Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch; Proposed Amendments Limiting Gifts From Registered Lobbyists and Lobbying Organizations, 56330-56339 [2011-23311]

Agencies

• Office of Government Ethics
• Government Ethics Office

[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 177 (Tuesday, September 13, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 56330-56339]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-23311]


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Proposed Rules
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of 
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these 
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in 
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.

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Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 177 / Tuesday, September 13, 2011 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 56330]]



OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT ETHICS

5 CFR Part 2635

RIN 3209-AA04


Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Executive 
Branch; Proposed Amendments Limiting Gifts From Registered Lobbyists 
and Lobbying Organizations

AGENCY: Office of Government Ethics (OGE).

ACTION: Proposed rule; amendments.

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SUMMARY: The Office of Government Ethics is proposing amendments to the 
regulation governing standards of ethical conduct for executive branch 
employees of the Federal Government, to impose limits on the use of 
gift exceptions by all employees to accept gifts from registered 
lobbyists and lobbying organizations, and to implement the lobbyist 
gift ban for appointees required to sign the Ethics Pledge prescribed 
by Executive Order 13490.

DATES: Written comments are invited and must be received before 
November 14, 2011.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, in writing, to OGE on this proposed 
rule, identified by RIN 3209-AA04, by any of the following methods:
     E-Mail: usoge@oge.gov. Include the reference ``Proposed 
Amendments to Part 2635'' in the subject line of the message.
     Fax: (202) 482-9237.
     Mail/Hand Delivery/Courier: Office of Government Ethics, 
Suite 500, 1201 New York Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20005-3917, 
Attention: Richard M. Thomas, Associate General Counsel.
    Instructions: All submissions must include OGE's agency name and 
the Regulation Identifier Number (RIN), 3209-AA04, for this proposed 
rulemaking.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Richard M. Thomas, Associate General 
Counsel, Office of Government Ethics; telephone: 202-482-9300; TYY: 
800-877-8339; FAX: 202-482-9237.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

A. Existing OGE Gift Prohibitions

    The Standards of Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch were 
initially promulgated by the Office of Government Ethics in 1992 and 
are codified at 5 CFR part 2635. See 57 FR 35005-35067 (August 7, 
1992). Subpart B of part 2635 sets out the restrictions on the 
solicitation and acceptance of gifts from outside sources by employees 
of the Executive Branch.
    Under subpart B, all executive branch employees are subject to two 
general prohibitions: employees shall not, directly or indirectly, 
solicit or accept a gift either (1) from a prohibited source, or (2) 
given because of the employee's official position. 5 CFR 2635.202(a). A 
prohibited source is broadly defined to include any person seeking 
official action from the employee's agency, doing or seeking to do 
business with the employee's agency, conducting activities regulated by 
the employee's agency, or having interests that may be substantially 
affected by the employee's official duties; additionally, prohibited 
source includes any organization a majority of whose members are 
prohibited sources. 5 CFR 2635.203(d). Beyond gifts from prohibited 
sources, the rule also proscribes gifts given because of the employee's 
official position, which means any gift that would not have been 
solicited, offered, or given had the employee not held the status, 
authority or duties of his or her Federal position. 5 CFR 2635.203(e). 
While the prohibition on gifts from prohibited sources largely derives 
from statute, 5 U.S.C. 7353(a), OGE, itself, imposed the regulatory 
prohibition on gifts given because of official position as a further 
check against appearances that an employee might use his or her 
official position for private gain. See 56 FR 33777, 33780 (July 23, 
1991)(preamble to proposed part 2635).
    Subpart B also contains several exceptions, which are found in 5 
CFR 2635.204. These exceptions cover a range of situations--such as 
gifts from family members and friends, de minimis gifts, and gifts of 
free attendance at widely attended gatherings--and each exception has 
its own criteria and limitations. Additionally, there are several 
general limitations on the use of the gift exceptions, which are found 
at 5 CFR 2635.202(c). These limitations, for example, preclude 
employees from relying on the gift exceptions to solicit or coerce the 
offering of a gift or to accept a gift in violation of any statute.

B. Executive Order 13490

    Against this backdrop of existing regulations, President Obama 
imposed an additional gift prohibition on full-time, non-career (i.e., 
political) appointees appointed on or after January 20, 2009. Executive 
Order 13490 requires these full-time political appointees to sign an 
``Ethics Pledge.'' Exec. Order 13490, section 1, 74 FR 4673, 3 CFR, 
2009 Comp., p. 193, January 21, 2009. The first paragraph of the Pledge 
is the ``Lobbyist Gift Ban,'' which states: ``I will not accept gifts 
from registered lobbyists or lobbying organizations for the duration of 
my service as an appointee.'' Id., 13490, section 1, par. 1. The Pledge 
ban applies to gifts from lobbyists and organizations that are 
currently registered under the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA), 2 U.S.C. 
1603, as well as any person currently identified as a lobbyist for an 
organization in a registration statement or quarterly disclosure report 
filed under the LDA. Exec. Order 13490, section 2(e). The Secretary of 
the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives maintain 
searchable, online databases of registrants and lobbyists under the 
LDA, from which appointees and ethics counselors may determine whether 
a particular person is a permissible source for a gift under the Pledge 
ban.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ See https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=selectfields; 
https://disclosures.house.gov/ld/ldsearch.aspx.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Office of Government Ethics issued initial interpretive 
guidance to implement the lobbyist gift ban in a Memorandum to 
Designated Agency Ethics Officials on February 11, 2009. OGE, DO-09-
007, https://www.usoge.gov/ethics_guidance/daeograms/dgr_files/2009/do09007.html. OGE's guidance makes clear that the lobbyist gift ban for 
political appointees ``is in addition to the OGE prohibitions on gifts 
from `prohibited sources' and gifts `given because of the employee's 
official position.' '' Id. (emphasis added). Thus, for example, the ban 
applies to gifts

[[Page 56331]]

from registered lobbyists and lobbying organizations even if they do 
not lobby the appointee's own agency or they confine their lobbying 
solely to the Legislative Branch. Id. Moreover, the lobbyist gift ban 
in the Pledge is subject to a more limited set of exceptions than those 
otherwise applicable under the OGE gift regulations. Id. The Pledge 
intentionally broadened existing gift restrictions, in connection with 
registered lobbyists and organizations, because of concerns that gifts 
sometimes may appear to be given in connection with efforts by 
professional lobbyists to obtain access to the political leadership in 
the Executive Branch. The stricter requirements were in large part a 
response to various scandals involving the use of gifts by lobbyists 
such as Jack Abramoff, and in this regard the Pledge followed similar 
efforts by Congress to respond to some of the same concerns. E.g., 153 
Cong. Rec. H 6 (January 4, 2007)(adoption of lobbyist gift ban for 
House of Representatives); Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 
2007 (HLOGA), Public Law 110-81, sections 203, 305, 541, 542, 544 
(various provisions pertaining to lobbyist gifts and contributions).
    The OGE guidance also emphasized that the Pledge ban is not limited 
to gifts from lobbyists and lobbying firms that provide lobbying 
services to others. DO-07-007, at p. 2. Under the plain meaning of the 
Executive Order, the phrase ``registered lobbyist or lobbying 
organization'' includes any ``organization filing a registration'' 
under the LDA, not just lobbying firms. Exec. Order 13490, section 
2(e). The ban also includes, therefore, organizations that register 
because they employ ``at least one in-house lobbyist'' to lobby on 
their own behalf, such as a corporation that employs its own 
governmental affairs officer who meets the LDA definition of lobbyist 
(2 U.S.C. 1602(10)). Id. Nevertheless, the OGE guidance carved out two 
categories of organizations from this definition, even though they may 
employ their own lobbyists: nonprofit organizations exempt from 
taxation under 26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3), and media organizations. Id. at 5-
6. In consultation with the White House Counsel's Office, OGE 
determined that these categories of organizations did not implicate the 
purposes of the Pledge ban, although the guidance did provide that an 
appointee ``still may not accept a gift if the organization employee 
who extends the offer is a registered lobbyist him- or herself.'' Id. 
at 5.
    In addition to the Pledge requirements for full-time political 
appointees, the Executive Order directed OGE ``to adopt such rules or 
procedures as are necessary or appropriate * * * to apply the lobbyist 
gift ban set forth in paragraph 1 of the pledge to all executive branch 
employees.'' Exec. Order 13490, sec. 4(c)(3)(ii). OGE is to undertake 
this task ``in consultation with the Attorney General and the Counsel 
to the President or their designees.'' Id. It was intended that OGE 
would take the opportunity to learn from its initial experience in 
implementing the lobbyist gift ban for political appointees and then 
evaluate how best to extend the limitations to the ranks of career 
employees, for whom different considerations may be relevant. This 
proposed rule is the result of that evaluation, and OGE's conclusions 
about the most appropriate way to extend the lobbyist gift limitation 
beyond just the political leadership are summarized below, under 
``General Approach.''
    Finally, the Executive Order charged OGE with adopting rules and 
procedures ``to authorize limited exceptions to the lobbyist gift ban 
for circumstances that do not implicate the purposes of the ban.'' Id. 
at, section 4(c)(3)(iii). As discussed below, this proposed rule 
specifies a limited set of exceptions applicable to full-time political 
appointees, as well as an expanded but still limited set of exceptions 
applicable to all other employees. Like the initial OGE guidance 
Memorandum, the proposed rule also excludes certain types of 
organizations from the category of lobbying organizations from which 
gifts are banned, with some modifications and additions to the 
exclusions as originally described in the Memorandum. OGE intends that 
these exclusions from the proposed definition of ``registered lobbyist 
or lobbying organization'' would be applicable to all employees, 
including full-time political appointees subject to the Pledge.

II. Proposed Amendments to the Standards

A. General Approach

    After considering the myriad issues that have arisen under the 
lobbyist gift ban for full-time political appointees, as well as the 
varied circumstances of the millions of employees to whom Subpart B 
applies, the Office of Government Ethics has decided that the best 
approach for extending the lobbyist gift ban beyond the core political 
personnel is to add a lobbyist limitation to the existing limitations 
in section 2635.202(c) on the use of the gift exceptions in the OGE 
regulations. In this way, the lobbyist limitation would build on 
concepts, prohibitions and exceptions with which employees and agency 
ethics officials already are familiar, rather than adding a new stand-
alone prohibition. This approach would extend the real benefits that 
OGE already has perceived as a result of the gift ban for political 
appointees, without introducing unnecessary complexity or restrictions 
that have little relation to the real ethics concerns affecting the 
great mass of career and other employees outside the full-time 
political leadership of the executive branch.
    With the implementation of the current Pledge restriction for 
political appointees, OGE believes that the most important salutary 
effect has been the elimination of sometimes questionable ``widely-
attended gatherings,'' ``social invitations,'' and other gifts that 
might have been permissible under applicable gift exceptions in section 
2635.204 had the gifts not been extended by registered lobbyists or 
lobbying organizations. While all of the exceptions in section 2635.204 
have their appropriate uses, OGE has indeed become concerned that some 
of the exceptions may have been used on occasion to permit gifts, such 
as attendance at certain events, where the nexus to the purpose of the 
exception is attenuated at best. See, e.g., OGE DAEOgram DO-07-047, 
https://www.usoge.gov/ethics_guidance/daeograms/dgr_files/2007/do07047.html. (widely attended gatherings under section 
2635.204(g)(2)). When such gifts are offered by persons who are paid to 
influence government action, the concerns obviously are magnified. 
However, in the period since the Pledge ban was imposed on political 
appointees, OGE has noted a decrease in pressure to extend some of 
these exceptions, because the Pledge simply makes the exceptions 
unavailable for gifts from lobbyists and lobbying organizations.
    The proposed rule, therefore, targets this issue directly. Proposed 
section 2635.202(c)(6) would operate as a straightforward limitation on 
the use of certain gift exceptions. Unlike the Pledge ban, the proposed 
rule does not add a third general prohibition applicable to all 
employees (i.e., in addition to the general prohibitions on gifts from 
prohibited sources and gifts because of official position). Rather, the 
proposed rule would limit the ability of employees to rely on certain 
gift exceptions when a prohibited source--or a person giving a gift 
because of the employee's official position--also happens to be a 
registered lobbyist or lobbying organization. With respect to the large 
and diverse class of career and

[[Page 56332]]

other employees who are not required to sign the Pledge, OGE has 
determined that there is no demonstrated need for a new general 
prohibition against accepting gifts from lobbyists, as long as those 
lobbyists are not prohibited sources for an employee and do not even 
extend gifts because of the employee's official position. As described 
above, the terms ``prohibited source'' and ``because of the employee's 
official position'' are already defined quite broadly. Those 
restrictions cover so much of the real potential for ethical harm that 
it would be difficult to explain to career employees why they also 
should be subject to discipline for failing to determine whether a gift 
that does not fall within those broad prohibitions is extended by a 
registered lobbyist. By contrast, where a gift is extended by a 
prohibited source or because of the employee's official position, OGE 
believes that it is reasonable to ask employees (and their ethics 
counselors) to determine whether a particular donor is a registered 
lobbyist or lobbying organization before the employee may rely on 
certain exceptions to the OGE gift prohibitions.
    At the same time, under proposed section 2635.202(d), full-time 
political appointees who must sign the Pledge would remain subject to 
the lobbyist gift ban as a separate prohibition. This result is 
compelled by Executive Order 13490, and it means that these appointees 
will remain barred from accepting gifts from registered lobbyists and 
lobbying organizations even when the lobbyist or organization is not a 
prohibited source and has not offered the gift because of an 
appointee's official position. Apart from the plain meaning of the 
Executive Order, the stricter treatment of the political leadership in 
the executive branch is justified by experience. Most, if not all, of 
the executive branch officials who were implicated in the scandals 
involving Jack Abramoff and his associates were political appointees. 
Indeed, in the case of career employees, it seems unlikely that 
lobbyists would expend significant time and resources to cultivate 
access through the use of gifts if the lobbyists (and the clients they 
represent) were not prohibited sources. However, one could envision 
strategic efforts to cultivate access to the political leadership 
generally, even if the lobbyists do not currently qualify as a 
prohibited source for a particular political appointee. OGE does not 
discount the symbolic value of the Pledge prohibition for the political 
class within the Executive Branch, and this broader prophylactic 
restriction remains an appropriate response to public concerns about 
the use of gifts as a means of access by professional lobbyists.

B. Proposed Section 2635.202(c)(6)

1. Exceptions Unavailable for Lobbyist Gifts
    Proposed section 2635.202(c)(6) would preclude employees from using 
several of the gift exceptions in section 2635.204 to accept a gift 
from a registered lobbyist or lobbying organization. Like the Pledge 
ban for full-time political appointees, the proposed rule would not 
permit any employee to use the following exceptions in connection with 
gifts from registered lobbyists or lobbying organizations: Section 
2635.204(a), the $20 de minimis exception; section 2635.204(g)(2), the 
widely attended gathering exception (WAG); section 2635.204(h), the 
social invitation exception; and section 2635.204(i), the exception for 
meals, refreshments and entertainment from private entities in a 
foreign area. The de minimis and WAG provisions, in particular, are 
among the most widely used exceptions in the OGE gift regulations, so 
the change effected by the proposed new limitation is not 
inconsiderable. Nevertheless, as explained below, OGE believes that the 
proposed lobbyist limitation is appropriate for those popular 
exceptions, as well as the social invitation and foreign areas 
exceptions.
De Minimis Exception in Section 2635.204(a)
    Section 2635.204(a) permits employees to accept gifts, other than 
cash or investments, having a market value of $20 per source on a 
single occasion. This de minimis exception also allows employees to 
accept gifts in the aggregate valued up to $50 per source in any 
calendar year.
    OGE has determined that it is appropriate to follow the House and 
the Senate, as well as the President's Ethics Pledge, in sending a 
consistent message that there is no de minimis for lobbyist gifts. Both 
the House and Senate amended their de minimis gift rules, in response 
to the Abramoff scandals and related concerns, to preclude gifts from 
registered lobbyists. See House Ethics Manual at 29-30 (2008); Rule 
XXXV of the Standing Rules of the Senate, par. 1(a)(2)(B); HLOGA, sec. 
541. While the OGE de minimis exception is set at only $20, as compared 
to $50 for the House and Senate, it is nonetheless clear that both 
Houses of Congress intended to preclude lunches and other items from 
lobbyists even if the gifts were valued well below the de minimis 
threshold. See, e.g., Senate Select Committee on Ethics, ``New Ethics 
Rules: Gifts and Events'' (September 25, 2007) (``Senators and staff 
can no longer accept gifts of any value from registered lobbyists''). 
Moreover, although OGE believes that the rules and circumstances of the 
Executive Branch ethics program often are unavoidably different from 
those of Congress, OGE also is respectful of the ``Sense of the 
Congress,'' expressed in section 701 of HLOGA, that similar 
restrictions should apply. OGE's experience in implementing the Pledge 
ban for political appointees in the Executive Branch has not indicated 
any significant problems with eliminating the de minimis exception for 
lobbyist gifts, and OGE believes it is time to follow suit for the rest 
of the Executive Branch.
    Of course, OGE cannot deny the convenience of the $20 de minimis 
rule as currently applied. It provides a bright line test, and 
employees generally can accept a gift within this limit without even 
having to determine whether the donor is a prohibited source or is 
extending the offer because of the employee's official position--let 
alone without having to determine whether the source is registered 
under the Lobbying Disclosure Act. Nevertheless, where the donor is a 
prohibited source or is offering a gift because of the employee's 
position, OGE believes it is not too much to ask of employees and their 
ethics counselors to determine whether the source also is a registered 
lobbyist or lobbying organization. In fact, one could say that 
heightened sensitivity in the use of any of the gift exceptions, 
including the de minimis provision, would be a positive result. As OGE 
states in the introduction to the gift exceptions: ``Even though 
acceptance of a gift may be permitted by one of the exceptions 
contained in paragraphs (a) through (l) of this section, it is never 
inappropriate and frequently prudent for an employee to decline a gift 
offered by a prohibited source or because of his official position.'' 5 
CFR 2635.204. Requiring employees to stop and consider whether a 
potential donor is engaged in professional lobbying activities will 
further encourage this kind of prudential attitude.
Exception for Widely Attended Gatherings in Section 2635.204(g)(2)
    The exception at section 2635.204(g)(2) permits employees to accept 
offers of free attendance at certain widely attended gatherings (WAG), 
where an agency designee has determined that attendance is in the 
interest of the agency. This exception

[[Page 56333]]

has been used to permit attendance of a very wide range of events, from 
substantive activities (such as conferences and seminars) that provide 
a significant training opportunity, to purely social functions (such as 
fundraisers and gala celebrations) that provide an opportunity for 
government employees and others to interact in a more relaxed social 
setting.
    As already noted above, OGE has perceived some instances over the 
years in which the WAG exception was used to permit attendance at 
events, particularly social events, where the nexus to the government's 
interest was attenuated. In fact, OGE issued a memorandum to agency 
ethics officials in December 2007 that was partly a call for agencies 
to focus on the real purposes of the exception. DO-07-047. The WAG 
exception raises particular concerns when free attendance is provided 
by a lobbyist. That is for the simple reason that the ``gift'' involved 
is something that the employee will enjoy in the very company of the 
lobbyist. If one views the problem of lobbyist gifts as the mere 
potential for some quid pro quo, then probably an invitation to a gala 
ball will not directly influence an official to take action benefiting 
the giver. But it is increasingly recognized that the more realistic 
problem is not the brazen quid pro quo, but rather the cultivation of 
familiarity and access that a lobbyist may use in the future to obtain 
a more sympathetic hearing for clients. As one scholar has observed, 
``the public's concern is not just that * * * officials will engage in 
blatant [selling of their services] to lobbyists but, more subtly, that 
they will become partial to the causes of lobbyists' clients because 
they spend a lot of time in lobbyists' company.'' Anita S. 
Krishnakumar, Towards a Madisonian, Interest-Group-Based, Approach to 
Lobbying Regulation, 58 Ala. L. Rev. 513, 524-25 (2007). The WAG 
exception, at least when used in connection with social events, can 
provide the opportunity for a lobbyist not only to discuss any pending 
issues with the employee but also to foster a social bond that may be 
of greater use in the long run. Therefore, proposed section 
2635.202(c)(6) would preclude the use of the WAG exception where the 
gift is offered by a registered lobbyist or lobbying organization.
    Having said this, OGE also knows that widely attended gatherings 
still can serve important government purposes. For example, OGE does 
not believe that employees, including political appointees subject to 
the Pledge, should be precluded categorically from accepting offers of 
free attendance at substantive events that would provide a legitimate 
educational or professional development benefit that furthers the 
interests of an agency. Therefore, under the definition of registered 
lobbyist or lobbying organization at proposed section 2635.203(h)(4), 
discussed below, OGE is proposing to exclude nonprofit professional 
associations, scientific organizations and learned societies, at least 
with respect to the educational and professional development activities 
of those entities. This will preserve a ``substantive core'' of the WAG 
exception, regardless of whether the donor is registered under the LDA.
    A final word is in order concerning the first paragraph of section 
2635.204(g), which permits free attendance at events where an employee 
is speaking or presenting information on behalf of the government. As 
explained in OGE's initial Memorandum concerning the Pledge ban, the 
restriction on the use of section 2635.204(g)(2) does not extend to 
section 2635.204(g)(1):

    ``Appointees still may accept offers of free attendance on the 
day of an event when they are speaking or presenting information in 
an official capacity, as described in 5 C.F.R. Sec.  2635.204(g)(1), 
notwithstanding the lobbyist gift ban. This is not a gift exception, 
but simply an application of the definition of `gift' in section 
2635.203(b): `The employee's participation in the event on that day 
is viewed as a customary and necessary part of his performance of 
the assignment and does not involve a gift to him or to the agency.' 
5 CFR 2635.204(g)(1).''

    DO-09-007, at 4 n.3. Likewise, proposed section 2635.202(c)(6) 
would not affect the ability of employees to accept offers of free 
attendance in connection with official speaking engagements, as 
provided in section 2635.204(g)(1). The same would be true with respect 
to agency support personnel ``whose presence at the event is deemed 
essential under agency procedures to the speaker's participation at the 
event.'' OGE DAEOgram DO-10-003, https://www.usoge.gov/ethics_guidance/daeograms/dgr_files/2010/do10003.html.
Exception for Social Invitations in Section 2635.204(h)
    Section 2635.204(h) permits employees to accept offers of free 
attendance at social events attended by several persons, provided that 
the invitation is not from a prohibited source and no attendance fee is 
charged to anyone. This exception has been used, for instance, to 
permit employees to attend such events as movie screenings and 
Washington cocktail parties, as illustrated by the official examples 
following the regulatory text. See 5 CFR 2635.204(h)(Examples 1 & 2).
    For reasons similar to those discussed above in connection with the 
WAG exception, OGE has determined that the social invitation exception 
should be unavailable to employees for lobbyist gifts. It is no secret 
that social events of this type sometimes are used as ``lobbying 
tools.'' Jim Puzzanghera, ``Courtship starts with free film 
screenings,'' Los Angeles Times, December 31, 2007, https://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/31/business/fi-mpaa31 (lobbyist describes 
cultivation of relationships through social events as ``soft 
lobbying''). It is true that section 2635.204(h) already has an 
important limitation in that it may not be used to accept gifts from a 
prohibited source. Nevertheless, even though a lobbyist might not have 
any matters currently pending before a particular employee's agency, 
the lobbyist could use social events as a way to build general good 
will with a class of employees in case access is needed for a future 
issue or client. It is important to remember that the lobbyist 
limitation in proposed section 2635.202(c)(6) will not even come into 
play unless the gift is otherwise prohibited under the OGE Standards. 
So the only time the limitation would preclude an employee from using 
the social invitation exception would be when a lobbyist has at least 
extended the invitation because of the employee's official position, 
even if the lobbyist is not technically a prohibited source at that 
time. The potential for harm, while perhaps latent, is nonetheless 
real.
Exception for Meals, Refreshments and Entertainment From Private 
Entities in a Foreign Area in Section 2635.204(i)
    Section 2635.204(i) permits employees to accept food, refreshments 
or entertainment in the course of official attendance at certain 
meetings or events in foreign areas. The meeting or event must involve 
non-U.S. citizens, or representatives of foreign governments or other 
foreign entities, but the source of the gift itself may not be a 
foreign government as defined in 5 U.S.C. 7342(a)(2). The market value 
of the gift also may not exceed the per diem rate specified for the 
foreign area by the Department of State. This exception was included in 
the OGE Standards at the request of several agencies with overseas 
operations who were concerned that, without such an exception, 
``employees will be required to decline the customary invitations of 
hospitality that frequently accompany the transaction of business in 
many

[[Page 56334]]

foreign countries and that the foreign nationals and entities involved 
may be offended.'' 57 FR 35021.
    Proposed section 2635.202(c)(6) would bar employees from relying on 
this foreign areas exception if the gift is offered by a registered 
lobbyist or lobbying organization. OGE does not doubt the utility or 
reasonableness of this exception. However, OGE believes that the 
exception should not be a vehicle for registered lobbyists and lobbying 
organizations to entertain government employees with hospitality, which 
could raise some of the same concerns as those discussed above in 
connection with WAGs and social invitations. It is not clear how many 
registered lobbyists or lobbying organizations even would be 
geographically positioned to extend such offers in foreign areas. 
However, OGE notes that some foreign private entities do register under 
the LDA and may do so in order to avoid the more onerous registration 
requirements of the Foreign Agents Registration Act. See 22 U.S.C. 
613(h); S. Rep. 105-147, at 4 (1997). Where the private entity engages 
in lobbying activity for which it is registered under the LDA, OGE has 
determined that there is sufficient reason to preclude an employee from 
accepting food and entertainment in the company of that entity.
2. Exceptions Available for Lobbyist Gifts
Exceptions Already Permitted Under Pledge: Section 2635.204(b), (c), 
(e)(1), (e)(2), (j), (k) and (l)
    Even for full-time political appointees, the Pledge gift ban 
recognizes that certain gift exceptions are reasonable even though the 
donor is a registered lobbyist or lobbying organization. See Executive 
Order 13490, sec. 2(c)(3) (exceptions to Pledge gift ban). The Pledge 
permits full-time political appointees to accept the following: Gifts 
based on a personal relationship, under section 2635.204(b); discounts 
and similar benefits, under section 2635.204(c); gifts resulting from a 
spouse's business or employment, under section 2635.204(e)(1); 
customary gifts provided by prospective employers, under section 
2635.204(e)(3); gifts to President or Vice President, under section 
2635.204(j); gifts authorized by an OGE-approved supplemental 
regulation, under section 2635.204(k); and gifts accepted under 
specific statutory authority, under section 2635.204(l). As explained 
in OGE's February 11, 2009 memorandum: ``Because the lobbyist gift ban 
is very broad, these common sense exceptions are necessary to avoid 
potentially absurd results. Thus, an appointee may accept a birthday 
present from his or her spouse who is a registered lobbyist or sign up 
for a training course sponsored by a registered lobbying organization 
that provides a discount for Federal Government employees.'' DO-09-007, 
at 3. The proposed rule extends these exceptions likewise to career 
employees and others not subject to the Pledge.
Additional Exceptions Permitted by Proposed Section 2635.202(c)(6)
    Additionally, OGE has determined that there is good reason to 
permit employees--other than the full-time political appointees subject 
to the Pledge--to use three other exceptions that are not applicable to 
the Pledge restriction. The additional exceptions are: Section 
2635.204(d), for awards and honorary degrees; section 2635.204(e)(2), 
for gifts resulting from an employee's outside business or employment; 
and section 2635.204(f), for certain benefits in connection with 
permissible political activities.
Exception for Awards and Honorary Degrees in Section 2635.204(d)
    Section 2635.204(d) sets forth specific criteria under which 
employees may accept ``bona fide awards'' for meritorious public 
service or achievement. The award must not be extended by a person with 
interests that may be substantially affected by the employee's duties 
or by an association of such persons. Furthermore, awards of cash or 
awards valued in excess of $200 require a written determination by an 
agency ethics official that the award is ``made as part of an 
established program of recognition'' under which (1) awards have been 
made on a regular basis in the past or are funded to ensure their 
continuation in the future and (2) the selection of recipients is made 
pursuant to written standards. 5 CFR 2635.204(d)(1). Although probably 
used less frequently, section 2635.204(d) also sets forth criteria 
under which an employee may accept an honorary degree from an 
institution of higher education, based on a written determination by an 
agency ethics official that the timing of the degree will raise not 
raise questions concerning the employee's impartiality in any matter 
affecting the institution. 5 CFR 2635.204(d)(2).
    OGE has determined that the limitation of proposed section 
2635.202(c)(6) should not preclude employees from relying on section 
2635.204(d). For one thing, section 2635.204(d) follows a longstanding 
interpretation that bona fide awards for meritorious public service and 
achievement fall outside the prohibition of salary supplementation in 
18 U.S.C. 209, ``primarily because the grantors are typically detached 
from and disinterested in the performance of the public official's 
duties.'' 8 Op. O.L.C. 143, 144 (1984); see 57 FR 35018. Consequently, 
the exception itself already includes both substantive and procedural 
safeguards that OGE believes are adequate to prevent real or perceived 
abuses when employees outside the political leadership are granted 
awards, even where the granting organization is registered under the 
LDA. Permitting employees to rely on this exception also would further 
one of the specific goals recently articulated by the Office of Science 
and Technology Policy concerning the promotion of professional 
development of government scientists and engineers. See John P. 
Holdren, Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, 
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, 
December 17, 2010 (OSTP Memorandum). Among other things, the OSTP 
Memorandum states that agencies should establish policies that 
``[a]llow Government scientists and engineers to receive honors and 
awards for their research and discoveries with the goal of minimizing, 
to the extent practicable, disparities in the potential for private-
sector and public-sector scientists and engineers to accrue the 
professional benefits of such honors and awards.'' Id. at 4.
    With respect to honorary degrees, under section 2635.204(d)(2), 
even the Pledge currently permits acceptance in most cases. That is 
because OGE, in consultation with the White House Counsel's Office, has 
excluded 501(c)(3) organizations from the category of registered 
lobbying organizations from which appointees may not accept gifts under 
the Pledge. DO-09-007, at 5. A large percentage of institutions of 
higher education, as defined in 20 U.S.C. 1001, are such 501(c)(3) 
organizations. Moreover, those institutions of higher education that 
OGE has encountered that are not 501(c)(3) organizations have been 
state and local universities and colleges. As to the latter, OGE 
already has advised informally that such public institutions are so 
similar to the educational institutions that have 501(c)(3) status that 
the Pledge ban likewise should be inapplicable to them. For the same 
reasons, OGE also is proposing to define ``registered lobbyist or 
lobbying organization'' to exclude all institutions of higher education 
(see discussion of proposed section

[[Page 56335]]

2635.203(h)(2) below). In view of this proposed definition, arguably it 
is redundant to exclude honorary degrees from the limitation in 
proposed section 2635.202(c)(6). Nevertheless, for purposes of 
simplicity, OGE proposes to include a general reference to section 
2635.204(d) in its entirety in section 2635.202(c)(6), thus clarifying 
that employees may accept both awards and honorary degrees 
notwithstanding the lobbyist gift limitation.
Exception for Gifts Resulting From an Employee's Outside Business or 
Employment Activities in Section 2635.204(e)(2)
    Section 2635.204(e)(2) is one of three separate, but related 
exceptions in paragraph (e) of 2635.204, all of which pertain to gifts 
offered because of some non-federal business or employment. Paragraphs 
(e)(1) and (e)(3), which respectively cover gifts resulting from a 
spouse's business or employment and customary gifts given in connection 
with an employee's discussions with a prospective employer, are already 
applicable to the Pledge gift ban. Paragraph (e)(2), however, is not 
applicable to the Pledge ban, in large part because this exception 
covers benefits resulting from an employee's own current outside 
employment or business, and there was a general assumption that the 
political leadership in the Executive Branch would have little need of 
such an exception while they focused their time and effort on the 
business of the Administration. Indeed, for many Pledge signers, there 
are significant ethical limitations and restrictions on their ability 
to engage in outside employment and business activities. See 5 U.S.C. 
app. 501-505; 5 CFR part 2636; Exec. Order 12674, section 102, 54 FR 
15159, 3 CFR, 1989 Comp., p. 215.
    However, OGE has determined that section 2635.204(e)(2) does serve 
a significant purpose for career employees and others who are not 
subject to the Pledge. Many employees have non-Federal employment and 
business activities that are consistent with the ethics rules and in 
fact may have been approved by agency ethics officials. The vast 
majority of Executive Branch employees are not subject to the 
limitations on outside business and employment activity cited above, 
and their outside activities fulfill many personal and professional 
goals that are perfectly legitimate. For example, most part-time 
members of Federal commissions and boards have their regular employment 
with non-Federal entities; even though it is generally expected that 
such employees will not be registered lobbyists themselves, no doubt 
many of them work for entities that are registered under the LDA. See 
75 FR 67397-67399 (November 2, 2010) (proposed Office of Management and 
Budget guidance does not ``restrict the appointment of individuals who 
are themselves not Federal registered lobbyists but are employed by 
organizations that engage in lobbying activities''). Another example 
would be full-time career employees who have approved outside 
activities with entities that are registered under the LDA, such as 
physicians who have been authorized to engage in the outside practice 
of medicine with hospital organizations that also happen to employ 
lobbyists. See 5 CFR 5501.106(c)(3)(A) (employees of Food and Drug 
Administration may engage in outside medical practice with regulated 
entities under certain circumstances). The exception for benefits 
resulting from outside business or employment is useful and appropriate 
for these employees, particularly given the important proviso in 
section 2635.204(e)(2) that such benefits may not be offered or even 
``enhanced'' because of employees' official status. See 5 CFR 
2635.204(e)(2) (Example 1).
Exception for Gifts in Connection With Permissible Political Activities 
in Section 2635.204(f)
    Section 2635.204(f) applies to employees who are permitted by the 
Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993, 5 U.S.C. 7323, to take an active 
part in political management or political campaigns. The exception 
allows such employees to accept meals, travel and other benefits when 
provided in connection with their outside political activities, if the 
gift is from a political organization as described in 26 U.S.C. 527(e). 
Section 2635.204(f) was promulgated by OGE so that the gift 
restrictions would not ``hamper the political activities'' of 
employees, where those activities are themselves authorized by Congress 
(originally by the Hatch Act and later more extensively by the Hatch 
Act Reform Amendments). 56 FR at 33782; see also 61 FR 50689, 50690 
(September 27, 1996).
    OGE believes that this exception should remain available to 
employees--other than those appointees subject to the Pledge--out of 
consideration for the rights of employees to participate in political 
activities. It is not clear to OGE how likely it is that a political 
organization, under 26 U.S.C. 527(e), would also be a registered 
lobbying organization, but OGE thinks it best to send a clear message 
to employees that nothing in the lobbyist gift limitation is intended 
to interfere with their existing rights to participate in political 
activities.

C. Proposed Section 2635.202(d)

    As discussed above, the proposed rule leaves the lobbyist gift ban 
of Executive Order 13490 in place as a separate restriction for 
appointees required to sign the Pledge, in addition to the general 
restrictions in the OGE regulations on gifts from prohibited sources 
and gifts given because of official position. Proposed section 
2635.202(d) would accomplish this by reiterating the Pledge ban and 
emphasizing that it is in addition to the prohibitions set forth in 
section 2635.202(a). The proposed provision allows only those 
exceptions permitted expressly by section 2(c)(3) of the Executive 
Order: Gifts based on a personal relationship, under section 
2635.204(b); discounts and similar benefits, under section 2635.204(c); 
gifts resulting from a spouse's business or employment, under section 
2635.204(e)(1); customary gifts provided by prospective employers, 
under section 2635.204(e)(3); gifts to the President or Vice President, 
under section 2635.204(j); gifts authorized by an OGE-approved 
supplemental regulation, under section 2635.204(k); and gifts accepted 
under specific statutory authority, under section 2635.204(l). Note, 
however, that the definition of ``registered lobbyist or lobbying 
organization,'' in proposed section 2635.203(h), would apply to the 
Pledge restriction at proposed section 2635.202(d); that proposed 
definition, as discussed below, would exclude certain organizations 
from the Pledge ban.

D. Proposed Section 2635.203(h)

    Proposed section 2635.203(h) defines the phrase ``registered 
lobbyist or lobbying organization.'' This definition would apply both 
to the limitation on the use of the gift exceptions, in proposed 
section 2635.202(c)(6), and the additional prohibition for full-time 
political appointees (the Pledge ban), in proposed section 2635.202(d).
    The proposed definition mainly follows the definition in section 
2(e) of Executive Order 13490. The definition includes any lobbyist or 
organization that is currently registered under the Lobbying Disclosure 
Act (LDA) or identified as a lobbyist in a registration. As discussed 
above, the definition in the Executive Order covers not only lobbying 
firms that provide services to others but also organizations that 
employ in-house lobbyists to lobby on behalf of the organization 
itself. The

[[Page 56336]]

proposed rule would retain this scope of coverage. Also following the 
Executive Order, the proposed definition does not extend to persons or 
organizations that simply retain ``outside'' lobbyists or lobbying 
firms: Organizations that are merely ``clients'' but not actually 
employers of lobbyists do not have to file registrations under the LDA, 
even though they may be listed as clients in registrations filed by the 
lobbyists or firms they retain. See DO-09-007, at 2-3.
    Like the current OGE guidance applicable to the Pledge ban, the 
proposed definition emphasizes, in the Note following section 
2635.203(h), that employees may determine whether the source of a gift 
is a lobbyist or a lobbying organization by relying on the searchable, 
online databases of lobbyists and registrants maintained by the 
Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House, pursuant to the 
Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA), 2 U.S.C. 1605(a).\2\ The proposed Note 
also includes guidance about how to determine whether a given 
registrant or lobbyist currently is registered or listed; the guidance 
with respect to the de-listing or cessation of the lobbying activity of 
a particular lobbyist is derived from the proposed guidance issued by 
the Office of Management and Budget concerning ``Appointment of 
Lobbyists to Federal Boards and Commissions.'' OMB, Proposed Guidance, 
A1, 75 FR 67397-67399 (November 2, 2010). Additionally, the Note 
provides that, ``[w]ith respect to organizations that have 
subsidiaries, parents or affiliates that are separate legal entities, 
employees need only determine the registration status of the entity 
that offered the gift.'' Since the Pledge ban went into effect, OGE has 
fielded numerous questions about how to treat gifts from an 
organization that is not registered but that has a parent, subsidiary 
or affiliate that is registered. In answering these questions, OGE 
generally has relied on the guidance provided by the Secretary of the 
Senate and the Clerk of the House with respect to the registration 
requirements for such entities:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ See https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=selectfields; 
https://disclosures.house.gov/ld/ldsearch.aspx.

    ``Assuming a parent entity or national association and its 
subsidiary or subordinate are separate legal entities, the parent 
makes a determination whether it meets the registration threshold 
based upon its own activities, and does not include subordinate 
units' lobbying activities in its assessment. Each subordinate must 
make its own assessment as to whether any of its own employees meet 
the definition of a lobbyist, and then determine if it meets the 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
registration threshold with respect to lobbying expenses.''

    Secretary of the Senate & Clerk of the House of Representatives, 
Lobbying Disclosure Act Guidance (June 15, 2010), section 5 https://lobbyingdisclosure.house.gov/amended_lda_guide.html. With the 
understanding that parents, subsidiaries and affiliates file their own 
registrations without regard to each other's activities (albeit with 
certain accommodations for a single filing in limited circumstances, 
id.), OGE believes that the clearest and most practical approach is to 
search the LDA database only for the legal entity that offered the 
gift.
    The proposed definition of registered lobbyist or lobbying 
organization provides four exclusions. These exclusions pertain to 
organizations that may be registered under the LDA, but which do not 
pose the concerns at which the Executive Order was directed. Two of 
these exclusions--for 501(c)(3) organizations and media organizations--
are already found in the current OGE guidance concerning the Pledge 
ban. See DO-09-007, at 5-6. A third exclusion--for institutions of 
higher education--largely follows from OGE's existing guidance on 
501(c)(3) organizations and in fact has been the subject of informal 
advice from OGE to agency ethics officials. The fourth exclusion--for 
nonprofit professional associations, scientific organizations and 
learned societies engaging in educational or professional development 
activities--would be new, although the purposes of this exclusion are 
related to those for 501(c)(3) organizations and institutions of higher 
education. These four exclusions are discussed in more detail below.
    It is important to remember that the mere fact that an entity is 
excluded from the definition of registered lobbyist or lobbying 
organization does not necessarily mean that a gift from such an 
organization may be accepted. Rather, it means only that a gift from 
such an organization would not trigger the lobbyist limitation at 
proposed section 2635.202(c)(6) or the separate gift prohibition for 
Pledge signers at proposed section 2635.202(d). Where the gift happens 
to be given by a prohibited source, or given because of the employee's 
official position, the employee still must rely on an applicable 
exception in section 2635.204 to accept the gift. However, in some 
cases, this will mean that an employee could rely on an exception that 
otherwise would be unavailable, either under section 2635.202(c)(6) or 
section 2635.202(d), if the source were not excluded from the 
definition of registered lobbyist or lobbying organization. For 
example, any employee (including Pledge signers) could use the $20 de 
minimis exception to accept a $10 lunch from a prohibited source that 
is a 501(c)(3) organization, even though that organization may be 
registered under the LDA. However, if that same organization offered to 
pay for a $45 dinner, and no other gift exception in section 2635.204 
applied, the gift would violate the bar on gifts from a prohibited 
source.
Exclusion of 501(c)(3) Organizations in Proposed Section 2635.203(h)(1)
    OGE's original guidance concerning the Pledge gift ban excluded 
``charitable and other not-for-profit organizations that are exempt 
from taxation under 26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3)'' for several reasons: They are 
limited by law as to the lobbying in which they may engage; their 
exempt purposes often involve activities of particular interest and 
value to agencies (e.g., educational, charitable, scientific); and 
similar considerations are reflected in the Government Employees 
Training Act (5 U.S.C. 4111). DO-09-007, at 5. In OGE's experience, the 
exclusion for 501(c)(3) organizations generally has worked well for the 
full-time political appointees subject to the Pledge, and it makes 
sense to extend it now to the provisions covering all employees, at 
proposed section 2635.203(h)(1).
    The proposed rule would make one adjustment to the current OGE 
guidance concerning gifts from registered 501(c)(3) organizations. 
OGE's guidance Memorandum states that, notwithstanding the exclusion of 
501(c)(3) organizations, ``appointees still may not accept a gift if 
the organization employee who extends the offer is a registered 
lobbyist him- or herself.'' Id. Based on experience in implementing the 
Pledge ban for political appointees, OGE has decided not to carry this 
limitation forward into proposed section 2635.203(h)(1). For one thing, 
this limitation has proven difficult to apply in practice. For example, 
in determining whether an invitation to an event has actually been 
``extended'' by an individual who is the organization's lobbyist, 
should one focus on who officially signed the invitation letter, who e-
mailed a PDF copy of the signed letter, or who called the employee to 
say that a written invitation is coming? Moreover, the proviso has not 
proved to be a meaningful limitation anyway, because the same 
invitation can be re-sent through a different messenger who is not 
listed as a lobbyist for the organization. OGE believes that the

[[Page 56337]]

clearest and most straightforward approach is to exclude 501(c)(3) 
organizations entirely from the definition, without regard to which 
organization official conveys the offer.
Exclusion of Institutions of Higher Education in Proposed Section 
2635.203(h)(2)
    One of the primary reasons that OGE, in consultation with the White 
House Counsel's Office, originally excluded 501(c)(3) organizations 
from the Pledge gift ban was a desire to avoid creating barriers to 
interaction between employees and educational institutions. However, 
after issuing the initial guidance Memorandum on the Pledge gift ban, 
it came to OGE's attention that some state and local universities and 
colleges have not obtained separate 501(c)(3) status, usually for 
reasons pertaining to state law. Because it made little sense to 
discriminate between those state institutions that have obtained 
501(c)(3) status and those that have not, OGE has advised agencies 
informally that the latter are not covered by the Pledge ban. Proposed 
section 2635.203(h)(2) would codify this guidance. For this purpose, 
the proposed rule incorporates the definition of ``institution of 
higher education'' in 20 U.S.C. 1001, which includes both ``public and 
nonprofit'' institutions. Therefore, under proposed section 
2635.203(h)(2), private for-profit institutions of higher education are 
not included as part of the exclusion from the definition of 
``registered lobbyist or lobbying organization'' and are covered by the 
Pledge ban.
Exclusion of Media Organizations in Proposed Section 2635.203(h)(3)
    OGE's initial guidance Memorandum concerning the Pledge gift ban 
indicated that it was not the intent of the Executive Order to bar 
gifts from media organizations. Relying on some of the concerns 
underlying the LDA, as well as past Executive Branch concerns about 
facilitating interactions between government officials and members of 
the press, OGE explained the exclusion as follows: ``The LDA itself 
reflects solicitude for the unique constitutional role of the press in 
gathering and disseminating information. See 2 U.S.C. 1602(8)(B)(ii). 
Likewise, the lobbyist gift ban is not intended to erect unnecessary 
barriers to interaction between appointees and journalists. This is 
consistent with concerns about the application of the OGE gift 
prohibitions to certain press dinners shortly after the Standards of 
Conduct became effective. See Memorandum from the Counsel to the 
President to All Agency Heads, December 21, 1993 (suspending 
enforcement of gift rule with respect to press dinners, pending 
revision of rule). ``Therefore, an appointee may accept a gift from an 
employee of a media organization, as long as the gift is permissible 
under the OGE gift rules, including any applicable exceptions.'' DO-09-
007, at 5-6.
    For the same reasons, OGE now proposes to carry forward the media 
organization exclusion in the definition at proposed section 
2635.203(h)(3). The proposed rule defines media organization by 
reference to the definition in the LDA, 2 U.S.C. 1602(11). OGE sees 
this as a broad definition, covering print, broadcast, electronic and 
other kinds of mass communications organizations.
    OGE has added one limitation, however, that was not included in the 
original guidance Memorandum. The proposed rule excludes a media 
organization only with respect to gifts that are made in connection 
with the organization's information gathering or dissemination 
activities. This limitation brings the exclusion closer to the purposes 
of the Pledge and the LDA, as the latter expressly excludes media 
contacts from the definition of ``lobbying contact'' only when those 
contacts are made for the purpose of ``gathering and disseminating news 
and information to the public,'' 2 U.S.C. 1602(8)(B)(ii). This 
limitation will address one question that has arisen under the current 
OGE guidance, which is whether gifts from media organizations are 
always permitted even if wholly unrelated to the news activities of the 
organization. OGE believes there is no reason to exclude media 
organization gifts that are extended under other circumstances, such as 
a lunch invitation from an executive of a media conglomerate to an 
official of the Department of Justice for the purpose of discussing a 
proposed corporate acquisition. By contrast, for example, OGE does 
intend that the exclusion would permit employees to accept invitations 
from media organizations to attend the typical ``press dinners'' at 
which journalists and government officials interact with each other, as 
such interactions foster relationships that further the news gathering 
functions of the organizations.
    Proposed section 2635.203(h)(3) would make one additional 
modification to the current OGE guidance on the Pledge ban. As with the 
exclusion for 501(c)(3) organizations, the initial OGE guidance 
Memorandum imposed a limit on gifts from media organizations: 
``appointees may not accept a gift if the organization employee who 
extends the offer is actually a registered lobbyist.'' DO-09-007, at 6. 
For the same reasons discussed above with respect to the exclusion for 
501(c)(3) organizations, OGE has not carried this limitation forward in 
the proposed rule.
Exclusion for Nonprofit Professional Associations, Scientific 
Organizations and Learned Societies Engaging in Educational or 
Professional Development Activities in Proposed Section 2635.203(h)(4)
    As explained above, under ``Exceptions Unavailable for Lobbyist 
Gifts,'' proposed section 2635.202(c)(6) would preclude employees from 
relying on the widely attended gathering (WAG) exception, 5 CFR 
2635.204(g)(2), to accept a gift from a registered lobbyist or lobbying 
organization. However, as also described above, OGE has determined that 
certain widely attended events provide legitimate educational and 
professional development opportunities that may further agency 
interests, even if the offer of free attendance is extended by an 
organization that is registered under the LDA. Therefore, proposed 
section 2635.203(h)(4) would exclude nonprofit professional 
associations, scientific organizations and learned societies from the 
definition of registered lobbyist or lobbying organization, with 
respect to gifts made in connection with the entity's educational or 
professional development activities. Effectively, this would mean that 
an employee still could rely on the WAG exception (or other applicable 
exceptions) to accept free attendance at a training or professional 
development event hosted by one of these entities, without regard to 
the LDA registration status of the organization. Nevertheless, because 
of the concerns expressed above about gifts of free attendance from 
lobbyists, the exclusion will not apply to these organizations in 
connection with invitations to purely social events (gala balls, 
fundraisers, parties, etc.).\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Where an employee is authorized to accept an offer of free 
attendance from a nonprofit professional association, scientific 
organization or learned society, pursuant to 5 CFR 2635.204(g)(2) 
and proposed section 2635.203(h)(4), the employee would be permitted 
to accept ``food, entertainment, instruction and materials furnished 
to all attendees as an integral part of the event.'' 5 CFR 
2635.204(g)(4) (emphasis added). This means, for example, that 
employees could attend a reception that is integral to an 
educational or professional development event, but could not accept 
``entertainment collateral to the event'' or ``meals taken other 
than in a group setting with all other attendees.'' Id.; see 
generally DO-07-047 (discussing the WAG exception, including what it 
means for entertainment to be integral as opposed to collateral).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 56338]]

    The proposed exclusion is intended to further the goal, recently 
articulated by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, of setting 
``policies that promote and facilitate * * * the professional 
development of Government scientists and engineers,'' OSTP Memorandum 
at 3. However, OGE would not limit this exclusion to scientific 
organizations but would extend it to any professional or learned 
societies that promote the development or education of members of a 
profession or discipline. Many of the entities that sponsor educational 
and professional development activities of interest to Federal 
employees and their agencies would be 501(c)(3) organizations and, 
therefore, excluded already under proposed section 2635.203(h)(1). 
Nevertheless, many professional organizations are exempt from taxation 
under provisions other than 26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3), so OGE believes the 
limited exclusion in proposed section 2635.203(h)(4) is necessary and 
appropriate. Although the exclusion is intended to cover a wide range 
of organizations devoted to various professions and disciplines, OGE 
does not intend that proposed section 2635.203(h)(4) would cover trade 
associations, such as associations of manufacturers of particular 
products. Trade associations may sponsor educational activities for 
their members and even the public, but the primary concern of such 
associations generally is not the education and development of members 
of a profession or discipline, which is the focus of the proposed 
exclusion.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Compare Encyclopedia Britannica (2008) (``trade 
association'' is ``voluntary association of business firms organized 
on a geographic or industrial basis to promote and develop 
commercial and industrial opportunities within its sphere of 
operation, to voice publicly the views of members on matters of 
common interest, or in some cases to exercise some measure of 
control over prices, output, and channels of distribution''); 
Collins English Dictionary (2009) (``professional association'' is 
``body of persons engaged in the same profession, formed usually to 
control entry into the profession, maintain standards, and represent 
the profession in discussions with other bodies'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Proposed Section 2635.203(i)

    Proposed section 2635.203(i) would define the phrase ``full-time, 
non-career appointee,'' which is a term describing the types of 
political appointees subject to the Pledge under Executive Order 13490. 
The proposed definition largely follows the definition of ``appointee'' 
in section 2(b) of the Executive Order and is consistent with guidance 
already issued by OGE concerning which officials are required to sign 
the Pledge. See DO-09-010, https://www.usoge.gov/ethics_guidance/daeograms/dgr_files/2009/do09010.html; DO-09-020, https://www.usoge.gov/ethics_guidance/daeograms/dgr_files/2009/do09020.html. 
The definition is included in the proposed rule because proposed 
section 2635.202(d) reiterates the Pledge restriction.

III. Matters of Regulatory Procedure

Administrative Procedure Act

    Interested persons are invited to submit writ