages ......................................
Effects on growth ......................................
n/a
We estimated the cost to laboratories
to provide patients with a copy of their
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n/a
n/a
RIA Sec A (Table 4).
n/a
n/a
n/a
G. Conclusion
VerDate Mar<15>2010
Source Citation (RIA, preamble, etc.)
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
RIA Section A.
test reports upon request and
determined it would cost between $3
million and $56 million in 2011. These
PO 00000
Frm 00063
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
costs would diminish in subsequent
years. In addition laboratory provision
of test reports to patients may provide
E:\FR\FM\14SEP1.SGM
14SEP1
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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 178 / Wednesday, September 14, 2011 / Proposed Rules
information that could benefit the
patient by reducing the chance of the
patient not being informed of a
laboratory test result, reducing the
number of patients lost to follow-up,
and benefiting health care providers by
reducing their workload in providing
laboratory test reports.
In accordance with the provisions of
Executive Order 12866, this regulation
was reviewed by the Office of
Management and Budget.
using the test results and the laboratory
that initially requested the test.
*
*
*
*
*
(l) Upon a patient’s request, the
laboratory may provide access to
completed test reports that, using the
laboratory’s authentication process, can
be identified as belonging to that
patient.
List of Subjects
3. The authority citation for part 164
continues to read as follows:
42 CFR Part 493
Administrative practice and
procedure, Grant programs—health,
Health facilities, Laboratories, Medicaid,
Medicare, Penalties, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
45 CFR Part 164
Administrative practice and
procedure, Computer technology,
Electronic information system,
Electronic transactions, Employer
benefit plan, Health, Health care, Health
facilities, Health insurance, Health
records, Hospitals, Medicaid, Medical
research, Medicare, Privacy, Reporting
and recordkeeping requirements,
Security.
For the reasons set forth in the
preamble, the Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services proposes to amend
42 CFR part 493, and the Department
proposes to amend 45 CFR Subtitle A,
Subchapter C, part 164, as set forth
below:
Title 42—Public Health
PART 493—LABORATORY
REQUIREMENTS
1. The authority citation for part 493
continues to read as follows:
Authority: Section 353 of the Public
Health Service Act, secs. 1102, 1861(e), the
sentence following sections 1861(s)(11)
through 1861(16) of the Social Security Act
(42 U.S.C. 263a, 1302, 1395x(e), the sentence
following 1395x(s)(11) through 1395x(s)(16)).
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS
Subpart K—Quality System for
Nonwaived Testing
2. Section 493.1291 is amended by—
A. Revising paragraph (f).
B. Adding a new paragraph (l).
The revision and addition read as
follows:
§ 493.1291
Standard: Test report.
*
*
*
*
*
(f) Except as provided in paragraph (l)
of this section, test results must be
released only to authorized persons and,
if applicable, the individuals (or their
personal representative) responsible for
VerDate Mar<15>2010
17:16 Sep 13, 2011
Jkt 223001
Title 45—Public Welfare
PART 164—SECURITY AND PRIVACY
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 1320d–1320d–8; sec.
264, Pub. Law 104–191, 110 Stat. 2033–2034
(42 U.S.C. 1320d–2 (note)); secs. 13400–
13402, Pub. Law 111–5, 123 Stat. 258–263.
4. Section 164.524 is amended by
revising paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (ii) and
removing paragraph (a)(1)(iii) to read as
follows:
§ 164.524 Access of individuals to
protected health information.
(a) (1) * * *
(i) Psychotherapy notes; and
(ii) Information compiled in
reasonable anticipation of, or for use in,
a civil, criminal, or administrative
action or proceeding.
*
*
*
*
*
Dated: April 1, 2011.
Thomas R. Frieden,
Director, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Administrator, Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry.
Dated: August 12, 2011.
Donald M. Berwick,
Administrator, Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services.
Dated: September 7, 2011.
Leon Rodriguez,
Director, Office for Civil Rights.
Dated: September 7, 2011.
Kathleen Sebelius,
Secretary, Department of Health and Human
Services.
[FR Doc. 2011–23525 Filed 9–12–11; 11:15 am]
BILLING CODE 4120–01–P
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
SECURITY
Federal Emergency Management
Agency
44 CFR Part 67
Docket ID FEMA–2011–0002; Internal
Agency Docket No. FEMA–B–1214]
Proposed Flood Elevation
Determinations
Federal Emergency
Management Agency, DHS.
AGENCY:
PO 00000
Frm 00064
Fmt 4702
Sfmt 4702
ACTION:
Proposed rule.
Comments are requested on
the proposed Base (1% annual-chance)
Flood Elevations (BFEs) and proposed
BFE modifications for the communities
listed in the table below. The purpose
of this proposed rule is to seek general
information and comment regarding the
proposed regulatory flood elevations for
the reach described by the downstream
and upstream locations in the table
below. The BFEs and modified BFEs are
a part of the floodplain management
measures that the community is
required either to adopt or to show
evidence of having in effect in order to
qualify or remain qualified for
participation in the National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP). In addition,
these elevations, once finalized, will be
used by insurance agents and others to
calculate appropriate flood insurance
premium rates for new buildings and
the contents in those buildings.
DATES: Comments are to be submitted
on or before December 13, 2011.
ADDRESSES: The corresponding
preliminary Flood Insurance Rate Map
(FIRM) for the proposed BFEs for each
community is available for inspection at
the community’s map repository. The
respective addresses are listed in the
table below.
You may submit comments, identified
by Docket No. FEMA–B–1214, to Luis
Rodriguez, Chief, Engineering
Management Branch, Federal Insurance
and Mitigation Administration, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, 500 C
Street, SW., Washington, DC 20472,
(202) 646–4064, or (e-mail)
luis.rodriguez1@dhs.gov.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Luis
Rodriguez, Chief, Engineering
Management Branch, Federal Insurance
and Mitigation Administration, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, 500 C
Street, SW., Washington, DC 20472,
(202) 646–4064, or (e-mail)
luis.rodriguez1@dhs.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The
Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) proposes to make
determinations of BFEs and modified
BFEs for each community listed below,
in accordance with section 110 of the
Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973,
42 U.S.C. 4104, and 44 CFR 67.4(a).
These proposed BFEs and modified
BFEs, together with the floodplain
management criteria required by 44 CFR
60.3, are the minimum that are required.
They should not be construed to mean
that the community must change any
existing ordinances that are more
stringent in their floodplain
management requirements. The
SUMMARY:
E:\FR\FM\14SEP1.SGM
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Agencies
[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 178 (Wednesday, September 14, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 56712-56724]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-23525]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
42 CFR Part 493
Office of the Secretary
45 CFR Part 164
[CMS-2319-P]
RIN 0938-AQ38
CLIA Program and HIPAA Privacy Rule; Patients' Access to Test
Reports
AGENCY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS; Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HHS; Office for Civil Rights
(OCR), HHS.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: This proposed rule would amend the Clinical Laboratory
Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) regulations to specify that, upon
a patient's request, the laboratory may provide access to completed
test reports that, using the laboratory's authentication process, can
be identified as belonging to that patient. Subject to conforming
amendments, the proposed rule would retain the existing provisions that
provide for release of test reports to authorized persons and, if
applicable, the individuals (or their personal representative)
responsible for using the test reports and, in the case of reference
laboratories, the laboratory that initially requested the test. In
addition, this proposed rule would also amend the Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy Rule to
provide individuals the right to receive their test reports directly
from laboratories by removing the exceptions for CLIA-certified
laboratories and CLIA-exempt laboratories from the provision that
provides individuals with the right of access to their protected health
information.
DATES: To be assured consideration, comments must be received at one of
the addresses provided below, no later than 5 p.m. on November 14,
2011.
ADDRESSES: In commenting, please refer to file code CMS-2319-P. Because
of staff and resource limitations, we cannot accept comments by
facsimile (FAX) transmission.
You may submit comments in one of four ways (please choose only one
of the ways listed):
1. Electronically. You may submit electronic comments on this
regulation
[[Page 56713]]
to https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the ``Submit a comment''
instructions.
2. By regular mail. You may mail written comments to the following
address ONLY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of
Health and Human Services, Attention: CMS-2319-P, P.O. Box 8010,
Baltimore, MD 21244-8010.
Please allow sufficient time for mailed comments to be received
before the close of the comment period.
3. By express or overnight mail. You may send written comments to
the following address ONLY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services,
Department of Health and Human Services, Attention: CMS-2319-P, Mail
Stop C4-26-05, 7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244-1850.
4. By hand or courier. Alternatively, you may deliver (by hand or
courier) your written comments ONLY to the following addresses prior to
the close of the comment period:
a. For delivery in Washington, DC--Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services, Department of Health and Human Services, Room 445-G, Hubert
H. Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC
20201.
(Because access to the interior of the Hubert H. Humphrey Building
is not readily available to persons without Federal government
identification, commenters are encouraged to leave their comments in
the CMS drop slots located in the main lobby of the building. A stamp-
in clock is available for persons wishing to retain a proof of filing
by stamping in and retaining an extra copy of the comments being
filed.)
b. For delivery in Baltimore, MD--Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services, Department of Health and Human Services, 7500 Security
Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244-1850.
If you intend to deliver your comments to the Baltimore address,
please call telephone number (410) 786-9994 in advance to schedule your
arrival with one of our staff members.
Comments erroneously mailed to the addresses indicated as
appropriate for hand or courier delivery may be delayed and received
after the comment period.
Submission of comments on paperwork requirements. You may submit
comments on this document's paperwork requirements by following the
instructions at the end of the ``Collection of Information
Requirements'' section in this document.
For information on viewing public comments, see the beginning of
the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For CLIA regulations:
Nancy Anderson, CDC, (404) 498-2280.
Judith Yost, CMS, (410) 786-3531.
For HIPAA Privacy Rule:
Andra Wicks, OCR, (202) 205-2292.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Inspection of Public Comments: All comments received before the
close of the comment period are available for viewing by the public,
including any personally identifiable or confidential business
information that is included in a comment. We post all comments
received before the close of the comment period on the following Web
site as soon as possible after they have been received: https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the search instructions on that Web site to
view public comments.
Comments received timely will also be available for public
inspection as they are received, generally beginning approximately 3
weeks after publication of a document, at the headquarters of the
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 7500 Security Boulevard,
Baltimore, Maryland 21244, Monday through Friday of each week from 8:30
a.m. to 4 p.m. To schedule an appointment to view public comments,
phone 1-800-743-3951.
I. Background
A. CLIA Statute and Regulations
The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) were
enacted to establish quality standards for certain laboratory testing.
These standards ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of
patient test results, regardless of where the test is performed. The
standards are based on the complexity of the laboratory test method;
the more complicated the test, the more stringent the requirements for
the laboratory.
CLIA established three categories of testing based on complexity
level. In increasing order of complexity, these categories are waived
complexity, moderate complexity which includes the subcategory of
provider-performed microscopy (PPM), and high complexity. Laboratories
must hold a CLIA certificate for the most complex form of CLIA-
regulated testing that they perform.
CLIA covers all phases of laboratory testing, including the
reporting out of test results. The CLIA-based limitations that govern
to whom a laboratory may issue a test report have become a point of
concern. The requirements for a laboratory test report are set forth in
42 CFR 493.1291.
Under the current regulations at Sec. 493.1291(f), CLIA limits a
laboratory's disclosure of laboratory test results to three categories
of individuals: the ``authorized person,'' the person responsible for
using the test results in the treatment context, and, in the case of
reference laboratories, the referring lab. Authorized person is defined
in Sec. 493.2 as the individual authorized under State law to order or
receive test results, or both. In States that do not provide for
individual access to the individual's test results, the individual must
receive his or her results through the ordering provider.
While individuals can obtain test results through the ordering
provider, we believe that the advent of certain health reform concepts
(for example, individualized medicine and an individual's active
involvement in his or her own health care) would be best served by
revisiting the CLIA limitations on the disclosure of laboratory test
results.
Title XIII of Division A and Title IV of Division B of the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (The Recovery Act), which was
enacted on February 17, 2009, incorporated the Health Information
Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act.
HITECH created a Federal advisory committee known as the Health
Information Technology (HIT) Policy Committee. The HIT Policy Committee
has broad representation from major health care constituencies and
provides recommendations to the Office of the National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology (ONC) on issues relating to the
implementation of an interoperable, nationwide health information
infrastructure. Among other efforts, the HIT Policy Committee has
sought to identify barriers to the adoption and use of health
information technology. According to the HIT Policy Committee, CLIA
regulations are perceived by some stakeholders as imposing barriers to
the exchange of health information. These stakeholders include large-
and medium-sized laboratories, some public health laboratories,
electronic health record (EHR) system vendors, health policy experts,
health information exchange organizations (HIOs) and healthcare
providers who believe that the individual's access to his or her own
records is impeded, preventing patients from a more active role in
their personal health care decisions.
CLIA staff worked with the Office of the National Coordinator for
Health IT (ONC), and the CMS Office of E-Health Standards and Services
(OESS) to
[[Page 56714]]
ensure an individual's direct access to his or her own medical records
through laboratories.
The collaborating offices believe the provision of direct patient
access to laboratory test reports would support the commitments and
goals of the Secretary of HHS and the CMS Administrator regarding the
widespread adoption of EHRs by 2014.
Therefore, in an effort to increase direct patient access rights,
we are proposing that, upon a patient's request, CLIA regulations would
allow laboratories to provide direct patient access to completed test
reports that, using the laboratory's authentication processes, the
laboratory can identify as belonging to that patient. We propose to
retain the other categories of individuals who are eligible to receive
test reports from laboratories, namely the individuals responsible for
using the test reports, and, in the case of a reference laboratory, the
laboratory that initially requested the test. We also propose certain
conforming amendments to the existing regulations. CMS solicits
comments from stakeholders regarding the potential impact of this
change on improving patients' access to their laboratory results.
B. HIPAA Statute and Privacy Rule
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
(HIPAA), Title II, subtitle F--Administrative Simplification, Public
Law 104-191, 110 Stat., 2021, provided for the establishment of
national standards to protect the privacy and security of personal
health information. The Administrative Simplification provisions of
HIPAA apply to three types of entities, which are known as ``covered
entities'': health care providers who conduct covered health care
transactions electronically, health plans, and health care
clearinghouses.
A laboratory, as a health care provider, is only a covered entity
if it conducts electronic transactions (for example, electronic
submission of health care claims). The list of HIPAA transactions
applicable to providers are:
Health care claims or equivalent encounter information.
Coordination of benefits.
Health care claim status.
Eligibility for a health plan.
Referral certification and authorization.
If a laboratory does not conduct any of the above transactions
electronically (either because it does not conduct the transactions at
all or because it does so via paper), then it is not subject to the
HIPAA Privacy Rule. If a laboratory conducts a single transaction
electronically, then it becomes a covered entity and is subject to the
Privacy Rule with respect to all protected health information that it
creates or maintains (that is, the application of the Privacy Rule is
not limited to the individuals or records associated with an electronic
transaction).
Pursuant to HIPAA, on December 28, 2000, the Department published a
final rule in the Federal Register (65 FR 82462) entitled ``Standards
for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, known as
the ``Privacy Rule,'' which was amended on August 14, 2002 (67 FR
53182). The Privacy Rule at 45 CFR 164.524 provides individuals with a
general right of access to inspect and obtain a copy of protected
health information about the individual in a designated record set
maintained by or for a covered entity. A ``designated record set'' is
defined at Sec. 164.501 as a group of records maintained by or for a
covered entity that is comprised of the medical records and billing
records about individuals maintained by or for a covered health care
provider; the enrollment, payment, claims adjudication, and case or
medical management record systems maintained by or for a health plan;
or used, in whole or in part, by or for the covered entity to make
decisions about individuals.
The definition of ``designated record set'' also clarifies that the
term ``record'' means ``any item, collection, or grouping of
information that includes protected health information and is
maintained, collected, used or disseminated by or for a covered
entity.'' Laboratory test reports maintained by or for a laboratory
that is a covered entity fall within the definition of designated
record set since they are medical records about individuals.
The right of access under Sec. 164.524 extends not only to
individuals, but also to individuals' personal representatives. The
rules governing who may act as a personal representative under the
Privacy Rule are set forth at Sec. 164.502(g).
While individuals (and personal representatives) generally have the
right to inspect and obtain a copy of their protected health
information in a designated record set, the Privacy Rule includes a set
of exceptions related to CLIA. The right of access under Sec. 164.524
of the Privacy Rule does not apply to: protected health information
maintained by a covered entity that is--(1) Subject to CLIA to the
extent the provision of access to the individual would be prohibited by
law; or (2) exempt from CLIA.
These exceptions at Sec. 164.524(a)(1)(iii) were included in the
Privacy Rule because the Department wanted to avoid a conflict with the
CLIA requirements that limited patient access to test reports (65 FR
82485). These exceptions only cover test reports at CLIA and CLIA-
exempt laboratories; the individual has a right to access the test
reports when held by any other type of covered entity (for example, a
hospital or treating physician).
Because CMS is proposing to amend the CLIA regulations to allow
CLIA-certified laboratories to provide patients with direct access to
their test reports, there is no longer a need for the exceptions at
Sec. 164.524 for CLIA and CLIA-exempt laboratories. Unless these
exceptions are removed from the Privacy Rule, they would serve as a
barrier to individuals' right of access to test reports. Failure to
eliminate these barriers would be inconsistent with the CMS proposal
and the goals of HHS to improve individuals' electronic access to their
health information and have widespread adoption of EHRs by 2014.
Accordingly, HHS is proposing to remove the exceptions for CLIA and
CLIA-exempt laboratories from the right of access at Sec. 164.524.
II. Provisions of the Proposed Regulations
A. Proposed Changes to the CLIA Regulations (42 CFR 493.1291)
This rule proposes revisions to Sec. 493.1291 to provide patients,
upon request, with direct access to their laboratory test reports. To
do so we are proposing to add Sec. 493.1291(l) to specify that, upon a
patient's request, the laboratory may provide an individual with access
to his or her completed test reports that, using the laboratory's
authentication processes, can be identified as belonging to that
patient. In using ``may,'' however, we would highlight the importance
of reading the proposed CLIA provisions in concert with the applicable
HIPAA provisions. As described in section IIB below, HIPAA generally
requires covered entities to give patients access to their records. One
exception to this general mandate is a provision that exempts entities
subject to CLIA where a law bars disclosure. If finalized, the proposed
HIPAA amendments will remove this exception, and covered entity
laboratories will be required to provide patients with access to test
reports. While a more detailed HIPAA preemption analysis is found in
section IIB below, we note that the CLIA ``may''
[[Page 56715]]
plus the HIPAA ``must'' would result in a ``must disclose'' for
laboratories that are HIPAA covered entities.
We also note that, as proposed, the CLIA regulations would not
spell out the mechanism by which patient requests for access would be
submitted, processed, or responded to by the laboratories. In providing
this latitude, we intend to allow patients and their personal
representatives' access to patient test reports in accordance with the
requirements of the HIPAA Privacy Rule.
Subject to conforming amendments, we propose to retain the existing
requirements at Sec. 493.1291(f) that otherwise limit the release of
test reports to authorized persons and, if applicable, the individuals
(or their personal representatives) responsible for using the test
reports and, in the case of a reference laboratory, the laboratory that
initially requested the test.
B. Proposed Changes to the Privacy Rule (45 CFR 164.524)
The Department also proposes to amend the Privacy Rule at Sec.
164.524 to remove the exceptions that relate to CLIA and affect an
individual's right of access. This proposal would align the Privacy
Rule with CMS' proposed changes and the Department's goal of improving
individuals' access to their health information.
As a result of this proposal, HIPAA covered entities that are
laboratories subject to CLIA would have the same obligations as other
types of covered health care providers with respect to providing
individuals with access to their protected health information in
accordance with Sec. 164.524. Similarly, HIPAA covered entities that
are CLIA-exempt laboratories (as the term is defined at 42 CFR 493.2)
would no longer be excepted from HIPAA's right of access under Sec.
164.524(a)(1)(iii)(B). As with other covered entities, HIPAA covered
laboratories would be required to provide access to the individual or
the individual's personal representative.
The current HIPAA Privacy Rule requires covered entities to provide
an individual with access to protected health information in the form
or format requested by the individual, if it is readily producible in
such form or format. The Privacy Rule permits covered entities to
charge a reasonable, cost-based fee to provide individuals with copies
of their protected health information. The fee may include only the
cost of copying (including supplies and labor) and postage, if the
patient requests that the copy be mailed. If the patient has agreed to
receive a summary or explanation of his or her protected health
information, the covered entity may also charge a fee for preparation
of the summary or explanation. The fee may not include costs associated
with searching for and retrieving the requested information.
On July 14, 2010, the Department issued a proposed rule to
implement most of the privacy and security provisions of the HITECH
Act, which included provisions to strengthen an individual's right to
receive an electronic copy of his or her protected health information,
where such information is maintained electronically in one or more
designated record sets. Specifically, the proposed rule would require
in such cases that the covered entity provide the individual with
access to the electronic information in the electronic form and format
requested by the individual, if it is readily producible in such form
and format, or, if not, in a readable electronic form and format as
agreed to by the covered entity and the individual. Additionally, the
Department proposed changes to address and clarify the fees associated
with the provision of electronic access. The Department proposed to
allow reasonable cost-based fees reflecting the costs of labor for
creating the electronic copy of the information and of supplies, such
as CDs, if the individual requests that the electronic copy be provided
on portable media. HIPAA covered laboratories would be required to
comply with the Privacy Rule's provisions regarding form of access
provided and fees, as they exist currently and then are ultimately
modified by a final rule implementing the HITECH Act. With respect to
the provision of electronic access, covered entities that have
electronic reporting capabilities are expected to provide the
individual with a machine readable or other electronic copy of the
individual's protected health information. (The individual always
retains the right to request and receive a paper copy, if desired.) The
Department considers machine readable data to mean digital information
stored in a standard format enabling the information to be processed
and analyzed by computer. For example, this would include providing the
individual with an electronic copy of the protected health information
in the format of MS Word or Excel, text, HTML, or text-based PDF, among
other formats. We request comment on the ability of laboratories to
provide electronic copies of protected health information in machine
readable or other electronic formats.
Under our proposal, Sec. 164.524 would preempt any contrary
provisions of State law. HIPAA, at section 1178 of the Social Security
Act (the Act), provides that the administrative simplification
regulations (``the HIPAA Rules'') preempt any contrary provisions of
State law. A provision of State law is ``contrary'' to a provision of
the HIPAA Rules if a covered entity would find it impossible to comply
with both the State and Federal requirements; or the provision of State
law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the
full purposes and objectives of part C of title XI of the Act or
section 254 of Public Law 104-191, as applicable.
Pursuant to section 264(c)(2) of HIPAA, the HIPAA Privacy Rule
includes an exception from this general preemption if ``the provision
of State law relates to the privacy of individually identifiable health
information and is more stringent than a standard, requirement, or
implementation specification adopted under subpart E of part 164 of
this subchapter.'' With respect to a State law pertaining to an
individual's right to access his or her protected health information, a
State law is more stringent than the Privacy Rule if the State law
``permits greater rights of access or amendment, as applicable'' (Sec.
160.202).
A number of States have laws that prohibit a laboratory from
releasing a test report directly to the patient or that prohibit the
release without the ordering provider's consent. If adopted, the
proposed changes to Sec. 164.524 would preempt any contrary State laws
that prohibit the HIPAA-covered laboratory from directly providing
access to the individual.
We note that covered entities, including CLIA and CLIA-exempt
laboratories under our proposal, must satisfy the verification
requirement of Sec. 164.514(h) before providing an individual with
access. This requirement is consistent with the proposed change to the
CLIA requirements, which would allow a laboratory to provide patients
with access to test reports when the laboratory can authenticate that
the test report pertains to the patient. We recognize that a laboratory
may receive a test order with only an anonymous identifier and thus may
be unable to identify the individual who is the subject of the test
report. It is not our intent to discourage such anonymous testing. In
this case, the laboratory that receives a request for access from an
individual but cannot verify that the requesting individual is the
subject of a test report is under no obligation to provide access.
[[Page 56716]]
We propose that, if finalized, HIPAA-covered laboratories would be
required to comply with the revised Sec. 164.524 by no later than 180
days after the effective date of the final rule. The effective date of
the final rule would be 60 days after publication in the Federal
Register, so laboratories would have a total of 240 days after
publication of the final rule to come into compliance. This compliance
period is consistent with section 1175(b)(2) of the Act, which provides
that the Department must provide covered entities with at least 180
days to come into compliance with modifications to standards under the
HIPAA Rules. This compliance period also is consistent with our
proposed changes to Sec. 160.105 found in the July 14, 2010 proposed
rule (75 FR 40868). That proposal would establish at Sec. 160.105 a
180-day compliance period for future modifications to the HIPAA Rules,
unless otherwise specifically provided.
III. Collection of Information Requirements
Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, we are required to
provide 60-day notice in the Federal Register and solicit public
comment before a collection of information requirement is submitted to
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and approval. In
order to fairly evaluate whether an information collection should be
approved by OMB, section 3506(c)(2)(A) of the Paperwork Reduction Act
of 1995 requires that we solicit comment on the following issues:
The need for the information collection and its usefulness
in carrying out the proper functions of our agency.
The accuracy of our estimate of the information collection
burden.
The quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be
collected.
Recommendations to minimize the information collection
burden on the affected public, including automated collection
techniques.
We are soliciting public comment on each of these issues for the
information collection requirements (ICRs) in the proposals for 42 CFR
493.1291.
Except as provided in Sec. 493.1291(l), test reports must be
released only to authorized persons and, if applicable, the individuals
(or their personal representative) responsible for using the test
reports and, in the case of a reference laboratory, the laboratory that
initially requested the test. Under Sec. 493.1291(l), the laboratory
may, upon request by the patient, provide access to the patient's test
reports that the laboratory can identify as belonging to that patient.
The CLIA regulations would not require that CLIA-certified laboratories
provide this access--rather, the entities would be allowed to provide
for access. We note, however, that CLIA-certified laboratories
generally are covered entities under the HIPAA Privacy Rule. That rule
also provides for patients' access to their records. CLIA-certified
laboratories will need to ensure that their practices conform to CLIA
and HIPAA requirements.
We have prepared the Paperwork Reduction Act and the Regulatory
Impact Analysis that represents the costs and benefits of the proposed
rule based on analysis of identified variables and data sources needed
for this proposed change. We identified known data elements (Table 1)
and made assumptions on elements where a source could not be identified
(Table 2). Our assumptions are based on internal discussions and
consultation with two reference laboratories. We request comments on
the assumptions used and analyses provided.
Table 1--Summary of Known Data Elements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable Data element Source
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
States/territories where HIPAA will pre-empt 20 Determination of this finding is based on two
State Law.\1\ reports as listed here:
1. Privacy and Security Solutions for
Interoperable Health Information Exchange,
Releasing Clinical Laboratory Test Results;
Report on Survey of State Laws prepared by
Joy Pritts, JD, for the Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality and Office of the
National Coordinator August 2009; RIT Project
Number 0209825.000.015.100 (accessed July 15,
2010).
.................. 2. Electronic Release of Clinical
Laboratory Results: A Review of State and
Federal Policy prepared by Kitty
Purington, JD, for the California
Healthcare Foundations January 2010
(Accessed July 15, 2010).\1\)
States/territories where laboratories are 39 Determination of this finding is based on two
impacted. reports as listed here:
1. Privacy and Security Solutions for
Interoperable Health Information Exchange,
Releasing Clinical Laboratory Test Results;
Report on Survey of State Laws prepared by
Joy Pritts, JD, for the Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality and Office of the
National Coordinator August 2009; RIT Project
Number 0209825.000.015.100 (Accessed July 15,
2010).
.................. 2. Electronic Release of Clinical
Laboratory Results: A Review of State and
Federal Policy prepared by Kitty
Purington, JD, for the California
Healthcare Foundations January 2010
Accessed July 15, 2010).
Laboratories impacted....................... 22,671 Data from CLIA Online Survey Certification and
Reporting database (OSCAR) database accessed
July 8, 2010.
Test results in impacted laboratories....... 6,108,678,992 Data from OSCAR database accessed July 8,
2010.
Hourly salary of clerical level employee to $30.09 2011 salary/wages and benefits--use 2010
process test request. salary/wages and benefits of $29.25 obtained
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Economic News Release, March 2010 U.S.--Total
employer costs per hour worked for employee
compensation: Civilian workers; Occupational
Group: Service-providing at (https://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecec.t01.htm) and
adjusts annually by 2.78 percent to reflect
an average increase in total compensation
costs from 2005-2009.
Hourly salary of management level employee $50.06 2011 salary/wages and benefits--use 2010
to determine policy. salary/wages and benefits of $48.66 obtained
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Economic News Release, March 2010 U.S.--Total
employer costs per hour worked for employee
compensation: Civilian workers; Occupational
Group: Service-providing at (https://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecec.t01.htm) and
adjusts annually by 2.78 percent to reflect
an l average increase in total compensation
costs from 2005-2009.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Note that there may be circumstances where a laboratory is able to comply with both HIPAA and the State law.
[[Page 56717]]
Table 2--Summary of Assumptions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable Low High
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of test results per test 10 test results... 20 test results.
report.
Percentage of patients 0.05%............. 0.50%.
requesting test report.
Time required to process request 10 minutes........ 30 minutes.
for test report.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
We determined that the impacted CLIA-certified laboratories can be
broken down into four categories: laboratories in States and
territories where there is no law regarding who can receive test
reports (N = 26), laboratories in States and territories where test
reports can only be given to the provider (N = 13), laboratories in
States and territories that allow test reports to go directly to the
patient through some means or mechanism (N = 9), and laboratories in
States and territories that allow the test reports to go to the patient
with provider approval (N = 7) (see Table 3 for a list of states and
territories by category). Of these four categories, we believe that
laboratories in the 39 States and territories where there is either no
law regarding receipt of test reports or where reports can only go to
the provider would be affected by the proposals contained in this
rulemaking. Laboratories in the remaining categories would most likely
have existing procedures in place to respond to patient requests for
test reports, whereas the laboratories in the first two categories
would most likely not have procedures in place and would have to
develop mechanisms for handling these requests and providing access.
Table 3--Impact of Proposed Rule Change on Laboratories
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Impacts laboratories Does not impact laboratories
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allows test
Allows test Allows test reports to
No State law reports only to reports to patient with
provider patient provider
approval
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama Arkansas Delaware California
Alaska Georgia District of Connecticut
Columbia
Arizona Hawaii Maryland Florida
Colorado Illinois New Hampshire Massachusetts
Guam Kansas New Jersey Michigan
Idaho Maine Nevada New York
Indiana Missouri Oregon Virginia
Iowa Pennsylvania Puerto Rico ................
Kentucky Rhode Island West Virginia ................
Louisiana Tennessee
Minnesota Washington
Mississippi Wisconsin
Montana Wyoming
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
N. Mariana
Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The CMS Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting (OSCAR)
database indicates that there are a total of 22,671 laboratories which
provide approximately 6.1 billion tests annually (see Table 4) in the
39 States and territories impacted by this rule. We assume Certificate
of Waiver laboratories and Certificate of PPM laboratories would not be
impacted because the tests are usually performed in these sites during
a patient's visit. We assume that the physician or health practitioner
would inform the patient of those results during the visit, and we
anticipate that the patient would ask that person with whom they
interacted as opposed to the laboratory, if they have reason to seek
copies of the test report in the future. We request public comments on
the potential impact of this rule on Certificate of Waiver and
Certificate of PPM laboratories.
If the proposals contained in this rule are finalized, most of
these 22,671 laboratories will need to develop processes and procedures
to provide direct patient access to test reports. However, we recognize
that some of these 22,671 laboratories may not be covered entities
under HIPAA (because they do not conduct covered health care
transactions electronically, for example, filing electronic claims for
payment) and therefore would not be required to provide direct patient
access. We do not have information on the number of laboratories that
are not covered entities under HIPAA and invite comment on this issue.
[[Page 56718]]
Table 4--Number of Impacted Laboratories and Tests per Year in the 39
Affected States and Territories
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of
State laboratories Number of tests
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama......................... 851 243,512,093
Alaska.......................... 95 8,456,680
Arizona......................... 563 194,894,073
Arkansas........................ 513 66,845,370
Colorado........................ 498 125,645,501
Georgia......................... 1,172 194,786,593
Guam............................ 12 2,055,709
Hawaii.......................... 124 32,566,029
Idaho........................... 231 25,623,535
Iowa............................ 536 75,797,879
Illinois........................ 1,077 497,900,106
Indiana......................... 640 172,798,521
Kansas.......................... 442 239,488,953
Kentucky........................ 697 110,373,950
Louisiana....................... 666 119,794,280
Maine........................... 138 32,909,637
Minnesota....................... 831 145,496,862
Missouri........................ 665 163,380,564
N. Mariana Isl.................. 3 88,177
Mississippi..................... 617 74,187,598
Montana......................... 157 24,428,257
N. Carolina..................... 1,424 288,449,078
N. Dakota....................... 139 19,783,502
Nebraska........................ 372 64,790,081
New Mexico...................... 190 42,105,436
Ohio............................ 1,112 345,544,798
Oklahoma........................ 531 108,564,207
Pennsylvania.................... 1,095 487,529,546
Rhode Island.................... 110 35,429,909
S. Carolina..................... 709 92,320,737
S. Dakota....................... 211 664,345,948
Tennessee....................... 1,070 219,535,503
Texas........................... 3,211 783,048,259
Utah............................ 315 61,663,359
Vermont......................... 81 9,894,769
Virgin Islands.................. 12 1,902,023
Washington...................... 727 176,535,389
Wisconsin....................... 748 146,846,804
Wyoming......................... 86 9,359,277
---------------------------------------
Totals...................... 22,671 6,108,678,992
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data from the CLIA OSCAR database accessed on 7/8/2010.
The ``Number of tests'' is self reported by the laboratory without
validation.
Includes only moderate and high complexity laboratories issued a CLIA
Certificate of Registration, Certificate of Compliance, or Certificate
of Accreditation.
We assume that the development of the mechanisms to provide patient
access to laboratory test reports would be a one-time burden and that
each laboratory would develop its own unique policies and procedures to
address patient access or adopt mechanisms/procedures developed by
consultants or associations representing laboratories. We assume a one-
time burden of 2-9 hours to identify the applicable legal obligations
and to develop the processes and procedures for handling patient
requests for access to test reports. While we provide a range of burden
estimates in this proposed rule, for purposes of OMB review and
approval we will submit burden estimates based on 9 hours. We also
assume an hourly rate for a management level employee to be $50.06 (see
Table 1).
The range of costs for laboratories to develop the necessary
processes and procedures for handling patient requests would be:
2 hours x $50.06 per hour = $100.12 per laboratory x 22, 671
laboratories = $2,269,821
9 hours x $50.06 per hour = $450.54 per laboratory x 22, 671
laboratories = $10,214,192
The burden associated with responding to test report requests is
dependent upon the total number of test reports that exist in affected
laboratories, the percent of the results that would be requested and
the cost of producing these reports for those individuals who ask for
direct access.
Laboratory test reports are commonly understood to contain multiple
test results with many laboratory tests being ordered as panels of
tests. Each laboratory may have their own unique test report panels
which may contain anywhere from 1 to 20 individual test results.
Using a range of 10 to 20 test results in a test report, we
estimated the annual number of test reports that may be requested to
be:
6,108,678,992 tests per year/20 tests per report = 305,433,950 test
reports/year
6,108,678,992 tests per year/10 tests per report = 610,867,899 test
reports/year
We are unaware of any data that would provide a reasonable estimate
for the number of patients who would
[[Page 56719]]
request test reports from laboratories if they are available. We are
soliciting public comments in order to better estimate the number of
patient requests a laboratory might receive. We assume a range of 1 in
2,000 patients (0.05%) to 1 in 200 patients (0.50%) would request
direct access to his or her test report.
Using these figures the range of the number of patient requests per
year would be:
305,433,950 test reports per year x .0005 = 152,717 patient requests
per year
610,867,899 test reports per year x .005 = 3,054,339 patient requests
per year
The processing of a patient request for a test report generally
covers steps from actual receipt of the patient's request to the
delivery of the report and documentation of the delivery. Requests for
laboratory results are usually handled by staff that is not management
level. Due to the lack of data that indicates the amount of time it
takes for staff to process a test report request, we assume a range of
10 to 30 minutes to handle a request from start to finish. We also
assume an hourly rate for a clerical level employee to be $30.09 (see
Table 1)).
Using these figures, we calculated the range of costs to produce
one test report:
$30.09 per hour/60 minutes per hour = $0.50/minute
$0.50 per minute x 10 minutes = $5.00
$.50 per minute x 30 minutes = $15.00
We then multiplied this range by the range of the anticipated number of
patient requests to obtain a range of costs to provide the patient
requests per year:
152,717 patient requests per year x $5.00 = $763,585
3,054,339 patient request per year x $15.00 = $45,815,092
We then added the cost to develop the processes and procedures for
handling patient requests to the cost to provide the test reports to
obtain the range of the total costs to laboratories to provide patients
with his or her test report upon request in 2011:
$2,269,821 cost to develop process + $763,585 cost to provide test
reports = $3,033,405
$10,214,192 cost to develop process + $45,815,092 cost to provide test
reports = $56,029,285 annual cost (undiscounted 2010 dollars)
Table 5--Estimated Annual Recordkeeping and Reporting Burden
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hourly labor Total labor Total
Burden per Total annual cost of cost of capital/ Total cost
Regulation section(s) OMB Control No. Respondents Responses response burden reporting reporting maintenance ($)
(hours) (hours) ($) ($) costs ($)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
42 CFR 493.1291................................ 0938-New....................... 22,671 22,671 9 204,039 50.06 10,214,192 0 10,214,192
45 CFR 493.1291................................ 0938-New....................... 3,054,339 3,054,339 .5 1,527,170 30.09 45,815,092 0 45,815,092
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total...................................... ............................... 3,077,010 3,077,010 ............ 1,731,209 ............ ............ ............ 56,029,285
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We have provided an analysis of burden based on available
information and certain assumptions. We request comments from
laboratories that currently provide direct access to test reports for
patients as to how they handle these requests (for example, through a
Web portal, fax, hard-copy, with or without fees, etc) and the extent
to which patient requests impact business operations. The Department
solicits comments additionally on best practices in the direct
provision of patients' laboratory results. We also request comment on
the burdens associated with providing electronic formats as requested
by individuals, machine readable or otherwise.
To obtain copies of the supporting statement and any related forms
for the proposed paperwork collections referenced above, access CMS'
Web site address at https://www.cms.hhs.gov/PaperworkReductionActof1995,
or E-mail your request, including your address, phone number, OMB
number, and CMS document identifier, to Paperwork@cms.hhs.gov, or call
the Reports Clearance Office on (410) 786-1326.
If you comment on these information collection and recordkeeping
estimates, please do either of the following:
1. Submit your comments electronically as specified in the
ADDRESSES section of this proposed rule; or
2. Submit your comments to the Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Attention: CMS Desk Officer,
CMS-2319-P, Fax: (202) 395-6974; or E-mail: OIRA_submission@omb.eop.gov.
IV. Response to Comments
Because of the large number of public comments we normally receive
on Federal Register documents, we are not able to acknowledge or
respond to them individually. We will consider all comments we receive
by the date and time specified in the DATES section of this preamble,
and, when we proceed with a subsequent document, we will respond to the
comments in the preamble to that document.
V. Regulatory Impact Analysis
A. Overall Impact
We have examined the impacts of this rule as required by Executive
Order 12866 on Regulatory Planning and Review (September 30, 1993),
Executive Order 13563 on Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
(February 2, 2011), the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (September 19,
1980, Pub. L. 96-354), section 1102(b) of the Social Security Act,
section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (March 22,
1995; Pub. L. 104-4), Executive Order 13132 on Federalism (August 4,
1999), and the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2)).
Executive Orders 13563 and 12866 direct agencies to assess all
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public
health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive
Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and
benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of promoting
flexibility. This rule has been designated a ``significant regulatory
action'' although not economically significant, under section 3(f) of
Executive Order 12866. Accordingly, the rule has been reviewed by the
Office of Management and Budget.
Laboratories regulated under CLIA that do not currently provide
patients with an opportunity to receive, upon request, a copy of their
laboratory test report (defined in CLIA regulations at Sec. 493.1291)
would be affected by this proposed rule. According to CMS OSCAR
database accessed on July 8, 2010, there are 214,875 laboratories in
the United States that are subject to CLIA. OSCAR is a data network
maintained by CMS in cooperation with
[[Page 56720]]
the State surveying agencies and accrediting organizations that
provides a compilation of all the data elements collected during
inspection surveys conducted at laboratories for the purpose of
certification for participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
Of the total CLIA-certified laboratories identified in the OSCAR
database, we believe approximately 192,204, or 90 percent, of these
would not be impacted by this change because they perform testing
either under a Certificate of Waiver or Certificate of Provider
Performed Microscopy (PPM) or they are located in States that already
allow the laboratory to provide patient access to test reports, either
directly or with provider approval. Removing the step in which the
provider grants permission to the laboratory should not pose an
additional impact on the laboratory, as we believe these laboratories
already have processes in place to provide patients access to test
reports once that permission is received.
We expect that 22,671 laboratories located in the 39 states and
territories identified in Table 3 as having no State law or a State law
that provides test reports only to the provider would be impacted by
the changes outlines in this proposed rule.
We believe that, if finalized, this proposed rule would not
constitute an economically significant rule because we estimate the
range of overall annual costs that would be expended by the affected
laboratories would be less than $100 million for 2011.
The RFA requires agencies to analyze options for regulatory relief
of small entities, if a rule has a significant impact on a substantial
number of small entities. For purposes of the RFA, we assume that the
great majority of medical laboratories are small entities, either by
virtue of being nonprofit organizations or by meeting the SBA
definition of a small business by having revenues of less than $13.5
million in any 1 year. We believe at least 83 percent of medical
laboratories qualify as small entities based on their nonprofit status
as reported in the American Hospital Association Fast Fact Sheet
updated June 24, 2010 (https://www.aha.org/aha/resource-center/Statistics-and-Studies/Fast_Facts_Nov_11_2009.pdf.)
Other options for regulatory relief of small businesses as
discussed in section E of this proposed rule, were determined not to be
feasible and therefore these options were not analyzed for this
proposed rule. We believe any alternative to allowing the laboratory to
provide patient access to test reports would be counterproductive to
HHS efforts to provide patient-centered healthcare. We are unaware of
any instances in which the changes included in this proposed rule would
affect health care entities operated by small government jurisdictions.
We are requesting public comments in this area, particularly from
laboratories in state health departments (including Newborn screening),
prisons, school clinics or state universities that would be impacted,
to assist us in making this determination in the final rule.
Section 1102(b) of the Social Security Act also requires us to
prepare a regulatory impact analysis if a rule may have a significant
impact on the operations of a substantial number of small rural
hospitals. This analysis must conform to the provisions of section 603
of the RFA. For purposes of section 1102(b) of the Act, we define a
small rural hospital as a hospital that is located outside of a
metropolitan statistical area and has fewer than 100 beds. We do not
expect this proposed rule would have a significant impact on small
rural hospitals. The proposed rule would only apply to laboratories. If
a small rural hospital were to operate its laboratory such that it
would have to adopt means of complying with these proposed provisions,
we anticipate that it would require minimal effort to put policies and
procedures in place to respond to patient requests to the laboratory as
we expect that the cahospital would already have procedures in place
for responding to patient access requests for hospital records under
the HIPAA Privacy Rule. We believe that these existing policies and
procedures should be easy to translate for use in direct access
requests to hospital-operated laboratories. Therefore, the Secretary
has determined that this proposed rule, if finalized, would not have a
significant impact on the operations of a substantial number of small
rural hospitals.
Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) also
requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits before
issuing any rule whose mandates require spending in any 1 year of $100
million in 1995 dollars, updated annually for inflation. In 2011, that
threshold is approximately $136 million. We do not anticipate this
proposed rule would impose an unfunded mandate on states, tribal
governments, or the private sector of more than $136 million annually.
We request comments from States, tribal governments, and the private
sector on this assumption.
Executive Order 13132 establishes certain requirements that an
agency must meet when it promulgates a proposed rule (and subsequent
final rule) that imposes substantial direct requirements and costs on
state and local governments, preempts State law, or otherwise has
Federalism implications.
The proposed changes to the CLIA regulations at Sec. 493.1291
would not have a substantial direct effect on State and local
governments, preempt State law, or otherwise have a Federalism
implication and there is no change in the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various levels of government. We believe
that this change is compatible with existing State law for 35 States
and territories as shown in Table 6. Of the 35, we believe that nine
already allow the laboratory to release test reports directly to the
patient. In 26 States and territories, we believe that the licensing
statutes and regulations are silent with respect to who is authorized
to receive laboratory test reports. If finalized, the CLIA regulations
will allow laboratories in these States and territories to provide,
upon a patient's request, direct access to the patient's identifiable
test reports.
The Federalism implications of the Privacy Rule were assessed as
required by Executive Order 13132 and published as part of the preamble
to the final rule on December 28, 2000 (65 FR 82462, 82797). Regarding
preemption, though the proposed changes to the Privacy Rule will
preempt a number of State laws (see Table 6, below), this preemption of
State law is consistent with the preemption provision of the HIPAA
statute. The preamble to the final Privacy Rule explains that the HIPAA
statute dictates the relationship between State law and Privacy Rule
requirements, and the rule's preemption provisions do not raise
Federalism issues.
We do not believe that this rule would impose substantial direct
compliance costs on State and local governments that are not required
by statute. We do not believe that a significant number of laboratories
affected by these proposals are operated by State or local governments.
Therefore, the proposed modifications in these areas would not cause
additional costs to State and local governments.
In considering the principles in and requirements of Executive
Order 13132, the Department has determined that this proposed
modification to the Privacy Rule will not significantly affect the
rights, roles and responsibilities of the States.
[[Page 56721]]
Table 6--Existing Laws in States/Territories Pertaining to Test Reports
------------------------------------------------------------------------
HIPAA will preempt State law Compatible with State law
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allows test
Allows test reports to Allows test
reports only to patient with reports to No State law
provider provider approval patient
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arkansas California Delaware Alabama
Georgia Connecticut District of Alaska
Columbia
Hawaii Florida Maryland Arizona
Illinois Massachusetts New Hampshire Colorado
Kansas Michigan New Jersey Guam
Maine New York Nevada Idaho
Missouri Virginia Oregon Indiana
Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Iowa
Rhode Island West Virginia Kentucky
Tennessee Louisiana
Washington Minnesota
Wisconsin Mississippi
Wyoming Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
N. Mariana
Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Anticipated Effects
The current CLIA regulations and related laws of the States and
territories pose potential barriers to the laboratory exchange of
health care information (test reports) directly with the patient. These
proposed regulatory changes would amend Sec. 493.1291(f) and add Sec.
493.1291(l) to the CLIA regulations and also amend Sec. 164.524 of the
Privacy Rule. These changes are being made in support of HHS' efforts
toward achieving patient-centered and health IT-enabled healthcare and
would allow patients direct acces